United States
Environ me ,-ction
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 277 1 "•
EPA-450 4-84-014b
October 1 984
Air
National Dioxin
Study Tier 4 —
Combustion
Sources
Initial Literature
Review And Testing
Options
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EPA-450/4-84-014b
National Dioxin Study Tier 4 —
Combustion Sources
Initial Literature Review And Testing Options
By
Radian Corporation
Research Triangle, NC 27709
Contract No. 68-02-3513
EPA Project Officer: William H. Lamason
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office Of Air And Radiation
Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
October 1984
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This report has been reviewed by the Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication as received from the contractor.
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the
Agency, neither does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use.
EPA-450/4-84-014b
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 5
1.1 BACKGROUND 5
1.2 APPROACH AND LIMITATIONS TO THIS STUDY 7
1.3 CONTENTS OF THIS REPORT 10
2.0 SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA 13
2.1 COMBUSTION SOURCES TESTED 13
2.1.1 Municipal Waste Incineration 14
2.1.2 Hazardous Waste Incineration 17
2.1.2.1 Land Based Incinerators 18
2.1.2.2 Incinerator Ships 18
2.1.2.3 Boilers. Cofiring Wastes 18
2.1.2.4 Lime/Cement Kilns Cofiring Wastes ... 19
2.1.3 Sewage Sludge Incineration 19
2.1.4 Coal Boilers 20
2.1.5 Activated Carbon Regeneration 20
2.1.6 Wire Reclamation 20
2.1.7 PCB Transformer Fires 20
2.1.8 Residential Wood Combustion 21
2.1.9 Mobile Sources 21
2.1.10 Experimental Studies 21
2.2 POSSIBLE, PLANNED, OR ONGOING WORK 22
2.3 SUMMARY AND PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW 24
3.0 FACTORS AFFECTING DIOXIN EMISSIONS 25
3.1 PCDD IN FEED 26
3.2 PRECURSORS IN FEED 27
3.3 CHLORINE IN FEED 30
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
3.4 COMBUSTION CONDITIONS 33
3.4.1 Combustion Temperature 33
3.4.2 Residence Time 34
3.4.3 Oxygen Availability 34
3.4.4 Feed Processing 35
3.4.5 Supplemental Fuel 35
4.0 DEVELOPMENT OF THE RANKED SOURCE LIST 37
4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF PRELIMINARY SOURCE LIST 38
4.2 DEVELOPMENT OF RANKING CRITERIA AND THE
RANKED SOURCE LIST 43
5.0 SAMPLING PLAN DEVELOPMENT 57
5.1 SELECTION OF NUMBER AND TYPE OF SAMPLES TO BE
COLLECTED 59
5.1.1 Stack Testing 59
5.1.2 Ash Screening 63
5.2 NUMBER OF SOURCES TO BE TESTED IN A PARTICULAR
CATEGORY 65
5.3 SELECTION OF THE SOURCE TEST PLAN 68
5.4. SELECTION OF TYPES OF SAMPLES AND ANALYSIS 71
APPENDICES:
APPENDIX A - DIOXIN DATA BASE
APPENDIX B - DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE
APPENDIX C - CURRENT REFERENCE LIST
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Ranked Source Category List 2
1-1 Schedule of Theoretical Chlorinated Dioxin Isomers 8
1-2 Schedule of Theoretical Chlorinated Furan Isomers 9
2-1 Combustion Sources For Which Test Data Are Available. ... 15
2-2 Characteristics of Sources Tested for Dioxins 16
2-3 Possible, Planned, or Ongoing Work 23
3-1 PCDD Precursors 28
3-2 Fuel Chlorine Content 32
4-1 Combustion Sources 39
4-2 Combustion Source Categories Excluded from Preliminary
Source List 41
4-3 Combustion Source Categories Believed to Have the
Greatest Potential to Emit Dioxins 42
4-4 Shih's Ranked Priority List of Combustion Systems for
Source Testing 44
4-5 Ranking Categories 46
4-6 Criteria for Ranking Combustion Source Categories 47
4-7 Source Characteristics 48
4-8 Preliminary Ranked Source Category List 55
5-1 Summary of Draft ASME Protocol For Sample Collection
and Cost Estimates 60
5-2 Complex/Simple Site Comparison 62
5-3 Cost Scenarios ' 64
5-4 Comparisons of Flue Gas and ESP Ash Dioxin Contents .... 66
5-5" Preliminary Source Test Plan Options for Stack Emissions. . 69
5-6 Preliminary Recommended Source Test Plan for Stack
Emissions Including Ash Screening 70
5-7 Recommended Sampling and Analyses 72
VII
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page
1-1 Dioxin and furan configurations showing the dioxin
and furan nuclei and conventional substituent
numbering system 6
3-1 PCDD formation from chlorophenols 29
3-2 PCDD and PCDF formation from chlorobenzenes 31
3-3 PCDF formation from PCB's 31
4-1 Ranking criteria and decision tree 45
ix
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The purpose of Tier 4 of the National Dioxin Study is to assess
combustion source emissions of primarily 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(2,3,7,8-TCDD) and, secondarily, other chlorinated dioxin and furan
homologues. Radian Corporation has been contracted by the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to review and evaluate dioxin
emissions data from the literature and propose a test plan for the Tier 4
program. This report summarizes the results of the review and evaluation
and presents a proposed test plan.
Radian conducted a literature review on dioxin emissions from
combustion processed early in 1984. In addition, contacts were made with
key individuals to identify recently performed or ongoing studies that could
be used to supplement the data base. Based on the available information, a
preliminary list of source categories with the potential to emit dioxins was
developed. The preliminary list was then ranked based on potential to emit
dioxins, number of previous dioxin tests in a source category, and potential
human exposure. Table 1 presents the preliminary ranked list. Highly
ranked source categories are recommended for stack testing early in the
Tier 4 program. Rank A sources will be tested initially. The Tier 4 budget
will allow for approximately 12 source stack tests. A relatively
inexpensive ash screening procedure will be used to help classify categories
that will not be stack tested.
Ash screening will be conducted on Rank B and C sources, along with
sources requested by State and regional offices. Results of the ash
screening will be used to qualitatively assess other sources not stack
tested.
This document was written to provide input in the design of the
National Dioxin Study Tier 4 project plan. Since the writing of this
report, numerous comments concerning the Tier 4 project plan have been
received, and the Tier 4 project plan has been revised. The contents of
this report do not incorporate all of the revisions. This report,
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TABLE 1. RANKED SOURCE CATEGORY LIST
Rank A Source Categories
Sewage Sludge Incinerators
Black Liquor Boilers
Rank B Source Categories
PCP Sludge Incinerators
Carbon Regeneration (Industrial)
Charcoal Manufacturing
Wire Reclamation
Rank C Source Categories
Commercial Boilers Burning Hazardous Waste
Wood Stoves
Wood Boilers (PCP Treated Wood)
Mobile Sources
Small Spreader Stoker Coal Boilers
Hazardous Waste Incinerators
Lime/Cement Kilns Cofired with Hazardous Wastes
Hospital Incinerators
Forest Fires
Agricultural Burning
Apartment House Incinerators
Rank D Source Categories
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incineration
Industrial Boilers Cofiring Wastes
Rank A - Large source categories (greater than 1 million tons of fuel and/or
waste burned annually) with elevated dioxin precursor contamination
of feed/fuel. These categories have the potential to emit TCDD and
require further testing.
Rank B - Small source categories (less than 1 million tons of fuel and/or
waste burned annually) or source categories with limited dioxin
precursor contamination of feed/fuel. These categories have the
potential to emit TCDD and require further testing.
Rank C - Source categories less likely to emit TCDD.
Rank D - Source categories that have already been tested three or more
times.
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therefore, differs from the Tier 4 project plan in several instances.
Persons interested in obtaining a copy of the final Tier 4 Project Plan
should contact William Lamason, Air Management Technology Branch, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The Air Management Technology Branch within the EPA's Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) is responsible for the development
and implementation of a source testing program for Tier 4 of the National
Dioxin Study. The purpose of Tier 4 is to assess combustion source
emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD), with a focus on the
most toxic isomer - 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD).
Combustion source emissions of polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) will also
be addressed in this study.
Radian Corporation, under task order contract, is providing support to
the Air Management Technology Branch (AMTB) by collecting and reviewing
available literature data on combustion related emissions sources of PCDD's.
and PCDF's. Based on information available in the literature and the Tier 4
budget, a source test plan has been developed that will address the
following questions:
1. Which combustion source categories emit PCDD's (and PCDF's) to the
atmosphere?
2. What range of concentrations of PCDD's (and PCDF's) are emitted
from these source categories?
Dioxins are members of a family of organic compounds known chemically
as dibenzo-p-dioxins. The common aspect of all dioxin compounds is that
they have a three ring nucleus containing two benzene rings interconnected
through a pair of oxygen atoms. The structural formula of the dioxin
nucleus and the convention used in numbering its substituent positions are
shown in Figure 1-la. Theoretically, one to eight chlorine atoms can occur
at dioxin substituent positions such that 75 different chlorinated dioxin
isomers are possible. Each isomer has its own physical and chemical
properties and differs from others in the number and relative position of
its chlorine atoms. The schedule of potential chlorinated dioxin isomers
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a. Dioxin configuration.
b. Furan configuration.
Figure 1-1. Dioxin and furan configurations showing the dioxin and furan
nuclei and conventional substituent numbering system.
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is given in Table 1-1. The abbreviations given in this table for
chlorinated dioxin homologues are used throughout this report.
Furans are a group of organic compounds chemically known as
dibenzofurans. They have a similar structure to the dibenzo-p-dioxins
except that the two benzene rings in the nucleus are interconnected with a
five member ring containing only one oxygen atom. The structural formula of
the furan nucleus and the convention used in numbering its substituent
positions are shown in Figure 1-lb. Theoretically, the chlorinated furan
group can contain up to 135 different structural isomers, each with varying
physical and chemical properties. The schedule of potential chlorinated
furan isomers is given in Table 1-2. The abbreviations given in this table
for chlorinated furan homologues are used throughout this report.
1.2 APPROACH AND LIMITATIONS TO THIS STUDY
This study was accomplished in three general tasks. The first task was
to obtain and review the available literature on PCDD emissions from
combustion sources. Over 100 published and unpublished reports were
obtained. In addition, contacts were made with key individuals to identify
recently performed or ongoing studies that could be used to supplement the
data base. The second task was to develop a ranked list of source
categories with potential to emit PCDD's. The criteria used to develop the
ranked list was based on information obtained from the literature review.
The final task was to develop a testing program to assess PCDD (and PCDF)
emissions from combustion sources. Again, the results of this task were
largely based on the outputs of the first two tasks.
During the development of the source test plan, it became apparent that
the Tier 4 budget would allow for only.about 12 stack tests. Obviously,
this number of tests will be inadequate for characterizing all of the source
categories being considered. It will be equally inadequate for
characterizing any single source category with statistical significance.
The source ranking procedure is an attempt to predict which categories are
most likely to emit PCDD's and, therefore, should be stack tested. However,
the ranking procedure is largely subjective, since no realistic assignment
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TABLE 1-1. SCHEDULE OF THEORETICAL CHLORINATED DIOXIN ISOMERS
Chlorinated Dioxin Compound Number of Isomers
Monochlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (MCDD) 2
Dichlorodibenzo-p'-dioxin (DCDD) 10
Trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (T-CDD) 14
O
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) 22
Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (PgCDD) 14
Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HgCDD) 10
Heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (H,CDD) 2
Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) 1
TOTAL 75
8
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TABLE 1-2. SCHEDULE OF THEORETICAL CHLORINATED FURAN ISOMERS
Chlorinated Furan Compound Number of Isomers
Monochlorodibenzofuran (MCDF) 4
Dichlorodibenzofuran (DCDF) 16
Trichlorodibenzofuran (T,CDF 28
Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) 38
Pentachlorodibenzofuran (PgCDF) 28
Hexachlorodibenzofuran (HCCDF) 16
o
Heptachlorodibenzofuran (HyCDF) 4
Octachlorodibenzofuran (OCDF) 1_
TOTAL 135
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of weighing factors could be made for each of the ranking criteria. The
development of a ranked list would change depending on the relative
importance given to the ranking criteria. A screening tool would be
beneficial to prevent wasting of limited resources.
Because of the tight schedule, limited budget, and large number of
*
source categories, a PCDD scan of ash samples was selected as a quick and
inexpensive screening tool. Although the ash screening cannot be used as an
absolute ranking tool, this method can provide a relative indication of
which source categories warrant further study. Source categories identified
by OAQPS along with sources suggested by State and regional offices will be
screened.
1.3 CONTENTS OF THIS REPORT
Section 2.0 presents a summary of the literature review. Tetrachloro-
dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) emissions data are presented along with qualitative
information on source characteristics. A complete listing of the emissions
information along with sampling and analytical methodologies used to obtain
the data is presented in Appendix A. Ongoing research is also identified in
Section 2.0.
The source category characteristics and emission rates summarized in
Section 2.0 are used in Section 3.0 to identify factors that affect TCDD
emissions. These factors include both fuel and combustion characteristics.
The factors identified are based on experimental studies, source tests, and
theoretical chemistry. No attempt was made to assign a relative importance
to these factors.
In Section 4.0, a ranked list of source categories is developed. The
ranking procedure is largely based on the factors affecting TCDD emissions
identified in Section 3.0. In addition, the size of the source category,
the number of previous PCDD studies, and the potential for human exposure
are considered during the ranking. As discussed earlier, the ranking
procedure is largely subjective, and the final ranked list may be modified.
PCDD Scan is a lower resolution integration of GC/MS output for tetra-
through octa-dioxin homologues.
10
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Section 5.0 presents a recommended testing program based on the ranked
list of source categories. The testing program will include ash screening
of approximately 45 sources and stack testing of the sources of greatest
concern. Section 5.0 also discusses the costs of stack testing, the number
of sources that should be tested in each source category, and the types of
samples that should be analyzed at each source.
11
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2.0 SUMMARY OF AVAILABLE DATA
A literature review for sources of PCDD and PCDF air emissions was made
in 1983 by the Pollutant Assessment Branch (OAQPS/PAB).1 This review was
used as a starting point for a more focused literature search concerning
PCDD emissions from combustion sources in early 1984. In addition, contacts
were made with key individuals to identify recently performed, ongoing, or
planned studies that could be used to supplement the data base. Contacts
included personnel from the Canadian Government, EPA personnel, and
researchers from industry and universities. Primarily, members of the EPA's
Chlorinated Dioxin Working Group and authors of key references were
contacted.
This chapter .summarizes the updated literature review and provides the
data base upon which the Tier 4 testing program was developed. Confirmed
and potential sources of PCDD and PCDF air emissions are identified.
Industrial, commercial, and residential combustion sources are identified by
testing. Experimental studies suggest additional potential sources of
emissions. Quantitative data are presented on TCDD emission rates, alorig
with qualitative information on the source characteristics and feed
composition. Theories are also -presented on dioxin formation mechanisms and
conditions that promote dioxin formation.
2.1 COMBUSTION SOURCES TESTED
A review of the literature has produced a list of 12 broadly defined
source categories for which some dioxin emissions data has been collected:
Municipal Waste Combustors,
Hazardous Waste Incinerators,
Sewage Sludge Incinerators,
Coal Fired Utility Boiler,
Commercial Boilers Firing Waste Oil,
Industrial Boilers Cofiring Wastes,
Carbon Regeneration,
Residential Wood Combustion,
13
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Mobile Sources,
Wire Reclamation,
Lime/Cement Kilns Cofiring Hazardous Wastes, and
Electrical Transformer Fires.
Table 2-1 lists tested sources and the TCDD concentrations detected.
Although the National Dioxin Study is focusing on 2,3,7,8-TCDD, most of the
data found in the literature addressed TCDD and PCDD. Since 2,3,7,8-TCDD
data are limited, TCDD has been used during the evaluation of the data base
as the best representative of 2,3,7,8-TCDD emissions. Whenever possible,
stack test results were recorded. Much of the literature is focused on the
analysis of ash samples due to the ease of collection. However, these
samples are often not representative of stack emissions. The possibilities
of PCDD partitioning in the ash and PCDD enrichment on the fine particulate
are discussed in greater detail on Section 5.0.
General source characteristics are summarized in Table 2-2. Source
characteristics are used to identify factors that affect PCDD emissions.
Based on these factors, other potential sources of PCDD emissions are
identified for the testing program. In several cases, PCDD studies have not
been cleared for public use. For these studies, the sources are described,
but no emissions data are provided. Appendix A provides a complete listing
of the dioxin data bases. The data base lists levels of PCDD detected,
source characteristics, precursors, and sampling/analytical methodology.
Based on the information provided, the data are rated as good (6), poor (P),
or incomplete (I). The rating is a function of sampling/analytical
procedures, detection limits, and completeness. The following discussion
summarizes the data available on source categories identified in the
literature review.
2.1.1 Municipal Waste Incineration
In 1978, TCDD's were detected in the emissions of the Hempstead
municipal waste combustor (MWC) on Long Island. Since that date, this
source category has received considerable attention in the United States.
The Canadian Government has identified MWC's as one of the major combustion
14
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TABLE 2-1. COMBUSTION SOURCES FOR WHICH TCDD TEST DATA ARE AVAILABLE
Source Category
Number of
Facilities
Tested
Sample
TCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Mean
Range
Mean
Range
References
Municipal Waste Combustors
USA 7
European 13 .
Hazardous Waste Incinerators
Incinerator Ship 2
Land Based Incinerators 10(7)
Sewage Sludge Incinerators 1
Utility Coal Boilers 7
Commercial Boilers (Waste Fired) 6(6)d
Industrial Boilers (Waste Fired) 6(l)d
Activated Carbon Regeneration 1
Residential Wood Combustion 4
Mobile Sources 9(4)d
Wire Reclamation Incinerators 1
Lime/Cement Kilns (Waste Fired) l(l)d
Accidental Electrical 2
Equipment Firesk
Stack 3.5 ng/m3 ND-240 ng/m3
Stack 25.6 ng/m3 ND-128 ng/m3
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack 0
Scrapings
Exhaust
Scrapings
Stack
Wall Swipes
NDC
0.56 ng/m
f
ND
g
10.13 ng/m3
.175 ng/dscm
329 ppt
4.0 ppt
234 ppt
g
44 ppm
ND-
ND-2.5 ng/m3
f
ND
9
ND-40.5 ng/m3
0.06-0.30 ng/dscm
ND-777 ppt
ND-20 ppt
58-410 ppt
g •
ND-195 ppm
3.5 ng/m3 0.30-9.1 ng/m3 8,9,10,11
b - 3,4,5,6,38
18,19
ND e 13,14,15,16
27
8
87
18,000 ppth ND-55,000 ppt 20,22,24,25
0.10 ng/dscm 0.01-0.21 ng/dscm 32
242 ppt 26-600 ppt 25,38
3.0 ppt * 25,39
33
26
0.059 ppm, * 34,35
aTCDD = Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.
bDash = No Data.
CND = None detected (Detection limits vary).
Number of tests have been performed, but the results have not been officially reported.
Q
= One datum, no range available.
PCDD scan only. PCDD concentrations ranged from 483 ng/m to 1,140 ng/m with a mean of 739 ng/m .
^Results have not yet been officially reported.
ppt = Parts per trillion by weight.
1 Fuels include wood, wood/oil mixture, and natural gas.
JFuels include diesel, unleaded and leaded gasoline. In one test series, exhaust scrapings were analyzed, in the other
series, filter medium from exhaust samples.
t
Includes PCB transformers and capacitor batteries.
ppm = parts per million by weight.
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TABLE 2-2. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOURCES TESTED FOR DIOXINS
Source
Municipal Waste Combustors
- Conventional
- Refuse derived fuel boilers
Hazardous Waste Incinerators
- Land Based
- Incinerator Ships
Sewage Sludge Incinerators
Utility Coal Boilers
Commercial Boilers (Waste Fired)
Industrial Boilers (Waste Fired)
Activated Carbon Regeneration
Residential Wood Combustion
Mobile Sources
Wire Reclamation Incinerators
Lime/Cement Kilns (Waste Fired)
Accidental Transformer Fire
Precursors
Chlorinated
aromatics
Chlorinated
aromatics
PCBs, PCPs
PCBs, PCPs
PCBs, chlorinated
aromatics
Coal, low chlorine
TCP
PCP, chlorinated
aromatics
PCBs
Low chlorine
Low chlorine
PCBs, PVCs
Chlorinated
organics \
PCBs, Cl -benzenes
Furnace Type
Waterwall
Spreader Stoker
Rotary Kiln
Dual Chamber
Multiple Hearth
Pulverized Coal
Small Fire Tube
Liquid injection/
Stoker
Fluidized Bed
Woodstove/Fi repl ace
Internal Combustion
Engine
Batch/Conveyor
Rotary Kiln
Uncontrolled PCB
Oil Fire
Temperature
500-1000°C
1000° C
. 1200°C
1600°C
450-950°C
1200°C
1000°C
1300°C
750-1000°C
<500°C
1800-2500°C
500°C
'1400°C
NAb
Available9
Air
Low
Excess
Excess
Excess
Low
Excess
Excess
Excess
Limited
Low
Excess
Limited
Excess
NA
Excess: high air/fuel ratio with efficient mixing.
Low: high air/fuel ratio with inefficient mixing,
.Limited: desJaneH for low air/fuel ratio.
JN/A = Not Available.
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p
sources of PCDD's in the Canadian environment. ' Numerous tests have also
been conducted in Europe and Japan. ' ' ' '
MWC's can be classified as either large mass burn units, refuse derived
fuel (RDF) units, or small modular units. There are approximately
90 modular units, 40 mass burn units, and 11 RDF boilers currently
operating. The mass burn units are responsible for the majority of waste
burned. These units are characterized by low combustion temperatures
(500-1000°C) and poor air/fuel mixing. Of the seven MWC's tested in the
United States, three are large mass burn units, three units are RDF fired,
and one unit is modular. The TCDD emission rates measured at these sources
ranged from none detected (ND) to 240 ng/m (Table 1-1).
The only study with no PCDD's detected was a spreader stoker boiler
Q
that cofired RDF with coal. The furnace 'temperature was 1200°C.' Two other
facilities with low levels of TCDD's detected are another incinerator boiler
3 39
(3.15 ng/m ) and a small modular unit (1.2 ng/m ). Both facilities were
equipped with secondary chambers for combustion of offgases. The remaining
units, both mass burn units and RDF units, emitted higher levels of TCDD's
(6.3-240 ng/m ). ' ' ' These sources were characterized by no-
supplemental fuel, no secondary combustion chambers, and, in some cases,
poor air/fuel mixing. One unit added a chlorinated biocide to the RDF.
Many of these units are equipped with electrostatic precipitators or
cyclones to remove the large particulate from stack emissions. However,
Karasek et al has shown that in some cases PCDD's enrich on the smaller
12
particulate. A large portion of these may not be removed by the above
control devices.
2.1.2 Hazardous Waste Incineration
The incineration of hazardous wastes can be divided into four
categories:
(1) Land Based Incinerators,
(2) Incineration Ships,
(3) Boilers Cofiring Hazardous Wastes, and
(4) Lime/Gement Kilns Cofiring Hazardous Wastes.
17
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In each case, the feed material may contain elevated levels of chlorinated
aromatics or PCDD's. Based on fuel composition, the potential for PCDD
emissions is high. Fuel characteristics are discussed further in
Section 3.0. In spite of the fuel composition, well controlled source
design allows for high efficiency destruction of these wastes.
2.1.2.1 Land Based Incinerators. Four studies have been conducted in
the U. S. with data from 10 land based incinerators.13'14'15'16 In tests on
two rotary kilns incinerating polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB's), TCDD
emissions were low '(ND-2.48 ng/m ).13 These incinerators were equipped with
afterburners (1200°C). In both bases, the addition of supplemental fuel
resulted in no PCDD's detected. Tests on a controlled air incinerator
firing polychlorinated phenol treated wood also showed no PCDD's
detected. This incinerator was also equipped with an afterburner (1370°C)
and used supplemental fuel.
2.1.2.2 Incinerator Ships. Two studies were conducted with the
'. §9
Vulcanus incinerator ship. ' The first study was conducted during the
incineration of Herbicide Orange. TCDD levels in the feed ranged from
ND-2.4 yg/g. No PCDD's were detected in the stack emissions. The second
study was conducted during a PCB burn. PCDD's were not found in the feed or
stack emissions. However, PCDF's were found in the feed. This incinerator
ship uses a dual chamber configuration. Furnace temperatures reach 1600°C
with a residence time of 1.35 seconds.
2.1.2.3 Boilers Cofiring Wastes. A review of the literature has
produced five studies describing dioxin emissions from 13 boilers cofiring
wastes. The Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory (IERL) in
Cincinnati conducted studies on eight industrial boilers cofiring waste
on
products. Four boilers were cofiring chlorinated wastes and were tested
for dioxin. A steam boiler firing waste wood contaminated with pentachloro-
phenol (PCP) and PCDD's emitted TCDD's at a level of 38-43 ng/m3. PCDD's in
the feed were highly chlorinated isomers. PCDD's formed from PCP should
also be highly chlorinated isomers. The predominance of TCDD's in stack
emissions indicates that dechlorination had occurred. Further analysis of
the results indicate that the lower chlorinated isomers (TCDD's)
18
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escape with the small particulates and flue gas, while the higher chlori-
nated isomers are trapped with large particulates in the electrostatic
precipitator (ESP). The three boilers remaining were tested for PCDD's at a
detection limit of 1,000 ng/m3. No PCDD's were detected. At present, more
sensitive tests are being conducted on archived samples from these three
boilers.
Two unrelated studies detected dioxins in ash samples from boilers
cofiring PCP wastes. ' In one study, stack emissions were tested. No
O
PCDD's were detected. However, the detection limits were high (10 yg/m ).
A final study found no PCDD's or PCDF's in the emissions of a high
24
efficiency industrial boiler firing PCB contaminated oil. The detection
limits in 'this study were again high.
Dow Chemical tested two industrial waste incinerators; a 72 million
25
Btu/hour stationary tar burner and a 70 million Btu/hour rotary kiln. In
both cases, PCDD's were detected in the fly ash taken from the stacks. When
supplemental fuel was added to the rotary kiln, no TCDD's were detected at a
2.0 ppb detection limit.
2.1.2.4 Lime/Cement Kilns Cofiring Wastes. One study has addressed
PCDD emissions from cement kilns cofiring wastes. This study tested
emissions from the San Juan cement kiln while cofiring pharmaceutical wastes
(21 percent Cl). No PCDD's or PCDF's were detected at a detection limit of
3
14.9 ng/m . The combustion temperature of this process is 1260°C, with a
residence time of 1.5 seconds. The State of California is planning to test
a dry cement kiln cofiring wastes. Details on this study are not yet
available.
2.1.3 Sewage Sludge Incineration
Very little data is available on PCDD emissions from sewage sludge
incinerators. A Canadian study detected PCDD and PCDF emissions from a
3 -3
sewage sludge incinerator at concentrations of 0.739 yg/m and 1.213 yg/m ,
?7
respectively." The incinerator was a multiple hearth unit with a
combustion temperature of 1000°C. Currently, there are no U. S. studies
available. However, the New Bedford^ Incinerator in Massachusetts has been
tested. The results will be available before the Tier 4 final report is
completed.
19
-------
2.1.4 Coal Boilers
The EPA conducted a national survey of organic emissions, including
PCDD's and PCDF's, from coal fired utility boilers.8 Seven large utility
boilers were tested. No PCDD's were detected in the emissions. The boilers
were large pulverized coal units operating at temperatures above 1000°C.
2fi 29 30
Several smaller studies recorded similar results. '' The only study
that detected PCDD's in coal fired boilers was a Dow Chemical Study.25
TCDD's were detected in the fly ash at a level of 38 ppb. In an
experimental study, Dow Chemical detected PCDD emissions from coal
combustion but only when chlorine was added to the feed. A small spreader
stoker coal boiler will be tested in the near future by IERL. This test may
include dioxin analysis.
2.1.5 Activated Carbon Regeneration
The regeneration of activated carbon has been studied in Cincinnati,
32
Ohio. This carbon serviced the Cincinnati water supply for approximately
1 year. PCB's were detected in the feed. Parts per trillion (ppt) levels
of TCDD were detected in the fly ash and flue gas samples. This facility
operated a rotary kiln at 800°C. The air supply was limited to prevent
combustion of the carbon.
2.1.6 Wire Reclamation
33
One PCDD study has been conducted on a wire reclamation incinerator.
TCDD and tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) concentrations in ash scrapings were
410 ppt and 11,600 ppt, respectively. Wire insulation incinerated during
this process often contains PCB's and polyvinyl chloride. To prevent
oxidation of the copper wire, both combustion temperatures and oxygen levels
are kept low.
2.1.7 PCB Transformer Fires
34 35
Ash samples from two PCB fires have been analyzed for PCDD's. ' In
both cases, PCDD's were detected at elevated levels. At a third fire,
oe
PCDF's were detected in both the uncombusted PCB oil and ash samples. In
experimental work, Buser e£ a\_ demonstrates the formation of PCDF's by
pyrolysis of PCB's. Buser postulates an intramolecular cyclization
mechanism.
20
-------
2.1.8 Residential Hood Combustion.
oc op
Dow Chemical conducted two series of tests on wood stoves. ' The
levels of TCDD's detected in ash samples ranged from ND-370 ppt. The feed
material was untreated wood and residential wastes. While untreated wood
has a low chlorine content, the addition of residential wastes (plastics)
provides the chlorine necessary for PCDD formation. Both combustion
temperature and local oxygen availability are expected to be low.
2.1.9 Mobile Sources
Two series of tests have been conducted on auto emissions. ' In a
test series by Dow Chemical, TCDD levels in muffler scrapings ranged from ND
to 20 ppt. This test series included regular and unleaded cars and diesel
trucks. Currently, the Environmental Science Research Laboratory in
Research Triangle Park is conducting limited emissions tests for dioxin from
gasoline and diesel trucks. This work will be available in the Tier 4 final
report.
2.1.10 Experimental Studies
Extensive experimental studies have been conducted on PCDD and PCDF
formation from combustion of chlorinated aromatics. Three categories of
organics have been tested: PCB's, chlorobenzenes, and chlorophenols. The
effect of inorganic chlorine on PCDD emissions has also been studied.
The major focus of the experimental work identified is the formation of
PCDD's from the combustion of chlorinated phenols. Experiments by Rappe ,
Jansson , and Ahling ' demonstrate the formation of PCDD's at combustion
temperatures of 500-800°C. Above this temperature, PCDD's are believed to
be mostly destroyed. Formation mechanisms postulated are (1) dimerization
of chlorophenates, (2) cyclization of predioxin, and (3) dechlorination of
higher chlorinated dioxins.
Buser investigated the formation of PCDD's and PCDF's from the
pyrolysis of chlorobenzenes. Both PCDD's and PCDF's were detected in
pyrolyzed samples. The formation mechanism proposed included a chlorophenol
intermediate.
Buser also investigated the formation of PCDF's from the pyrolysis of
PCB's.44'45'4? The yields of PCDF's were estimated to range from 0.1 percent
21
-------
to several percent. The proposed formation mechanism is an intramolecular
cyclization. No experimental work has been identified on PCDD formation
from PCB's. However, PCDD formation from PCB combustion has been
34 47
demonstrated in two transformer fires. ' Elevated levels of PCDD's were
found in ash samples from both fires. During two series of PCB destruction
tests, PCDD emissions from rotary kilns increased when PCB wastes were added
to the feed.13
Three recent reports have dealt with PCDD formation from combustion
31 48 4Q
processes in the presence of inorganic chlorine. ' Tiernan found no
detectable PCDD's or PCDF's emitted from the combustion of virgin pine.
However, in the presence of HC1, significant quantities of TCDD's were
detected. Mahle presents similar results when burning coal in the presence
31 49
of C^, HC1, and NaCl. Liberati studied the combustion of vegetables.
When inorganic chlorine or polyvinly chloride (PVC) is added, PCDD's and
PCDF's were detected in the emissions.
2.2 POSSIBLE, PLANNED, OR ONGOING WORK
Table 2-^3 lists PCDD studies that are either ongoing or being
considered. Results from many of these tests will be available in the
Tier 4 final report.
The IERL in Cincinnati, Ohio is conducting a series of tests. These
include a steel blast furnace cofiring hazardous wastes in Pennsylvania and
a spreader stoker coal boiler cofiring hazardous wastes.
