FIELD STUDIES ON SEDIMENT-WATER ALGAL NUTRIENT
INTERCHANGE PROCESSES AND WATER QUALITY
OF UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES
FEDERAL WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMINISTRATION
NORTHWEST REGION
PACIFIC NORTHWEST
WATER LABORATORY
CORVALLIS, OREGON
-------
FIELD STUDIES ON SEDIMENT-WATER ALGAL
NUTRIENT INTERCHANGE PROCESSES AND WATER QUALITY
OF UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES
July 1967-March 1969
A. R. Gahler
Working Paper No. 66
United States Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Northwest Region
Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory
200 Southwest Thirty-fifth Street
Con/all is, Oregon
October 1969
-------
A Working Paper presents results of
investigations which are to some extent
limited or incomplete. Therefore,
conclusions or recommendations--expressed
or implied—are tentative.
-------
CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE 1
ABSTRACT 3
INTRODUCTION b
FIGURE NO. 1 - MAP OF UPPER KLAMATH LAKE SYSTEM 7
FIELD TEST FOR SEDIMENT-WATER NUTRIENT INTERCHANGE 9
Experimental Pool Design and Location 9
Observations 10
Discussion 13
LIMNOLOGY OF UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES 17
General Discussion 17
Lake Water Quality 21
Water Analyses 21
Sample Preservation 21
Oxygen 22
Nitrogen Compounds 23
Phosphorus 24
Silicon 25
Sodium 25
Potassium 25
Chloride 26
Sulfate 26
Carbon 26
Iron and Manganese 26
PH 27
Total Alkalinity 27
Hardness, Ca and Total 27
Physical Measurements 27
Temperature 27
Water Transparency 28
Conductivity 28
Biological Measurements 28
-------
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Methods of Analysis
Water Quality of Upper Klamath and Agency
Lakes
Temperature, Transparency, pH, and Special
Limnological Observations in Upper
Klamath and Agency Lakes
Temperature and Oxygen Variation with Depth
in Agency and Upper Klamath Lakes
Oxygen and Temperature Variation through a
24-Hour Period in Upper Klamath Lake
Phytoplankton of Upper Klamath Lake
Conductivity Measurements in Howard Bay,
Upper Klamath Lake
Comparison of Surface and Bottom Lake Water
Quality with Experimental Pools
Profile Data for Temperature and Oxygen of
the Experimental Pools and Lake
Page
31
33
35
-------
PREFACE
The purpose of this Working Paper is to report data collected
for a research project on interchange of algal nutrients between
sediment and overlying water in Upper Klamath Lake and to present
the results from a field experiment on nutrient interchange.
The objective of part of the investigation was to follow lake
conditions at several representative locations in order to determine
when interchange might occur and whether or not it could be measured
in the lake water. No attempt was made to monitor the water qual-
ity of the entire lake system. This would have been beyond the
scope of the problem and impossible from the standpoint of avail-
able manpower. No attempt has been made to interpret the water
quality data except in relationship to interchange mechanisms.
In many lakes, an increase in nutrients is noted under anaer-
obic conditions, therefore, more measurements were made when it was
anticipated that these conditions would likely develop under the
ice and in late summer or autumn when the algae died.
During the period of this investigation no other organization
made a systematic study of chemical, physical, and algal properties
of the lakes. Therefore, it is felt that these data will be use-
ful to those future workers on Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes who
may wish to compare lake conditions with water quality in the past.
These data are in a sense a continuation and expansion of the re-
ports by Phinney, Bond, Miller, and other investigators of Upper
Klamath Lake.
-------
Information on sediments will be treated in a separate report
because of the diverse reasons for examination of the sediments
and because of the length of the report.
-------
ABSTRACT
Studies of algal nutrient interchange between sediment and
water under environmental conditions were carried out in Upper
Klamath Lake, Oregon, from July 1967 to March 1969. Experimental
"pools" of lake water in contact with the sediment and experimen-
tal pools of water not exposed to the sediment were compared with
the open lake from November 1967 to June 1968.
Water quality measurements in Agency and Upper Klamath Lakes
were made to determine whether interchange processes could be
observed directly in the water, to establish conditions for lab-
oratory interchange tests, and to compare lake conditions with
the experimental pools. Data were obtained from July 1967 to March
1969 on pH, conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chemical
composition, and phytoplankton.
Interchange definitely occurred when Oscillatora floated to
the lake surface with attached sediment which contained soluble
nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. A plastic-bottomed pool of
water not exposed to sediment exhibited higher oxygen content under
the ice and had less phytoplankton growth in spring than the pools
exposed to sediments. The effects of gas evolution, wind, currents,
fish, boating, benthos, diffusion, etc., on the shallow lakes was
not quantitatively determined, but it seems quite probable that any-
thing that stirs the sediment causes interchange of nutrients.
-------
INTRODUCTION
The intense growth of algae for about eight months each year
in the eutrophic Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes in Oregon has been
attributed in part to release of nutrients from the bottom sedi-
ments to the overlying water.
A study to evaluate the influence of lake sediments on algal
growth and to determine the conditions under which nutrient release
or uptake might occur was started in the summer of 1967 by the
Sediment-Water Nutrient Interchange Section of the National Eutro-
phication Research Program, Corvallis, Oregon.
It is the purpose of this paper to report results from the
field experiments and lake observations and to publish water qual-
ity data of the lakes which have not been placed into an information
retrieval system, yet are useful for present and future investiga-
tors of this body of water. These data augment those reported by
Phinney (5, 6), Bond (1), the Oregon State Sanitary Authority (4),
Miller and Tash (3), and Jewett (2).
This paper contains information pertaining to conditions under
the ice. Winter data have not previously been reported for these
lakes. These and all other data were obtained during an investi-
gation designed to determine whether nutrient interchange processes
were detectable under various lake conditions. Information pertain-
ing to soluble nutrients in the interstitial water of the sediments,
and the composition and characteristics of sediment cores will be
published in another report.
-------
The data in the Tables are listed according to stations which
are designated by a capital letter, a number, and a small letter
(e.g., Ylb, 09d). The station position can be located on the map
of Agency and Upper Klamath Lakes (Figure 1) by using coordinates:
numbers are north and south, capital letters progress alphabeti-
cally from east to west, and small letters indicate relative
position in each square.
Samples of lake water were taken most frequently at two loca-
tions: at a site in Howard Bay (09d) where experimental pools were
installed in late October 1967, and at the Pelican Marina near the
outlet of Upper Klamath Lake (Ylb; see Figure 1). The outlet was
sampled frequently to compare the general lake condition with that
in specific locations under study. Other locations (Agency [M35a]
and Buck Island [V7d]) were sampled occasionally in cooperation
with Dr. R. Pacha of Oregon State University who is studying sedi-
ment-bacteria-water interactions under a Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration research grant.
The analytical procedures used in the laboratory and field are
given in Table 1, and the chemical description of water quality at
the surface and directly above the sediment is presented in Table 2,
Data relating to pH, water transparency, qualitative informa-
tion on algal conditions, and special limnological observations are
shown in Table 3 (pH is also tabulated in Table 2); temperature and
oxygen profile data in Table 4 and 5; quantitative information on
-------
Scale N64.I70
FIGURE I ••••MAP OF UPPER KLAMATH
KLAMATH
FALLS
LAKE SYSTEM
-------
8
algae during the winter months, Table 6; conductivity data from
Howard Bay in winter, Table 7; comparison of chemical data of
surface and bottom water from some of the experimental pools and
adjacent lake water, Table 8; and selected profile data for
temperature and oxygen in the experimental pools and lake, Table
9.
Concentration expressions for the various chemical and phys-
ical measurements are listed in Table 1. Appropriate abbreviations
and notes appear at the end of each table.
Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes are located in South Central
Oregon east of the Cascade Mountains. Part of the drainage from
the.watershed of about 3,800 square miles flows through Wood River
and other tributaries into Agency Lake which drains southward into
Upper Klamath Lake. The Williamson River is the only other large
tributary for Upper Klamath Lake. The lake, in turn, empties into
the Klamath River which runs eventually into the Pacific Ocean.
The shallow (mean depth 8 feet), 120 square-mile lake system, and
tributaries have been described quite fully by others(1, 3) (see
also, Figure 1). The water level in the lakes is controlled so
that the altitude of the surface varies only from 4,136 to 4,143
feet.
-------
FIELD TEST FOR SEDIMENT-WATER NUTRIENT INTERCHANGE
Experimental Pool Design and Location
Ideally, tests of the interchange between sediment and water
of the nutrients used by algae and aquatic plants should be per-
formed in the lake so that the weather, radiation, temperature,
wind, diffusion, currents, benthic organisms, sediment conditions,
water quality, etc., are as nearly identical to that of the nat-
ural environment as possible. For the field interchange measure-
ments, four 10 mil polyethylene pools 3x3x4 meters deep were
installed in October 1967 in a wooden framework for support and
protection. A site in Howard Bay (09d) away from highway traffic
yet accessible in winter proved to be satisfactory. Two pools
were bottomless so that the water was exposed to the sediment.
The other two pools had plastic bottoms.
The pools were located about 10 meters from a dike. During
the experiment the depth of the lake at the pools varied from 1.2
to about 2.75 meters. The plastic sides were folded over so that
the top edge extended above the surface of the water from 30 to
45 cm. Each pool contained about 19,000 liters (5,000 gallons)
of lake water during the experiment. The physical, chemical,
and biological variables in the water of the pools were observed
from the surface to the bottom at least monthly and compared with
the surrounding lake water for about seven months until cracks
and holes developed in the plastic.
-------
10
Pools of this relatively large size were used so that the
effects of biological growth on the sidewalls would be minimized
and radiation effects would be similar to natural conditions.
Larger pools of more durable material would have been desirable,
but design was limited by available funds.
Much useful information was obtained from the field experi-
ment, although it was not entirely successful because of defects
which developed in the originally impervious plastic under the
severe field conditions of thick ice and occasional high wind
velocity.
Observations
The plastic walls were sufficiently flexible so that wave
action against the pools was partially transmitted throughout the
contained water mass, enhancing mixing. Temperature in the pools
remained within ±1°C of the adjacent lake water (Table 8). Dis-
solved oxygen concentration before the ice formed on the lake in
December 1967 and after melting of the ice the last week in Feb-
ruary 1968 was usually within ±1.5 mg 0/£ between pools and lake
water at corresponding depths. However, under the ice and snow,
the water in the plastic pools not exposed to the lake sediment
contained more dissolved oxygen than the water in the pools ex-
posed to the sediment (Table 9).
Farm drainage water was pumped into the bay during February
1968 at a point 0.8 mile from the pools and flowed along the lake
bottom past the pools. Thus, the oxygen and other variables
-------
11
measured in the lake did not represent typical conditions with
which to compare the pools. The pools were apparently intact
during the winter and early spring, since the conductivity did
not vary appreciably from the time they had been filled with
lake water in November until March when they were flooded as
the lake level rose.
Dissolved oxygen in the water below 0.5 meter in the plastic-
bottomed pool averaged 2.3 mg 0/£ higher than in the pool where
the water was exposed to the sediment, as shown in Table 9 for
stations PBE and SBW on January 17 and 31, 1968. Compared with
water sampling site NlOb (Table 4) in Howard Bay on January 31,
1968, where the oxygen was less than 1.5 mg Q/H from surface to
sediment, the oxygen in the plastic-bottomed pool averaged 5.8
mg 0/£ higher than in the lake. This indicates that the sediments
exert an oxygen demand upon the water. Presumably, the water at
NlOb at this time was not affected by the farm drainage water,
since the conductivity was low and fairly uniform from top to.
bottom (Table 7). .
