REGIONAL TEMPERATURE
REPORTING NETWORK
1968 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
FEDERAL WATER
POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMINISTRATION
NORTHWEST REGION
PORTLAND,OREGON
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REGIONAL TEMPERATURE REPORTING NETWORK
1968 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
A Function of the Columbia River Thermal
Effects Study
Prepared by
William Schmidt, Robert Cleary
Working Paper No. 62
United States Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Northwest Region, 501 Pittock Block, Portland, Oregon 97205
February 1969
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CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION 1
SUMMARY 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 9
SPECIFIC THERMOGRAPH SITES 13
-------
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
1 Regional Temperature Reporting Network
Minimum List Sites and Sites Visited during the 1968
Survey 7
2 Regional Temperature Reporting Network Sites
as of January 1970 10
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INTRODUCTION
Reliable water temperature records are essential to the devel-
opment of an effective water temperature management program. Prelim-
inary organization of a regional temperature reporting network (RTRN)
to provide these records for the Columbia and Snake Rivers has been
completed. These records will function as the data source for eval-
uating and predicting the impact of hydroelectric, thermal electric
power developments, and other thermal waste sources upon water
temperatures, and for monitoring changes in water temperature rela-
tive to established water quality standards criteria. Continuously
recorded, accurate temperature data at each hydroelectric project,
above and below each major tributary, and at other points of special
interest on the Columbia and Snake Rivers will be provided by the
RTRN.
The FWPCA Northwest Regional Office has the responsibility for
organization and development of the RTRN as one of the stated functions
of The Columbia River Thermal Effects Study. Installation of thermo-
graphs will be completed by July 1970. Data compiled during this
development period will be available to all interested agencies
through the FWPCA STORET system. Arrangements will be made for
publication of selected records in the USGS Weekly Runoff Reports.
In March 1968 the needs and suggestions of fifteen state and
federal agencies were requested and incorporated into the organization
of the RTRN. Representatives from these agencies met in June 1968
to consider and recommend thermograph locations needed for a complete
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temperature network. Preliminary conclusions of this group included
recommendations for "minimum" and "comprehensive" lists of thermograph
stations along the main stem of the Columbia and Snake Rivers and their
tributaries. The "minimum" list includes primarily those stations
necessary for supplying input data for water temperature evaluation
and prediction programs plus several locations essential to the water
quality standards surveillance program. The "comprehensive" list in-
cludes essentially all temperature prediction programs and water
quality surveillance, plus eight stations of special interest to the
fisheries objectives. Figure 1 shows all recommended RTRN thermo-
graph locations. Also shown are locations where temperatures were
being taken or recorded at the time of the field survey.
Overall accuracy requirements for instrumentation in the new
work specified error limits of + 0.5 °C including an instrument error
not to exceed +0.2 C. Overall accuracy is determined by errors
inherent in the instrument, plus errors due to representation of average
river cross-sectional temperatures by measurements at single points.
It was apparent from the RTRN preliminary organization efforts
that extensive field reconnaissance surveys would be prerequisite to
implementation of the proposed network program. The reconnaissance
surveys were needed for the following kinds of information:
(1) Recommendations for specific location of individual RTRN
sensors and recorders (eg: highway bridge, dam tailrace, USGS gaging
station, etc.)
(2) Descriptions of existing temperature measurement devices
including recommendations on the suitability of these devices for
RTRN purposes.
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FIG. 1A
COMPREHENSIVE MAP
Regional Temperature Reporting Network Thermograph Sites
Seattle
Tacoma
. BRITISH
COLUMBIA
Franklin
D.
Roosevelt! PENDOREILE
WELLS DAM
Lake Chelan GRAND COULEE
DAM
ROCKY REACH:
DAM
WASH.