One sewage sludge incinerator is listed. The New Bedford incinerator
has recently been tested. Results are due in the near future.
Several regions have expressed interest in testing MWC's. Several
studies are planned outside of Tier 4 including the retesting of the
Hampton NASA Incinerator, tests on five incinerators by the State of New
York, and a possible detailed analysis of an incinerator by the American
Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
Two important foreign studies are currently ongoing. The University of
Waterloo in Canada is conducting a study on a Paris MWC. This study is
attempting to correlate operating conditions with levels of PCDD emissions.
22
-------
TABLE 2-3. POSSIBLE, PLANNED, OR ONGOING WORK
(AS OF NOVEMBER 1984)
Organization
Source Type
Number of Tests
DOE
EPA, ORD
EPA Regional Offices
State Offices
NASA
Environment, Canada
Coal/Waste Boiler
Stoker Coal Boiler
Municipal Waste Incinerator
Municipal Waste Incinerators
Dry Cement Kiln (with HW)
Acid Recovery Plant
Municipal Waste Incinerator
Municipal Waste Incinerators
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
3
23
-------
A current Japanese study, funded by (California Air Resources Board (CARS),
is looking at the effect of control devices on PCDD emissions. No
information is currently available concerning the types of control devices
used.
2.3 SUMMARY AND PURPOSE OF LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review has produced a list of 12 source categories that
have been tested for PCDD's. Ten of the 12 source categories tested have
been shown to emit PCDD's at detectable levels. Likewise, theories proposed
for PCDD formation mechanisms and experimental studies that support these
theories have been identified. By evaluating the proposed formation
mechanisms and characteristics of the tested sources, a list of factors that
may affect PCDD emissions have been developed. Based on these factors,
source categories with suitable operational and fuel characteristics are
identified for the Tier 4 testing program. The next section presents a more
detailed discussion of the factors that are believed to affect PCDD
emissions.
24
-------
3.0 FACTORS AFFECTING DIOXIN EMISSIONS
There are several unproven hypotheses concerning PCDD emissions from
combustion processes. Dow Chemical's "Chemistries of Fire" theory proposes
that PCDD's are a natural byproduct of fire and will be formed at some
?5
quantities in all combustion processes." However, experimental results by
Buser and Rappe and an evaluation of data from the literature suggests that
PCDD's are emitted only under limited conditions. The most prevalent
theories, including Esposito's formation mechanism, involve the incomplete
combustion of PCDD's or PCDD precursors. Although there is some
disagreement on the definition of precursors, PCDD precursors are defined in
this paper as chlorinated aromatics that can produce PCDD's through
bimolecular reactions and thermal rearrangements. Examples include
chlorinated phenols and chlorinated benzenes. When PCDD's are in the feed
of a combustion source, they can escape with the fine particulate if thermal
destruction efficiency is low. Additionally, PCDD precursors may be
thermally rearranged during incomplete combustion to form PCDD's.
Neither the Dow hypothesis nor the precursor hypothesis have been
conclusively supported or refuted. Recent studies involving pyrolysis of
wood with and without chlorination, in conjunction with the studies of
pyrolysis of chlorinated coal, suggest that inorganic chlorine at high
levels with any organic material may very well lead to PCDD formation under
certain conditions (see Section 2.1.10).
This section discusses the various factors identified in the literature
that may effect PCDD emissions. These are listed below.
Based on the literature review, the following factors are believed to
affect dioxin emissions:
PCDD in feed,
Precursors in feed,
Chlorine in feed,
Combustion temperature,
Residence time,
Oxygen availability.
25
-------
Feed processing, and
Supplemental fuel.
How these factors interact during the formation of PCDD's is not well
defined. Therefore, each of the factors will be discussed separately below.
Once the results of the source test program and ash screening studies are
available and have been analyzed, an assessment of the relative importance
of each of these factors can be made. In addition, now Dow's hypothesis and
the precursor hypothesis can be tested with the additional information.
3.1 PCDD IN FEED
2,3,7,8-TCDD is an impurity that results from the manufacture of
trichlorophenol, which is used to make the herbicide 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy
acetic acid (245-T). Pentachlorophenol (PCP) production will also result in
a PCDD contaminant, primarily octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD). The
primary end use for PCP is as a wood preservative. It is anticipated that
limited PCDD contamination will also occur during the manufacturing of other
similar chlorinated aromatics, particularly if the manufacturing process is
inefficient or not well controlled. Therefore, PCDD's are-expected to enter
the environment as a contaminant of commercial products, such as wood
preservatives and pesticides.
The widespread use of these products increases the possibility of
finding PCDD's in the feed of a combustion process. For example, PCP
treated wood may be used to fire boilers. Runoff may carry pesticides to
water treatment facilities where the organics are incorporated into a
sludge. The sludge may then be incinerated. Likewise, contaminated waste
streams from manufacturing processes may be incinerated as an energy
recovery procedure. Two examples are PCP sludge incinerators used at wood
preserving facilities and black liquor recovery boilers used at paper mills.
The IERL industrial boiler study discussed in Section 2.1.2.3
demonstrates that PCDD's have been detected in combustion source emissions
on
with PCDD's in the feed. If PCDD's are found in the feed of an
inefficient or poorly controlled combustion process, it is very likely that
they will be released to the atmosphere.
26
-------
3.2 PRECURSORS IN FEED
Although the Dow "Chemistry of Fire" theory is backed by a considerable
amount of experimental data, much of the experiments reviewed focused on the
formation of PCDD's and PCDF's from precursors. Experiments by Buser,
Rappe, and others are described in more detail in Section 2.1.10. Esposito
et_ jil_ presented detailed descriptions of the formation mechanisms of'
chlorinated dioxins from precursors. This work organizes dioxin
precursors into three classes:
Class I - Polyhalogenated phenols, primarily with a halogen ortho
to the hydroxyl group, with a high probability of dioxin formation.
Class II- Ortho-halophenols and ortho-halophenyl esters where the
substituted groups are a mixture of halogens and nonhalogens.
Class III - Other chemicals having the possibility, but less
likelihood, of dioxin formation. These include chlorinated aromatic
compounds.
The majority of experimental work to date has centered on three classes
of precursors: chlorinated phenols, chlorinated benzenes, and PCB's.
Table 3-1 lists the uses and annual production rates for these three classes
of chemicals.
PCDD formation from the combustion of chlorinated phenols has been
tested extensively by Rappe , Jansson , and Ahling ' . The formation of
2,3,7,8-TCDD from 2,4,5-trichlorophenol is illustrated in Figure 3-la.
Figure 3-lb illustrates the formation of OCDD from PCP. Dechlorination of
the highly chlorinated homologs can result in the more toxic TCDD isomers.
Chlorinated phenols are used as wood preservatives, herbicides, and sap
stain control. Wood or vegetation sprayed with chlorophenols may be
disposed of by incineration or used as a supplemental fuel in boilers. In
addition, chlorophenol wastes are often disposed of in sludge incinerators
and industrial boilers. The identified experimental references indicate
that these combustion sources should be considered in the Tier 4 testing
program.
Buser investigated the formation of PCDD's and PCDF's from the
pyrolysis of'chlorobenzenes. The formation mechanism included a
27
-------
TABLE 3-1. PCDD PRECURSORS
Precursor
Use
Quantity
Chlorophenols
Chlorobenzenes
PCBs
Herbicides
Fungicides
Wood Preservatives
Sap Stain Control
Manufacturing Inter-
mediates
Inert Solvents
Rubber Production
Pesticides
Lubricants
Pharmaceuticals
Dyes
Wood Preservatives
Transformers
Capacitators
Insulation
Hydraulic Fluid
Plasticizers
Dyes
6.30 x 10' kg/yr
2.15 x 108 kg/yr
5.7 x 1011 kg/yr
(1930-1975)
Source: Reference No. 50.
28
-------
NaCI
(Prudioxin)
+ 2NaCI
(2,3,7,8-TCDD)
A: 2378-TCDD Formation from 245-trichlorophenol
Cl
OH
OH'
:\ ci
ci Js. ^o^^_ci
CI
PCP
B: OCDD Formation from PCP
Figure 3-1. PCDD formation* from chlorophenols,
29
-------
chloroohenol and a polychlorinated diphenyl ester (PCDPE) intermediate.
Figure 3-2 illustrates the possible formation mechanisms.
Chlorobenzenes are used in solvents, dyes, Pharmaceuticals, and rubber
production. These products make up much of the organic chlorine found in
MWC feed. The associated waste product may also be disposed of in an
incinerator or boiler.
Buser also investigated the formation of PCDF's from the pyrolysis of
43 44 45
PCB's. ' ' The proposed formation mechanism is an intramolecular
cyclization as shown in Figure 3-3. No experimental work has been
identified on PCDD formation from PCB's. However, several studies have been
identified that found PCDD's emitted from PCB fires.13'34'47 In addition,
PCB's are often in solution with hexachlorobenzenes that have been shown to
form PCDD's.
Up until 1975, PCB's were used as dielectric fluids in transformers and
capacitors. PCB's have also been used in hydraulic fluids, plasticizers,
and dyes. The incineration of PCB's at waste disposal facilities or in
boilers may result in PCDD and PCDF emissions.
3.3 CHLORINE IN FEED
The chlorine content of fuel is obviously an important parameter
affecting the formation of PCDD's or PCDF's. Shih et_ al_ developed a ranked
priority list of conventional combustion systems emitting polycyclic organic
matter including PCDD's and PCDF's. The rationale presented for source
ranking is based on fuel characteristics and combustion conditions. Shih's
work places great emphasis on both the chlorine content of the feed and the
concentration of aromatics in the feed. Table 3-2 lists the chlorine
content of several fuels.
Other authors have demonstrated the effect of chlorine on dioxin
emissions. Mahle ^t £]_ demonstrated that PCDD's were emitted from coal
combustion only when chlorine was added. Tiernan et^ ^1_ found PCDD
formation during the combustion of pine in the presence of HC1, but no
48
PCDD's were detected during the combustion of pine alone. Liberti
30
-------
OH
cu ci,
-------
TABLE 3-2. FUEL CHLORINE CONTENT
Fuel Type
Refuse Derived Fuel
Paper
Wood
Coal
Residual Oil
Crude Oil
Distillate Oil
Chlorine
1,400
300
11
10
1
1.6
50
Content (ppm)
- 9,500
- 1,600
- 84
- 3,700
- 200
- 74
- 100
Natural Gas
PCP/PCB Wastes
Several Percent
Source: Reference No. 51
32
-------
studied the combustion of vegetables. When inorganic chlorine or PVC is
added, PCDD's and PCDF's were detected in the ash.
While the precursor theory has received widespread acceptance, these
inorganic chlorine studies demonstrate that the specific mechanisms involved
in PCDD formation are complex and not well understood. However, it can be
generally stated that chlorine must be present for the formation of PCDD,
and general trends indicate that increased chlorine concentrations in the
feed improve the possibilities of PCDD emissions.
3.4 COMBUSTION CONDITIONS
The remaining factors that affect PCDD emissions are combustion
conditions. These are combustion temperature, residence time, supplemental
fuel, fuel processing, and oxygen availability. The combustion efficiency
is a function of all of these factors. In order to destroy PCDD's or
prevent their formation, the combustion efficiency must be high. This
requires a combination of high temperatures, available oxygen, high Btu
fuel, and long residence times. Each factor is discussed separately below.
3.4.1 Combustion Temperature '
Experimental evidence suggests that temperatures of 500-800°C promote
PCDD formation, while temperatures greater than 800°C destroy
di dfi ?^
PCDD's. '' Buser et al showed that PCB pyrolysis at 550-650°C forms
47
PCDF. However, pyrolysis at temperature greater than 700°C causes
99 percent destruction of PCB's and no PCDF formation. Ahling et al
produced similar results for both PCDD's and PCDF's during the combustion of
chlorophenols.
Combustion temperature is a function of the Btu content of the fuel or
supplemental fuel, the available air, and the degree of fuel processing.
MWC's are considered a major combustion source of PCDD's. The large mass
burn units are characterized by low combustion temperatures. This is due in
part to the high moisture, low Btu fuel, poor air/feed mixing as a result of
a lack of feed processing, and lack of supplemental fuel. In comparison,
many hazardous waste incinerators and high efficiency boilers are designed
for efficient combustion. These units burn high Btu fuels or add high Btu
supplemental fuels and, even if the air/fuel ratio is low, the air/fuel
33
-------
mixing is efficient. The fuels are processed to decrease moisture and
improve mixing. In many cases, high temperature afterburners are used for
the combustion of offgases. Several studies have been identified that
demonstrate the effects of high combustion temperatures on PCDD's and PCDD
13 19 26
precursors. ' ' For example, no PCDD's were detected in the emissions
of the Vulcanus incinerator ship during the combustion of PCDD contaminated
19
Herbicide Orange. The combustion temperature during this project was
1600°C.
When selecting sources for the Tier 4 testing program, combustion
temperatures will be considered. Source categories characterized by low
combustion temperatures are considered potential sources of PCDD emissions.
3.4.2 Residence Time
The residence time necessary to destroy PCDD's and the combustion
temperature are inversely related. The higher the combustion temperature,
the shorter the required residence time for PCDD destruction. Likewise, a
low temperature source will require a long residence time for destruction of
PCDD's. Sachdev ert a\_ showed that an increase in both temperature and
residence time decreased the formation of PCDD's from chlorophenol
52
combustion. Similar results have been found at hazardous waste
incinerators that run with 1.5-2.0 second residence times. Combustion
sources with longer residence times and high temperatures are less likely to
form products of incomplete combustion, such as PCDD's.
3.4.3 Oxygen Availability
Oxygen availability is a function of both the air/fuel ratio and
air/fuel mixing efficiency, both of which are of concern when burning solid
fuels. Solid fuels and high viscosity liquid fuels (waste tars, etc.) burn
as particulates or large droplets; and, therefore, portions of the fuel are
burned in low oxygen or pyrolysis conditions. An insufficient supply of
oxygen or poor air/fuel mixing will promote poor combustion conditions and
the formation of PCDD's. Jansson demonstrates that an insufficient air
37
supply increases PCDD emissions from chlorophenol combustion. MWC's are
usually fired with excess air. However, large mass burn units have poor
air/fuel mixing due to the lack of fuel processing. Activated carbon
34
-------
regeneration and wire reclamation incinerators are both designed with
9 32 33
limited air. All of these cases have been shown to emit dioxins. ' '
Available oxygen will be considered during the source ranking. Sources with
a low air/fuel ratio or poor air/fuel mixing will be considered potential
sources of PCDD emissions.
3.4.4 Feed Processing
The feed material- for a combustion source may be a liquid, a solid, or
a gas. Both liquid and gas fuels can be easily mixed with air resulting in
a high combustion efficiency; solid feeds usually require some processing to
improve combustion. Often solid feeds require drying, shredding, or
separation to improve combustion. Similarly, high viscosity fuels
(i.e., waste tars) require preparations such as preheating and atomization
prior to combustion.
Feed processing will determine in part both oxygen availability and
residence time. Fine, homogeneous feed particles will improve air/fuel
mixing and combustion. Larger particles will require longer residence times
and may result in local oxygen deficiencies due to poor mixing. High
moisture will also decrease combustion efficiency. Therefore, highly
processed homogeneous feeds are less likely to emit products of incomplete
combustion, such as PCDD's.
3.4.5 Supplemental Fuel
When burning a low Btu fuel, the addition of supplemental fuel will
increase the combustion temperature and improve combustion. Haile et al
tested a boiler cofiring RDF with coal. The boiler temperature was
1200°C, and no PCDD's were detected. Dow Chemical tested an industrial
incinerator burning waste tars without supplemental fuel and found ppb
pc
levels of TCDD's in the fly ash. After the addition of a supplemental
fuel, no TCDD's were detected.
When selecting sources for the Tier 4 testing program, sources fired
with high Btu supplemental fuel will be considered less likely to emit
PCDD's. Sources burning low Btu wastes without supplemental fuels are
likely candidates for testing.
35
-------
4.0 DEVELOPMENT OF THE RANKED SOURCE LIST
Based on the results of the literature review, a sampling plan has been
developed that will provide data to allow a better definition of the nature
of the dioxin emissions problem. Due to Tier 4 budget constraints, not all
source categories identified by the literature search will be tested. In
order to facilitate the source selection process, source categories must
first be ranked based on factors identified in Sections 2.0 and 3.0. Source
categories with the highest ranking will be stack tested first, and source
categories ranked with a low potential to emit dioxins will be screened
early in the test program. Source screening will involve collecting ash
samples and analyzing these samples for PCDD's. Screening results will help
select which of the lower ranked categories should be stack tested and will
help characterize source categories that will not be .stack tested. The
following chapter describes the rationale used to select and rank broad
source categories for the Tier 4 testing program.
During the development of the ranked source list, very broad source
category definitions were used. All of the source categories can be
subdivided further and, in many instances, it is anticipated that some
subcategories will have a higher potential for PCDD emissions than others.
For example, municipal waste combustion can occur in large field erected
units designed for energy recovery or in smaller package units. The waste
can be burned as is or can be classified in a number of ways including by
air or by wet processing. In addition, refuse derived fuel can be cofired
in boilers. As discussed earlier, each of these differences in subcate-
gories can affect dioxin emissions. Due to the limited amount of
information available and the subjective nature of the ranking process, the
authors felt that subcategorization was not justified for the development of
the preliminary source list.
As site selection for ash screening and stack testing proceeds,
consideration should be given to the representativeness of the facilities
selected. Subcategories of the major categories may well be justified
especially daring ash screening.
37
-------
4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF PRELIMINARY SOURCE LIST
The first step in the ranking process is to develop a fairly extensive
list of the major combustion source categories. Table 4-1 lists the
approximately 50 combustion sources considered. The sources listed can be
categorized in one of the following groups:
(1) Fossil fuel boilers, process heaters, oil engines;
(2) Manufacturing processes;
(3) Waste disposal; and
(4) Accidental fires.
Source category size and precursor concentration in the feed are key
criteria in the selection of these categories. Based on precursor content
described by Esposito and chlorine content, many waste disposal categories
and manufacturing processes were selected. A review of AP-42 and the 1981
NED's Fuel Use Report suggested several fossil fuel and wood fired source
categories. These sources were selected based on size and emissions data.
From this list of potential source categories, a preliminary source
list has been developed. These sources are most likely to pose a dioxin
emissions problem. Source categories on the preliminary source list will
eventually be ranked and considered for stack testing. Selection of source
categories for the preliminary source list is based on the following
criteria:
(1) PCDD's detected in previous studies;
(2) Elevated levels of chlorine, PCDD precursors, or PCDD's in feed;
(3) Experimental studies that suggest the source is a potential PCDD
emitter; and
(4) Favorable combustion conditions for PCDD formation based on
operational parameters described in Section 2.0.
25
For example, wood stoves have been shown to produce dioxins. Based
on this work and the possibility of PCP contamination, wood fired boilers
and wood stoves warrant further research. Municipal waste combustors,
sewage sludge incinerators, and hazardous waste incinerators have all been
previously tested, and PCDD's were detected. Precursor and chlorine levels
in the feed indicate that both black liquor boilers and other waste fired
38
-------
TABLE 4-1. COMBUSTION SOURCES
Fossil Fuel Boilers. Process Heaters,
or Engines
Boilers
- Coal Fired
- Oil Fired
- Natural Gas Fired
- Liquified Petroleum Gas
- Wood Fired
Process Heaters
- Oil
- Natural Gas
- Refinery Gas
Turbines
- Oil
- Natural Gas
Internal Combustion Engines
- Stationary
- Mobile
Home Heating
- Oil
- Natural gas
- Coal
- Wood stoves/fireplaces
Industrial Processes
Catalytic Cracking
Charcoal Manufacturing
Carbon Black Manufacturing
Coke Manufacturing
Coal Gasification
Asphalt Manufacturing
Coffee Roastjng
Meat Smoke Houses
Black Liquor Recovery Boilers (Kraft paper mills)
Waste Disposal Operations
Bagasse Boilers
Wood Waste Boilers
Refuse Derived Fuel Boilers
Municipal Waste Incinerators
Hazardous Waste Incinerators
- land based
- incinerator ship
Sewage Sludge Incinerators
Waste Oil Boilers
Cement/Lime Kilns (Waste Fired)
Wire Reclamation Incinerators
Carbon Reactivation
Hospital Incinerators
Open Burning
Agricultural Burning
Accidental Fires
Electrical Transformers
Structural Fires
Forest Fires
Subway Fires
39
-------
boilers should be considered. Based on combustion conditions, activated
carbon regeneration, charcoal manufacturing, and wire reclamation will also
be considered. In each of these processes, both the combustion temperature
cq CA cc
and the air/fuel ratio are limited by design. ''
Some source categories will be excluded from the preliminary list.
Based on an evaluation of available data, these source categories are not
expected to present a significant health risk. Therefore, these source
categories will not be considered for stack testing during the initial
ranking procedure. At the request of State or regional offices, these
sources and others not listed will be screened using ash samples. Exclusion
of source categories from consideration for stack testing was based on the
following criteria:
(1) Low chlorine fuel (natural gas, clear oil);
(2) Low precursor level (less than 1 ppm);
(3) Small source category (low annual tonnage); and
(4) Intermittent source category.
Based on previous studies and chlorine content, fossil fuel boilers,
process heaters, and turbines have been excluded from the preliminary
44
list. In addition, processes using clean fossil fuels, such as carbon
black manufacturing and coal gasification, have been excluded. Two
exceptions are small spreader stoker coal boilers and mobile sources. Due
to combustion conditions (poor air/fuel mixing and lower temperatures),
small spreader stoker coal boilers will be included in the test plan.
?5 39
Dioxins have been detected in two previous studies on mobile sources. " '
Sources burning low annual tonnages such as coffee roasting, meat smoke
houses, or open burning have also been excluded from the preliminary list.
Similarly, intermittent sources such as accidental fires or incinerator
ships have been excluded. While on an individual basis, many of these
sources may emit dioxins, these source categories do not pose the potential
exposure problem that would be expected with large continuous sources.
Table 4-2 lists the major exclusions from the preliminary source list.
Table 4-3 presents the preliminary list of combustion source categories
and rationale for selection. In the next section, the rationale for ranking
the preliminary source list will be presented.
40
-------
TABLE 4-2. COMBUSTION SOURCE CATEGORIES EXCLUDED FROM
PRELIMINARY SOURCE LIST
Coal: Tested extensively by EPA
No PCDD detected
Natural Gas: Clean burning
Low chlorine
Clean oil: Low chlorine
Processes using low chlorine petroleum products
Carbon Black Manufacturing
Catalytic Cracking
Coke Manufacturing
Coal Gasification
Asphalt Manufacturing
Intermittent Sources/Low National Fuel/Feed Use
Incineration Ships
Coffee Roasting
Meat Smoke Houses
Bagasse Boilers
Open Refuse Burning
Most Accidental Fires
41
-------
TABLE 4-3. COMBUSTION SOURCE CATEGORIES BELIEVED TO HAVE THE
GREATEST POTENTIAL TO EMIT DIOXINS
Source
Rationale
Incinerators
Incinerators
Hazardous Waste
Municipal Waste
RDF Boilers
Commercial Waste Oil Boilers
Industrial Boilers Cofiring Wastes
Wire Reclamation .Incinerators
Activated Carbon Regeneration
PCP Sludge Incinerators
Sewage Sludge Incinerators
Mobile Sources
Wood Stoves/Fireplaces
Wood/Bark Boilers
Charcoal Manufacturing
Black Liquor Boilers
Cement/Lime Kilns
Cofiring Wastes
Small Spreader-Stoker
Boilers
Hospital Incinerators
Coal
Agricultural Burning
TCDD1 Detected
TCDD Detected
TCDD Detected
TCDD Detected
TCDD Detected
TCDD Detected
TCDD Detected
TCDD.Detected
PCDD^ Detected
TCDD Detected
TCDD Detected
Experimental results with PCP
treated wood
Experimental results with PCP
combustion conditions
's in effluent
treated wood,
Elevated POM1
Precursors present
Favorable combustion conditions
for dioxin formation
Burn plastics, equipped with low
stacks and are located in urban
areas
Areas where chlorinated pesticides
have been applied
1
TCDD refers to the tetra homologues as a group. Available analyses are
mixed, with some researches reporting "total tetras" and others reporting
2,3,7,8-TCDD or both. The presence of TCDD's generally indicates some
likelihood of 2,3,7,8-TCDD being present.
•RDF = Refuse Derived Fuel.
PCP = Pentachlorophenol.
i
PCDD = Total of all dioxin homologues or polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins.
While detection of PCDD's does not necessarily indicate presence of TCDD or
2,3,7,8-TCDD, there are sufficient data to infer such in this case.
3PCB = Polychlorinated biphenyls.
42
-------
4.2 DEVELOPMENT OF RANKING CRITERIA AND THE RANKED SOURCE LIST
Shih et aj_ developed a ranked priority list of conventional combustion
systems emitting polycyclic organic matter. The emphasis of this work was
on PCDD's, PCDF's, and PCB's. The rationale presented for source ranking
was based on fuel characteristics and combustion process characteristics.
Table 4-4 presents Shih's ranked list.
Radian's efforts to rank combustion sources with the potential to emit
TCDD is based on Shih's work, with the following exceptions:
(1) A greater^emphasis is placed on combustion of wastes as fuels and
on dioxin precursors in the feed.
(2) Coverage has been expanded to include nonconventional combustion
sources, such as waste fired boilers and black liquor boilers,
which are considered due to the potential for elevated
concentrations of chlorinated aromatics in the feed.
(2) Source category size (annual tonnage) is considered during
ranking.
(3) The number of valid tests previously conducted on a source
category is also considered a ranking criteria.
The following discussion presents supporting data, ranking rationale,
and key references used during the development of the ranked source list.
Figure 4-1 summarizes these procedures by means of a flow chart. Source
categories from the preliminary source list are ranked into one of four
groups. Rank descriptions are listed in Table 4-5.
The ranking process was highly subjective since no realistic assignment
of weighing factors could be made for each of the ranking criteria. The
development of a ranked list would change depending on the relative
importance given to the ranking criteria. The criteria used to rank the
preliminary source list are based on factors affecting dioxin emissions
identified in the literature review. In addition, the size of the source
category, the location of the sources, and the results of previous tests are
considered. Table 4-6 lists the ranking criteria. Table 4-7 summarizes
source characteristics used in the ranking procedure.
43
-------
TABLE 4-4. SHIH'S RANKED PRIORITY LIST OF COMBUSTION SYSTEMS FOR SOURCE TESTING
51
Priority List for
Chlorinated POM Compounds
Corresponding Priority
Ranking for Bromjnated
POM Compounds
Corresponding Priority
Ranking for PAH
Compounds
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
9.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Coal -refuse spreader stoker
Municipal refuse incineration
Coal -refuse suspension-firing
Wood combustion - dutch oven
Wood combustion - overfeed stoker
Wood combustion - spreader stoker
Waste oil combustion
Bituminous coal - hand-fired units
Bituminous coal - overfeed stoker
Bituminous coal - underfeed stoker
Bituminous coal - spreader- stoker
Wood combustion - hand-fired units
Lignite - other stokers
Lignite - spreader stoker
Bituminous coal - cyclone
Bituminous coal - pulverized dry-bottom
Bituminous coal - pulverized wet-bottom
Lignite - cyclone
Lignite - pulverized dry-bottom
Distillate oil - home heating units
Residual oil - packaged boilers
Residual oil - field-erected boilers
Distillate oil - packaged boilers
1
2
3
4
5
7'
6
8
9
9
11
13
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
10
12
16
7
8
11
19
1
3
3
5
2
6
9
13
14
16
18
19
15
21
22
23
Chlorinated POM compounds include PCDDs, PCDFs, and PCBs,
Brominated POM compounds include PBDDs, PBDFs, and PBBs.
-------
Preliminary Source List (From Table 4-2)
3 or More
Valid Tests
Yes
No
Potential to Emit 2,3,8,8-TCDD
1. TCDD1 Detected
2. Precursor Level
3. Combustion Conditions
Low
High
Size"1 of
Source Category
Small
Large
Rank A
Rank D
Municipal Waste Incineration
'Industrial Waste Boilers
Rank C
Mobile Sources
Wood stoves
Wood Fired Boiler
Spreader Stoker Coal
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Lime/Cement Kilns (HW)
Commercial Boilers (HW)
Rank B
PCP Sludge Incineration
Carbon Regeneration
Charcoal Manufacture
Wire Reclamation
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Black Liquor Boilers
Some researchers have reported only the total for the tetra homologue. The
presence of TCDD is assumed for this ranking procedure to be adequate to indicate
the potential to emit 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
"Size" of category takes into consideration the number of sources, their emission
- and general location with respect to exposed populations.
T?er
been
the
Figure 4-1. Ranking criteria and decision tree.
45
-------
TABLE 4-5. RANKING CATEGORIES
Rank Description
A Large source categories (greater than 1 million
tons of fuel and/or waste burned annually) with
elevated dioxin precursor contamination of
feed/fuel. These categories have a high potential
to emit TCDD and population exposure is expected to
be high.
B Small source categories (less than 1 million tons
of fuel and/or waste burned annually) or source
categories with limited dioxin precursor
contamination of feed/fuel. These categories have
a high potential to emit TCDD, but population
exposures are expected to be low.
C Source categories less likely to emit 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
D Source categories which have already been tested
three or more times.
46
-------
TABLE 4-6. CRITERIA FOR RANKING COMBUSTION SOURCE CATEGORIES
Number of previous dioxin stack tests
Estimated potential to emit TCDD
Measured TCDD levels
Presence of dioxin precursors in feed
chlorinated phenols
chlorinated benzenes
PCB's
Chlorine content of feed
Combustion conditions
temperature
local air availability
supplemental fuel
residence time
fuel processing
Size of source category
Number of facilities
Quantity of fuel burned
Location of sources in category
r- Potential for human exposure
47
-------
TABLE 4-7. SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
CO
Source
Boilers Cofiring Hazardous
Wastes
Industrial
Commercial
MW Incinerators
Conventional
Modular
RDF Boiler
Black Liquor Boilers
Sewage Incinerators
PCP Sludge Incinerators
Carbon Regeneration
Wire Reclamation
Charcoal Manufacturing
Wood Boilers
Woodstoves
Spreader Stoker Coal
Mobile Sources
HW Incineration
Lime/Cement Kilns
Cofirlng Hazardous Wastes
Size
(Tons/ Year)
20xl06
...
—
6
10x10
0.23xl06
4.5xl06
42xl06
l.BxlO6
3.7xl06
60xl06
48xl06
IxlO6
Number
of U.S.
Facilities
—
-
-
40
90
11
274
200
73
106
•
219
2-3
Fuel Composition
PCBs, Cl -phenols
PCBs, Cl -phenols
Cl-organ1cs
Cl-organlcs
Cl-organics
PCBs, PCPs
Cl-organ1cs
PCPs
PCBs
PCBs, PVC .
PCP
PCPs
PCBs, Cl -phenols
PCBs, Cl -phenols
Combustion
Temperature
1000°C
<1000°C
500-1000°C
500-1000°C
1000°C
1000°C
1000°C
1000°C
7.50-1000°C
550°C
500°C
1000°C
<500°C
1000°C
1800-?500°C
1200°C
1400°C
Air/Fuel
Ratio
Excess
Excess
Excess
Excess
Excess
Excess
Excess
Excess
Limited
Limited
Limited
Excess
Low
Excess
Excess
Excess
Excess
Number of
Air/Fuel Previous
Mixing Tests
Good
Good
Poor
Poor
Good
Good
Poor
Good
Good
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Poor
Good
Good
Good
6(1)
6(6)
3
1
3
0
2
(PCDD Scan)
1
1
1
0
4
0
0
9(4)
10(7)
1
TCDD
Detected
ND-40.5 ng/m3
3.15-240 ng/m3
1.2 ng/m3
ND-29.7 ng/m3
^
483-1140 ng/m3
0.8-3.4 ppb
ND-5X10'4 ppb
ND-.41 ppb
.32P ppb
NO-. 02 ppb
ND-2.5 ng/m3
ND
-------
Based on these ranking criteria, source categories in the preliminary
source list will be ranked into one of the groups listed in Table 4-5. The
Rank A group is expected to emit dioxins with the greatest potential human
exposure. Rank B and C sources are expected to be less of a problem.