In June, Oscil latoria floated to the surface carrying with
it large portions of sediment about 8 to 15 cm thick. Small
floating chunks were noted in the sediment-exposed pools, but
not in the plastic-bottomed pools. This represented a sediment-
water nutrient interchange mechanism which will be discussed in
more detail under the section relating to Limnology of Upper
Klamath and Agency Lakes.
-------
12
Gas evolution from the bottom sediments occurred in the lake
and sediment-exposed pools but not in the plastic-bottomed pools.
The concentration of nutrients, if any, brought into the overlying
water by the gassing process is not known.
On May 8, 1968, the phytoplankton crop in the plastic-bottomed
pools was less than in the sediment-bottomed pools or in the lake
as indicated by Secchi disc readings (157 cm as compared to 115 cm
in the lake and sediment-exposed pools of water).
Examination of the winter chemical data in Table 2 does not
show an increase in phosphorus, nitrogen forms, conductivity, alka-
linity, etc., nor the presence of nitrite in the water directly
over the sediment in winter as is usually described in the literature
for conditions in lakes under the ice. Field tests for iron (II)
in the bottom water were negative. The reason for this is not
obvious. Since the sediments are mildly reducing in nature
(E.= -0.1 to +0.3 volt) and contain 1 to 2 percent iron on a dry
basis, presence of Fe (II) was expected.
A decrease of soluble silicon concentration in the water was
caused by a heavy growth of Gomphonema, a silicon consuming algae,
on the inside walls of all the pools in April and May. The lake
water contained approximately 10 mg Si02/& at the May 8 sampling
whereas all the pools contained only about 5 mg SiO^A. This
illustrates the effect of one type of growth on the sidewalls of
an experimental pool.
-------
Discussion
This test points out several problems in the measurement of
sediment-water nutrient interchange in the field. The greatest
problem in our experiment was the plastic used for pool construc-
tion which cracked and tore before completion of the test. The
material must be sufficiently rugged to withstand ice and high
wind velocity.
Pools should contain a sufficiently large volume of water so
that sidewall effects such as Gomphonema growth will not greatly
alter the equilibria of the biological and chemical systems. It
is the opinion of the writer that pools ideally should contain at
least two to three times more water than the 5000 gallon volume
contained in this experiment.
To prevent splashing of lake water into the pools, a break-
water device should be designed around the edges of the pool to
break the higher waves before they reach the pool and to prevent
damage by floating objects. This was done by placing strips of
wood (shiplap) on the surrounding framework. A fixed-position
wavebreak, however, reduces the radiation reaching the pools when
the lake level becomes lower. Much labor would be eliminated by
incorporation of a flotation device to maintain the sides of the
pool at a relatively constant height above the water. This would
also reduce the difference in radiation on the water in the pools
and the lake which would affect the photosynthetic processes.
-------
14
Replacement of evaporated water in pools can be a problem
where low-nutrient water is not readily available. If possible,
only distilled water should be added.
Construction and placement of pools would be extremely diffi-
cult, if not impossible, in very deep lakes. In large lakes,
several areas would need to be tested because of variability in
sediments and uncertainty in placing experimental pools in repre-
sentative locations. Even in Upper Klamath Lake, which was famil-
iar to NERP personnel, the selected site was not as representative
of the entire lake as desired.
The full effect of currents on interchange is difficult to
measure in a pool unless artificial stirring is induced to simu-
late natural conditions. Similarly, the effect of fish and boats
in a shallow lake is significant but difficult to evaluate. Al-
though gas evolution was noted in the sediment-bottomed pools,
but not in the plastic-bottomed pools, the concentration of nu-
trients brought into the overlying water by the gassing process
is not known. Certainly some of the soluble nutrients present
in the Howard Bay sediments would be released into the overlying
water. The rising of Oscillator!a to the surface with attached
clumps of sediment also causes nutrient release to the overlying
water. This was measured in the lake in September 1968 (see
Limnology of Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes).
-------
15
In conclusion, from our experience in Upper Klamath Lake,
it is difficult to quantitatively evaluate sediment-water algal
nutrient interchange by use of experimental pools. The technique
is costly, time-consuming, and subject to experimental problems.
Therefore, new methods must be developed. Since NERP will be
required in future restoration programs to evaluate the nutrient
contribution of sediments from many lakes, estuaries, rivers, and
reservoirs, it would be desirable to replace field tests with
suitable laboratory interchange tests.
-------
LIMNOLOGY OF UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES
General Discussion
To determine whether nutrient interchange could be measured
in the field chemically or physically, to determine the variations
in the lakes so that conditions for laboratory interchange studies
could be established, and to compare lake conditions with the
experimental pools, it was necessary to observe several parameters
in the lakes. As a result, much interesting data have been accumu-
lated which appear in the Appendix.
The water quality data are presented for July 1967 through
March 1969 in Tables 1 through 7. Several interesting and impor-
tant conditions were observed in the lakes during the period.
Ice covered essentially the entire surface during the winter of
1967-68 from the first week of December to the last week in Feb-
ruary, and in 1968-69 from the second week in December to the
first week in April. Snow covered the ice much of the time during
both winters. Below-normal precipitation during the winter of
1967-68 resulted in low water levels during the following summer
and navigation was not possible throughout most of both lakes.
Above-normal snowfall in the 1968-69 winter season rendered it
impossible to drive to the experimental pool location.
According to reports in the literature nutrient release in
some lakes is expected to occur when anaerobic conditions develop
at the bottom during prolonged ice cover when no mixing occurs.
-------
18
Chemical analysis of water just over the sediments during the
period of ice and snow cover did not reveal significantly higher
concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds over that
found in the water just below the ice, even though the dissolved
oxygen content was less than 1 mg 0/£ for at least two weeks and
no mixing occurred from wind action. No explanation for this
can be given except that the lake did not follow the classical
description of the iron-manganese-phosphate cycle during periods
of low and high dissolved oxygen.
Sediment-water nutrient interchange occurred in June and Sep-
tember 1968 through an interesting and effective mechanism. Oscil-
latoria, which forms on the sediment and collects sufficient gas
to cause it to be lifted to the lake surface along with attached
sediment in pieces 30 cm or more in length and from 15 to 30 cm
thick, was found floating throughout the lake system in June and
throughout Howard Bay in September. This floating Oscillatoria,
sediment, and other decomposing algae caused a very disagreeable
odor in the bay. As a result, the water increased in conduc-
tivity (190 micromhos/cm), total phosphorus (1 mg P/&)» ammonia
nitrogen (1.2 mg N/&), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (4 to 12 mg N/£),
and decreased in dissolved oxygen (3 mg 0/&) as compared with
the main portion of the lake. Many small dead fish, 4 to 8 cm
long, were seen floating along with the Oscillatoria and other
decaying algae. Much of the nutrients probably came from the
sediment interstitial water when the sediment was lifted by the
-------
19
Oscillatoria. The interstitial water from surface sediment samples
taken in Howard Bay from June through October contained from 5 to 9
mg P/£ as orthophosphate and 20 to 86 mg N/£ as ammonia.
The unusually high conductivity observed in some areas of
Howard Bay in January and February 1968 was probably the result of
farm drainage water pumped into the bay from an adjacent ranch.
Additional data to illustrate the influence on Howard Bay are shown
in Table 7. In 1968, the drainage water (conductivity, 500 mi-
cromhos/cm) apparently flowed under the ice from a point near the
end of the bay, along a dike near the experimental pools, and was
still detectable 0.7 mile past the pools at P9a, a total of 1.5
miles from the drainage outlet. The flow pattern was not determined
throughout the bay. However, the fact that the conductivity of the
experimental pools at 09d filled in November with lake water re-
mained at 185 micromhos/cm and the fact that sampling site NlOb did
not experience high conductivity, support the assumption that farm
drainage water rather than sediment-water interchange processes
caused the high conductivity. In February 1969 relatively high
conductivity (200 to 500 micromhos/cm) below 1.5 meters was obser-
ved at NlOb. It has been assumed that this effect resulted from
farm drainage water accompanied by a change in lake currents from
those in 1968. Weather conditions did not permit measurement at
09d.
-------
20
The overall effect of farm drainage water and the interchange
process upon Upper Klamath Lake sediments is uncertain. The con-
ductivity of the agricultural drainage return water on January 30,
1968, was 500 micrdmhos/cm; but on March 2, 1968, after much melt-
ing of snow, it decreased to 255 micromhos/cm. The analysis of a
sample of the yellow-colored return drainage water taken on March
2 was as follows (values in mg/H): NO^N, <0.05; NO^N, <0.01; NH^N,
<0.1; total Kjeldahl N, 3.2; ortho P, 0.20; total P, 0.46; alka-
linity, 68; soluble non-volatile organic carbon, 37; soluble silica,
7.0; calcium hardness, 88; total hardness, 90; chloride, 4; sulfate,
22; sodium, 23; potassium, 2.3; pH, 7.1. Although soil scientists
regard phosphorus as relatively immobile in soil, sufficient phos-
phorus was present in this agricultural drainage water to support
algal growth.
The effect of wind upon mixing and resuspension of the sedi-
ments with the overlying water has been described by Bond, Hazel,
and Vincent (1). They concluded that the sediments were resuspended
when the water mass movement had a velocity greater than 0.02 feet
per second; this occurred when wind velocities were two to five
miles per hour. With the concentrations of soluble phosphorus and
nitrogen available in the sediment interstitial water, this process
would appear to be an important factor in nutrient interchange.
In 1967 Aphanizomenon did not appear until August in Upper
Klamath Lake, but in 1968 it developed in May. Furthermore, during
-------
21
the summer of 1968 the predominant algae forms changed from
Aphanizomenon to Rivularia or to Anabaenopsis (Table 3\
Additional changes observed in the lake system during the 1967-
69 period are summarized by the following discussion of specific
chemical, physical and biological parameters. Refer to appropriate
tables for specific data.
Lake Water Quality
Water Analyses
Sample Preservation — All samples were collected and packed
in ice. Alkalinity in most cases was titrated in the field or with-
in about four hours in the laboratory. Mercuric chloride, which is
sometimes added to stabilize the samples for nitrogen and phosphorus
species, formed a copious precipitate and caused the algae to lyse.
Therefore, nothing was added to preserve the water samples. In sum-
mer during conditions of much algal growth, the water for orthophos-
phate determination was filtered through a 0.45 micron membrane filter
within a short time after collection and stored in ice before analysis.
The importance of analysis of samples as quickly as possible
after collection from a highly eutrophic lake cannot be over-empha-
sized, since present sample stabilization techniques are not ade-
quate to prevent changes in phosphorus, nitrogen, and soluble silica
forms.
-------
22
Oxygen— The dissolved oxygen concentration varied appreciably
throughout the lakes on the same day depending upon weather and al-
gal conditions (Table 4). The bays of Upper Klamath Lake tended to
be more variable than the main body of the lake. For example, on
October 10, 1967, after several days of very little wind, the dis-
solved oxygen varied horizontally at the surface from less than 5
mg 0/£ to about 15 mg 0/£ in Howard Bay and decreased from the sur-
face to the bottom.
On October 11 a cold front accompanied by moderately strong
winds passed over the lake system causing vigorous wave action.
This effectively stirred the shallow water so that on October 12
the dissolved oxygen and temperature were essentially the same from
surface to bottom. However, there still remained horizontal differ-
ences between locations in the bay areas (3 to 11 mg 0/£) and in
the main lake (10 to 12.5 mg 0/H).