LEGEND
Jj Primary or "minimum list" sites
(T) Secondary sites
Temperature measurements being taken
at time of survey
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FIG. IB COMPREHENSIVE MAP
Regional Temperature Reporting Network Thermograph Sites
BRITISfh
\ KOOTENAY I
COLUMBIA
LEGEND
j] Primary or "minimum list" sites
(?) Secondary sites
) Temperature measurements being taken
at time of survey
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FIG. 1C
COMPREHENSIVE MAP
Regional Temperature Reporting Network Thermograph Sites
WANAPUM iLHANFORDWORI
HAM ^RESERVATION
ANFORD WORKS
Naches R.
Palousa R.
\ LITTLE GOOSE
DAM
LOWER GRANITE
DAM
• CowlitzR.
Lewis R.
r"~
White Salmon
JBONNEVILLE R- S [iol
DAM Camas
r^^Vancouver
'*mr~^L\ The Danes
Portland^ nn THE
DALLES
DAM
YAKIMA
RIVER
PRIEST RAPIDS
DAM
| Klickitat R.
Kennewick
JOHN BAY McNARY DAM
l@
LOWER
MONUMENTAL DAM
. ICE HARBOR DAM
Walla Walla R.
COLUMBIA
RIVER '
JOHN DAY R.
Ell
£=vU'nat'lla R-.
Grande Ronde
R.
M. Fk.
T
i
I
LEGEND
T] Primary or "minimum list" sites
(T) Secondary sites
Temperature measurements being taken
at time of survey
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FIG. ID
COMPREHENSIVE MAP
Regional Temperature Reporting Network Thermograph Sites
WASHINGTON WATER
POWER DAM
SALMON RIVER
HELLS CANYON
LEGEND
"Tl Primary or "minimum list" sites
(T) Secondary sites
•• £^ Temperature measurements being taken
at time of survey
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(3) Recommendations on the need for additional field work
at individual RTRN thermograph locations in the form of temperature
and/or current measurement cross-sections.
(4) Photographs of RTRN sites and existing temperature measure-
ment devices.
Consequently, a two-week reconnaissance survey was conducted
in August, 1968. Additional field temperature surveys were conducted
in September and October, 1968. The two-week reconnaissance survey
included readily accessible "minimum" RTRN list sites plus three
additional sites on the "comprehensive" list.
This report documents the results of and the recommendations
made, following the reconnaissance and field temperature surveys.
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SUMMARY
Potential thermograph sites along the Columbia River from
Bonneville Dam to the Canadian Border and the Snake River from the
Columbia River confluence to American Falls Dam were investigated
during the August 20 to 30, 1968 reconnaissance survey. Temperature
cross-sections were taken on September 5th and 6th at some of the
critical thermograph sites recommended during the reconnaissance
survey. On September 30 and October 1, 1968, temperature cross-
sections were taken in the Willamette River below river-mile (R.M )
10.0 and in the Columbia Estuary to determine probable thermograph
locations.
The information obtained from the surveys and summarized here
is adequate for locating thermographs in the vicinity of the suggested
"minimum list" sites and for evaluating existing temperature measur-
ing devices for possible incorporation into the network. Due to time
limitations or unsuitable conditions during the reconnaissance survey
(discussed in detail in the paragraphs for the individual sites),
additional field investigations will be required at several of
the sites prior to any thermograph installation.
Table 1 contains a summary tabulation of pertinent information
obtained from all the potential thermograph sites described as
"minimum list" and sites visited during the surveys. FIGURE 2 is
a map showing thermograph sites investigated during the reconnaissance
survey. Some "minimum list" stations were not included in the survey:
Thermographs on the Columbia River at Richland, Clatskanie, Longview,
Prescott, and Vancouver are presently operating satisfactorily and should
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be incorporated into the RTRN. The station at Revelstoke in British
Columbia, Canada will not be investigated until suitable arrangements
with the Canadian authorities have been completed. Potential sites on
the Cowlitz River, at the Lower Monumental and Appaloosa Damsites and
the mouth of the Grand Ronde River were not investigated due to time
limitations. The sites of Clarkston and Lewiston were eliminated from
consideration until the backwater effects from Lower Granite Dam,
now under construction, can be determined.