Rank D sources are considered to be adequately tested for the purposes of
the Tier 4 testing program. The implications of these rankings will be
discussed in greater detail in the next section.
Source categories with three or more valid dioxin tests, using modified
Method 5 train sampling and GC/MS analysis for 2,3,7,8-TCDD, are considered
adequately tested for the purposes of Tier 4. TCDD analysis in valid tests
q
should have detection limits in the ng/m range or ppt for ash samples.
Results of three or more valid tests are considered sufficient to indicate
the potential range of 2,3,7,8-TCDD emissions from a source category.
Source categories meeting these criteria are assigned a rank of D. These
include municipal waste combustors ' ' ' ' ' and industrial boilers
on po c~j
cofiring wastes. '' Seven MWC's have been tested in the United States.
Several fly ash and stack tests have also been conducted in Canada and
Europe. After reanalyzing archived samples from the IERL industrial boiler
tests, a total of six waste fired industrial boiler tests will be completed.
The remaining source categories are ranked according to potential to
emit TCDD's. Rank C source categories are categories that have been judged
less likely to emit TCDD's when compared to other source categories under
consideration. This is based on the following factors: (a) the level of
TCDD's detected in previous tests, (b) the anticipated level of precursors
in the fuel/feed, and (c) the likelihood of conditions conducive to
incomplete combustion. Preliminary Rank C source categories include mobile
sources, woodstoves, wood boilers, small spreader stoker coal boilers,
chlorinated hazardous waste incinerators, lime/cement/aggregate kilns,
commercial boilers burning chlorinated wastes, and other miscellaneous
sources recommended by State and regional offices. These miscellaneous
sources include open burning, apartment house flue-fed incinerators, and
residential contaminated oil combustion. Additions to and/or deletions
from the source categories in the preliminary Rank C category may be made in
the Tier 4 Project Plan as new information is received.
49
-------
Mobile sources have been tested in two earlier studies. ' In both
cases, TCDD's were detected at the ppt level. Chlorine content of the
gasoline and diesel fuels are also low (0-100 ppm). The only case where
significant quantities of chlorine may be found in gasoline is the use of
ethylene dichloride (EDC) as an antiknock agent in leaded gasoline.
However, with the increasing concern over atmospheric lead pollution, the
use of leaded gasoline and EDC is on the decline. Based on earlier tests
and chlorine content, mobile sources have been ranked C.
or OO
Dow Chemical conducted two series of tests on woodstoves. ' TCDD's
detected in chimney scrapings ranged from ND-370 ppt. The chlorine content
of wood is less than 100 ppm. Although the combustion conditions found in
wood stoves favor the formation of PCDD's, the low chlorine concentrations
and the low levels of PCDD's detected in earlier studies indicate that this
category is less likely to emit PCDD's. However, 48 million tons of wood
are burned each year in residential woodstoves. This source category is
characterized by low stacks and high particulate emissions. Thus, the
potential exposure could be considerable. Woodstoves will be considered
during the ash screening program. Wood fired boilers burning untreated
wood, which are more efficient combustion systems with higher stacks, will
also be ranked C. Boilers fired with PCP-treated wood or salt-laden wood
have higher potential for dioxin emissions than boilers firing untreated
wood.
Small spreader-stoker coal boilers have been placed in the Rank C
category. This source category was originally considered because of.
combustion conditions that favor PCDD formation. These include lower
combustion temperatures than the larger boilers previously tested and poor
Q
air/fuel mixing due to large feed size. However, previous tests on utility
boilers have not detected PCDD in stack emissions and experimental studies
demonstrate that PCDD's are emitted from coal combustions at 600°C only when
8 31
chlorine is added. '
Both hazardous waste incinerators and lime/cement kilns cofiring wastes
have been ranked C. Elevated levels of PCDD precursors can be expected in
the feed of these source categories. However, previous tests have shown
50
-------
only low levels of PCDD's emitted.13'16'26 This is due to combustion
conditions that are unfavorable to dioxin formation. Generally, combustion
temperatures for these sources are greater than 1000°C, and the residence
time for fuel ranges from 1 to 2 seconds. The use of high Btu supplemental
fuel and afterburners also decreases the likelihood of PCDD emissions from
these sources.
Another Rank C source category is commercial boilers cofiring waste oil
containing chlorinated solvents. Many of these wastes are chlorinated
aromatics. Commercial size boilers may account for about 6 million tons of
RCRA waste disposal. These boilers are less efficient that the larger
industrial boilers and are more likely to produce products of incomplete
combustion such as dioxins. The low stack heights and urban settings of
these boilers also increase the human exposure risk. However, combustion of
high-chlorine content hazardous waste oils will be regulated by the Office
of Solid Waste (OSW). For this reason, commercial boilers were placed in
the Rank C category.
Agricultural burning, forest fires, flue-fed apartment house
incinerators, and residential contaminated oil combustion have been placed
in the Rank C category. These and other sources have been recommended by
State and regional offices for Tier 4 testing. Burning of harvest residues
and forest fires where phenoxy herbicides have been applied may be dioxin
sources. Since dioxins are emitted from municipal waste combustion,
smaller, less efficient apartment house incinerators may also emit dioxins.
There are many of these units in urban areas, especially in the northern
U. S., with approximately 2,000 in the New York City area alone. The
flue-fed incinerators have the greatest potential of poor combustion
conditins. Residential contaminated oil combustion may also be a dioxin
combustion source. Contamination of fuel oil with chlorinated hazardous
wastes has been documented in the New York City area and combustion
conditions vary in residential units as they cycle on and off by
thermostatic control.
Sources with high potential to emit dioxin are ranked A or B. Rank B
source categories are smaller source categories (less than 1 million
51
-------
tons/year) or categories with lower concentrations of precursors in the
feed. Preliminary Rank B source categories include PCP sludge incineration,
carbon regeneration, charcoal manufacturing, and wire reclamation.
Additions to and/or deletions from the source categories in the preliminary
Rank B category may be made in the Tier 4 Project Plan as new information is
received.
22 2"?
Two studies have looked at PCP waste incineration. ' In both cases,
PCDD's were detected in fly ash samples. Through experimental studies,
PCP's have been shown to form octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (OCDD) during
combustion. Dechlorination of OCDD can result in TCDD's. Annually,
58
19,000 tons of PCP is used to preserve wood. Only a small percentage of
this is incorporated in sludge which must be disposed. Typically, the
sludge is incinerated at the wood preserving plant along with scrap wood.
The lack of feed processing and the high moisture content of the sludge can
result in poor combustion conditions. Therefore, while PCP sludge
incineration is a potential source of PCDD's, the size of this category does
not warrant the highest ranking for the Tier 4 program.
Activated carbon regeneration has also been placed in the Rank B
category. Ppt levels of TCDD's were detected in the fly ash from the
thermal regeneration of activated carbon used to treat the Cincinnati water
supply. Precursor levels in the carbon were low in comparison to what might
be expected in carbon used to treat an industrial waste stream. In order to
prevent the combustion of the carbon, the air/fuel ratio and the combustion
temperature (~800°C) are kept low. These conditions promote the formation
of products of incomplete combustion, such as PCDD's. There are
approximately 73 carbon regeneration facilities in the United States. The
actual amount of carbon thermally regenerated annually is currently not
available.
Charcoal manufacturing has been designated as a Rank B source category
in the preliminary ranking because of combustion conditions that favor
dioxin formation. Furnace temperatures are kept low (500°C), and both
59
air/fuel ratio and air/fuel mixing are poor. Source category surveys
indicate that some charcoal manufacturers use scrap wood from saw mills.
52
-------
Much of this wood has been treated with PCP products for sap stain control.
The combustion conditions, along with the potential use of PCP treated wood,
indicate that this source category has potential to emit dioxins.
Approximately 3-4 million tons of wood is used annually in the production of
charcoal. However, not all of this wood is PCP treated. Tiernan has
demonstrated that the combustion of clean wood (pine) does not form
4.R
PCDD's. The majority of charcoal manufacturing facilities are located in
rural settings.
The final Rank B source category in the preliminary ranking is wire
reclamation incinerators where coatings are burned off of wire and other
electrical equipment to reclaim metals, primarily copper. In previous
tests, ppt levels of TCDD's were detected in stack scrapings. As with
carbon regeneration and charcoal manufacturing, both the combustion
temperature and available oxygen are kept low in this process. Wire
insulation incinerated during this process often contains PCB's and
polyvinyl chloride. The size of this source category is not known.
However, there are 11 of these facilities in the Chicago area. New York
State has also cited this source as a potential problem. Secondary metals
smelting plants that use PVC-containing raw materials such as whole or
crushed battery separators (secondary lead) or PVC-coated wire (secondary
copper) represent a related category with potential for dioxin emissions.
The remaining source categories are Ranked A. These are sewage sludge
incinerators and black liquor boilers. Of the sources that have not been
adequately tested, these sources are considered to have the highest
potential to cause significant exposure due to dioxin emissions.
Approximately 1.5 million tons of sewage sludge is incinerated
CO
annually. The high moisture content of the feed can result in poor
combustion conditions. Many of these incinerators have odor and particulate
problems. In addition, sewage from an industrial district may contain
elevated levels of PCB's and other chlorinated aromatics. In an earlier
Canadian study, PCDD's were detected in stack emissions. Many newer units
are operated on a fuel efficient system. In order to save energy, both the
combustion temperature and the available oxygen are held low.
53
-------
Black liquor boilers are also Rank A sources. Approximately 13 percent
C"3
of all fuel used in large industrial boilers is pulping liquor. Some
42 million tons of this pulping liquor is disposed of in boilers. Black
liquor can contain significant quantities of chlorine. The use of raw wood
stored in salt water will increase the chlorine content of the black liquor.
In addition, earlier studies have detected elevated levels of polycyclic
organic matter (POM) in the emissions of these boilers. Black liquor
boilers represent a very significant combustion source, which has not been
characterized in terms of POM of PCDD emissions. For these reasons, the
black liquor boiler source has been placed in the Rank A category.
Table 4-8 presents the preliminary ranked source list. As discussed
earlier, this ranking procedure is highly subjective. In order to expand
the coverage of source categories, an ash screening program will be
conducted for source categories not sampled under the Tier 4 stack testing
program. Sources strongly recommended by regional offices based on
experience will also be included in the ash program. The following section
presents the development of the testing program which is based on the ranked
source list.
Some of the preliminary rankings will be modified in the Tier 4 Project
Plan as new information is generated. The Project Plan ranking
modifications known at the time of this writing are indicated by the
footnotes in Table 4-8.
54
-------
TABLE 4-8. PRELIMINARY RANKED SOURCE CATEGORY LIST
Rank A Source Categories
Sewage Sludge Incinerators
Black Liquor Boilers
Rank B Source Categories
PCP Sludge Incinerators
Carbon Regeneration (Industrial)
Charcoal Manufacturing
Wire Reclamation Incinerators
Rank C Source Categories
Commercial Boilers Firing Fuels Contaminated with,Chlorinated Organic
Wastes
Wood Stoves .
Wood Boilers (Firing PCP-Treated Wood)
Mobile Sources
Small Spreader-Stoker Coal Boilers
Hazardous Waste Incinerators
Lime/Cement Kilns Cofired with Chlorinated Organic Wastes
Industrial Incinerators
Open Burning (Agricutural)
Apartment House Incinerators
Other Sources Recommended by State and Regional Offices (e.g., landfill
flares, forest fires)
Rank D Source Categories
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incineration
Industrial Boilers Cofiring Wastes
Rank A - Large source categories (greater than 1 million tons of fuel and/or
waste burned annually) with elevated dioxin precursor contamination
of feed/fuel. These categories are judged to have the highest
potential to emit TCDD.
Rank B - Small source categories (less than 1 million tons of fuel and/or
waste burned annually) or source categories with limited dioxin
precursor contamination of feed/fuel. These categories have a high
potential to emit TCDD.
Rank C - Source categories less likely to emit TCDD.
Rank D - Source categories that have already been tested three or more
times.
Charcoal manufacturing has been dropped to a Rank C category in the Tier 4
Project Plan. Most wood used in charcoal manufacturing is untreated.
Wood boilers firing PCP-treated wood or salt-laden wood have been raised to
a Rank B category in the Tier 4 Project Plan because of their higher
potential for dioxin emissions. ' Conventional wood fired boilers remain as
a Rank C category.
Industrial incinerators have been raised to a Rank B category in the Tier 4
Project Platt due to the wide variety of materials incinerated.
Residential contaminated oil combustion has been added to the Rank C
category in the Tier 4 Project Plan.
55
-------
5.0 SAMPLING PLAN DEVELOPMENT
The objective of this chapter is to develop a sampling plan that will
provide data to better define the nature of the PCDD emissions problem.
Prior to the development of a sampling plan, some decision regarding the
scope of study had to be reached.
Data obtained from the literature review has shown that PCDD emissions
from combustion sources have been studied for some time on a piecemeal
basis. Various hypotheses have been advanced concerning dioxin emissions
including the theory that PCDD's are a widespread contaminant from
combustion processes. Environment Canada has taken the position that MWC's
and forest fires are the major Canadian combustion sources emitting PCDD's.
With this diversity of opinions, there are several alternative options
that could be pursued to fulfill the Tier 4 objectives. Each option has a
different focus and attempts to address different aspects of the dioxin
emissions issue. Four such options are considered during the sampling plan
development.
Option 1: Take the Canadian position to be definitive and focus the
Tier 4 efforts on MWC's and forest fires. A U. S. EPA study would rank
forest fires lower due to increased U. S. industrialization and less forest
acreage. Address the two prime questions: (1) Do 2,3,7,8-TCDD emissions at
the concentration measured from MWC's pose an unreasonable risk to the
public? (2) If so, what can be done to minimize the risk?
The work would involve several items including reviewing the previous
risk assessment methodology, testing additional MWC's, and sampling forest
fires. Forest fires could be sampled by perhaps sampling the plume from an
aircraft or by taking ash samples. In addition, if the risk was
significant, a detailed evaluation of an incinerator would have to be
conducted. This would include determining the effects of various furnace
operating parameters and fine-tuning the control devices.
Option 2: Test the trace chemistry of fire hypothesis for all
combustion source categories. This option would involve testing as many
combustion source categories as possible. The main question to be addressed
would be: Which combustion sources emit 2,3,7,8-TCDD to the atmosphere?
57
-------
A reliable and relatively cheap technique would have to be developed to
allow a representative number of the hundreds of different combustion source
categories and subcategories to be tested. Analysis of ash samples may be a
viable technique but only qualitatively.
Option 3: Develop a theoretical or empirical model of the combustion
processes that lead to dioxin formation.
The modeling results will be used to address the question: Which
combustion sources have the potential to emit 2,3,7,8-TCDD? It is unlikely
that the model could address the follow-up question: At what concentrations?
Any modeling effort would have to be validated by some source tests
which covered the range of expected types and conditions of combustion
sources.
Option 4: Select a reasonable number of source categories to source
test based upon the available data provided by the literature review.
Attempt to select the combustion source categories with the highest
potential to emit TCDD's and concentrate the available resources on these.
This option would attempt to address the questions: (1) Which
combustion source categories emit significant quantities of 2,3,7,8-TCDD as
measured by risk? (2) What range of concentration of 2,3,7,8-TCDD are
emitted from the source categories? (3) What source characteristics (fuel
type, combustion temperature, chlorine level, etc.) have the greatest effect
on 2,3,7,8-TCDD emissions?
Recommended Option: Option four (4) is recommended for selection by
OAQPS for the Tier 4 study because it has the potential to provide the most
information to the Dioxin Management Task Force (DMTF). In addition, the
Tier 4 Working Group has decided to collect and analyze ash samples for
PCDD's. This information will be used to help select sources for stack
testing and will help characterize sources that will not be stack tested.
Maximum use will be made of the available emissions information and, in
addition, a broad range of combustion source categories will be covered.
With judicial source category selection based on the literature review,
sufficient information should be available from the test program
supplemented with ash screening^to determine which source characteristics
58
-------
have the most effect on PCDD emissions. Even though insufficient
information would be available to develop empirical models, the available
results could be extrapolated to other untested combustion source categories
to estimate the relative magnitude of PCDD emissions from these categories.
Option 1 is not recommended because it was felt that this option was
too narrow in scope. The literature review indicated that only 15 or so
source categories had been tested out of the potentially hundreds of
combustion source categories and subcategories. One of the objectives of
the Tier 4 study was to better define the nature of the problem. In
addition, a detailed study of several incinerators has been or is being
conducted to ascertain how PCDD emissions from these sources can be
minimized. Instead of duplicating this ongoing effort, the Tier 4 resources
could be better allocated.
Option 2 is not recommended because it was too broad in scope (i.e.,
lack of simple, cheap, reliable, and informative test methods). Option 3
was not selected because insufficient emissions information and source
information are'currently available to develop a model. The available data
in the literature are very scanty and, in addition, the data were taken with
various methods and at various levels of accuracy. Development of an
empirical model that covered the range of combustion sources would require
extensive sampling and data gathering at multiple sources and would require
more resources that are currently available. . Theoretical models would also
require validation with test data and, consequently, development would
exceed available resources.
5.1 SELECTION OF NUMBER AND TYPE OF SAMPLES TO BE COLLECTED
5.1.1 Stack Testing
The Tier 4 stack testing program will use the EPA/ASME protocol to be
proposed as an ASTM method in late 1984. This protocol is based on a
modified Method 5 train and includes continuous monitoring of various stack
parameters. A summary of the EPA/ASME protocol is shown in Table 5-1. This
has been used to develop a preliminary cost estimate for sampling at a
particulate s-ite. Depending on the number of sampling trains used and the
59
-------
TABLE 5-1. SUMMARY OF DRAFT ASME PROTOCOL* FOR SAMPLE COLLECTION
AND COST ESTIMATES
Sampling procedures will be based on the draft ASME protocol
requirements.
Three separate test runs
Sample quantities will allow for initial analysis and archived
samples
Each source will be tested and includes the following samples:
Total gaseous and particulate stack emissions
' Inlet/outlet of control devices
Grab samples of feed/fuel
Bottom ash grab samples
Ash or slurry from control devices
Precombustion air
Quench water effluent
Soil
Standard EPA Method 5 train, modified to incorporate a sorbent module
containing XAD-2.
Emissions characterization:
Stack temperature
Moisture content
C02, CO 1
:ity )
- 02, NOX, THC, SOX, Opacity ) Continuous monitoring
Total particulates
Estimates costs $70-$130K
Data requirements set forth in the ASME protocol will be collected as a
minimum. In many cases, other data will be collected. For example, total
volatile compounds, HC1, total chlorine and other analyses may be generated
at some sites. Operating parameters and conditions will be closely
monitored and documented.
60
-------
complexity of the test site, the cost per source tested will range between
$70,000 and $130,000. The following documents the costs and assumptions
required for five sampling scenarios.
Assumptions
1. Three samples will be collected during a 1-week test period (on-site).
2. Three weeks are required for each test site. The full crew will not be
on-site the entire 3 weeks.
3. The site is "test ready", with sample ports, power, and scaffolding
present.
4. There will be two categories of sites (Table 5-2):
Simple - no control devices,
Complex - control devices present.
5. Three tests will be run per site. These will be approximately 8-hour
tests. If the site is complex, that will include six actual modified
method 5 trains (3 inlet, 3 outlet).
6. The testing must be limited to 8 hours. Since there is no guarantee
that PCDD's will be present, bounds must be established in the testing.
7. There will be one or two audits over the complete testing period. The
cost is amortized over the complete program.
8. Van preparation is amortized over the complete program.
9. There are two types of reports costed: (1) a listing of test data with
discussion, or (2) a complete report including the analytical results.
10. The resin trays, filters, and filter holder used in the Method 5 train
will have to be sent to the appropriate analytical laboratory. Their
return during the program for reuse is unlikely. The cost of
replacement trays are included as part of the testing costs.
11. Cost scenarios include:
a. labor,
b. travel,
c. per diem,
d. supplies,
e. shipping, and
f. missellaneous (extra glassware, etc.).
61
-------
TABLE 5-2. COMPLEX/SIMPLE SITE COMPARISON
Complex Simple
Modified Method 5 trains
Personnel on-site
3 inlet
3 outlet
7
3 outlet
62
-------
Based on these assumptions, five cost scenarios have been developed.
Table 5-3 presents the costs and descriptions of the scenarios. Given the
testing budget, 12 sources can be tested. Obviously, this number of tests
would be inadequate to characterize all of the combustion source categories
on the ranked listed. In addition, there is marked uncertainty with the
absolute ranking results discussed earlier since the ranking procedures are
largely subjective.
5.1.2 Ash Screening
A tool to screen source categories during the Tier 4 program would be
very beneficial to prevent wasting limited resources. Because of the tight
schedule, limited budget, and large number of combustion source categories
and subcategories, any screening technique would need to be quick to
perform, inexpensive, applicable to many sources, and a responsible
indicator of TCDD emissions from a source category.
Unfortunately, there are no proven screening techniques that can be
used to estimate TCDD emissions from combustion sources. Two screening
methods have been considered. These are (1) a PCDD precursor scan and PCDD
scan of the fuel, and (2) a PCDD scan of ash samples. The fuel analysis
method has several problems. Although fuel analysis is considered during
ranking of source categories and is discussed at length in the literature
review, this method does not consider the combustion conditions of the
source. In addition, fuels are often heterogeneous and difficult to handle.
On the other hand, ash analysis may have some merit as a screening tool
providing a qualitative indication of those source categories which may emit
TCDD's. The following paragraphs discuss the validity of using ash
screening instead of the stack testing.
Use of ash samples for screening of combustion sources has several
advantages. These include:
(1) There is usually a significant quantity of easily accessible ash
in the hoppers of the control devices on combustion sources.
(2) The ash is usually homogeneous and can be readily extracted
without a lot of preparation work.
63
-------
TABLE 5-3. COST SCENARIOS
Scenario Cost Remarks
1 70,000 Simple site, report is listing of data
2 77,000 Complex site, report is listing of data
3 • 85,000 Simple site, complete report including
sampling and analytical results.
4 90,000 Complex site, complete report including
sampling and analytical results.
5 130,000 Complex site, double trains, complete
report including sampling and
analytical results.
64
-------
(3) Taking of ash samples does not require a lot of sampling
equipment.
(4) Ash supplies can be shipped easily.
(5) An ash sample can be screened for PCDD's (tetra- through octa-
homologues) for $500-1,000.
There are several disadvantages to using ash samples. These include:
(1) The dioxin in the ash is not a true indicator of the dioxin
emitted in the flue gas. One study has shown that PCDD's can be enriched on
12
smaller particles. A large portion of the small particles is not captured
by the control device and is emitted from the source. Another study showed
that there was selective partitioning of homologues between the flue gas and
20
the particulate matter (fly ash and bottom ash). Specifically, TCDD's
concentrated in the flue gas while the higher chlorinated homologues
concentrated in the ash particulates.
(2) Absence of TCDD's in the ash samples does not guarantee the
absence of TCDD's in the flue gas. Table 5-4 shows flue gas and fly ash
analyses"for several municipal waste incinerators where both types of
samples were taken. The data do indicate that PCDD ash analysis could be
used as an relative indicator of the presence of TCDD emissions. However,
the data trends show that the PCDD data could not be used for estimating
TCDD emission rates from the sources screened.
Despite the above mentioned disadvantages, ash sampling and analysis
will be useful in the ranking process for combustion sources. However, to
get maximum utility from the ash sampling and analysis, some additional
source data should be obtained at the same time as the ash sample is
collected. For example, source characteristics that should be collected
include fuel type and degree of processing, combustion conditions, and
control device specifications (including inlet and outlet temperatures) so
that a thermal history of the ash can be ascertained.
5.2 NUMBER OF SOURCES TO BE TESTED IN A PARTICULAR CATEGORY
The number of sources to be tested within a source category should
depend upon several factors including the intent of the testing, the number
65
-------
TABLE 5-4. COMPARISONS OF FLUE GAS AND ESP ASH DIOXIN CONTENTS
Reference
11 (U.S.A.)
4 (Italy #2)
4 (Italy #4)
7 (9 facilities)
9 (U.S.A.)
4 (Italy #3)
4 (Italy #6)
4 (Italy #5)
8 (Chicago)
10 (Ames)
Stack (ng/m3)
TCDD PCDD
240
189.2
70.9
57
20.14
19
19
9.9
6.3
ND
2,300
48,997
4,409
1,540
-
7,509
587.8
1,030
45.4
ND
ESP Ash(ppb)
TCDD PCDD
170
0.25
46.4
93
7.3
ND
ND
0.7
ND
ND
800
599.8
3,535
2,056
-
7.32
5.9
0.9
ND
ND
*
Furnace Ash
ND= None detected
66
-------
of sources previously tested, and the budget. Preliminary calculations were
made to estimate how many sources within a source category would be needed
to statistically characterize the average emissions from the source category
within a given confidence interval.
The municipal waste incineration with heat recovery source subcategory
was chosen as an example since there are a number of source tests for this
category providing some initial knowledge on the emissions variability.
Appendix B illustrates the calculations made. The calculations show that to
statistically characterize this subcategory with a 95 percent confidence
interval, 14-39 tests would be required. Thirty-nine tests are required if
all six previous tests are used in the calculations. Fourteen tests are
required if the high and low values are dropped from the calculations. The
facility with the high value (240 ng/m ) has undergone modifications and
will be retested. The MWC with the low value (ND) was fired with refuse-
derived fuel and coal. Assuming $60,000 per source test, the entire Tier 4
budget would be used on one source category.
A reasonable number of source tests and screens should be performed
with each source category to enable an estimate of the mean emissions to be
made. The confidence intervals around these mean emissions should be fairly
narrow to allow comparison between source categories. The confidence
interval around a mean is given by:
x ±
/T"
The size of the confidence interval, therefore, varies with the size of the
sample (n) and the value of the t statistic. The size of the t value varies
with the degrees of freedom (number of samples -1) and the confidence level
chosen. Some example values of the t statistic are shown below.
67
-------
t.05
12.706
4.303
3.182
1.96
Mo
6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
t Statistic
4-
Number of Samples
2
3
4
5
Inspection of this table shows that beyond three samples, there are
diminishing returns. Similarly, the effects of l/-/n~ diminish beyond n=3.
For these reasons, a sample size of three was suggested as optimal for the
purpose of this study. Based on the Tier 4 budget and the number of source
categories considered, three source tests per source category is considered
practical.
5.3 SELECTION OF THE SOURCE TEST PLAN
This section describes the initial rational underlying the selection of
a source test plan. This test plan was used in the draft Tier 4 project
plan. Following 'receipt of comments concerning the project plan, the source
test plan was revised, and the schedule for ash screening was amended. The
reader is advised to consult the latest version of the Tier 4 project plan
for current test plans. Several options were initially considered for the
source test plan. These are shown in Table 5-5. These include (1) complete
coverage (3 tests) of all listed sources, (2) broad coverage of all listed
source categories, and (3) a recommended plan. Option 1 is not acceptable
due to budget restraints. Option 2 does not provide any statistical
significance for the results. Following review by the Tier 4 Working Group
and after considering comments by the various regions, Option 3 was
recommended along with ash screening.
The recommended test plan including ash screening is shown in
Table 5-6. This test plan assumes that the testing would be phased.
Complete stack tests would be initiated in 1984 for sewage sludge
incinerators and black liquor boilers. A portion of the testing budget
would be set aside for screening of the remaining B and C ranked sources and
other source categories recommended by the regions.
68
-------
TABLE 5-5. PRELIMINARY SOURCE TEST PLAN OPTIONS FOR STACK EMISSIONS
Source
Rank A Sources
Sewage Sludge Incinerator
Black Liquor Boilers
Rank B Sources
PCP Sludge Incinerator
Carbon Regeneration (Industrial)
Charcoal Manufacturing
Wire Reclamation
Rank C Sources
Commercial Boilers
Mobile Sources0
Wood Stoves
Wood Boilers (PCP Treated)
Number of Recommended Tests
Option 1 Option 2 Option 3
2
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
Small Spreader Stoker Coal Boiler 3
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Lime/Cement Kilns (HW)
Rank D Sources
MSW Incineration
1
2
1
Industrial Boilers Cofiring Wastes 0
TOTAL
Option 1: Three test coverage of
Option 2: Single source coverage
Option 3: Recommended stack test
32
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
10
potential source categories.
of potential source categories.
plan, focused on source categories
2
3
2
2
1
0
10
with
greatest potential.
Industrial incinerators and wood fired boilers firing PCP-treated wood
and/or salt-laden wood have been added to the Rank B category in the Tier 4
Project Plan.
Charcoal manufacturing has been dropped to a Rank C category in the Tier 4
Project Plan. Most wood used in charcoal manufacturing is untreated.
$10K - allocated to EPA Environmental Science Research Laboratory in
Research Triangle Park for emissions testing.
The preliminary source test plan recommended a retest of the Hempstead MSW
incineration-facility. This facility will be closed for the duration of
the Tier 4 test program. The Tier 4 Project Plan does not call for a test
of an MSW incineration unit.
69
-------
TABLE 5-6. PRELIMINARY RECOMMENDED SOURCE TEST PLAN FOR STACK
EMISSIONS INCLUDING ASH SCREENING
Number of Recommended Tests Number
Source 1984 1985 Screened
Rank A Sources
Sewage Sludge Incinerator 2
Black Liquor Boilers 3
Rank B Sources 5 Total
PCP Sludge Incinerator 3
Carbon Regeneration (Industrial) 3
Charcoal Manufacturing3 3
Wire Reclamation 3
Rank C Sources 2 Total
Commercial Boilers Firing Waste Oils
Mobile Sources
Wood Stoves 3
Wood Boilers (PCP Treated)0 3
Small Spreader Stoker Coal Boiler 1
Hazardous Waste Incineration 3
Agricultural Burning
Lime/Cement Kilns (HW) 3
Apartment House Incinerators
Rank D Sources
MSW Incineration6 1 3
Industrial Boilers Cofiring Wastes 3
Other Categories 2-3 30
aCharcoal manufacturing has been dropped to a Rank C category in the Tier 4
Project Plan. Industrial incinerators have been added to the Rank B
.category in the Tier 4 Project Plan.
10K - allocated to EPA Environmental Research Laboratory for emissions
testing.
p
Wood boilers firing PCP-treated wood or salt-laden wood have been raised to
a Rank B category in the Tier 4 Project Plan.
Expand sampling and analysis of IERL Cincinnati spreader stoker test.
eThe preliminary source test plan recommended a retest of the Hempstead
Facility. This facility will be closed for the duration of the Tier 4 test
program. The Tier 4 Project Plan does not call for a test of an MSW
fincineration unit.
Categories recommended by the States and regions as having the highest
potential of ash contamination.
70
-------
Three facilities would be ash sampled from each source category under
consideration.
Early in the testing program, State and regional offices will be asked
to collect ash samples and source information from candidate facilities with
the potential for dioxin emissions. Ideally, results of the ash screening
test would be used to determine which of the Rank B or C sources warrant
stack testing. However, the Tier 4 schedule may require that the ash
sampling and emissions testing be performed concurrently. In that case, the
ash screening data will serve to qualitatively expand the dioxin emissions
data base.
A small spreader stoker boiler is being tested in the near future by
IERL. This test effort could be readily expanded to include PCDD sampling
and analysis. This source category is included in the recommended plan. In
addition, approximately $10,000 has been allocated to EPA Environmental
Science Research Laboratory in Research Triangle Park, NC to obtain samples
for PCDD analysis of mobile sources.
5.4 SELECTION OF TYPES OF SAMPLES AND ANALYSIS
The intent of the source testing is not only to provide an estimate of
the amount of 2,3,7,8-TCDD emissions from a given source, but is also to
gather additional data about the source to determine if PCDD emitted from
the source has contaminated its surroundings. In addition to stack samples,
water and soil samples will be collected. Ash samples will also be
collected and used to determine the levels of TCDD's in the solid wastes.
Comparison of the ash analyses to the flue gas analyses will allow the
validity of the ash screening tool to be checked. Table 5-7 summarizes the
types of samples and analyses recommended for each source test.
The analyses of these samples will include the tetra and above dioxin
homologues as well as 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Analysis for furans homologues is also
included. The fuel/feed samples will also be analyzed for PCB's, total
organic chlorine, chlorinated phenols, and chlorinated benzenes, since these
compounds may be precursors of PCDD's.