The dissolved oxygen variation over a 24-hour period when
Aphanizomenon growth was heavy is shown in Table 5 for three loca-
tions in Upper Klamath Lake. A change in oxygen concentration of
about 5 or 6 mg 0/£ occurred in Howard Bay but only 2 or 3 mg 0/£
in the main body of the lake. As usual, there was considerable
difference in the oxygen levels among the three locations.
During the winter of 1967-68 and 1968-69, after the ice had
covered the lake for several weeks, dissolved oxygen decreased to
3 mg 0/Z in Howard Bay area and in Agency Lake. Even at the Upper
Klamath Lake outlet (Ylb) oxygen was less than 6 mg 0/£ during
-------
23
January 1968. However, about a week after the Ice melted in Feb-
ruary a diatom bloom developed and the oxygen quickly increased to
120 - 160 percent saturation.
Nitrogen Compounds — Ammonia nitrogen decreased from 2 mg N/£
under the ice to less than 0.1 mg N/& after melting of the ice.
An increase in runoff from the watershed into the lake and an in-
crease in phytoplankton (diatoms) normally occurs upon melting of
the ice. In late June 1968 the ammonia concentration increased
to about 0.6 mg N/£ in both Howard Bay and at the lake outlet (Ylb),
the same time that Oscillatoria and its attached sediment floated
to the surface. The ammonia concentration then decreased at the
outlet to 0.1 mg N/£ which was much lower in ammonia concentration
than at Howard Bay or other locations in the main body of Upper
Klamath Lake. Ammonia increased again when the Oscillatoria was
observed floating in Howard Bay, in September 1968. At this time
the ammonia nitrogen in the bay water increased to over 1 mg N/£
in contrast to 0.1 mg N/£ in the main lake water. The increase of
ammonia nitrogen was attributed to sediment-water interchange pro-
cesses since the sediment lifted to the surface contained 30-45 mg
soluble ammonia per liter in the interstitial water.
Nitrate nitrogen increased in Upper Klamath Lake in the late
autumn and winter to about 0.3 mg N/£ and then decreased to <0.02
mg N/£ in April and throughout the summer.
Nitrite nitrogen was detected by field test in the water only
once, at station NlOb in February 1969. Values of nitrite reported
-------
24
up to 0.02 mg N/£ in Table 2 were probably a result of changes
taking place in the sample after collection and before determination
in the laboratory. An increase in the nitrite concentration was
noted in samples collected midday February 6, 1969, and stored in
ice 22 hours before analysis.
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen increased in the autumn and decreased
in the spring and early summer. A large increase was observed in
Howard Bay at the time of Oscillatoria and sediment flotation in
September. The outlet of the lake system (Ylb) apparently was
affected a month later when the total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentra-
tion increased from 3.5 to 8.5 mg N/£.
Phosphorus -- Phosphorus (as orthophosphate) increased from
0.03 to 0.05 mg P/£ in late autumn to about 0.02 mg P/£ in winter.
After the ice melted, the orthophosphate decreased to less than
0.03 and frequently less than 0.01 mg P/£ depending upon the algal
crop. Upon decay of the Aphanizomenon the concentration again
increased. The algal growth in Agency Lake during 1967 decreased
in September and by October had completely disappeared. During
this time the ortho and total phosphorus (Table 2) decreased from
0.19 and 0.44 mg P/£ to 0.03 and 0.05 mg P/£, respectively. The
algae decreased in Agency Lake in August 1968, probably because of
unusually cold weather and rain during that period, and by Septem-
ber the ortho and total phosphate concentrations were relatively
low. Since Agency Lake is so very shallow (0.3 to 1 meter) by late
-------
25
summer, the algal growth is relatively sensitive to air temperature
changes and variations in water flow from the watershed.
Total phosphorus, in general, attained a higher concentration
during the winter months (0.3 to 0.5 mg P/£), although it was high
in the Howard Bay area in September 1968 when the flotation of
Oscillatoria and sediment occurred.
Si 1icon -- Soluble silicon ranged between 30 and 35 mg Si02/&
in the autumn and winter of 1967-68 in Upper Klamath Lake and from
35 to 40 mg Si02/£ in Agency Lake. On March 2, 1968, when the
diatom bloom was in progress and consuming silicon, soluble silicon
decreased by about one-half and by May was down to 10 mg SiOp/£.
In August it had increased to 45 to 49 mg Si§Jl as the diatom popu-
lation decreased.
Sodium -- There were no wide fluctuations in the concentration
of sodium at the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake (Ylb). The range was
9 to 14 mg Na/&. Levels in Agency Lake were slightly higher (10 to
20 mg Na/&) than at Ylb.
During both winters, sodium in Howard Bay increased to about
34 mg Ha/a in the bottom water, probably from the farm drainage
water introduced into the bay (Table 2, A, C).
Potassium — Potassium remained in the 2 to 3 mg K/£ range in
both Agency and Upper Klamath Lakes. Howard Bay, however, showed
increases during winter particularly in the water near the sediment.
-------
26
Chloride --• Chloride was always less than 5 mg Cl/£.
Sulfate — Except for Howard Bay where the concentration was
as high as 76 mg SO,/£ in February 1969 in water over the sedi-
ment, sul fate throughout the lake was less than 10 mg SO»/£.
Carbon — Total carbon at Ylb varied from 20 to 30 mg C/£,
whereas the soluble non-volatile organic carbon (SNOC) varied from
7 to 13 mg C/£. The levels for both types of carbon were lower in
Agency Lake.
In Howard Bay during winter the carbon was high both in the
water over the sediments (60 mg C/£) and in the farm drainage water
(37 mg C/O.
Iron and Manganese — Manganese has been found to be present
in only trace amounts in the water (0.004 to 0.2 mg Mn/£) (3).
Several analyses from the winter of 1967-68 not listed in the
tables indicated that total manganese was usually less than 0.05
mg Mn/£.
Total iron was found to be less than 0.1 to 0.2 mg Fe/£. Field
tests for iron (II) were always negative except once at NlOb on
January 31, 1968, but even then only a very faint color with batho-
phenanthroline reagent was noted.
Thus, it appears that since the iron and manganese cycle is not
influential in this lake system, this mechanism for interchange of
phosphorus between sediment and water is of negligible importance.
-------
27
jDh[ -- pH reached minimum values (6.5 to 7.5) in January and
increased rapidly to 8.4 - 9.8 after the ice melted and the dia-
tom bloom developed in February 1968. The values exceeded 10 in
the summer of 1968 during heavy algal growths (Tables 2 and 3).
Total Alkalinity -- Total alkalinity decreased from a range
of 60 - 70 mg CaC03/£ in the winter to 40 - 50 in the spring and
summer. It increased again in late summer. Compared with the
main body of Upper Klamath Lake, the general concentration level
was lower in Agency Lake and higher in Howard Bay.
Hardness, Ca and Total — Hardness decreased in the spring
and increased slightly in the late summer. The unusually high
values at both the outlet (Ylb) and Howard Bay (09d) in August
1968 cannot be explained. The influence of farm drainage water
in Howard Bay during the winter months is evidenced by the high
concentration levels found there at that time.
Physical Measurements
Temperature -- In the winter the temperature of the lakels
surface water, just under the ice, measured approximately 0°C.
In summer it reached 26°C at the surface. Apparently as a result
of an unusually cold and wet August in 1968, the Aphanizomenon
growth in Agency deteriorated earlier than normally.
Ice remained until the first week in April 1969 which was
abnormally late for ice to be on the lake system.
-------
28
Water Transparency— Secchi disc readings were unusually low,
ranging from 25 to 115 cm. The lowest transparency occurred in
Howard Bay during August and September 1968 when the lake level
was very low and Oscillatoria with sediment floated on the surface.
Conductivity -- Conductivity increased during the winter, but
after disappearance of the ice it decreased at the outlet from
about 140 micromhos/cm to 105-110 and became more homogeneous from
surface to bottom. By October the conductivity had increased again
to 150.
Conductivity in Howard Bay, as already described, increased
during the winter, particularly in the water near the sediment
(Table 7).
The high conductivity in Howard Bay in September 1968 was
caused by the sediment-water interchange process involving Oscil-
latoria.
Biological Measurements
Phytoplankton — A succession of algal blooms occurred through-
out the lake during the year with a minimum of activity during the
period of ice cover. In Howard Bay, Stephanodiscus was the predom-
inant phytoplankter in December, Cryptomonas in January, and Ste-
phanodiscus again in March 1968. The estimated population of Ste-
phanodiscus at the lake system outlet was 80,000,000 cells per
liter in March; the pH of the water was 9.8.
-------
29
The Aphanizgmenon blooms started in late May in 1968. In
June and July, Oscillatoria had floated to the surface throughout
the lakes, particularly in the bays and northern areas of the lake
system. In 1968 Aphanizomenon was not as abundant as in 1967
(Table 3), and other forms of blue-green algae occasionally became
predominant.
In autumn the Aphanizomenon growth diminished first in Agency
Lake. It decreased southward as the season progressed toward winter.
-------
CONCLUSIONS
Interchange of algal nutrients between sediment and water
occurred in June and September 1968 in Upper Klamath Lake when
Oscillatoria and attached sediment floated to the surface. This
mixing of sediment, which contains soluble nutrients, with the
water resulted in increases of total phosphorus, ammonia and total
Kjeldahl nitrogen, conductivity, soluble silica, and a decrease
in dissolved oxygen particularly in September 1968. Experimental
pools showed the effect of sediment upon the overlying water:
oxygen remained higher under ice in a pool of water not exposed
to the sediment, and phytoplankton growth was less intense in
spring in this pool.
Chemical analysis did not reveal release processes in winter
under the ice. The iron-manganese-phosphate cycle appears to be
insignificant in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes.
Although evaluation of nutrient interchange processes under
environmental conditions would be ideal, quantitative measurement
by the use of experimental pools as described is difficult because
of design and material problems, the high cost and long duration
required for the experiment, sidewall effects, and the lack of
stirring comparable to that caused by gas evolution, wind, fish,
boats, or benthic organisms. In addition, large lakes contain
various types of sediment, each of which should be examined, and
-------
32
some lakes are so deep that pools would be impracticable. Often
weather conditions may be too severe to permit all-year installa-
tion and measurement.
For evaluation of sediments for nutrient interchange (release
or uptake) from many lakes, as will be required of the National
i
Eutrophication Research Program in the future, it is necessary
that new field methods and suitable laboratory tests be devised
to quantitatively determine interchange processes.
Water quality data presented in this report should be useful
for future comparisons of lake conditions. These data have proved
valuable in laboratory experiments on nutrient interchange and
provided basic background for other work on the Upper Klamath Lake
system.
Farm drainage water has an adverse effect upon lake water
quality as observed in Howard Bay, particularly when ice cover
inhibits mixing and circulation of the lake water by wind.
Experience with experimental pools in Upper Klamath Lake will
provide NERP with information pertaining to construction of pools
for experiments in prevention of nutrient interchange between sedi-
ment and water.
-------
33
REFERENCES
1. Bond, C. E., C. R. Hazel, and D. Vincent. "Relations of
Nuisance Algae to Fishes in Upper Klamath Lake."
Manuscript (Terminal Progress Report for FWPCA),
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon, 1968.
2. Jewett, S. 6. Report of the Klamath Midge Project, 1938.
3. Miller, W. E., and J. C. Tash. "Upper Klamath Lake Studies,
Oregon." Interim Report, U. S. Dept. of Interior, FWPCA
Publication No. WP-20-8, Water Pollution Control Research
Series, 1967.
