vyEPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-450/4-85-004
May, 1985
Air
Cost of Ambient Air
Monitoring for
Criteria Pollutants
and Selected Toxic
Pollutants
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EPA-450/4-85-004
Cost of Ambient Air Monitoring for Criteria
Pollutants and Selected Toxic Pollutants
by
PEI Associates, Inc.
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
Contract No. 68-02-3898
Task Assignment No. 2
PN 3649-2
Project Officer
David Lutz
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
May, 1985
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DISCLAIMER
The development of this document has been funded by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency under contract 68-02-3898. It has been
subject to the Agency's peer and administrative review, and it has been
approved for publication as an EPA document.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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CONTENTS
Tables iv
1. Introduction 1-1
1.1 Purpose and Scope 1-1
1.2 Methodology 1-1
2. Criteria Air Pollutants 2-1
2.1 Generic Costs 2-1
2.2 Total Suspended Particulates - Hi-Vol Method 2-6
2.3 PM 2-11
2.4 Lee4 2-16
2.5 Continuous Monitoring Methods for Criteria Pollutants 2-17
2.6 Intermittent Sampling 2-24
3. Selected Toxic Pollutants 3-1
3.1 Introduction 3-1
3.2 Sample Collection 3-5
3.3 Analysis 3-20
4. Meteorological Parameters 4-1
4.1 Introduction 4-1
4.2 Basic Meteorological System 4-2
4.3 Additional Meteorological Parameters 4-10
5. Visibility Monitoring 5-1
5.1 Capital Costs 5-1
5.2 Operating Costs 5-5
5.3 Supervision and Quality Control 5-8
5.4 Summary 5-8
6. Example Application 6-1
6.1 Network Description 6-1
6.2 Method of Calculation 6-1
References R-l
iii
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TABLES
Number Page
1-1 Pollutants and Parameters Used to Develop Costs
For Monitoring Ambient Air 1-2
1-2 Assumed Labor Rates for Developing Ambient Air
Monitoring Costs 1-6
2-1 Typical Costs of Prewired and Temperature Controlled
Aluminum Shelters (Prefabricated) 2-2
2-2 Estimated Capital Costs for Processing Data from
Continuous Analyzers . 2-3
2-3 Annual Operating Costs for Data Collection and
Processing Options - Continuous Monitoring 2-5
2-4 Capital Costs for TSP Monitoring 2-7
2-5 Operating Costs for TSP Sampling 2-9
2-6 Capital Costs for PM1Q Sampling 2-12
2-7 Operating Costs for PM.g Sampling 2-13
2-8 Capital Costs for Continuous Ambient Monitoring of
Criteria Air Pollutants 2-18
2-9 Operating Costs for Continuous Ambient Monitoring
of Criteria Air Pollutants 2-22
2-10 Capital Costs for Intermittent Air Sampling Methods 2-26
2-11 Operating Costs for Intermittent Air Sampling Methods 2-27
3-1 Cross Reference Table for Collection and Analytical
Methods for Selected Toxic Air Pollutants 3-2
3-2 Assumed Labor Rates for Developing Sampling and
Analytical Costs 3-3
3-3 Capital Costs for Hi-Vol Sampling for Metals 3-6
3-4 Operating Costs for Hi-Vol Sampling for Metals 3-8
iv
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TABLES (continued)
Number Page
3-5 Capital Costs for Hi-Vol PUF Sampling for PCB's 3-10
3-6 Operating Costs for Hi-Vol PUF Sampling for
PCB's 3-11
3-7 Summary of Capital Costs for Organic Air Pollutant
Sampling 3-12
3-8 Summary of Operating Costs for Organic Air
Pollutant Sampling 3-13
3-9 Costs for Commercially Prepared Organic Sampling
Tubes 3-14
3-10 Capital Costs for Installation of One Liquid
Impinger Sampler 3-16
3-11 Summary of Operating Costs for One Liquid Impinger
Sample 3-17
3-12 Capital Costs for Cryogenic Trapping 3-18
3-13 Summary of Operating Costs for Sampling by Cryogenic
Trapping and Analysis by GC/FID or GC/ECD 3-20
3-14 Capital Costs for Analysis by GC/MS 3-21
3-15 Labor Requirements for GC/MS Analysis of Air Samples
Collected on Tenax or Carbon Molecular Sieve 3-23
3-16 Labor Requirements for GC/MS Analysis With Solvent
Desorption of Air Samples Collected on Thermo-Sorb-N 3-24
3-17 Capital Costs for GC/ECD Analysis 3-25
3-18 Labor Requirements for Analyzing Air Samples for
Polychlorinated Biphenyls 3-26
3-19 Capital Costs for HPLC/UV Analysis 3-27
3-20 Labor Requirements for Analyzing Air Samples for
Phosgene, Acetaldehyde, Acrolein, and Formaldehyde 3-28
3-21 Capital Costs for ICAP-OES Analysis 3-29
3-22 Labor Requirements for Analyzing for Metals by
ICAP-OES 3-31
v
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TABLES (continued)
Number Page
3-23 Commercial Costs of Laboratory Analysis for Selected
Air Toxic Pollutants 3-32
4-1 Capital Costs Associated with Basic Meteorological
Monitoring System 4-4
4-2 Labor Costs Associated with Instrument Acceptance
Testing for Meteorological Monitoring 4-6
4-3 Operating Costs for Meterological Monitoring 4-9
4-4 Capital Costs Associated with Additional
Meteorological Parameters 4-11
4-5 Labor Costs Associated with Additional
Meteorological Parameters 4-13
5-1 Recommended Visibility Monitoring Program 5-2
5-2 Capital Cost Estimates for Visibility Monitoring 5-4
5-3 Operating Costs for Visibility Monitoring 5-6
5-4 Summary of Annual Costs for Visibility Monitoring 5-8
6-1 Site Configuration for Hypothetical Ambient Air
Monitoring Network 6-2
6-2 Summary of Annual Costs for Sites 1 and 2 of
Example Network 6-4
6-3 Capital Costs for Example Sites 1 and 2 6-5
6-4 Operating Costs for Example Sites 1 and 2 6-7
6-5 Derivation of Ambient Air Monitoring Costs for
Additional Sites (3, 4, 5, 6) in the Example
Network 6-9
6-6 Cost Summary for Example Air Monitoring Network 6-12
6-7 Summary of Example Air Monitoring Network Support
Costs 6-13
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
In 1979, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a report
on the costs of monitoring ambient air for criteria pollutants and selected
meteorological parameters. The developed costs included capital costs and
operating and maintenance costs for monitoring pollutants individually and in
combination within a monitoring network.
The purpose of this document is to update the previous estimates for the
criteria pollutants and to develop new costs for an expanded list of pollu-
tants and parameters. Table 1-1 summarizes the pollutants and parameters for
which costs have been developed. The list includes the following categories:
0 Criteria pollutants, including lead
0 Visibility monitoring based on the proposed rule for State Imple-
mentation Plans for Visibility New Source Review and Monitoring
Strategy (40 CFR Part 52)
0 Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 mi-
crometers (PM10) as designated in Proposed Revisions to the Nation-
al Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter (40 CFR
Part 50)
0 Expanded meteorological parameters
0 Selected metals and toxic organic pollutants
1.2 METHODOLOGY
The costs have been developed by major parameter category to facilitate
the understanding and use of the data. Because agencies differ in their
monitoring requirements and network sizes, an example scenario illustrating
the application of the cost data to specific cases was developed (Section 6).
1-1
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TABLE 1-1. POLLUTANTS AND PARAMETERS USED TO DEVELOP COSTS FOR
MONITORING AMBIENT AIR
Criteria Pollutants
Total suspended particulates (TSP)
PMin—SSI and dichotomous samplers
Leia (Pb)
Sulfur dioxide (S02)—continuous and intermittent
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Ozone (03)
Nitrogen dioxide (N02)~continuous and intermittent
Meteorological Parameters
Hourly hygrothermograph data
Hourly dewpoint temperature
Hourly precipitation
Hourly surface temperature (standard height)
Hourly average wind speed and direction (10 meters and ground level)
Twice daily maximum and minimum mixing height
30-meter tower for meteorological instruments
60-meter tower for meteorological instruments
Three-dimensional wind fluctuations
Horizontal wind direction fluctuations
Vertical wind speed
Vertical wind direction fluctuations
Vertical temperature profile, 0 to 30 meters high
Vertical temperature profile, 0 to 60 meters high
Pyranometer data
Net radiation
Barometric pressure
Selected Toxic Pollutants (based on sampling and analysis method)
Tenax-GC/MS
Benzyl chloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroprene
p-DiChlorobenzene
Nitrobenzene
Perch!oroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
o-m-p-Xylene
1-2
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TABLE 1-1 (continued)
Selected Toxic Pollutants (continued)
Thermo Sorb-GC/MS
Dimethylnitrosamine
Nitrosomorphol ine
Cryogenic Trapping-GC/FID or ECD
Acrylonitrile
Ally! chloride
Benzyl chloride
Butadiene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloroprene
Ethylene dichloride
Benzene
Vinyl chloride
Methyl chloroform
Methylene chloride
Nitrobenzene
Perchloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Vinylidene chloride
o-m-p-Xylene
Hi-Vol PUF Sampling-GC/ECD
Polychlorinated biphenyls
Carbon Molecular Sieve-GC/MS
Acrylonitrile
Allyl chloride
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Ethylene dichloride
Benzene
Vinyl chloride
Methyl chloroform
Methylene chloride
Phenol
o-m-p cresol
Vinylidene chloride
1-3
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TABLE 1-1 (continued)
Selected Toxic Pollutants (continued)
Aniline Liquid Impinger-HPLC/UV
Phosgene
Hi-Vol Filter Sampling/NAA
Chromium
Arsenic
Hi-Vol Filter Sampling/ES
Arsenic
Manganese
Nickel
Beryllium
Cadmium
Dinitrophenyl Hydrazine Liquid Impinger-HPLC/UV
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Formaldehyde
No Methods—Insufficient Research
Epichlorohydrin
Ethylene oxide
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Maleic anhydride
Propylene oxide
1-4
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Capital equipment costs were developed from information supplied by
equipment manufacturers. Capital costs also include the cost of site selec-
tion, equipment installation and initial calibration, and employee training.
Annual costs are derived by dividing the capital costs by an assumed life,
usually 5 years. Operating costs are based on routine activities required
for sample collection and analysis. The cost estimates include labor,
utilities, consumable materials, rent (where applicable), and data reduction
and reporting. Analytical costs are based on both in-house analysis and
contract analysis.
Labor requirements are based on PEI field experience in implementing and
operating monitoring networks. PEI assumed four standard labor categories
that are typical for a state or local agency. The labor categories and
associated responsibilities are as follows:
0 Technician I - Operates the monitoring site, maintains the site and
instrument log(s), and reduces raw data from the analyzer(s).
0 Technician II - Performs instrument precision, span, and audit
checks; does routine and remedial instrument maintenance; makes
data computations; maintains site records; and trains site
operators.
0 Technical Supervisor - Coordinates staff work assignments, reviews
data, develops status reports for submittal to management, assists
in equipment procurement and site selection, reviews program
problems, ensures adequate training, maintains and reports quality
assurance activities, and coordinates modeling efforts.
0 Management - Reviews, analyzes, and evaluates monitoring objec-
tives; regulates budgets and procurement activities; and reviews
results to ensure that program objectives are met.
The assumed labor rates for costs developed in this report are based on
an average of rates from three Ohio and Indiana air pollution control agen-
cies. The rates represent base wages multiplied (burdened) by a factor of
two to account for benefits and agency overhead. Both the base wage rates
and the burdening factor will differ among agencies, depending on geographic
location, agency size, and training and length of service of employees.
Table 1-2 shows the labor rates used for this report.
1-5
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TABLE 1-2. ASSUMED LABOR RATES FOR DEVELOPING
AMBIENT AIR MONITORING COSTS
Labor category
Technician I
Technician II
Technical Supervisor
Management
Annual salary
range (unburdened),
$
14,400 - 18,600
17,400 - 22,800
18,500 - 24,800
21,800 - 31,700
Average hourly rate, $
Unburdened
8.00
10.00
1-1.00
13.00
Burdened
16.00
20.00
22.00
26.00
Variations in laboratory analytical costs will also depend on whether
the agency analyzes its own samples or has a conmiercial laboratory perform
the analyses. Costs for commercial laboratory services vary with both
geographic location and the sophistication of the laboratory. The commercial
rates assumed here are based on a median range of costs determined from a
limited survey of commercial laboratories.
1-6
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SECTION 2
CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS
This section presents costs for monitoring the criteria air pollutants.
Although the costs are developed individually for each parameter, economies
of scale can be realized when several pollutants are monitored at the same
site. The economies of scale are derived from both capital cost items and
operating cost items. Savings on capital costs include shelter costs, site
selection costs, and cost of data recording equipment when telemetry equipment
is used. Savings in operating costs may be derived by effecting labor savings
through the reduction in total travel and service time and by consolidating
rental and utility charges. The following subsection addresses generic costs
that may be incurred at individual sites or combined at a single site when
multiple parameters are being monitored.
2.1 GENERIC COSTS
Several categories of costs can be incurred in the monitoring of any of
the criteria pollutants. The cost per parameter monitored is significantly
less when several parameters can be combined at a single site.
2.1.1 Shelter Costs
Shelter costs constitute the major capital cost element from which
economies of scale can be realized. Except for particulate monitoring,
shelters are required for all of the criteria pollutants if continuous monitor-
ing is needed. In many cases, existing buildings are suitable for use as
shelters. When shelters must be purchased, costs will depend on the type of
shelter and the dimensions. The cost of a fabricated aluminum shelter that
is prewired and temperature-controlled with air conditioning and baseboard
heat typically ranges from about $2,600 to $11,000, depending on the size,
quality of materials, and manufacturer. Representative costs for prewired
and temperature-controlled shelters, based on prices from two manufacturers,
are illustrated in Table 2-1.
2-1
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TABLE 2-1. TYPICAL COSTS OF PREWIRED AND TEMPERATURE-CONTROLLED
ALUMINUM SHELTERS (PREFABRICATED)
Dimension, ft
(all units 8 ft high)
Width
8
8
8
8
Length
8
12
16
20
Cost, $a
Minimum
2,600
2,840
2,970
3,270
Maximum
4,960
6,140
8,740
10,980
Average
3,780
4,490
5,850
7,120
Delivery charges not included.
Additional cost items for shelters may include a bench or table,
shelving, and a chair ($155 total). If exterior security is required, an 8
ft x 8 ft chain-link fence with gate and lock will cost approximately $500
installed.
2.1.2 Data Systems
Data-recording systems for continuous monitors range from strip chart
recorders to data logger/ telemetry systems. When automatic data logging
systems are used, strip chart recorders are also necessary as hard-copy
backup for data validation and as a primary data source in the event of
malfunction of the data collection system. The use of strip charts as the
sole data source and the use of data logging systems incur different capital
costs and operating costs. The selection of a data collection alternative is
a function of budget, network size, and manpower availability for data manage-
ment.
Table 2-2 is a summary of capital costs associated with data collection
and management alternatives for continuous monitoring methods. If strip
chart recorders are used alone, then the only site costs incurred are the
costs of the recorders ($900 each). Data loggers, with strip chart backup,
may be used in batch mode with data recorded on a cassette tape. Alterna-
tively, data loggers may be used in conjunction with a telemetry system to
transmit data over telephone lines. In this case, one phone and modem unit
2-2
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TABLE 2-2. ESTIMATED CAPITAL COSTS FOR PROCESSING DATA FROM
CONTINUOUS ANALYZERS
Cost item
Cost, $
Site costs
Single-channel strip chart recorder (1 per analyzer)
16-channel data logger with cassette tape (1 per site)
Phone (1 per site if using telemetry)
Modem for phone (1 per site if using telemetry)
Network Costs
Personal computer with printer
Software
Phone (1 in central office if telemetry used)
Modem (1 in central office if telemetry used)
900
5000
200
600
4000
4000
200
600
A strip chart recorder may be used without other automation. If a
logger is used, a strip chart recorder is still required for each
instrument.
data
2-3
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are required at each monitoring site. A phone and modem are also required at
the central office, where a personal computer can be used to receive data
from each monitoring site.
Table 2-3 summarizes operating costs for data management based on manual
data reduction from strip charts and on the alternative of automated data
collection. The manual data reduction option requires a lower capital
expenditure than the automated option, but additional labor costs are
incurred for data reduction from strip charts and for data entry to a
computer system. Data validation includes recalculating 10 percent of the
strip chart hourly values. This level of validation will vary among
agencies.
2.1.3 Operating Costs
Site utility costs are estimated to be approximately $75/month (or
$900/year) for an 8 ft x 8 ft temperature-controlled shelter. If the
instruments are located in an existing public building or shelter, utility
costs generally will be lower or nonexistent. Heating and air conditioning
will account for approximately $50 to $65/month of the utility costs. The
remaining $10 to $25 covers electricity costs for operating the analyzers.
Component utility costs vary with site conditions and local utility rates.
Monthly electric costs for specific monitoring components can be calculated
by using the following algorithm:
Estimated electric
cost/month ($) = (A X 110)/1000 X 24 X 30 X $kWh
where: A = continuous Amps of the system component
110 = 110 V
1,000 = conversion, watts to kilowatts (kW)
24 = hours/day
30 = days/month
$kWh = cost ($) per kWh
Rental charges may or may not be incurred, depending on whether the site
is on public or private property. Operating supplies include strip charts or
magnetic recording media, chart pens, data forms, log books, etc.