71
-------
TABLE 5-7. KtGUMMtNUtU bMi*iPLiWa MINU
ro
Sample
Method
Recomnended
(Samples/Day)
Reconmended Analyses
Total Samples
for Analysis
Inputs
Precombustlon A1r
Feed/Fuel
Outputs
Stack (before control)
Stack (after control)
Bottom Ash
Ash from Control Device
Quench Water Effluent
Other
Soils (in vicinity)
XAD-2 (PUFF)0 0-lu
Grabs Daily Composite
MM5T 2 trains
-Back half daily composite
-condenser rinse
-adsorbent resin
-Front half daily composite
-cyclone catch
-filter
-probe rinse
MM5T 2 trains
-Back half dally composite
-condenser rinse
-adsorbent resin
-Front half daily composite
-filter catch
-probe rinse
Grabs Daily Composite
Grabs Daily Composite
Grabs Daily Composite
Boring 1 Composite
2,3,7,8-TCDD, PCDDU, TOCte,
Cl-phenols, Cl-Benzenes
PCDD Scan, Cl-phenols, Cl-benzenes
PCB, TOCL
2,3,7,8-TCDD, Homologuesr
(tetra - octa), PCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD, Homologues
(tetra - octa), PCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD, Homologues
(tetra - octa), PCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD, Homologues
(tetra - octa), PCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD, Homologues
(tetra - octa), PCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDD, Homologues
(tetra - octa), PCDD
TOTAL
261
"Based on 3 sampling days.
XAD-3 (PUFF) denotes a modified high volume air sampler with a special sampling head for ambient organic compounds.
cSample to be collected if there is a significant source of suspected precursors in vicinity of sampling site.
PCDD = Polychlorlnated dibenzo dioxin.
eTOCL = Total organic chlorine.
Analysis by contractor.
9MM5T Is a modified EPA "Method 5" train as defined in the ASME protocol.
Homologues = Analyss done on higher (tetra through octa) PCDD's as a total for each group only.
Multiple analyses for each sample will have a multiplier effect on the analytical costs also. Total does not include quality assurance samples
(approximately 20 percent).
-------
Input Samples. Precombustion air will be sampled at sources where air
contamination may be a factor in stack emissions. Heavily industrialized
areas may have high concentrations of precursors or dioxin in the background
air. For example, when testing a PCP sludge incinerator located at a wood
preserving facility, precombustion air should be analyzed for chlorinated
phenols. The decision to test precombustion air will be made during a
pretest survey. If collected, precombustion air samples will be analyzed
for PCDD's, PCB's, chlorinated phenols, chlorinated benzenes, and total
organic chlorine (TOC1).
During stack testing, fuel/feed samples will be collected every 4 hours
and composited daily. These samples will be analyzed for total PCDD's,
chlorinated phenols, chlorinated benzenes, PCB's, and total chlorine. The
sampling contractor will be responsible for analyzing the sample for
nondioxin constituents.
Output Samples. Stack samples will be taken before and after control
devices. The stacks will be sampled using the EPA/ASME sampling protocol
with an EPA modified Method 5 train. Daily gaseous and particulate samples
will be composited separately. Grab samples of control device ash,- bottom
ash, and quench water will be collected every 4 hours and composited daily.
All output samples will be sent to a centralized laboratory (Troika) and
analyzed for 2,3,7,8-TCDD, dioxin homologues (and furan homologues).
Environmental Samples. Soil borings will be collected at the source
facility around ash handling and fuel storage areas. Composite samples will
be sent to a centralized laboratory (Troika) and analyzed for 2,3,7,8-TCDD,
dioxin homologues, and furan homologues. This data will provide some
historic information on PCDD deposition at the facility.
73
-------
APPENDIX A
DIOXIN DATA BASE
-------
APPENDIX A: DIOXIN DATA BASE
Page No.
Key to Abbreviations A-2
Hazardous Waste Incinerators A-3
Accidental PCB Fires A-7
Domestic Sources A-ll
Fossil Fuel Combustion A-15
Automobile Emissions A-19
Wire Reclamation Incinerators A-23
Thermal Activated Carbon Regeneration A-27
Sewage Sludge Incinerators A-31
Boilers Cofiring Wastes A-35
Experimental Studies A-43
Municipal Waste Combustors . A-59
A-l
-------
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
dscm = Dry Standard Cubic Meter
ESP = Electrostatic Precipitator
FA = Fly Ash
FG = Flue Gas
g = Gram
GC = Gas Chromatography
GS = Grab Sample
HRGC = High Resolution Gas Chromatography
HRMS = High Resolution Mass Spectrophotometry
M3 = Cubic Meter
MM5T = Modified Method 5 Train
MS = Mass Spectrophotomer
N/A = Not Available
ND = None Detected
ng = Nanogram
NM3 = Normal Cubic Meter
ppb = Parts Per Billion
ppm = Parts Per Million
ppt = Parts per Trillion
yg = Mi crograms
Data Rating:
Good (G): FG Sampling by MM5T (or similar train), and analysis by GC/MS, and
complete data.
Poor (P): Inappropriate sampling or analysis methodology.
Incomplete (I): Incomplete data on methodology. Lack of detection limits
when ND is recorded.
*: Preliminary data subject to change.
A-2
-------
H /ARDOUS WASTE INCINERATORS
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
*15
*15
*16
#16
*16
#16
#16
*16
*16
*16
#16
#16
#16
#16
*16
*16
*16
#16
;*16
*16
*16
16
17
17
17
18
19
19
26
26
26
26
57
101
SOURCE TYPE
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
CEMENT KILNS
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
HW INCINERATION
FACIL ITY
Rollins, Dear Park, TX
Ensco,
Ensco,
El
El
Dorado,
Dorado,
ARK
ARK
Rol I Ins, Dear Park, TX
Ensco, El Dorado, ARK
RolI ins, Dear Park, TX
Ensco, El Dorado, ARK
RolI Ins, Dear Park, TX
RolI Ins, Dear Park, TX
Rollins, Dear Park, TX
Ensco, El Dorado, ARK
NJ
NJ
MitchelI, NC
DuPont, LA
Upjohn, TX
Upjohn, TX
Ross, OH
Am
WV
Am
Am
Am
WV
WV
Los
Los
Los
Cyanam I d,
Ross, OH
Cyanamld,
Abco, SC
Cyanam i d,
Abco, SC
Cyanam I d, WV
Upjohn, TX
Mitchel I , NC
DuPont, LA
Mitchel I , NC
Ross, OH
Mitchel I , NC
Abco, SC
DuPont, LA
Ross, OH
Upjohn, TX
Abco, SC
DuPont, LA
Alamos Pilot
Alamos Pilot
Alamos Pilot
Study
Study
Study
San Juan Cement, Puerto Rico
M/T
M/T
M/T
M/T
M/T
M/T
Northeast
Vu canus
Vu canus
Vu canus
Vu canus
Vu canus
Vu canus
Ut IIty Bol
JM Huber Corp.
er
A-3
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATORS
REF #
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
*15
*15
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
#16
*16
*16
*16
#16
*16
*16
#16
*16
#16
#16
*16
#16
*16
*16
#16
#16
17
17
17
18
19
19
26
26
26
26
57
101
SOURCE CHARACT.
PROCESSES SAMPLE
METl
Rotary K
Rotary K
Rotary K
Rotary K
Rotary K
Rotary K
Rotary K
Rotary K
Rotary K
Rotary K
Rotary K
1
:
I
n with Afterburner (
n w I th Afterburner (
n with Afterburner (
n w i th Afterburner (
n with Afterburner (
n w i th Afterburner (
n with Afterburner (
n with Afterburner (
n with Afterburner (
n with Afterburner (
n with Afterburner (
Rotary Kiln (1200C)
Rotary Kiln (1200C)
Liquid Injection
Rotary Kiln/Liquid Inject
Hor
Hor
Iz. Cy 1 . Thermal Oxid 1
Iz. Cyl . Thermal Oxid I
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
ion
zer
zer
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
Rotary Kiln
2 Chambers
Rotary Kiln
2 Chambers
2 Stage BolIer
2 Chambers
2 Stage BolIer
2 Chambers
Horlz. CyI. Thermal Oxldlzer
Liquid Injection
Rotary Kiln/Liquid Injection
Liquid Injection
Rotary Kiln
Liquid I njectton
2 Stage Boller
Rotary KI In/Liquld Injection
Rotary Kiln
Cyl. Thermal Oxldlzer
2 Stage BolIer
KNn/LIqufd Injection
Air Incineration (1370C)
Air Incineration (1370C)
Air Incineration (1370C)
1260 C, RT = 1.5 sec
Incinerator Ship (7/77 - 8/77)
Incinerator Ship (7/77 - 8/77)
1600C, RT=1.35, (8/82)
1600C, RT-1.35, (8/82)
1600C, RT-1.35, (8/82)
1600C, RT=1.35, (8/82)
102 Waste 011
PCB Py.rolysls (2000 C)
HorTz.
Rotary
Control Ied
Control Ied
Control Ied
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
_____
Stack
Stack
_____
_____
Stack
__ — _
_ _
Stack
Stack
Stack
_____
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Furnace
Scrubber
Stack
Stack
feed
stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FA/FG
FA/FG
FG/FA
Feed
FG/FA
FG/FA
Feed
Feed
FG/FA
Feed
Feed
FG/FA
FG/FA
FG/FA
CT A
r 6 0 0
Feed
FG/FA
Feed
FG/FA
FG/FA
FG/FA
FG/FA
Feed
C f± A A
r 660
Feed
Feed
Ash
L Iqu Id
FG/FA
FG
FA/FG
C -v -v J
r eed
FG
FG
c — * j
r eed
FG/FA
FG/FA
MM?
MM5'
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5
MM5,
MM51
MH5I
MM51
MM5'
MH5'
MM5
GS
MM5
MM51
GS
GS
MM51
GS
GS
MM5'
MM51
MM51
(1C
uc
GS
MM51
GS
MM51
MM51
MM51
MM5T
GS
P C
\y v
GS
GS
GS
GS
MM5T
M5T
GS
B'lT
P C
\y3
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T/SS
MM5T
A-4
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATORS
REF #
SAMPLE NUM.
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
•15
*15
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
•16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
17
17
17
18
19
19
26
26
26
26
57
101
4 Hours
4 Hours
4 Hours
4 Hours
4 Hours
4 Hours
4 Hours
4 Hours
4 Hours
4 Hours
4 Hours
3 Runs
3 Runs
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A-
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
4 Samples
13 days / 6 weeks
13 days / 6 weeks
10 Tests/13 Days
10 Tests/13 Days
10 Tests/13 Days
10 Tests/13 Days
3 Days
4 tests
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
EXTRACTION
Soxhlet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
Soxhiet/Benzene
Soxhiet/Benzene
Soxhiet/Benzene
N/A
N/A
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
et/Methylene Chi
SoxhIet/Toluene
SoxhIet/Toluene
SoxhIet/Toluene
SoxhIet/Benzene
Basic Extraction
Basic Extraction
SoxhIet/Hexane
SoxhIet/Hexane
SoxhIet/Hexane
SoxhIet/Hexane
Soxlvl et/Hexane
N/A
or Ide
or Ide
or I de
or Ide
or Ide
or I de
or Ide
or I de
or I de
or I de
or Ide
or Ide
or Ide
or Ide
or Ide
or Ide
or Ide
or ide
or Ide
or Ide
or Ide
or Ide
or Ide
or Ide
ANALYSIS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/MS
GC/MS
A-5
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATORS
REF # DETECTION L IMITS
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
-1 3
*15
*15
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
*T6
*16
*16
*16
*16
*16
#16
#t6
*16
#16
#16
*16
17
17
17
18
19
19
26
26
26
26
57
101
0.5 ngc
0.45 ng
0.5 ng
(0.9) ng
.66 ng
0.8 ng
.2 ng
.9 ng
0.4 ng
(0.48) ng
.07 ng
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
14.9 ng/m3
0.2 ppm
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
5 ng/ul
0.5 ug/m3
ISOMER
TCDD
TCDD
TCDF
TCDF
TCDD
TCDF
TCDF
TCDD
TCDD
TCDD
TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
PCDD
TCDF
TCDF
TCDD
TCDF
TCDD
TCDD
TCDD
TCDF
TCDD
TCDD
TCDD
TCDF
TCDD
TCDD
TCDD
TCDF
TCDF
TCDD
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDD
PCDD/PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
TCDD
TCDD
TCDD
TCDF
TCDD
TCDF
PCDD/PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
ISOMER CONC.
0.741 ng/Nm3
ND
2.14 ng/Nm3
10 ng/Nm3
0.171 ng/Nm3
4.82 ng/Nm3
0.56 ng/Nm3
ND
2.48 ng/Nm3
0.645 ng/Nm3
.072 ng/Nm3
ND
ND - 365 ng
0.7 ng/m3
ND
ND
6.8 ng/m3
ND
ND
ND
ND
Detected
ND
15 ng/m3
ND
ND
ND
ND
Detected
ND
ND
40 ng/m3
ND
ND
Detected
Detected
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.98 ppm
ND
ND
47.5 ng/g
ND
N/A
ND
ND
DATA VARIABILI
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
ND - 2.4 ppm
N/A
N/A
25 - 80 ng/g
N/A
0.3 - 3 ng/m3
N/A
N/A
A-6
-------
4ZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATORS
FREF I
PRECURSORS
SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
13 PCBs PI us Fuel Oi 1
13 PCBs PI us Fuel Oi 1
13 Waste Chem PI us PCBs
13 Waste Chem PI us PCBs
13 Waste Chem PI us PCBs
13 Waste Chemicals
13 Waste Chemicals
13 PCBs PI us Fuel Oi 1
13 Waste Chem lea 1 s
13 Waste Chem Plus PCBs
13 Waste Chemica 1 s
*15 Si 1 vex Herb iclde
*15 SI 1 vex Herb iclde
*16 L Iq Org( ,4-1$CI )
*16 LFq/Sol (.05-16JCI )
*16 LIq/Gaseous <21*CI
*16 LIq/Gaseous (21$CI
M6 LIq Org (.02-6.2$CI )
*16 Anal Ine Wast(0.15*CI
*16 Liq Org (.02-6.2$CI )
*16 Anal ine Wast (0. 1 5*CI
*16 Liq Org (.4-6.6*CI )
*16 Anal ine Wast(0.15$CI
*16 LIq Org (.4-6.6*CI )
*16 Anallne Wast(0.15*CI
H6 LIq/Gaseous (21$CI)
*16 LIq Org(.4-1$CI )
*16 Liq/Sol .(.05-16$CI )
•16 Liq Org(.4-1*CI )
•16 LIq Org C.02-6.2JSCI )
*16 LIq Org(.4-1$CI )
*T6 LIq Org (.4-6.6*CI )
*16 Liq/Sol (.05-165&CI )
*16 LIq Org (.02-6.2J&CI )
*16 Liq/Gaseous (21*CI)
*16 Liq Org (.4-6.6JSCI )
*16 Liq/Sol (.05-16$CI )
17 PCP Treated Wood
17 PCP Treated Wood
17 PCP Treated Wood
18 Pharm.Wastes(21*cl )
19 Herbicide Orange
19 Herbicide Orange
26 PCB-Cont. Waste
26 PCB-Cont. Waste
26 PCB-Cont. Waste
26 PCB-Cont. Waste
57 PCB Waste dl 1
101 PCBs
TRW/Wright St.
TRW/Wright St.
TRW/Wright St.
TRW/Wright St.
TRW/Wright St.
TRW/Wright St.
TRW/Wright St.
TRW/Wright St.
TRW/Wrfght St.
TRW/Wright St.
TRW/Wright St.
Roy F. Weston
Roy F. Weston
MRI
MR I
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
MRI
Los Al amos Nat .
Los Al amos Nat.
Los Alamos Nat.
Monsanto Research
TRW, Inc.
TRW, Inc.
TRW
TRW
TRW
TRW
GCA
Rad I an Corp .
U.
U.
U.
U.
U.
U.
U.
U.
U.
U.
U.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Corp.
RAT ING
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
I
G
G
G
A-7
-------
ACCIDENTAL FIRE
SOURCE TYPE
34
34
34
36
36
36
36
36
35
35
35
35
35
35
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
124
124
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
ACCI
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
DENTAL
FIRE
F IRE
FIRE
F IRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
'FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE-
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FIRE
FACILITY
N.Y. State Transformer
N.Y. State Transformer
N.Y. State Transformer
Stockholm, Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
SCO
Frans fsco
FransIsco
FransIsco
FransIsco
Ch Icago
Skoude, Sweden
Skoude,
Skoude,
Skoude,
Skoude,
Stockholm,
Stockholm,
Stockholm,
Stockholm,
San Frans
San
San
San
San
Skoude,
Skoude,
Skoude,
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
BInghamton, NY
Blnghamton, NY
A-8
-------
.CCIDENTAL FIRE
•F t
34
34
34
36
36
36
36
36
35
35
35
35
35
35
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
124
124
SOURCE CHARACT.
N/A
N/A
N/A
Transformer Station
Transformer
Trans former
Transformer
Transformer
PCB
PCB
PCB
PCB
PCB
PCB
CapacItor
Capac itor
Capacitor
Capac itor
Capac itor
Capac itor
Capac itor
Capac itor
Office Bui Id
Off Ice BuIIdlng
Station
Station
Station
Station
Transformer
Transformer
Trans former
Transformer
Transformer
Transformer
1978)
1978)
1978)
1978)
1978)
Battery
Battery
Battery
Battery
Battery
Battery
Battery
Battery
ng (Feb.
ng (Feb.
F i re
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
1981 )
1981 )
PROCESSES
Capac/WalI
Capac itor
Capac/WaI I
Intact Cap
In Exp Cap
On Exp Cap
Fence
P I ne Need .
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
In FIre
In Fire
In Fire
Near Fire
Near Fire
Near Fire
Wai I(2m)
BenchC10m)
Transform.
Transform.
SAMPLE
METHOD
Liquid
Soot
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
L Iquid
Ash
Ash
Liquid
Liquid
Soot
Soot
Soot
Soot
Soot
Soot
Soot
Soot
Soot
Soot
Soot
Soot
Soot
Soot
W i pe
GS
W i pe
GS
GS
Scrap i ng
Scrap i ng
GS
GS
GS
w I pe
w f pe
w i pe
w i pe
W i pe Test
Wipe Test
W pe Test
W pe Test
W pe Test
W pe Test
W pe Test
W pe Test
Scrap I ng
Scrap I ng
A-9
-------
ACCIDENTAL FIRE
JEF #
34
34
34
36
36
36
36
36
35
35
35
35
35
35
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
124
124
SAMPLE NUM.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
fIoors, 2 replI
fIoors, 2 replF,
EXTRACTION
N/A
N/A
N/A
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
N/A
N/A
N/A '
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
SoxhIet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
ANALYSIS
N/A
N/A
N/A
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
A-10
-------
XIDENTAL FIRE
EF # DETECTION L IMITS
34 N/A
| 34 N/A
I 34 N/A
1 36 N/A
36 N/A
36 N/A
36 N/A
36 N/A
35 N/A
35 N/A
35 N/A
35 N/A
35 N/A
35 N/A
47 N/A
47 N/A
47 N/A
47 N/A
47 N/A
47 N/A
47 N/A
47 N/A
124 N/A
124 N/A
ISOMER
TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDF
PCDF
PCDF
PCDF
PCDF
PCDF
TCDF
TCDD
TCDF
TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
PCDD/PCDF
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
PCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
PCDD
PCDD
PCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDF
ISOMER CONC,
N/A
1 .2 ng
N/A
N/A
75 ppm
N/A
ND
ND
0.127 ppm
ND
28.9 ppm
0.324 ppm
0.059 ppm
ND
20 ng/m2
100 ng/m2
213 ng/m2
100 ng/m2
600 ng/n>2
873 ng/m2
ND
ND
2.85 ppm
195 ppm
DATA VAR I ABIL ITY
30 - 500 pg
N/A
20 - 400 ng
0.9 - 1.1 ppm
N/A
27 - 52 ppm
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
120 - 270 ppm
A-ll
-------
ACCIDENTAL FIRE
PRECURSORS
SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
RATING
34
34
34
36
36
36
36
36
35
35
35
35
35
35
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
124 PCBs,
124 PCBs,
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
PCBs
Chi or.
Chi or.
N.Y. State
N.Y. State
N.Y. State
Nat. Swed
Nat. Swed
Nat. Swed
Nat. Swed
Nat. Swed
Univ.
Univ.
Univ.
Univ.
Univ.
Univ.
Un Iv-
Univ.
Benzene
Benzene
ish
Ish
Ish
Ish
Ish
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
NY
NY
Dept . of Hea I th
Dept. of Health
Dept. of Health
Env. Prot. Board
Env. Prot. Board
Env. Prot. Board
Env. Prot. Board
Env. Prot. Board
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Umea, Sweden
I) me a, Sweden
Umea, Sweden
Umea, Sweden
Umea, Sweden
Umea, Sweden
Umea, Sweden
Umea, Sweden
State
State
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
A-12
-------
i.QMESTIC SOURCES
iEF # SOURCE TYPE FACIL ITY
25 DOMESTIC N/A
25 DOMESTIC N/A
25 DOMESTIC N/A
25 DOMESTIC N/A
25 DOMESTIC N/A
25 DOMESTIC N/A
25 DOMESTIC N/A
25 DOMESTIC N/A
25 DOMESTIC N/A
25 DOMESTIC N/A
25 DOMESTIC N/A
25 DOMESTIC N/A
25 DOMESTIC N/A
25 DOMESTIC N/A
38 DOMESTIC Cape Cod, MA
38 DOMESTIC Cape Cod, MA
38 DOMESTIC Cape Cod, MA
38 DOMESTIC Cape Cod, MA
38 DOMESTIC Cape Cod, MA
38 DOMESTIC Cape Cod, MA
38 DOMESTIC Cape Cod, MA
38 DOMESTIC Cape Cod, MA
38 DOMESTIC Midland, Mich,
38 DOMESTIC Midland, Mich.
38 DOMESTIC Midland, Mich.
38 DOMESTIC Midland, Mich.
3.8 DOMESTIC Midland, Mich.
A-13
-------
DOMESTIC SOURCES
REF #
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
SOURCE CHARACT.
25
25
25
25
25
12
12
12
12
yr
yr o I
yr
yr
yr
ol
ol
0
01
ol
ol
ol
ol
ol
Fi
Fi
Fi
FI
NaturaI
NaturaI
NaturaI
NaturaI
NaturaI
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
rep I ace
rep I ace
rep I ace
rep I ace
rep I ace
rep I ace
rep I ace
rep I ace
rep I ace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
PROCESSES
CHIMNEY
CHIMNEY
CHIMNEY
CHIMNEY
CHIMNEY
CHIMNEY
CHIMNEY
CHIMNEY
CHIMNEY
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
FI ue Pipe
FI ue Pipe
FI ue Pipe
FI ue Pipe
FI ue Pipe
FI ue Pipe
FI ue Pipe
FI ue Pipe
Ch Imney
Ch Imney
Ch Imney
Ch I mney
Ch Imney
SAMPLE
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
METHJ
SCRAP]
SCRAPl
SCRAPI
SCRAPl
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAP
GS
-GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
A-14
-------
C iMESTIC SOURCES
REF $ SAMPLE NUM,
25 N/A
25 N/A
25 N/A
25 N/A
25 N/A
25 N/A
25 N/A
25 N/A
25 N/A
25 N/A
25 N/A
25 N/A
25 N/A
25 N/A
38 N/A
38 N/A.
38 N/A
38 N/A
38 N/A
38 N/A
38 N/A
38 N/A
38 N/A
38 N/A
38 N/A
38 N/A
38 N/A
EXTRACTION
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
ANALYSIS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/EC
GC/EC
GC/EC
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
A-15
-------
DOMESTIC SOURCES
REF # DETECTION LIMITS
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
0.04 ppb
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.04 ppb
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.2 ppb
0.40 ppb
N/A
N/A
N/A
1 ppt
N/A
3 ppt
N/A
2 ppt
N/A
14 ppt
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
ISOMER
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
TCDD
TCDD ,
H6CDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
OCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
SOMER CONC.
0 . 1 ppb
0.37 ppb
3.4 ppb
16 ppb
25 ppb
ND
0.23 ppb
0.67 ppb
0.89 ppb
0.6 ppb
1.0 ppb
34 ppb
430 ppb
1300 ppb
ND
170 ppt
ND
260 ppt
ND
330 ppt
ND
210 ppt
26 ppt
777 ppt
3100 ppt
7200 ppt
10600 ppt
DATA VARIABILl
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-16
-------
D( 1ESTIC SOURCES
If I
PRECURSORS
SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
Natu
Natu
Natu
Natu
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
ra Gas
ra Gas
ra Gas
ra Gas
Natura Gas
Oil
Oil
on
ON
on
01
Wood
Oi 1
Wood
Oil
Wood
ON
Wood
, Wood
, Wood
, Wood
, Wood
, Wood
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
Chem
lea
lea
lea
lea
ica
lea
Ica
Ica
lea
Ica
Ica
Ica
Ica
Ica
Ica
Ica
lea
Ica
Ica
Ica
Ica
Ica
Ica
Ica
Ica
Ica
Ica
RATING
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
A-17
-------
FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION
REF #
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
25
25
25
25
25
28
29
30
SOURCE TYPE
FACILITY
FOSSIL
FOSSIL
FOSSIL
FOSSIL
FOSS IL
FOSSIL
FOSS IL
FOSSIL
FOSS IL
FOSSIL
FOSSIL
FOSSIL
FOSSIL
FOSSIL
FOSSIL
FOSSIL
FOSSIL
FOSSIL
FOSSIL
FOSSIL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL-
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
FUEL
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7?
(7)
(7)
Coa
Coa
Coa
Coa
Coa
Coa
Coa
Coa
Coa
Coa
Coa
Coa
1-
1-
1-
1-
1-
1-
1-
1-
1-
1-
1-
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
l-f
M
M
M
M
M
I
I
i
I
I
I
i
I
I
1
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
d
d
d
d
d
red
red
red
red
red
red
red
red
red
red
red
red
1 and
1 and
1 and
1 and
1 and
Utf
Utl
Utl
Uti
Uti
Uti
Utl
Uti
Utl
Utl
Utl
Uti
I
i
I
i
i
i
I
i
i
I
I
1
Mich
Mich
Mich
Mich
Mich
ty
ty
ty
ty
ty
ty
ty
ty
ty
ty
ty
ty
.
,
9
*
9
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI
PI
ants
ants
ants
ants
ants
ants
ants
ants
ants
ants
ant's
ants
N/A
N/A
U.
S.
A-13
-------
R-5SIL FUEL COMBUSTION
SOURCE CHARACT.
PROCESSES SAMPLE
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
25
25
25
25
25
28
29
30
Large
Large
Large
Large
Large
PC Bol
PC Bol
PC Bol
PC Bol
PC Bol
er
er
er
er
er
er
er
er
er
er
t_ a i y c r \j o
-------
FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION
REF #
METHOD
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
25
25
25
25
25
28
29
30
MM5T
MM5T
GS
MM5T
GS
MM5T
GS
GS
GS
MM5T
GS
MM5T
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
N/A
GS
GS
SAMPLE NUM,
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1 Sample
7 samples
EXTRACTION
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
Soxhiet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Hexane/Acetone
Baste Extraction
Soxhlet/Benzene(24 hr)
'A-20
-------
FO-SIL FUEL COMBUSTION
£F I
t
8
8
i 8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
25
25
25
25
25
28
29
30
ANALYSIS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
GC/MS
GC
GC/MS
GC
GC
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
DETECTION L IMITS
PPT
PPT
PPT
PPT
PPT
PPT
PPT
PPT
PPT
PPT
PPT
PPT
10 ppb
N/A
20 ppb
N/A
N/A
1.2 ppt
N/A
2 ppt
ISOMER
PCDD
PCDF
PCDD
PCDD
PCDD
PCDF
PCDD
PCDF
PCDF
PCDD
PCDF
PCDF
2,3,7,8 TCDD
H6CDD
TCDD
H7CDD
OCDD
TCDD
TCDD
TCDD
A-21
-------
FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION
REF #
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
25
25
25
25
25
28
29
SOMER CONG,
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
2 ppb
38 ppb
4 ppb
24 ppb
ND
ND
ND
DATA VARIABILITY
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
PRECURSORS
Coal
Coal
Coa I
Coal
Coal
Coa I
Coal
Coal
Coal
Coal
Coal
Coal
coaI and o!I
coal and olI
coaI and o11
coal and olI
coaI and olI
Low Sulfur Coal
Coal
Coal
A-22
-------
F.1SSIL FUEL COMBUSTION
REp g SAMPLING ORGANIZATION RATING
8 MRI G
8 MRI G
8 MRI G
8 MRI G
8 MRI G
8 MRI G
8 MRI G
8 MRI G
8 MRI G
8 MRI G
8 MRI G
8 MRI G
25 Dow Chemical G
25 Dow Chemical G
25 Dow Chemical G
25 Dow Chemical G
25 Dow Chemical G
28 Univ. of Calif, at Davis G
29 Batelle, Columbus Lab I
30 U.S. EPA G
A-23
-------
AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS
REF #
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
*39
*39
*39
*39
*39
*39
*39
*39
SOURCE TYPE
FACILITY
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
•AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
AUTO
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
MUFFLERS
Pont lac
Pont lac
Pont lac
Pont lac
Pont lac
Detroit
Detroit
Detroit
Detroit
Detroit
Detroit
Detroit
Detroit
Auburn
Auburn
Auburn
Auburn
Sag Inaw
Sag Inaw
SagInaw
SagInaw
SagInaw
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
Mich.
ch.
ch.
ch.
Ml
M!
M!
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-24
-------
AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS
REF #
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
»39
*39
*39
»39
*39
*39
*39
*39
SOURCE CHARACT.
PROCESSES
SAMPLE
METHO:
Un
Un
Un
Un
Reg
Reg
Reg
Reg
Reg
Un
Un
Un
Un
1 eaded
1 eaded
1 eaded
1 eaded
gas /
gas /
gas /
gas /
gas /
1 eaded
1 eaded
1 eaded
1 eaded
/ Cata
/ Cata
/ Cata
/ Cata
no Catalytic Converter
no Catalytic Converter
no Catalytic Converter
no Catalytic Converter
no Catalytic Converter
/ Catalytic Converter
/ Catalytic Converter
/ Catalytic Converter
/ Catalytic Converter
lytlc Converter / Low mileage
lytlc Converter / Low mileage
lytlc Converter / Low mileage
lytlc Converter / Low mileage
DIese Truck
Dlese Truck
DIese Truck
DIese Truck
DIese Truck
Dlese Truck
D lese Truck
DIese Truck
DIese Truck
D lesel
D lesel
Unl eaded
Unleaded
Leaded
Leaded
Chevette-Broken Ring
Chevette-Broken Ring
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
MUFFLER
Muffler
Muffler
Muffler
Muffler
Muffler
Muffler
Muffler
Muffler
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
ASH
Ash
Ash
Ash
Ash
Ash
Ash
Ash
Ash
SCRAPI
SCRAP 1
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
SCRAPI
Scrap I
Scrap I
Scrap I
Scrap I
Scrap I
Scrap I
Scrap I
Scrap I r
A-25
-------
AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS
REF #
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
#39
*39
*39
*39
*39
*39
*39
*39
SAMPLE NUM.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
2 Cars
2 Cars
10 cars
10 cars
3 Cars
3 Cars
1 car
1 car
MethyIene
MethyIene
MethyIene
MethyIene
MethyIene
Methylene
MethyIene
Methylene
EXTRACTION
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Chi or
Chlor
Chlor
Chlor
Chlor
Chlor
Chlor
Chlor
Ide/Hexane
I de/Hexane
Ide/Hexane
Ide/Hexane
Ide/Hexane
Ide/Hexane
Ide/Hexane
Ide/Hexane
ANALYSIS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
EC/GC
EC/GC
EC/GC
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
A-26
-------
AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS
IEF # DETECTION L IMITS
25 2.0 ppt
25 2.0 ppt
25 14 ppt
25 6 ppt
25 8 ppt
25 2.0 ppt
25 10 ppt
25 8 ppt
25 N/A
25 0.1 ppt
25 0.1 ppt
25 0.2 ppt
25 0.5 ppt
25 3.0 ppt
25 25 ppt
25 30 ppt
25 N/A
25 1.0 ppt
25 N/A
25 15 ppt
25 15 ppt
25 N/A
39 40 pg
39 40 pg
39 40 pg
39 40 pg
39 40 pg
39 40 pg
39 40 pg
39 40 pg
ISOMER
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
SQMER CONC,
ND
4.0 ppt
ND
ND
16 ppt
ND
ND
14 ppt
68 ppt
0.1 ppt
0.5 ppt
2 Ppt
8 ppt
ND
ND
110 ppt
280 ppt
3.0 ppt
20 ppt
20 ppt
100 ppt
260 ppt
ND
ND
0.23 ng
6.5 ng
2 ng
36 ng
0.15 ng
4.3 ng
DATA VARIABILIT'
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-27
-------
AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS
RET #
PRECURSORS
SAMPL ING ORGANIZATION
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25:
25
*ys
*39
*39
*39
*39
*39.