4. Oregon State Sanitary Authority. "Quality of Klamath Basin
Water in Oregon, July 1959 to December 1963," 1964.
5. Phinney, H. K., and C. A. Peek. "Klamath Lake, An Instance of
Natural Enrichment." Transactions of the 1960 Seminar on
Algae and Metropolitan Wastes, U. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Division of Water Supply and Pol-
lution Control, Taft Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1961, pp.
22-27.
6. Phinney, H. K. "Survey of the Phytoplankton Problems in Klamath
Lake." Report to the Supporting Agencies, 1959.
-------
APPENDIX
Table
1 Methods of Analysis
A. Laboratory Determinations
B. Field Determinations
2 Water Quality of Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes
A. Station 09d (Howard Bay)
B. Station Ylb (Near Outlet of Upper Klamath Lake)
C. Miscellaneous Locations in Upper Klamath Lake
D. Miscellaneous Locations in Agency Lake
3 Temperature, Transparency, pH, and Special Limnological
Observations in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes
4 Temperature and Oxygen Variation with Depth in Agency
and Upper Klamath Lakes
5 Oxygen and Temperature Variation through a 24-hour
Period in Upper Klamath Lake
6 Phytoplankton of Upper Klamath Lake
7 Conductivity Measurements in Howard Bay, Upper Klamath
Lake
8 Comparison of Surface and Bottom Lake Water Quality
with Experimental Pools
9 Profile Data for Temperature and Oxygen of the Experi-
mental Pools and Lake
-------
TABLE 1
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
A. Laboratory Determinations
Determination
Alkalinity, Total
Conductivity
Carbon, Total
Units
mg CaCOj/a
micromhos/cm
mg C/s.
Method
Titrimetric with sulfuric acid
Conductimetric measurement
Combustion, infrared detection in Beckman Carbonaceous
Reference
SMEWW*
SMEWW
ASTM (D 2579)
Carbon, soluble
non-volatile organic
Hardness, Ca
Hardness, Total
Nitrogen-Ammonia
Nitrogen-Nitrate
Nitrogen-Nitrite
Nitrogen-Total Kjeldah!
PH
Phosphorus, ortho
Phosphorus, total
Silica, Soluble
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Sulfate
mg C/i
mg CaCO,/£
mg CaCO,/£
mg N/£
mg N/i
mg N/fc
mg N/2.
pH
mg PA
mg P/i
mg Na/H.
mg KA
mg Cl/i
mg S0A
Analyzer
Acidification of sample, volatilization of CO- with nitrogen
gas, determination in Beckman Carbonaceous Analyzer
Titrimetric with EDTA, Hydroxy Naphthol Blue indicator
Titrimetric with EDTA, Calmagite indicator
Distillation, Spectrophotometric measurement
Spectrophotometric measurement
Spectrophotometric measurement
Digestion, distillation, Spectrophotometric measurement
Beckman Electromate and other portable pH meters
Millipore filtration, Spectrophotometric determination
Digestion in acid solution with persulfate, Spectrophotometric
determination
Spectrophotometric determination
Flame photometric or atomic absorption Spectrophotometric
determination
Flame photometric or atomic absorption Spectrophotometric
determination
Titrimetric with mercuric nitrate
Turbidimetric measurement
SMEWW
SMEWW
Technicon Auto analyzer
Technicon Auto analyzer
Technicon Auto analyzer, SMEWW
Aminco digestion, semi-micro
distillation apparatus, SMEWW
Strickland, FWPCA**
Strickland, FWPCA
Technicon Auto analyzer, SMEWW
SMEWW
SMEWW
SMEWW
SMEWW
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
B. Field Determinations
Determination Units Instrument
Conductivity m1cromhos/cm Beckman RB3 - 327 Solu Bridge
Oxygen rug 0/2 Electronic Instruments Limited Model ISA dissolved oxygen meter and probe
pH pH Beckman portable pH meters
Transparency cm Secchl disc
Temperature °C Electronic Instruments Limited
* Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, Twelfth Ed., 1965
** FWPCA Official Interim Methods for Chemical Analysis of Surface Waters, Sept. 1968
-------
TABLE 2
WATER QUALITY OF UPPER KLAMATH
AND AGENCY LAKES
A. Station 09d (Howard Bay)
Date of
Collection
9-15-67
10-12-67
11-16-67
12-12-67
12-13-67
1-18-68
1-31-68
3-02-68
4-04-68
5-08-68
6-12-68
6-25-68
7-09-68
8-14-68
9-11-68
10-22-68
Dep_th
s
s
s
b
s
s
b
s
b
s
b
s
b
s
b
s
b
s
b
b
s
b
s
b
s
b
s
T.Alk.
55
61
59
58
61
59
59
69
84
75
113
70
75
84
78
45
45
45
43
50
50
51
58
58
75
75
73
Cond.
109
141
128
130
139
138
139
181
263
169
367
296
355
105
105
105
115
112
105
110
120
125
126
126
185
197
180
Carbon
Total
23
31
24
24
22
22
22
29
37
28
62
43
43
19
20
38
36
30
Carbon
SNOC
10
10
8
6
7
10
8
9
13
9
31
18
21
8
12
6
Hardness
Ca
33
34
31
29
29
32
35
43
66
42
110
102
128
26
22
22
23
28
67
65
33
38
28
Hardness
Total
37
37
55
42
39
38
40
58
88
48
126
106
133
31
33
30
32
61
78
77
44
47
39
N-NH3
< .1
1.4
2.0
1.5
1.8
2.3
2.6
1.8
1.7
< .1
< .1
< .1
< .1
< .1
< .1
< .1
< .1
.59
.24
.34
.14
.15
1.2
1.1
0.50
N-N03 N-NOo
.05
.12
.11
.02
.09
.06
.13 .01
.12 .02
.06 <.01
.05 .02
.30 .01
.35 .01
.01 <.01
.02 <.01
.02
.02
<.01
<.01
<.01 <.01
<.01
.017
.11 .01
.08 <.01
<.01 <.01
<.01 <.01
<.01 <.01
TKN
2.5
3.0
2.9
8.4
2.8
3.1
3.5
3.9
4.4
3.4
3.9
1.2
1.1
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.4
1.8
1.7
4.6
5.8
4.0
12.2
5.5
P
Ortho
.07
.22
.05
.05
.02
.03
.03
.13
.25
.12
.43
.02
.02
<.01
.01
<.01
.01
<.01
.03
.02
.04
.05
.01
.02
.03
.22
P
Total
.08
.36
.15
.16
.15
.18
.21
.32
.49
.36
.65
.29
.37
.08
.07
.04
.05
.08
.08
.09
.10
.53
.34
.99
1.20
.30
Silica
Soluble
27.8
31.4
31.4
31.4
32.8
32.8
29.3
30.0
28.6
34.0
32.9
18.3
15.1
10.3
10.7
9.6
9.6
12.4
15.2
22;0
22.0"
41.5
42.1
49.0
48.0
37.8
Na
12.0
14.0
11.3
10.2
11.6
11.6
11.6
13.0
15.0
12.0
28.0
19.0
23.0
8.8
8.8
9.9
9.3
9.0
12.0
K Cl
2.1
2.8
2.6 <5
2.4 <5
2.2
2.2
2.3
3.2 <5
4.4 <5
2.8
4.4
3.0 <5
3.2 <5
2.1
1-9
2.0
3.2 <5
3.1 <5
2.8 <5
SO, £H
8.8
<10 7.6
<10 8.2
<1 0 8.2
8.8
8.1
7.6
15 7.7
27 6.5
10 7.3
32 7.0
31 8.4
20 7.3
8.6
7.9
<10 7.7
<10 6.8
8.2
8.2
• 9.2(L)
9.6
9.7
11 9.4(L)
10 9.4(L)
7.9
<10 6.9
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
WATER QUALITY OF UPPER KLAMATH
AND AGENCY LAKES
B. Station Ylb (near outlet
of Upper Klamath Lake)
Date ot
Collection
10-11-67
11-16-67
1-18-68
1-31-68
3-02-68
4-04-68
5-08-68
6-12-68
6-25-68
7-09-68
8-14-68
9-11-68
10-23-68
2-06-69
Depth
s
s
s
b
s
b
s
b
s
b
s
b
s
b
b
s
b
s
b
s
b
s
b
s
T.Alk.
58
63
65
64
64
48
51
43
42
45
46
47
47
50
54
54
52
52
61
53
Cond.
108
138
137
141
137
139
110
107
105
105
108
105
110
109
110
145
133
113
114
122
123
150
152
150
Carbon
Total
27
23
25
26
23
23
24
22
20
20
29
26
26
23
carbon
SNOC
13
7
8
6
7
8
9
9
9
9
7
Hardness
Ca
32
30
34
33
31
32
30
32
18
19
25
23
33
64
64
34
29
27
24
Hardness
Total
34
48
39
41
40
40
31
32
32
30
33
38
51
68
76
35
38
38
37
N-NH3 N-N03
2.0 .08
1.9 .20
2.0 .32
1.8 .13
1.8 .13
<.l .13
<.l .12
<.l .02
<.l .02
<.l .01
<.l .01
<.l <.01
<.l <.01
.56 <.01
<.l .03
<.l .03
0.1 <.01
<.l <.01
.55 .06
.15 .12
N-NO, TKN
2.9
.02 2.7
<.01 3.4
<.01 2.8
<.01 2.8
<.01
<.01 2.1
<.01 1.1
<.01 1.2
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.-6
<.01
<.01
<.01 3.6
<.01 3.5
<.01 3.6
.01 8.5
<.01 2.7
P
Ortho
.03
.07
.12
.11
.11
.10
<.01
<.01
.01 .
.01 .
.02
.01
.01
.01
.11
.07
.09
.10
.10
.08
P
Total
.15
.13
.18
.21
.31
.16
.28
.15
.08
.07
.06
.08
.09
.12
.37
.27
.24
.29
.39
.24
Silica
Soluble
32.0
33.0
33.5
34.1
35.3
35.4
19.4
20.3
11.7
11.7
9.7
10.0
14.7
40.8
41.0
48.0
49.0
39.2
29.3
Na
13.5
11.0
11.0
10.0
10.0
10. 0
10.0
8.8
9.3
10.0
9.8
9.0
12.0
9.9
K Cl SJi,
2.3 <10
<5 <10
2.7 <5 <10
2.7 <5 <10
2.5
2.5
1.9 <5 <10
2.0 <5 <10
1.9 <10
2.1 <10
2.0
2.7 <5 <10
2.7 <5 <10
2.6 <5 <10
2.4 <10
£H
9.4
7.7
7.0
7.3
7.4
7.7
9.8
9.6
8.4
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.6
8.6
9.9(L)
9.HL)
9.2(L)
9.8
8.0(L)
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
WATER QUALITY OF UPPER KLAMATH
AND AGENCY LAKES
C. Miscellaneous Locations
in Upper Klamath Lake
Date ot
Collection
9-14-67
9-15-67
10-12-67
11-16-67
1-31-68
6-25-68
7-09-68
9-11-68
9-24-68
10-23-68
2-06-69
Location
U 7a
L20b
Olid
013d
R13a
U 7a
P 9a
NlOb
V 7d
F29d
N24b
V 7d
V 7d
,V 7d
NlOb
Depth
s .
S
s
s
s
s
s
b
s
,b
b
b
b
s
b
s
b
s
s
'b
T.Alk.
53
55
60
56
53
60
71
73
68
66
49
52
52
59
.54
58
59
146
Cond.