2-4
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TABLE 2-3. ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS FOR DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING
OPTIONS - CONTINUOUS MONITORING
Cost item
Cost, $
Option 1 - Automated data collection
Cassette pickup, 1 h/week/sitea Technician I, $16/h
Data validation
5 min/parameter h/x 17 parameter h/week x $16/h,
Technician I
Supervision0
1 h/month Technician II time, $20/h
Report preparation
3 h/quarter, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
Option 2 - Manual reduction from strip charts
Strip chart pickup, 1 h/week/sitea, Technician I, $16/h
Data reduction
6 h/parameter/month, Technician I, $16/h
1 h/month Technician II, $20/h
Data validation
5 min/parameter h/x 17 parameter h/week x $16/h,
Technician I
Data entry
4 h/month/parameter, Technician I, $16/h
Report preparation
3 h/quarter, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
832
1248
240
264
832
1152
240
1248
768
264
Cost per monitoring site
Cost per analyzer
cCost per network
2-5
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Costs for remedial maintenance requirements depend on the number and
types of instruments. Labor costs are estimated individually for each crite-
rion pollutant. Because costs for replacement parts cannot be estimated
accurately, an annual allowance of 2.5 percent of the capital equipment costs
is suggested. This covers remedial maintenance of the shelter, analyzer,
recorder, calibration and audit systems, and heating and air conditioning
systems.
2.2 TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES - HI-VOL METHOD
The current primary and secondary standards for particulate matter are
based on the measurement of total suspended particulate (TSP). The reference
method for sampling TSP specifies the use of a high-volume (hi-vol) sampler.
The cost of sampling TSP by the hi-vol method is the same as the cost of
sampling lead and the noncriteria metals addressed in this report, as metals
usually are collected on 8 x 10 glass fiber filters. Any differences in
total monitoring costs among these pollutants result from the analytical
costs.
2.2.1 Capital Costs
Capital costs (summarized in Table 2-4) include the following items:
0 Site selection
0 Equipment installation
0 Hi-vol sampler
0 Associated sampling equipment
0 Analytical equipment
Site selection includes a review of background data, a preliminary field
survey of candidate sites, and verification that the site meets the monitor-
ing objectives. Site selection cost is estimated to be $560, based on 16
hours of technical supervision time and 8 hours of management time. This
includes the cost of negotiating for use of the site, which should be minimal
if the site is on public property.
The hi-vol sampler includes a blower/motor, filter holder head, pressure
transducer recorder, flow selector/elapsed time indicator, regulator timer,
sample saver, and an anodized aluminum shelter. The sample saver is not a
2-6
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TABLE 2-4. CAPITAL COSTS FOR TSP MONITORING
Cost item
Site selection
Labor
16 h of Technical Supervisor time, $22/h
8 h of Management time, $26/h
Equipment
Hi-vol sampler3
Filter holders (2 at $60 each)
Calibration kit
Audit calibration kit.
Analytical equipment:
Filter numbering device
Analytical balance
Installation and start-up
Power drop
Miscellaneous supplies
Labor:
8 h of Technician II time, $20/h
8 h of Technical Supervisor time, $22/h
Total capital cost
Cost, $
352
208
1520
120
290
290
15
4725
300
100
160
176
8256
Hi-Vol sampler with sample saver as recommended in 40 CFR 50, Appendix
B, Section 6.7, December 6, 1982.
Assumes filter equilibration area available.
2-7
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required item, but EPA recommends its use to reduce passive particulate
loading that can occur during nonsampling periods. Two filter-holding car-
tridges are recommended to facilitate changing filters in the field. The
cost of the hi-vol equipment is $1,520. The two filter holders add another
$120 to this amount.
The EPA specifies the use of a different calibration device for hi-vol
audits than that regularly used for quarterly calibrations. Thus, the cost
estimate includes the cost of two calibration kits. A calibration kit con-
sists of a calibrating orifice assembly, load plates with gaskets, a roll-up
style manometer, tubing, and a carrying case.
Equipment installation costs include labor, building materials, power
hookup, a base for instrument mounting, and hardware. Labor costs are based
on 8 hours of a Technical Supervisor's time and 8 hours of Technician II
labor. The labor requirement includes construction of the mounting base,
equipment setup, initial calibration, and operator training.
Gravimetric analysis of TSP filters requires an analytical balance with
a sensitivity equal to or greater than 0.1 mg. A filter numbering device
also should be available, unless prenumbered filters are purchased.
Gravimetric analysis also requires an appropriate filter-conditioning
environment. Relative humidity should be maintained at less than 50 percent
(±5 percent), and temperature should be between 15°C and 30°C with less than
1°C variation. For the cost estimates in this report, it is assumed that the
monitoring agency already has this capability. In the event that this is not
the case, an air conditioner to control the environment in a small room may
cost in the range of $500 to $700.
2.2.2 Operating Costs
2.2.2.1 Sampling-
Table 2-5 summarizes the routine operating costs for a hi-vol sampling
site. Variable costs include labor (including travel time) for sample recov-
ery and changing filters. The hi-vol is assumed to be within a reasonable
distance from the agency office so that sample recovery requires a total of 1
hour. A Technician I recovers the samples.
Consumable items include filters, folders and envelopes, recorder charts,
and ink. Filter folders and envelopes are not required, but their use is
2-8
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TABLE 2-5. OPERATING COSTS FOR TSP SAMPLING
Cost item
Sampling
Utilities at $7/month
Sample recovery
Labor (1 h/sample of Technician I time,
$16/h x 61 samples
100 Type A glass-fiber filters
100 filter holders/envelopes
100 recorder charts/inks
Analysis
Tare weighing, numbering, conditioning - 3 h,
Technician II, $20/h
Filter weighing - 2 h/quarter, Technician II, at $20/h
at $20/hour
Data reduction - 6 h, Technician II, $20/h
Maintenance/ repair
Routine maintenance/calibration - 32 h, Technician II,
$20/h
Remedial maintenance - 8 h, Technician II, $20/h
Supplies
4 brush sets at $6 each
4 motor cushions at $6 each
1 Neoprene gasket at $6 each
4 filter holder gaskets at $6 each
Quality assurance and supervision
Reweighing of samples, review of calibrations and audits -
12 hours, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
Certification of calibration and audit units - 4 hours,
Technician II, $20/h
Total
Annual
cost, $
84
976
60
50
20
60
160
120
640
160
24
24
6
24
264
80
2752
2-9
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considered to be good operating practice and part of a good quality assurance
program.
Utility costs are estimated to be $7/month for electricity. This cost
is based on 1984 utility rates in Cincinnati, Ohio, and the amount will vary
geographically. This estimate represents the cost of operating a single
hi-vol, as opposed to electricity costs that might be incurred for operating
a temperature-controlled shelter with multiple instruments.
2.2.2.2 Analysis-
Analytical costs are based on Technician II labor rates. Analysis
includes 3 hours at the beginning of the year to number, condition, and tare
weigh filters. Conditioning, weighing, and computation are assumed to
require 2 hours per quarter. Data reduction costs are based on 6 hours per
year of Technician II labor.
2.2.3 Maintenance and Repair
The relatively simple design of the hi-vol air sampler keeps maintenance
and repair costs at a minimum. For calculating maintenance costs, it is
assumed that preventive maintenance occurs quarterly. The routine scheduled
maintenance includes brush replacement, gasket replacement (annual), and
recalibration of the instrument following each maintenance period. One day
per quarter of Technician II time is assumed for routine scheduled maintenance
and calibration. A contingency factor of 8 hours per year for remedial
emergency maintenance is included in the total annual maintenance cost esti-
mate.
2.2.4 Supervision and Quality Assurance
Quality assurance and supervision costs include general program over-
sight audits and quality-control reviews of maintenance logs, strip charts,
and laboratory records by a Technical Supervisor. Review of laboratory
records includes recalculation of 10 percent of laboratory calculations.
Laboratory quality assurance activities include reweighing 10 percent of the
samples processed. Quality assurance for the sampling process includes an
annual audit of the hi-vol flow rate and a quarterly review of calibration
results. The cost of an annual certification of the calibration and audit
kits by a Technician II is also included. Alternatively, certifications can
be performed by an outside contractor for approximately $100/calibration kit.
2-10
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2.3 PM1Q
2.3.1 Capital Costs
Capital costs for PM.Q sampling include the same site location costs as
previously documented for TSP sampling. The major capital cost differential
between TSP sampling and PM-0 sampling is in the cost of either converting an
existing hi-vol for size-selective sampling or purchasing a new size-selec-
tive sampler. The cost differential will depend on whether a size-selective
inlet (SSI) or a dichotomous sampling head is selected. Table 2-6 shows the
capital costs of these options. As shown, the cost for retrofitting an
existing hi-vol sampler for the SSI method may be close to the cost of buying
a new complete sampler. For an SSI sampler, an aerosol inlet, flow controller,
and pressure transducer recorder are required. When a retrofit is made, a
flow controller and pressure transducer recorder do not have to be purchased
if they are already part of the existing hi-vol. A retrofit for the dichoto-
mous method requires only an aerosol inlet. The cost range for a complete
new dichotomous sampler is nearly twice that for an SSI sampler. Equipment
installation costs are the same as for TSP sampling.
Analytical equipment includes a filter numbering device and an analytical
balance. The SSI method requires an analytical balance sensitive to 0.1 mg;
the dichotomous method requires a more expensive microbalance accurate to
0.001 mg. It is assumed that the laboratory has an appropriate filter condi-
tioning system. As mentioned previously for TSP, environmental controls may
cost in the range of $500 to $700.
Note that both capital and operating costs increase for worst-case
sampling. Daily sampling would require two samplers at a site, since sam-
pling is conducted midnight-to-midnight. With that configuration, the analyt-
ical cost also doubles at each site. In addition, each monitoring network
requires one collocated sampler, operating once every sixth day, for checking
data precision.
2.3.2 Operating Costs
Operating costs for PM1Q sampling are summarized in Table 2-7.
2.3.2.1 Sampling-
Sampling requirements will vary by geographic area. The cost estimates
developed herein are based on sampling in areas with medium probability of
attaining a PM1Q National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), where sampling
2-11
-------
TABLE 2-6. CAPITAL COSTS FOR PM1Q SAMPLING
Cost item
Site selection
Labor:
16 hours Technical Supervisor, $22/h
8 hours, Management, $26/h
Equipment
Complete sampler
Retrofit equipment:
Aerosol inlet (adapts to existing hi-vol)
Flow controller .
Pressure transducer recorder
Calibration kit
Filter holders
Analytical equipment
Analytical balance
Filter numbering device
Installation and start-up
Power drop
Miscellaneous supplies
Labor:
8 h, Technician II, $20/h
8 h, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
Total d
Cost, $
SSI
352
208
3,285
1,795
590
310
380
120
4,725
15
300
100
160
176
9,821
Dichotomous
352
208
5,823
1,050
325
125
9,000
15
300
100
160
176
16,584
Applies only to retrofit of an existing hi-vol. Not included in total.
Existing hi-vol may be equipped with this item.
c SSI = Two in. x 10 in. cartridges for filter holder.
Dichotomous = thirty 37-mm-diameter ring holders.
Based on purchase of complete new sampler. Therefore, the total does not
include the cost of retrofit equipment
2-12
-------
TABLE 2-7. OPERATING COSTS FOR PM1Q SAMPLING
Cost item
Sampling
Sample recovery:
Labor - 1 h of Technician I time/sample
($16/h x 183 samples yr)
200 recorder charts/inks
230 quartz fiber filters at $60/50 filters
200 filter folders/envelopes
500 ringed Teflon membrane filters
at $210/100 filters
500 petri dishes for Teflon filters
. Utilities
Analysis (based on 183 samples/yr)
Initial filter inspection, tare weighing
SSI - 7 h, Technician II, $20/h
Dichotomous - 12 h, Technician II, $20/h
Filter conditioning, gross weight, computations:
SSI, 2 h/mo, Technician II, $20/h
Dichotomous, 3 h/mo, Technician I, $20/h
Data reduction
SSI - 6 h, Technician II, $20/h
Dichotomous, 12 h, Technician II, $20/h
Maintenance/ re pair
Routine maintenance and parts replacement
(including recalibration)
8 h/quarter, Technician II, $20/h
4 brush sets at $6 each
4 motor cushions at $6 each
1 neoprene gasket
8 filter holder gaskets at $6 each
2 filter elements for vacuum pump
1 diaphragm kit for vacuum pump
8 oz vacuum grease
Miscellaneous "0" rings
Annual cost, $
SSI
2944
30
300
100
NA
NA
84
140
480
120
640
24
24
6
48
Dichotomous
2944
NA
NA
NA
1,050
100
84
240
720
240
640
NA
NA
NA
NA
20
30
6
25
(continued)
2-13
-------
TABLE 2-7 (continued)
Cost item
Maintenance/repair (continued)
Contingency for emergency maintenance
8 h, Technician II, $20/h, for emergency
maintenance and recalibration
8 h, Technical Supervisor, $22/h for
supervision and troubleshooting
Quality assurance and supervision
SSI:
14 h, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
12 h, Technician II, $20/h
Certification of calibration kit
Data reporting - 12h, Technical Supervisor,
$22/h
Dichotomous:
16 h, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
24 h, Technician II, $20/h
Certification of calibration kit
Data reporting - 12 h, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
Annual cost ($)
SSI
160
176
308
240
100
264
Dichotomous
160
176
352
480
100
264
2-14
-------
2
would be required every other day. A medium-probability area is one with a
20 to 95 percent probability of nonattainment of a PM.Q NAAQS.
Sample recovery time is based on 1 hour of Technician I time per sampling
period, including travel time. The cost of materials differs between the SSI
method and the dichotomous method, primarily because the dichotomous method
requires 366 filters/year and the SSI method requires 183 filters. Also, the
dichotomous filters are more expensive than the SSI quartz fiber filters.
Utility costs are estimated to be $7/month, the same as for TSP monitoring.
2.3.2.2 Analysis-
Analytical costs include initial filter inspection, conditioning, number-
ing, and tare weighing by a Technician II. Exposed filter conditioning,
gross weighing, and computations are based on 2 hours/month for the SSI
method and 3 hours/month for the dichotomous method.
2.3.3 Maintenance
Quarterly maintenance requires nominal replacement components, but it is
labor-intensive. The requirements of the SSI method are the same as for TSP
monitoring. As shown in Table 2-7 the maintenance costs for the dichotomous
method are similar to the SSI costs, but different components are involved.
Typical quarterly preventive maintenance conducted by a Technician II
includes:
0 Routine parts replacement
0 Sampler flow audit
0 Recalibration
A contingency factor has been added to cover unscheduled emergency mainten-
ance. A technical supervisor assists with supervision and troubleshooting.
2.3.4 Quality Assurance and Supervision
Quality assurance includes checking computations and independently
reweighing 10 percent of the unexposed filters and the exposed filters. The
dichotomous method requires twice as much time for these activities as the
SSI method because twice as many filters are used.
Additional quality assurance includes checking the results of the quar-
terly sampler calibrations. The sampler calibration and audit kits also must
be recertified in the same manner as for TSP monitoring.
2-15
-------
Routine data reporting is included in the supervision cost. All of the
labor requirements for quality assurance are at the technical supervisor
level.
2.4 LEAD
2.4.1 Capital Costs
The capital costs for site selection, installation, and sampling equip-
ment for lead sampling are the same as for TSP sampling. Lead analysis
requires an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, at a cost ranging from
$11,000 to $26,000. Alternatively lead samples could be analyzed using the
inductively coupled argon plasma (ICAP) method. This method would not be
justified for analyzing lead only.
2.4.2 Operating Costs
2.4.2.1 Sampling—
The sampling cost is the same as for TSP sampling. High purity, low
chemical-background glass fiber filters are required. These are more expen-
sive than normal hi-vol filters. If TSP is already being sampled at a site
selected for lead sampling, the only incremental costs incurred would be the
additional filter cost.
2.4.2.2 Analysis-
Analytical costs are significantly higher than for TSP sampling. Labor
requirements include the following Technician II hours, based on five samples
per month.
0 Filter cutting and preparation 0.5 hours
0 Filter digestion 2.0 hours
0 Calibration standards preparation 0.5 hours
0 AA calibration check 0.25 hours
0 Analysis and calculations 1.0 hours
0 Quality control checks 2.0 hours
Total 6.25 hours
(75 hours/yr Technician II)
The estimated annual cost for analyzing lead from a single site is $1500,
based on Technician II labor. Contract analysis for lead samples is esti-
mated to be about $15/sample. In-house analysis will be justified only if
other applications require the purchase of an atomic absorption spectrometer
or if the agency already has a unit.
2-16
-------
2.4.3 Maintenance
Maintenance of sampling equipment is the same as for TSP sampling.
2.4.4 Quality Assurance and Supervision
Quality assurance for the sampling components is the same as for TSP
sampling. Quality assurance for the analytical procedures is included in the
previous list.
2.5 CONTINUOUS MONITORING METHODS FOR CRITERIA POLLUTANTS
2.5.1 Capital Costs
Table 2-8 summarizes the capital costs for continuous monitoring of
sulfur dioxide (S02), nitrogen dioxide (NO^), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone
(03). The time required for site selection is assumed to be the same for
each of these pollutants. This assumes that data are already available to
indicate pollutant distribution sufficient for determining general areas
suitable for monitoring. If this is not the case for a particular pollutant,
the site location cost could be significantly higher if dispersion modeling
or short-term monitoring is necessary.