#39.
*39
Regular Gas
Regu 1 ar Gas
Regu 1 ar Gas
Regular Gas
Regu 1 ar Gas
Unleaded Gas
Unleaded Gas
Unleaded Gas
Unleaded Gas
Unleaded Gas
Unleaded Gas
Unleaded Gas
Unleaded Gas
Dfese
D iese
Dlese
D Iese
0 Iese
0 Iese
0 Iese
0 Iese
Olese
D Iese
D Iese
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
Fuel
Unleaded Gas
Unleaded Gas
Leaded Gas
Leaded Gas
Unleaded Gas
Unleaded Gas
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
Dow
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
Chemlea
Chem1ca
Chem lea
Chem lea
Chem lea
Chem lea
Chemlea
Chem lea
ChemIca
Chem lea
Chemlea
Chemlca
Chemlea
Chemlca
Chemlea
Chemlca
Chemlca
Chem-fca
Chemlea
Chem lea
Chem lea
Chemlca
.S. EPA
,S. EPA
.S. EPA
,S. EPA
.S. EPA
,S. EPA
,S. EPA
.S. EPA
RATING
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
A-28
-------
RECLAMATION INCINERATORS
REF # SOURCE TYPE FACIL ITY
33 WIRE RECLAMATION INCINERATOR Midwestern USA (1)
33 WIRE RECLAMATION INCINERATOR Midwestern USA (1)
33 WIRE RECLAMATION INCINERATOR Midwestern USA (1)
33 WIRE RECLAMATION INCINERATOR Midwestern USA (1)
A-29
-------
WIRE RECLAMATION INCINERATORS
REF #
33
33
33
33
SOURCE CHARACT.
3 IncInerators
3 Incinerators
3 Incinerators
3 Incinerators
PROCESSES SAMPLE
Stack
Stack
Furnace
Furnace
FA
FA
•FA
FA
METHi
GS
G$l
GS
GS
A-30
-------
WIRE RECLAMATION INCINERATORS
# SAMPLE NUM. EXTRACTION ANALYSIS
33 N/A Hexane/Acetone GC/MS
33 N/A Hexane/Acetone GC/MS
33 N/A Hexane/Acetone GC/MS
33 N/A Hexane/Acetone GC/MS
A-31
-------
WIRE RECLAMATION INCINERATORS
REF # DETECTION L IMITS
33
33
33
33
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
ISOMER
TCDD
TCDF
TCDD
TCDF
ISOMER CONC.
41C ppt
11600 ppt
58 ppt
730 ppt
DATA VARI/iBlL
N/A
r.'/A
N/A
N/A
A-32
-------
WIRE RECLAMATION INCINERATORS
: f PRECURSORS
33 Wire Insul&Con.
33 Wire Insul&Con.
33 Wire Insul&Con.
33 Wire Insul&Con.
SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
EPA
EPA
EPA
EPA
RATING
G
G
G
G
A-33
-------
THERMAL ACTIVATED CARBON REGENERATION
REF #
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
CARBON
CARBON
CARBON
CARBON
CARBON
CARBON
CARBON
CARBON
CARBON
CARBON
CARBON
CARBON
SOURCE TYPE
REGENERATION
REGENERATION
REGENERATION
REGENERATION
REGENERATION
REGENERATION
REGENERATION
REGENERATION
REGENERATION
REGENERATION
REGENERATION
REGENERATION
FACILITY
C inc innat I
Cine Innat I
C Inc I nnat I
Cf nc Innat I
Cl nc Innat I
Cl nc I nnat I
Cine Innat I
Cf nc Innat I
Cine Innat I
Cine Innat I
Cine Innat I
Cine Innat I
Oh to
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Oh lo
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
A-34
-------
THERMAL ACTIVATED CARBON REGENERATION
REF
SOURCE CHARACT.
PROCESSES SAMPLE
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
Fl
Fl
Fl
Fl
Fl
Fl
Fl
Fl
Fl
Fl
Fl
Fl
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
I
f
i
I
I
!
I
i
I
I
1
f
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
[zed
Ized
[zed
ized
Ized
[zed
Ized
(zed
[zed
Ized
Ized
(zed
Bed
Bed
Bed
Bed
Bed
Bed
Bed
Bed
Bed
Bed
Bed
Bed
System
System
System
System
System
System
System
System
System
System
System
System
Feed
CycI one
CycI one
Scrubber
Scrubber
Quench
Quench
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Ash
Ash
Water
Water
Water
Water
FA
FA
FG
FG
METHOD
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
A-35
-------
THERMAL ACTIVATED CARBON REGENERATION
REF #
SAMPLE NUM.
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Tests/3
Tests/3
Tests/3
Tests/3
Tests/3
Tests/3
Tests/3
Tests/3
Tests/3
Tests/3
Tests/3
Tests/3
Days
Days
Days
Days
Days
Days
Days
Days
Days
Days
Days
Days
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
EXTRACTION
I et/Methylene
let/Methylene
I et/Methylene
let/Methylene
I et/MethyIene
I et/MethyIene
Iet/Methylene
let/Methylene
Iet/Methylene
let/Methylene
Iet/MethyIene
let/Methylene
Chloride
Chloride
Chloride
Chloride
Chloride
Chi orIde
Chloride
ChlorIde
Chloride
Chi or Ide
Chloride
Chloride
ANALYSIS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
A-36
-------
ACTIVATED CARBON REGENERATION
jjEF f DETECTION LIMITS
32 N/A
32 N/A
32 N/A
32 N/A
32 N/A
32 N/A
32 N/A
32 N/A
32 N/A
32 N/A
32 N/A
32 .04-- 2.0 mg/Kg
ISOMER
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDO
TCDD
ISOMER CONC,
ND
ND
ND
1.11 ppt
.03 ppt
.075 ppt
ND
ND
.083 ppt
.138 ppt
.0025 ppt
.0125 ppt
DATA VARIABILIT'
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.2 - 4.1 ppt
ND - .07 ppt
ND - .2 ppt
N/A
N/A
.01 - .2 ppt
.05 - .2 ppt
ND - .01 ppt
ND - .05 ppt
ft-37
-------
THERMAL ACTIVATED CARBON REGENERATION
REF #
PRECURSORS
SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
RATING
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
Spent
Spent
Spent
Spent
Spent
Spent
Spent
Spent
Spent
Spent
Spent
Spent
Act
Act
Act
Act
Act
Act
Act
Act
Act
Act
Act
Act
Ivated
Ivated
Ivated
Ivated
Ivated
Ivated
Ivated
Ivated
Ivated
Ivated
Ivated
Ivated
Carb
Carb
Carb
Carb
Carb
Carb
Carb
Carb
Carb
Carb
Car'b
Carb
Batel
Batel
Batel
Batel
Batel
Batel
Batel
Bat*l
Batel
Batel
Batel
Batel
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
Labs
Labs
Labs
Labs
Labs
Labs
Labs
Labs
Labs
Labs
Labs
Labs
A-38
-------
SEW.-'SE SLUDGE INCINERATORS
j SOURCE TYPE FACILITY
27 SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATORS Ontario
27 SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATORS Ontario
A-39
-------
SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATORS
IEF #
SOURCE CHARACT.
PROCESSES SAMPLE
ME]
27
27
Multiple
Multiple
Hearth
Hearth
I nc.
I nc.
(1000 C)
(1000 C)
Stack
Stack
N/A
N/A
A-40
-------
SE'iAGE SLUDGE INCINERATORS
# SAMPLE NUM. EXTRACTION ANALYSIS
27 3 Sample Periods N/A N/A
27 3 Sample Periods N/A N/A
A-41
-------
SEWAGE SLUDGE INCINERATORS
*EF f DETECTION LIMITS
27 N/A
27 N/A
ISOMER
PCDD
PCDF
ISOMER CONC.
0.739 ug/m3
1 .213 ug/m3
DATA VARlABlt
.483 - 1.14 Ufl
.501 - 2.248
A-42
-------
SEUAGE SLUDGE INCINERATORS
F# PRECURSORS SAMPLING ORGANIZATION RATING
27 Sewage Sludge Ont. Ministry of Env. I
27 Sewage Sludge Ont. Ministry of Env. I
A-43
-------
BOILERS COFIRING WASTES
REF f
SOURCE TYPE
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
76
76
*87
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
JND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILERS
IND WASTE BOILER
IND WASTE BOILER
IND WASTE BOILER
IND WASTE BOILER
IND WASTE BOILER
IND WASTE BOILER
IND WASTE BOILER
IND WASTE BOILER
IND WASTE BOILER
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
TAR BURNER
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
TAR BURNER
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
TAR BURNER
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
TAR BURNER
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
INDUSTRIAL SW INCINERATION
WASTE OIL BOILER
WASTE OIL BOILER
WASTE OIL BOILER
FACILITY
Site A
Site A
SITE G
Site A
Site A
Site A
SITE E
Site A
Site A
SITE D
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
European
European
European
European
European
European
European
European
Bay City, Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midi and Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midi and Mich.
Midland M.Ich.
Midland Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midi and Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midland Mich.
Midland Mich.
Aarqu, SwItzerI and
Aarqu, Switzerland
. ... Greenhouse
A-44
-------
B ILERS COFIRING WASTES
SOURCE CHARACT.
PROCESSES
SAMPLE
METH
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
76
76
*87
Keeler CP
Keeler CP
Fire
Keeler CP
Keeler CP
Keeler CP
Water
Keeler CP
Keeler CP
Steam Generator
Steam Generator
Tube BolIer
Steam Generator
Steam Generator
Steam Generator
Tube BolIer
Steam Generator
Steam Generator
B&W Wail-FIred Bo
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
BO
Industr
I ndustr
I ndustr
I ndustr
I ndustr
I ndustr
I ndustr
I ndustr
I ndustr
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
High Eff.
Rotary kl
Rotary kl
Rotary kiln
Rotary kl
Rotary kl
Rotary kI
Rotary kiln
Bol
Bol
Bol
Bol
Bol
Bol
Bol
Bol
B.ol
LER
BOILER
BOILER
BOILER
BOILER
BOILER
BOILER
BOILER
er (pi
er (p I
er (pi
er (pi
er (pi
er (p I
er (pi
er (pi
er (pi
(PCP
(PCP
(PCP
(PCP
(PCP
(PCP
(PCP
(PCP
Ind.
n wIth suppI.
n w Ith suppI.
without suppl
n w Ith suppI.
n w ! th suppI .
n w Ith supp I .
er
burner)
burner)
burner)
burner)
burner)
burner)
burner)
burner)
burner)
WASTES)
WASTES)
WASTES)
WASTES)
WASTES)
WASTES)
WASTES)
WASTES)
Boiler
f ue
f ue
fuel
f ue
f ue
f ue
fuel
fuel
fuel
without suppl
Rotary kiln with suppl.
Rotary kiln without suppl
72 million BTU/hr with supplemental fuel
Rotary kiln without suppl. fuel
72 million BTU/hr with supplemental fuel
Rotary kiln with suppl. fuel
72 million BTU/hr with supplemental fuel
Rotary kiln with suppl. fuel
72 million BTU/hr with supplemental fuel
Rotary
Rotary
Rotary
Rotary
k
k
k
k
I
I
1
1
Rotary
Rotary
k
I
1
1
1
1
k
1
n
n
n
n
I
n
Four
w
w
w
w
In
w
I
I
I
I
I
thout
thout
thout
thout
with
thout
N/A
N/A
suppl .
s
upp 1 .
suppl .
s
su
upp I .
ppl .
supp 1 .
Pass Fire
Tube
f
f
uel
ue 1
fuel
f
uel
fuel
f
uel
(gas)
(gas)
(gas)
(gas)
Stack
Stack
Stack
Furnace
___ —
Furnace
Stack
Stack
_____
Stack
Feed
Compos 1 1
Feed
Compos It
Compos It
Stack
Feed
Feed
Compos It
Furnace
Baghouse
Baghouse
Furnace
Baghouse
Furnace
Furnace
Baghouse
Stack
Scrubber
Scrubber
Stack
Scrubber
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Scrubber
Stack
Scrubber
Stack
Scrubber
Stack
Stack
Stack
Scrubber
Stack
Stack
Scrubber
Stack
Stack
Stack/ESP
Stack/ESP
Stack
FG/FA
FG/FA
FG/FA
Ash
Feed
Ash
FG/FA
FG/FA
Feed
FG/FA
SI udge
Ash
SI udge
Ash
Ash
FG
SI udge
S 1 udge
Ash
Ash
Ash
Ash
Ash
Ash
Ash
Ash
Ash
FG/FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FG
MM5
MM5
MM5
GS
GS
GS
MM5'
MM5'
GS
MM5'
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
Tral,
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
MM5'
FILTEF
FILTEF
GS
FILTEF
GS
GS
GS
GS
FILTER
GS
FILTEF
GS
FILTEF
GS
GS
GS
FILTEF
GS
GS
FILTEF
GS
GS
N/A
N/A
MM51
A-45
-------
BOILERS COFIRING WASTES
REF #
SAMPLE NUM,
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20 '
20
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
76
76
*87
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
5
4
Tests
Tests
N/A
Tests
Tests
Tests
N/A
Tests
Tests
N/A
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
5 Days
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3
N/A
N/A
samp 1 es
N/A
samp) es
samp 1 es
samp 1 es
samp 1 es
N/A
samp 1 es
N/A
samp 1 es
N/A
samp! es
samp 1 es
sampl es
N/A
samp 1 es
samp 1 es
N/A
samp 1 es
samp 1 es
N/A
N/A
6 Trials
EXTRACTION
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
SoxhIet/Tolu ene
Soxh I et/Tol u. ene
Soxhlet/Tolu ene
SoxhIet/Tolu ene
SoxhIet/Tolu ene
SoxhIet/Tolu ene
SoxhIet/Tolu ene
SoxhIet/Tolu ene
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Methylene Chloride
Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet Methylene Chloride
ANALYSIS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
HRGC/HRMS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
A-46
-------
B 'ILERS COFIRING WASTES
REF J DETECTION LIMITS
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
76
76
*87
0.4 ng/m3
0.4 ng/m3
1000 ng/m3
0.02 ppb
0.6 ppb
0.02 ppb
1000 ng/m3
0.4 ng/m3
0.6 ppb
1000 ng/m3
0.05 ng/g
5.5 ng/g
5.75 ng/g
5.2 ng/g
0.2 ng/g
10 ng/m3
0.9 ng/g
6.4 ng/g
0.5 ng/g
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A>
N/A
N/A
N/A
2.0 ppb
0.5 ppb
N/A
N/A
N/A
1 .5 ppb
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
2.0 ppb
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A ' •
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
.05 - 3.1 ug/m3
ISOMER
TCDD
PCDD
PCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDD
PCDD
PCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
PCDD
PCDD
TCDF
PCDF
PCDF
PCDD
TCDD
PCDD/PCDF
TCDD
PCDD
TCDF
PCDF
PCDF
TCDF
TCDF
PCDD
TCDD
PCDD
TCDD
PCDD/PCDF
H6CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
OCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
TCDD
TCDD
H7CDD
H6CDD
TCDD
H7CDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
OCDD
H6CDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
H7CDD
OCDD *
OCDD
TCDD
PCDF
PCDD
PCDF
A-47
ISOMER CONC.
DATA VARIABILI
40.5 ng/m3
75.5 ng/m3
ND
ND
ND
51.5 ppb
ND
ND
6.85 ppm
ND
ND
92.1 ng/g
18.2 ng/g
209 ng/g
2.5 ng/g
ND
ND
306 ng/g
3.7 ng/g
ND
2.6 ug/g
0.90 ug/g
ND
5.2 ug/g
0.31 ug/g
0..01 ug/g
0.96 ug/g
ND
200 ppb
970 ppb
263000 ppb
1200 ppb
ND
2.1 ppb
21225 ppb
32 ppb
2500 ppb
ND
26000 ppb
7.6 ppb
46 ppb
91 ppb
ND
306 ppb
3400 ppb
55 ppb
164750 ppb
42000 ppb
234.8 ppb
7705 ppb
0.3 ppm
0.6 ppm
.232 ug/m3
38 -
75 -
43 ng/m3
76 ng/m3
N/A
N/A
N/A
38 - 65 ppb
37.8 -
30.5 -
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
124.4 ng
N/A
439.4 ng
0.8 - 3.4 ng/:
1 .2
3000 -
ND -
1300 -
4.0 -
1 -
27 -
190 -
ND -
2000 -
9.0 -
3410 -
ND -
N/A
N/A
N/A
- 7 ng/g
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
810000 pi
N/A
N/A
5.0 ppb
65000 pp
1 10.0 ppb
N/A
ND
N/A
20 ppb
N/A
160 ppb
N/A
440 ppb
N/A
1 10 ppb
510000 p|
N/A
950.0 ppt
12000 p|
N/A
N/A
.73 ug/m.
-------
BOILERS COFIRING WASTES
REF #
PRECURSORS
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
76
76
*87
Waste Wood
Waste Wood
CL-Wastes
Waste Wood
Waste Wood
Waste Wood
CL-Waste 01 1
Waste Wood
Waste Wood
CL-Sol vents
PCP / scrap wood
PCP / scrap wood
PCP / scrap wood
PCP / scrap wood
PCP / scrap wood
PCP / scrap wood
PCP / scrap wood
PCP / scrap wood
PCP / scrap wood
PCP
PCP
PCP
PCP
PCP
PCP
PCP
PCP
PCBs (500 ppm)
tars, SW, gas
tars, SW, gas
tars, SW, gas
tars, SW, gas
tars, SW, gas
tars, SW, gas
tars, SW, gas
tars, SW, gas
tars, SW, gas
gas and tars
tars, SW, gas
gas and tars
tars, SW, gas
gas and tars
tars, SW, gas
gas and tars
tars, SW, gas
tars, SW, gas
tars, SW, gas
tars, SW, gas
tars, SW, gas
tars, SW, gas
Used Ind. Oil
Used Ind. Oil
Spiked Waste 01 1
SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
Acurex
Acurex
Acurex
Acurex
Acurex
Acurex
Acurex
Acurex
Acurex
Acurex
Acurex Corp.
Acurex Corp.
Acurex Corp.
Acurex Corp.
Acurex Corp.
Acurex Corp.
Acurex Corp.
Acurex Corp.
Acurex Corp.
Univ. of Umea, Sweden
Univ. of Umea, Sweden
Univ. of Umea, Sweden
Univ. of Umea, Sweden
Univ. of Umea, Sweden
Univ. of Umea, Sweden
Univ. of Umea, Sweden
Univ. of Umea, Sweden
GCA
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Swiss Fed. Res. Station
Swiss Fed. Res. Station
EPA/GCA Corp
RATING
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
I
G
G
I
G
G
G
G
I
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
I
I
P
A-48
-------
BOILERS COFIRING WASTES
REF i
*87
*87
»87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
»87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
»87
SOURCE TYPE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
WASTE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
BO
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
ILER
FACILITY
Greenhouse
Greenhouse
Greenhouse
Greenhouse
Greenhouse
Office BuiIdfng
Greenhouse
Off fee Bu iId Ing
Greenhouse
Office Building
Greenhouse Complex
-Office Bui Idlng
Greenhouse Complex
Greenhouse
Greenhouse Complex
Greenhouse
Greenhouse Complex
Off Ice Bu iIdlng
Greenhouse Complex
Office Bu
Off Ice Bu
Greenhc
Off Ice Bu
Office Bu
Greenhc
Office Bu
Off Ice Bu
Office Bu
Idlng
Id Ing
>use
Id Ing
Idlng
)use
Id" Ing
Idlng
1 d Ing
A-49
-------
BOILERS COFIRING WASTES
REF f
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
#87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
#87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
SOURCE CHARACT.
Three Pass Fire Tube
Four Pass Fire Tube
Three Pass Fire Tube
Four Pass Fire Tube
Four Pass Scotch Fire Tube
Three Pass Scotch Fire Tube
Four Pass Scotch Fire Tube
Three Pass Scotch Fire Tube.
Four Pass Scotch Fire Tube
Three Pass Scotch Fire Tube
Horizontal Return Tube Boiler
Three Pass Scotch Fire Tube
Horizontal Return Tube Boiler
Three Pass Fire Tube
Horizontal Return Tube Boiler
Four Pass Fire Tube
Horizontal Return Tube Boiler
Three Pass Scotch Fire Tube
Horizontal Return Tube Boiler
Three Pass Scotch Fire Tube
Cast Iron Boller
Three Pass Fire Tube
Cast Iron BolIer
Three Pass Scotch Fire Tube
Four Pass Fire Tube
Three Pass Scotch Fire Tube
Cast Iron BolIer
Cast Iron BolIer
PROCESSES SAMPLE
F
F
F
F
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Ire Tube
Stack
Ire Tube
Stack
_____
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Ire Tube
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Ire Tube
Stack
_____
FG
FG
FG
Feed
Feed
Feed
FG
FG
FG
FA
FG
FA
FG
Feed
FG
FG
FG
FG
Feed
FA
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FA
FG
Feed
A-50
-------
BOILERS COFIRING WASTES
IEF
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
>87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87.
*87
*87
SAMPLE NUM.
6
6
6
6
4
4
6
4
3
2
3
2
6
2
6
2
6
2
3
6
6
6
6
6
3
6
6
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
N/
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
Tr
I
I
I
i
I
A
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
. . EXTRACTION
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
SoxhIet/MethyIene Chloride
SoxhIet/MethyIene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
SoxhIet/MethyIene Chloride
SoxhIet/MethyIene Chloride
Soxhlet/MethyIene Chloride
SoxhIet/MethyIene Chloride
Soxhlet/MethyIene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/MethyIene Chloride
SoxhIet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
SoxhIet/MethyIene Chloride
SoxhIet/MethyIene Chloride
SoxhIet/MethyIene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
SoxhIet/MethyIene Chloride
SoxhIet/MethyIene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet Methylene Chloride
Soxhl et/Methy lene Chloride.
SoxhIet/MethyIene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
ANALYSIS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
- GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
A-51
-------
BOILERS COFIRING WASTES
REF # DETECTION LIMITS
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
#87
*87
#87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
0.10 ug/m3
.05 - 3.1 ug/m3
0 ug/m3
0 mg/kg
.05 - 3
.04 - 2
.04 - 2.0 mg/kg
0.04 - 2.0 mg/kg
0.04 - 3
0.05 - 4
0.04 - 3
0.5 - 10
0 ug/m3
0 ug/m3
0 ug/m3
0 ug/kg
0.06 ug/m3
0.5 - 10 ug/kg
0.05 - 2.0 ug/m3
.04 - 2.0 mg/kg
0.06 ug/m3
.09 ug/m3
.05 - 4.5 ug/m3
0.05 - 4.0 ug/m3
.04 - 2.0 mg/kg
0.5 ug/kg
0.5 - 3.1 ug/m3
.05 - 3.0 ug/m3
0.10 ug/m3
0.12 ug/m3
0.09 ug/m3
0.5 ug/kg
.05 - 3.1 ug/m3
.04 - 2.0 mg/kg
ISOMER
TCDD
PCDD
PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
PCDD
PCDF
PCDF
PCDD
TCDF
PCDF
PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
TCDD
TCDD
PCDD
PCDD
PCDD/PCDF
TCDD
PCDF
PCDD
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
PCDD
PCDD/PCDF
ISOMER CONC.
ND
0.32 ug/m3
0.42 ug/m3
ND
ND
ND
0.35 ug/m3
0.416 ug/m3
ND
337 ug/kg
ND
1267 ug/kg
0.78 ug/m3
ND
ND
ND
2.48 ug/m3
ND
ND
ND
i3 ug/m3
DATA VARlABlt
1
ND
ND
0.034 ug/m3
177 ug/kg
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
N/A
- 1.6 ug/
~ 2.1 ugi
N/A a
N/A
N/A
" ^ «4 ug,
~ .75 uo,
N/A
ND - 583
N/A
- 2,200
«&
71
0.69 - 0.86 Ui
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.45 - 4.5 u
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
ND - 17 ug/
N/A
N/A
ND - . 17 ug
11 - 350 ug
N/A
N/A
A-52
-------
BHILERS COFIRING WASTES
REF
PRECURSORS
SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
*87
Sp
SP
SP
Sp
Sp
Sp
Sp
Sp
Sp
Sp
Sp
SP
Sp
SP
Sp
SP
SP
Sp
SP
Sp
Sp
SP
Sp
Sp
Sp
SP
SP
Sp
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
1
i
I
1
1
I
I
r
I
I
I
i
i
i
I
i
I
1
i
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
ked
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
Waste
0!
01
01
01
01
Oi
0!
01
01
0!
01
01
01
01
01
01
Oi
01
01
01
01
0!
Oi
01
01
0!
or
01
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
EPA/GCA
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
Corp
RATING
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
A-53
-------
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
25
25
25
25
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
3.1
31
31
31
31
3:1
31
31
31
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37-
37
37
40
40
40
40
*0
40
40
SOURCE TYPE
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
FACILITY
PI
PI
PI
PI
Pi
PI
PI
PI
Pi
PI
PI
PI
Pi
PI
PI
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
Ope
Opt
. Op<
Op<
Opt
Op<
Opt
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
.N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
N/
nc
nc
nc
nc
nc
nc
nc
nc
nc
nc
nc
nc
nc
nc
nc
jn
»n
in
*n
»n
in
an
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
F
F
F
F
F
F
F
nerat
nerat
nerat
nerat
nerat
nerat
nerat
nerat
nerat
nerat
nerat
nerat
nerat
nerat
nerat
Ire
ire
Ire
Ire
Ire
ire
Ire
ion
ion
Ion
Ion
ion
Ion
ion
Ion
Ion
ion
ion
ton
ion
Ion
ion
A-54
-------
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
IEF i
25
25
25
25
31
31
31
3.1
31
31
31
3.1
31
3.1
3,1
31
3.1
3:1
II
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
si-
si
31
31
31
3.7
3:7
3.7
37
37
3.7
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
3.7
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
SOURCE CHARACT.
Cigarette
Cigarette
Cigarette
Cigarette
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube"
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
quartz tube
q.uartz tube
Smoke
Smoke
Smoke
Smoke
(600 C)
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
(600
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
C)
c>
C)
C)
C)
C)
Chiorophenol
Ch lorophenol
ChIorophenoI
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenol
Chlorophenol
ChIorophenol
Chiorophenol
ChIorophenol
Chlorophenol
Chlorophenol
ChIorophenoI
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenol
Chiorophenol
ChIorophenate
Chiarophenate
ChIorophenate
ChIorophenate
ChIorophenate
Chiorophenate
ChIorophenate
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Pyrolys Is
PyrolysIs-
Pyrolys Is
Pyrolys Is
Pyrolys Is
Pyrolys Is
Pyrolys Is
PROCESSES
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
SAMPLE
METHOD
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
SMOKE
SMOKE
SMOKE
SMOKE
FG
FG
Feed
Feed
FG
Feed
FG
Feed
FG
Feed
FG
Feed
FG
Feed
FG
Feed
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
Feed
FG
FG
FG
Feed
Feed
FG
Feed
Feed
FG
FG
FG
Feed
Feed
FG
FG
Ash
FG
Ash
FG
Ash .
FILTER
FILTER
FILTER
FILTER
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Wool Tra
Glass Wo
GS
Glass Woe
Glass Woe
Glass Woe
GS
GS
Glass Wo
GS
GS
Glass Wo
Glass Wo<
Glass Wo.
GS
GS
Char. FI
XAD-2 Fl
GS
XAD-2 Fi
GS
XAD-2 FI
GS
A-55
-------
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
25
25
25
25
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
SAMPLE NUM.
2 Tests
2 Tests
2 Tests
2 Tests
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
5 Tests
5 Tests
5 Tests
5 Tests
5 Tests
5 Tests
5 Tests
5 Tests
5 Tests
5 Tests
5 Tests
5 Tests
5 Tests
5 Tests
5 Tests
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
EXTRACTION
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxh let/Benzene
Soxhl et/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxhl et/Benzene
Soxh let/Benzene
Soxhl et/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxh let/Benzene
Soxh I et/Benzene
Soxh let/Benzene
Soxh I et/Benzene
Soxh I et/Benzene
Soxh I et/Benzene
Soxh I et/Benzene
Soxhl et/Benzene
Soxh let/Benzene
Soxh I et/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxh Jet/Benzene
Soxh I et/Benzene
Soxh I et/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxh I et/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxhl et/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxh I et/Benzene
Soxh I et/Benzene
Soxhl et/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxhl et/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxh I et/Benzene
Soxh I et/Benzene
Soxh I et/Benzene
et/Methy lene Chloride
et/Methy lene Chloride
et/Methy lene Chloride
et/Methy lene Chloride
et/Methy lene Chloride
et/Methy lene Chloride
et/Methylene Chloride
ANALYSIS
6C/MS
6C/MS
GC/MS
6C/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS"
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
Mass Frag.
Mass Frag.
Mass Frag.
Mass Frag.
Mass Frag.
Mass Frag.
Mass Frag.
Mass Frag.
Mass Frag.
Mass Frag.
Mass Frag.
Mass Frag.
Mass Frag.
Mass Frag.
Mass Frag.
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
A-56
-------
E-'PERIMENTAL STUDIES
EF f DETECTION LIMITS
25
25
25
25
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
3.1
31
31
31
31
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
N/A
N/A
10 pg/c Igarette
N/A
0.5 ppb
0.3 ppb
0.03 ppb
0.03 ppb
0.1 ppb
0.01 ppb
0.2 ppb
0.003
0.7 ppb
0.3 ppb
0.1 ppb
O.I ppb
0.5 ppb
0.03 ppb
0.2 ppb
0.07 ppb
0.06 ppb
0.6 ppb
0.07 ppb
0.3 ppb
0.08 ppb
0.4 ppb
0.07 ppb
2 ppb
0.3 ppb
0.2 ppb
0.3 ppb
3 ppb
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.01 - 0.20 ug/g
0.01 - 0.20 ug/g
0.01 - 0.20 ug/g
0.01 - 0.20 ug/g
0.01 - 0.20 ug/g
0.01 - 0.20 ug/g
0.01 - 0.20 ug/g
ISOMER
H7CDD
OCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
OCDD
H7CDD
OCDD
H7CDD
H6CDD
H6CDD
H6CDD
TCDD
OCDD
OCDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
H6CDD
H6CDD
TCDD
TCDD
OCDD
TCDD
TCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
TCDD
H7CDD
H7CDD
H7CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
PCDD
TCDD
PCDD
PCDD
TCDD
PCDD
PCDD
TCDD
TCDD
TCDD
TCDD
PCDD
TCDD
PCDD
PCDD
H6CDD
H6CDD
TCDD
H7CDD
P5CDD
OCDD
H7CDD
ISOMER CONC.