114
117
131
125
128
130
159
179
145
139
110
120
123
121
122
140
150
500
La r Don
Total
24
26
32
28
44
23
25
27
24
23
22
20
26
21
56
carbon
SNOC
11
11
11
10
9
8
9
7
7
8
10
6
Hardness
Ca
32
35
33
33
33
31
35
41
28
27
29
27
26
24
23
28
22
140
Hardness
Total
37
40
36
35
35
55
44
53
38
38
54
40
40
34
34
37
41
194
N-NH,
J
2.1
1.8
2.0
2.3
2.3
.51
.20
.80
<.l
<.l
<.l
<.l
.38
.37
.26
N-NO,
J
.07
.10
.07
.07
.06
.05
.05
<.01
<.01
<.01
<.01
<.01
.03
.02
.05
.02
.25
N-NO, TKN
™"t
2.8
.01 2.7
.01 3.0
<.01 3.3
.03* 2.9
<.01
<.01 11.1
<.01 4.3
<.01 2.2
<.01 2.5
.01 5.2
<.01 4.5
<.01 4.6
P
Ortho
.03
.06
.09
.09
.18
.08
.08
.11
.15
.16
.03
.01
.08
.08
.08
.09
.07
.13
.17
P
Total
.13
.18
.18
.15
.41
.13
.18
.24
.31
.27
.09
.13
.23
.26
.20
.21
.29
.28
.26
Silica
Soluble
27.5
27.3
35.8
33.3
33.3
33.4
32.3
31.8
34.0
34.0
16.4
21.0
22.0
46.0
46.0
47.0
47.0
39.2
28.0
26.0
Na
11.5
12.0
15.5
13.0
13.5
7.0
12.0
13.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
11.0
34.0
K Cl
2.0
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.7
2.5 <5
2.7
2.9
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.3 <5
6.0
SC^, EH
9.5
10.0
<10 7.7
<10 8.4
<10 9.5
<10 7.7
7.8
7.9
7.2
7.2
9.2(L)
10.2(L)
10.3(L)
9.8
<10 8.4
<10 8.4
76 8.0(L)
*F1eld test for nitrite"was negative.
Increase in nitrite probably due to change
1n sample before laboratory analysis.
-------
TABLE 2 (Continued)
WATER QUALITY OF UPPER KLAMATH
AND AGENCY LAKES
D. Miscellaneous Locations
in Agency Lake
Date of
Collection Location Depth T
9-15-67 I31d s
M34a s
M39d s
N35a s
10-11-67 I31d s
M34a s
M39d s
N35a s
1-31-68 036a s
b
6-25r68 M35a b
7-09-68 M35a s
M35a b
9-11-68 M35a s
10-22-68 M35a s
List of Abbreviations used 1n
b - bottom
Cl - chloride
Cond. - conductivity
K - potassium
.Alk.
52
45
43
52
40
36
41
52
50
45
44
37
Table
(L) - laboratory measurement
Na - sodium
N-NH, - nitrogen-ammonia
Cond.
123
109
107
124
110
104
99
109
128
129
126
120
no
2
N-N02
N-N03
s
SNOC
so4
T.Alk.
TKN
Carbon Carbon Har
Total SNOC
22
20 6
18 5
19 8
17 7
11 2
16 5
15 3
15 3
12 <1
- nitrogen-nitrite
- nitrogen-nitrate
- surface
•dness
Ca
30
28
26
29
27
25
18
23
26
24
28
25
19
Hardness
Total N-NH3 N-N03 N-NO,
32 .20
31 .07
29 .06
32 .19
29
26
23
27
40 0.50 .04 <.01
32 0.60 .05 <.01
44 .68 <.01 <.01
2.0 <.01
34 <.1 <.01 <.01
25 <.l .07 .01
P
TKN Ortho
.19
.16
.16
.15
.07
.03
.05
.03
1.2 .06
1.2 .07
2.2
.35
2.5 .04
0.7 .03
— P —
Total
.44
.23
.18
.46
.14
.07
.07
.05
.14
.14
.51
.18
.08
Silica
Soluble
39.6
40.0
38.3
38.5
35.2
36.2
38.3
40.0
40.0
40.0
32.9
37.0
45.0
30.6
Na
18.0
12.5
13.5
16.5
16.5
16.0
14.0
20.0
12.0
11.0
11.0
9.9
K Cl
5.0
1.9
2.1
3.7
2.7
2.4
2.1
2.5
2.2
2.3
2.7
2.1 5
SO. pH
— ^r
9.9
9.7
9.5
9.5
9.0
<10 8.6
<10 7.4
<10 7.2
7.1
7.4
9.9(L)
10.4(L)
8.7(L)
<10 7.8
- soluble non-volatile organic carbon
- sulfate
- total alkalinity
- total Kjeldahl nitrogen
Units for the various parameters are listed 1n Table 1
-------
TABLE 3
TEMPERATURE, TRANSPARENCY, pH
AND SPECIAL LIMNOLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS IN UPPER KLAMATH
AND AGENCY LAKES
Date
7-20-67
9-14-67
9-15-67
10-10-67
Location
0 9d*
I24b*
H20a*
L20b*
I31d*
M34a*
M35a*
M39d*
0 9d
Qlld
0 9d
U 7a
P19c
L20b
I24b
H20a
I31d
M34a
N35a
M39d
0 9d
013d
P12d
Rlla
Seech i
Disc
(cm)
155
80
85
85
125
70
65
110
55
95
114
124
120
42
Temp°C
Surface
20
23.6
21
21
21.5
23
23.2
21.5
18
18
19
19
20
20.5
20.5
19
16.5
15.5
16
14
15
16.5
18
17
Bottom
21.1
20.5
20.7
19
17
17
18
16
17.5
18
16.5
17.5
15.5
15.5
16
14
12.5
14
13
13
PH
Surface
9.5
9.3
9.2
9.5
9.5
9.4
9.3
9.6
9.2
8.8
9.5
10.0
9.8
9.8
9.9
9.7
9.5
9.5
8.5
8.2
9.5
10.0
Bottom
8.2
Special Limnological
Observations
No Aphanizomenon bloom
in Upper Klamath Lake
Aohanizomenon bloom
in Agency Lake
Aphanizomenon bloom
over entire lake system
Many gas bubbles on
surface of water
-------
TABLE 3 (Continued)
TEMPERATURE, TRANSPARENCY, pH
AND SPECIAL LIMNOLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS IN UPPER KLAMATH
AND AGENCY LAKES
Date
10-11-67
x
10-12-67
11-14-67
11-16-67
Location
Y Ib
I24b
H20a
L20b
P19c
I31d
M39d
N35a
M34a
0 9d
U 7a
W 3b
Olid
Y Ib
013d
P12d
R13a
Rlla
0 9d
0 9d
Y Ib
NlOb
013d
Olid
R13a
Secchi
Disc
90
100
110
160
155
160
>60
157
>60
90
60
72
114
56
110
no
58
50
70
75
65
65
50
105
50
Temp °C
Surface
13.5
12
13
14
13
12
11
12
12.5
13
12.5
12
12
12.5
13
12.5
13.5
13.5
! 8
6.5
7.5
8
8
8
7.5
Bottom
13.5
12
12
13
12
11
10.8
12
12.5
13
12.2
12
12.5
12.5
12.5
12
13
13
8 .
6.5
7.5
8
8
8
7.5
PH
Surface
9.7
8.9
9.0
8.9
8.1
9.0
7.2
7.4
8.6
7.6
9.2
9.2
7.7
9.4
8.4
8.9
9.5
9.1
7.5
8.2
7.7
8.9
8.7
7.8
9,0
Bottom
8.2
Lake Conditions
Cold front passed over
lake system during morn-
ing
-------
TABLE 3 (Continued)
TEMPERATURE, TRANSPARENCY, pH
AND SPECIAL LIMNOLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS IN UPPER KLAMATH.
AND AGENCY LAKES
Date
12-12-67
12-13-67
1-17-68
1-18-69
1-30-68
1-31-68
2-01-68
Location
01 2d
Rlla
U 7a
0 9d
0 9d*
0 9d
Y Ib
0 9d
Y Ib
P 9a
0 9d
Y Ib
P 9a
NlOb
0 9d
036a
Secchi
Disc
95
85
85
65
Temp °C
Surface Bottom
8.0
7.0
8.0
0.5
0
1.0
i
50
65
45
87
1.0
2.5
1.0
1.0
2.0
0.5
1.5
0
0
I !
7.5
7.0
PH
Surface Bottom
7.9
7.8
7.5 7.7
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
2.5
8.8
8.1
7.7
7.0
7.6
6.5
7.3
1.5
1.5
2.5
1.5
3.5
1.0
2.0
0 9b ' 0 i 0.5
Lake Conditions
Aphanizomenon bloom
nearly gone at this
station.
Ice about 6 cm. thick
at station; coldest
Dec. 12 at Klamath
Falls, Oregon, on re-
cord (min. temp. 1°F)
Stephanodiscus pre-
dominant.
Ice 15 cm. thick at
station; Cryptomonas
predomi nant algae.
A few diatoms present.
Ice 23 cm. thick; 2
cm. snow over ice.
to ice at station, but
ice within 300 ft. Ice
covered remainder of
{lake.
i
7.3 7.0 Cryptomonas predom-
inant algae.
7.4
7.8
7.2
7.2(L)
7.1
7.7 |Very few algae pre-
sent.
7.9
7.2 jlce 30 cm. thick; 25
icm. snow cover over
lice.
7.0(L)
7.4
Ice 30 cm. thick; 7
on. snow cover.
Ice at least 30 cm.
thick; 7 to 10 cm.
snow cover.
-------
TABLE 3 (Continued)
TEMPERATURE, TRANSPARENCY, pH
AND SPECIAL LIMNOLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS IN UPPER KLAMATH
AND AGENCY LAKES
Date
2-29-68
3-02-68
4-03-68
4-04-68
5-08-68
5-09-68
6-11-68
6-12-68
6-13-68
6-25-68
Location
0 9d*
0 9d
Y Ib
0 9d*
0 9d
Y Ib
0 9d
Y Ib
0 9d
Y Ib
036a*
V 7d*
0 9d*
M35a*
Y Ib*
Secchi
Disc
Temp °C
Surface
6.5
:
!
45
38
5.5
8.5
65 9.5
70
115
105
95
65
9.0
14.5
13.3
18.3
16.0
Bottom
5.0
PH
Surface
!
I
6.0
7.5
9.0
9.5
14.3
12.5
18.3
15.3
8.4
9.8
8.6
8.4
7.7
8.1
8.2
8.6
9.2
9.2(L)
9.2(L)
9.9(L)
9.9(L)
Bottom
Lake Conditions
No trace of ice on
lake; ice melted
about Feb. 24, 1968.
JLake level over 0.75
7.3
9.6
9.2
7.9
8.1
6.8
8.1
8.2
8.6
meter higher than
when ice on lake.
Stephanodiscus pre-
sent at both loca-
tions in large
numbers.
Much zooplankton ac-
tivity near surface
of water.
Predominant phytoplank-
ton: Cyclotella-Ste-
phanodiscus. Some un-
identified green coc-
coids.
Anacystis (Microcystis) ,
Fragilaria, and Ankis-
trodesmus .
Anacystis at 09d.
Ajjhanizomenon bloom
started during late
May.
Clumps of Oscillatoria
with sediment floating
on surface throughout
both lakes particularly
in bays. Also, Anacys.-
tis at Ylb.