Note that the capital costs include the cost of continuous analyzers.
Therefore, no capital costs are incurred for laboratory equipment. The
analyzer costs shown are 1984 costs. These costs are generally lower than
the 1978 costs shown in the previous report because the analyzer industry
has been restructured during the past few years and the market has become
generally more competitive. Depending on budget constraints, an agency could
inventory a spare analyzer for each pollutant to cover periods when it may be
necessary to take a malfunctioning instrument out of service. A more common
practice is to keep one or more analyzers as backups when old analyzers are
replaced by new ones in the field.
The major differences in capital costs among these pollutant monitoring
methods are attributed to the costs of analyzers and calibration equipment.
The S0? analyzers use either the flame photometric method or the fluorescence
method of detection. All but one brand of S0« analyzer currently on the
market use the fluorescence method. Therefore, the items listed in Table 2-8
do not reflect the cost of hydrogen and support equipment necessary for flame
2-17
-------
TABLE 2-8. CAPITAL COSTS FOR CONTINUOUS AMBIENT MONITORING
OF CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS
Cost item
Cost, $
Site selection
24 hours, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
8 hours, Management, $26/h
Equipment installation3
Procurement:
8 hours, Techical Supervisor, $22/h
8 hours, Management, $26/h
Analyzer installation and checkout:
12 hours, Technician I, $16/h
12 hours, Technician II, $20/h
Power drop
Equipment
Shelter6
Sampling equipment0
S02 analyzer
NO analyzer
COX
Calibration systems
1) S02:
Permeation system
Zero air system
Bubble flow kit
2) Dynamic dilution system
Zero air system
Bubble flow kit
Stainless steel regulator
528
208
176
208
192
240
300
2,600
8,010
7,860
7,225
5,015
4,378
370
775
6,998
370
775
365
(continued)
2-18
-------
TABLE 2-8 (continued)
Cost item
Cost, $
Calibration systems (continued)
1)
2)
Permeation system0
Dynamic dilution system0
Zero air system
Bubble flow kit
Stainless steel regulator
CO
2 brass regulators
Zero air system
°
$150 each
Dynamic dilution system0
Zero air system
Audit calibration systems
Data collection equipment6
Strip chart recorder
Data logger (optional) with cassette tape
4,338
8,250
370
775
365
300
1,320
7,513
370
900
5,000
Assume costs to be the same for each pollutant.
See Section 2.1 for range of shelter costs.
0 Represents average for a range of costs.
See calibration system costs. Audit calibration systems are the same as
normal calibration systems but must be separate systems. Alternatively, use
$200/audit for contract audits.
eThe use of a data logger is optional. If a data logger is used, strip chart
backup is necessary.
2-19
-------
photometers. A flame photometer, however, would require approximately 15
hydrogen cylinders per year at approximately $40 each, with one brass regu-
lator ($150) and $15 for the supply line and fittings. Regulators and supply
lines are capital costs, whereas the 15 gas cylinders represent an annual
operating cost.
Available ML analyzers all use chemiluminescent detectors. Available
CO analyzers use either gas filter correlation or nondispersive infrared
detectors. Table 2-8 reflects the cost range for either detector. Ozone
analyzers use either chemiluminescent or ultraviolet photometric detectors.
Table 2-8 assumes that a LIV detector is used. Therefore, the costs do not
reflect the cost of ethylene and support equipment required for chemilumi-
nescence. This method would require two cylinders of ethylene annually at
approximately $75 each, one regulator at $150, and a supply line and fittings
at $15. The cost of ethylene tanks is an operating cost, not a capital cost.
Sampling interface costs include Teflon tubing sheathed in electrical
conduit, with a metal inlet shield and fitting. This represents a single
analyzer installation. When multiple pollutants are monitored at a single
site, a glass manifold with a blower is required.
The costs of calibration systems vary, depending on the parameter and on
the system to be calibrated. For S02 and N02 analyzers, either a dynamic
dilution system or a permeation system may be used, and the costs of those
two systems vary significantly. Further, costs can vary significantly among
dynamic dilution systems. The costs of S02 and N02 dilution systems differ
because N02 calibration entails gas-phase titration, which requires an ozone
generator. When multiple parameters are being monitored, a dilution system
suitable for N02 can also be used for S02. On the other hand, if N02 is
added to a monitoring system that previously monitored SO** the S02 dilution
system would not be suitable for N02 calibration.
Separate gas cylinders at differing concentrations or a dilution system
can be used to calibrate CO. The costs shown in the capital cost table
represent the gas cylinder system. The cost of standard gases is covered as
a consumable operating cost in the following subsection. The zero air system
for CO calibration is listed as a significantly higher cost than zero air
systems for S02 and N02 calibration because a converter is required to con-
vert C02 to CO.
2-20
-------
Audit calibration systems fall within the same cost range as the regular
calibration systems, because they require the same equipment configurations
but a system separate from the one used for routine calibrations. As an
alternative, contractor audits can be procured for approximately $200 each.
2.5.2 Operating Costs
Table 2-9 summarizes the operating costs for the continuous monitoring
methods.
2.5.2.1 Sampling and Analysis--
Because monitoring methods are continuous, field operations account for
both sampling and analysis costs. These costs are the same for each of the
continuous methods. The cost of utilities is approximately $900/year per
shelter (as described in Section 1). The utility cost is primarily for
heating and air conditioning and will not vary significantly with the number
of analyzers.
Operating supplies include strip charts or magnetic media, chart pens,
inks, data forms, and log books. The cost of chart paper is comparable to
the cost of magnetic recording media. Twenty-six rolls of chart paper would
be required per year for a chart speed of 2 inches per hour. Total chart
media cost is $300/year. Other consumable items would run about $120/year.
Routine site operation includes the following labor requirements:
0 Technician I - Three 1-hour visits/week to check site, recover
data, and maintain the site log. Assume 2 parameters require the
same time. Add 1 hour for each additional parameter.
0 Technician II - Two 4-hour visits/month for precision and span
checks. Assume this covers two parameters. Add 1 hour for each
additional parameter.
0 Technical supervisor - Assume 2 hours/month for scheduling and
supervision. Assume this does not vary with the number of
parameters at a site.
0 Management - Assume 3 hours per year for overall coordination and
administration.
The assumptions applied to specific networks may differ from those applied
here, depending on network size and configuration, related travel time, and
individual site conditions.
2-21
-------
TABLE 2-9. OPERATING COSTS FOR CONTINUOUS AMBIENT MONITORING
OF CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS
Cost item
Annual
cost, $
Sampling
Utilities at $75/month
Routine site visits - 156 hours, Technician I,
$16/h (3 site visits/wk X 1 h/visit)
Precision/span checks - 96 hours, Technician II,
$20/h (two 4-hour visits/month)
Data reduction
Manual:
6 hours/month, Technician I, $16/h
1 hour/month, Technician II, $20/h
1 h/week to pick up strip charts, Technician I,
$16/h
4 h/month/parameter data entry, Technician I,
$16/h
Automated:
0.25 hour/month, Technician II, $20/h
1 h/week to pick up strip charts, Technician I,
$16/h
Maintenance/Repair
Routine maintenance
16 hours, Technician II, $20/h
8 hours, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
Remedial maintenance
8 hours, Technician II, $20/h
Calibration
4 hours/quarter, Technician II, $20/h
Calibration gases or premeation tubes:
SO,
2 span-level permeation tubes at $200 each
oir 2 high-level gas cylinders at $260 each
NO.
2 span-level permeation tubes at $200 each
£r 2 high-level gas cylinders at $260 each
CO
"2 span-level cylinders at $260 each
2 precision-level cylinders at $260 each
2 mid-level cylinders at $260 each
900
2,496
1,920
1,152
240
832
768
60
832
320
176
160
320
400
520
400
520
520
520
520
(continued)
2-22
-------
TABLE 2-9 (continued)
Cost item
Annual
cost, $
Maintenance Repair (cont'd)
Oa
No gases required
Expendable components (per analyzer)
Quality Assurance/Supervision
Data validation
5 min/parameter h x 17 parameter h/week x
$16/h Technician I time
Data assessment and reporting
3 hours/quarter, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
Routine calibration:
1 hour/quarter, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
Audits
4 hours, Technician I, at $16/h
4 hours, Technician II, $20/h
1 hour, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
Audit gases/permeation tubes
S02
NO,
CO
1 permeation tube at $200
£r 1 gas cylinder at $260
1 permeation tube at $200
or 2 gas cylinder at $260
3 gas cylinders at $260 each
No audit gases required
400
1248
264
64
80
22
200
260
200
260
780
aAssumes two analyzers are routinely serviced.
Assumes two analyzers. Add 1 hour per session for each additional param-
eter.
GMajority of utility cost is for heating and electricity. Therefore, utility
cost is assumed to be independent of the number of analyzers at the shelter.
2-23
-------
Data reduction costs vary depending on whether a strip chart recorder or
a telemetry system is used. Sites where data logging or telemetry systems
are used require no manual data reduction.
2.5.2.2 Maintenance and Repair--
Routine maintenance is assumed to coincide with quarterly calibrations
to minimize instrument downtime. Four hours per quarter of Technician II
time is required for routine maintenance. Routine maintenance activities
include replacement of internal filters and scrubbers, replacement of pump
diaphragms as needed, cleaning fans, and testing internal check points.
Replacement costs for components are estimated to be $150 per year. Two
hours per quarter of Technical Supervisor time is included as a contingency
for technical assistance as necessary. Remedial maintenance is estimated to
be 8 hours per year of Technician II time. These maintenance estimates apply
to each instrument.
2.5.2.3 Quality Assurance and Supervision-
Quality assurance includes routine audits of each analyzer. Each ana-
lyzer is calibrated quarterly by a Technician II and an assumed time of 4
hours per quarter per analyzer. One hour of Technical Supervisor time also
is assumed per instrument calibration.
Each instrument is audited annually and each audit requires the follow-
ing labor:
0 Technician 1-4 hours
0 Technician II - 4 hours
0 Technical Supervisor - 1 hour
Quality assurance also includes 3 hours per quarter of Technical Super-
visor time for reviewing and reporting data.
2.6 INTERMITTENT SAMPLING
Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide may be sampled intermittently,
usually for 24-hour intervals, by using self-contained bubbler units. Costs
for monitoring by this method are less than for continuous monitoring, but
data application is limited.
2-24
-------
2.6.1 Capital Costs
The capital costs for SOp and NOp monitoring with bubbler units are the
same. Table 2-10 summarizes the capital costs. A sampling shelter is not
required, as the sampler is a weatherproof, temperature-controlled unit.
2.6.2 Operating Costs
2.6.2.1 Sampling-
Table 2-11 summarizes the operating costs for intermittent sampling.
The costs for SCL and NCL are the same except the cost for S02 expendable
supplies is several times higher than for N02. This differential is
primarily due to reagent cost.
2.6.2.2 Analysis-
Calibrations are made in the laboratory during the analytical procedure,
as opposed to calibration of a continuous analyzer in the field. Labor
requirements are based on sampling every 6 days. The 6-hour-per-month esti-
mate for sample analysis is derived as follows (assuming Technician II labor):
0 Reagent preparation 1.5 hours
0 Standard preparation for calibration
and audit 1.0 hours
0 Sample analysis 2.0 hours
0 Laboratory calculations 1.5 hours
6.0 hours
Data reporting is estimated to require 0.5 hour per month of Technician II
time.
2.6.2.3 Maintenance/Repair—
Scheduled maintenance and repair requires 16 hours per year of Techni-
cian II time and 4 hours per year of Technical Supervisor time. A contin-
gency cost for remedial emergency repair includes 8 hours of Technician II
labor. Expendable component cost, including replacement tubing, etc. is
estimated to be $100 per year.
2.6.2.4 Quality Assurance/Supervision--
Quality assurance includes 2 hours each month for a Technical Supervisor
time to schedule activities and to review data and laboratory quality assur-
ance records.
2-25
-------
TABLE 2-10. CAPITAL COSTS FOR INTERMITTENT AIR SAMPLING METHODS
Capital item
Site selection
Equipment installation
Shelter
Sampling equipment
Sampler
Sampling interface
Bubble tube calibration kit
Data acquisition equipment
Analytical equipment
Spectrophotometer
Total
Cost, $
560
680
N/Aa
1375
100
775
N/A
4000
7490
N/A = not applicable.
2-26
-------
TABLE 2-11. OPERATING COSTS FOR INTERMITTENT AIR SAMPLING METHODS
Cost Item
Annual
cost, $
Sampling
Utilities at $7/month
Sample recovery
1 hour/sample, 61 samples/yr (Technician I, $16/h)
Reagents and supplies
S02
N02
Analysis
Reagent preparation - 1.5 hours/month,
Technician II, $20/h
Standard preparation - 1 hour/month,
Technician II, $20/h
Sample analysis - 2 hours/month,
Technician II, $20/h
Laboratory calculations - 1.5 hours/month,
Technician II, $20/h
Data reporting - 0.5 hour/month,
Technician II, $20/h
Maintenance/repair
Scheduled:
16 hours, Technician II, $20/h
4 hours, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
Remedial:
8 hours, Technician II, $20/h
Expendable components
Quality assurance/supervision
24 hours Technical Supervisor, $22/h
84
976
1,000
150
360
240
480
360
120
320
88
160
100
528
2-27
-------
SECTION 3
SELECTED TOXIC POLLUTANTS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This section deals with costs incurred in the collection and analysis of
35 priority toxic air pollutants listed by the EPA's Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards. For costing purposes, specific pollutants are grouped
according to the method and collection media used in sample collection.
Analytical costs also are specified according to recommended analysis method.
Fifteen of the priority pollutants have more than one sampling or analysis
method. Table 3-1 provides an easy cross-reference of subsections that deal
with sampling cost and analytical cost for each of the 35 selected pollut-
ants.
Individual pollutants are listed alphabetically in the left column of
Table 3-1. Recommended sampling methods and collection media are listed
first, and then the analytical methods. The number of the subsection cover-
ing costs for the recommended sampling or analytical procedures is included
in each column heading. Thus, each pollutant can be cross-referenced across
the page to locate report subsections where sampling and analysis costs are
found.
Costs are grouped into four cost categories: capital, operating, main-
tenance, and supervision/quality assurance. Equipment estimates are based on
vendor data, and labor estimates are based on unit operation requirements
where applicable.
Capital costs include the following:
0 Site location
0 Equipment purchase, including shelters (where applicable)
0 Installation of equipment
Capital costs are costs that are incurred one time. These costs have been
amortized over 5 years to derive an annualized cost, which can then be used
3-1
-------
TABLE 3-1. CROSS REFERENCE TABLE FOR COLLECTION AND ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR
SELECTED TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS
Pollutant
Acetaldehyde
Acroleln
Acrylonltrlle
Ally! Chloride
Arsenic
Benzene
Benzyl Chloride
Beryllium
Butadiene
Cadmium
Carbon tetrachlorlde
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
CMcroprene
Chromium
Dime thy Inltrosaralne
Ethylene Okhlorlde
Formaldehyde
Manganese
Methyl Chloroform
Methyl Chloride
Nickel
Nitrobenzene
Nitrosomorpholine
o-m-p Cresol
o-m-p-Xylene
p-Dichlorobenzene
Perchloroethylene
Phenol
Phosgene
Polychlorlnated Blphenyls
Toluene
Trlchloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
vinyl idene Chloride
Sampling method and collection medium
Hi Vol sampler
Filter
3.2.1
*
*
*
*
*
*
Puf
3.2.2
*
Sorbent tube
Tenax
3.2.3
*
*
*
4
4
*
*
1
*
*
Thermo
sorb
3.2.3
*
*
Carbon
molecular
sieve
3.2.3
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Liquid Implnger
Aniline
3.2.4
f
*
Dtnitrophenyl
hydrazine
3.2.4
*
*
*
Cryogenic*
trapping
GC/FID
GC/ECD
3.2.5
**
**
**
44
*
**
44
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
**
44
Analytical method
GC/NS
3.3.1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
4
A
*
*
4
4
*
4
*
A
GC/ECO
3.3.2
*
HPLC/UV
3.3.3
*
*
*
*
1CAP
3.3.4
*
*
*
*
NAA
3.3.5
*
*
*
CO
I
ro
"Indicates cryogenic trapping with GC/FID or GC/ECD is an additional alternative.
-------
to derive unit costs per sample. Capital costs can vary significantly,
depending on whether other pollutants are already being monitored at a select-
ed site.
The vendor-supplied equipment costs can vary significantly with the
manufacturer and the available equipment options. The cost sections outline
specific costs and explain the assumptions on which they are based. Labor
rates for developing sampling and analytical costs, which are the same as
those used in Section 2, are summarized in Table 3-2.
TABLE 3-2. ASSUMED LABOR RATES FOR DEVELOPING SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL COSTS
Labor category
Technician I
Technician II
Technical Supervisor or Chemist
Management
Annual
salary range
(unburdened), $
14,400 - 18,600
17,400 - 22,800
18,500 - 24,800
21,800 - 31,700
Average hourly rate, $
Unburdened
8.00
10.00
11.00
13.00
Burdened
16.00
20.00
22.00
26.00
For application to cost calculations, each rate was multiplied by a
factor of 2.0 to reflect overhead, benefits, administrative support, etc.
These "burdened" rates were then applied to the number of hours required for
a specific function. It is reasonable to assume that agency labor mixes,
base rates, and burdening factors may differ from the ones used here.