Some of the "comprehensive list" sites were investigated and have
been included here (Warrendale and Kettle Falls on the Columbia River)
because of favorable locations in the RTRN and because continuous
recording thermographs already exist at these sites.
At present the FWPCA has purchased six Foxboro thermographs and
six Fischer-Porter thermograph packages. These twelve instruments
will be installed at selected locations in the Regional Temperature
Reporting Network. In this initial phase it is desired to monitor
the main stem of the Columbia River at most of the recommended
"minimum list" sites so that ample temperature data will be available
as input for the Columbia River mathematical models now being developed
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FIG. 2A 1968 RTRN RECONNISANCE SURVEY SITES
Seattle
Tacoma
/- VBRITISH
COLUMBIA
OKANOGAN
RIVER /
( Franklin
I D-
RooseveltlPENDOREILE
Sanpoil R. ( Lake f RIVER
B51 .CHIEF JOSEPH DAM
LITTLE FALLS
DAM
Spokane R.
WELLS DAM
LakeChelan GRAND
ROCKY REACH
DAM
Wenatchee
ROCK ISLAND
DAM
WASH,
LEGEND
T] Primary or "minimum list" sites
(?) Secondary sites
Temperature measurements being taken
at time of survey
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FIG. 2B 1968 RTRN RECONNISANCE SURVEY SITES
COLUMBIA*
LEGEND
j] Primary or "minimum list" sites
(T) Secondary sites
Temperature measurements being taken
at time of survey
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FIG. 2C 1968 RTRN RECONNISANCE SURVEY SITES
WANAPUM
DAM
Naches R.
HANFORD WORKS LITTLE GOOSE
| RESERVATION DAM . LOWER GRANITE
Palousa R. \_ DAM
[I
1 Astoria
Cowlitz R.
Lewis R.
YAKIMA
RIVER
PRIEST RAPIDS/
DAM
1 Klickitat R.
ji
[Richland
Pasco^
\
Kennewick
LOWER
MONUMENTAL DAM
ICE HARBOR DAM
Walla Walla R.
JOHN DAY McNARY DAM
DAM
White Salmon
BONNEVILLE R.
DAM Camas
Vancouver
T
LEGEND
T] Primary or "minimum list" sites
(?) Secondary sites
I Temperature measurements being taken
at time of survey
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FIG. 2D 1968 RTRN RECONNISANCE SURVEY SITES
WASHINGTON WATER
POWER DAM
OXBOW
DAM
BROWNLEE 1
•*.... "Sn/^
AMERICAN
FALLS DAM
MINIDOKA
DAM
LEGEND
[Tj Primary or "minimum list" sites
(T) Secondary sites
Temperature measurements being taken
at time of survey
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TABLE 1
REGIONAL TEMPERATURE REPORTING NETWORK
MINIMUM LIST SITES AND SITES VISITED DURING THE 1968 SURVEYS
SITE STATION DESCRIPTION
NUMBER
(FROM
FIGURE 1)
RIVER RIVER
MILE
(R.M.)
