FIELD STUDIES ON SEDIMENT-WATER ALGAL NUTRIENT INTERCHANGE PROCESSES AND WATER QUALITY OF UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION NORTHWEST REGION PACIFIC NORTHWEST WATER LABORATORY CORVALLIS, OREGON ------- FIELD STUDIES ON SEDIMENT-WATER ALGAL NUTRIENT INTERCHANGE PROCESSES AND WATER QUALITY OF UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES July 1967-March 1969 A. R. Gahler Working Paper No. 66 United States Department of the Interior Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Northwest Region Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory 200 Southwest Thirty-fifth Street Con/all is, Oregon October 1969 ------- A Working Paper presents results of investigations which are to some extent limited or incomplete. Therefore, conclusions or recommendations--expressed or implied—are tentative. ------- CONTENTS Page PREFACE 1 ABSTRACT 3 INTRODUCTION b FIGURE NO. 1 - MAP OF UPPER KLAMATH LAKE SYSTEM 7 FIELD TEST FOR SEDIMENT-WATER NUTRIENT INTERCHANGE 9 Experimental Pool Design and Location 9 Observations 10 Discussion 13 LIMNOLOGY OF UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES 17 General Discussion 17 Lake Water Quality 21 Water Analyses 21 Sample Preservation 21 Oxygen 22 Nitrogen Compounds 23 Phosphorus 24 Silicon 25 Sodium 25 Potassium 25 Chloride 26 Sulfate 26 Carbon 26 Iron and Manganese 26 PH 27 Total Alkalinity 27 Hardness, Ca and Total 27 Physical Measurements 27 Temperature 27 Water Transparency 28 Conductivity 28 Biological Measurements 28 ------- CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES APPENDIX Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Table 5 Table 6 Table 7 Table 8 Table 9 Methods of Analysis Water Quality of Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes Temperature, Transparency, pH, and Special Limnological Observations in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes Temperature and Oxygen Variation with Depth in Agency and Upper Klamath Lakes Oxygen and Temperature Variation through a 24-Hour Period in Upper Klamath Lake Phytoplankton of Upper Klamath Lake Conductivity Measurements in Howard Bay, Upper Klamath Lake Comparison of Surface and Bottom Lake Water Quality with Experimental Pools Profile Data for Temperature and Oxygen of the Experimental Pools and Lake Page 31 33 35 ------- PREFACE The purpose of this Working Paper is to report data collected for a research project on interchange of algal nutrients between sediment and overlying water in Upper Klamath Lake and to present the results from a field experiment on nutrient interchange. The objective of part of the investigation was to follow lake conditions at several representative locations in order to determine when interchange might occur and whether or not it could be measured in the lake water. No attempt was made to monitor the water qual- ity of the entire lake system. This would have been beyond the scope of the problem and impossible from the standpoint of avail- able manpower. No attempt has been made to interpret the water quality data except in relationship to interchange mechanisms. In many lakes, an increase in nutrients is noted under anaer- obic conditions, therefore, more measurements were made when it was anticipated that these conditions would likely develop under the ice and in late summer or autumn when the algae died. During the period of this investigation no other organization made a systematic study of chemical, physical, and algal properties of the lakes. Therefore, it is felt that these data will be use- ful to those future workers on Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes who may wish to compare lake conditions with water quality in the past. These data are in a sense a continuation and expansion of the re- ports by Phinney, Bond, Miller, and other investigators of Upper Klamath Lake. ------- Information on sediments will be treated in a separate report because of the diverse reasons for examination of the sediments and because of the length of the report. ------- ABSTRACT Studies of algal nutrient interchange between sediment and water under environmental conditions were carried out in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, from July 1967 to March 1969. Experimental "pools" of lake water in contact with the sediment and experimen- tal pools of water not exposed to the sediment were compared with the open lake from November 1967 to June 1968. Water quality measurements in Agency and Upper Klamath Lakes were made to determine whether interchange processes could be observed directly in the water, to establish conditions for lab- oratory interchange tests, and to compare lake conditions with the experimental pools. Data were obtained from July 1967 to March 1969 on pH, conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chemical composition, and phytoplankton. Interchange definitely occurred when Oscillatora floated to the lake surface with attached sediment which contained soluble nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. A plastic-bottomed pool of water not exposed to sediment exhibited higher oxygen content under the ice and had less phytoplankton growth in spring than the pools exposed to sediments. The effects of gas evolution, wind, currents, fish, boating, benthos, diffusion, etc., on the shallow lakes was not quantitatively determined, but it seems quite probable that any- thing that stirs the sediment causes interchange of nutrients. ------- INTRODUCTION The intense growth of algae for about eight months each year in the eutrophic Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes in Oregon has been attributed in part to release of nutrients from the bottom sedi- ments to the overlying water. A study to evaluate the influence of lake sediments on algal growth and to determine the conditions under which nutrient release or uptake might occur was started in the summer of 1967 by the Sediment-Water Nutrient Interchange Section of the National Eutro- phication Research Program, Corvallis, Oregon. It is the purpose of this paper to report results from the field experiments and lake observations and to publish water qual- ity data of the lakes which have not been placed into an information retrieval system, yet are useful for present and future investiga- tors of this body of water. These data augment those reported by Phinney (5, 6), Bond (1), the Oregon State Sanitary Authority (4), Miller and Tash (3), and Jewett (2). This paper contains information pertaining to conditions under the ice. Winter data have not previously been reported for these lakes. These and all other data were obtained during an investi- gation designed to determine whether nutrient interchange processes were detectable under various lake conditions. Information pertain- ing to soluble nutrients in the interstitial water of the sediments, and the composition and characteristics of sediment cores will be published in another report. ------- The data in the Tables are listed according to stations which are designated by a capital letter, a number, and a small letter (e.g., Ylb, 09d). The station position can be located on the map of Agency and Upper Klamath Lakes (Figure 1) by using coordinates: numbers are north and south, capital letters progress alphabeti- cally from east to west, and small letters indicate relative position in each square. Samples of lake water were taken most frequently at two loca- tions: at a site in Howard Bay (09d) where experimental pools were installed in late October 1967, and at the Pelican Marina near the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake (Ylb; see Figure 1). The outlet was sampled frequently to compare the general lake condition with that in specific locations under study. Other locations (Agency [M35a] and Buck Island [V7d]) were sampled occasionally in cooperation with Dr. R. Pacha of Oregon State University who is studying sedi- ment-bacteria-water interactions under a Federal Water Pollution Control Administration research grant. The analytical procedures used in the laboratory and field are given in Table 1, and the chemical description of water quality at the surface and directly above the sediment is presented in Table 2, Data relating to pH, water transparency, qualitative informa- tion on algal conditions, and special limnological observations are shown in Table 3 (pH is also tabulated in Table 2); temperature and oxygen profile data in Table 4 and 5; quantitative information on ------- Scale N64.I70 FIGURE I ••••MAP OF UPPER KLAMATH KLAMATH FALLS LAKE SYSTEM ------- 8 algae during the winter months, Table 6; conductivity data from Howard Bay in winter, Table 7; comparison of chemical data of surface and bottom water from some of the experimental pools and adjacent lake water, Table 8; and selected profile data for temperature and oxygen in the experimental pools and lake, Table 9. Concentration expressions for the various chemical and phys- ical measurements are listed in Table 1. Appropriate abbreviations and notes appear at the end of each table. Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes are located in South Central Oregon east of the Cascade Mountains. Part of the drainage from the.watershed of about 3,800 square miles flows through Wood River and other tributaries into Agency Lake which drains southward into Upper Klamath Lake. The Williamson River is the only other large tributary for Upper Klamath Lake. The lake, in turn, empties into the Klamath River which runs eventually into the Pacific Ocean. The shallow (mean depth 8 feet), 120 square-mile lake system, and tributaries have been described quite fully by others(1, 3) (see also, Figure 1). The water level in the lakes is controlled so that the altitude of the surface varies only from 4,136 to 4,143 feet. ------- FIELD TEST FOR SEDIMENT-WATER NUTRIENT INTERCHANGE Experimental Pool Design and Location Ideally, tests of the interchange between sediment and water of the nutrients used by algae and aquatic plants should be per- formed in the lake so that the weather, radiation, temperature, wind, diffusion, currents, benthic organisms, sediment conditions, water quality, etc., are as nearly identical to that of the nat- ural environment as possible. For the field interchange measure- ments, four 10 mil polyethylene pools 3x3x4 meters deep were installed in October 1967 in a wooden framework for support and protection. A site in Howard Bay (09d) away from highway traffic yet accessible in winter proved to be satisfactory. Two pools were bottomless so that the water was exposed to the sediment. The other two pools had plastic bottoms. The pools were located about 10 meters from a dike. During the experiment the depth of the lake at the pools varied from 1.2 to about 2.75 meters. The plastic sides were folded over so that the top edge extended above the surface of the water from 30 to 45 cm. Each pool contained about 19,000 liters (5,000 gallons) of lake water during the experiment. The physical, chemical, and biological variables in the water of the pools were observed from the surface to the bottom at least monthly and compared with the surrounding lake water for about seven months until cracks and holes developed in the plastic. ------- 10 Pools of this relatively large size were used so that the effects of biological growth on the sidewalls would be minimized and radiation effects would be similar to natural conditions. Larger pools of more durable material would have been desirable, but design was limited by available funds. Much useful information was obtained from the field experi- ment, although it was not entirely successful because of defects which developed in the originally impervious plastic under the severe field conditions of thick ice and occasional high wind velocity. Observations The plastic walls were sufficiently flexible so that wave action against the pools was partially transmitted throughout the contained water mass, enhancing mixing. Temperature in the pools remained within ±1°C of the adjacent lake water (Table 8). Dis- solved oxygen concentration before the ice formed on the lake in December 1967 and after melting of the ice the last week in Feb- ruary 1968 was usually within ±1.5 mg 0/£ between pools and lake water at corresponding depths. However, under the ice and snow, the water in the plastic pools not exposed to the lake sediment contained more dissolved oxygen than the water in the pools ex- posed to the sediment (Table 9). Farm drainage water was pumped into the bay during February 1968 at a point 0.8 mile from the pools and flowed along the lake bottom past the pools. Thus, the oxygen and other variables ------- 11 measured in the lake did not represent typical conditions with which to compare the pools. The pools were apparently intact during the winter and early spring, since the conductivity did not vary appreciably from the time they had been filled with lake water in November until March when they were flooded as the lake level rose. Dissolved oxygen in the water below 0.5 meter in the plastic- bottomed pool averaged 2.3 mg 0/£ higher than in the pool where the water was exposed to the sediment, as shown in Table 9 for stations PBE and SBW on January 17 and 31, 1968. Compared with water sampling site NlOb (Table 4) in Howard Bay on January 31, 1968, where the oxygen was less than 1.5 mg Q/H from surface to sediment, the oxygen in the plastic-bottomed pool averaged 5.8 mg 0/£ higher than in the lake. This indicates that the sediments exert an oxygen demand upon the water. Presumably, the water at NlOb at this time was not affected by the farm drainage water, since the conductivity was low and fairly uniform from top to. bottom (Table 7). . In June, Oscil latoria floated to the surface carrying with it large portions of sediment about 8 to 15 cm thick. Small floating chunks were noted in the sediment-exposed pools, but not in the plastic-bottomed pools. This represented a sediment- water nutrient interchange mechanism which will be discussed in more detail under the section relating to Limnology of Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes. ------- 12 Gas evolution from the bottom sediments occurred in the lake and sediment-exposed pools but not in the plastic-bottomed pools. The concentration of nutrients, if any, brought into the overlying water by the gassing process is not known. On May 8, 1968, the phytoplankton crop in the plastic-bottomed pools was less than in the sediment-bottomed pools or in the lake as indicated by Secchi disc readings (157 cm as compared to 115 cm in the lake and sediment-exposed pools of water). Examination of the winter chemical data in Table 2 does not show an increase in phosphorus, nitrogen forms, conductivity, alka- linity, etc., nor the presence of nitrite in the water directly over the sediment in winter as is usually described in the literature for conditions in lakes under the ice. Field tests for iron (II) in the bottom water were negative. The reason for this is not obvious. Since the sediments are mildly reducing in nature (E.= -0.1 to +0.3 volt) and contain 1 to 2 percent iron on a dry basis, presence of Fe (II) was expected. A decrease of soluble silicon concentration in the water was caused by a heavy growth of Gomphonema, a silicon consuming algae, on the inside walls of all the pools in April and May. The lake water contained approximately 10 mg Si02/& at the May 8 sampling whereas all the pools contained only about 5 mg SiO^A. This illustrates the effect of one type of growth on the sidewalls of an experimental pool. ------- Discussion This test points out several problems in the measurement of sediment-water nutrient interchange in the field. The greatest problem in our experiment was the plastic used for pool construc- tion which cracked and tore before completion of the test. The material must be sufficiently rugged to withstand ice and high wind velocity. Pools should contain a sufficiently large volume of water so that sidewall effects such as Gomphonema growth will not greatly alter the equilibria of the biological and chemical systems. It is the opinion of the writer that pools ideally should contain at least two to three times more water than the 5000 gallon volume contained in this experiment. To prevent splashing of lake water into the pools, a break- water device should be designed around the edges of the pool to break the higher waves before they reach the pool and to prevent damage by floating objects. This was done by placing strips of wood (shiplap) on the surrounding framework. A fixed-position wavebreak, however, reduces the radiation reaching the pools when the lake level becomes lower. Much labor would be eliminated by incorporation of a flotation device to maintain the sides of the pool at a relatively constant height above the water. This would also reduce the difference in radiation on the water in the pools and the lake which would affect the photosynthetic processes. ------- 14 Replacement of evaporated water in pools can be a problem where low-nutrient water is not readily available. If possible, only distilled water should be added. Construction and placement of pools would be extremely diffi- cult, if not impossible, in very deep lakes. In large lakes, several areas would need to be tested because of variability in sediments and uncertainty in placing experimental pools in repre- sentative locations. Even in Upper Klamath Lake, which was famil- iar to NERP personnel, the selected site was not as representative of the entire lake as desired. The full effect of currents on interchange is difficult to measure in a pool unless artificial stirring is induced to simu- late natural conditions. Similarly, the effect of fish and boats in a shallow lake is significant but difficult to evaluate. Al- though gas evolution was noted in the sediment-bottomed pools, but not in the plastic-bottomed pools, the concentration of nu- trients brought into the overlying water by the gassing process is not known. Certainly some of the soluble nutrients present in the Howard Bay sediments would be released into the overlying water. The rising of Oscillator!a to the surface with attached clumps of sediment also causes nutrient release to the overlying water. This was measured in the lake in September 1968 (see Limnology of Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes). ------- 15 In conclusion, from our experience in Upper Klamath Lake, it is difficult to quantitatively evaluate sediment-water algal nutrient interchange by use of experimental pools. The technique is costly, time-consuming, and subject to experimental problems. Therefore, new methods must be developed. Since NERP will be required in future restoration programs to evaluate the nutrient contribution of sediments from many lakes, estuaries, rivers, and reservoirs, it would be desirable to replace field tests with suitable laboratory interchange tests. ------- LIMNOLOGY OF UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES General Discussion To determine whether nutrient interchange could be measured in the field chemically or physically, to determine the variations in the lakes so that conditions for laboratory interchange studies could be established, and to compare lake conditions with the experimental pools, it was necessary to observe several parameters in the lakes. As a result, much interesting data have been accumu- lated which appear in the Appendix. The water quality data are presented for July 1967 through March 1969 in Tables 1 through 7. Several interesting and impor- tant conditions were observed in the lakes during the period. Ice covered essentially the entire surface during the winter of 1967-68 from the first week of December to the last week in Feb- ruary, and in 1968-69 from the second week in December to the first week in April. Snow covered the ice much of the time during both winters. Below-normal precipitation during the winter of 1967-68 resulted in low water levels during the following summer and navigation was not possible throughout most of both lakes. Above-normal snowfall in the 1968-69 winter season rendered it impossible to drive to the experimental pool location. According to reports in the literature nutrient release in some lakes is expected to occur when anaerobic conditions develop at the bottom during prolonged ice cover when no mixing occurs. ------- 18 Chemical analysis of water just over the sediments during the period of ice and snow cover did not reveal significantly higher concentrations of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds over that found in the water just below the ice, even though the dissolved oxygen content was less than 1 mg 0/£ for at least two weeks and no mixing occurred from wind action. No explanation for this can be given except that the lake did not follow the classical description of the iron-manganese-phosphate cycle during periods of low and high dissolved oxygen. Sediment-water nutrient interchange occurred in June and Sep- tember 1968 through an interesting and effective mechanism. Oscil- latoria, which forms on the sediment and collects sufficient gas to cause it to be lifted to the lake surface along with attached sediment in pieces 30 cm or more in length and from 15 to 30 cm thick, was found floating throughout the lake system in June and throughout Howard Bay in September. This floating Oscillatoria, sediment, and other decomposing algae caused a very disagreeable odor in the bay. As a result, the water increased in conduc- tivity (190 micromhos/cm), total phosphorus (1 mg P/&)» ammonia nitrogen (1.2 mg N/&), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (4 to 12 mg N/£), and decreased in dissolved oxygen (3 mg 0/&) as compared with the main portion of the lake. Many small dead fish, 4 to 8 cm long, were seen floating along with the Oscillatoria and other decaying algae. Much of the nutrients probably came from the sediment interstitial water when the sediment was lifted by the ------- 19 Oscillatoria. The interstitial water from surface sediment samples taken in Howard Bay from June through October contained from 5 to 9 mg P/£ as orthophosphate and 20 to 86 mg N/£ as ammonia. The unusually high conductivity observed in some areas of Howard Bay in January and February 1968 was probably the result of farm drainage water pumped into the bay from an adjacent ranch. Additional data to illustrate the influence on Howard Bay are shown in Table 7. In 1968, the drainage water (conductivity, 500 mi- cromhos/cm) apparently flowed under the ice from a point near the end of the bay, along a dike near the experimental pools, and was still detectable 0.7 mile past the pools at P9a, a total of 1.5 miles from the drainage outlet. The flow pattern was not determined throughout the bay. However, the fact that the conductivity of the experimental pools at 09d filled in November with lake water re- mained at 185 micromhos/cm and the fact that sampling site NlOb did not experience high conductivity, support the assumption that farm drainage water rather than sediment-water interchange processes caused the high conductivity. In February 1969 relatively high conductivity (200 to 500 micromhos/cm) below 1.5 meters was obser- ved at NlOb. It has been assumed that this effect resulted from farm drainage water accompanied by a change in lake currents from those in 1968. Weather conditions did not permit measurement at 09d. ------- 20 The overall effect of farm drainage water and the interchange process upon Upper Klamath Lake sediments is uncertain. The con- ductivity of the agricultural drainage return water on January 30, 1968, was 500 micrdmhos/cm; but on March 2, 1968, after much melt- ing of snow, it decreased to 255 micromhos/cm. The analysis of a sample of the yellow-colored return drainage water taken on March 2 was as follows (values in mg/H): NO^N, <0.05; NO^N, <0.01; NH^N, <0.1; total Kjeldahl N, 3.2; ortho P, 0.20; total P, 0.46; alka- linity, 68; soluble non-volatile organic carbon, 37; soluble silica, 7.0; calcium hardness, 88; total hardness, 90; chloride, 4; sulfate, 22; sodium, 23; potassium, 2.3; pH, 7.1. Although soil scientists regard phosphorus as relatively immobile in soil, sufficient phos- phorus was present in this agricultural drainage water to support algal growth. The effect of wind upon mixing and resuspension of the sedi- ments with the overlying water has been described by Bond, Hazel, and Vincent (1). They concluded that the sediments were resuspended when the water mass movement had a velocity greater than 0.02 feet per second; this occurred when wind velocities were two to five miles per hour. With the concentrations of soluble phosphorus and nitrogen available in the sediment interstitial water, this process would appear to be an important factor in nutrient interchange. In 1967 Aphanizomenon did not appear until August in Upper Klamath Lake, but in 1968 it developed in May. Furthermore, during ------- 21 the summer of 1968 the predominant algae forms changed from Aphanizomenon to Rivularia or to Anabaenopsis (Table 3\ Additional changes observed in the lake system during the 1967- 69 period are summarized by the following discussion of specific chemical, physical and biological parameters. Refer to appropriate tables for specific data. Lake Water Quality Water Analyses Sample Preservation — All samples were collected and packed in ice. Alkalinity in most cases was titrated in the field or with- in about four hours in the laboratory. Mercuric chloride, which is sometimes added to stabilize the samples for nitrogen and phosphorus species, formed a copious precipitate and caused the algae to lyse. Therefore, nothing was added to preserve the water samples. In sum- mer during conditions of much algal growth, the water for orthophos- phate determination was filtered through a 0.45 micron membrane filter within a short time after collection and stored in ice before analysis. The importance of analysis of samples as quickly as possible after collection from a highly eutrophic lake cannot be over-empha- sized, since present sample stabilization techniques are not ade- quate to prevent changes in phosphorus, nitrogen, and soluble silica forms. ------- 22 Oxygen— The dissolved oxygen concentration varied appreciably throughout the lakes on the same day depending upon weather and al- gal conditions (Table 4). The bays of Upper Klamath Lake tended to be more variable than the main body of the lake. For example, on October 10, 1967, after several days of very little wind, the dis- solved oxygen varied horizontally at the surface from less than 5 mg 0/£ to about 15 mg 0/£ in Howard Bay and decreased from the sur- face to the bottom. On October 11 a cold front accompanied by moderately strong winds passed over the lake system causing vigorous wave action. This effectively stirred the shallow water so that on October 12 the dissolved oxygen and temperature were essentially the same from surface to bottom. However, there still remained horizontal differ- ences between locations in the bay areas (3 to 11 mg 0/£) and in the main lake (10 to 12.5 mg 0/H). The dissolved oxygen variation over a 24-hour period when Aphanizomenon growth was heavy is shown in Table 5 for three loca- tions in Upper Klamath Lake. A change in oxygen concentration of about 5 or 6 mg 0/£ occurred in Howard Bay but only 2 or 3 mg 0/£ in the main body of the lake. As usual, there was considerable difference in the oxygen levels among the three locations. During the winter of 1967-68 and 1968-69, after the ice had covered the lake for several weeks, dissolved oxygen decreased to 3 mg 0/Z in Howard Bay area and in Agency Lake. Even at the Upper Klamath Lake outlet (Ylb) oxygen was less than 6 mg 0/£ during ------- 23 January 1968. However, about a week after the Ice melted in Feb- ruary a diatom bloom developed and the oxygen quickly increased to 120 - 160 percent saturation. Nitrogen Compounds — Ammonia nitrogen decreased from 2 mg N/£ under the ice to less than 0.1 mg N/& after melting of the ice. An increase in runoff from the watershed into the lake and an in- crease in phytoplankton (diatoms) normally occurs upon melting of the ice. In late June 1968 the ammonia concentration increased to about 0.6 mg N/£ in both Howard Bay and at the lake outlet (Ylb), the same time that Oscillatoria and its attached sediment floated to the surface. The ammonia concentration then decreased at the outlet to 0.1 mg N/£ which was much lower in ammonia concentration than at Howard Bay or other locations in the main body of Upper Klamath Lake. Ammonia increased again when the Oscillatoria was observed floating in Howard Bay, in September 1968. At this time the ammonia nitrogen in the bay water increased to over 1 mg N/£ in contrast to 0.1 mg N/£ in the main lake water. The increase of ammonia nitrogen was attributed to sediment-water interchange pro- cesses since the sediment lifted to the surface contained 30-45 mg soluble ammonia per liter in the interstitial water. Nitrate nitrogen increased in Upper Klamath Lake in the late autumn and winter to about 0.3 mg N/£ and then decreased to <0.02 mg N/£ in April and throughout the summer. Nitrite nitrogen was detected by field test in the water only once, at station NlOb in February 1969. Values of nitrite reported ------- 24 up to 0.02 mg N/£ in Table 2 were probably a result of changes taking place in the sample after collection and before determination in the laboratory. An increase in the nitrite concentration was noted in samples collected midday February 6, 1969, and stored in ice 22 hours before analysis. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen increased in the autumn and decreased in the spring and early summer. A large increase was observed in Howard Bay at the time of Oscillatoria and sediment flotation in September. The outlet of the lake system (Ylb) apparently was affected a month later when the total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentra- tion increased from 3.5 to 8.5 mg N/£. Phosphorus -- Phosphorus (as orthophosphate) increased from 0.03 to 0.05 mg P/£ in late autumn to about 0.02 mg P/£ in winter. After the ice melted, the orthophosphate decreased to less than 0.03 and frequently less than 0.01 mg P/£ depending upon the algal crop. Upon decay of the Aphanizomenon the concentration again increased. The algal growth in Agency Lake during 1967 decreased in September and by October had completely disappeared. During this time the ortho and total phosphorus (Table 2) decreased from 0.19 and 0.44 mg P/£ to 0.03 and 0.05 mg P/£, respectively. The algae decreased in Agency Lake in August 1968, probably because of unusually cold weather and rain during that period, and by Septem- ber the ortho and total phosphate concentrations were relatively low. Since Agency Lake is so very shallow (0.3 to 1 meter) by late ------- 25 summer, the algal growth is relatively sensitive to air temperature changes and variations in water flow from the watershed. Total phosphorus, in general, attained a higher concentration during the winter months (0.3 to 0.5 mg P/£), although it was high in the Howard Bay area in September 1968 when the flotation of Oscillatoria and sediment occurred. Si 1icon -- Soluble silicon ranged between 30 and 35 mg Si02/& in the autumn and winter of 1967-68 in Upper Klamath Lake and from 35 to 40 mg Si02/£ in Agency Lake. On March 2, 1968, when the diatom bloom was in progress and consuming silicon, soluble silicon decreased by about one-half and by May was down to 10 mg SiOp/£. In August it had increased to 45 to 49 mg Si§Jl as the diatom popu- lation decreased. Sodium -- There were no wide fluctuations in the concentration of sodium at the outlet of Upper Klamath Lake (Ylb). The range was 9 to 14 mg Na/&. Levels in Agency Lake were slightly higher (10 to 20 mg Na/&) than at Ylb. During both winters, sodium in Howard Bay increased to about 34 mg Ha/a in the bottom water, probably from the farm drainage water introduced into the bay (Table 2, A, C). Potassium — Potassium remained in the 2 to 3 mg K/£ range in both Agency and Upper Klamath Lakes. Howard Bay, however, showed increases during winter particularly in the water near the sediment. ------- 26 Chloride --• Chloride was always less than 5 mg Cl/£. Sulfate — Except for Howard Bay where the concentration was as high as 76 mg SO,/£ in February 1969 in water over the sedi- ment, sul fate throughout the lake was less than 10 mg SO»/£. Carbon — Total carbon at Ylb varied from 20 to 30 mg C/£, whereas the soluble non-volatile organic carbon (SNOC) varied from 7 to 13 mg C/£. The levels for both types of carbon were lower in Agency Lake. In Howard Bay during winter the carbon was high both in the water over the sediments (60 mg C/£) and in the farm drainage water (37 mg C/O. Iron and Manganese — Manganese has been found to be present in only trace amounts in the water (0.004 to 0.2 mg Mn/£) (3). Several analyses from the winter of 1967-68 not listed in the tables indicated that total manganese was usually less than 0.05 mg Mn/£. Total iron was found to be less than 0.1 to 0.2 mg Fe/£. Field tests for iron (II) were always negative except once at NlOb on January 31, 1968, but even then only a very faint color with batho- phenanthroline reagent was noted. Thus, it appears that since the iron and manganese cycle is not influential in this lake system, this mechanism for interchange of phosphorus between sediment and water is of negligible importance. ------- 27 jDh[ -- pH reached minimum values (6.5 to 7.5) in January and increased rapidly to 8.4 - 9.8 after the ice melted and the dia- tom bloom developed in February 1968. The values exceeded 10 in the summer of 1968 during heavy algal growths (Tables 2 and 3). Total Alkalinity -- Total alkalinity decreased from a range of 60 - 70 mg CaC03/£ in the winter to 40 - 50 in the spring and summer. It increased again in late summer. Compared with the main body of Upper Klamath Lake, the general concentration level was lower in Agency Lake and higher in Howard Bay. Hardness, Ca and Total — Hardness decreased in the spring and increased slightly in the late summer. The unusually high values at both the outlet (Ylb) and Howard Bay (09d) in August 1968 cannot be explained. The influence of farm drainage water in Howard Bay during the winter months is evidenced by the high concentration levels found there at that time. Physical Measurements Temperature -- In the winter the temperature of the lakels surface water, just under the ice, measured approximately 0°C. In summer it reached 26°C at the surface. Apparently as a result of an unusually cold and wet August in 1968, the Aphanizomenon growth in Agency deteriorated earlier than normally. Ice remained until the first week in April 1969 which was abnormally late for ice to be on the lake system. ------- 28 Water Transparency— Secchi disc readings were unusually low, ranging from 25 to 115 cm. The lowest transparency occurred in Howard Bay during August and September 1968 when the lake level was very low and Oscillatoria with sediment floated on the surface. Conductivity -- Conductivity increased during the winter, but after disappearance of the ice it decreased at the outlet from about 140 micromhos/cm to 105-110 and became more homogeneous from surface to bottom. By October the conductivity had increased again to 150. Conductivity in Howard Bay, as already described, increased during the winter, particularly in the water near the sediment (Table 7). The high conductivity in Howard Bay in September 1968 was caused by the sediment-water interchange process involving Oscil- latoria. Biological Measurements Phytoplankton — A succession of algal blooms occurred through- out the lake during the year with a minimum of activity during the period of ice cover. In Howard Bay, Stephanodiscus was the predom- inant phytoplankter in December, Cryptomonas in January, and Ste- phanodiscus again in March 1968. The estimated population of Ste- phanodiscus at the lake system outlet was 80,000,000 cells per liter in March; the pH of the water was 9.8. ------- 29 The Aphanizgmenon blooms started in late May in 1968. In June and July, Oscillatoria had floated to the surface throughout the lakes, particularly in the bays and northern areas of the lake system. In 1968 Aphanizomenon was not as abundant as in 1967 (Table 3), and other forms of blue-green algae occasionally became predominant. In autumn the Aphanizomenon growth diminished first in Agency Lake. It decreased southward as the season progressed toward winter. ------- CONCLUSIONS Interchange of algal nutrients between sediment and water occurred in June and September 1968 in Upper Klamath Lake when Oscillatoria and attached sediment floated to the surface. This mixing of sediment, which contains soluble nutrients, with the water resulted in increases of total phosphorus, ammonia and total Kjeldahl nitrogen, conductivity, soluble silica, and a decrease in dissolved oxygen particularly in September 1968. Experimental pools showed the effect of sediment upon the overlying water: oxygen remained higher under ice in a pool of water not exposed to the sediment, and phytoplankton growth was less intense in spring in this pool. Chemical analysis did not reveal release processes in winter under the ice. The iron-manganese-phosphate cycle appears to be insignificant in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes. Although evaluation of nutrient interchange processes under environmental conditions would be ideal, quantitative measurement by the use of experimental pools as described is difficult because of design and material problems, the high cost and long duration required for the experiment, sidewall effects, and the lack of stirring comparable to that caused by gas evolution, wind, fish, boats, or benthic organisms. In addition, large lakes contain various types of sediment, each of which should be examined, and ------- 32 some lakes are so deep that pools would be impracticable. Often weather conditions may be too severe to permit all-year installa- tion and measurement. For evaluation of sediments for nutrient interchange (release or uptake) from many lakes, as will be required of the National i Eutrophication Research Program in the future, it is necessary that new field methods and suitable laboratory tests be devised to quantitatively determine interchange processes. Water quality data presented in this report should be useful for future comparisons of lake conditions. These data have proved valuable in laboratory experiments on nutrient interchange and provided basic background for other work on the Upper Klamath Lake system. Farm drainage water has an adverse effect upon lake water quality as observed in Howard Bay, particularly when ice cover inhibits mixing and circulation of the lake water by wind. Experience with experimental pools in Upper Klamath Lake will provide NERP with information pertaining to construction of pools for experiments in prevention of nutrient interchange between sedi- ment and water. ------- 33 REFERENCES 1. Bond, C. E., C. R. Hazel, and D. Vincent. "Relations of Nuisance Algae to Fishes in Upper Klamath Lake." Manuscript (Terminal Progress Report for FWPCA), Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 1968. 