8.5, 9.0 pg/c Igarett
50, 18 pg/clgarette
ND
8.0, 4.2 pg/clgarett
2.7 ng/g feed
25 ng/g feed
ND
ND
8.4 ng/g feed
ND
ND
ND
1.3 ng/g feed
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
1.4 ng/g feed
64 ng/g geed
ND
1.2 ng/g feed
ND
29. ng/g feed
ND
91 ng/g feed
0.6 ng/g feed
0.5 ng/g feed
ND
290 ng/g feed
131.2 ug/g feed
0.2 ug/g feed
346 ug/g feed
15.44 ug/g feed
52.5 ug/g feed
12.3 ug/g feed
6.4 ug/g feed
ND
0.4 ug/g feed
0.7 ug/g feed
69.9 ug/g feed
0.296 ug/g feed
0.44 ug/g feed
2.4 ug/g feed
11 ug/g feed
80 ug/g feed
347 ug/g feed
17 ug/g feed
29 ug/g feed
58 ug/g feed
1.2 ug/g feed
18 ug/g feed
DATA VARIABILITY
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
6.2 - 385 ug/g feet
N/A
31-854 ug/g feed
.9 - 41 ug/g feed
10-140 ug/g feed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1.8- 230 ug/g feec
ND - 0.8 ug/g feec
ND - 2 ug/g feed
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-57
-------
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
*EF / PRECURSORS
25 Tobacco
25 Tobacco
25 Tobacco
25 Tobacco
31 Coa! + Air + NaCI
31 Coal + Air + HC1
31 Feed/HCI
31 Feed/HCi
31 Coal + Air + HC1
31 Feed/HCI
31 Coal + Air + NaCI
31 Feed/HCI
31 Coal + Air
31 Feed/Coal
31 Coal + Air
31 Feed/Coal
31 C12 + Air
31 Feed/Coal
31 C12 + Air
31 Feed/Coal
31 Coal + Air + HC1
31 Coal + Air + HC1
31 Coal + Air + NaCI
31 Coal + Air + C12
31 Coal + Air
31 Coal + Air + C12
31 C12 + Air
31 Coal + Air + C12
31 Coal + Air
31 Coal + Air + NaC1
31 C12 + Air
31 Coal + Air + C12
37 K trIchlorophenolate
37 Tetrachlorophenolate
37 Na Tetrachlorophenol
37 PentachIoropheno I
37 Na Tetrachlorophenol
37 Pentachlorophenol
37 Na Tetrachlorophenol
37 TetrachIorophenolate
37 Na Tetrachlorophenol
37 K trIchlorophenolate
37 K trIchlorophenolate
37 TetrachIorophenolate
37 Pentachlorophenol
37 TetrachIorophenolate
37 K trIchIorophenolate
40 SERVAREX/BIrch
40 SERVAREX/Wood Wool
40 SERVAREX/BIrch
40 SERVAREX/Wood Wool
40 SERVAREX/BIrch
40: SERVAREX/Wood Wool
40. SERVAREX/BIrch
SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
Dow Chemical
DOM Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
.Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Dow Chemical
Iv. of Stockholm
Iv. of Stockholm
Iv. of Stockholm
Iv. of Stockholm
Iv. of Stockholm
Iv- of Stockholm
Iv. of Stockholm
Iv. of Stockholm
Iv. of Stockholm
Iv- of Stockholm
Iv. of Stockholm
Iv. of Stockholm
Iv. of Stockholm
Iv. of Stockholm
Iv. of Stockholm
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Unlv
Unlv
Un Iv
Unlv
Un Iv
Unlv
Un Iv
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
RAT ING
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
I
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
A-58
-------
[XPERIMENTAL STUDIES
ffiEF
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
SOURCE
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
EXPERI
TYPE
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
MENTAL
PI
PI
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
lot
FAC
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Open
Sea 1 e
Seal e
Seal e
Seal e
Seal e
Seal e
Seal e
Seal e
Seal e
Seal e
ILITY
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
F ire
Fire
Fire
Ffre
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
Fire
nc I nerator
nc Inerator
nc Inerator
nc Inerator
nc Inerator
nc Inerator
nc I nerator
nc Inerator
nc Inerator
nc I nerator
A-59
-------
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
SOURCE CHARACT.
ChIorophenate Pyrol
Chiorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
ChIorophenate Pyrol
ChIorophenate Pyrol
ChIorophenate Pyrol
Chiorophenate Pyrol
Chiorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chiorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate.Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Chlorophenate Pyrol
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
Treated Wood
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys I s
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
ys Is
PROCESSES
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
SAMPLE
Feed
Ash
Feed
F6
Feed
F6
Feed
FG
Feed
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
Feed
FG
Feed
Feed
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
Feed
Feed
Feed
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
Feed
FG
FG
Ash
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
METR
GS
GS
GS
XAD-2
GS
XAD-2
GS
Char.
GS
Char.
Char.
Char.
Char.
XAD-2
Char.
Char.
Char.
GS
Char. |
GS
GS
Char.
Char.
XAD-2
Char.
XAD-2
Char.
Char.
Char.
Char.
Char.
GS
GS
GS
Char, f
XAD-2 f
Char. F
Char. F
Char, f
GS
Char. F1
XAD-2 f
GS
Char. F
Char, f
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-60
-------
PERIMENTAL STUDIES
if f
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
41
41
41
«1
4!
41
41
41
41
41
SAMPLE NUM
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
i 5
\5
5
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Tria
Trla
Tria
Trla
Tria
Trfa
Trla
Trla
Trla
Trla
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
EXTRACTION
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Sox.h I et/Methy lene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
ANALYSIS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-61
-------
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
F f DETECT
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
41
41
41
41
4T
41
41
41
41
41
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
ION LI
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
.0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
MITS
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ug/g
ISOMER
TCDD
OCDD
P5CDD
P5CDD
H6COO
H7CDD
H7CDD
TCDD
OCDD
H6CDD
TCDD
OCDD
P5CDD
TCDD
H6CDD
TCDD
H7CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
P5CDD
PCDD
OCDD
TCDD
P5CDD
P5CDD
H6CDD
H6CDD
P5CDD
H7CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
OCDD
PCDD
TCDD
TCDD
TCDD
P5CDD
H7CDD
H6CDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
H6CDD
P5CDD
OCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
P5CDD
H7CDD
H6CDD
OCDD
OCDD
H7CDD
P5CDD
TCDD
ISOMER CONC.
0.4 ug/g feed
6.4 ug/g feed
3.5 ug/g feed
59 ug/g feed
5.3 ug/g feed
8 ug/g feed
2.1 ug/g feed
96 ug/g feed
0.3 ug/g feed
110 ug/g feed
30 ug/g feed
1.2 ug/g feed
84 ug/g feed
210 ug/g feed
82 ug/g feed
35 ug/g feed
8.2 ug/g feed
5.6 ug/g feed
0.4 ug/g feed
5.2 ug/g feed
ND
0.3 ug/g feed
2100 ug/g feed
357 ug/g feed
5.0 ug/g feed
57 ug/g feed
1.0 ug.g feed
120 ug/g feed
3.0 ug/g feed
8 ug/g feed
6.0 ug/g feed
0.7 ug/g feed
ND
0.7 ug/g feed
5.2 ug/g feed
26 ug/g feed
14 ug/g feed
65 ug/g feed
56 ug/g feed
9.5 ug/g feed
172 ug/g feed
0.2 ug/g feed
74 ug/g feed
90 ug/g feed
710 ug/g feed
52.5 ug/g feed
3.92 ug/g feed
34.72 ug/g feed
1.72 ug/g feed
154.4 ug/g feed
1.32 ug/g feed
ND
45.5 ug/g feed
97.8 ug/g feed
69.86 ug/g feed
DATA
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
ND - 0.9 ug/g fe
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
10 - 140 ug/g f«
ND - 9 gu/g fee
1 .2 - 81 ug/g f«
ND - 8 ug/g fe
17 - 360 ug/g f
ND - 6 ug/g f«
N/A
10-95 ug/g fe«
14 - 240 ug/g ffi
2.4 - 230 ug/g f«
A-62
-------
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
,EF | PRECURSORS
40 kY - 5
40 SERVAREX/Birch
40 kY - 5
40 SERVAREX/Blrch
40 kY -. 5
40 SERYAREX/BIrch
40 kY - 5
40 SERVAREX/Wood Wool
40 kY - 5
40 SERVAREX/Wood Wool
40 KY - 5/BIrch
40 SERVAREX/Wood Wool
40 KY - 5/Blrch
40 SERVAREX/Wood Wool
40 KY - 5/B!rch
40 SERVAREX/Blrch
40 KY - 5/B!rch
40 SERVAREX
40 KY - 5/BIrch
40 SERVAREX
40 2,4,6-Trl-CI-Phenate
40 SERVAREX/Blrch
40 2,4,6-Trl-CI-Phenate
40 SERVAREX/Wood Wool
40 2,4,6-Trl-CI-Phenate
40 SERVAREX/Blrch
40 2,4,6-TrI-CI-Phenate
40 SERVAREX/Wood Wool
40 2,4,6-Tr I-Cf-Phenate
40 SERVAREX/Blrch
40 2,4,6-Trl-CI-Phenate
40 SERVAREX
40 PentachIorophenate
40 SERVAREX
40 PentachIorophenate
40 SERVAREX/Birch
40 Pentachlorophenate
40 SERVAREX/Wood Wool
40 PentachIorophenate
40 SERVAREX
40 PentachIorophenate
40 SERVAREX/Blrch
40 SERVAREX/Blrch
40 SERVAREX/Blrch
40 Pentachlorophenate
41 TetrachIorophenolate
41 TrIchIorophenolate
41 TrIchIorophenolate
41 TrIchlorophenolate
4V TetrachIorophenojate
41' Tr Ich I orophenol ate
41 TetrachIorophenolate
41 Tetrachlorophenolate
41' Tetrachl orophenol ate
41 TrfchIorophenolate
SAMPLI
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Un
Swed.
Swed.
Swed.
Swed.
Swed.
Swed .
Swed .
Swed.
Swed.
Swed.
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
V.
V .
V .
V .
V .
V .
V-
V .
V-
V .
V.
V .
V.
V -
V-
Iv.
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
V.
V .
V.
V .
V-
V -
V .
V .
V .
V .
V -
V .
V .
V .
V.
V .
V .
V .
V.
V .
V .
V -
V.
V .
V .
V .
V-
V .
V .
w &
w &
w &
w &
w &
w &
w &
w &
w &
W &
NG
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
of
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
ORGAN
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea~,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Umea,
Pol .
Pol .
Pol .
Pol .
Pol .
Pol .
Pol .
Pol .
Pol .
Pol .
IZATION
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Sweden
Res. Inst.
Res. Inst.
Res . 1 nst .
Res. Inst.
Res. Inst.
Res. Inst.
Res . 1 nst .
Res. Inst.
Res. Inst.
Res. Inst.
RATING
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
A-63
-------
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
4-3
43'
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
45
45
45
45
4-5
45
45
45
45
4-5
45
4-5
45
45
45'
46
48.
48
48
49
45
49
49
49
49
4.9
49
49
49
49
49
49
S2
52-
53Z
SOURCE TYPE
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
FACIL
M / i
N/ r
N//*
M / i
N/ r
N/;
M //)
N/ r
N/;
N/;
N/;
N/;
N/;
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mln
Quartz Min
Quartz Mln
Quartz Mtn
Quartz
Quartz
Quartz
ITY
i
i
i
,
L
I
k
I
i
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampoul es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
Ampou 1 es
[ Ampoules
[ Ampou 1 es
Tube
Tube
Tube
VegetabIe
VegetabIe
VegetabIe
VegetabIe
VegetabIe
VegetabIe
VegetabIe
VegetabIe
VegetabIe
Vegetable
VegetabIe
VegetabIe
VegetabIe
Chlorophenol
ChIorophenol
Chiorophenol
Combust Ion
Combust Ion
Combust Ion
Combustion
Combustion
Combustion
Combustion
Combustion
Combust Ion
Combustion
Combustion
Combust Ion
Combust ton
Combustion
Combust Ion
Combustion
A-64
-------
XPERIMENTAL STUDIES
if i
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
45
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
46
48
43
48
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
52
52
52
SOURCE CHARACT,
Open Fire/Treated
Open Fire/Treated
Open Fire/Treated
Open Fire/Treated
Open Fire/Treated
Open Fire/Treated
Open Fire/Treated
Open Fire/Treated
Open Fire/Treated
Open Fire/Treated
TrIchIorobenzene
TrIchlorobenzene
TrIchlorobenzene
TrIchIorobenzene
TrIchIorobenzene
TrIchlorobenzene
TrIchIorobenzene
TrIchIorobenzene
TrIchIorobenzene
TrIchIorobenzene
PCB Pyrolysls (650
PCB Pyrolysls (700
PCB Pyrolysls (650
PCB Pyrolysls (600
PCB Pyrolysls (650
PCB Pyrolysls (850
PCB Pyrolysls (700
PCB Pyrolysls (550
PCB Pyrolysls (600
PCB Pyrolysls (550
PCB Pyrolysls (550
PCB Pyrolysls (700
PCB Pyrolysls (850
PCB Pyrolysls (600
PCB Pyrolysls
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
pyrolysIs
pyrolysIs
pyrolys Is
pyrolys Is
pyrolys Is
pyrolys Is
pyrolys Is
pyrolys I s
pyrolys Is
pyrolys Is
degrees C)
degrees C)
degrees C)
degrees C)
degrees C)
degrees C)
degrees C)
degrees C)
degrees C)
degrees C)
degrees C)
degrees C)
degrees C)
degrees C)
degrees C)
(850
PCB Pyrolysls
Virgin Pine
Pine and HCI
Pine and HCI
Mimosa
Fruit/Vegetables
Chestnuts
Fruit/Vegetables
Mimosa
AlI Vegetables Tested
MImosa
Chestnuts
Fruit/Vegetables
Chestnuts
. . Chestnuts
Mimosa
FruIt/VegetabIes
900 C, 0.67 sec
700 C, 15
900 C, 35
PROCESSES
Open Fire
Open Fire
Open Fire
Open Fire
Open Fire
Open Fire
Open Fire
Open Fire
Open Fire
Open Fire
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
SAMPLE
Smoke
Smoke
Smoke
Smoke
Smoke
Smoke
Smoke
Smoke
Smoke
Smoke
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
METHOD
Fl Iter
FI Iter
Fl Iter
FI Iter
Fl Iter
Filter
Fl Iter
Ff Iter
Fl Iter
FI Iter
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
XAD-2 Tr;
XAD-2 Trc
XAD-2 Tr<
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Meth Tra|
Meth Trai
Meth Tra|
A-65
-------
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
F #
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
46
48
48
48
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
52
52
52
SAMPLE NUM.
8 Experiments
8 Experiments
8 Experiments
8 Experiments
8 Experiments
8 Experiments
8 Experiments
8 Exper Iments
8 Experiments
8 Experiments
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
EXTRACTION
Basic Extraction
Basic Extraction
Basic Extraction
Basic Extraction
Basic Extraction
Basic Extraction
Basic Extraction
Basic Extraction
Basic Extraction
Basic Extraction
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene
Benzene/Hexane
Benzene/Hexane
Benzene/Hexane
Benzene/Hexane
Benzene/Hexane
Benzene/Hexane
Benzene/Hexane
Benzene/Hexane
Benzene/Hexane
Benzene/Hexane
Benzene/Hexane
Benzene/Hexane
Benzene/Hexane
Benzene/Hexane
Benzene/Hexane
Benzene
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
TrI sod I urn Phosphate
Trlsodlum Phosphate
Trlsodlum Phosphate
A-66
ANALYSIS
6C/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
-------
E PERIMENTAL STUDIES
•F #
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
46
48
48
48
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
52
52
52
DETECTION LIMITS
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.3-0.1 mg/lnject.
0.3-0.1 mg/fnject.
0.3-0.1 mg/lnject.
0.3-0.1 mg/lnject.
0.3-0.1 mg/lnject.
0.3-0.1 mg/lnject.
0.3-0.1 mg/lnject.
0.3-0.1 mg/lnject.
0.3-0.1 mg/lnject.
0.3-0.1 mg/lnject.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
ISOMER
T4CDF
H7CDD
OCDD
H6CDD
H6CDF
P5CDD
OCDF
H7CDF
P5CDF
TCDD
OCDD
TCDD
OCDF
H6CDF
H7CDD
P5CDD
P5CDF
TCDF
H6CDF
H6CDD
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
TCDF
PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDF
TCDF
PCDF
PCDD
TCDD
PCDD/PCDF
PCDF
PCDD
PCDF
TCDD
TCDF
PCDD
TCDD
PCDD/PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
IS
2.72
1.56
0.89
2.85
1 .4
60
100
40
220I
800
1101
4
0.1$
21
0.6
21
299
202
95
66
167
16
35
47.4
415
319
ISOMER CONC.
2.72 mg/kg feed
ND
ND
ND
1 .56 mg/kg feed
ND
ND
/kg feed
/kg feed
1 . 4 mg/kg feed
ND
60 ug/g feed
ND
100 ug/g feed
ND
40 ug/g feed
2200 ug/g feed
800 ug/g feed
1100 ug/g feed
ND
0.35 %
<0.02 %
0.25%
0.3*
0.2%
<0.01 %
<0.0\%
1 .6 %
0.60 '%
0.5%
0.75%
<0.02 %
0.5%
-------
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
t
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
43
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
46
48
48
48
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
52
52
52
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
PRECURSORS
2,4,5 T
2,4,5
2,4,5
2,4,5
2,4,5
2,4,5
2,4,5
2,4,5
2,4,5
2,4,5
Tr IchIorobenzene
Tr Ichlorobenzene
Tr IchIorobenzene
Tr IchIorobenzene
Tr IchIorobenzene
Tr IchIorobenzene
Tr IchIorobenzene
Tr Ichlorobenzene
Tr IchIorobenzene
Tr Ichlorobenzene
2462'4'5'Hexachlorob
Aroclor 1254
Aroclor 1254
2452'4'5'Hexachlorob
2452'4'5'Hexachlorob
2462'4'5'Hexachlorob
2462'4'5'Hexachlorob
2452'4'5'Hexachlorob
Aroclor 1254
2462'4'5'Hexachlorob
Aroclor 1254
2452'4'5'Hexachlorob
Aroclor 1254
2462'4'5'Hexachlorob
2452'4'5'Hexachlorob
18 PCB Isomers
Pine and HCI
Pine and HCI
Pine and HCI
VegetabIes
VegetabIes
VegetabIes
VegetabIes
VegetabIes
VegetabIes
VegetabIes
VegetabIes
VegetabIes
Vegetables
VegetabIes
VegetabIes
VegetabIes
Dlptork Sludge
245 TCP
245 TCP
SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
Swed,
Swed.
Swed,
Swed
Swed
Swed
Swed
Swed
Swed
Swed
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
lus
1 us
lus
lus
lus
on 1
lus
lus
lus
lus
1 us
lus
lus
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
y
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
W&A
W&A
W&A
W&A
W&A
W&A
W&A
W&A
W&A
W&A
Pol
Pol
Pol
Pol
Pol
Pol
Pol
Pol
Pol
Pol
IutIon
IutIon
IutIon
IutIon
IutIon
IutIon
IutIon
IutIon
IutIon
IutIon
Res,
Res.
Res,
Res,
Res,
Res,
Res,
Res,
Res
Res
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Lab
Swiss Fed. Res. Station
Swiss Fed. Res. Station
Swiss Fed. Res. Station
Swiss Fed. Res. Station
Swiss Fed. Res. Station
Swiss Fed. Res. Station
Swiss Fed. Res. Station
Swiss Fed. Res. Station
Swiss Fed. Res. Station
Swiss Fed. Res. Station
Swiss Fed. Res.Station
Swiss Fed. Res.Station
Swiss Fed. Res.Station
Swiss Fed. Res.Station
Swiss Fed. Res.Station
Swiss Fed. Res.Station
Swiss Fed. Res.Station
Swiss Fed. Res.Station
Swiss Fed. Res.Station
Swiss Fed. Res.Station
Swiss Fed. Res.Station
Swiss Fed. Res.Station
Swiss Fed. Res.Station
Swiss Fed. Res.Station
Swiss Fed. Res.Station
Swiss Fed. Res. Station
Wright State University
Wright State University
Wright State University
Unlverslta Roma
Un IversIta
UnIversIta
UnIvers ita
UnIversIta
UnIversIta
UnIversIta
UnIversIta
UnIversIta
UnIversIta
UnIversIta
UnIversIta
UnIversIta
Env. Canada/Deanborn
Env. Canada/Deanborn
Env. Canada/Deanborn
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
rn Env.
rn Env.
>rn Env.
Ser
Ser
Ser
RATING
G
I
I
I
G
I
I
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
I
G
G
G
G
G
A-68
-------
XPERIMENTAL STUDIES
i 52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
107
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
.113
113
113
113
113
125
SOURCE TYPE
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
EXPERIMENTAL
FACILITY
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenoI
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenoI
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenoI
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenol
ChIorophenoI
Chiorophenol
quartz mini
Fluldlzed
Fluldlzed
Fluldlzed
Flu Idized
Fluldlzed
Fluldlzed
Fluid I zed
Fluldlzed
Fluid Ized
Fluldlzed
Fluldlzed
Flu Idized
N/A
Combust Ion
Combust I on
Combust Ion
Combust Ion
Combustion
Combust Ion
Combust Ion
Combust Ion
Combust Ion
Combust Ion
Combust Ion
Combust Ion
Combustion
Combust Ion
Combust Ion
Combust Ion
Combustion
Combust Ion
Combust I on
ampouIes
Bed Oven
Bed Oven
Bed Oven
Bed Oven
Bed Oven
Bed Oven
Bed Oven
Bed Oven
Bed Oven
Bed Oven
Bed Oven
Bed Oven
A-69
-------
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
107
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
125
900 C,
700 C,
900 C,
900 C,
0.67 sec
0.7 sec
1 .6 sec
3.4 sec
SOURCE CHARACT.
N/A
N/A
700 C, 0.5 sec
N/A
0
0
1
3
N/A
700 C, 0.7 sec
N/A
900 C, 3.4 sec
250 C
N/A
700 C, 15
700 C, 0.5 sec
250 C
900 C, 1.6 sec
N/A
500 - 600 C
PCP Wood
PCP Wood
Painted Wood
Paper (Hypochlorlte)
Painted Wood
PCP Wood
Paper (HypochlorIte)
Paper (HypochlorIte)
Painted Wood
PCP Wood
. Painted Wood
Paper (HypochlorIte)
Treated Paper and Grass
PROCESSES
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
Lab Furn
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
SAMPLE
Feed
Feed
FG
Feed
FG
FG
FG
FG
Feed
FG
Feed
FG
FG
Feed
FG
FG
FG
FG
Feed
FG
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FG
METH
GS
GS
Meth T
GS
Meth T
Meth T
Meth Ti
Meth Ti
GS
Meth T
GS
Meth T
Meth Ti
GS
Meth Ti
Meth Ti
Meth Ti
Meth Ti
GS
N/A
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
Gas Ad
A-70
-------
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
1EF f
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
107
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
113
125
SAMPLE NUM.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
6 Trials
EXTRACTION
Trisodlum Phosphate
sod I urn
Tr
TrIsodlum
Tr Isod furn
TrIsod f um
Tr fsod I um
Tr Isod I um
Tr I sod f um
TrI sod Ium
TrIsodlum
TrIsodIum
TrI sod I um
TrIsodIum
TrIsod I um
TrIsodIum
TrIsodIum
Tr Isod I um
TrIsodIum
Tr Isod lum
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
Phosphate
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Benzene/Methane
ANALYS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
A-71
-------
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
*EF i DETECTION LIMITS
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
52 N/A
107 N/A
113 N/A
113 N/A
113 N/A
113 N/A
113 N/A
113 N/A
113 N/A
1f3 N/A
113 N/A
113 N/A
113 N/A
113 N/A
125 N/A
ISOMER
TCDD/TCDF
TCDD/TCDF
PCDD/PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
TCDD/TCDF
TCDD/TCDF
TCDD/TCDF
TCDD/TCDF
PCDD/PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
TCDD/TCDF
PCDD/PCDF
TCDD/TCDF
TCDD/TCDF
TCDD/TCDF
TCDD/TCDF
PCDD/PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
PCDF
TCDF
TCDD
TCDD
TCDF
TCDD
PCDF
PCDD
PCDD
PCDD
PCDF
TCDF
2,3,7,8 TCDD
ISOMER CONC.
6.8 mg/kg feed
16 mg/kg feed
249 mg/kg feed
186 mg/kg feed
1.4 mg/kg feed
39 mg/kg feed
0.6 mg/kg feed
2 mg/kg feed
0.13 mg/kg feed
771 mg/kg feed
70.4 mg/kg feed
309 mg/kg feed
50 mg/kg feed
26 mg/kg feed
95 mg/kg feed
4 mg/kg feed
630 mg/kg feed
134 mg/kg feed
292 mg/kg feed
N/A
241 ppb
97 ppb
29 ppb
1 ppb
105 ppb
47 ppb
12 ppb
24 ppb
177 ppb
324 ppb
217 ppb
4 ppb
0.375 ug/g TCP
DATA VARIAB
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.1 - 4.5 *
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.12 - 0.63 ug/
A-72
-------
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
lEF i PRECURSORS
52 D Iptork SIudge
52 Wood Brlte 24
52 Alchem 4135
52 Wood Brlte 24
52 DIptork Sludge
52 Wood Brlte 24
52 Alchem 4135
52 Wood Brlte 24
52 245 TCP
52 Wood Brlte 24
52 Dfptork Sludge
52 Wood Brlte 24
52 DIptork Sludge
52 Alchem 4135
52 245 TCP
52 Alchem 4135
52 DIptork Sludge
52 Alchem 4135
52 Alchera 4135
107 PCDPEs
113 PCP/Hypochlorlte
113 PCP/Hypochlorlte
113 PCP/Hypochlorlte
113 PCP/Hypochlorlte
113 PCP/Hypochlorlte
113 PCP/Hypochlorlte
113 PCP/Hypochlorlte
113 PCP/Hyp.ochlprlte
113 PCP/Hypochlorlte
113 PCP/Hypochlorlte
113 PCP/Hypochlorlte
113 PCP/Hypochlorlte
125 2.4.5 Tr IchIoropheno
SAMPL ING ORGANIZATION
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env- Canada/Deanborn Env- Ser.
Env- Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Env. Canada/Deanborn Env. Ser.
Unlv of Umea
Wright State University
Wright State University
Wright State University
Wright State University
Wright State University
Wright State University
Wright State University
Wright State University
Wright State University
Wright State University
Wright State University
Wright State University
Dow Chemical
RAT
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
1
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
NG
A-73
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF f SOURCE TYPE FACILITY
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy II
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy II
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy II
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy II
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #1
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 11
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #1
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy II
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #1
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 11
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 11
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy II
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #1
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy II
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 12
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 13
A-74
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REP # SOURCE CHARACT. PROCESSES SAMPLE
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Dust Co!. FA
4 N/A , Stack FA
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A . Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FA
A-75
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF # METHOD
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Tra In
Train
Train
Tra In
Tra In
Tra In
Tra In
Train
Tra In
Train
Tra In
Tra In
Train
Train
Tra In
Tra In
Tra In
Train
Tra In
Train
Train
Train
GS
Tra In
GS
Tra I n
GS
Train
GS
Train
GS
GS
Tra In
Tra In
GS
GS
Tra I n
Train
Tral n
Train
GS
Tral n
Tra 1 n
Tra In
Tra In
GS
Tra In
GS
Tra I n
GS
Tra In
GS
Train
SAMPLE NUM,
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-76
EXTRACTION
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
RE? #
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
i
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
ANALYSIS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS .
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
DETECTION LIMITS
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-77
ISOMER
08CDD
08CDF
08CDF
T4CDF
T4CDD
08CDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
T4CDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
T4CDF
P5CDD
P5CDD
P5CDD
H7CDD
H6CDD
OCDF
P5CDD
OCDD
TCDO
H6CDD
OCDF
OCDF
TCDD
OCDO
P5CDD
TCDF
H6CDD
TCDD
H7CDD
TCDF
TCDF
H7CDD
OCDD
OCDF
H6CDD
H7CDD
TCDD
H7CDD
TCDF
H6CDD
TCDF
P5CDD
P5CDD
TCDD
OCDF
P5CDD
OCDD
H6CDD
OCDD
H7CDD
TCDF
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF i ISOMER CONC. DATA VARIABILITY PRECURSORS
4 63.9 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 2.2 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 59.3 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 ND N/A MSW
4 1.1 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 8.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 178.2 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 1 .03 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 19.6 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 11.5 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 159.6 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 ND N/A MSW
4 27.9 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 2.7 N6/nM3u N/A MSW
4 107.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 575.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 12015.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 4390.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 172.3 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 1179.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 172.2 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 26620.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 15.8 ppb N/A MSW
4 2883.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 0.25 ppb N/A MSW
4 7312.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 1 .7 ppb N/A MSW
4 108.6 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 294.0 ppb N/A MSW
4 17.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 8.9 ppb N/A MSW
4 0.46 ppb N/A MSW
4 75.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 828.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 295.0 ppb N/A MSW
4 3.3 ppb N/A MSW
4 6542.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 124.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 0.037 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 0.2 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 0.8 ppb N/A MSW
4 6.7 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 429.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 0.3 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 40.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 ND N/A MSW
4 0.08 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 0.92 ppb N/A MSW
4 1.7 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 1.8 ppb N/A MSW
4 776.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 3.1 ppb N/A MSW
4 2.57 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
A-78
-------
PAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
JREF # SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
4 Lab Prov
4 Lab Prov
4 Lab Prov
4 Lab Prov
4 Lab Prov
4 Lab Prov
4 Lab Prov
4 Lab Prov
4 Lab Prov
4 Lab Prov
4 Lab Prov
4 Lab Prov
4 Lab Prov
4 Lab Prov
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov-
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov-
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov-
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov-
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
RATING
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
>g
>g
ig
>g
ig
Ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
'g
ig
ig
ig
Ig
Ig
ig
ig
Ig
ig
ig
>g
>g
ig
ig
ig
ig
>g
ig
ig
ig
ig
>g
ig
ig
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
t
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
ene
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
Prof
Prof
Prof
Prof
Prof
Prof
Prof
Prof
Prof
Prof
Prof
Prof
Prof
Prof
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof. '
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof-
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
Prof.
G
G
G
1
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
1
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
1
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
A-79
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF # SOURCE TYPE FACILITY
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #3
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #3
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #3
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy 14
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #4
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5-
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy t5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #5
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #6
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #6
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #6
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #6
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #6
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #6
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #6
4 MSW INCINERATORS Italy #6
A-80
-------
jNlflPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
I SOURCE CHARACT. PROCESSES SAMPLE
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Dust. Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Dust. Col. FA
4 N/A Dust. Col. FA
4 N/A Dust. Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Dust. Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Dust. Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FA
4 N/A Dust. Col. FA
4 , N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Dust Col. FA
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FG
4 N/A Stack FA
A-81
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
METHOD
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Tra I n
Tra In
GS
GS
Tra In
GS
Tra In
Tra In
Tra In
Tra In
Tra I n
Tra In
Tra In
GS
Tra In
GS
Tra In
GS
Train
GS
Tra I n
Train
Tra In
GS
Tral n
Train
Train
Tra I n
Tra In
Train
Tra In
Tra In
Tra In
Tra In
GS
Train
GS
GS
GS
Train
GS
Train
GS
Tra In
GS
Train
GS
GS
Tra In
Tra I n
Tra In
Tra I n
Train
SAMPLE NUM.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
. N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
EXTRACTION
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
A-82
-------
IUN I 01 PAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
ANALYSIS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
DETECTION L IM1TS
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-83
ISOMER
TCDD
OCDF
OCDD
TCDF
TCDD
OCDF
OCDF
H7CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
TCDF
TCDF
TCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
P5CDD
H6CDD
H6CDD
OCDF
H7CDD
P5CDD
P5CDD
OCDD
OCDD
TCDF
OCDF
TCDD
OCDF
P5CDD
TCDD
H6CDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
TCDD
TCDF
P5CDD
OCDF
H6CDD
H7CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
TCDF
P5CDD
OCDD
TCDF
TCDD
P5CDD
OCDF
OCDD
TCDD
H7CDD
TCDF
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF t ISOMER CONG. DATA VARIABILITY PRECURSORS
4 0.08 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 1010.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 1.5 ppb N/A MSW
4 61.7 ppb N/A MSW
4 10.9 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 255.0 ppb N/A MSW
4 1760.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 167.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 3.2 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 2703.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 . 3.7 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 1814.0 ng/NmSU N/A MSW
4 60.0 ng/Nm3U . N/A MSW
4 46.4 ppb N/A MSW
4 1390.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 65.4 ppb N/A MSW
4 0.54 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 2496.0 ppb N/A MSW
4 0.06 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 87.9 ppb N/A MSW
4 2.8 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 33.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 39.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 841.5 ppb N/A MSW
4 305.0 ng/Njn3U N/A MSW
4 3.2 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 9.6 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 89.0 Ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 21 .0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 0.34 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 328.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 196.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 46.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 173.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 0.7 ppb N/A MSW
4 75.3 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 0.05 ppb N/A MSW
4 0.0015 ppb N/A MSW
4 0.021 ppb N/A MSW
4 9.9 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 0.007 ppb N/A MSW
4 244.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 1.18 ppb N/A MSW
4 2.4 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 0.1 ppb N/A MSW
4 27.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 NO N/A MSW
4 ND N/A MSW
4 24.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 71 .0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 19.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 6.0 ng/Nm3U N/A MSW
4 NO N/A MSW
A-84
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF # SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov-
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov.