STATION
VISITED
DURING 1968
SURVEYS
EXISTING TEMPERATURE
SENSING DEVICES
DESCRIPTION / OWNER
IS DEVICE
ADEQUATE
FOR RTRN
RIVER CONDITIONS AT STATION
DURING 1968 SURVEYS
ADDITIONAL
FIELD WORK
NECESSARY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
13
16
16
17
19
20
20
23
23
24
25
26
27
30
31
32
33
34
35
35
41
42
44
46
47
49
50
52
53
54
55
56
60
61
62
64
& 46
Harrington Point
Clatskanie
Longview
Cowlitz River (mouth)
Prescotfc
Swan Island/St. Johns Bridge
Vancouver
Warrendale
Bonneville Dam
The Dalles Port Commission Dock
The Dalles Dam
Bridge d/s of John Day Dam
John Day Dam
Umatilla Bridge
McNary Dam
Washington - Oregon Border
Kiona or Bridge, at West Rich land
Pasco
Richland
D/S of Priest Rapids Dam
Priest Rapids Dam
Wanapum Dam
Rock Island Dam
Monitor Washington
Rocky Reach Dam
Wells Dam
Monse or Malott, Washington
Chief Joseph Dam
Bridge below Grand Coulee Dam
Little Falls Dam
Kettle Falls, Washington
North Port, Washington
Ice Harbor Dam
Little Goose Dam
Clarkston and Lewston, Idaho
Washington Water Power Dam
Grand Ronde River (mouth)
Mouth of Salmon River
White Bird
Appaloosa Damslte
Hells Canyon Dam
Oxbow Dam
Brownlee Dam
Weiser, Idaho
Oregon - Idaho Border
King Hill, Idaho
Milner Dam
American Falls Dam
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Cowlitz
Columbia
Willamette
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Yakima
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Wena tehee
Columbia
Columbia
Okanogan
Columbia
Columbia
Spokane
Columbia
Columbia
Snake
Snake
Snake
Clearwater
Grand Ronde
Salmon
Salmon
Snake
Snake
Snake
Snake
Snake
Snake
Snake
Snake
Snake
23.5
53.8
66.0
17.3
75.0
6.0
106.5
140.8
145.5
189.2
191.5
208.0
215.6
290.5
292.0
312.3
*
329.0
338.0
395.6
397.1
415.0
453.4
5.8
474.5
516.6
*
545.1
596.3
30.0
698.6
734.1
9.7
70.3
132.9
4.6
*
*
53.5
213.0
247.0
273.0
285.0
351.2
416.0
545.3
640.0
714.0
yes
no
no
no
no
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
no
yes
no
no
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Thermograph
Thermograph
None
Thermograph
Thermograph
Thermograph.
Thermograph
Thermometer
None
Thermometer
Thermograph
U/S Thermos
Thermograph
Thermometer
None
None
Thermograph
Thermograph
Thermograph
Thermograph
Thermograph
None
None
Thermograph
None
None
Thermometer
Thermograph
None
Thermograph
Thermograph
Thermometer
None
Thermograph
Thermometer
None
None
None
None
Thermograph
Thermograph
Thermograph
None
None
None
Thermograph
None
PGE
PGE
PGE
FWPCA
U.S.G.S.
PGE
C of E
C of E
AEC
C of E
AEC
C of E
AEC
AEC
AEC
Grant Co. PUD
Grant Co. PUD
CheIan Co. PUD
AEC
AEC
AEC
AEC
C of E
BCF
WWP Co.
FWPCA
FWPCA
FWPCA/Idaho Power
FWPCA
Could be fairly well mixed
yes Well mixed river condition
yes Well mixed river condition
yes Well mixed river condition
no Year-round temp, x-sect. needed
yes Completely mixed river condition
yes Completely mixed river condition
no Tailrace well mixed
Well mixed river condition
no Appears well mixed
yes Well mixed river condition
no Dam still under constr. at time
yes River well mixed at this point
no Tailrace is well mixed
Fairly well mixed at that time
Well mixed @ Kiona maybe @ bridge
yes Completely mixed
yes Completely mixed
yes Completely mixed
possible Tailrace completely mixed
possible Tailrace completely mixed
Tailrace and forebay well mixed
Completely mixed river condition
no Tailrace is completely mixed
Tailrace is completely mixed
Both locations are vert, stratified
no River d/s of dam is well mixed
yes River d/s of dam is well mixed
Questionable mixed condition
probable Questionable mixed condition
yes Completely mixed river condition
no Tailrace well mixed
no Future backwater from L. Granite
no Future backwater from L. Granite
Completely mixed river condition
no Completely mixed
no Completely mixed
no Completely mixed
Well mixed
Questionable mixed condition
Well mixed
no No flow during part of year
Completely mixed
yes
no
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
no
no
no
yes
no
no
yes
yes
no
no
no
no
yes
no
no
no
no
yes
no
no
yes
yes
no
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
no
no
no
no
yes
no
yes
no
instrument site unknown
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The RTRN reconnaissance surveys were considered successful, pro-
viding most of the physical information required for implementation of
the RTRN program. Excellent cooperation and suggestions were obtained
from the people contacted during the surveys. This cooperation is
greatly appreciated.