Placement of sampling equipment depends on physical obstructions and
activities in the immediate area, accessibility, availability of utilities,
security, cost of rental or lease property, correlation with the purpose of
monitoring, and sampling instrumentation configuration. Although siting
guidelines were not developed for the pollutants of concern in this report,
it is reasonable to assume that procedures such as data review, area surveys,
etc. will require at least the same effort as required for the criteria pol-
lutants. Therefore, data from the previous costing for monitoring criteria
pollutants (Section 2.0) have been adopted here as a base.
Costs for sampler location include labor involved in site selection and
negotiating site procurement. For the costs in this report, the site used is
assumed to be on public property. A total of 24 labor hours (16 hours of
Technical Supervisor time and 8 hours of Management time) is assumed for
3-3
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evaluating background data and site inspection for toxic metals monitoring.
This is assumed to double for the monitoring of organic pollutants because
less background information is likely to be available for use in decision-
making.
The equipment category includes the initial 1984 purchase price of the
sampling device and manifolds, shelters, support equipment, and calibrators.
Costs were derived from vendor literature or from direct contact with the
vendors.
Monitoring and analytical equipment can be purchased with a wide variety
of options for flow control, sample conditioning, etc. Whether these options
are applied depends on the agency's judgement with regard to field conditions,
required sampling and analysis precision, etc. The costs presented in this
report represent base costs, which can increase significantly, depending on
options the agency chooses.
Installation costs include electrical hookups, placement of samplers and
probes, and equipment calibration. In some instances (for example, where TSP
monitoring is already being conducted and monitoring is to be conducted for
selected metals), no installation costs would be incurred. Where installation
and calibration of monitoring equipment is required, 8 hours of Technician II
time and 8 hours of Technical Supervisor time for installation and initial
calibration are assumed as a reasonable average.
Other costs incurred prior to the operation of the monitoring network
that do not qualify as location, equipment, or installation costs, are cate-
gorized as "other" costs. If persons must be hired or trained to operate the
network, for example, such costs are considered part of the capital cost of
the system. Other examples are increases in agency equipment, including
laboratory equipment; a storage area for collected data; increased vehicle
requirements to service monitors; and a spare parts inventory.
Many (perhaps all) of these costs may be treated as agency overhead,
with the labor costs supplied as burdened rates and the vehicle usage as
total cost per mile. In this case, the costs would not be added into capital
costs. The use of agency labor at burdened rates is the preferred method of
cost calculation. For the pollutants addressed in this report, the "other
cost" category is not used. Users should be aware, however, that the cate-
gory may need to be considered when making actual cost projections for specific
programs.
3-4
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Maintenance and repair costs for sampling include replacement parts and
labor required for maintaining the sampler. Maintenance and repair, which
may take between 32 and 100 hours per year, can be performed by a Technician
II. The average maintenance times for the different sampling stations reflect
the best estimate of the basic requirements for implementing good operating
practices. Variations from the averages may be made if information more
specific to the region is available. Maintenance cost for analysis, which
has been presented as percent downtime of the instrument, is considered in
estimating the total number of samples that can be analyzed annually.
Quality assurance costs include the cost of supervising site operation
and reducing, reviewing, validating, and reporting data. General quality
assurance parameters have been developed for the criteria pollutants; however,
EPA has not specified the requirements for the pollutants in this section.
Assumptions for quality assurance in monitoring these pollutants, however,
can reasonably be expected to follow the general requirements for the
criteria pollutants. Although this is a reasonable assumption, the cost for
audit materials and calibration standards for organic compounds is signifi-
cantly higher than for criteria pollutants.
The EPA has not officially adopted the sampling and analysis methods
that are addressed here for the toxic pollutants. Consequently, the costs
developed here represent best estimates. These costs would be expected to
change as monitoring and analysis of these pollutants become more common and
the data base can be confirmed through experience gained with the methods.
The EPA has examined several alternative sampling strategies for the
toxic pollutants. This report assumes that one sample is collected every 6
days. An alternative strategy is to collect two samples every 12 days (one
12-hour sample during the day and one 12 hour sample at night). Both strate-
gies will incur similar costs because they each involve the same number of
samples and site visits.
3.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION
3.2.1 Hi-Vol Sampling (Filters) for Metals
Metals are typically sampled with hi-vol samplers. Sampling costs are
the same for arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, manganese, and nickel.
One or all of these can be sampled on a single hi-vol filter. When TSP is
3-5
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already being sampled and the site is suitable for the pollutant(s) in ques-
tion, the existing sampler can be used. In these cases, the only modifi-
cation necessary would be the use of high-purity filters with low trace
metals background (e.g., Type A/E as opposed to Type A glass fiber filters).
3.2.1.1 Capital Costs-
Table 3-3 summarizes the capital costs incurred in the installation of
one hi-vol station to collect metals. Site selection includes a review of
background data, a preliminary field survey of candidate sites, and verifica-
tion that the site meets the monitoring objectives. The estimated cost of
site selection ($560) is based on 16 hours of Technical Supervisor time and 8
hours of Management time. This includes negotiation for the use of the site,
which should be minimal if the site is on public property.
TABLE 3-3. CAPITAL COSTS FOR HI-VOL SAMPLING FOR METALS
Capital item
Site selection
Equipment installation
Sampling equipment
Hi-Vol sampler0
Filter holders (2 at $60 each)
Calibration kit
Audit calibration kit
Total
Cost, $
560
736
1520
120
290
290
3,516
a Includes $100 for miscellaneous items, $300 for power drop, and $336 for
labor.
Hi-vol sampler with a sample saver is recommended in 40 CFR 50, Appendix B,
Section 6.7, December 6, 1982.
The hi-vol sampler includes a blower/motor, filter holder head, pressure
transducer recorder, flow selector/elapsed-time indicator, regulator timer,
sample saver, and an anodized aluminum shelter. The sample saver is not
required, but the EPA recommends its use to reduce passive particulate loading
that can occur during nonsampling periods. Two filter-holding cartridges are
recommended to facilitate changing filters in the field. The cost of the
hi-vol equipment configuration is $1520. The two filter holders add another
$120.
3-6
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The EPA specifies that a different calibration device be used for quarter-
ly hi-vol audits than the one regularly used for quarterly calibrations.
Therefore, the cost estimate includes the cost of two calibration kits. A
calibration kit consists of a calibrating orifice assembly, load plates with
gaskets, a roll-up style manometer, tubing, and a carrying case.
Equipment installation costs include labor, building materials, power
hookup, a base for instrument mounting, and hardware. Labor costs are based
on 8 hours of Technical Supervisor time and 8 hours of Technician II labor.
The labor requirement includes construction of the mounting base, equipment
setup, initial calibration, and operator training.
3.2.1.2 Operating Costs-
Table 3-4 summarizes the routine operating costs for a hi-vol sampling
site for metals. Variable costs include labor (and travel time) for sample
recovery and changing filters. It is assumed that the hi-vol is within a
reasonable distance from the agency office and that a total of 1 hour of
Technician I time is required for sample recovery.
Consumable items include filters, folders and envelopes, recorder charts,
and ink. Filter folders and envelopes are not required, but their use is
considered to be good operating practice and part of a good quality assurance
program.
Utility costs are estimated to be $7/month for electricity. This is
based on 1984 utility rates in Cincinnati, Ohio, and will vary geographi-
cally.
3.2.1.3 Maintenance and Repair--
The relatively simple design of the hi-vol air sampler keeps maintenance
and repair costs at a minimum. For calculating maintenance costs, preventive
maintenance is assumed to be performed quarterly. Routine scheduled mainte-
nance includes brush replacement, gasket replacement (annual), and recali-
bration of the instrument following each maintenance period. One day per
quarter of Technician II time is assumed for routine scheduled maintenance
and calibration. A contingency factor of 8 hours per year for remedial
emergency maintenance is also included in the total annual maintenance cost
estimate. Total annual maintenance cost is calculated as follows:
3-7
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TABLE 3-4. OPERATING COSTS FOR HI-VOL SAMPLING FOR METALS
Cost item
Sampling
Utilities at $7/month
Sample recovery - 1 hour/sample, 61 samples
(Technician I, $16/hour)
100 Type A glass fiber filters
100 filter holders/envelopes
100 recorder charts/inks
Maintenance/ repair
Routine maintenance/calibration - 32 hours,
Technician II, $20/hour
4 brush sets at $6 each
4 motor cushions at $6 each
1 neoprene gasket
4 filter holder gaskets at $6 each
Remedial maintenance - 8 hours, Technician II,
$20/hour
Supervision and quality assurance
12 hours for supervision and reviewing calibration
and audits (Technical Supervisor, $22/hour)
Certification of calibration and audit equipment -
4 hours, Technician II, $20/hour
Total
Annual cost, $
84
976
60
50
20
640
24
24
6
24
160
264
80
2412
3-8
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0 32 hours of Technician II time for routine
maintenance and calibration at $20/hour $640
0 4 brush sets at $6 each 24
0 4 motor cushions at $6 each 24
0 1 Neoprene gasket 6
0 4 filter holder gaskets at $6 each 24
0 8 hours of Technician II time at $20/hour for
remedial maintenance 160
Total annual maintenance cost $878
3.2.1.4 Supervision and Quality Assurance--
Quality assurance and supervision costs include general program over-
sight audits and quality-control reviews of maintenance logs and records.
Quality assurance for the sampling process includes an annual audit of the
hi-vol flow rate and quarterly review of calibration results. The cost also
includes an annual certification of the calibration and audit kits. Alterna-
tively, certifications can be performed by an outside contractor for approxi-
mately $100/calibration kit.
3.2.2 Hi-Vol Sampling (PUF) for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB's)
3.2.2.1 Capital Costs-
Table 3-5 summarizes the capital cost for a hi-vol polyurethane foam
(PUF) sampler. The cost of site selection for PCB monitoring may be more
complex than that for metals. The identification and location of sources and
the determination of pollutant distributions and concentrations can reasonably
be expected to be more complex than for metals. In the absence of extensive
data bases that provide background data, some limited short-term sampling to
characterize ambient levels for candidate sites. The estimated site selection
cost ($1,120) is based on 32 hours of Technical Supervisor time and 16 hours
of Management time. This includes negotiation for the use of the site, which
should be minimal if the site is on public property.
Equipment costs include a modified high-volume sampler with a flow con-
troller, a 7-day timer, aluminum housing, and two glass PUF holders. Two
glass PUF holders are assumed for ease of changing filters in the field.
Calibration equipment includes a calibrating orifice assembly. A second
calibrating orifice also is required for auditing.
3-9
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TABLE 3-5. CAPITAL COSTS FOR HI-VOL PUF SAMPLING FOR PCB'S
Capital item
Site selection
Equipment installation3
Sampling equipment
Hi-Vol (PUF) sampler
Modified glass PUF holders (2 @ $62 each)
Calibration kit
Audit calibration kit
Total
Cost, $
1120
736
1650
124
340
340
4310
a Includes $100 for miscellaneous items, $300 for power
drop, and $336 for labor.
The EPA specifies that a different calibration device be used for annual
hi-vol audits than the one regularly used for quarterly calibrations. There-
fore, the cost estimate includes the cost of two calibration kits. A calibra-
tion kit consists of a calibrating orifice assembly, load plates with gaskets,
a roll-up style manometer, tubing, and a carrying case.
Equipment installation costs include labor, building materials, power
hookup, a base for instrument mounting, and hardware. Labor costs are based
on 8 hours of Technical Supervisor time and 8 hours of Technician II labor.
3.2.2.2 Operating Costs-
Operating costs include fixed costs, which are incurred continually
regardless of activity level, and variable costs, which fluctuate depending
on the number of samples collected. Utilities represent the only fixed cost
included in the hi-vol sampling estimates. The estimated cost of $7/month
is based on costs in Cincinnati, Ohio. Actual cost will vary with geographic
region.
Variable operating costs include the cost of Technician I labor (includ-
ing travel time) for sample collection, PUF sorbent, and filters. Expected
time for collecting the sample and inserting a new filter and PUF is 1 hour
of Technician I time per sample. Table 3-6 summarizes the annual operating
costs, including sampling, maintenance, and quality assurance.
3-10
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TABLE 3-6. OPERATING COSTS FOR HI-VOL PUF SAMPLING FOR PCB's
Cost item
Sampling
Utilities at $7/month
Sample recovery (1 hour/sample, 61 samples,
Technician I, $16/hour)
100 filter folders/envelopes
61 PUF sorbent media
Maintenance/ repair
Routine maintenance/calibration (32 hours,
Technician II, $20/hour)
4 brush sets at $6 each
4 motor cushions at $6 each
1 Neoprene gasket
4 filter holder gaskets at $6 each
Remedial maintenance (8 hours, Technician II,
$20/hour)
Supervision and quality assurance
Supervision and reviewing of calibration and audits
(32 hours, Technical Supervisor, $22/hour
Certification of calibration and audit equipment
(4 hours, Technician II, $20/hour)
Total
Annual cost, $
84
976
50
152
640
24
24
6
24
160
384
80
2604
3.2.2.3 Maintenance and Repair Costs--
The relatively simple design of the high-volume PUF sampler keeps main-
tenance and repair costs at a minimum. For calculating costs in this report,
preventive maintenance is assumed to occur quarterly. The routine scheduled
maintenance includes brush replacement, motor cushion replacement, gasket
replacement (once a year), and recalibration of the instrument following
maintenance. One day per quarter (32 hours per year) of Technician II level
labor is assumed for the scheduled maintenance operation. This includes
travel time and time in the laboratory preparing equipment for the field.
3.2.2.4 Supervision and Quality Assurance--
Quality assurance costs include 4 hours of Technician II time for cer-
tification of audit equipment. Thirty-two hours of Technical Supervisor time
includes interpreting calibration data, checking calculations, and maintain-
ing quality assurance records.
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3.2.3 Sampling with Solid Sorbent Tubes
Because sampling equipment and field operations for collecting samples
with Tenax, carbon molecular sieve, and Thermo Sorb are similar, cost data
provided in this section may be used for all three sorbents. These costs
assume good performance of the sampling media. They may be low since exper-
ience shows that there have been technical problems with solid sorbents.
3.2.3.1 Capital Costs-
Table 3-7 summarizes the capital costs incurred in the installation of
one sampler. The identification and location of sources and determination of
pollutant distributions and concentrations can reasonably be expected to be
complex. In the absence of extensive data bases to provide background data,
some limited short-term sampling may be necessary to characterize ambient
levels for candidate sites. As an initial estimate, 32 hours of technical
supervision and 16 hours of management time has been used as the basis for
the site-location cost. This level of professional time would cost $1120,
based on the labor rates assumed for this report.
TABLE 3-7. SUMMARY OF CAPITAL COSTS FOR ORGANIC AIR
POLLUTANT SAMPLING
Capital item
Site selection
Equipment installation3
Sampling equipment:
Vacuum pump
Vacuum gauge
Rubber feet
Mass flow controller
Inline filter
Time indicator
Program timer
Misc. fittings and tubing
Calibration equipment
Mass flow meter
Shelters
Total equipment
Cost, $
1120
736
160
15
5
1440
10
15
10
35
1050
200
4796
Includes $100 for miscellaneous items, $300 for power
drop, and $336 for labor.
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Sampling equipment costs include the cost of the sampling train and
associated pumps, gauges, etc. This basic equipment is assumed to be the
same for each of the organics. Total sampling equipment cost, including
shelter and calibration equipment, is estimated to be $1480.
Equipment installation costs include labor, building materials, power
hookup, a base for instrument mounting, and hardware. Labor costs are based
on 8 hours of technical supervisor time and 8 hours of Technician II labor.
3.2.3.2 Operating Costs-
Table 3-8 summarizes the costs for operating an organic sampler for one
year (collecting one sample every sixth day). Fixed costs for sampling
include utilities, estimated to be $84 per year as for hi-vol sampling.
TABLE 3-8. SUMMARY OF OPERATING COSTS FOR ORGANIC
AIR POLLUTANT SAMPLING
Cost category
Sampling
Utilities at $7/month
Sample recovery (2 hours/sample, 61 samples,
Technician I time at $16/h)
Sorbent tubes (61)
Tenax at $26.25 each
Carbon molecular sieve at $2.11 each
Thermo Sorb at $10.75 each
Maintenance/ repairs
Routine - 1 hour/quarter, Technician II, $20/h
Recalibration - 3 hours/quarter, Technician II at $20/h
Supervision and quality assurance
16 hours, Management, $26/hour
16 hours, Technical Supervisor, $22/hour
Cost, $
84
1952
1601
129
656
80
240
416
352
Because organics adsorbed onto sampling media may be unstable, it is
assumed here that samples will be retrieved soon after the sampling period is
complete so as to maintain the integrity of the sample. Thus, two trips to
the monitoring site are assumed—one to initiate the sampling cycle and one
to retrieve the sample immediately upon completion of the sampling cycle.
The EPA has not finalized the sampling and analysis methods to be used
for organic pollutants. Depending on the final recommended methods, the
3-13
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costs presented here could be significantly understated. For example, EPA
currently requires four samples to be collected, each at different flow
rates, for each sampling period. If this protocol is followed, the equipment
costs and the operating and analytical costs addressed here could be in-
creased by at least a factor of four.
Assuming one hour of Technician I time per site visit, 122 hours per
year (or 2 hours per sample) are required for each organic pollutant, based
on 61 samples per year (assuming one pollutant per sample). The equipment is
calibrated prior to each run, and the calibration is included in the time
estimate. The total annual cost, based on Technician I time, is $1952.