-------
TABLE 3 (Continued)
TEMPERATURE, TRANSPARENCY, pH
AND SPECIAL LIMNOLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS IN UPPER KLAMATH
AND AGENCY LAKES
Date
7-09-68
8-13-68
8-14-68
8-20-68
9-10-68
9-11-68
9-23-68
9-24-68
10-02-68
3-24-69
Location
0 9d
Y Ib
F29b*
N24b*
M35a*
iecchi
Disc
105
55
Temp °C
Surface Bottom
23.7
26.0
23.4
24.6
pH
Surface Bottom
9.6
10.2(L)
10.3(L)
10.4(L)
9.7
Lake Conditions
Oscillatoria floating
on surface.
Oscillatoria floating
on surface.
See 24-hr, measurement of temp, and oxygen, Table V.
0 9d
Y Ib
V 7d
M35a*
0 9d
Y Ib
V 7d
0 9d
long on
Lake had
low; boa
V 7d
M35a
0 9d
036a*
Y Ib
25
55
60
70
57
25
surface
green 1
t churm
18.0
18.4
14.3
16.0
24.3
20.5
19.5
21.5
of water
Fibrous m
>d sedime
13.2
16.4
16.9
18.2
18.4
14.3
20.0
19.4
19.2
9.5
7.5
8.7
9.8
9.8
19.5 7.9 !
along with sediment and
Aphanizomenon and
Rivularia.
Anabaenopsis
Appreciable rain
and cold weather for
a usually dry month.
Dead fish 5 to 8 cm.
Oscillatoria. Agency
ass floating near east shore. Lake very shal-
nt.
13.1
13.5
13.0
9.5
7.8
8.4
Aphanizomenon bloom
still intense.
Aphanizomenon bloom
decreasing.
Oscillatoria floating
around this area.
Only traces of Aghani-
zomenon .
Intense bloom in
progress.
Ice remains through-
out lakes.
-------
TABLE 3 (Continued)
TEMPERATURE, TRANSPARENCY, pH
AND SPECIAL LIMNOLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS IN UPPER KLAMATH
AND AGENCY LAKES
Date
10-22-68
10-23-68
11-06-68
2-C6-69
Location
M35a
V 7d
Y Ib
0 9d
V 7d
NlOb
3-24-69
4-02-69
Y Ib
Secchi
Disc
35
50
55
105
Temp °C
Surface
8.7
10.5
10.8
9.0
7.0
0
1.0
Bottom
8.7
9.8
9.5
9.0
7.0
2.0
0.5
PH
Surface
6.9
8.4
7.8
6.9
7.0
7.1
Bottom
7.0
Lake Conditions
Aphanizomenon bloom
greatly diminished in
intensity.
No bloom of Aphanizo-
menon.
7 inches of snow over
ice. About 45 cm. ice
Snow and ice over en-
tire lake except at
outlet and few small
pools on the east side
of the lake.
Ice still over most of
lake.
Ice in part of lake.
*Data for these stations will not be found in the tables.
Profile temperature and oxygen data for locations not==
marked with an asterisk can be found in Table IV.
-------
TABLE 4
TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN VARIATION
WITH DEPTH IN AGENCY
AND UPPER KLAMATH LAKES
Date 9-H-b/ 9-H-67 9-15-b/ 9-lb-b/ 9-15-67 9-lb-b/ 9-lb-b7 9-lb-b/
Time 1515 1600 . 1503 1437 1540 1408 1245 1345
Station 09d Qlld • 09d R13a - U7a P19c L20b I24b
Depth Temp Oxygen TO TO TO TO TOT 0 TO
0
0.9
1.8
2.7
18.0 6.4
18.0 5.7
17.0 5.9
Date 9-15-67
Time 0910
Station M39d
Depth Temp Oxygen
0
0.9
1.8
2.7
3.6
4.5
5.4
6.3
14.0 7.2
14.0 7.2
14.0 7.2
.18.0 11
18.0 11
18.0 9
17.0 1
.0 19.0 2.2 21.0 16.5 19.0 14.4 20.0 13.8 20.5 14.8 20.5 7.0
.0 19.0 2.3 20.0 14.2 18.0 8.3 19.0 7.7 20.0 7.3 19.0 7.2
.8 18.0 1.3 17.0 8.4 16.0 7.6 17.5 5.5 18.0 3.1 17.0 7.2
.0 16.5 2.2
9-lb-b/ 9-lb-b/ 9-lb-b7 9-lb-b/
1325 -. 1020 0955
H20a I22d M34a N35a
TO TOTO TO
19.0 13.8 19.5 6.8 15.5 7.6 16.0 6.7
18.0 8.3 19.0 3.6 15.5 7.3 16.0 6i8
17.5 1.5 17.0 3.2 15.5 7.0 16.0 6.5
17.0 3.4 15,5 5.8 16.0 6.2
9-15-67
1040
I31d
T 0
16.5
16.5
16.0
16.0
15.5
15.5
15.5
15.5
8.0
8.0
7.2
6.2
6.0
4.0
3.7
3.3
Depth - meter
Temperature - °C
Oxygen Concentration - mg/i
-------
TABLE 4 (Continued)
TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN VARIATION
WITH DEPTH IN AGENCY
AND UPPER KLAMATH LAKE
uate
Time
Station
Depth
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.53
1.83
2.4
3.1
3.7
4.3
Date
Time
Station
Depth
0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.4
3.7
IO-lO-b7
1455
09d
T 0
15.0 6.8
15.0 6:8
15.0 6.8
14.0 4.3
13.0 4.1
13.0 3.5
12.5 1.3
10-11-67
0730
Ylb
T 0
13.0 11.4'
t
13.0 10.0
ID- 10-b/
1540
013d
T 0
16.5 4.5
16.0 4.5
15.0 3.8
14.0 2.9
10-11-67
1255
P19c
T 0
13.0 7.7
12.5 7.8
12.5 7.8
12.5 7.8
12.5 "7.8
12.5 7.6
12.0 7.5
12.0 7.3
I0-iu-b/
1555
P12d
T 0
18.0 10.2
17.0 11.0
15.0 11.1
13.0 11.6
10-12-67
0830
09d
T 0
13.0 4.7
13.0 4.5
13.0 4.5
13.0 4.5
13.0 4.5
iu-io-b/
1605
Rlla
T 0
17.0 16.4
16.5 14.3
14.0 14.6
13.0 15.0
13.0 10.5
10-12-67
0910
Olid
T 0
12.0 2.3
12.5 3.3
12.5 2.0
iu-1 i-b/
0855
I24b
T 0
12.0 8.8
12.0 9.5
12.0 9.8
12.0 9.8
12.0 9.8
12.0 8.6
12.0 8.8
10-12-67
0945
013d
T 0
13.0 6.0
12.5 6.3
12.5 5.7
10-11-67
0917
I31d
T 0
12.0 8.5
12.5 8.2
12.5 8.2
12.3 8.3
11.8 5.8
11.5 5.7
11.3 5.0
11.0 1.3
10-12-67
1010
P12d
T 0
12.5 7.4
12.0 7.6
12.0 7.6
10-1 1-67
1015
N35a
T 0
12.0 5.1
12.0 5.2
12.0 5.2
12.0 5.3
12.0 5.1
,
10-12-67
1030
R13a
T 0
13.5 11.0
13.0 11.3
13.0 11.2
10-1 1-67
1000
M39d
T 0
11.0 8.0
10.8 8.4
10-12-67
1045
Rlla
T 0
13.5 8.6
13.0 8.7
13.0 8.7
13.0 8.7
13.0 8.7
10-11-67
1035
M34a
T 0
12.5 8.9
12.5 9.1
12.5 6.2
10-12-67
0755
Ylb
T 0
11.0 10.4
12.0 10.3
12.5 10.3
12.5 10.2
10-11-67
1205
H20a
T 0
13.0 8.6
12.5 8.7
12.5 8.7
12.5 8.7
12.0 6.3
10-12-67
1120
Ylb
T 0
12.5 11.4
12.5 11.4
12.5 11.4
12.5 11.4
12.5 11.4
10-11-67
1225
L20b
T 0
14.0 9.0
13.0 9.6
13.0 9.6
13.0 9.6
13.0 6.0
10-12-67
1100
U7a
T 0
12.5 9.7
12.5 9.8
12.5 9.8
12.2 9.7
12.2 9.2
10-11-67
1355
Ylb
T 0
13.5 12.4
13.5 12.4
13.5 12.4
13.5 12.4
13.5 12.4
13.5 12.4
13.5 12.4
10-12-67
1115
W3b
T 0
12.0 11.6
12.0 11.6
- 12.0 11.6
12.0 11.4
-------
TABLE 4 (Continued)
TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN VARIATION
WITH DEPTH IN AGENCY
Date
Time
Station
Depth
0
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.5
1.75
2.0
2.25
2.50
Uate
Time
Station
Depth
0
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
"1.50
1.75
2.0
2.25
2.50
2.75
3
4
5
11-14-67
1350
09d
T 0
8.0 9.8
8.0 9.6
8.0 9.6
8.0 9.6
8.0 9.6
8.0 9.6
8.0 9.6
8.0 9.6
8.0 9.5
1-18-68
1130
Ylb
T 0
1.0 5.8
1.0 5.7
1.0 5.7
1.5 4.5
1.5 4.0
2.0 3.5
11-16-67
1100
09d
T 0
6.5 11.6
6.5 11.6
6.5 11.6
6.5 11.4
6.5 11.4
6.5 11.4
6.5 11.6
6.5 11.6
6.5 11.6
1-30-68
1530
Ylb
T 0
2.5 5.4
2.5 5.3
2.0 5.3
2.0 5.3
2.0 5.3
2.0 5.3
2.0 5.3
2.0 5.3
2.0 5.3
2.0 5.3
2.0 5.3
2.0 5.3
2.0 5.3
2.0 5.5
2.5 5.5
11-16-67
1400
013d
T 0
8.0 8.9
8.0 9.1
8..0 9.1
8.0 9.1
8.0 9.2
8.0 9.2
1-30-68
1300
09d
T 0
ice-23cm
1.0 8.2
1.0 8.3
1.0 8.3
1.0 3.4
1.0 1.6
1.5 1.0
1.5 0.7
2.0 0.4
11-16-67
1340
NlOb
T 0
8.0 9.3
8.0 9.3
8.0 9.4
8.0 9.4
8.0 9.6
1-30-68 .