The primary conclusions and recommendations resulting from the
reconnaissance surveys are as follows:
(1) Accurate thermographs are presently operating satisfactorily
at thirteen locations on the Columbia River. These units should be
incorporated into the network for as long as the operating agencies
can maintain them.
(2) Installation of eleven additional thermographs by January 1970,
will be limited to "minimum list" locations on the Columbia River and
one location on the Willamette River. These eleven thermographs plus
thirteen existing units will provide the RTRN with an initial temperature
monitoring capability which will meet the requirements of the Columbia
River Thermal Effects Study (See Table 2).
(3) Because of possible incomplete mixing conditions during portions
of the year, the thermograph recommended on the Columbia River at the
Oregon-Washington boundary may not give representative measurements at
all times in this reach.
(4) Vertical temperature stratification conditions were found
existing at the mouths of the Okanogan, Spokane, and Yakima Rivers due
to backwater effects from the Columbia River.
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TABLE 2
REGIONAL TEMPERATURE REPORTING NETWORK SITES
AS OF JANUARY 1970
i-i
o
SITE
NUMBER
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
10
13
16
17
20
20
23
24
25
27
30
32
33
34
35
35
41
THERMOGRAPHS
STATION DESCRIPTION
Harrington Point
Clatskanie
Long view
Prescott
Swan Island/St. John's Bridge
Vancouver
Warrendale
The Dalles Port Commission Dock
Bridge below John Day Dam
Umatilla Bridge d/s of McNary Dam
Washington - Oregon Border
Pasco*
Richland*
D/S of Priest Rapids Dam
Wanapum Dam
Rock Island Dam
Rocky Reach Dam
Wells Dam
Chief Joseph Dam
Bridge d/s of Grand Coulee Dam
Little Falls Dam
Kettle Falls*
Northport*
Ice Harbor Dam
RIVER
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Willamette
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Columbia
Spokane
Columbia
Columbia
Snake
R.M.
23.5
53.8
66.0
75.0
6.0
106.5
140.8
189.2
208.0
290.5
312.3
329.0
338.0
395.6'
415.0
453.4
474.5
516.6
545.1
596.3
30.0
698.6
734.1
9.7
TOTAL THERMOGRAPHS
EXISTING /
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
- 13
NEW
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
11
REMARKS
Temp x-sect. req'd.
Temp x-sect. req'd
Additional Temp, x-sect
req'd.
Initially for checking
purposes.
Temp, x-sect. req'd.
Add. Temp, x-sect.
desired.
= 24
* One station will be eliminated from the system in the future
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11
(5) Additional field temperature surveys will be scheduled to
adequately define problems related to thermograph measurements at the
locations described above.
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SPECIFIC THERMOGRAPH SITES BASED UPON
1968 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
Thermograph sites labeled "minimum list" as recommended
by participating agencies for the Regional Temperature Reporting Network
(RTRN) were investigated during the reconnaissance survey conducted in
the summer of 1968. Time limitations or other reasons described in the
following paragraphs precluded investigations of some important locations.
Existing temperature sensing devices were investigated and rated accord-
ing to their acceptability for incorporation into the RTRN.