4 Lab.Prov-
4 Lab.Prov.
RATING
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
ig
"g
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
"g
ig
'g
>g
>g
Ig
ig
Ig
ig
ig
ig
Ig
ig
ig
Ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
'ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
ig
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
SOURCE TYPE
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
FACILITY
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Como,
Como,
Como,
Como,
Como,
Como,
Como,
Como,
Como,
Como,
Beveren,
Beveren,
Beveren,
Beveren,
Alkamaar,
Alkamaar,
AIkamaar,
Alkamaar,
Alkamaar,
Alkamaar,
Amsterdam,
Amsterdam,
Amsterdam,
Amsterdam,
Amsterdam,
Amsterdam,
Arnhem,
Am hem,
Arnhem,
Arnhem,
Arnhem,
Arnhem,
Leewarden,
Leewarden,
Leewarden,
Leewarden,
Leewarden,
Leewarden,
Le Iden,
Leiden,
#6
#6
#6
#6
#6
#6
#6
#6
#6
16
#6
#6
16
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Belg lum
Belg lum
Belg lum
Belglum
Nether Iands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
Nether Iands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
Nether Iands
A-86
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7'
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
SOURCE CHARACT.
> 500
> 500
> 500
> 500
> 500
> 500
> 500
> 500
> 500
> 500
DomestIc/I
DomestIc/I
DomestIc/I
DomestIc/I
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
degrees C
degrees C
degrees C
degrees C
degrees C
degrees C
degrees C
degrees C
degrees C
degrees C
ndustrlal Wastes
ndustrlal Wastes
ndustrlal Wastes
ndustrlal Wastes
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-87
PROCESSES
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Dust Col.
Dust Col.
Dust Col.
Stack
Dust Col.
Stack
Stack
Stack
Dust Col.
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
stack
stack
stack
stack
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
SAMPLE
FG
FA
FG
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG/FA
FG/FA
FG/FA
FG/FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF # METHOD
SAMPLE NUM.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Tra I n
Tra I n
Tra 1 n
Tra I n
GS
GS
GS
Tra In
GS
Tra In
Tra I n
Tra I n
GS
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
Tra In
Tra In
Tra I n
Tra In
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
.N/A
17 Samples/9 Months
17 Samples/9 Months
17 Samples/9 Months
17 Samples/9 Months
17 Samples/9 Months
17 Samples/9 Months
17 Samples/9 Months
17 Samples/9 Months
17 Samples/9 Months
17 Samples/9 Months
12 test
12 test
12 test
12 test
17 Samples/1.5 years
17 Samples/1.5 years
17 Samples/1.5 years
17 Samples/1.5 years
17 Samples/1.5 years
17 Samples/1.5 years
14 Samples/1.5 years
14 Samples/1.5 years
14 Samples/1.5 years
14 Samples/1.5 years
14 Samples/1.5 years
14 Samples/1.5 years
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 month's
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
Soxhl
EXTRACTION
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
' Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
Hexane
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/ToluIene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/ToluIene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
et/Tolulene(24
hr)
hr>
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
-------
CIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
ANALYSIS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
HRGC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS *
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
DETECTION LIMITS
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-89
ISOMER
H6CDD
H7CDD
P5CDD
P5CDD
OCDF
TCDF
H6CDD
OCDD
H7CDD
TCDD
H6CDD
OCDF
OCDD
OCDF
OCDD
H7CDF
TCDF
P5CDD
P5CDF
H7CDD
H6CDD
TCDD
H6CDF
TCDF
PCDF
TCDD
PCDD
H6CDF
H6CDD
TCDF
OCDF
OCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
OCDD
TCDF
OCDF
H6CDF
TCDD
TCDF
OCDD
TCDD
H6CDF
OCDF
H6CDD
OCDF
OCDD
TCDD
TCDF
H6CDF
H6CDD
OCDD
OCDF
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
m
ISOMER CONC.
480.0 ng/Nm3U
NO
11.0 ng/Nm3U
0.010 ng/Nm3U
1.93 ppb
NO
NO
0.51 ng/Nm3U
0.0012 ppb
NO
0.28 ng/Nm3U
NO
5.86 ppb
123.8 ng/Ncm
125.9 ng/Ncm
215.1 ng/Ncm
309 ng/Ncm
ND
250.3 ng/Ncm
286.3 ng/Ncm
366 ng/Ncm
128.4 ng/Ncm
314.2 ng/Nc
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
421.2 ppb
435.2 ppb
220.1 ppb
18 ppb
96.4 ppb
113.8 ppb
152.2 ppb
401.0 ppb
61.5 ppb
28.0 ppb
128.3 ppb
14.1 ppb
91 ppb
51 ppb
24 ppb
82 ppb
11 ppb
136 ppb
10 ppb
110 ppb
226 ppb
240 ppb
280 ppb
560 ppb
550 ppb
110 ppb
DATA VARIABILITY
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
17 - 749 ng/Ncm
19 - 631 ng/Ncm
25 - 1414 ng/Ncm
17 - 2846 ng/Ncm
13 - 2080 ng/Ncm
17 - 2261 ng/Ncm
13 - 2884 ng/Ncm
15 - 3806 ng/Ncm
7 - 1127 ng/Ncm
22 - 2928 ng/Ncm
2-30 ng/m3
37 - 306 ng/m3
0.1 - 7 ng/m3
82.1 - 433 ng/m3
160 - 1260 ppb
190 - 892 ppb
76 - 410 ppb
0 - 126 ppb
22 - 236 ppb
50 - 206
40 - 283 ppb
23 - 1565 ppb
12 - 184 ppb
ND - 97 ppb
29 - 287 ppb
2-29 ppb
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A *
N/A
A-90
PRECURSORS
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
PCBs, PCPs
PCBsf PCPs
PCBs, PCPs
PCBs, PCPs
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF
SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
Lab .Prov -
Lab .Prov-
Lab .Prov .
Lab .Prov.
Lab .Prov .
Lab .Prov.
Lab .Prov.
Lab .Prov.
Lab .Prov.
Lab .Prov.
Lab. Prov.
Lab .Prov.
Lab .Prov-
Inst. Pharm
Inst. Pharm
Inst. Pharm
Inst. Pharm
Inst. Pharm
Inst. Pharm
Inst. Pharm
Inst. Pharm
Inst. Pharm
Inst. Pharm
Unlv
Unlv
Unlv
Unlv
Un Iv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Un!v.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Un Iv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Unfv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
Unlv.
d I Ig lene e Prof .
d I Ig lene e Prof .
d 1 Ig lene e Prof .
d I Ig lene e Prof.
dl Iglene e Prof.
d 1 Ig lene e Prof .
d I Ig lene e Prof .
dl Iglene e Prof.
d I Ig lene e Prof .
d I Ig lene e Prof.
d I Ig lene e Prof .
d I Ig lene e Prof.
d I Ig lene e Prof.
. Res . ,M i an.
. Res . , M 1 an.
. Res . ,M 1 an,
. Res . , M I an.
. Res., Ml an.
. Res., Ml an,
. Res. ,MI an,
. Res. ,Ml an,
. Res . ,M I an,
. Res., Mi an,
of Antwerp
of Antwerp
of Antwerp
of Antwerp
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
of Amsterdam
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
RATING
G
I
G
G
G
G
G
I
G
I
G
G
G
G
G
I
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
A-91
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
9
9
9
9
9
SOURCE TYPE
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
FACILITY
Le I den,
Le Iden,
LeIden,
Le iden,
R i jnmond,
R i jnmond,
R i jnmond,
RI jnmond,
RIjnmond,
R I Jnmond,
Roosendaa
Roosendaa
Roosendaa
Roosendaa
Roosendaa
Roosendaa
Rotterdam,
Rotterdam,
Rotterdam,
Rotterdam,
Rotterdam,
Rotterdam,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
•Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
Zaanstad,
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Nether Iands
Nether Iands
Nether lands
Nether Iands
Nether Iands
Nether lands
Nether Iands
Nether Iands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
, Nether Iands
, Netherlands
, Netherlands
, Netherlands
, Nether Iands
, Netherlands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
Nether Iands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
Nether Iands
Nether Iands
Nether Iands
Nether Iands
Nether Iands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
Nether Iands
Nether Iands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Nether Iands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
Nether Iands
Nether Iands
Netherlands
FacI I Ittes
FacfIItles
Fact I Itles
FacI IItles
Facl IItles
A-92
-------
UNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REP # SOURCE CHARACT. PROCESSES SAMPLE
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ES.P FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A Stack FG
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A Stack FG
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A Stack FG
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A Stack " FG
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A Stack FG
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A Stack FG
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A Stack FG
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A Stack FG
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A Stack FG
7 N/A ESP FA
7 N/A Stack FG
7 N/A ESP FA
9 Industrial Spreader Stoker Stack FG
9 Incinerator/Boiler Stack FG
9 Incfnerator/Bo I ler Stack FG
9 Industrial Spreader Stoker Stack FG
9 Incfnerator/Bo! Ier Feed
A-93
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
METHOD
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
9
9
9
9
9
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
Cont. S
Cont. S
GS
Cont. S
GS
Tra In
GS
Tra In
GS
Tra I n
GS
Tra 1 n
Cont. S
Train
Cont. S
Tra In
Cont. S
Tra In
Cont. S
Tra In
Cont. S
Tra I n
Cont. S
Tra I n
Cont. S
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
GS
23
23
23
14
23
14
23
14
23
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
SAMPLE NUM.
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
5 months
23 Samples/1.5 years
10/2 hrs
10/2 hrs
Samp Ies/1.5 years
10/2 hrs
23 Samples/1.5 years
14 samples/1.5 years
23 Samples/1.5 years
14 samples/1.5 years
23 Samples/1.5 years
samp Ies/1.5 years
Samp Ies/1.5 years
samp Ies/1.5 years
10/2 hrs
samp Ies/1.5 years
10/2 hrs
sampies/1.5 years
10/2 hrs
samp Ies/1.5 years
10/2 hrs
samp Ies/1.5 years
10/2 hrs
14 samples/1.5 years
10/2 hrs
14 samples/1.5 years
10/2 hrs
2-4 Days
2-4 Days
2-4 Days
2-4 Days
2-4 Days
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
Soxh
EXTRACTION
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
let/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
let/Tolulene(24 hr)
let/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
let/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
let/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
let/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
let/Tolulene(24 hr)
let/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene<24 -hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Iet/Tolulene(24 hr)
Hexane/KOH
Hexane/KOH
Hexane/KOH
Hexane/KOH
Hexane/KOH
A-94
-------
lUNiCIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF # ANALYSIS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
7 GC/MS
9 GC/HRMS
9 GC/HRMS
9 GC/HRMS
9 GC/HRMS
9 GC/HRMS
DETECTION LIMITS
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
120 pg/me
120 pg/m3
120 pg/m3
25 pg/m3
25 pg/m3
A-95
ISOMER
TCDF
H6CDF
TCDD
H6CDD
TCDD
OCDD
TCDF
H6CDF
H6CDD
OCDF
TCDD
H6CDF
OCDD
H6CDD
OCDF
TCDF
H6CDF
TCDF
OCDD
TCDD
H6CDD
OCDF
TCDD
P5CDD
H6CDD
H6CDD
P5CDF
OCDD
H6CDF
TCDF
TCDF
H6CDF
H7CDD
OCDF
P5CDD
TCDD
OCDF
H7CDF
H7CDF
H6CDF
OCDD
H7CDD
TCDD
OCDD
P5CDF
OCDF
H6CDD
TCDF
2,3,7,8 TCDF
2,3,7,8 TCDF
TCDF
TCDD
TCDD
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
9
9
9
9
9
ISOMER CONC.
220 ppb
530 ppb
212 ppb
910 ppb
ND
10 ppb
50 ppb
60 ppb
10 ppb
10 ppb
40 ppb
150 ppb
190 ppb
330 ppb
40 ppb
1 10 ppb
70 ppb
70 ppb
190 ppb
18 ppb
140 ppb
20 ppb
106.5 ppb
433.8 ppb
1576.3 ppb
730.9 ppb
399.1 ppb
358.7 ppb
528.4 ng/Nm3
211.0 ppb
161.1 ng/Nm3
590.0 ppb
177.0 ng/Nm3
60.13 ppb
132.1 ng/Nm3
88.8 ppb
67.6 ng/Nm3
541.5 ppb
204.2 ng/Nm3
863.1
451.7 ng/Nm3
1701 .5 ppb
57.1 ng/Nm3
1372.6 ppb
155.2 ng/Nm3
94.2 ppb
439.8 ng/Nm3
182.7 ppb
99.5 ng/m3
10.3 ng/ro3
21 ng/m3
29.7 ng.m3
ND
DATA VARIABILITY
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
19 - 295 ppb
242 - 633 ppb
- 1070 - 2030 ppb
49 - 1600 ppb
222 - 568 ppb
37 - 1017 ppb
174 - 1437 ng/Nm3
20 - 471 ppb
46 - 556 ng/Nm3
82 - 1330 ppb
124 - 922 ng/Nm3
4 - 223 ppb
22 - 714 ng/Nm3
61 - 135 ppb
ND - 201 ng/Nm3
397 - 699 ppb
155 - 504 ng/Nn>3
566 - 1310 ppb
25 - 3711 ng/Nm3
1160 - 2140 ppb
10 - 218 ng/Nm3
598 - 1550 ppb
109 - 702 ng/Nm3
37 - 145 ppb
111 - 1953 ng/Nm3
108 - 291 ppb
85-114 ng/m3
1.9-24 ng/m3
4.5 - 47.7 ng/m3
29.5 - 30 ng/m3
N/A
PRECURSORS
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
RDF
MSW/Waste Of I
MSW/Waste 0!I
RDF
MSW/Waste Oil
A-96
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
RE';
SAMPL ING ORGANIZATION
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
9
9
9
9
9
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Un I v . of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of. Amsterdam
Un I v- of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Untv. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Unfv. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Systech Corp.
Systech Corp.
Systech Corp.
Systech Corp.
Systech Corp.
RATING
G
G
G
G
I
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
A-97
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
1 1
1 1
12
12
12
12
12
30
30
30
30
30
56
56
56
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
76
76
83
83
83
83
SOURCE TYPE
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
FACILITY
U.S.A. Fact
U.S.A. FacI
U.S.A. FacI
U.S.A. FacI
U.S.A. Faci
U.S.A. FacI
U.S.A. FacI
U.S.A. FacI
U.S.A. FacI
ities
Itles
itles
Itles
Itles
Itles
Itles
Itles
Itles
Hempstead
U.S.
W
W
W
W
•
U.S.
France
France
France
France
France
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
U.S.
N/A
N/A
N/A
. Germany MIP
. Germany MIP
W. Germany Ml
. Germany MIP
. Germany MIP
Germany, MIP
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(1)
(LFI-NW)
(MA-LfU)
P (S-LfU)
(SM 283)
(SM 294)
(SM 03,81 )
W. Germany, Power Plant (coal)
European
European
European
European
European
European
European
European
European
European
European
European
European
European
European
Zurich, Switzerland
Zurich, Switzerland
Ontarlo, Canada (1)
Ontario, Canada (1)
Ontarlo, Canada (1)
Ontarlo, Canada (1)
A-98
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
30
30
30
30
30
56
56
56
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
76
76
83
83
83
Inc
Inc
Inc
I
Inc
SOURCE CHARACT.
SmaI I ModuIar
SmaI I ModuIar
IncJnerator/Boiler
Incinerator/Bo! ler
ndustrlal Spreader Stoker
ndustrlal Spreader Stoker
SmaI I ModuIar
SmaI I ModuIar
Inclnerator/Bo'. ler
RDF/Energy Recovery
N/A
N/A
950 degrees C
950 degrees C
950 degrees C
950 degrees C
950 degrees C
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
One Plant
One Plant
One Plant
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
. after compost
. after compost
nc. w I thout "any
Inc. after
Inc. after
PROCESSES SAMPLE
product Ion
product Ion
treatment
recycI Ing
recycI Ing
Inc
. after compost production
nc. without any treatment
. after compost production
Inc. after recycling
Inc. after recycling
nc. without any treatment
nc. without any treatment
nc. without any treatment
. after compost production
Inc. after recycling *
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-99
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Grate
Stack
ESP
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Stack/ESP
Stack/ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
FG
FG
FG
Feed
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FA
FG/FA
FG/FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
ASH
FG
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
METHOD
SAMPLE NUM.
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
30
30
30
30
30
56
56
56
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
76
76
83
83
83
83
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
GS
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
SSAS
MM5T
MM5T
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
GS
SSAS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
N/A
N/A
WEEKLY GS
WEEKLY GS
WEEKLY GS
WEEKLY GS
2-4 Days
2-4 Days
2-4 Days
2-4 Days
2-4 Days
2-4 Days
2-4 Days
2-4 Days
2-4 Days
1 1
N/A
N/A
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
5 Samples
5 Samples
5 Samples
5 Samples
5 Samples
3-8 Samples
3-8 Samples
3-8 Samples
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/.A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
8 weeks / 3 rep
8 weeks / 3 rep
8 weeks / 3 rep
8 weeks / 3 rep
EXTRACTION
Hexane/KOH
Hexane/KOH
Hexane/KOH
Hexane/KOH
Hexane/KOH
Hexane/KOH
Hexane/KOH
Hexane/KOH
Hexane/KOH
Methylene Chloride
N/A
N/A
UItrasomlc/Benzene
Ultrasomlc/Benzene
Ultrasomlc/Benzene
Ultrasomic/Benzene
UItrasomlc/Benzene
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Soxhlet/MethyIene Chloride
Soxhlet/Methylene Chloride
Tolulene/Methanol
ToluIene/Methanol
Tolulene/Methanol
ToluIene/Methanol
ToluIene/Methanol
ToluIene/Methanol
ToluIene/Methanol
Soxhlet/ToluIene
Soxhlet/Tolulene
SoxhIet/ToluIene
Soxhlet/Tolulene
Soxhlet/ToluIene
Soxhlet/Tolulene
Soxhlet/Tolulene
Soxhlet/Tolulene
Soxhlet/Tolulene
Soxhlet/ToluIene
Soxhlet/Tolulene
SoxhIet/Tolulene
SoxhIet/ToluIene
SoxhIet/ToluIene
SoxhIet/ToluIene
Methylene Chloride
Methylene Chloride
SoxhIet/Benzene(16 hr)
SoxhJet/Benzene(16 hr)
Soxh*let/Benzene( 16 hr)
Soxhlet/Benzene( 16 hr)
A-100
-------
4UNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REP #
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
11
1 1
12
12
12
12
12
30
30
30
30
30
56
56
56
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
76
76
83
83
83
83
ANALYSIS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
DETECTION L IMITS
120 pg/m3
25 pg/m3
25 pg/m3
120 pg/m3
120 pg/me
25 pg/m3
120 pg/m3
25 pg/m3
25 pg/m3
N/A
N/A
N/A
lOOpg - 200 pg/g
100pg - 200 pg/g
100pg - 200 pg/g
100pg - 200 pg/g
lOOpg - 200 pg/g
0.04 ng
0.04 ng
0.04 ng
0.04 ng
0.04 ng
0.1ng/g
0.0005 ng/l
0.1 ng/g
0.1 ppb
0.1 ppb
0.1 ppb
0.1 ppb
0.1 ppb
0.1 ppb
0.1 ppb
1
,1
.1
,1
,1
,1
,1
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
ISOMER
2,3,7,8 TCDF
2,3,7,8 TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDF
TCDF
2,3,7,8 TCDD
TCDF
TCDD
TCPD
TCDD
PCDD
TCDD
OCDD
H7CDD
P5CDD
H6CDD
TCDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
TCDD
OCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
2,3,7,8 TCDD
OCDD
OCDD
OCDD
OCDD
OCDD
OCDD
OCDD
H6CDF
OCDD
H6CDD
H6CDD
H7CDF
OCDF
H6CDF
H7CDF
H6CDF
OCDF
OCDF
H7CDF
OCDD
H6CDD
OCDD
PCDD
PCDF
H6CDD
H7CDD
P5CDD
TCDD
A-101
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF # ISOMER CONC.
9 5.4 ng/m3
9 0.295 ng/m3
9 1 .05 ng/m3
9 ND
9 279.5 ng/m3
9 9.1 ng/m3
9 11.1 ng/m3
9 1 .2 ng/m3
9 3.15 ng/m3
10 19.1 ng/sampIe
11 2300 ng/m3
11 0.24 ug/m3
12 185.8 ng/g
12 62.4 ng/g
12 7.8 ng/g
12 21.8 ng/g
12 275 ng/g
30 42.2 ng
30 10 ng
30 31.46 ng
30 ND
30 1.9 ng
56 ND
56 ND
56 ND
69 800 ug/kg
69 15 ug/kg
69 520 ug/kg
69 1 ug/kg
69 13 ug/kg
69 <0.5 ug/kg
69 <0.5 ug/kg
74 ND
74 5 ppb
74 90.6 ppb
74 6 ppb
74 ND
74 ND
74 88 ppb
74 ND
74 ND
74 ND
74 43.6 ppb
74 49.3 ppb
74 120 ppb
74 5 ppb
74 12 ppb
76 0.2 ppm
76 0.1 ppm
83 25.8 ppb
83 14.9 ppb
83 23.2 ppb
83 13.5 ppb
DATA VARIABILITY
2.8 -
.29 -
1.1 -
247 -
8.6 -
8.3 -
1.1 -
2.5 -
1 .2-35
ND
ND
8 -
0.5
42 -
39 -
31
30
90
2.2
1 .1
3.4
3.2
7.9 ng/m3
.30 ng/m3
1.2 ng/m3
N/A
312 ng/m3
9.6 ng/m3
14 ng/m3
1.3 ng/m3
3.8 ng/m3
ng/samp I e
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
- 76 ng
- 25 ng
42.2 ng
N/A
- 2.8 ng
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
145 ppb
N/A
N/A
N/A
135 ppb
N/A
N/A
N/A
65 ppb
68 ppb
152 ppb
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
- 58 ppb
- 43 ppb
- 45 ppb
- 27 ppb
PRECURSORS
Processed MSW
Processed MSW
MSW/Waste OiI
MSW/Waste 01 I
RDF
RDF
Processed MSW
Processed MSW
MSW/Waste 01 I
RDF/BlocIde
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW/Coal
MSW/Coal
MSW/Coal
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
Mun.& I nd . S.W.
Mun.4 I nd . S.W.
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
A-102
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
RE? #
SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
1 1
11
12
12
12
12
12
30
30
30
30
30
56
56
56
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
76
76
83
83
83
83
Systech Corp.
Systech Corp.
Systech Corp.
Systech Corp.
Systech Corp.
Systech Corp.
Systech Corp.
Systech Corp.
Systech Corp.
Wright State Univ.
MR I
MR I
Univ. of Water oo, Ontario
Univ. of Water oo, Ontario
Univ. of Water oo, Ontario
Unlv- of Water oo, Ontario
Unlv- of Water oo, Ontario
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
U.S. EPA
Ames Lab, Iowa St. Unlv.
Ames Lab, Iowa St. Unlv.
Ames Lab, Iowa St. Unlv.
Unlv. of .Ulm, Germany
Unlv. of Ulm, Germany
Unlv. of Ulm, Germany
Unlv. of Ulm, Germany
Unlv. of Ulm, Germany
Univ. of Ulm, Germany
Unlv. of Ulm, Germany
Inst. Ingu n. Atmos. CNR
Inst. Ingu n. Atmos. CNR
Inst. Ingu n. Atmos. CNR
Inst. Ingu n. Atmos. CNR
Inst. Ingu n. Atmos. CNR
Inst. Ingu n. Atmos. CNR
Inst. Ingu n. Atmos. CNR
Inst. Ingu n. Atmos. CNR
Inst. Ingu n. Atmos. CNR
Inst. Ingu n. Atmos. CNR
Inst. Ingu n. Atmos. CNR
Inst. Ingu n. Atmos. CNR
Inst. Ingu n. Atmos. CNR
Inst. Ingu n. Atmos. CNR
Inst. Ingu n. Atmos. CNR
Swiss Fed. Res. Station
Swiss Fed. Res. Station
Ont. MIn. of the Env.
Ont. MIn. of the Env.
Ont. MIn. of the Env.
Ont. MIn. of the Env.
RATING
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
A-103
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
R'EF #
83
84
84
84
84
84
85
85
85
85
85
89
89
89
89
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
SOURCE TYPE
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
•MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
FACILITY
Ontar io,
OntarIo,
OntarIo,
Ontar io,
Ontar io,
OntarIo,
Japan
Japan
Canada
Canada
Canada
Canada
Canada
Canada
n (#1)
n (#2)
(1)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Mun Ic Ipa
MunIcIpa
MunIc Ipa
MunIcI pa
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Nether Iands
Ontario (#1)
Ontario (#2)
I nc Inerator
I nc Inerator
I nc Inerator
I nc Inerator
nclnerator, I
nclnerator, I
nclnerator, I
nclnerator, I
nclnerator, I
nclnerator, I
nclnerator, I
nclnerator, I
nclnerator, I
nclnerator, I
ncfnerator, I
nclnerator, I
ncfnerator, I
ncfnerator, I
nclnerator, I
Bologna, Italy
Bologna, Italy
Bologna, Italy
Bologna, Italy
Bologna, Italy
Bologna, Italy
Bologna, Italy
Bologna, Italy
Bologna, Italy
Florence, Italy
Florence, Italy
Florence, Italy
Florence, Italy
Florence, Italy
Florence, Italy
Florence, Italy
Florence, Italy
Florence, Italy
Florence, Italy
MI Iano, Italy
MI Iano, Italy
MI Iano, ItaIy
MI Iano, Italy
(USA)
(USA)
(USA)
(USA)
taly
taly
taly
taly
taly
taly
taly
taly
taly
taly
taly
taly
taly
taly
taly
A-104
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
83
84
84
84
84
84
85
85
85
85
85
89
89
89
89
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
SOURCE CHARACT.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Urban ncInerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban ncfnerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban ncfnerators
Urban nclnerators
Ur'ban nclnerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban ncfnerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban nclnerators
Urban ncfnerators
PROCESSES
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
.ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
Stack
Stack
Furnace
Furnace
ESP
ESP
ESP
Furnace
Furnace
Stack
ESP
Stack
ESP
Stack
Furnace
Stack
Furnace
Stack
Furnace
ESP
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
ESP
ESP
ESP
Furnace
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
ESP
ESP
ESP
ESP
SAMPLE
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
Ash
Ash
FA
FA
FA
Ash
Ash
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
Ash
FA
Ash
FA
Ash
FA
Ash
Ash
Ash
Ash
FA
FA
FA
Ash
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FG
FG
FG
FG
FG
FA
FA
FA
FA
A-105
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF # METHOD
SAMPLE NUM.
83 WEEKLY GS
84
84
84
84
84
85
85
85
85
85
89
89
89
89
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
GS
GS
GS
GS
8 weeks / 3 rep.
5 rep I Icat Ions
5 rep I Icat ions
5 rep I Icat ions
5 rep I icat ions
5 rep I Icat Ions
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
I Sample
I Samp I e
I Sample
I Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
1 Sample
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
EXTRACTION
SoxhIet/Benzene( 16 hr)
Ultrasonlc/Benzene( 1 hr)
UItrasonIc/Benzene( 1 hr)
UItrasonIc/Benzene( 1 hr)
UItrasonic/Benzene( 1 hr)
Ultrasonic/Benzene( 1 hr)
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
SoxhIet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
SoxhIet/Benzene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
SoxhIet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
A-106
-------
1C!PAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF f
83
84
84
84
84
84
85
85
85
85
85
89
89
89
89
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
ANALYSIS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/HRMS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
DETECTION L IMITS
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
65 ppt
60 ppt
10 ppt
5 ppt
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-107
ISOMER
OCDD
H6CDD
P5CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
TCDD
TCDD
TCDD
TCDD
TCDD
TCDD
TCDF
TCDD
TCDF
TCDD
H7CDD
TCDD
OCDD
H7CDD
P5CDD
OCDD
H6CDD
H6CDD
P5CDD
TCDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
TCDD
P5CDD
OCDD
H6CDD/H6CDF
TCDD/TCDF
P5CDD/P5CDF
OCDD/OCDF
H6CDD/H6CDF
H7CDD/H7CDF
TCDD/TCDF
P5CDD/P5CDF
H7CDD/H7CDF
H6CDD/H6CDF
P5CDD/P5CDF
H7CDD/H7CDF
TCDD/TCDF
OCDD/OCDF
OCDD/OCDF
H6CDD/H6CDF
H7CDD/H7CDF
P5CDD/P5CDF
TCDD/TCDF
TCDD/TCDF
H7CDD/H7CDF
OCDD/OCDF
P5CDD/P5CDF
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
SOMER CONG,
83
84
84
84
84
84
85
85
85
85
85
89
89
89
89
104
104
104
T04
104
104
104
104
1.04
104
104
104
104
104
104
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
6.3
13.
15.
3.2
0.4
8.6
4.8
8.5
2.4
10
9.3
ppb
0 ppb
0 ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
45,000 ppt
10,000 ppt
2000 ppt
45
55
ppt
ng/g
Trac.
50
16
4
900
53
540
6
40
16
900
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
Trac.
1 10
35
235
16
20
390
33
345
112
205
113
185
240
400
175
570
31
125
105
51
310
547
1 15
ng/g
ng/g
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
NO
NO
ppb
ppb
ppb
ppb
DATA VARIABILITY
0.4 - 26 ppb
11.0- 17.0 ppb
12.0 - 20.0 ppb
2.3 - 4.3 ppb
0.28 - 0.53 ppb
6.7 -11.0 ppb
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-108
PRECURSORS
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW/PCB
MSW/PCB
MSW/PCB
MSW/PCB
MSW/PCB
MSW/PCB
MSW/PCB
MSW/PCB
MSW/PCB
MSW/PCB
MSW/PCB
MSW/PCB
MSW/PCB
MSW/PCB
MSW/PCB
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
Untreated MSW
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
RATING
83
84
84
84
84
84
85
85
85
85
85
89
89
89
89
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
104
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
Ont . Win. of the Env .
Ont. Min. of the Env.
Ont. Min. of the Env.
Ont. Min. of the Env.
Ont. Min. of the Env.
Ont. Min. of the Env.
Un F'v. of Kyoto
Univ. of Kyoto
Univ. of Amsterdam
Ontario Ministry of Env.
Ontario Ministry of Env-
Unlv. of Nebraska
Univ. of Nebraska
Univ. of Nebraska
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Lab.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Univ. of Nebraska
Ingu
Ingu
! ngu
! ngu
! ngu
Ingu
ngu
Ingu
Ingu
I ngu
I ngu
Ingu
I ngu
I ngu
1 ngu
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
n. Atmosferlco,
n. Atmosferlco,
n. Atmosferlco,
n. Atmosferlco,
n. Atmosferlco,
n. Atmosferlco,
n. Atmosferlco,
n. Atmosferlco,
n . Atmosf er Ico,
n. Atmosferlco,
n. Atmosferlco,
n. Atmosferlco,
n. Atmosferlco,
n. Atmosferlco,
n. Atmosferlco,
1 ngu In Atmos.
I ngu In Atmos.
1 ngu In Atmos.
1 ngu I n Atmos .
1 ngu In Atmos.
1 ngu I n Atmos .
1 ngu In Atmos.
Inguln Atmos.
1 ngu I n Atmos .
Inguln Atmos.
Inguln Atmos.
1 ngu In Atmos.
1 ngu I n Atmos .
1 ngu I n Atmos .
Inguln Atmos.
Inguln Atmos.
Inguln Atmos .
Inguln* Atmos .
1 ngu In Atmos.
1 ngu In Atmos.
1 ngu I n Atmos .
1 ngu In Atmos.
1 ngu In Atmos.
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
1
1
G
G
G
G
A-109
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF # SOURCE TYPE FACILITY
105 MSW INCINERATORS Milano, Italy
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS - N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
1.05 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
105 MSW INCINERATORS N/A
A-110
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
SOURCE CHARACT.