2. Jewett, S. 6. Report of the Klamath Midge Project, 1938. 3. Miller, W. E., and J. C. Tash. "Upper Klamath Lake Studies, Oregon." Interim Report, U. S. Dept. of Interior, FWPCA Publication No. WP-20-8, Water Pollution Control Research Series, 1967. 4. Oregon State Sanitary Authority. "Quality of Klamath Basin Water in Oregon, July 1959 to December 1963," 1964. 5. Phinney, H. K., and C. A. Peek. "Klamath Lake, An Instance of Natural Enrichment." Transactions of the 1960 Seminar on Algae and Metropolitan Wastes, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Division of Water Supply and Pol- lution Control, Taft Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1961, pp. 22-27. 6. Phinney, H. K. "Survey of the Phytoplankton Problems in Klamath Lake." Report to the Supporting Agencies, 1959. ------- APPENDIX Table 1 Methods of Analysis A. Laboratory Determinations B. Field Determinations 2 Water Quality of Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes A. Station 09d (Howard Bay) B. Station Ylb (Near Outlet of Upper Klamath Lake) C. Miscellaneous Locations in Upper Klamath Lake D. Miscellaneous Locations in Agency Lake 3 Temperature, Transparency, pH, and Special Limnological Observations in Upper Klamath and Agency Lakes 4 Temperature and Oxygen Variation with Depth in Agency and Upper Klamath Lakes 5 Oxygen and Temperature Variation through a 24-hour Period in Upper Klamath Lake 6 Phytoplankton of Upper Klamath Lake 7 Conductivity Measurements in Howard Bay, Upper Klamath Lake 8 Comparison of Surface and Bottom Lake Water Quality with Experimental Pools 9 Profile Data for Temperature and Oxygen of the Experi- mental Pools and Lake ------- TABLE 1 METHODS OF ANALYSIS A. Laboratory Determinations Determination Alkalinity, Total Conductivity Carbon, Total Units mg CaCOj/a micromhos/cm mg C/s. Method Titrimetric with sulfuric acid Conductimetric measurement Combustion, infrared detection in Beckman Carbonaceous Reference SMEWW* SMEWW ASTM (D 2579) Carbon, soluble non-volatile organic Hardness, Ca Hardness, Total Nitrogen-Ammonia Nitrogen-Nitrate Nitrogen-Nitrite Nitrogen-Total Kjeldah! PH Phosphorus, ortho Phosphorus, total Silica, Soluble Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate mg C/i mg CaCO,/£ mg CaCO,/£ mg N/£ mg N/i mg N/fc mg N/2. pH mg PA mg P/i mg Na/H. mg KA mg Cl/i mg S0A Analyzer Acidification of sample, volatilization of CO- with nitrogen gas, determination in Beckman Carbonaceous Analyzer Titrimetric with EDTA, Hydroxy Naphthol Blue indicator Titrimetric with EDTA, Calmagite indicator Distillation, Spectrophotometric measurement Spectrophotometric measurement Spectrophotometric measurement Digestion, distillation, Spectrophotometric measurement Beckman Electromate and other portable pH meters Millipore filtration, Spectrophotometric determination Digestion in acid solution with persulfate, Spectrophotometric determination Spectrophotometric determination Flame photometric or atomic absorption Spectrophotometric determination Flame photometric or atomic absorption Spectrophotometric determination Titrimetric with mercuric nitrate Turbidimetric measurement SMEWW SMEWW Technicon Auto analyzer Technicon Auto analyzer Technicon Auto analyzer, SMEWW Aminco digestion, semi-micro distillation apparatus, SMEWW Strickland, FWPCA** Strickland, FWPCA Technicon Auto analyzer, SMEWW SMEWW SMEWW SMEWW SMEWW ------- TABLE 1 (Continued) METHODS OF ANALYSIS B. Field Determinations Determination Units Instrument Conductivity m1cromhos/cm Beckman RB3 - 327 Solu Bridge Oxygen rug 0/2 Electronic Instruments Limited Model ISA dissolved oxygen meter and probe pH pH Beckman portable pH meters Transparency cm Secchl disc Temperature °C Electronic Instruments Limited * Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, Twelfth Ed., 1965 ** FWPCA Official Interim Methods for Chemical Analysis of Surface Waters, Sept. 1968 ------- TABLE 2 WATER QUALITY OF UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES A. Station 09d (Howard Bay) Date of Collection 9-15-67 10-12-67 11-16-67 12-12-67 12-13-67 1-18-68 1-31-68 3-02-68 4-04-68 5-08-68 6-12-68 6-25-68 7-09-68 8-14-68 9-11-68 10-22-68 Dep_th s s s b s s b s b s b s b s b s b s b b s b s b s b s T.Alk. 55 61 59 58 61 59 59 69 84 75 113 70 75 84 78 45 45 45 43 50 50 51 58 58 75 75 73 Cond. 109 141 128 130 139 138 139 181 263 169 367 296 355 105 105 105 115 112 105 110 120 125 126 126 185 197 180 Carbon Total 23 31 24 24 22 22 22 29 37 28 62 43 43 19 20 38 36 30 Carbon SNOC 10 10 8 6 7 10 8 9 13 9 31 18 21 8 12 6 Hardness Ca 33 34 31 29 29 32 35 43 66 42 110 102 128 26 22 22 23 28 67 65 33 38 28 Hardness Total 37 37 55 42 39 38 40 58 88 48 126 106 133 31 33 30 32 61 78 77 44 47 39 N-NH3 < .1 1.4 2.0 1.5 1.8 2.3 2.6 1.8 1.7 < .1 < .1 < .1 < .1 < .1 < .1 < .1 < .1 .59 .24 .34 .14 .15 1.2 1.1 0.50 N-N03 N-NOo .05 .12 .11 .02 .09 .06 .13 .01 .12 .02 .06 <.01 .05 .02 .30 .01 .35 .01 .01 <.01 .02 <.01 .02 .02 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 .017 .11 .01 .08 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 TKN 2.5 3.0 2.9 8.4 2.8 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.4 3.4 3.9 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.8 1.7 4.6 5.8 4.0 12.2 5.5 P Ortho .07 .22 .05 .05 .02 .03 .03 .13 .25 .12 .43 .02 .02 <.01 .01 <.01 .01 <.01 .03 .02 .04 .05 .01 .02 .03 .22 P Total .08 .36 .15 .16 .15 .18 .21 .32 .49 .36 .65 .29 .37 .08 .07 .04 .05 .08 .08 .09 .10 .53 .34 .99 1.20 .30 Silica Soluble 27.8 31.4 31.4 31.4 32.8 32.8 29.3 30.0 28.6 34.0 32.9 18.3 15.1 10.3 10.7 9.6 9.6 12.4 15.2 22;0 22.0" 41.5 42.1 49.0 48.0 37.8 Na 12.0 14.0 11.3 10.2 11.6 11.6 11.6 13.0 15.0 12.0 28.0 19.0 23.0 8.8 8.8 9.9 9.3 9.0 12.0 K Cl 2.1 2.8 2.6 <5 2.4 <5 2.2 2.2 2.3 3.2 <5 4.4 <5 2.8 4.4 3.0 <5 3.2 <5 2.1 1-9 2.0 3.2 <5 3.1 <5 2.8 <5 SO, £H 8.8 <10 7.6 <10 8.2 <1 0 8.2 8.8 8.1 7.6 15 7.7 27 6.5 10 7.3 32 7.0 31 8.4 20 7.3 8.6 7.9 <10 7.7 <10 6.8 8.2 8.2 • 9.2(L) 9.6 9.7 11 9.4(L) 10 9.4(L) 7.9 <10 6.9 ------- TABLE 2 (Continued) WATER QUALITY OF UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES B. Station Ylb (near outlet of Upper Klamath Lake) Date ot Collection 10-11-67 11-16-67 1-18-68 1-31-68 3-02-68 4-04-68 5-08-68 6-12-68 6-25-68 7-09-68 8-14-68 9-11-68 10-23-68 2-06-69 Depth s s s b s b s b s b s b s b b s b s b s b s b s T.Alk. 58 63 65 64 64 48 51 43 42 45 46 47 47 50 54 54 52 52 61 53 Cond. 108 138 137 141 137 139 110 107 105 105 108 105 110 109 110 145 133 113 114 122 123 150 152 150 Carbon Total 27 23 25 26 23 23 24 22 20 20 29 26 26 23 carbon SNOC 13 7 8 6 7 8 9 9 9 9 7 Hardness Ca 32 30 34 33 31 32 30 32 18 19 25 23 33 64 64 34 29 27 24 Hardness Total 34 48 39 41 40 40 31 32 32 30 33 38 51 68 76 35 38 38 37 N-NH3 N-N03 2.0 .08 1.9 .20 2.0 .32 1.8 .13 1.8 .13 <.l .13 <.l .12 <.l .02 <.l .02 <.l .01 <.l .01 <.l <.01 <.l <.01 .56 <.01 <.l .03 <.l .03 0.1 <.01 <.l <.01 .55 .06 .15 .12 N-NO, TKN 2.9 .02 2.7 <.01 3.4 <.01 2.8 <.01 2.8 <.01 <.01 2.1 <.01 1.1 <.01 1.2 0.9 1.0 1.3 1.-6 <.01 <.01 <.01 3.6 <.01 3.5 <.01 3.6 .01 8.5 <.01 2.7 P Ortho .03 .07 .12 .11 .11 .10 <.01 <.01 .01 . .01 . .02 .01 .01 .01 .11 .07 .09 .10 .10 .08 P Total .15 .13 .18 .21 .31 .16 .28 .15 .08 .07 .06 .08 .09 .12 .37 .27 .24 .29 .39 .24 Silica Soluble 32.0 33.0 33.5 34.1 35.3 35.4 19.4 20.3 11.7 11.7 9.7 10.0 14.7 40.8 41.0 48.0 49.0 39.2 29.3 Na 13.5 11.0 11.0 10.0 10.0 10. 