The following paragraphs describe the river conditions, potential
vandalism problems, ease of access, and other factors affecting the
location and installation of continuous recording thermographs. Each
specific thermograph location recommended will be considered temporary
until it is determined that its function in the network is critical
in a permanent network. The sites discussed in the following paragraphs
can be found on Figure 1 and are tabulated in Table 1.
COLUMBIA ESTUARY (Site No. 1)
On October 1, 1968, a temperature reconnaissance survey was conducted
at Astoria, Oregon, by FWPCA personnel for the purpose of locating a
thermograph site. A detailed temperature cross-section was taken
at the Interstate Bridge (RM 13.7). These data were collected during
the rising tid.e. The colder tidal wedge was clearly evident from the
temperature profiles and caused considerable "drifting" of the indicated
temperature readings at the depth of the mixing zone. Stratification
was moderate in the main channel with temperature differences of 2 °C
to 3 °C from top to bottom, and quite severe near the Washington shore,
with differences of up to 5 °C. It is obvious that thermograph records
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14
obtained at this location would be of little value in the RTRN
because of the unsteady stratification and lateral variation; there-
fore, profiles were taken upstream at Tongue Point (RM 18.2). In
general stratification was less severe at Tongue Point with only a
1 C to 2 °C difference between top and bottom. However, just offshore
at Tongue Point there is a "hole" in which the temperatures dropped from
14.3 °C to 11.2 °C between depths of 90 to 120 feet. A thermograph,
located properly, could yield useful information here, but there is no
suitable place to install one. It is felt that Harrington Point
(Site No.l) on the Washington shore, of the Columbia Estuary (RM 23.5)
might provide an adequate thermograph location based upon the decreasing
stratification from the Interstate Bridge to Tongue Point during high
tide. Before conclusions are reached regarding this location as the
terminal point of the RTRN, temperature cross-sections at Harrington
Point will be taken.
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15
WILLAMETTE RIVER (Site No.6)
A field reconnaissance survey trip was made on September 30, 1968
in the Portland Harbor for the purpose of locating RTRN thermograph sites
In Portland Harbor temperature cross-sections were taken at:
1. Swan Island monitor station
2. St.John's Bridge
3. PGE overhead power lines
4. Willamette main channel just below Multnomah Channel
5. Marker #11 in main channel
6. Willamette main channel just above mouth
7. Columbia River just above Willamette River
8. Columbia River just above tip of Hayden's Island
9. Hayden's Island Slough
10. Multnomah Channel centerline profile at 10 locations
down to St. Helens
11. Columbia River just above Multnomah Channel
Portland Harbor was found to be only slightly stratified, with top
to bottom differences of about 0.5 C or less in most locations.
Essentially no intrusion of Columbia River water in either the Willamette
main channel or Multnomah Channel existed at that time. Average temper-
atures in Portland Harbor and the Columbia River were 16 C and 17.5 °C,
respectively. It is evident that data obtained on this trip does not
represent Portland Harbor conditons at all times; therefore, before a
permanent thermograph location is selected, temperature cross-section
surveys should be repeated at selected intervals to determine the vari-
ability of Columbia River backwater effects upon the Willamette River
temperatures. The initial attempt will be to obtain enough temperature
and flow data to justify continuation of the Swan Island site. Tempera-
tures during the October 7, 1968 field trip showed the water to be
»
completely mixed at 16.0 °C at Swan Island. An alternative location
would be at St. John's Bridge.
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16
WARRENDALE, OREGON (Site No.8)
Continuous Columbia River water temperature readings are presently
being recorded near Warrendale, Oregon, approximately five and one-half
miles below Bonneville Dam. The Foxboro thermograph located there
was installed by Battelle Northwest under contract to Portland General
Electric Company. The Columbia River at this point is completely
mixed so that the recorded temperature is representative of the river
cross-section. Figure 3 shows the thermograph location on the left
bank channel light stand. Figure 4 shows the thermograph (dark box)
attached to the light stand. There has been no vandalism at this
station in the past.
This location and instrument should be incorporated into the
RTRN.