Sampling tubes can be purchased already prepared, or they can be pre-
pared in the laboratory. Estimated costs for purchased organic sampling
media are shown in Table 3-9.
TABLE 3-9. COSTS FOR COMMERCIALLY PREPARED ORGANIC SAMPLING TUBES
Tube
Tenax (glass, open top)
Carbon molecular sieve
Thermo Sorb
Lot price, $
26.25 each
105.50/50 tubes
215.00/20 tubes
Annual cost, $
(based on
61 tubes/year)
1601
129
656
3.2.3.3 Maintenance—
The equipment maintenance costs projected for the organic sampling
systems are expected to be minimal. Pump maintenance requires approximately
1 hour of Technician II time per quarter. Quarterly recalibration of the
rotameter or mass flow meter is estimated to be 3 hours per quarter. The
total annual cost, based on quarterly system maintenance and calibration of
the rotameter and mass flow meter, is $320.
3.2.3.4 Supervision and Quality Assurance-
Supervision and quality assurance are estimated to entail at least the
same amount of time as that required for hi-vol PDF sampling. Based on 16
hours of Manager time and 16 hours of Technical Supervisor time, the
estimated annual cost for supervision and quality assurance is $768 per
monitoring site.
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3.2.4 Liquid Impinger Sampling
Some compounds must be collected by using a liquid absorbent or reagent.
Ambient air is drawn through a midget impinger containing a known quantity of
absorbent or reagent at a specified flow rate. The collected samples are
then returned to the laboratory, where analysis is performed. Costs incurred
in site selection, setup and operation are similar to those for the collection
of samples on solid sorbents.
A typical sampling system for liquid impingers would be similar to that
described for organic sampling on sorbent material. Instead of a sorbent
tube near the inlet, a series of midget impingers would be secured in an ice
bath. Impinger solution should be loaded in the lab to avoid possible con-
tamination in the field.
Each sampling train should be leak-checked, capped off, and iced down.
Assuming clean glassware, prepared sampling media, and short driving time, a
technician should be able to load the impingers, go to the sampling site, and
start sampling in about 1 hour. The initial flow rate would be set with a
calibrated flowmeter (e.g., rotometer). The date, time, temperature, flow
rate, etc., would be recorded on a sampling data sheet.
Following the sampling period, the technician would record the final
flow rate and temperature, cap off the impingers, and recover the sample in
the lab. This sample would be logged in and refrigerated until the analysis
is performed.
In extreme cold and the absence of a shelter, thermostatically controlled
heat tape would be necessary to prevent freezing of the impinger solution.
3.2.4.1 Capital Cost-
Table 3-10 summarizes capital costs incurred in the installation of a
liquid impinger sampler. Site selection cost would be the same as that for
organic sampling on sorbent material. This level of effort would cost $1120,
based on 32 hours of technical supervision and 16 hours of management.
Equipment costs shown in Table 3-10 include the cost of the sampling
train and associated pumps, gauges, etc. Installation costs include trans-
port to the site, setup, and installation and checkout of the sampler as well
as power hookup. Power hookup is not necessary if other sampling is already
taking place at the site.
3-15
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TABLE 3-10.
CAPITAL COSTS FOR INSTALLATION OF ONE LIQUID
IMPINGER SAMPLER
Capital item
Site selection
Equipment installation3
Sampling equipment:
Vacuum pump
Vacuum gauge
Rubber feet
Fine metering valve
Inline filter
Time indicator
Program timer
Heat tape
Misc. fittings and tubing
Impingers
Calibration equipment
Bubble kit
Rotameter
Shelters
Total
Cost, $
1120
736
160
15
5
80
10
15
10
10
35
45
800
150
200
3391
Includes $100 for miscellaneous items, $300 for power drop, and $336 for
labor.
Total time for installation is estimated to require 8 hours of Technician
II time and 8 hours of Technical Supervisor time. This includes travel time
to the site, coordination of power installation, and initial calibration.
3.2.4.2 Operating Costs-
Operating costs include fixed costs, which are incurred continually
regardless of activity level, and variable costs, which fluctuate depending
on the number of samples collected. Utilities represent the only fixed cost
included with the impinger sampling estimates. This cost is estimated to be
$7/month (or $84/year).
Variable operating costs include the cost of Technician I labor (includ-
ing travel time) for sample collection. Expected time for placing and re-
trieving the impinger sample is 2 hours of Technician I time per sample.
3-16
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3.2.4.3 Maintenance--
Equipment maintenance cost for liquid impinger sampling is expected to
be minimal. Pump maintenance requires approximately 1 hour of Technician II
time per quarter. Quarterly recalibration of the rotameter or mass flow
meter is estimated to be 3 hours of Technician II time per quarter. The
total annual cost, based on quarterly systems maintenance and calibration, is
$320.
3.2.4.4 Supervision and Quality Assurance--
Supervision and quality assurance are estimated to require 16 hours of
Manager time and 16 hours of Technical Supervisor time. The estimated annual
cost for supervision and quality assurance is $768. Sampling costs in Table
3-11 are based on 61 samples per year. Operating costs should be adjusted
for a more frequent sampling schedule.
TABLE 3-11. SUMMARY OF OPERATING COSTS FOR ONE LIQUID IMPINGER SAMPLER
Cost category
Sampling
Utilities at $7/month
Sample recovery (2 hours/sample, 61 samples,
Technician I, $16/h)
Liquid sorbent (covered under analytical cost, Section
3.3)
Maintenance/ repairs
Routine - 1 hour/quarter, Technician II, $20/h
Recalibration - 3 hours/quarter, Technician II,
$20/h
Supervision and quality assurance
16 hours, Management, $26/h
16 hours, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
Total
Cost, $
84
1952
80
240
416
352
3124
3.2.5 Organic Sampling by Cryogenic Trapping
3.2.5.1 Capital Cost--
Table 3-12 summarizes capital costs incurred in the installation of a
cryogenic trapping and gas chromatograph/flame ionization detector (GC/FID)
or gas chromatograph/electron capture detector (GC/ECD) system. For some
toxic pollutants present in very low levels in the ambient air, some means of
3-17
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sample preconcentration is required to acquire sufficient material for analysis.
Cryogenic trapping is one preconcentration technique. In this method, the
air sample is passed through a collection trap submerged in either liquid
oxygen or argon. Once the sample is collected, a carrier gas is used to
sweep the contents of the trap onto the head of a cooled GC column. Unlike
other sampling methods for organics, both sampling and analysis take place in
the field. Therefore, sampling and analytical costs are combined in this
subsection.
TABLE 3-12. CAPITAL COSTS FOR CRYOGENIC TRAPPING
Capital items
Site selection
Equipment installation
Shelter
Sampling and analytical equipment
Calibration standards
Total
Cost, $
1,120
1,680
5,850
29,000
500
38,150
alncludes electrical.
Capital costs for cryogenic trapping include site selection, shelter,
procurement and installation, sampling and analytical equipment, and necessary
calibration supplies.
Site selection includes a review of background data, preliminary field
survey of candidate sites, and verification that the site meets the monitor-
ing objectives. Site selection cost for one location is estimated to be
$1120, based on 32 hours of Technical Supervisor time and 16 hours of
management time.
A temperature-controlled shelter must be provided to house equipment
used in cryogenic trapping and subsequent analysis by GC/FID or GC/ECD. The
cost of a fabricated aluminum shelter that is wired and temperature-
controlled with air conditioning and baseboard heat typically ranges from
approximately $2,600 to $11,000 depending on the size, quality of materials,
and manufacturer.
Additional shelter costs may include a bench or table, shelving, and a
chair ($155 total). If exterior security is required, an 10 ft x 20 ft
chain-link fence with gate and lock will cost approximately $500 installed.
3-18
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Costs for installation include shelter placement, electric power hookup
equipment installation, and equipment checkout. An estimated 40 hours of
Technical Supervisor time and 40 hours of Technician II time would be required
to complete all installation activities. An additional cost of $300 would be
required in providing for electrical power installations.
A gas chromatograph with flame ionization detector (FID) or electron
capture detector (ECD) and equipped with cryogenic trapping capabilities will
cost from $25,000 to $33,000 (average $29,000). Individual unit costs will
depend on the number and type of pollutants to be measured, data-handling
capabilities, and the amount of automated and peripheral hardware desired.
Because costs vary so widely, agencies should contact manufacturers directly
to obtain the instrument cost based on the actual needs.
3.2.5.2 Operating Cost-
Operating costs for cryogenic trapping are summarized in Table 3-13.
Operating costs are based on the use of one onsite chemist (Technicial Super-
visor) to conduct both sampling and analytical activities. Instrument check-
out and calibration would take 3 hours each sampling day. Sampling would
require 1 hour per sample. An additional 2 hours of management time at the
agency's office is allowed for review and reporting of the analytical data.
Maintenance activities would require approximately 20 percent of a sample
day. Assuming 2 samples per sampling day, the onsite labor requirement would
be as follows:
0 Travel time 1 hour
0 Instrument calibration 3 hours
0 Sampling 2 hours
0 Maintenance 2 hours
3.2.5.3 Maintenance Activities-
Maintenance activities for sampling by cryogenic trapping and subsequent
analysis by GC/FID or GC/ECD in the field would entail more time than normally
required under laboratory conditions. An estimated 2 hours per sampling day
would be required to maintain sampling and analytical equipment at peak
operation. This activity would be performed by the same person who conducts
the sampling.
3.2.5.4 Supervision and Quality Assurance-
Supervision and quality assurance activities are estimated to take 4
hours of management time per week.
3-19
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TABLE 3-13. SUMMARY OF OPERATING COSTS FOR SAMPLING BY
CRYOGENIC TRAPPING AND ANALYSIS BY GC/FID OR GC/ECD
Cost category
Sampling/analysis
Utilities at $75/month
Routine sampling (6 hours/day x 61 sampling
days, Technical Supervisor, $22/hour)
Cryogen ($100/2 weeks)
Maintenance/ repair
2 hours/day x 61 sampling days, Technical
Supervisor, $22/hour
Supervision/quality assurance
4 hours/week, Management, $26/hour
Total
Annual cost, $
900
8,052
2,600
2,684
5,408
19,644
3.3 ANALYSIS
Sample analysis may be performed in-house or by a commercial laboratory.
If the agency decides to analyze samples in-house, the proper equipment and
trained operators may have to be acquired. Costs associated with developing
an analytical laboratory capability will vary greatly, depending on the
current laboratory capability of the agency. For comparison purposes, in-
house capital and operating cost per sample and commercial laboratory cost
per sample are provided in this section.
3.3.1 Analysis By GC/MS
Samples collected on solid sorbents (Tenax, Thermo-sorb, and carbon
molecular sieve) must be analyzed by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer
(GC/MS). Although the basic analytical unit is the same, sample tube prep-
aration, sample conditioning, and injection systems will vary among sorbents.
The data provided here represent normal costs for procurement and operation
for any one of the sorbent materials. Additional costs may be accrued if
more than one sorbent is to be analyzed on the same system.
3-20
-------
3.3.1.1 Capital Cost—
A suitable GO/MS (including computer data aquisition system, printer,
and input terminal) can be purchased for $60,000 to $100,000, depending on
the manufacturer and the model desired.
Sample conditioning and injection systems for thermal desorption of
Tenax and carbon molecular sieve would cost $4000 to $6000. Auxiliary equip-
ment (including capillary GC columns, variable voltage controllers, two-stage
regulators, valve fittings, etc.) would have to be purchased at a cost between
$1000 and $2000 for thermal desorption and $500 to $1000 for solvent extrac-
tion.
Assuming the availability of space with an organic-free atmosphere (this
may be a clean room or an area equipped with a laminar flow hood with charcoal
filter) and an adequate refrigerated storage area, additional tube-preparation
equipment (i.e., a vacuum oven, tank regulator, and multiposition tube condi-
tioning apparatus) would have to be purchased at a cost between $4000 and
$6000. If a major analytical effort is planned, a separate GC/FID and a
sample-conditioning and injector system may be required to blank-check each
batch of tubes prior to sampling with sorbents requiring thermal desorption.
The estimates shown here do not include this cost.
The cost of installing and checking out the GC/MS and auxiliary equipment
is difficult to estimate; however, assuming that the chemist is experienced
in GC/MS operations, 160 to 240 hours may be required to bring a new system
on line. Capital costs are presented in Table 3-14.
TABLE 3-14. CAPITAL COSTS FOR ANALYSIS BY GC/MS
Capital item.
Basic GC/MS
Auxiliary equipment
Thermal desorption
Solvent desorption
Sample tube preparation equipment (thermal
desorption only)
Installation (160 to 240 hours, Technical
Supervisor, $22/hour
Cost, $
Range
60,000
1,000
500
4,000
3,520
- 100,000
- 2,000
- 1,000
- 6,000
- 5,280
Total
Average
80,000
1,500
750
5,000
4,400
91,650
3-21
-------
3.3.1.2 Preparation and Analysis Cost-
Table 3-15 summarizes labor requirements for analysis by GC/MS (thermal
desorption). Table 3-16 shows the labor requirements for solvent desorption.
Sample media for thermal desorption must be prepared before sampling. Three
hours of Technician II time is needed to prepare the equipment prior to tube
preparation. Preparation of the first tube takes 1 hour of Technician II
time; subsequent tubes require half as much time (two tubes per hour).
Sample tubes received from the field for thermal desorption, require no
additional preparation prior to analysis. Preparation of solvent-desorbed
samples for analysis would require 1/2 hour of Technician II time for the
first sample and 1 hour for each additional six samples.
Assuming that the GC/MS is set up for the appropriate sorbent analysis,
tuning and initial calibration will require 4 to 6 hours. Each additional
analysis day will require 2 hours of a chemists time for tuning and a calibra-
tion check. Actual analysis will require 1 hour per sample.
Quality assurance (including analysis blanks, control chart review, and
data review) will take 1 hour of management time for the initial sample.
Quality assurance activities for subsequent samples will require 1 hour per
three samples. Data calculation, reporting, and supervision will require 2
hours of management time for the initial sample and 1 hour for each addition-
al 12 samples.
Analysis for additional pollutants on the same number of sample tubes
would require additional hours, as listed in Table 3-15.
Approximately $200 of expendable supplies are needed each analysis week.
This includes items such as liquid and gaseous nitrogen, stock standards,
replacement Tenax, and computer paper.
3.3.1.3 Maintenance—
Maintenance costs for complex analytical equipment such as a GC/MS are
difficult to estimate. Most laboratories using this system have experienced
20 percent to 30 percent downtime. This possible downtime must be considered
in estimates of the number of samples which can be analyzed annually. In
addition, a service maintenance agreement with the equipment vendor is common
practice. A maintenance contract will cost approximately $15,000 per year.
3-22
-------
TABLE 3-15. LABOR REQUIREMENTS FOR GC/MS ANALYSIS OF AIR SAMPLES
COLLECTED ON TENAX OR CARBON MOLECULAR SIEVE3
Number of
constituents
per sample
1-3
4-6
7-9
No. of
samples
1
25
1
25 .
1
25
Trap
preparation
4 h Tech. II
16 h Tech. II
4 h Tech. II
16 h Tech. II
4 h Tech. II
16 h Tech. II
Sample
preparation
-
-
-
Analysis
6 h Tech. Sup.
40 h Tech. Sup.
7 h Tech. Sup.
48 h Tech. Sup.
8 h Tech. Sup.
56 h Tech. Sup.
Quality
assurance
1 h Manager
8 h Manager
2 h Manager
10 h Manager
3 h Manager
12 h Manager
Data
reduction
and
reporting
2 h Manager
4 h Manager
3 h Manager
6 h Manager
4 h Manager
8 h Manager
Cost
per b
sample ,
$
290
60
364
72
438
83
ro
u>
aThese methods may be used for the following constituents:
Tenax
Benzyl chloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroprene
Carbon Molecular Sieve
Acrylonitrile
Allyl chloride
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
p-Dichlorobenzene
Nitrobenzene
Perchloroethylene
Toluene
Tri chloroethy1ene
o-m-p-Xylene
Ethylene
Benzene
Vinyl chloride
Methyl chloroform
Methylene chloride
Phenol
o-m-p cresol
Vinylidene chloride
Does not include approximately $200 of expendable supplies required for each analysis week.
-------
TABLE 3-16. LABOR REQUIREMENTS FOR GC/MS ANALYSIS WITH SOLVENT DESORPTION OF
AIR SAMPLES COLLECTED ON THERMO-SORB-N
Number of
samples
1
25
Trap
preparation
-
Sample
preparation
1 h Tech. II
4i h Tech. II
Analysis
6 h Tech. Sup.
40 h Tech. Sup.
Quality
assurance
1 h Manager
8 h Manager
Data
reduction
and reporting
2 h Manager
4 h Manager
Cost
Per b
sample ,
$
220
51
CO
I
ro
This method may be used for the following constituents:
Dimethylnitrosamine
Nitrosomomorpholine
Does not include approximately $100 of expendable supplies required for each analysis week.
-------
3.3.2 Analysis of RGB's by GC/ECD
3.3.2.1 Capital Cost—
A gas chromotograph equipped with an electron capture detector (GC/ECD)
and a suitable output device can be purchased for $19,000 to $24,000. Extrac-
tion, cleanup and concentration glassware, GC columns, syringes, and vacuum
ovens would cost between $1500 to $2500. Solvents and standards would run an
additional $100 to $200.
Installation and checkout of the GC/ECD would require 40 hours of
Technical Supervisor time. Table 3-17 summarizes the capital costs.