1415
P9a
T 0
ice-25cm
1.0 10.0
1.0 10.3
1.5 9.4
1.5 7.5
1.5 5.5
1.5 1.4
11-16-67
1320
Olid
T 0
8.0 6.9
8.0 6.9
8.0 7.0
8.0 7.0
8.0 7.0
1-30-68
1445
NlOb
T 0
ice-30cm
1.0 2.0
1.0 l.S
1.0 1.7
1.0 1.2
1.5 0.9
2.0 0.7
2.5 0.7
3.0 .5
3.5 .4
3.5 .4
3.5 .4
4.0 .5
11-16-67
1425
01 2d
T 0
8.0 8.5
8.0 8.5
8.0 8.5
8.0 8.5
8.0 8.5
7.5 8.4
7.5 8.3
7.5 8.3
1-31-68
1430
NlOb
T 0
ice-30cm
1.5 1.3
1.5 1.2
1.5 1.1
2.0 .8
2.5 .6
3.0 .4
3.5 .4
3.5 .4
3.5 .4
3.5 .4
3.5 .4
3.5 .4
11-16-67
1415
R13a
T 0
7.5 9.3
7.5 9.3
7,5 9.3
7.5 9.3
7.5 9.3
7.5 9.3
7.5 9.4
7.5 9.4
1-31-68
1600
Ylb
T 0
2.0 6.2
2.0 6.1
2.0 6.0
2.0 6.0
2.5 5.9
2.5 5.7
2.5 5.7
2.5 5.7
2.5 5.7
2.5 5.7
2.5 5.7
2.5 5.7
2.5 5.7
2.5 5.7
2.5 5.7
11-16-67
1430
Rlla
T 0
7.0 8.4
7.0 8.4
7.0 8.4
7.0 8.4
7.0 8.4
7.0 8.2
7.0 8.2
7.0 8.2
7.0 8.2
1-31-68 —
0910
09d
T 0
1ce-23cm
.0 8.3
.0 8.2
.0 8.2
.0 2.1
.0 1.8
.0 1.4
.0 1.0
1.5 0.7
11-16-67
1450
U7a
T 0
8.0 8.3
8.0 8.3
8.0 8.3
8.0 8.3
.8.0 8.3
8.0 8.3
8.0 8.3
7.5 8.3
7.5 8.3
7.5 8.3
7.5 8.3
— 1^31-68
1300
P9a
T 0
1ce-25cm
0.5 10.3
.5 10.3
.5 10.3
1.0 7.6
1.0 7.5
1.0 2.1
1.5 1.9
11-16-67
1505
Ylb
T 0
7.5 8.4
Uniform'
down to '
6 meters
2-1-68
0855
09d
T 0
ice-23cm
0 .7.7
0 7.2
0 7.1
0 3.6
.5 2.7
.5 1.4
1.0 1.3
1.0 1.0
12-12-b/
1350
09d
T 0
1ce-6cm
0.5 16.0
l.C
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
2-1-68
0910
09b
T 0
ice-30cm
0 8.0
0 8.2
0 8.2
0 7.6
0.5 2.1
I-I7-68
1600
09d
T 0
ice-15cm
0 8.0
0 8.0
0 4.5
0 2.0
0 0.5
0 0.5
1.0 0.4
1.0 0.4
2-1-6?
1045
036a
T 0
ice -30cm
0 2.7
0.5 2.3
0.5 2.0
1.0 1.9
1.5 1.4
1.5 1.0
2.0 0.6
-------
TABLE 4 (Continued)
TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN VARIATION
WITH DEPTH IN AGENCY
AND UPPER KLAMATH LAKE
Date Z-Z9-6B
Time 1635
Station 09d
Depth T 0
0
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25'
2.50
2.75
3.00
4.00
5.00
5.50
5.75
6.00
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.4
18.4
18.5
18.3
16.5
14.3
3.0
3-Z-bB
0920
09d
T 0
5.5
5.5
5.5
5.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
14.4
14.4
13.1
13.0
12.4
12.1
11.9
11.6
11.6
11.6
<2.5
3-Z-bB
1445
Ylb
T 0
8.5
9.0
9.0
8.5
8.5
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
15.2
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.4
15.4
15.4
15.5
15.8
15.4
15.4
4-4-bB
1430
Ylb
T 0
9.0
9.0
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
10.1
10.1
10.1
10.0
10.0
9.9
9.9
9.9
9.9
9.9
10.1
9.9
9.9
q-q-titi
0925
09d
T 0
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.0
9.0
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
8.6
2.1
b-8-bB
1615
09d
T 0
14.5 12.0
14.5 12.0
14.5 12.0
14.5 12.0
14.5 11.9
14.5 11.9
14.5 11.9
14.5 11.9
14.4 11.9
14.3 11.8
b-y-bB
1100
Ylb
T 0
13.2 12.2
13.3 12.2
13.3 12.1
13.3 12.0
13.2 12.0
13.2 12.0
13.2 12.0
13.0 11.9
12.7 11.3
12.5 10.3
b-l 1-bB
1530
09d
T 0
18.3 12.4
18.2 12.4
18.3 12.3
18.3 12.4
18.3 12.4
18.3 12.4
18.3 12.4
18.3 12.4
18.3 12.4
18.3 12.3
b-IZ-bB /-9-bB
1100 1500
Ylb Ylb
T 0 T 0
16.0 12.1 26.0 11.8
16.0 12.1
16.0 11.4
15.8 11.4
15.8 11.4 25.8 11.4
15.8 11.4
15.6 11.2
15.6 11.2
15.5 11.2 25.0 11.0
15.5 11.1
15.5 10.8
15.5 10.8
15.5 10.8 24.8 10.5
15.4 10.4 24.6 9.7
15.3 10.4 24.6 9.7
15.3 10.4
15.3 7.4
7-9-68
1000
09d
T . 0
23.7
23.8
23.9
23.9
23.9
23.9
23.5
23.4
6.7
6.4
6.4
6.2
6.4
5.0
5.1
4.8
-------
TABLE 4 (Continued)
TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN VARIATION
WITH DEPTH IN AGENCY
AND UPPER KLAMATH LAKE
Date 8-20-68 9-10-68
Time 1130 1650
Station V7d 09d
Depth TO TO
0
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.0
2.25
3
4
4.5
14.3 10.7 24.3
24.0
14.3 10.6 23.0
21.0
14.3 10.6 20.5
20.0
20.0
2.7
2.0
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
9-11-68
0845
V7d
T 0
19.5 7.2
19.2 7.3
19.2 7.3
19.2 7.3
19.1 7.2
19.2 7.2
19.2 7.2
19.2 7.2
9-11-68
1100
Ylb
T 0
20.5
20.5
20.2
20.1
20.1
19.8
19.5
19.5
19.4
19.4
8.1
8.1
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.3
7.3
9-11-68 9-23-68 9-23-68
1300
09d V7d M35a
T 0 T 0 T 0
21.5
21.5
21.5
20.5
20.0
19.6
19.5
3.3 13.2 10.8 16.4 10.9
3.3
2.9
1.4
1.3 13.5 9.0
1.2
1.2 13.1 10.1
9-24-68 10-22-68 10-22-68
1530 1700
09d V7d Ylb
TOT 0 T 0
16.9 9.0 10.5 9.6 10.8
10.3 9.5 10.8
10.3 9.3 10.7
10 9.0 10.6
10 9.0 10.4
9.8 8.3
13.0 9.6 10.3
10.1
10
9.6
9.5
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.0
7.7
7.6
7.4
7.4
7.5
6.9
10-22-68 10-23-68
1200 1000
M35a 09d
T 0 T 0
8.7 10.1 9.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
8.7 9.9 9.0
9.0
9.0
5.6
5.2
4.6
4.4
4.0
3.7
3.5
-------
TABLE 4 (Continued)
TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN VARIATION
WITH DEPTH IN AGENCY
AND UPPER KLAMATH LAKES
Date
Time
Station
Depth
Surf
0.50
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00
4.00
2-6-69 2-6-69
0950 1345
NlOb Ylb
TO TO
Ice
0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.0
-45 cm 1.0
2.9
3.9 0.5
3.9
2.7
2.6
2.6 0.5
2.6
1.8
0.5
0.5
11.0
11.1
11.6
11.6
8.9
-------
TABLE 5
OXYGEN AND TEMPERATURE VARIATION
THROUGH A 24-HR PERIOD
IN UPPER KLAMATH LAKE
Date 8-13-68
Time 1530
Station. Ylb
Depth T 0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
4
4
.25
.50
.75
.0
.25
.50
.75
.0
.25
.50
.75
.0
.0
.5
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
.20
20
20
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
•P
.0
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
8-13-68 8-13-68 8-13-68 8-13-68 8-14-68 8-14-68
1700 1730 1800 2400 0400 0445
09d V7d Ylb Ylb Ylb V7d
TO TO TO TOTOTO
.4 22.0 15.1 20.7 7.9 20.0 8.7 18.7 9.6 18.5 8.1 18.0 5.7
20.8 7.9 18.5 5.7
21.5 15.1 20.6 7.9 18.5 5.4
' 20.6 7.9 18.5 5.5
.4 21.2 11.8 20.6 7.9 20.5 8.7 19.0 9.0 18.5 7.7 18.5 5.7
.4 21.0 10.2 20.6 7.9 18.5 5.6
.3 '
.3
.2 20.2 8.8 19.1 7.9 18.5 7.1
.0
.0
.8
.6 20.0 8.7 19.1 7.8 18.5 7.1
19.8 8.4 19.0 6.8 18.5 6.1
19.4 8.3 19.0 6.2 18.5 5.7
8-14-68 . 8-14-68
0530 0610
09d Ylb
T 0 T 0
18.0 9.0 18.
18.3 7.7
18.3 7.7
18.3 7.4
18.2 7.4 18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
18.
0
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
3
7
7
7
7
7
6
6
6
6
6
.2
.1
.1
.0
.0
.9
.9
.9
.8
.7
8-14-68 8-14-68
1500 1630
09d Ylb
T 0 T 0
20.0 12.8 18.4 9.5
20.0 12.7
20!0 12.7
20.0 12.7 18.4 9.4
20.0 12,3
18.4 9.5
18.4 9.5
18.4 8.9
18.4 8.9
-------
TABLE 6
PHYTOPLANKTON OF UPPER
KLAMATH
Date
Station
Phytoplankton
Centric Diatoms
Pennate Diatoms
Green Coccoid
Blue-green Coccoid
Blue-green Filamentous
Green Flagellates
Other Flagellates
Total, No/ml.
Date
Station
Phytoplankton
Centric Diatoms
Pennate Diatoms
Green Coccoid
Blue-green Coccoid
Blue-green Filamentous
Green Flagellates
Other Flagellates
Total, No/ml.
Dec. 13
, 1967
09d
Surface
10,700
20
200
1,430
12,370
Bottom
16,500
40
290
16,830
Jan. 31, 1968
09d
Surface
480
4,800
5,280
Bottom
40
400
1,700
2,180
Jan. 17
, 1968
Predominant 09d
Phytoplankton Surface
Stephanodiscus
40
3,540
3,590
Bottom
70
90
2,160
2,300
Jan. 31, 1968 Jan. 31, 1968
Ylb P9a
Surface Bottom Surface
90 30 70
10
70
10 70
790
100 40 1,000
Bottom
70
20
180
480
750
Jan. 17, 1968
Ylb Predominant
Surface Bottom Phytoplankton
150 20
200
20
20 Cryptomonas
390 20
Jan. 31, 1968 Jan. 31, 1968 Predominant
NlOb N35a Phytoplankton
Surface Bottom Surface Bottom
90 20 40
20
20 110
420 180 200
440 Cryptomonas
950 200 20 370
a. Additional qualitative data on phytoplankton also listed in Table 3.
-------
TABLE 6 (Continued)
PHYTOPLANKTON OF UPPER
KLAMATH LAKE
Date
Station
Phytoplankton
Centric Diatoms
Pennate Diatoms
Green Coccoid
Blue-green Coccoid
Blue-green Filamentous
Green Flagellates
Other Flagellates
Total, No/ml.
March
Surface
30,270
220
350
310
4,050
11,100
46,300
3, 1968
09d
Bottom
26,360
570
220
130
2,200
1,890
31 ,390
March
Surface
82,200
130
260
40
2,550
1,010
86,190
3, 1968
Ylb
Bottom
73,960
130
260
80
1,860
180
76,390
Predominant
Phytoplankton
Stephanodiscus
Unidentified
Cryptomonas
April
Surface
8,200
130
970
180
1,100
40
11,000
4, 1968
09d .
Bottom
920
220
1,200
350
660
40
3,400
Predominant
Phytoplankton
Cyclotel la-Stephanodiscus
Unidentified
-------
TABLE 6 (Continued)
PHYTOPLANKTON OF UPPER
KLAMATH LAKE
Date
Station
Phytoplankton
Centric Diatoms
Pennate Diatoms
Green Coccoid
Blue-green Coccoid
Blue-green Filamentous
Green Flaellates
Other Flagellates
Total, No/ml.