0 10.0 8.8 9.3 10.0 9.8 9.0 12.0 9.9 K Cl SJi, 2.3 <10 <5 <10 2.7 <5 <10 2.7 <5 <10 2.5 2.5 1.9 <5 <10 2.0 <5 <10 1.9 <10 2.1 <10 2.0 2.7 <5 <10 2.7 <5 <10 2.6 <5 <10 2.4 <10 £H 9.4 7.7 7.0 7.3 7.4 7.7 9.8 9.6 8.4 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.6 8.6 9.9(L) 9.HL) 9.2(L) 9.8 8.0(L) ------- TABLE 2 (Continued) WATER QUALITY OF UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES C. Miscellaneous Locations in Upper Klamath Lake Date ot Collection 9-14-67 9-15-67 10-12-67 11-16-67 1-31-68 6-25-68 7-09-68 9-11-68 9-24-68 10-23-68 2-06-69 Location U 7a L20b Olid 013d R13a U 7a P 9a NlOb V 7d F29d N24b V 7d V 7d ,V 7d NlOb Depth s . S s s s s s b s ,b b b b s b s b s s 'b T.Alk. 53 55 60 56 53 60 71 73 68 66 49 52 52 59 .54 58 59 146 Cond. 114 117 131 125 128 130 159 179 145 139 110 120 123 121 122 140 150 500 La r Don Total 24 26 32 28 44 23 25 27 24 23 22 20 26 21 56 carbon SNOC 11 11 11 10 9 8 9 7 7 8 10 6 Hardness Ca 32 35 33 33 33 31 35 41 28 27 29 27 26 24 23 28 22 140 Hardness Total 37 40 36 35 35 55 44 53 38 38 54 40 40 34 34 37 41 194 N-NH, J 2.1 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.3 .51 .20 .80 <.l <.l <.l <.l .38 .37 .26 N-NO, J .07 .10 .07 .07 .06 .05 .05 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 .03 .02 .05 .02 .25 N-NO, TKN ™"t 2.8 .01 2.7 .01 3.0 <.01 3.3 .03* 2.9 <.01 <.01 11.1 <.01 4.3 <.01 2.2 <.01 2.5 .01 5.2 <.01 4.5 <.01 4.6 P Ortho .03 .06 .09 .09 .18 .08 .08 .11 .15 .16 .03 .01 .08 .08 .08 .09 .07 .13 .17 P Total .13 .18 .18 .15 .41 .13 .18 .24 .31 .27 .09 .13 .23 .26 .20 .21 .29 .28 .26 Silica Soluble 27.5 27.3 35.8 33.3 33.3 33.4 32.3 31.8 34.0 34.0 16.4 21.0 22.0 46.0 46.0 47.0 47.0 39.2 28.0 26.0 Na 11.5 12.0 15.5 13.0 13.5 7.0 12.0 13.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 11.0 34.0 K Cl 2.0 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.5 <5 2.7 2.9 2.5 2.5 2.3 2.3 <5 6.0 SC^, EH 9.5 10.0 <10 7.7 <10 8.4 <10 9.5 <10 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.2 7.2 9.2(L) 10.2(L) 10.3(L) 9.8 <10 8.4 <10 8.4 76 8.0(L) *F1eld test for nitrite"was negative. Increase in nitrite probably due to change 1n sample before laboratory analysis. ------- TABLE 2 (Continued) WATER QUALITY OF UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES D. Miscellaneous Locations in Agency Lake Date of Collection Location Depth T 9-15-67 I31d s M34a s M39d s N35a s 10-11-67 I31d s M34a s M39d s N35a s 1-31-68 036a s b 6-25r68 M35a b 7-09-68 M35a s M35a b 9-11-68 M35a s 10-22-68 M35a s List of Abbreviations used 1n b - bottom Cl - chloride Cond. - conductivity K - potassium .Alk. 52 45 43 52 40 36 41 52 50 45 44 37 Table (L) - laboratory measurement Na - sodium N-NH, - nitrogen-ammonia Cond. 123 109 107 124 110 104 99 109 128 129 126 120 no 2 N-N02 N-N03 s SNOC so4 T.Alk. TKN Carbon Carbon Har Total SNOC 22 20 6 18 5 19 8 17 7 11 2 16 5 15 3 15 3 12 <1 - nitrogen-nitrite - nitrogen-nitrate - surface •dness Ca 30 28 26 29 27 25 18 23 26 24 28 25 19 Hardness Total N-NH3 N-N03 N-NO, 32 .20 31 .07 29 .06 32 .19 29 26 23 27 40 0.50 .04 <.01 32 0.60 .05 <.01 44 .68 <.01 <.01 2.0 <.01 34 <.1 <.01 <.01 25 <.l .07 .01 P TKN Ortho .19 .16 .16 .15 .07 .03 .05 .03 1.2 .06 1.2 .07 2.2 .35 2.5 .04 0.7 .03 — P — Total .44 .23 .18 .46 .14 .07 .07 .05 .14 .14 .51 .18 .08 Silica Soluble 39.6 40.0 38.3 38.5 35.2 36.2 38.3 40.0 40.0 40.0 32.9 37.0 45.0 30.6 Na 18.0 12.5 13.5 16.5 16.5 16.0 14.0 20.0 12.0 11.0 11.0 9.9 K Cl 5.0 1.9 2.1 3.7 2.7 2.4 2.1 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.7 2.1 5 SO. pH — ^r 9.9 9.7 9.5 9.5 9.0 <10 8.6 <10 7.4 <10 7.2 7.1 7.4 9.9(L) 10.4(L) 8.7(L) <10 7.8 - soluble non-volatile organic carbon - sulfate - total alkalinity - total Kjeldahl nitrogen Units for the various parameters are listed 1n Table 1 ------- TABLE 3 TEMPERATURE, TRANSPARENCY, pH AND SPECIAL LIMNOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES Date 7-20-67 9-14-67 9-15-67 10-10-67 Location 0 9d* I24b* H20a* L20b* I31d* M34a* M35a* M39d* 0 9d Qlld 0 9d U 7a P19c L20b I24b H20a I31d M34a N35a M39d 0 9d 013d P12d Rlla Seech i Disc (cm) 155 80 85 85 125 70 65 110 55 95 114 124 120 42 Temp°C Surface 20 23.6 21 21 21.5 23 23.2 21.5 18 18 19 19 20 20.5 20.5 19 16.5 15.5 16 14 15 16.5 18 17 Bottom 21.1 20.5 20.7 19 17 17 18 16 17.5 18 16.5 17.5 15.5 15.5 16 14 12.5 14 13 13 PH Surface 9.5 9.3 9.2 9.5 9.5 9.4 9.3 9.6 9.2 8.8 9.5 10.0 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.7 9.5 9.5 8.5 8.2 9.5 10.0 Bottom 8.2 Special Limnological Observations No Aphanizomenon bloom in Upper Klamath Lake Aohanizomenon bloom in Agency Lake Aphanizomenon bloom over entire lake system Many gas bubbles on surface of water ------- TABLE 3 (Continued) TEMPERATURE, TRANSPARENCY, pH AND SPECIAL LIMNOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES Date 10-11-67 x 10-12-67 11-14-67 11-16-67 Location Y Ib I24b H20a L20b P19c I31d M39d N35a M34a 0 9d U 7a W 3b Olid Y Ib 013d P12d R13a Rlla 0 9d 0 9d Y Ib NlOb 013d Olid R13a Secchi Disc 90 100 110 160 155 160 >60 157 >60 90 60 72 114 56 110 no 58 50 70 75 65 65 50 105 50 Temp °C Surface 13.5 12 13 14 13 12 11 12 12.5 13 12.5 12 12 12.5 13 12.5 13.5 13.5 ! 8 6.5 7.5 8 8 8 7.5 Bottom 13.5 12 12 13 12 11 10.8 12 12.5 13 12.2 12 12.5 12.5 12.5 12 13 13 8 . 6.5 7.5 8 8 8 7.5 PH Surface 9.7 8.9 9.0 8.9 8.1 9.0 7.2 7.4 8.6 7.6 9.2 9.2 7.7 9.4 8.4 8.9 9.5 9.1 7.5 8.2 7.7 8.9 8.7 7.8 9,0 Bottom 8.2 Lake Conditions Cold front passed over lake system during morn- ing ------- TABLE 3 (Continued) TEMPERATURE, TRANSPARENCY, pH AND SPECIAL LIMNOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN UPPER KLAMATH. AND AGENCY LAKES Date 12-12-67 12-13-67 1-17-68 1-18-69 1-30-68 1-31-68 2-01-68 Location 01 2d Rlla U 7a 0 9d 0 9d* 0 9d Y Ib 0 9d Y Ib P 9a 0 9d Y Ib P 9a NlOb 0 9d 036a Secchi Disc 95 85 85 65 Temp °C Surface Bottom 8.0 7.0 8.0 0.5 0 1.0 i 50 65 45 87 1.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 2.0 0.5 1.5 0 0 I ! 7.5 7.0 PH Surface Bottom 7.9 7.8 7.5 7.7 1.0 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 8.8 8.1 7.7 7.0 7.6 6.5 7.3 1.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 3.5 1.0 2.0 0 9b ' 0 i 0.5 Lake Conditions Aphanizomenon bloom nearly gone at this station. Ice about 6 cm. thick at station; coldest Dec. 12 at Klamath Falls, Oregon, on re- cord (min. temp. 1°F) Stephanodiscus pre- dominant. Ice 15 cm. thick at station; Cryptomonas predomi nant algae. A few diatoms present. Ice 23 cm. thick; 2 cm. snow over ice. to ice at station, but ice within 300 ft. Ice covered remainder of {lake. i 7.3 7.0 Cryptomonas predom- inant algae. 7.4 7.8 7.2 7.2(L) 7.1 7.7 |Very few algae pre- sent. 7.9 7.2 jlce 30 cm. thick; 25 icm. snow cover over lice. 7.0(L) 7.4 Ice 30 cm. thick; 7 on. snow cover. Ice at least 30 cm. thick; 7 to 10 cm. snow cover. ------- TABLE 3 (Continued) TEMPERATURE, TRANSPARENCY, pH AND SPECIAL LIMNOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES Date 2-29-68 3-02-68 4-03-68 4-04-68 5-08-68 5-09-68 6-11-68 6-12-68 6-13-68 6-25-68 Location 0 9d* 0 9d Y Ib 0 9d* 0 9d Y Ib 0 9d Y Ib 0 9d Y Ib 036a* V 7d* 0 9d* M35a* Y Ib* Secchi Disc Temp °C Surface 6.5 : ! 45 38 5.5 8.5 65 9.5 70 115 105 95 65 9.0 14.5 13.3 18.3 16.0 Bottom 5.0 PH Surface ! I 6.0 7.5 9.0 9.5 14.3 12.5 18.3 15.3 8.4 9.8 8.6 8.4 7.7 8.1 8.2 8.6 9.2 9.2(L) 9.2(L) 9.9(L) 9.9(L) Bottom Lake Conditions No trace of ice on lake; ice melted about Feb. 24, 1968. JLake level over 0.75 7.3 9.6 9.2 7.9 8.1 6.8 8.1 8.2 8.6 meter higher than when ice on lake. Stephanodiscus pre- sent at both loca- tions in large numbers. Much zooplankton ac- tivity near surface of water. Predominant phytoplank- ton: Cyclotella-Ste- phanodiscus. Some un- identified green coc- coids. Anacystis (Microcystis) , Fragilaria, and Ankis- trodesmus . Anacystis at 09d. Ajjhanizomenon bloom started during late May. Clumps of Oscillatoria with sediment floating on surface throughout both lakes particularly in bays. Also, Anacys.- tis at Ylb. ------- TABLE 3 (Continued) TEMPERATURE, TRANSPARENCY, pH AND SPECIAL LIMNOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES Date 7-09-68 8-13-68 8-14-68 8-20-68 9-10-68 9-11-68 9-23-68 9-24-68 10-02-68 3-24-69 Location 0 9d Y Ib F29b* N24b* M35a* iecchi Disc 105 55 Temp °C Surface Bottom 23.7 26.0 23.4 24.6 pH Surface Bottom 9.6 10.2(L) 10.3(L) 10.4(L) 9.7 Lake Conditions Oscillatoria floating on surface. Oscillatoria floating on surface. See 24-hr, measurement of temp, and oxygen, Table V. 0 9d Y Ib V 7d M35a* 0 9d Y Ib V 7d 0 9d long on Lake had low; boa V 7d M35a 0 9d 036a* Y Ib 25 55 60 70 57 25 surface green 1 t churm 18.0 18.4 14.3 16.0 24.3 20.5 19.5 21.5 of water Fibrous m >d sedime 13.2 16.4 16.9 18.2 18.4 14.3 20.0 19.4 19.2 9.5 7.5 8.7 9.8 9.8 19.5 7.9 ! along with sediment and Aphanizomenon and Rivularia. Anabaenopsis Appreciable rain and cold weather for a usually dry month. Dead fish 5 to 8 cm. Oscillatoria. Agency ass floating near east shore. Lake very shal- nt. 13.1 13.5 13.0 9.5 7.8 8.4 Aphanizomenon bloom still intense. Aphanizomenon bloom decreasing. Oscillatoria floating around this area. Only traces of Aghani- zomenon . Intense bloom in progress. Ice remains through- out lakes. ------- TABLE 3 (Continued) TEMPERATURE, TRANSPARENCY, pH AND SPECIAL LIMNOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN UPPER KLAMATH AND AGENCY LAKES Date 10-22-68 10-23-68 11-06-68 2-C6-69 Location M35a V 7d Y Ib 0 9d V 7d NlOb 3-24-69 4-02-69 Y Ib Secchi Disc 35 50 55 105 Temp °C Surface 8.7 10.5 10.8 9.0 7.0 0 1.0 Bottom 8.7 9.8 9.5 9.0 7.0 2.0 0.5 PH Surface 6.9 8.4 7.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 Bottom 7.0 Lake Conditions Aphanizomenon bloom greatly diminished in intensity. No bloom of Aphanizo- menon. 7 inches of snow over ice. About 45 cm. ice Snow and ice over en- tire lake except at outlet and few small pools on the east side of the lake. Ice still over most of lake. Ice in part of lake. *Data for these stations will not be found in the tables. Profile temperature and oxygen data for locations not== marked with an asterisk can be found in Table IV. ------- TABLE 4 TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN VARIATION WITH DEPTH IN AGENCY AND UPPER KLAMATH LAKES Date 9-H-b/ 9-H-67 9-15-b/ 9-lb-b/ 9-15-67 9-lb-b/ 9-lb-b7 9-lb-b/ Time 1515 1600 . 