TABLE 3-17. CAPITAL COSTS FOR ANALYSIS BY GC/ECD ANALYSIS
Capital item
GC/ECD
Auxiliary equipment
Solvents and standards
Installation
(40 hours, Technical Supervisor,
$22/hour)
Cost, $
Range
19,000 - 24,000
1,500 - 2,500
100 - 200
880
Total
Average
21,500
2,000
150
880
24,530
3.3.2.2 Preparation and Analysis Cost--
Table 3-18 summarizes analytical requirements for PCB's. Sample media
(PUF) may be purchased commercially or prepared by the agency. If the agency
elects to prepare the media, 2 hours of Technician II time would be required
for the first trap and 2 hours for each additional 5 traps. Commercially
available PUF media may be purchased for $2.50 each.
Preparation of samples for analysis would require 4 hours of Technician
II time for the first sample and li hours for each additional sample. Anal-
ysis, including instrument calibration, would require 4 hours of Technical
Supervisor time for the first sample and 1-3/4 hours for each additional
sample.
Data reduction, validation (QA), and reporting would require 2 hours of
management time for the first sample and 1 hour for each additional 2 samples.
3-25
-------
TABLE 3-18.
LABOR REQUIREMENTS FOR ANALYZING AIR SAMPLES FOR
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
PO
en
Constituent
Polychlorlnated
Blphenyls
Collection
and
analytical
method
Hi-vol PUF
(GC/ECD)
Number
of
samples
1
25
Trap
preparation
2 h Tech. II
12 h Tech. II
Sample
preparation
4 h Tech. II
40 h Tech. II
Analysis
4 h Tech. Sup.
46 h Tech. Sup.
Quality
assurance
1 h Manager
6 h Manager
Data
reduction
and
reporting
1 h Manager
8 h Manager
Cost
per
sample ,
$
260
97
aDoes not Include cost of solvents and replacement of standards, estimated at $50 per analysis week.
-------
3.3.2.3 Maintenance-
Maintenance activities are normally minimal for GC/ECD analysis. Elec-
tron capture detectors require cleaning and refoiling once every 3 to 5
years. Normal downtime is expected to be 5 percent.
3.3.3 Analysis of Liquid Impinger Samples by HPLC/UV
3.3.3.1 Capital Cost
Table 3-19 summarizes the capital costs for analysis with high-perform-
ance liquid chroma tography with an ultraviolet detector (HPLC/UV). A suit-
able high-performance liquid chromatograph equipped with an ultraviolet
detector and a suitable readout device may be purchased for $10,000 to $20,000.
Extraction glassware, filtration apparatus, an evaporator with heating block,
a gas regulator, and miscellaneous glassware would cost $1000 to $1500.
Liquid reagent for sampling and analysis would cost an additional $100 to
$200.
Installation and checkout of the HPLC/UV would require 40 hours of
Technical Supervisor time.
TABLE 3-19. CAPITAL COSTS FOR HPLC/UV ANALYSIS
Capital item
HPLC/UV
Auxiliary equipment
Reagents and standards
Installation (40 hours Technical
Supervisor, $22/hour)
Cost, $
Range
10,000 to 20,000
1,000 to 1,500
100 to 200
880
Total
Average
15,000
1,250
150
880
17,280
3.3.3.2 Preparation and Analysis Cost-
Table 3-20 summarizes analytical costs. Preparation of liquid collec-
tion media and collection impingers would require 2 hours of Technician II
time for the first sample and 1 hour for each additional sample.
Preparation of samples for analysis would require 2 hours of Technician
II time for the first sample and 1 hour for each additional four samples.
3-27
-------
TABLE 3-20.
LABOR REQUIREMENTS FOR ANALYZING AIR SAMPLES FOR PHOSGENE, ACETALDEHYDE,
ACROLEIN, AND FORMALDEHYDE
CO
I
ro
oo
Constituent
Phosgene
Acetadehydeb
Acroletn
Formaldehyde
Collection
and analytical
method
Ant line Liquid
Implnger
(HPLC/UV)
Dfnltrophenyl
Hydrazlne
Liquid Implnger
(HPLC/UV)
Number
of
samples
1
25
1
25
Trap
preparation
2 h Tech. II
8 h Tech. II
2 h Tech. II
8 h Tech. II
Sample
preparation
2 h Tech. II
8 h Tech. II
2 h Tech. II
8 h Tech. II
Analysis
4 h Tech. Sup.
46 h Tech. Sup.
4 h Tech. Sup.
46 h Tech. Sup.
Quality
assurance
1 h Manager
6 h Manager
1 h Manager
6 h Manager
Data
reduction
and reporting
2 h Manager
10 h Manager
2 h Manager
10 h Manager
Cost
per
sample".
246
70
246
70
*0oes not Include approximately $100 of expendable supplies required for each analysis week.
Requirements for acetaldehyde. acroleln, and formaldehyde are the same.
-------
Analysis, including instrument calibrations, would require 4 hours of a
chemist's time for the first sample and 1 3/4 hours for each additional
sample.
Data reduction, validation (QA), and reporting would require 3 hours of
management time for the first sample and 1 hour for each additional 2 sam-
ples.
3.3.3.3 Maintenance-
Maintenance activities are normally minimal for HPLC/UV and normal
down-time is expected to be 5 percent.
3.3.4 Analysis by Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma Optical Emission
Spectrometry (ICAP-OES)
The analysis for metals in ambient air is performed on high-volume
filter samples. It is assumed that hi-vol filter samples are available from
TSP monitoring; thus, the cost of the filters, their preparation, and gravi-
metric analysis is not included in the cost for metal analysis.
3.3.4.1 Capital Costs—
A suitable ICAP-OES instrument (including computer data acquisition, an
output device, and an exhaust system) can be purchased for $65,000 to $160,000,
depending on the manufacturer and the model desired.
Auxiliary equipment (i.e., regulators, ultrasonic extractor, etc.) will
cost between $3000 and $5000. Assuming that a trained, experienced operator
is available, 160 to 640 hours of Technical Supervisor time will be required
to put a new system on line.
TABLE 3-21. CAPITAL COSTS FOR ICAP-OES ANALYSIS
Capital item
HPLC/UV
Auxiliary equipment
Installation 160 to 640 hours
Technical Supervisor, $22/hour
Cost, $
Range
65,000 to 160
3,000 to 5
3,520 to 14
,000
,000
,080
Total
Average
112,500
4,000
8,800
125,300
3-29
-------
3.3.4.2 Preparation and Analysis Cost--
Preparing samples for analysis would require 2 hours of Technician II
time for the first sample and 1 hour for each additional six samples. Actual
analysis, including instrument calibration, would require 1 hour of a chemist
time for the first sample and 1 hour for each additional 12 samples.
Data reduction, validation (QA), and reporting would require 3 hours of
management level time for the first sample and 1 hour for each additional
four to six samples, depending on the number of elements per sample.
Labor requirements for analysis are summarized in Table 3-22. Analyt-
ical reagents, including argon for the ICAP-OES, will cost between $50 and
$100 per week for full-time operation.
3.3.4.3 Maintenance—
Maintenance requirements are normally low for these instruments. Normal
downtime is expected to be 5 to 10 percent.
3.3.5 Analysis by Neutron Activation (NAA)
It is not practical for an agency to set up a laboratory for neutron
activation analysis because this procedure requires access to a nuclear
reactor. A limited number of commercial laboratories are equipped to do
analysis by NAA. Table 3-23 presents costs for commercial analysis by NAA.
3.3.6 Commercial Cost for Analysis
Table 3-23 provides analytical costs obtained from commercial laborator-
ies. Costs for collection media are not included.
3-30
-------
TABLE 3-22. LABOR REQUIREMENTS FOR ANALYZING FOR METALS BY ICAP-OES
Number of
constituents
per sample
1-2
3-5
Number
of
samples
1
25
1
25
Sample
preparation
2 h Tech. II
6 h Tech. II
2 h Tech. II
6 h Tech. II
Analysis
1 h Tech. Sup.
3 h Tech. Sup.
1 h Tech. Sup.
3 h Tech. Sup.
Quality
assurance
1 h Manager
3 h Manager
1 h Manager
4 h Manager
Data
reduction
and reporting
2 h Manager
4 h Manager
3 h Manager
6 h Manager
Cost
per, b
sample ,
$
140
15
166
18
CO
I
CO
This method may be used for the following constituents:
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Manganese
Nickel
'Analytical reagents and consumables will cost between $50 and $100 per analysis week.
not included in the cost per sample.
These costs are
-------
TABLE 3-23. COMMERCIAL COSTS OF LABORATORY ANALYSIS FOR SELECTED
AIR TOXIC POLLUTANTS
Collection
media and analytical method
Analytical cost per
sample , $
Tenax-GC/MS
Carbon molecular sieve-GC/MS
Thermo Sorb-GC/MS
Cryogenic trapping-GC/FID or ECD
Hi-vol PUF sampling-GC/ECD
Liquid impinger-HPLC/UV
Hi-vol filter sampling/ICAP-OES
Hi-vol filter sampling/NAA
1 sample
25 samples
1 sample
25 samples
1 sample
25 samples
1 sample
25 samples
1 sample
25 samples
1 sample
25 samples
1 sample
25 samples
1 sample
25 samples
$350
$200 - $250
$350
$200 - $250
$350
$200 - $250
$400
$325
$90 - $100
$90 - $100
$150 - $300
$100 - $120
$60
$60
$50
$34
Collection media is not included in these costs.
3-32
-------
SECTION 4
METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Meteorological parameters are measured routinely as an integral part of
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) monitoring programs as well as
by the National Weather Service and by independent research studies. Typical
criteria and noncriteria pollutant monitoring sites do not include meteor-
ological monitoring systems. Under the proposed monitoring network design,
the measurement of selected meteorological parameters is considered to be a
basic new requirement.
A plan for establishing and operating a meteorological data collection
system should include the following tasks:
0 Definition of monitoring goals and needs
0 Description and selection of monitoring instrumentation
0 Procurement
0 Site selection and preparation
0 Acceptance determination
0 Bench or field calibration
Installation
0 Operation and data logging
0 Preventive and emergency maintenance
0 Quality assurance and auditing procedures
Each of these tasks is an important component in assuring the overall opera-
tional quality and representativeness of the meteorological data. The costs
of these various tasks are described in detail in the following subsections
4-1
-------
and limited discussions are provided on the background and task requirements
3 4
found in other monitoring and quality assurance documents.
An instrument system at a meteorological monitoring site should provide
continuous measurements of several parameters to permit the characterization
of the atmosphere relative to the transport and dispersion of air pollutants.
In this costing analysis, two levels of site sophistication are presented:
1) a site that is outfitted to meet PSD monitoring requirements, and 2) one
that includes several additional parameters and sensors to give a more detailed
atmospheric characterization. Because a wide variety of meteorological
sensors, translators, data loggers, and other system components are available,
the requirements of the PSD specifications for performance and accuracy were
used as a guideline for this cost analysis.
4.2 BASIC METEOROLOGICAL SYSTEM
4.2.1 Capital Costs
For the purposes of a basic meteorological monitoring program that meets
the requirements of the PSD monitoring guidelines, the following parameters
are proposed for investigation:
0 Wind speed (horizontal, hourly)
0 Wind direction (horizontal, hourly)
0 Horizontal wind fluctuations, aQ, or vertical temperature gradient
0 Hourly ambient temperature
0 Hourly precipitation
0 Hourly dewpoint (humidity)
° Solar radiation
It is assumed that the required hourly average mixing heights can be derived
by extrapolating the twice-daily radiosonde measurements routinely collected
by the nearest National Weather Service station. It is further assumed for
this application (i.e., primarily in urban areas) that complex terrain and
associated wind-flow regimes are not predominant. Therefore, the system
4-2
-------
design will not have to consider the special requirements that such an area
would entail (e.g., monitor site representativeness, vertical wind velocities
and their fluctuation).
4.2.1.1 System Description and Procurement
The basic meteorological system should consist of an anemometer for wind
speed, a vane for wind direction, a thermistor for temperature, a dewpoint
sensor, a pyranometer for solar radiation (direct and diffuse), and a tipping-
bucket sensor that records precipitation and is equipped with a heater and
wind shield. All sensors should be mounted on a 10-m tower in accordance
with the PSD monitoring guidance, so that sensing will be representative of
the free atmospheric surface layer and not be influenced by obstructions.
Associated booms, cross arms, and cable assemblies will be needed to connect
the tower-mounted sensors to the appropriate signal conditioners and trans-
lators. The processed signals should be recorded on a continuous strip chart
or on cassette or floppy-disk storage via an automated data-acquisition
system with strip chart backup. The data-acquisition system must be compat-
ible with the sensor and translator, but it also should be capable of being
upgraded with equivalent or better data loggers and personal computers.
Table 4-1 describes the overall proposed meteorological system, the component
costs, and the cost of major materials and supplies and provides a 10 percent
contingency for miscellaneous cables, connectors, locks, mounting bolts,
pads, etc. Appropriate shielding and calibration devices are included where
necessary. Site selection and installation costs are also included.
4.2.1.2 Acceptance Testing/Calibration
As prescribed in the Quality Assurance Handbook for Meteorological
3
Instruments, the instruments should be bench-tested and calibrated before
they are installed in the field. Because most manufacturers provide only
90-day warranties, the instruments should be set up within this period to
ensure that all sensors and translator components are functioning properly.
Table 4-2 presents an estimate of the time needed to inspect, bench-mount,
and test each instrument under controlled conditions in accordance with the
manufacturers' operations and maintenance manuals as guidance. Performance
specifications should be checked as thoroughly as possible at this time.
4-3
-------
TABLE 4-1. CAPITAL COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH BASIC METEOROLOGICAL
MONITORING SYSTEM
Cost element
Sensors
Wind speed 3-cup anemometer
Wind direction Wind vane
Crossarm
Temperature Thermistor
Temperature shield (natural)
Dewpoint Dewpoint sensor
Dewpoint shield (natural)
Solar radiation Pyranometer
Radiation sensor mount
Precipitation 6-inch collector with heater
Wind shield
Signal Conditioners
Wind Speed/direction translator
Temperature Translator
Dew point Translator
Solar radiation Translator
Precipitation Translator
ort Translator
w
Accessories
Maintenance assembly
Power supply
Crossarm sighting device
Pre-wired cabinet
10-m tilt-down tower
Guy kit
Data Collection and Processing
Multiplex recorder u, 8, ce> T, Td, rad, precipitation
Data acquisition system
Rack mount
Data cassette reader
Tapes (computer)
Cassettes $15 X 10
Cost (1984), $
425
425
150
90
110
300
275
300
70
350
325
475
275
275
450
300
1000
350
300
150
375
375
150
975
2500-5000
85
3000
20
150
(continued)
4-4
-------
Table 4-1 (continued)
Cost element
Miscellaneous
Power transformer
8 ft X 8 ft shelter
Security fence (12 ft X 12 ft)
Site Selection
24-hours of management time at $26/h
Calibration equipment3
Wind speed calibration and cable
Wind direction calibrator
Temperature calibrator
Dew point calibration chamber and psychrometer
Precipitation calibration bottle
Solar radiation calibrator (duplicate equipment)
Acceptance testing
Installation
Site preparation:
Placement of shelter; setup of 10-m tower and
security fence:
40 hours, Technician I, $16/h
Mounting of sensors; and setup of signal
conditioners and data-recording system:
40 h, Technician II, $20/h
26 h, Technicial Supervisor, $26/h
Subtotal0
10 percent contin-
gency and spare
parts
Total
Cost (1984)
350
5000
500
624
460
375
540
595
70
820
3340
640
800
676
28,815 - 31
2,882 - 3,
31,697 - 34
, $
,315
132
,447
Calibration equipment is optional. An agency may prefer to have a contractor
perform calibrations, in which case, capital costs for calibration equipment
would not be incurred.
See Table 4-2 for acceptance testing component costs.
clncludes calibration equipment.
4-5
-------
TABLE 4-2. LABOR COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH INSTRUMENT ACCEPTANCE
TESTING FOR METEOROLOGICAL MONITORING
Parameter
Wind
Temperature
Dewpoint (field)
Solar radiation
Precipitation
Cost element
18 hours, Technician Supervisor, $22/h
24 hours, Technician II, $20/h
8 hours, Contractor calibration, $30/h
8 hours, Technician Supervisor, $22/h
8 hours, Technician II, $20/h
8 hours, Contractor calibration, $30/h
8 hours, Technicial Supervisor, $22/h
16 hours, Technician II, $20/h
8 hours, Contractor calibration, $30/h
8 hours, Technicial Supervisor, $22/h
8 hours, Technician II, $20/h
4 hours, Contractor calibration, $30/h
8 hours, Technicial Supervisor, $22/h
8 hours, Technician II, $20/h
4 hours, Contractor calibration, $30/h
Total
Cost, $
396
480
240
176
160
240
176
320
240
176
160
120
176
160
120
3340
4-6
-------
The estimates given in Table 4-2 assume that the user has had prior monitor-
ing experience and has the tools and electronic testing devices required to
install and operate complex instrument systems.
Contractor assistance is assumed in order to avoid capital cost for
calibrators and extra sensors. Where side-by-side coincidental bench testing
and calibration are necessary, the additional sensors and related peripherals
would need to be available (one set of extra sensors is sufficient for severaj
meteorological data sites), if contractor assistance were not used.
Each instrument should be calibrated during acceptance testing and
should meet the minimum specifications provided by the manufacturer. Addi-
tional field calibrations may be necessary before the field program starts.