Date
Station
Phytoplankton
Centric Diatoms
Pennate Diatoms
Green Coccoid
Blue-green Coccoid
Blue-green Filamentous
Green Flagellates
May 8, 1968
09d
Surface Bottom
150 200
480 370
530 440
480 750
260 300
1,900 2,100
June 12, 1968
09d
Surface Bottom
1,100
130 220
400 220
6,600 2,900
20 350
260 970
May 8, 1968
Ylb
Surface Bottom
40 90
1,900 3,100
440 570
1,100 350
350 400
3,800 4,500
June 12, 1968
Ylb
Surface Bottom
40 260
180
180 180
8,700 7,100
350 180
970 620
Predominant Phytoplankton
Fragilaria
Anacystis (Mlcrocystls)
Predominant
Phytoplankton
Anacystis (Microcystls)
Aphanizomenon*
Other Flagellates
Total, No/ml.
8,300 4,700
10,000 8,500
* Aphanizomenon bloom began during last of May; difficult to count by Sedgwick-Rafter method!
-------
TABLE 7
CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
IN HOWARD BAY, UPPER KLAMATH LAKE*
Station
Date
Depth (m)
Surface
0.5
1.0
1.25
1.75
2.75
5.0
Station
Date
Depth(m)
Surface
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
09d P9a
1/30/68 1/30/68
170 170
200 190
500 280
400
550
NlOb
(2001 east)
2/06/69
150
180
200
400
500
NlOb SBE(a)
1/30/68 1/30/68
160 190
165 195
170 210
220
180
SBW(b) PBE(C) Ylb
1/30/68 1/30/68 1/30/68
200 200 170
200 200 170
210 200 170
220 230
NlOb 09d 09d 09d
(101 north) (TOO1 north)
1/31/68 1/31/68 2/01/68 2/01/68
150 185 120 120
150 200 130 120
155 500 380 370
160 525 400
160
170
Conductivity of water from farm
drainage water-flow pipe.
1/30/68
3/02/68
- 500
- 255
*See Table 2 for other conductivity data.
Notes: All measurements made under about 45 cm. of ice.
Values are in micromhos/cm.
a. SBE - Experimental pool with water column exposed to the sediment (east position)
b. SBW - Experimental pool with water column exposed to the sediment (west position)
c. PBE - Experimental pool with plastic bottom. Water not exposed to sediment (east position)
Experimental pools 10 ft. long by 10 ft. wide extending to bottom of lake. Location at 09d.
Plastic pools were filled with water in Nov. 1967, the conductivity of which was about 185 m1cromhos/cm.
-------
TABLE 8
COMPARISON OF SURFACE AND BOTTOM
LAKE WATER QUALITY
WITH EXPERIMENTAL POOLS
11-16-67
09d
s b
Alkalinity
Conductivity
Carbon, Total
Carbon, SNOC
Hardness, Ca
Hardness, Total
N-NH3
N-N03
N-T. Kjeld.
pH
P, Ortho
P, Total
Silica, Sol.
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Sulfate
Secchl Disc
Reading
59
128
24
8
31
55
1.35
.12
3.0
8.2
.05
.15
31.4
11.3
2.6
<5
<10
75
58
130
24
6
29
42
2.0
.11
2.9
8.2
.05
.16
31.4
10.2
2.4
11-16-67
SBW
s b
64
185
27
10
47
65
1.7
.11
2.8
7.3
.09
.17
29.3
13.0
3.5
<5
11
70
65
185
27
10
47
62
1.7
.12
2.7
7.3
.11
.20
29.3
10
3.2
<5
18
11-16-67
PBE
s b
60
160
25
11
44
52
1.3
.12
5.6
7.9
.04
.11
30.0
13.6
3.0
<5
13
95
60
160
25
10
42
64
1.1
.12
2.3
7.6
.04
.11
30.0
11.8
3.0
<5
14
12-13-67
09d
s b
59
138
22
10
32
.38
1.5
.09
8.4
8.1
.03
.18
32.8
11.6
2.2
59
139
22
8
35
40
1.8
.06
2.8
7.6
.03
.21
29.3
11.6
2.3
12-13-67
PBE
s b
60
151
22
8
42
44
1,5
.09
2.6
7.6
.07
.17
28.0
11.6
2.5
49
139
42
43
1.5
.09
1.8
7.2
.07
.13
28.0
11.8
2.5
1-18-68
09d
s b
69
181
29
9
43
58
2.3
.13
3.1
7.7
.13
.32
30.0
13.0
3.2
<5
15
65
84
263
37
13
66
88
2.6
.12
3.5
6.5
.25
.49
28.6
15.0
4.4
<5
<10
1-18-68
SBW
s b
70
169
28
12
38
52
2.2
.13
2.8
7.0
.12
.25
30.9
13.0
3.2
<5
11
65
74
189
30
11
49
58
2.5
.14
3.4
7.0
.16
.30
31.8
13.0
3.4
<5
14
1-18-68
PBE
s b
7.0
189
30
10
42
56
3.0
.18
3.7
7.2
.11
.45
31.1
13.0
4.2
<5
14
55
73
194
30
10
46
60
2.4
.19
3.5
7.4
.15
.34
31.0
14.0
3.4
<5
16
s - surface sample
b - bottom water sample
SBW - sediment bottom pool (west position)
PBE - plastic bottom pool (east position)
-------
TABLE 8 (Continued)
COMPARISON Of SURFACE AND BOTTOM
LAKE WATER QUALITY
WITH EXPERIMENTAL POOLS
' ' — — i-ji-bd
09d
s o
Al kal ini ty
Conductivity
Carbon, Total
Carbon. SNOC
Hardness, Ca
Hardness, Total
N-NH,
N-N03
N-T. Kjeld.
pH
P, Ortho
P, Total
Silica, Sol .
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Sulfate
Secchi Disc
Reading
75
169
28
9
42
48
1.8
.06
3.9
7.3
.12
.36
34.0
12
2.8
10
50
113
367
62
31
110
126
1.7
.05
4.4
7.0
.43
.65
32.9
28
4.4
32
i-ji-bu — =
SBW
s b
75
181
28
10
37
52
2.0
.07
3.9
7.2
.14
.37
33.0
12
2.9
' 55
H
189
28
10
45
55
2.0
.08
3.6
7.0
.18
.32
33.1
13
3.0
l-JI-68
PBE
s b
75
179
30
14
37
50
1.8
.08
4.0
7.3
.11
.37
34.0
12
2.9
55
76
219
28
14
61
65
1.9
.13
3.7
7.3
.19
.37
33.0
14
3.3
3-02-68*
09d
s b
70
296
43
18
102
106
<.l
.30
3.4
8.4
.017
.29
18.3
19
3.0
<5
31
45
75
355
43
24
128
133
<.1
.30
3.9
7.3
.017
.29
18.1
23
3.2
<5
20
3-02-68
SBW
s b
59
222
33
14
72
74
<.l
.26
2.2
8.5
.009
.17
18.5
16
2.5
<5
21
49
60
223
35
13
72
76
<.l
.27
2.7
8.4
.010
.20
18.5
16
2.5
<5
21
3-02-68 4-04-68
PBE 09d
s b s b
64
225
37
73
74
<.l
.27
3.0
8.6
.013
.21
18.8
16
2.4
<5
49
67
284 105 105
37 19 20
18
94 26 19
98 31 30
<.i <.l <.1
.33 .01 .02
2.8 1.2 1.1
7.4 8.6 7.9
.012 .008 .01
.24 .075 .071
18.8 10.3 11.7
18
2.8
<5
65
SBW PBE
s b s t>
165 165 130 130
24 24 21 23
48 51 33 31
54 55 41 «2
<.l <.} <..! <.l
.02 .02 .01 .02
1.5 1.4 :: 1.1 1.7
8.7 9.1 8.4 8.1
.006 .006 .008 .013
.058 .073 .063 .131
6.9 7.1 8.3 8.4
65 65
* All pools flooded with lake water last week in February
when ice melted.
-------
TABLE 9
PROFILE DATA FOR TEMPERATURE
AND OXYGEN OF THE EXPERIMENTAL
POOLS AND LAKE
Depth
Surf
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
Depth
Surf
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
j>.50
' 11-16-67
0830
09d
Temp. 0
6.5 9.5
6.5 9.5
6.5 9.5
6.5 9.5
6.5 9.5
6.5 9.5
6.5 9.5
6.5 9.5
2-Z9-68
1635
09d
Temp. 0
6.5 18.0.
6.5 18.0
6.5 13.0
6.5 18.0
6.5 18.4
6.0 18.4
6.0 18.5
6.0 18.3
6.0 16.5
5.5 14.3
5.0 3.0
11-16-67
0850
PBE
Temp. 0
6.5 9.2
6.5 9.1
6.5 9.1
7.0 8.9
7.0 8.7
7.0 8.7
7.0 8.7
7.0 8.7
2-29-68
1620
PBE
Temp. 0
6.5 18.6
6.5 19.0
6.0 18.8
6.0 18.8
5.5 17.8
5.5 17.8
5.5 17.8
5.0 17.6
5.0 17.6
5.0 12.2
5.0 3.1
11-16-67
0915
SBW
Temp. 0
7.0 7.5
7.0 7.5
6.5 7.5
6.5 7.5
6.5 7.5
6.5 7.5
6.5 7.5
6.5 7.5
2-29-68
1645
SBW
Temp . 0
6.5 20.0
7.0 19.2
6.5 18.6
6.0 18.0
5.5 17.2
5.5 16.4
5.5 15.8
5.5 15.0
5.0 14.6
5.0 14.4
5.0 3.2
1-17-68
1600
09d
Temp . 0
0 8.
0 8.
0 4.
0 2.
0 0.
0 0.
1 0.
1 0.
3-02-68
0920
09d
Temp . 0
5.5 14.
5.5 14.
5.5 13.
5.5 13.
6.0 12.
6.0 12.
6.0 11.
6.0 11.
6.0 11.
6.0 11.
6.0 <2.
0
0
5
0
5
5
4
4
4
4
1
0
4
1
9
6
6
6
5
"" 1-17-68
1620
PBE
Temp. 0
0 7.4
0 7.4
0 7.4
0 7.4
0 6.0
.5 6.0
.5 5.8
.5 5.3
3-02-68
0900
PBE
Temp . 0
5.5 15.3
5.0 15.6
5.0 15.6
5.0 15.7
5.0 15.7
5.0 15.8
5.0 15.8
5.0 16.0
5.0 13.5
5.5 12.5
5.5 11.8
1-17-68
1430
SBW
Temp
0
0
0
.5
.5
.5
1.0
1.0
7
7
7
4
4
4
3
1
0
.2
.2
.2
.9
.8
.7
.5
.5
1-31-68 1-31-68 1-31-66 z-01-68
0910 0925 0855 0845
09d PBE SBW PBE
Temp. 0 Temp. 0 Temp. 6 Temp.
1 8.3 0 9.5 0 8.4 0 7
1 8.2 : 9.3 0 8.1 0 7
1 8.2 0 9.2 0.5 6.3 0 7
1 2.1 .5 8.5 ', 5.7 0 7
1 1.8 .5 8.3 1 5.5 0 7
1 1.4 .5 8.1 1 b.5 0.5 ,7
1 1.0 1.0 4.2 1.5 1.7 1 3
1.5 0.7 1.5 1.3 1 ?
0
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
-.1
.4
.1
3-OZ-68
0935
SBW
Temp . 0
5.5
5.5
. 5.5
5.5
5.5
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
7
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.4
------- |