1503 1437 1540 1408 1245 1345 Station 09d Qlld • 09d R13a - U7a P19c L20b I24b Depth Temp Oxygen TO TO TO TO TOT 0 TO 0 0.9 1.8 2.7 18.0 6.4 18.0 5.7 17.0 5.9 Date 9-15-67 Time 0910 Station M39d Depth Temp Oxygen 0 0.9 1.8 2.7 3.6 4.5 5.4 6.3 14.0 7.2 14.0 7.2 14.0 7.2 .18.0 11 18.0 11 18.0 9 17.0 1 .0 19.0 2.2 21.0 16.5 19.0 14.4 20.0 13.8 20.5 14.8 20.5 7.0 .0 19.0 2.3 20.0 14.2 18.0 8.3 19.0 7.7 20.0 7.3 19.0 7.2 .8 18.0 1.3 17.0 8.4 16.0 7.6 17.5 5.5 18.0 3.1 17.0 7.2 .0 16.5 2.2 9-lb-b/ 9-lb-b/ 9-lb-b7 9-lb-b/ 1325 -. 1020 0955 H20a I22d M34a N35a TO TOTO TO 19.0 13.8 19.5 6.8 15.5 7.6 16.0 6.7 18.0 8.3 19.0 3.6 15.5 7.3 16.0 6i8 17.5 1.5 17.0 3.2 15.5 7.0 16.0 6.5 17.0 3.4 15,5 5.8 16.0 6.2 9-15-67 1040 I31d T 0 16.5 16.5 16.0 16.0 15.5 15.5 15.5 15.5 8.0 8.0 7.2 6.2 6.0 4.0 3.7 3.3 Depth - meter Temperature - °C Oxygen Concentration - mg/i ------- TABLE 4 (Continued) TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN VARIATION WITH DEPTH IN AGENCY AND UPPER KLAMATH LAKE uate Time Station Depth 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.53 1.83 2.4 3.1 3.7 4.3 Date Time Station Depth 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 3.7 IO-lO-b7 1455 09d T 0 15.0 6.8 15.0 6:8 15.0 6.8 14.0 4.3 13.0 4.1 13.0 3.5 12.5 1.3 10-11-67 0730 Ylb T 0 13.0 11.4' t 13.0 10.0 ID- 10-b/ 1540 013d T 0 16.5 4.5 16.0 4.5 15.0 3.8 14.0 2.9 10-11-67 1255 P19c T 0 13.0 7.7 12.5 7.8 12.5 7.8 12.5 7.8 12.5 "7.8 12.5 7.6 12.0 7.5 12.0 7.3 I0-iu-b/ 1555 P12d T 0 18.0 10.2 17.0 11.0 15.0 11.1 13.0 11.6 10-12-67 0830 09d T 0 13.0 4.7 13.0 4.5 13.0 4.5 13.0 4.5 13.0 4.5 iu-io-b/ 1605 Rlla T 0 17.0 16.4 16.5 14.3 14.0 14.6 13.0 15.0 13.0 10.5 10-12-67 0910 Olid T 0 12.0 2.3 12.5 3.3 12.5 2.0 iu-1 i-b/ 0855 I24b T 0 12.0 8.8 12.0 9.5 12.0 9.8 12.0 9.8 12.0 9.8 12.0 8.6 12.0 8.8 10-12-67 0945 013d T 0 13.0 6.0 12.5 6.3 12.5 5.7 10-11-67 0917 I31d T 0 12.0 8.5 12.5 8.2 12.5 8.2 12.3 8.3 11.8 5.8 11.5 5.7 11.3 5.0 11.0 1.3 10-12-67 1010 P12d T 0 12.5 7.4 12.0 7.6 12.0 7.6 10-1 1-67 1015 N35a T 0 12.0 5.1 12.0 5.2 12.0 5.2 12.0 5.3 12.0 5.1 , 10-12-67 1030 R13a T 0 13.5 11.0 13.0 11.3 13.0 11.2 10-1 1-67 1000 M39d T 0 11.0 8.0 10.8 8.4 10-12-67 1045 Rlla T 0 13.5 8.6 13.0 8.7 13.0 8.7 13.0 8.7 13.0 8.7 10-11-67 1035 M34a T 0 12.5 8.9 12.5 9.1 12.5 6.2 10-12-67 0755 Ylb T 0 11.0 10.4 12.0 10.3 12.5 10.3 12.5 10.2 10-11-67 1205 H20a T 0 13.0 8.6 12.5 8.7 12.5 8.7 12.5 8.7 12.0 6.3 10-12-67 1120 Ylb T 0 12.5 11.4 12.5 11.4 12.5 11.4 12.5 11.4 12.5 11.4 10-11-67 1225 L20b T 0 14.0 9.0 13.0 9.6 13.0 9.6 13.0 9.6 13.0 6.0 10-12-67 1100 U7a T 0 12.5 9.7 12.5 9.8 12.5 9.8 12.2 9.7 12.2 9.2 10-11-67 1355 Ylb T 0 13.5 12.4 13.5 12.4 13.5 12.4 13.5 12.4 13.5 12.4 13.5 12.4 13.5 12.4 10-12-67 1115 W3b T 0 12.0 11.6 12.0 11.6 - 12.0 11.6 12.0 11.4 ------- TABLE 4 (Continued) TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN VARIATION WITH DEPTH IN AGENCY Date Time Station Depth 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.25 2.50 Uate Time Station Depth 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 "1.50 1.75 2.0 2.25 2.50 2.75 3 4 5 11-14-67 1350 09d T 0 8.0 9.8 8.0 9.6 8.0 9.6 8.0 9.6 8.0 9.6 8.0 9.6 8.0 9.6 8.0 9.6 8.0 9.5 1-18-68 1130 Ylb T 0 1.0 5.8 1.0 5.7 1.0 5.7 1.5 4.5 1.5 4.0 2.0 3.5 11-16-67 1100 09d T 0 6.5 11.6 6.5 11.6 6.5 11.6 6.5 11.4 6.5 11.4 6.5 11.4 6.5 11.6 6.5 11.6 6.5 11.6 1-30-68 1530 Ylb T 0 2.5 5.4 2.5 5.3 2.0 5.3 2.0 5.3 2.0 5.3 2.0 5.3 2.0 5.3 2.0 5.3 2.0 5.3 2.0 5.3 2.0 5.3 2.0 5.3 2.0 5.3 2.0 5.5 2.5 5.5 11-16-67 1400 013d T 0 8.0 8.9 8.0 9.1 8..0 9.1 8.0 9.1 8.0 9.2 8.0 9.2 1-30-68 1300 09d T 0 ice-23cm 1.0 8.2 1.0 8.3 1.0 8.3 1.0 3.4 1.0 1.6 1.5 1.0 1.5 0.7 2.0 0.4 11-16-67 1340 NlOb T 0 8.0 9.3 8.0 9.3 8.0 9.4 8.0 9.4 8.0 9.6 1-30-68 . 1415 P9a T 0 ice-25cm 1.0 10.0 1.0 10.3 1.5 9.4 1.5 7.5 1.5 5.5 1.5 1.4 11-16-67 1320 Olid T 0 8.0 6.9 8.0 6.9 8.0 7.0 8.0 7.0 8.0 7.0 1-30-68 1445 NlOb T 0 ice-30cm 1.0 2.0 1.0 l.S 1.0 1.7 1.0 1.2 1.5 0.9 2.0 0.7 2.5 0.7 3.0 .5 3.5 .4 3.5 .4 3.5 .4 4.0 .5 11-16-67 1425 01 2d T 0 8.0 8.5 8.0 8.5 8.0 8.5 8.0 8.5 8.0 8.5 7.5 8.4 7.5 8.3 7.5 8.3 1-31-68 1430 NlOb T 0 ice-30cm 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.1 2.0 .8 2.5 .6 3.0 .4 3.5 .4 3.5 .4 3.5 .4 3.5 .4 3.5 .4 3.5 .4 11-16-67 1415 R13a T 0 7.5 9.3 7.5 9.3 7,5 9.3 7.5 9.3 7.5 9.3 7.5 9.3 7.5 9.4 7.5 9.4 1-31-68 1600 Ylb T 0 2.0 6.2 2.0 6.1 2.0 6.0 2.0 6.0 2.5 5.9 2.5 5.7 2.5 5.7 2.5 5.7 2.5 5.7 2.5 5.7 2.5 5.7 2.5 5.7 2.5 5.7 2.5 5.7 2.5 5.7 11-16-67 1430 Rlla T 0 7.0 8.4 7.0 8.4 7.0 8.4 7.0 8.4 7.0 8.4 7.0 8.2 7.0 8.2 7.0 8.2 7.0 8.2 1-31-68 — 0910 09d T 0 1ce-23cm .0 8.3 .0 8.2 .0 8.2 .0 2.1 .0 1.8 .0 1.4 .0 1.0 1.5 0.7 11-16-67 1450 U7a T 0 8.0 8.3 8.0 8.3 8.0 8.3 8.0 8.3 .8.0 8.3 8.0 8.3 8.0 8.3 7.5 8.3 7.5 8.3 7.5 8.3 7.5 8.3 — 1^31-68 1300 P9a T 0 1ce-25cm 0.5 10.3 .5 10.3 .5 10.3 1.0 7.6 1.0 7.5 1.0 2.1 1.5 1.9 11-16-67 1505 Ylb T 0 7.5 8.4 Uniform' down to ' 6 meters 2-1-68 0855 09d T 0 ice-23cm 0 .7.7 0 7.2 0 7.1 0 3.6 .5 2.7 .5 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 12-12-b/ 1350 09d T 0 1ce-6cm 0.5 16.0 l.C 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2-1-68 0910 09b T 0 ice-30cm 0 8.0 0 8.2 0 8.2 0 7.6 0.5 2.1 I-I7-68 1600 09d T 0 ice-15cm 0 8.0 0 8.0 0 4.5 0 2.0 0 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 0.4 1.0 0.4 2-1-6? 1045 036a T 0 ice -30cm 0 2.7 0.5 2.3 0.5 2.0 1.0 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.0 2.0 0.6 ------- TABLE 4 (Continued) TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN VARIATION WITH DEPTH IN AGENCY AND UPPER KLAMATH LAKE Date Z-Z9-6B Time 1635 Station 09d Depth T 0 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25' 2.50 2.75 3.00 4.00 5.00 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.4 18.4 18.5 18.3 16.5 14.3 3.0 3-Z-bB 0920 09d T 0 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 14.4 14.4 13.1 13.0 12.4 12.1 11.9 11.6 11.6 11.6 <2.5 3-Z-bB 1445 Ylb T 0 8.5 9.0 9.0 8.5 8.5 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 7.5 15.2 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.4 15.4 15.4 15.5 15.8 15.4 15.4 4-4-bB 1430 Ylb T 0 9.0 9.0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.0 10.0 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 10.1 9.9 9.9 q-q-titi 0925 09d T 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.0 9.0 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 2.1 b-8-bB 1615 09d T 0 14.5 12.0 14.5 12.0 14.5 12.0 14.5 12.0 14.5 11.9 14.5 11.9 14.5 11.9 14.5 11.9 14.4 11.9 14.3 11.8 b-y-bB 1100 Ylb T 0 13.2 12.2 13.3 12.2 13.3 12.1 13.3 12.0 13.2 12.0 13.2 12.0 13.2 12.0 13.0 11.9 12.7 11.3 12.5 10.3 b-l 1-bB 1530 09d T 0 18.3 12.4 18.2 12.4 18.3 12.3 18.3 12.4 18.3 12.4 18.3 12.4 18.3 12.4 18.3 12.4 18.3 12.4 18.3 12.3 b-IZ-bB /-9-bB 1100 1500 Ylb Ylb T 0 T 0 16.0 12.1 26.0 11.8 16.0 12.1 16.0 11.4 15.8 11.4 15.8 11.4 25.8 11.4 15.8 11.4 15.6 11.2 15.6 11.2 15.5 11.2 25.0 11.0 15.5 11.1 15.5 10.8 15.5 10.8 15.5 10.8 24.8 10.5 15.4 10.4 24.6 9.7 15.3 10.4 24.6 9.7 15.3 10.4 15.3 7.4 7-9-68 1000 09d T . 0 23.7 23.8 23.9 23.9 23.9 23.9 23.5 23.4 6.7 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.4 5.0 5.1 4.8 ------- TABLE 4 (Continued) TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN VARIATION WITH DEPTH IN AGENCY AND UPPER KLAMATH LAKE Date 8-20-68 9-10-68 Time 1130 1650 Station V7d 09d Depth TO TO 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.0 2.25 3 4 4.5 14.3 10.7 24.3 24.0 14.3 10.6 23.0 21.0 14.3 10.6 20.5 20.0 20.0 2.7 2.0 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 9-11-68 0845 V7d T 0 19.5 7.2 19.2 7.3 19.2 7.3 19.2 7.3 19.1 7.2 19.2 7.2 19.2 7.2 19.2 7.2 9-11-68 1100 Ylb T 0 20.5 20.5 20.2 20.1 20.1 19.8 19.5 19.5 19.4 19.4 8.1 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.6 7.5 7.5 7.3 7.3 9-11-68 9-23-68 9-23-68 1300 09d V7d M35a T 0 T 0 T 0 21.5 21.5 21.5 20.5 20.0 19.6 19.5 3.3 13.2 10.8 16.4 10.9 3.3 2.9 1.4 1.3 13.5 9.0 1.2 1.2 13.1 10.1 9-24-68 10-22-68 10-22-68 1530 1700 09d V7d Ylb TOT 0 T 0 16.9 9.0 10.5 9.6 10.8 10.3 9.5 10.8 10.3 9.3 10.7 10 9.0 10.6 10 9.0 10.4 9.8 8.3 13.0 9.6 10.3 10.1 10 9.6 9.5 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.0 7.7 7.6 7.4 7.4 7.5 6.9 10-22-68 10-23-68 1200 1000 M35a 09d T 0 T 0 8.7 10.1 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 8.7 9.9 9.0 9.0 9.0 5.6 5.2 4.6 4.4 4.0 3.7 3.5 ------- TABLE 4 (Continued) TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN VARIATION WITH DEPTH IN AGENCY AND UPPER KLAMATH LAKES Date Time Station Depth Surf 0.50 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 4.00 2-6-69 2-6-69 0950 1345 NlOb Ylb TO TO Ice 0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.8 1.8 2.0 2.0 -45 cm 1.0 2.9 3.9 0.5 3.9 2.7 2.6 2.6 0.5 2.6 1.8 0.5 0.5 11.0 11.1 11.6 11.6 8.9 ------- TABLE 5 OXYGEN AND TEMPERATURE VARIATION THROUGH A 24-HR PERIOD IN UPPER KLAMATH LAKE Date 8-13-68 Time 1530 Station. Ylb Depth T 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 4 .25 .50 .75 .0 .25 .50 .75 .0 .25 .50 .75 .0 .0 .5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 .20 20 20 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 •P .0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8-13-68 8-13-68 8-13-68 8-13-68 8-14-68 8-14-68 1700 1730 1800 2400 0400 0445 09d V7d Ylb Ylb Ylb V7d TO TO TO TOTOTO .4 22.0 15.1 20.7 7.9 20.0 8.7 18.7 9.6 18.5 8.1 18.0 5.7 20.8 7.9 18.5 5.7 21.5 15.1 20.6 7.9 18.5 5.4 ' 20.6 7.9 18.5 5.5 .4 21.2 11.8 20.6 7.9 20.5 8.7 19.0 9.0 18.5 7.7 18.5 5.7 .4 21.0 10.2 20.6 7.9 18.5 5.6 .3 ' .3 .2 20.2 8.8 19.1 7.9 18.5 7.1 .0 .0 .8 .6 20.0 8.7 19.1 7.8 18.5 7.1 19.8 8.4 19.0 6.8 18.5 6.1 19.4 8.3 19.0 6.2 18.5 5.7 8-14-68 . 