Only minimal additional testing is included in this cost estimate.
4.2.1.3 Site Selection
Site selection is estimated to take about 3 days of Manager time. This
estimate includes an evaluation of the area under consideration for atmos-
pheric variability and representativeness and the actual layout of individual
instruments, tower, shelter, etc. A preliminary site survey will be made to
verify that the site meets all siting criteria with respect to PSD or other
monitoring specifications. No time for site acquisition is included.
\
4.2.1.4 Installation
Installation includes the sensors, supporting recorders, and power
supplies as well as all tower, building, and security preparations. Installa-
tion cost estimates are broken into two parts, as shown in Table 4-1. The
overall site preparation, which is estimated to take 40 hours of Technician I
time, includes mounting the tower and moving the shelter into place, making
all appropriate power hookups, and installing a security fence. Installation
of the sensor, cable, and recorder is estimated to require about 40 hours of
Technician II time and 16 hours of Technical Supervisor time to ensure proper
siting and mounting. All supplies are covered in the equipment costs in
Table 4-1.
4.2.2 Basic System - Operation and Maintenance (O&M)
4.2.2.1 O&M and Audits--
Initial startup of each instrument and data logging system should re-
quire minimal effort if bench-testing, calibration, and installation have
4-7
-------
been performed satisfactorily. Routine operation of the meteorological
data-collection system should require one site visit per week by a Technician
I. Table 4-3 shows a breakdown of operating labor costs. Each site visit
would consist of 3 hours for actual instrument and data logging checks (i.e.,
damage, recording errors, etc.) and 1 hour of logging to note any changes
made, general observations, and the data retrieved. One additional site
visit per month is scheduled for routine maintenance and repair by a Tech-
nician II. Emergency repairs on the system are estimated at a total of 40
hours of labor per year and are broken down into the labor categories shown
in Table 4-3.
Routine quality assurance procedures at the site consist of a minimum of
two audits yearly of the meteorological data collection system per year. As
recommended by the EPA Quality Assurance Handbook for Meteorological Instru-
ments, audits should take place within 60 days of site installation and
startup, at the end of 6 months' operation, and 30 days prior to termination
of the site, if the site is operated only for a year. Based on this require-
ment, an on-going site would be audited two times per year (every 6 months).
Table 4-3 indicates costs based on audits conducted by the agency or by a
contractor.
4.2.2.2 Data Retrieval and Reduction--
All data collected by the hard-copy recorder and automated data-acquisi-
tion system will be retrieved at least once a month. The data-acquisition
system will automatically calculate hourly averages of individual parameters
where appropriate. Hard-copy recorder data will be used for backup and for
checking questionable data. The data from the field cassettes will be up-
loaded via a cassette reader to a computer-compatible format. All data will
then be interrogated for extraneous values, summarized, averaged, and reported
in summary tables for distribution and use. All data will be retained on
tape for further processing and use. In these estimates, 8 hours of Tech-
nician I time is required to obtain the data in its hard-copy and cassette
form and to reduce the data to summary report form.
4.2.2.3 Quality Assurance—
In addition to the three required audits of the overall data collection
system, routine monthly audits will be made of the data logging and calibra-
tion procedures and reports. These will include an overview of the data
4-8
-------
TABLE 4-3. OPERATING COSTS FOR METEOROLOGICAL MONITORING
Cost category
Routine Checks
1 visit/wk-Technician I (4 h x 52 wk x $16/h)
Operations log 1 h/wk; sensor/logger checks, 3 h/wk
Records
14 rolls multiplex paper at $10/roll
Travel
10 miles/trip x 5 trips/month x $0.23/mile x 12 mo/yr
Electricity
$75 per month
Maintenance and repair
8 h/mo of Technician II time at $20/h
Emergency repairs
16 h/yr of Technician II time at $20/h
8 h/yr, Technicial Supervisor, $22/h
16 h/yr, Technician I, $16/h
Audits3
Two yearly at 6-month intervals
Contractor audit:
40 h/audit, $30/h x 2 audits/yr
Internal audit (alternative to contractor audits)
8 h Technical Supervisor/audit, $22/h x 2 audits: $352/yr
16 h Technician II, $20/h x 2 audits: $640/yr
16 h Technician I, $16/h x 2 audits: $512/yr
Data logging
Data downloading and review, data validation and
error checking
(8 h/mo, 12 mo/yr, Technician II, $20/h)
Quality assurance
2 h/mo, 12 mo/yr, Management, $26/h
2 h/mo, 12 mo/yr, Technician II, $20/h
Totalb
Annual
cost, $
$3,328
140
138
900
1,920
320
176
256
2,400
1,920
624
480
12,602
An additional audit is required within 60 days of startup.
Assumes contractor audits. Total cost would be $11,706 if internal audits
were used in place of contractor audits.
4-9
-------
reported for the previous operation period (1 to 4 weeks), the logging pro-
cedures, the observations and adjustments reported, any emergency or routine
repairs, and the associated recalibrations and resumption of operation and
data summary reports. Recommendations for reestablishing site and data
collection consistency will be recorded at this time. This review process is
estimated to take 2 hours of Technician Supervisor time and 2 hours of Manage-
ment time per month.
4.3 ADDITIONAL METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
The meteorological system described in Sections 4.1 and 4.2 included the
parameters and related sensors and collection devices recommended by the PSD
Monitoring Guidelines. In this section, other meteorological sensors are
added and the collection system is expanded by building on the basic system
described in Section 4.1. This expanded system will include the following
additional equipment or meteorological parameters:
0 Coincidental temperature and humidity (hygrothermograph, hourly)
0 Twice-daily mixing heights (maximum and minimum)
0 30- and 60-m towers
0 Three-dimensional wind fluctuations
0 Vertical wind speed fluctuations
0 Temperature profile (AT), 0 to 30m and 0 to 60m.
0 Net radiation
0 Barometric pressure
The above parameters and equipment are presented as individual components (as
in the previous section) that are added to the PSD monitoring site, and the
total system cost is estimated. Obviously, both a 30-m and 60-m tower will
not be required at one site; thus, the system costs will reflect a range
depending on options selected.
Discussion of procurement, installation, calibration, and operation
costs of the system is similar to that for the PSD system, and estimates of
the labor required for each step are outlined in Tables 4-4 and 4-5. The
labor hours required to operate and maintain either of the mixing-height
4-10
-------
TABLE 4-4. CAPITAL COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH ADDITIONAL
METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
Parameters
Instrument
Cost
(1984), $
Sensors
Temperature - humidity
Mixing height
Towers
3-dimensional wind fluc-
tuations (au, ov, QW)
Vertical wind speed
fluctuations
Temperature profile
Net radiation
Barometric pressure
Strip chart hygrothermograph 425
Hair bundle 35
Chart paper (12 rolls)/pens 130
Portable automatic rawinsonde station 53,500
Automatic data reduction 37,500
Tripod 675
Radiosondes (2/day, 365 days/yr) 73,000
Acoustic radar (sodar) 36,000
Trailer 6,000
Heater 2,700
30-m tower 3,180
Work platform 100
Safety climb system 665
24 ft booms 530
Orthogonal wind sensor 915
Translator 1,350
Spare propel!or 45
Strip recorder (3-pen) 3,570
u-v-w mast adapter 235
Wind speed sensor 305
Mast adapter 45
Translator 615
1-pen recorder 1,785
2 thermistors 180
2 temperature shields (natural) 220
Signal conditioner 460
Net radiometer 700
Integrator 500
Aneroid barometer 950
Signal conditioner 275
4-11
-------
TABLE 4-4 (continued)
Parameters
Data collection
and processing
Acceptance testing/
calibration
Temperature, mixing
height, etc.
Site location
Additional costs
Instrument
Multiple recorder
Data acquisition system
16 h of Technician II time per
parameter x $20 h
8 h of Technical Supervisor time per
parameter x 7 parameters x $22/h
8 h, Management, $32/h
Total
Cost
(1984), $
975
5,000
3,340
2,240
1,232
256
239,633
See Table 4-2 for acceptance testing component costs.
4-12
-------
TABLE 4-5. LABOR COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH ADDITIONAL METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS
-F*
I
Labor area
Operating cost
Mixing heights (rawinsonde)
Mixing heights (sodar)
other parameters
Travel
Emergency repairs
Audits (two)
Data logging
Data uploading, processing,
and reporting
Quality assurance
Management
Review
8 h/day, 365 days/yr, Technician I, $16/h
1 h/day, 365 days/yr, Technician I, $16/h
4 h/wk, 52 wk/yr, Technician I, $16/h
10 mile/trip X 365 trips/yr x $0.23 mile
20 h/yr, Technician II, $20/h
20 h/yr, Management, $26/h
Contractor audits
80 h/yr, $30/h
Internal audits
16 h/yr. Technicial Supervisor, $22/h
32 h/yr. Technician II, $20/h
32 h/yr. Technician I, $16/h
12 h/mo, 12 mo/yr, Technician II, $20/h
2 h/mo, 12 mo/yr, Management, $26/h
2 h/mo, 12 mo/yr, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
Total3
Cost (1984), $
46,720
5,840
3,328
840
400
520
2,400
352
640
512
2,880
624
528
65,584
Total assumes contractor audits.
-------
measurement techniques are worthy of note. The more automated of the two
systems mentioned is the acoustic radar. The cost is high in both cases.
The rawisonde station cost exceeds the cost of acoustic radar significantly.
Mixing height is probably not a recommended parameter for consideration at a
combined meteorological and pollutant because of the high capital costs, the
labor-intensiveness, and the equipment upkeep. A third alternative (at a
much lower cost) is to extrapolate National Weather Service soundings.
4-14
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SECTION 5
VISIBILITY MONITORING
Visibility is broadly defined as the degree of clearness of the atmo-
sphere. The study of visibility and its relationship to meteorology and
atmospheric content is complex. To date no one instrument has been identi-
fied that will properly characterize visibility. Parameters that are
generally believed to provide an indication of visibility include target and
sky radiance; light scattering; concentration of particulate matter in two
size fractions; vista appearance; and meteorological indications, including
wind speed, wind direction, temperature and relative humidity. The recom-
mended instrument configuration for background monitoring is shown in Table
5-1. The costs of monitoring the impacts of a single source are not
addressed here because of the special nature of such monitoring.
5.1 CAPITAL COSTS
Capital costs associated with the implementation of a visibility moni-
toring program include the initial purchase of the complement of instruments;
the development of software for a computerized data logging system; site
selection; and the installation of equipment, including a temperature-controlled
shelter with a security fence and a power drop. Operating costs include
fully burdened labor for routine station operation, periodic maintenance,
filter media preparation and analysis, quality-assurance audits, data handling,
and supervision. Also included as operating costs are such items as travel,
spare parts, filter media, miscellaneous supplies, and electricity.
5.1.1 Equipment
The complement of instruments required for visibility monitoring in-
cludes a single wavelength telephotometer with a strip chart recorder and a
field calibration unit; an integrating nephelometer with air heater and strip
chart recorder; a 35 mm-camera with a 135-mm lens equipped to take color
5-1
-------
TABLE 5-1. RECOMMENDED VISIBILITY MONITORING PROGRAM
Instrument
Parameter
Frequency
Telephotometer
(550-nm)
Integrating nephe-
lometer
Color photography
Dichotomous sampler
Meteorological
sensors
Target and sky radiance
Scattering coefficient
Vista appearance
Particulates in two size
ranges
Wind speed, wind direction,
temperature, relative
humidity
Continuous daylight
hourly averages
Continuous hourly
averages
Three photographs/day
Two samples/week
Continuous hourly
averages
5-2
-------
photographs automatically three times a day; a dichotomous sampler to collect
samples of participate matter in two size ranges; and a meteorological system
to measure wind speed, wind direction, temperature, and humidity. Equipment
must be housed in a temperature-controlled shelter and be protected from
vandalism by a security fence. The estimated initial cost of the necessary
equipment is $37,445 (Table 5-2).
5.1.2 Site Selection
The selection of a site for visibility background monitoring must be
coordinated with the Federal Land Managers (FLM's) of vistas to be afforded
visibility protection. The site should be located such that any direct
impact of local sources will be avoided. The site should normally be located
on high terrain that affords an unobstructed view of the selected target.
For Western Class I areas with an average visual range of 130 km, targets
between 13 and 98 km would be acceptable; 33 km would be the optimum. The
optimum target distance would be about 10 km for Eastern Class I areas, where
40 km is the average visual range.
Because the visibility program must be coordinated with the FLM's and
because the site must be remote but still have reasonable accessibility and
proximity to electrical power, 30 hours of Manager time and 10 hours of
Technician Supervisor time will be required for site selection. Based upon a
burdened labor rate of $26 and $22 per hour, respectively, and expected
travel of 150 miles, the total cost of site selection would be $1035.
5.1.3 Installation and Startup
Installation and startup costs include the transport of the shelter and
equipment to the site; site preparation; installation of the various instru-
ment systems; and erection of the 10-m meteorological tower. A power drop is
also included as part of the installation cost. For estimating purposes, it
was assumed that the source of electricity is close enough to the monitoring
site that no additional utility poles will have to be put up. The cost of a
power drop can range from $200 to $500 or more, but an average cost of $350
was used for estimating purposes. Similarly, the cost of a security fence
varies from one area to another; however, for estimating purposes, an average
cost of $500 was used. Finally, a cost of $250 was assumed for miscellaneous
items that may be required to complete the installation of all equipment at
the site.
5-3
-------
TABLE 5-2. CAPITAL COST ESTIMATES FOR VISIBILITY MONITORING
Capital item
"Equipment
Single wavelength telephotometer with strip chart recorder
Integrating nephelometer with air heater and field calibrator
Camera - 35-mm with 135-mm lens, 250 exposure bulk-load back,
power winder, interval ometer, and tripod
Dichotombus sampler complete
Calibration kit
Filter holders
Meteorological instrumentation3 - Wind speed, wind direction,
temperature, and relative humidity; includes a multichannel
recorder, a 10-m tower, and connecting cables
Data-logging system - Apple lie or equivalent personal computer
with two disks, printer, and analog to digital interface
Software development for personal computer (200 h, $20/h)
Sampling shelter - 8 ft x 8 ft with temperature-control unit
Total equipment cost
Site Selection
Labor - 30 h, Management, $26/h
10 h, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
Travel - 150 miles, 23<£/mile
Installation and Startup
Power drop
Security fence installed - 6 ft high with two strands of barbed
wire, entry gate, and lock
Labor
20 h, Technical Supervisor, $26/h
20 h, Technician II, $20/h
Travel - 90 miles, 23
-------
A total of 20 hours of Technical Supervisor time and 20 hours of Tech-
nician II time should be sufficient to complete installation and startup of
the monitoring site. Associated travel is estimated to be 90 miles.
5.2 OPERATING COSTS
Operating costs include certain fixed costs that are incurred regardless
of activity level and variable costs that depend on the frequency of sample
collection (Table 5-3). Fixed costs include leasing a plot of ground and the
cost of electrical power. Experience has shown that land lease charges vary
greatly and must be negotiated on a case-by-case basis with each landowner.
For this cost analysis, it has been assumed that adequate space for the
monitoring site is available at no charge on publicly owned property.
Some of the instrument systems used in the visibility monitoring program
are sensitive to changes in environmental conditions within the shelter.
Thus, the shelter must be heated and cooled as necessary to maintain a rela-
tively constant temperature. Electricity requirements for heating and air
conditioning will greatly exceed that required to operate the various instru-
ment systems. The cost of electricity will vary from one area to another,
but an average cost of $75 per month is used here.
Variable costs related to the operation of a monitoring site include
day-to-day operations, routine maintenance and repairs, emergency repairs,
quarterly quality assurance calibrations and audits of all instrument sys-
tems, preparation and analysis of dichotomous filter media, data handling and
validation, and overall supervision of the program. For cost-estimating
purposes, it has been assumed that two 48-hour samples of particulate matter
will be collected each week with the dichotomous sampler. Hence, the station
operator will have to visit the site twice a week, at which time all systems
will receive routine servicing. Technician I time required for each site
visit was assumed to be 4 hours. It was further assumed that an average of 8
hours a month of Technician II time will be required for routine and/or
emergency maintenance. For estimating purposes, it was assumed that a visit
to each site will entail 30 miles of vehicle travel at 23<£ per mile.
5-5
-------
TABLE 5-3. OPERATING COST FOR VISIBILITY MONITORING
Item
Annual
cost, :
Electricity - $150/mo
Routine Station Operation
Labor - 4 h/day, 2 days/week, Technician I, $16/h
Travel - 30 miles/day, 2 days/week, 23<£/mi
Routine Maintenance and Emergency Repairs
Labor. - 8 h/mo, Technician II, $20/h
Travel - 30 mi/day, 1 day/mo, 23i£/mi
Spare parts
Flash lamp for nephelometer, 4 each, $56
Miscellaneous
Ringed Teflon membrane filters and petri dishes
Chart paper and pens
Photographic film - 2 rolls 100-ft color film, $50/roll
Film processing
Analysis Cost for Dichotomous Sampler
Filter inspection, nubmering tare weights - 7 h,
Technician I, $16/h
Filter conditioning, gross weights, and computation -
20 h, Technician I, $16/h
Data entry to computer data base - 12 h, Technician I, $16/h
Color Slide Filing
Labor - 4 h/mo, Technician I, $16 h
900
6,655
720
1,920
85
225
1,000
230
450
100
200
110
320
190
960
5-6
-------
TABLE 5-3 (continued)
Item
Quality Assurance and Supervision
Quarterly calibration and audit
Labor - 12 h/quarter, Technician II, $20/h
Travel - 60 mi/quarter, 23<£/mi
Data validation
Labor - 8 h/mo, Technician II, $20/h
Supervision
Labor - 8 h/mo, Technician Supervisor, $22/h
- 4 h/mo, Manager, $26/h
Data Reporting
Monthly data summaries
Labor - 8 h/mo, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
Computer - $100/mo
Quarterly data reports
Labor - 8 h/quarter, Technical Supervisor, $22/h
4 h/quarter, Manager, $26/h
Computer - $200/quarter
Total
Annual
cost, $
960
60
1,920
2,110
1,250
2,110
1,200
705
415
800
$25,595
5-7
-------
Filter media analysis costs relate to the inspection, numbering, and
weighing of the dichotomous sampler filter media prior to sampling and the
weighing and calculation of particulate matter concentrations after sampling.