Urban Incinerators
N/A
Rural Incinerators
RuraI I nc I nerators
Rural Incinerators
N/A
Rural Incinerators
Urban Incinerators
Rural Incinerators
Urban Incinerators
Rural Incinerators
Urban Incinerators
Rural Incinerators
Urban Incinerators
Rural Incinerators
Urban Incinerators
Rural Incinerators
Urban Incinerators
N/A
Urban Incinerators
N/A
Urban Incinerators
N/A
Urban Incinerators
N/A
Urban Incinerators
N/A
Rural Incinerators
N/A
Rural Incinerators
N/A
Rural Incinerators
N/A
Urban Incinerators
N/A
Urban Incinerators
N/A
Urban Incinerators
N/A
Urban Incinerators
N/A
Urban Incinerators
N/A
Rural Incinerators
N/A
Urban Incinerators
N/A
Urban Incinerators
N/A
Urban Incinerators
N/A
Rural Incinerators
N/A
A-lll
PROCESSES SAMPLE
ESP
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
ESP
Furnace
ESP
ESP
Furnace
ESP
Furnace
ESP
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Stack
Furnace
Stack
Furnace
Stack
Furnace
ESP
Furnace
ESP
Stack
ESP
Stack
ESP
Stack
ESP
Stack
Furnace
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
ESP
Furnace
ESP
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Stack
Furnace
ESP
Furnace
FA
SI udge
SI udge
SI udge
FA
S 1 udge
FA
FA
SI udge
FA
SI udge
FA
S 1 udge
Ash
SI udge
Ash
SI udge
Ash
SI udge
Ash
SI udge
FA
SI udge
FA
SI udge
FA
SI udge
FA
SI udge
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
Ash
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
SI udge
FA
SI udge
Ash
SI udge
FA
SI udge
FA
SI udge
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
METHOD
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
Tra I n
GS
Tra I n
GS
Tra I n
GS
GS
GS
GS
Tra I n
GS
Tra I n
GS
Tra In
GS
Tra f n
GS
Tra In
Tra I n
Tra In
Tra In
Tra In
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
Tra In
GS
GS
GS
SAMPLE NUM,
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A .
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-112
EXTRACTION
SoxhIet/Xylene
Soxhlet/XyIene
SoxhIet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/XyIene
SoxhIet/Xylene
SoxhIet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
SoxhIet/XyIene
SoxhIet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/XyIene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
SoxhIet/XyIene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/XyIene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
SoxhIet/Xylene
SoxhIet/Xylene
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
ANALYSIS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
DETECTION L IMITS
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-113
ISOMER
H6CDD/H6CDF
H7CDF
H7CDF
OCDD
H7CDF
P5CDD
OCDF
P5CDD
TCDD
H7CDD
P5CDD
H7CDF
H6CDD
TCDD
H7CDD
H6CDD
OCDF
OCDD
TCDD
OCDF
P5CDD
P5CDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
H7CDD
H7CDF
OCDD
TCDD
OCDF
H6CDD
TCDD
OCDD
P5CDD
H6CDD
H6CDD
OCDF
H7CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
TCDD
H7CDF
OCDD
OCDF
P5CDD
TCDD
TCDD
OCDF
P5CDD
H7CDF
H6CDD
OCDD
H7CDD
H7CDD
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
SOMER CONC.
177 ppb
ND
ND
15 ppb
ND
ND
ND
100 ppb
ND
230 ppb
ND
70 ppb
ND
16 ppb
10 ppb
33 ppb
ND
340 ppb
ND
50 ppb
ND
80 ppb
ND
290 ppb
6 ppb
110 ppb
12 ppb
ND
ND
ND
. ND
40 ppb
ND
160 ppb
ND
50 ppb
5 ppb
90 ppb
5 ppb
N/A
ND
510 ppb
ND
ND
ND
20 ppb
ND
20 ppb
ND
180 ppb
1 ppb
30 ppb
1 ppb
DATA VARIABIL ITY
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A- 114
PRECURSORS
Untreated MSW
Proc. MSW (No Paper)
Ag Products
Ag Products
Ag Products
Homogenized MSW
Ag Products
Untreated MSW
Ag Products
Untreated MSW
Ag Products
Untreated MSW
Ag Products
Untreated MSW
Ag Products
Untreated MSW
Ag Products
Untreated MSW
Proc. MSW (No Paper)
Untreated MSW
Proc. MSW (No Paper)
Untreated MSW
Proc. MSW (No Paper)
Untreated MSW
Proc. MSW (No Paper)
Untreated MSW
Proc. MSW (No Paper)
Ag Products
Proc. MSW (No Paper)
Ag Products
Homogenized MSW
Ag Products
Homogenized MSW
Untreated MSW
Homogenized MSW
Untreated MSW
Homogenized MSW
Untreated MSW
Homogenized MSW
Untreated MSW
Homogenized MSW
Untreated MSW
Homogenized MSW
Ag Products
Homogenized MSW
Untreated MSW
Homogenized MSW
Untreated MSW
Homogenized MSW
Untreated MSW
Homogenized MSW
Ag Products
Homogenized MSW
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
RATING
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105 |
105\
105 *
105
nst .
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst .
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst .
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst .
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst .
nst.
nst.
nst.
nst.
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
.Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
Ingu
Ingu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
Ingu
1 ngu
1 ngu
Ingu
Ingu
1 ngu
1 ngu
Ingu
Ingu
.1 ngu
•| ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
1 ngu
Ingu
Ingu
1 ngu
Ingu
1 ngu
Ingu
n
in
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
In
In
In
In
In
n
In
In
In
n
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
In
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
In
In
In
In
In
n
n
n
n
n
Atmos.
Atmos .
Atmos .
Atmos .
Atmos .
Atmos .
Atmos .
Atmos .
Atmos.
Atmos.
Atmos.
Atmos.
Atmos.
Atmos .
Atmos .
Atmos.
Atmos .
Atmos .
Atmos .
Atmos .
Atmos.
Atmos.
Atmos .
Atmos.
Atmos.
Atmos .
Atmos.
Atmos.
Atmos.
Atmos .
Atmos .
Atmos .
Atmos .
Atmos.
Atmos .
Atmos.
Atmos .
Atmos.
Atmos.
Atmos.
Atmos .
Atmos.
Atmos .
Atmos.
Atmos.
Atmos .
.Atmos .
A'tmos .
Atmos.
Atmos.
Atmos.
Atmos.
Atmos .
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome.
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
G
1
1
1
I
1
1
G
1
G
1
G
1
G
1
G
1
G
1
G
1
G
1
G
1
G
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
G
' 1
G
1
G
1
G
1
G
I
1
1
G
1
G
1
G
I
1
1
A-115
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
105
105
105
105
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
108
108
108
108
SOURCE TYPE
FACILITY
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
INCINERATORS
25
25
25
25
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Instal
Instal
Instal
1 nsta 1
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
latfons
1 at Ions
1 at Ions
1 atlons
A-116
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
RtF #
105
105
105
105
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
108
108
108
108
SOURCE CHARACT.
Urban Incinerators
Urban Incinerators
Urban Incinerators
N/A
After RecycI Ing
After Compost Production
After Compost Production
N/A
After Compos+ Production
N/A
After Compost Production
N/A
After RecycI Ing
N/A
After RecycI Ing
N/A
After RecycI Ing
N/A
After RecycI Ing
N/A
After RecyclIng
N/A
N/A
After RecycI Ing
N/A
N/A
N/A
' N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
After Compost
N/A
After Compost
After RecycI Ing
After Compost Production
N/A
After Compost Production
N/A
After Compost Production
N/A
After Compost Production
N/A
After Compost Production
N/A
N/A
N/A
After Compost Production
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-117
Product Ion
Product Ion
PROCESSES
Furnace
ESP
Stack
Furnace
Furnace
CycI one
CycI one
Stack
CycI one
Stack
CycI one
Stack
Furnace
Stack
Furnace
CycI one
CycI one
CycI one
CycI one
Cyclone
CycI one
Cyclone
Stack
Furnace
Stack
CycI one
Stack
Cyclone
Stack
CycI one
Stack
Furnace
CycI one
Furnace
Cyclone
CycI one
Cyclone
CycI one
CycI one
CycI one
Furnace
Furnace
Furnace
Stack
Furnace
Furnace
Cyclone
Furnace
Furnace
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
SAMPLE
Ash
FA
FA
SIudge
Ash
Sludge
SI udge
FG/FA
SIudge
FG/FA
S I udge
FG/FA
Ash '
FG/FA
Ash
SI udge
SIudge
SIudge
SIudge
SIudge
SI udge
S I udge
FG/FA
Ash
FG/FA
S I udge
FG/FA
S I udge
FG/FA
S I udge
FG/FA
Ash
SI udge
Ash
S I udge
SI udge
SI udge
SI udge
SI udge
SI udge
Ash
Ash
Ash
FG/FA
Ash
Ash
SIudge
Ash
Ash
FA
FA
FA
FA
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
METHOD
105
105
105
105
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
108
108
108*
108
GS
GS
Tra I n
GS
GS
GS
GS
MM5T
GS
MM5T
GS
MM5T
GS
MM5T
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
MM5T
GS
MM5T
GS
MM5T
GS
MM5T
GS
MM5T
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
MM5T
GS
GS
GS
GS
GS
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
SAMPLE NUM.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-118
EXTRACTION
Soxhlet/Xylene
SoxhIet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Soxhlet/Xylene
Xy I ene
XyIene
XyIene
XyIene
Xy I ene
XyIene
XyIene
XyIene
Xy I ene
XyIene
XyIene
Xy I ene
XyIene
XyIene
XyIene
XyIene
Xylene
XyIene
XyIene
Xylene
XyIene
XyIene
XyIene
XyIene
Xylene
XyIene
XyIene
Xy lene
XyIene
Xylene
Xylene
XyIene
Xylene
XyIene
Xylene
XyIene
XyIene
Xylene
XyIene
XyIene
XyIene
XyIene
XyIene
XyIene
Xylene
Soxhlet/Hexane
Soxhlet/Hexane
Soxhlet/Hexane
SoxhIet/Hexane
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
105
105
105
105
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
108
108
108
108
ANALYSIS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC
GC/MS
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC
GC
GC
' GC
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC/MS
GC
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC
GC/MS
GC
GC
GC/MS
GC
GC
GC/MS
GC
GC
GC
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC
GC/MS
GC
GC
3C/MS
3C/MS
3C/MS
3C/MS
DETECTION L IMITS
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
' N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
A-119
ISOMER
H7CDF
OCDD
OCDF
H6CDD
H6CDD
OCDD
OCDD
P5CDD
H7CDD
H7CDD
H6CDD
TCDD
OCDD
H6CDD
OCDD
H6CDD
OCDD
TCDD
H7CDD
H6CDD
H6CDD
P5CDD
OCDD
H7CDD
H7CDD
TCDD
P5CDD
H6CDD
OCDD
OCDD
H6CDD
P5CDD
OCDD
H7CDD
OCDD
OCDD
H7CDD
OCDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
OCDD
H6CDD
OCDD
TCDD
H7CDD
TCDD
P5CDD
OCDD
H6CDD
H7CDF
P5CDD
HCDF
HCDD
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF # ISOMER CONG. DATA VARIABILITY PRECURSORS
105 25 ppb N/A Untreated MSW
105 490 ppb N/A Untreated MSW
105 60 ppb N/A Untreated MSW
105 ND N/A Homogenized MSW
106 ND N/A MSW
106 ND N/A MSW
106 5 ng/g N/A MSW
106 240 ng/g N/A MSW
106 5 ng/g N/A MSW
106 400 ng/g N/A MSW
106 ND N/A - MSW
106 ND N/A MSW
106 8 ng/g N/A MSW
106 180 ng/g N/A MSW
106 7 ng/g N/A MSW
106 310 ng/g N/A MSW
106 12 ng/g N/A MSW
106 50 ng/g N/A MSW
106 6 ng/g N/A MSW
106 175 ng/g N/A MSW
106 ND N/A MSW
106 115 ng/g N/A MSW
106 510 ng/g N/A MSW
106 3 ng/g N/A MSW
106 290 ng/g N/A MSW
106 20 ng/g N/A MSW
106 80 ng/g N/A MSW
106 160 ng/g N/A MSW
106 510 ng/g N/A MSW
106 490 ng/g N/A MSW
106 . 185 ng/g N/A MSW
106 20 ng/g N/A MSW
106 ND N/A MSW
106 113 ng/g N/A MSW
106 1 ng/g N/A MSW
106 10 ng/g N/A MSW
106 1 ng/g N/A MSW
106 545 ng/g N/A MSW
106 ND N/A MSW
106 230 ng/g N/A MSW
106 3 ng/g N/A MSW
106 33 ng/g N/A MSW
106 3 ng/g N/A MSW
106 175 ng/g N/A MSW
106 1 ng/g N/A MSW
106 16 ng/g N/A MSW
106 100 ng/g N/A MSW
106 390 ng/g N/A MSW
106 ND N/A MSW
108 1130 ppb N/A MSW
108 800 ppb N/A MSW
108 1600 ppb * N/A MSW
108 1370 ppb N/A MSW
A-120
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
RSF #
SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
RATING
105
105
105
105
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
106
108
108
108
108
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst.
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Inst
Sul
Sul
Sul
Sul
Ch im
Ch Im
Ch im
Ch Im
Ch Im
Chlm
Ch Jm
Chlm
Ch Im
Chlm
Ch Im
Chlm
Chlm
Chlm
Chlm
Chlm
Chlm
Chlm
Chlm
Ch Im
Chlm
Chlm
Ch Im
Ch Im
Chlm
Chlm
Ch Im
Chlm
Chlm
Chlm
Chlm
Ch Im
Ch Im
Chlm
Chlm
Chlm
Chlm
Chlm
Ch Im
Chlm
Chlm
Ch Im
Ch Im
Ch Im
Chlm
Un I
Unl
Unl
Unl
1 Inguin Atmos. Rome
1 Inguin Atmos. Rome
1 Inguin Atmos. Rome
1 1 ngu in Atmos . Rome
Anal I, Un Iv d
Ana 1
Ana 1
Ana 1
Anal
Ana 1
Ana 1
Ana 1
Anal
Ana 1
Anal
Ana 1
Ana 1
Anal
Anal
Ana 1
Anal
Anal
Anal
Ana 1
Anal
Anal
Anal
Ana 1
Anal
Ana 1
Anal
Ana 1
Ana 1
Ana 1
Ana 1
Ana 1
Ana 1
Ana 1
Anal
Ana 1
Anal
Ana 1
Ana 1
Anal
Ana 1
Ana 1
Anal
Anal
Ana 1
, Un Iv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Un Iv d
, Univ d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Un Iv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Un Iv d
, Unlv d
, Un Iv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Univ d
, Un Iv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Unlv d
, Un v d
, Un v d
, Un v d
, Un v d
, Un v d
, Un v d
, Un v d
, Un v d
, Un v d
, Un »v d
, Unlv d
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
Roma
v. of Amsterdam
v. of Amsterdam
v. of Amsterdam
v. of Amsterdam
G
G
G
1
1
1
G
G
G
G
1
1
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
1
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
1
G
G
G
G
G
1
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
1
G
G
G
G
A-121
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF t
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
*1 1 1
*1 1 1
*1 11
*1 1 1
•111
*1 1 1
*1 1 1
*1 1 1
1 15
115
115
115
115
115
115
119
1 19
119
1 19
119
120
120
120
120
126
130
130
130
SOURCE TYPE
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
MSW INCINERATORS
FACILITY
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
SWARA
SWARA
SWARA
SWARA
SWARA
SWARA
SWARA
nsta
nsta
nsta
nsta
nsta
nsta
nsta
nsta
nsta
nsta
nsta
nsta
nsta
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U.S.
Plant,
Plant,
Plant,
Plant,
Plant,
Plant,
Plant,
at ions
at Ions
at Ions
at Ions
at Ions
at Ions
at Ions
at Ions
at Ions
at Ions
at Ions
at Ions
at Ions
,S,
,s.
,s,
,s,
,s,
,s,
,s
Canada
Canada
Canada
Canada
Canada
Canada
Canada
Ames, Iowa
Chicago NW
Chicago NW
Chicago NW
Chicago NW
5 Incln. (North American)
5 Incln. (North American)
5 Incln. (North American)
5 Incln. (North American)
KVA, ZurIch-Josefstrasse
UtIIIty Plant (1)
UtIIIty Plant (1)
UtIIIty Plant (1)
A-122
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
*1 11
*1 11
*11 1
»111
115
115
115
115
115
115
115
119
119
119
119
119
120
120
120
120
126
130
130
130
SOURCE CHARACT.
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Converted Coal Boiler
I nc Inerator-BolIer
Converted Coal Boiler
I nc I nerator-Bo I Ier
Converted Coal Boiler
Converted Coal Boiler
Inctneratoi—Bo Iler
I nc Inerator-BoIler
PROCESSES
SAMPLE
Travel
TraveI
Travel
Travel
TraveI
TraveI
Travel
Coal/RDF I
Raw Refuse
Raw Refuse
Raw Refuse
Raw Refuse
Ing Grate Bol
Ing Grate Bol
Ing Grate Bol
Ing Grate Bol
Ing Grate Bol
Ing Grate Bol
Ing Grate Bol
nclneratlon (
I nc I neratIon
IncIneratIon
IncIneratIon
IncIneratIon
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
er
er
er
er
er
er
er
200C)
650C)
650C)
650C)
650C)
ESP
Stack
ESP
Stack
Stack
Stack
ESP
Stack
ESP
ESP
ESP
Stack
ESP
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Grate
Stack
ESP
Grate
ESP
_____
Stack/ESP
ESP
Stack
Stack
Furnace
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
Stack
ESP
Hopper
Stack
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA
FG/FA
FG/FA
FG/FA
FG/HA
FG/FA
FG/FA
FG/FA
FG/FA
FG/FA
Ash
FG/FA
Ash
Ash
Ash
Feed
FG/FA
FA
FG
FG
Ash
FA
FA
FA
FA
FA/FG
FA
FA
FG
A-123
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF # METHOD
SAMPLE NUM.
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
*1 1 1
*1 1 1
*1 1 1
*1 1 1
*111
*1 1 1
*m
*in
115
1 15
1 15
1 15
115
1 15
115
19
19
19
19
19
20
120
120
120
126
130
130
130
GS
N/A
GS
N/A
N/A
N/A
GS
N/A
GS
GS
GS
N/A
GS
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
MM5T
GS
MM5T
GS
GS
GS
GS
MM5T/GS
GS
MM5T
MM5T
GS
FI Iter
Fi Iter
FI Iter
F! Iter
FI Iter
GS
GS
MM5T
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
3 Tests/2 Days
3 Tests/4 Days
3 Tests/2 Days
3 Tests/4 Days
3 Tests/2 Days
3 Tests/2 Days
3 Tests/4 Days
3 Tests/4 Days
15 Runs
15 Runs
15 Runs
15 Runs
15 Runs
15 Runs
15 Runs
9 Days
10 Days
10 Days
10 Days
10 Days
5 Samples
5 Samples
5 Samples
5 Samples
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
EXTRACTION
SoxhIet/Hexane
SoxhIet/Hexane
SoxhIet/Hexane
SoxhIet/Hexane
SoxhIet/Hexane
Soxhlet/Hexane
SoxhIet/Hexane
SoxhIet/Hexane
Soxhlet/Hexane
Soxhlet/Hexane
SoxhIet/Hexane
SoxhIet/Hexane
Soxhlet/Hexane
Methanol/Hexane
Methanol/Hexane
Methanol/Hexane
Methanol/Hexane
Methanol/Hexane
Methanol/Hexane
Methanol/Hexane
Methanol/Hexane
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Soxhlet/Benzene (8-24
SoxhIet/Benzene (8-24
Soxhlet/Benzene (8-24
SoxhIet/Benzene (8-24
Soxhlet/Benzene (8-24
Soxhlet
Soxhlet
Soxhlet
Soxhlet
N/A
Soxhlet
Soxhlet
Soxhlet
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
hr)
A-124
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
108
108
108
108
108
108
. 108
108
108
108
108
108
108
*1 1 1
115
115
1 15
115
115
115
115
119
119
119
119
119
120
120
120
120
126
130
130
130
ANALYSIS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
GC/MS
DETECTION L IMITS
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
.25 ng/dscm
0.5 ng/g
.25 ng/dscm
.25 ng/dscm
0,
0
0,
0.5
0.5
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
ISOMER
HCDD
H7CDD
OCDD
OCDD
OCDF
TCDF
HCDF
P5CDF
OCDF
H7CDF
TCDD
TCDD
TCDF
TCDD
PCDF
PCDF
TCDF
PCDD
TCDF
TCDD
PCDD
PCDD
PCDD
PCDF
PCDD
PCDF
PCDF
PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
TCDD
2378 TCDD
PCDD/PCDF
PCDF
TCDD
PCDD
TCDF
PCDD/PCDF
PCDF
PCDF
PCDF
A-125
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
ISOMER CONG.
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
*1 1 1
*1 1 1
*1 1 1
*111
*1 11
»111
*111
*1 11
115
115
1 15
1 15
115
115
115
1 19
119
1 19
119
119
120
120
120
120
126
130
130
130
326 ppb
1370 ppb
106 ppb
310 ppb
140 ppb
460 ppb
361 ppb
960 ppb
18 ppb
177 ppb
54 ppb
100 ppb
111 ppb
1 .6 ng/m3
•5586 ng/m3
81 .9 ng/m3
2512 ng/m3
34.3 ng/ra3
16.5 ng/m3
443 ng/m3
3,221 ng/m3
3.68 ug/m3
0.5 ng/g
7.89 ug/m3
23.0 ng/g
0.6 ng/g
46 ng/g
2.3 ng/g
ND
ND
6.3 ng/dscm
0.41 ng/dscm
ND
517.3 ng/g
20.6 ng/g
236.5 ng/g
45.7 ng/g
N/A
Detected
Detected
Detected
80 •
1 10
109
20
89
5 •
13
0.4 •
1,991 •
26.0
697 -
7.7
8.2
253
1,236
1 .3
ND
3.7
6.2
ND
22
ND
64.0
2.4
31.2
4.4
4
DATA VARIABILITY
1200 ppb
N/A
- 266 ppb
N/A
N/A
N/A
- 870 ppb
N/A
- 26 ppb
- 407 ppb
• 110 ppb
N/A
- 223 ppb
• 3.9 ng/m3
• 8,350 ng/m3
• 169.2 ng/m3
8,350 ng/m3
• 60.3 ng/m3
• 30.8 ng/m3
• 770 ng/m3
• 4,297 ng/m3
• 11.1 ug/m3
•3.3 n.g/g
• 12.5 ug/m3
• 94.2 ng/g
- 3.9 ng/g
- 105 ng/g
- 25 ng/g
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
- 2363 ng/g
- 85 ng/g
- 203.1 ng/g
- 209 ng/g
- 50 ng/m3
N/A
N/A
N/A
PRECURSORS
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
RDF
Refuse
RDF
Refuse
RDF
RDF
Refuse
Refuse
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDF
RDF
85* Coal/15* RDF
Raw MSW
Raw MSW
Raw MSW
Raw MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW
MSW/Coal
MSW/Coal
MSW/Coal
A-126
-------
MUNICIPAL WASTE COMBUSTORS
REF #
SAMPLING ORGANIZATION
*1
*1
*1
»1
*1
*1
*t
*1
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
11
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
19
19
19
19
19
20
120
120
120
126
130
130
130
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Un I v . of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of. Amsterdam
Unlv- of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Univ. of Amsterdam
Scott Env. Services
Scott Env. Services
Scott Env- Services
Scott Env- Services
Scott Env. Services
Scott Env. Services
Scott Env. Services
.Scott Env- Services
Ontario Research Found.
Ontario Research Found.
Ontario Research Found.
Ontario Research Found.
Ontario Research Found.
Ontario Research Found.
Ontario Research Found.
TRW
TRW
TRW
TRW
TRW
Texas A&M Univ. Col of Vet
Texas A&M Univ. Col of Vet
Texas A&M Univ. Col of Vet
Texas A&M Univ. Col of Vet
Dubendorf, Swlt. F.M.T. &
DOE
DOE
DOE
Med
Med
Med
Med
E. 1.
RATING
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
G
P
G
G
G
A-127
-------
APPENDIX B
DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE
-------
APPENDIX B. DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE
PROBLEM: Determine number of municipal waste combustors that should be
testecLin order to estimate the average dioxin emission rate within a
5 ng/m interval with 95 percent confidence.
Municipal Waste Combustors: Total population = 40
Site TCDD (ng/m3)
A 240
B 29.7
C 6.3
D 3.15
E 1.2
F ND
Assume: Sampling from a finite population without replacement
n = N z2 SD2
d2 (N-l) + Z2 SD2
n = sample size
N = population size = 40
Z = reliability coeff = 2 (95% confidence)
SD = standard deviation ~
d = confidence interval = 5 ng/m
Case I: (all sites listed)
= 46.7
SD - 87.0
n = 40 (2)2 (87)2 = 3g
52 40-1) + 22 (87)2
Case II; (drop sites with highest and lowest average TCDD levels)
= 10.1
SD = 11.46
n , 40 (2)2 (11.46)2 = 14
52 (40-1) + 22 (11.46)2
SOLUTION: In order to estimate average dioxin emission rate for municipal
waste combustors, 14-39 sources should be tested. Based on 95% confidence,
results would be within 5 ng/m of true mean. .
-------
APPENDIX C
CURRENT REFERENCE LIST
-------
LIST OF REFERENCES PERTAINING TO CHLORINATED DIOXIN AND FURAN AIR EMISSIONS
1. Brooks, G.W. Summary of a Literature Search to Develop Information on
Sources of Chlorinated Dioxin and Furan Air Emissions. Final Report.
Contract No. 68-02-3513. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
October 1983.
2. Expert Advisory Committee on Dioxins. Report of the Joint Health and
Welfare Canada/Environment Canada. November 1983. 57 pp.
3. Cavallaro, A. et cil_. Sampling, Occurrence, and Evaluation of PCDDs
and PCDFs from Incinerated Solid Urban Waste. Chemosphere, 9:611-621,
1980.
4. Cavallaro, A. et^ jj]_. Summary of Results of PCDDs Analyses from
Incinerator Effluents. Chemosphere _U(9):859-868, 1982.
5. Gizzi, F. et aj_. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and
Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDF) in Emissions from an Urban
Incinerator - 1. Average and Peak Values. Chemosphere, 11:577-583,
1982.
6. Janseens, J., L. Van Vaeck, P. Schepens and F. Adams. Qualitative and
Quantitative Analysis of Emissions of a Municipal Incineration
Installation. Presented at CEC Physico-Chemical Behavior of
Atmospheric Pollutants, 2nd Symposium, Vanese, Italy, September 29 -
October 1, 1981. pp. 28-38.
7. 01ie, K., J. Lustenhower and 0. Hutzinger. Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-
dioxins and Related Compounds in Incinerator Effluents. In: Pergamon
Series on Environmental Science. Volume 5, 1982. pp. 227-244.
8. Haile, C.L. ert afL Comprehensive Assessment of the Specific
Compounds Present in Combustion Processes. Volume 3: National Survey
of Organic Emissions from Coal Fired Utility Boiler Plants.
EPA-560/5-83-006, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
D.C. September, 1983.
9. Higgins, G.H. An Evaluation of Trace Organic Emissions from Refuse
Thermal Processing Facilities. EPA Contract No. 68-01-6071, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. July 1982. 150 pp.
10. Tiernan, T.O. et al. Characterization of Toxic Components in the
Effluents from a "Eefuse-Fired Incinerator. Resources and Conservation,
9:343-354, 1982.
C-l
-------
11. Haile, C. et^ aj_. Assessment of Emissions of Specific Compounds from
a Resource Recovery Municipal Refuse Incinerator. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 1983. 81 pp.
12. Karasek, F.W., R.E. Clement and A.C. Viau. Distribution of PCDOs and
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Incinerators. Journal of Chromatography, ^39_: 173-180, 1982.
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15. Weston, R.F. Results of the Silvex Test Burn DRE's. Draft Report.
September 9, 1983.
16. MRI. Performance Evaluation of Full Scale Hazardous Waste
Incinerators. Draft Final Report, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, January 1984.
17. Stretz, L.A. and J.S. Vavruska. Controlled Air Incineration of Penta-
chlorophenol-Treated Wood. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Cincinnati, Ohio, 1982. 98 pp.
18. Ackerman, D.G. et al. At-Sea Incineration of PCB Containing Wastes
Onboard the M/T VuTcanus. EPA-600/7-83-024, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1983.
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1979.
20. Castaldini, C., H.B. Mason and B. DaRos. Emissions Testing of
Industrial Boilers Cofiring Hazardous Wastes - Sites A,D,E,G.
.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1983.
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Chemical Processes. EPA-600/2-80-158, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Cincinnati Ohio, June 1980.
22. DaRos, B., W.Fitch. Merrill and D. Wolbach. Measured Multimedia
Emissions from the Wood Preserving Industry. EPA Contract
No. 68-03-2567, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, June 15, 1979.
C-2
-------
23. Rappe, C. and S. Marklund. Thermal Degradation of Pesticides and
Xerobisties: Formation of Polychlorinated Dioxins and Dibenzofurans.
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the 5th International Congress on Pesticide Chemistry. Volume 3.
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Agency, Washington, D.C., April 1981. 161 pp.
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for the Entry of Chlorinated Dioxins into the Environment. Dow
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Cement Kilns at San Juan Cement Company. EPA Contract No. 68-03-3025,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, January, 1983.
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2:693-699, 1980.
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C-3
-------
35. Moore, J.A. Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on Polychlorinated
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6.(8): 461-468, 1977.
43. Buser, H.R. Formation of Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and
Dibenzo-p-dioxins from the Pyrolysis of Chlorobenzenes. Chemosphere,
8(6):415-424, 1979.
44. Buser, H.R. ^t al. Identification of Polychlorinated Dibenzofuran
Isomers in Fly AlF and PCB Pyrolyses. Chemosphere, 7:419-429, 1978.
45. Buser, H.R., H.P. Bosshardt and C. Rappe. Formation of
Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans (PCDFs) from the Pyrolysis of PCBs.
Chemosphere, 7_(1):109-119, 1978.
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8(3):157-174, 1979.
C-4
-------
47. Rappe, C., S. Marklund, P.A. Bergquist and M. Hansson.
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Polynuclear Aromatics (DCPNAs) Formed During PCB Fires. Chemica
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48. Tiernan, M.L. £t a\_. Chlorodibenzodioxins, Chlorodibenzofurans, and
Related Compounds in the Effluents from Combustion Processes.
Chemosphere, 12:(4/5):565-606, 1983.
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the Combustion of Vegetable Wastes. Chemosphere, 12(415):661-663,
1983.
50. Esposito, M.P., T.O. Tiernan and F.E. Dryden. Dioxins: Volume 1:
Sources, Exposure, Transport, and Control. EPA-600/2-80-156, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 1980.
51. Shih, C. e^al. POM Emissions from Stationary Conventional Combustion
Processes, wTth Emphasis on Polychlorinated Compounds of
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92. Kayser, R., D. Sterling and D. Viviani. 2,3,7,8-TCDD-Intermedia
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113. Olie, K., M. Berg and 0. Hutzinger. Formation and Fate of PCDD and
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-450-4-84-014b
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
National Dioxin Study Tier 4 - Combustion Sources
Initi-al Literature Review and Testing Options
S. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Andrew J. Miles and John A. Williams
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
Post Office Box 13000
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
B53B2R
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3513
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer: William H. Lamason, II
16. ABSTRACT
The objective of Tier 4 of the National Dioxin Study is to determine if combustion
sources emit significant amounts of dioxins to the atmosphere. The literature review
was performed prior to the initiation of the Tier 4 dioxin emissions test program.
The purpose of the literature review was to summarize the existing dioxin emissions
data base for combustion sources and to develop a list of candidate source categories
for the test program.
The literature review presents a summary of the available dioxin emissions data
and discusses factors affecting dioxin emissions from combustion sources. A preliminary
ranked list of source categories recommended for the Tier 4 test program is presented,
along with an overview of the recommended testing approach.
A tabular summary of the dioxin emissions data base and a comprehensive reference
list are included as appendices.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
Air EmissionsPCDF
Combustion Sources Data Assessment
Dioxin Combustion
Furans Conditions
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodi benzo-p-dioxin
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution Emissions
Data
TCDD
TCDF
PCDD
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Chlorine Combustion
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report I
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
234-
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rcv. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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