8-14-68 0530 0610 09d Ylb T 0 T 0 18.0 9.0 18. 18.3 7.7 18.3 7.7 18.3 7.4 18.2 7.4 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 18. 0 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 .2 .1 .1 .0 .0 .9 .9 .9 .8 .7 8-14-68 8-14-68 1500 1630 09d Ylb T 0 T 0 20.0 12.8 18.4 9.5 20.0 12.7 20!0 12.7 20.0 12.7 18.4 9.4 20.0 12,3 18.4 9.5 18.4 9.5 18.4 8.9 18.4 8.9 ------- TABLE 6 PHYTOPLANKTON OF UPPER KLAMATH Date Station Phytoplankton Centric Diatoms Pennate Diatoms Green Coccoid Blue-green Coccoid Blue-green Filamentous Green Flagellates Other Flagellates Total, No/ml. Date Station Phytoplankton Centric Diatoms Pennate Diatoms Green Coccoid Blue-green Coccoid Blue-green Filamentous Green Flagellates Other Flagellates Total, No/ml. Dec. 13 , 1967 09d Surface 10,700 20 200 1,430 12,370 Bottom 16,500 40 290 16,830 Jan. 31, 1968 09d Surface 480 4,800 5,280 Bottom 40 400 1,700 2,180 Jan. 17 , 1968 Predominant 09d Phytoplankton Surface Stephanodiscus 40 3,540 3,590 Bottom 70 90 2,160 2,300 Jan. 31, 1968 Jan. 31, 1968 Ylb P9a Surface Bottom Surface 90 30 70 10 70 10 70 790 100 40 1,000 Bottom 70 20 180 480 750 Jan. 17, 1968 Ylb Predominant Surface Bottom Phytoplankton 150 20 200 20 20 Cryptomonas 390 20 Jan. 31, 1968 Jan. 31, 1968 Predominant NlOb N35a Phytoplankton Surface Bottom Surface Bottom 90 20 40 20 20 110 420 180 200 440 Cryptomonas 950 200 20 370 a. Additional qualitative data on phytoplankton also listed in Table 3. ------- TABLE 6 (Continued) PHYTOPLANKTON OF UPPER KLAMATH LAKE Date Station Phytoplankton Centric Diatoms Pennate Diatoms Green Coccoid Blue-green Coccoid Blue-green Filamentous Green Flagellates Other Flagellates Total, No/ml. March Surface 30,270 220 350 310 4,050 11,100 46,300 3, 1968 09d Bottom 26,360 570 220 130 2,200 1,890 31 ,390 March Surface 82,200 130 260 40 2,550 1,010 86,190 3, 1968 Ylb Bottom 73,960 130 260 80 1,860 180 76,390 Predominant Phytoplankton Stephanodiscus Unidentified Cryptomonas April Surface 8,200 130 970 180 1,100 40 11,000 4, 1968 09d . Bottom 920 220 1,200 350 660 40 3,400 Predominant Phytoplankton Cyclotel la-Stephanodiscus Unidentified ------- TABLE 6 (Continued) PHYTOPLANKTON OF UPPER KLAMATH LAKE Date Station Phytoplankton Centric Diatoms Pennate Diatoms Green Coccoid Blue-green Coccoid Blue-green Filamentous Green Flaellates Other Flagellates Total, No/ml. Date Station Phytoplankton Centric Diatoms Pennate Diatoms Green Coccoid Blue-green Coccoid Blue-green Filamentous Green Flagellates May 8, 1968 09d Surface Bottom 150 200 480 370 530 440 480 750 260 300 1,900 2,100 June 12, 1968 09d Surface Bottom 1,100 130 220 400 220 6,600 2,900 20 350 260 970 May 8, 1968 Ylb Surface Bottom 40 90 1,900 3,100 440 570 1,100 350 350 400 3,800 4,500 June 12, 1968 Ylb Surface Bottom 40 260 180 180 180 8,700 7,100 350 180 970 620 Predominant Phytoplankton Fragilaria Anacystis (Mlcrocystls) Predominant Phytoplankton Anacystis (Microcystls) Aphanizomenon* Other Flagellates Total, No/ml. 8,300 4,700 10,000 8,500 * Aphanizomenon bloom began during last of May; difficult to count by Sedgwick-Rafter method! ------- TABLE 7 CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS IN HOWARD BAY, UPPER KLAMATH LAKE* Station Date Depth (m) Surface 0.5 1.0 1.25 1.75 2.75 5.0 Station Date Depth(m) Surface 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 09d P9a 1/30/68 1/30/68 170 170 200 190 500 280 400 550 NlOb (2001 east) 2/06/69 150 180 200 400 500 NlOb SBE(a) 1/30/68 1/30/68 160 190 165 195 170 210 220 180 SBW(b) PBE(C) Ylb 1/30/68 1/30/68 1/30/68 200 200 170 200 200 170 210 200 170 220 230 NlOb 09d 09d 09d (101 north) (TOO1 north) 1/31/68 1/31/68 2/01/68 2/01/68 150 185 120 120 150 200 130 120 155 500 380 370 160 525 400 160 170 Conductivity of water from farm drainage water-flow pipe. 1/30/68 3/02/68 - 500 - 255 *See Table 2 for other conductivity data. Notes: All measurements made under about 45 cm. of ice. Values are in micromhos/cm. a. SBE - Experimental pool with water column exposed to the sediment (east position) b. SBW - Experimental pool with water column exposed to the sediment (west position) c. PBE - Experimental pool with plastic bottom. Water not exposed to sediment (east position) Experimental pools 10 ft. long by 10 ft. wide extending to bottom of lake. Location at 09d. Plastic pools were filled with water in Nov. 1967, the conductivity of which was about 185 m1cromhos/cm. ------- TABLE 8 COMPARISON OF SURFACE AND BOTTOM LAKE WATER QUALITY WITH EXPERIMENTAL POOLS 11-16-67 09d s b Alkalinity Conductivity Carbon, Total Carbon, SNOC Hardness, Ca Hardness, Total N-NH3 N-N03 N-T. Kjeld. pH P, Ortho P, Total Silica, Sol. Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate Secchl Disc Reading 59 128 24 8 31 55 1.35 .12 3.0 8.2 .05 .15 31.4 11.3 2.6 <5 <10 75 58 130 24 6 29 42 2.0 .11 2.9 8.2 .05 .16 31.4 10.2 2.4 11-16-67 SBW s b 64 185 27 10 47 65 1.7 .11 2.8 7.3 .09 .17 29.3 13.0 3.5 <5 11 70 65 185 27 10 47 62 1.7 .12 2.7 7.3 .11 .20 29.3 10 3.2 <5 18 11-16-67 PBE s b 60 160 25 11 44 52 1.3 .12 5.6 7.9 .04 .11 30.0 13.6 3.0 <5 13 95 60 160 25 10 42 64 1.1 .12 2.3 7.6 .04 .11 30.0 11.8 3.0 <5 14 12-13-67 09d s b 59 138 22 10 32 .38 1.5 .09 8.4 8.1 .03 .18 32.8 11.6 2.2 59 139 22 8 35 40 1.8 .06 2.8 7.6 .03 .21 29.3 11.6 2.3 12-13-67 PBE s b 60 151 22 8 42 44 1,5 .09 2.6 7.6 .07 .17 28.0 11.6 2.5 49 139 42 43 1.5 .09 1.8 7.2 .07 .13 28.0 11.8 2.5 1-18-68 09d s b 69 181 29 9 43 58 2.3 .13 3.1 7.7 .13 .32 30.0 13.0 3.2 <5 15 65 84 263 37 13 66 88 2.6 .12 3.5 6.5 .25 .49 28.6 15.0 4.4 <5 <10 1-18-68 SBW s b 70 169 28 12 38 52 2.2 .13 2.8 7.0 .12 .25 30.9 13.0 3.2 <5 11 65 74 189 30 11 49 58 2.5 .14 3.4 7.0 .16 .30 31.8 13.0 3.4 <5 14 1-18-68 PBE s b 7.0 189 30 10 42 56 3.0 .18 3.7 7.2 .11 .45 31.1 13.0 4.2 <5 14 55 73 194 30 10 46 60 2.4 .19 3.5 7.4 .15 .34 31.0 14.0 3.4 <5 16 s - surface sample b - bottom water sample SBW - sediment bottom pool (west position) PBE - plastic bottom pool (east position) ------- TABLE 8 (Continued) COMPARISON Of SURFACE AND BOTTOM LAKE WATER QUALITY WITH EXPERIMENTAL POOLS ' ' — — i-ji-bd 09d s o Al kal ini ty Conductivity Carbon, Total Carbon. SNOC Hardness, Ca Hardness, Total N-NH, N-N03 N-T. Kjeld. pH P, Ortho P, Total Silica, Sol . Sodium Potassium Chloride Sulfate Secchi Disc Reading 75 169 28 9 42 48 1.8 .06 3.9 7.3 .12 .36 34.0 12 2.8 10 50 113 367 62 31 110 126 1.7 .05 4.4 7.0 .43 .65 32.9 28 4.4 32 i-ji-bu — = SBW s b 75 181 28 10 37 52 2.0 .07 3.9 7.2 .14 .37 33.0 12 2.9 ' 55 H 189 28 10 45 55 2.0 .08 3.6 7.0 .18 .32 33.1 13 3.0 l-JI-68 PBE s b 75 179 30 14 37 50 1.8 .08 4.0 7.3 .11 .37 34.0 12 2.9 55 76 219 28 14 61 65 1.9 .13 3.7 7.3 .19 .37 33.0 14 3.3 3-02-68* 09d s b 70 296 43 18 102 106 <.l .30 3.4 8.4 .017 .29 18.3 19 3.0 <5 31 45 75 355 43 24 128 133 <.1 .30 3.9 7.3 .017 .29 18.1 23 3.2 <5 20 3-02-68 SBW s b 59 222 33 14 72 74 <.l .26 2.2 8.5 .009 .17 18.5 16 2.5 <5 21 49 60 223 35 13 72 76 <.l .27 2.7 8.4 .010 .20 18.5 16 2.5 <5 21 3-02-68 4-04-68 PBE 09d s b s b 64 225 37 73 74 <.l .27 3.0 8.6 .013 .21 18.8 16 2.4 <5 49 67 284 105 105 37 19 20 18 94 26 19 98 31 30 <.i <.l <.1 .33 .01 .02 2.8 1.2 1.1 7.4 8.6 7.9 .012 .008 .01 .24 .075 .071 18.8 10.3 11.7 18 2.8 <5 65 SBW PBE s b s t> 165 165 130 130 24 24 21 23 48 51 33 31 54 55 41 «2 <.l <.} <..! <.l .02 .02 .01 .02 1.5 1.4 :: 1.1 1.7 8.7 9.1 8.4 8.1 .006 .006 .008 .013 .058 .073 .063 .131 6.9 7.1 8.3 8.4 65 65 * All pools flooded with lake water last week in February when ice melted. ------- TABLE 9 PROFILE DATA FOR TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN OF THE EXPERIMENTAL POOLS AND LAKE Depth Surf 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 Depth Surf 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 j>.50 ' 11-16-67 0830 09d Temp. 0 6.5 9.5 6.5 9.5 6.5 9.5 6.5 9.5 6.5 9.5 6.5 9.5 6.5 9.5 6.5 9.5 2-Z9-68 1635 09d Temp. 0 6.5 18.0. 6.5 18.0 6.5 13.0 6.5 18.0 6.5 18.4 6.0 18.4 6.0 18.5 6.0 18.3 6.0 16.5 5.5 14.3 5.0 3.0 11-16-67 0850 PBE Temp. 0 6.5 9.2 6.5 9.1 6.5 9.1 7.0 8.9 7.0 8.7 7.0 8.7 7.0 8.7 7.0 8.7 2-29-68 1620 PBE Temp. 0 6.5 18.6 6.5 19.0 6.0 18.8 6.0 18.8 5.5 17.8 5.5 17.8 5.5 17.8 5.0 17.6 5.0 17.6 5.0 12.2 5.0 3.1 11-16-67 0915 SBW Temp. 0 7.0 7.5 7.0 7.5 6.5 7.5 6.5 7.5 6.5 7.5 6.5 7.5 6.5 7.5 6.5 7.5 2-29-68 1645 SBW Temp . 0 6.5 20.0 7.0 19.2 6.5 18.6 6.0 18.0 5.5 17.2 5.5 16.4 5.5 15.8 5.5 15.0 5.0 14.6 5.0 14.4 5.0 3.2 1-17-68 1600 09d Temp . 0 0 8. 0 8. 0 4. 0 2. 0 0. 0 0. 1 0. 1 0. 3-02-68 0920 09d Temp . 0 5.5 14. 5.5 14. 5.5 13. 5.5 13. 6.0 12. 6.0 12. 6.0 11. 6.0 11. 6.0 11. 6.0 11. 6.0 <2. 0 0 5 0 5 5 4 4 4 4 1 0 4 1 9 6 6 6 5 "" 1-17-68 1620 PBE Temp. 0 0 7.4 0 7.4 0 7.4 0 7.4 0 6.0 .5 6.0 .5 5.8 .5 5.3 3-02-68 0900 PBE Temp . 0 5.5 15.3 5.0 15.6 5.0 15.6 5.0 15.7 5.0 15.7 5.0 15.8 5.0 15.8 5.0 16.0 5.0 13.5 5.5 12.5 5.5 11.8 1-17-68 1430 SBW Temp 0 0 0 .5 .5 .5 1.0 1.0 7 7 7 4 4 4 3 1 0 .2 .2 .2 .9 .8 .7 .5 .5 1-31-68 1-31-68 1-31-66 z-01-68 0910 0925 0855 0845 09d PBE SBW PBE Temp. 0 Temp. 0 Temp. 6 Temp. 1 8.3 0 9.5 0 8.4 0 7 1 8.2 : 9.3 0 8.1 0 7 1 8.2 0 9.2 0.5 6.3 0 7 1 2.1 .5 8.5 ', 5.7 0 7 1 1.8 .5 8.3 1 5.5 0 7 1 1.4 .5 8.1 1 b.5 0.5 ,7 1 1.0 1.0 4.2 1.5 1.7 1 3 1.5 0.7 1.5 1.3 1 ? 0 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 -.1 .4 .1 3-OZ-68 0935 SBW Temp . 0 5.5 5.5 . 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 7 .2 .3 .3 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .2 .4 ------- |