Total annual cost of analysis was estimated to be $430. The entry of the
size fraction data into the computerized data base was estimated to require
an additional 1 hour per month of Technician I time, or $190 per year.
5.3 SUPERVISION AND QUALITY CONTROL
Quality assurance costs include 12 hours/quarter of Technician II time
to install a new flash lamp on the nephelometer, to calibrate all instrument
systems, and to audit the performance records maintained by the station
operator. An additional 6 hours/month of Technician I time will be required
for data validation. . Finally, overall supervision of operations and quality
assurance will require 8 hours/month of Technical Supervisor time and 4
hours/month of Manager time.
5.4 SUMMARY
Table 5-4 summarizes the annual cost of operating a visibility monitor-
ing site. Calculations of the annual cost of equipment are based on the
assumption that the various instrument systems have a useful lifetime of 5
years. The total annual cost was estimated to be $33,700.
Visibility monitoring is intended to provide background information for
the protection of visibility in Class I areas. Therefore, visibility
monitoring will be conducted in areas remote from sources of air pollutant
emissions. Because ambient monitoring for controlled pollutants probably
wound not be conducted at such sites, no economy of scale is likely to reduce
the total annual cost of maintaining a visibility monitoring station. The
only variable is the number of instruments used at the monitoring site and
the percentage of the year during which monitoring is conducted.
TABLE 5-4. SUMMARY OF ANNUAL COSTS FOR VISIBILITY MONITORING
Item
Capital costs
Operating costs
Total
Cost, $
8,105
25,595
33,700
5-8
-------
SECTION 6
EXAMPLE APPLICATION
This section presents an example application of a hypothetical ambient
air monitoring network that incorporates multiple monitoring sites and multiple
monitoring parameters among the sites. The purpose of the example is to
illustrate how to estimate the costs of an air monitoring network by using
the data presented in the preceding sections. The network size and specific
parameters included were selected for their utility in illustrating the
costing methodology rather than on the application of regulatory requirements
or siting guidelines. Specific agency network design will depend on the
nature of the agency's air quality problems and monitoring objectives.
6.1 NETWORK DESCRIPTION
The hypothetical network was developed for a medium-sized urban area
with a population in the range of 250,000 to 500,000. Sufficient sites and
parameters have been included to illustrate economies of scale for combining
parameters at a single site. The site/parameter configuration of the hypo-
thetical network is shown in Table 6-1. The configuration includes combina-
tions of criteria pollutant samplers as well as samplers for selected toxic
pollutants. As noted above, parameters were selected to illustrate costs
rather than to meet regulatory requirements. A full complement of meteoro-
logical instruments is not included (Sites 1 and 2). The data base for
meteorological parameters not included could be completed by using National
Weather Service data.
6.2 METHOD OF CALCULATION
Costs for the total network represent the sum of costs for the indi-
vidual monitoring sites. The costs for individual monitoring sites were
developed from the combined costs for each parameter. Determination of site
costs and, consequently, network costs, must include the following considera-
tions:
6-1
-------
TABLE 6-1. SITE CONFIGURATION FOR HYPOTHETICAL AMBIENT AIR
MONITORING NETWORK
Number of
monitoring sites'
Parameters
(Sites 1 and 2)
(Sites 3 and 4)
1
(Site 5)
(Site 6)
TSP - hi-vol
S02 - continuous
N02 - continuous
Ozone - continuous
Wind speed
Wind direction
Temperature
TSP - hi-vol
S02 - bubbler
N02 - bubbler
TSP - hi-vol
Metals - lead, cadmium
PM,« - dichotomous
S02 bubbler
TSP - hi-vol
SO- - continuous
N02 - continuous
Benzene - carbon molecular sieve - GC/MS
Vinyl chloride - carbon molecular sieve - GC/MS
Sites 1 and 2 have the same configuration of analyzers, and Sites 3 and 4
also have the same configuration.
6-2
-------
0 Capital costs are depreciated or amortized over the assumed life of
the capital item. For this example, the assumed life of all capital
items is 5 years; thus, the annualized capital cost for any capital
item is the total capital cost divided by five. No inflation
factor has been included.
0 Where shelters are necessary, analyzers at a single monitoring site
are combined into a single shelter.
0 Economies of scale are considered for the cost of calibration and
auditing equipment, for site visits for routine equipment servicing,
and for analyses (where applicable).
0 Costs for utilities, scheduling, and general management oversight
are treated as site costs, which are independent of the number and
types of parameters monitored.
6.2.2 Summary Calculations
Table 6-1 indicates a total of six monitoring sites in the example
network. It further indicates that some sites have identical instrument
configurations. Depending on site location, it may not be necessary to have
more than one set of meteorological instruments.
Table 6-2 summarizes the capital and operating costs for sites 1 and 2
of the example network. These two sites are assumed to have automated data
acquisition systems. Table 6-3 shows the details of capital cost derivation
(from Sections 2, 3, and 4 of this report) for these sites. Some capital
costs, e.g., shelter cost, are treated as site costs and are therefore inde-
pendent of the number of parameters monitored.
Table 6-4 shows the derivation of the operating costs summarized in
Table 6-2 for Sites 1 and 2. These costs include the cost of sampling,
analysis, maintenance, and quality assurance (including audits) for each
pollutant. The sampling costs reflect economies of scale resulting from
being able to service several parameters during a single site visit. Sam-
pling costs include automated data management. The cost item designations in
Table 6-4 correspond to those in tables from which the costs were derived so
that costs can be traced back to those tables and items that allow for
economies of scale can be identified.
The costs for the remaining monitoring sites are derived from the data
in previous report sections in the same manner as for the first two sites
(Tables 6-2, 6-3, and 6-4). Table 6-5 shows the cost derivation for monitor-
ing at these sites. Manual data management is assumed for these sites. For
6-3
-------
TABLE 6-2. SUMMARY OF ANNUAL COSTS FOR SITES 1 AND 2 OF
EXAMPLE NETWORK
(1984 dollars)
Parameter
TSP
so2
N02
Ozone
Meteorological parameters
Site costs (nonparametric)
Total
Capital
cost
2,356
9,194
9,344
6,499
5,750
10,400
43,543
Annual cost
Capital
471
1,839
1,869
1,300
1,150
2,080
8,709
Operating
l,936b
8,218C
3,246
6,422
8,148
1,428
29,398
Total
2,407
10,057
5,115
7,722
9,298
3,508
38,107
Operating costs include routine operations, maintenance, and quality
assurance (equipment calibration and audits).
Includes reduced cost for routine site service because part of this cost
is already included in other parameter costs.
Includes N0« routine site and span checks.
6-4
-------
TABLE 6-3. CAPITAL COSTS FOR EXAMPLE SITES 1 AND 2
(1984 dollars)
Parameter
TSPb
v
N02e
Ozone6
Meteorological
parameters
Capital cost item3
Site selection0 .
Equipment installation
Hi-vol sampler
Filter holders
Site selection0 .
Equipment installation
Sampling equipment
Site selection0 .
Equipment installation
Sampling equipment
Site selection0 .
Equipment installation
Sampling equipment
Wind speed - 3-cup anemometer
Wind direction - Wind vane
Cross arm
Temperature - Thermistor
Temperature shield
(natural)
Signal conditioners - Wind speed/
direction
Temperature
Accessories
Acceptance Testing^
Equipment installation (assumes 16
h of Technician II and 4 Technical
Supervisor time)
Cost
Total
280
436
1,520
120
368
816
8,010
368
1,116
7,860
368
1,116
5,015
425
425
150
90
110
475
275
1,700
1,692
408
Annualized
56
87
304
24
74
163
1,602
74
223
1,572
74
223
1,003
85
85
30
18
22
95
55
340
338
82
(continued)
6-5
-------
TABLE 6-3 (continued)
Parameter
Nonparametric
costs
Total
Capital cost item3
Electricity (power drop)
Shelter
Data acquisition
(6 strip chart recorders and
one data logger)
Cost
Total
300
3,780
10,400
47,623
Annual ized
60
756
2,080
9,525
Estimates do not include calibration and audit equipment or laboratory
equipment. These items are considered as network costs.
Source: Table 2-4.
cAssumes half the normal cost of site selection as a result of siting
multiple parameters.
Does not include $300 for power drop. This cost is a site cost covered
under the category "nonparametric costs."
eSource: Table 2-8.
Source: Table 4-1.
9Source: Table 4-2.
6-6
-------
TABLE 6-4. OPERATING COSTS FOR EXAMPLE SITES 1 AND 2
(1984 dollars)
Parameter
Cost element
Annualized
cost
TSP
a,b
SO,
c,d
NO,
Ozone
Meteorological
parameters
(continued)
Sampling (expendable items at $130 + 0.25
h/sample Technician I at $16/h)
Analysis
Maintenance and recalibration
Quality assurance
Sampling (routine site visits, automated data
acquisition and precision/span checks)
Routine maintenance
Quarterly calibration
Remedial maintenance
Calibration gases
Expendable components
Quality assurance (data assessment, audits,
audit gases)
Sampling (site work included in S02
estimate)
Quarterly calibration
Remedial maintenance
Expendable items
Calibration gases
Quality assurance
Sampling
Routing maintenance
Quarterly calibration
Remedial maintenance
Expendable items
Calibration gases (not required)
Quality assurance
Routine operation (excludes travel and
electricity, assumes 60 percent of routine
checks, records, maintenance and repairs,
and emergency repair from Table 4-2)
374
340
878
344
4,476
496
320
160
400
400
1,966
-0-
320
160
400
400
1,966
3,120
656
320
160
400
-0-
1,766
3,684
6-7
-------
TABLE 6-4 (continued)
Parameter
Site costs9
Cost element
Data logging
Quality assurance
Audits (assumes 60 percent of contractor
audit cost in Table 4-3)
Electricity
Schedul ing/oversight
Total
Annual i zed
cost
1,920
1,104
1,440
900
528
29,398
aSource: Table 2-5.
Sampling costs for TSP excludes an $84 month utility cost. This cost is
covered as a site cost.
cSource: Table 2-9.
Routine site visit cost shown for SO^ assumes servicing two parameters.
eOne hour of Technician I time/visit x 3 visits/week plus 4 hours Technician
II time/span visit x 2 visits/month. Also includes 0.25 hour/month of Tech-
nician II time for data reduction.
Sampling cost based on 1 hour of Technician I time per site visit, 3 visits
per week.
9These costs cover all parameters.
6-8
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TABLE 6-5. DERIVATION OF AMBIENT AIR MONITORING COSTS FOR ADDITIONAL
SITES (3, 4, 5, 6) IN THE EXAMPLE NETWORK
Site
3
4
5
Cost element
TSPa b
S02 bubbler0
Siting/installation
Equipment
Sampling/analysis
Maintenance
Quality.assurance
N02 bubbler0
Siting/installation
Equipment
Sampling/analysis
Maintenance
Quality assurance
Site costs (nonparametric)
TSP (see Site 3)
SO, (see Site 3)
N02 (see Site 3)
Site costs (nonparametric)
TSPC
Metals (assume 1 sample every 6 days)
Siting/installation f
PM-0 Equipment - Sampling equipment
Analytical balance
PM.n Sampling9
PMfX Analysis9
PM{Q Maintenance9
PM:;; Quality assurance9
S0*ububbler (see Site 3)
Site costs (nonparametric)
Annual cost, $
Capital
471
124
295
124
295
60
471
419
419
60
471
d
112
470
1,800
419
60
Operating
1,936
3,536
668
528
2,686
668
528
900
1,936
4,732
3,882
900
1,936
2,989
5,304
998
1,353
1,555
4,732
900
Total
2,407
140
295
3,536
668
528
124
295
2,686
668
528
960
2,407
5,151
4,301
960
2,407
2,989
112
470
1,800
5,304
998
1,353
1,555
5,151
960
6-9
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TABLE 6-5 (continued)
Site
6
Cost element
TSP (see Table 6-2)
SO, (see Table 6-2)
N0£ (see Table 6-2)
Benzene, vinyl chloride
Site costs (nonparametric)
Annual cost, $
Capital
471
1,839
1,869
h
1,416
Operating
1,936
6,162
1,748
15,250
1,428
Total
2,407
8,001
3,617
15,250
2,844
a
b
c
d
e
f
Source: Tables 2-4 and 2-5. Analytical equipment, calibration equipment,
and electrical cost not included.
Source: Tables 2-10 and 2-11. Assume siting and installation at half nor-
mal cost because two bubblers are being collocated.
Includes costs of low-background, high-purity filters.
Represents analytical costs based on commercial laboratory analysis at
on $15/sample for lead and $34/sample for cadmium. Assume cadmium is
analyzed by the NAA method.
Assume cost of one parameter to gain economy of scale.
Source: Tables 2-6 and 2-7. Includes 2 collocated samplers. One sampler
operates every 6 days for precision data. Assumes retrofit of existing
hi-vols. Capital cost includes aerosol inlet ($1,050) and filter holder
($125) for each sampler.
Since PM,0 sampling includes a collocated sampler operating every 6 days,
the operating costs have been increased 30 percent to allow for the
additional monitoring.
Basis: 61 samples x $250/sample for contract analysis. Both pollutants
are analyzed from a single sample.
6-10
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hi-vol sampling and continuous monitoring of criteria pollutants, the costs
are assumed to be the same as shown in the previous tables (Sites 1 and 2);
thus cost details are not repeated here for these parameters at the remaining
sites. The capital costs in Table 6-5 are annualized costs derived by dividing
the total capital cost by five, which represents the assumed depreciation
period of 5 years.
Table 6-6 summarizes the costs for the entire network. This represents
the sum of the costs for each site presented in the preceding tables, and it
also includes the cost of analytical equipment and auditing equipment other
than equipment specific to a single site. The specific elements included in
the network support cost category are outlined in Table 6-7.
6-11
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TABLE 6-6. COST SUMMARY FOR EXAMPLE AIR MONITORING NETWORK
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Site 4
Site 5
Site 6
Network support
Total network
Annual ized costs, $
Capital
9,525
9,525
1,369
1,369
3,332
5,595
6,400
37,115
Operating
29,398
29,398
11,450
11,450
19,767
26,524
-
127,987
Total
38,923
38,923
12,819
12,819
23,099
32,119
6,400
165,102
6-12
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TABLE 6-7. SUMMARY OF EXAMPLE AIR MONITORING NETWORK
SUPPORT COSTS
Cost element4
Cost, $
TSP support
Calibration kit
Audit calibration kit
PM,n support
'10
Calibration kit
Audit calibration kit
S02/N02 (continuous) support
Permeation system
Zero air system
Bubble flow kit
S02/N02 (bubbler) support
Bubble flow kit (only one kit
required for all sites)
UV spectrophotometer
Ozone support
Dynamic dilution system
Meteorological systems support
Data processing equipment
Personal computer
Software
290
290
9,000
325
2,575
370
775
-0-
3,000
6,000
1,375
4,000
4,000
Support items for each parameter/method are sufficient for servicing the
entire network.
Includes calibrators for wind speed, wind direction, and temperature.
6-13
-------
REFERENCES
1. PEDCo Environmental, Inc. Cost of Monitoring Air Quality in the United
States. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Monitoring and Data Anal-
ysis Division. November 1979.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Procedures for Estimating Prob-
ability of Nonattainment of a PM10 NAAQS Using Total Suspended Particu-
late or Inhalable Particulate Data. September 1983.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Quality Assurance Handbook for
Air Pollution Measurement Systems, Volume IV, Meteorological Instruments,
EPA-600/4-82-060, February 1983.
4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Ambient Monitoring Guidelines for
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD). EPA-450/4-80-012, Novem-
ber 1980.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Interim Guidance for Visibility
Monitoring. EPA-450/2-80-082, November 1980. p. 25.
R-l
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-450/4-85-004
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Cost of Ambient Air Monitoring for Criteria
Pollutants'and Selected Toxic Pollutants
5. REPORT DATE
May 1985
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
PEI Associates, Inc.
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-3898
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
68A
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This document provides cost estimates for collecting and analyzing ambient air
samples for the criteria air pollutants and selected toxic air pollutants. Both
capital costs and operating costs are developed based on 1984 equipment manufacturers'
costs and on assumed labor categories and pay scales. Costs for visibility monitoring
and for monitoring meteorological parameters are included. Costs are developed for
an example monitoring network to illustrate the application of costs for individual
monitoring network components. Data presented can be used for cost estimating. Actual
costs will differ depending on local conditions such as labor cost differentials,
network configuration, and sampling and analysis methods.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS,
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Ambient Air Monitoring Costs
Criteria Air Pollutants
Toxic Air Pollutants
Air Monitoring Network Costs
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