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COLUMBIA RIVER AT WARRENDALE OREGON
Looking upstream Note: Thermograph box on right side of photograph
FIGURE 3
-------
THERMOGRAPH LOCATION AT WARRENDALE OREGON
Looking south at light stand holding thermograph (left bank of river)
FIGURE 4
-------
19
BONNEVILLE DAM (Site No. 9)
Bonneville Dam was considered as a possible thermograph location
but was later eliminated in favor of the Warrendale site. The tail-
race discharge at Bonneville Dam is completely mixed and would therefore
give a representative temperature of flow releases. FIGURE 5 shows the
tailrace condition below Bonneville powerhouse. A continuous recording
instrument, if needed, should be located at the north end of the tail-
race shown in FIGURE 5, because of a historical debris problem in the
center and south portions of the tailrace. Vandalism at this project
site is considered minor.
In past years, temperatures have been read and reported by project
personnel from thermometers attached to the turbine cooling 'water
lines but, with recent reductions in manpower, these temperatures are
no longer taken.
Since the Warrendale (Site No.8) thermograph is operating satis-
factorily, the Warrendale records can be used to represent the temperature
condition below Bonneville Dam. The Bonneville Dam location would
be an alternate site.
-------
BONNEVILLE DAM
Looking north at right tailrace embankment (Q=80,000 cfs)
FIGURE 5
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21
THE DALLES PORT COMMISSION DOCK (Site No.10)
The Dalles Port Commission dock, approximately three miles down-
stream of the Dalles Dam, appears to be a good location for a continuous
recording thermograph. The exact thermograph location would be at the
northeast corner of the old dock (upstream corner). Site advantages
include:
(1) This part of dock is not used; therefore, the
instrument will be separated from working personnel
and equipment.
(2) Dock extends out into the river, thereby enabling
the thermistor to be in moving water at all times.
(3) Vandalism will be held to a minimum because the area
is locked after working hours.
(4) Access to equipment is good during the working day.
Temperature cross-sections of the river were taken at this location
on September 6, 1968, with a "Whitney Underwater Thermometer". Temperature
varied from 19.83 °C to 19.85 °C throughout the cross-section showing
that this portion of the river was completely mixed at that time.
Figure 6 shows a view of the Dalles Dam upstream of the northeast
corner of the dock and the picture in Figure 7 was taken looking down-
stream from the same location.
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N>
N5
COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES PORT COMMISSION DOCK
Looking upstream at the Dalles Dam from the N.E. corner of the old dock (Q=119,000 cfs)
FIGURE 6
-------
COLUMBIA RIVER AT THE DALLES PORT COMMISSION DOCK
Looking downstream and across the river from N.E. corner of the old dock
FIGURE 7
to
-------
24
THE DALLES DAM (Site No.11)
The Dalles Dam was considered as a possible location for a
thermograph but was later eliminated in favor of The Dalles Port
Commission Dock. The dam tailrace and turbine cooling water lines
were considered as potential locations for the temperature sensors.
The possibility of turbine shut downs, however, could give erroneous
readings if the thermograph were connected to the affected cooling
water lines. Because of this and adverse location of the tailrace
relative to the spillways, it was believed that The Dalles Port
Commission Dock location would yield better temperature information.
Temperatures are now being taken from a bulb thermometer in the
turbine scroll case but due to the desirability of an accurate con-
tinuous recording thermograph in the network, thermometer temperature
measurements are not acceptable.
-------
25
JOHN DAY DAM (Site No. 13)
John Day Dam was still under construction during the August 20,
1968, reconnaissance field trip (see Figure 8). The initial plan was
to place a thermograph in the dam tailrace, but since the majority of
the turbines are not scheduled to be in place until November, 1971,
another location had to be investigated for inclusion into the initial
RTRN phase.
Battelle Northwest under contract to AEC has installed a Foxboro
thermograph at tne Interstate Toll Bridge (KM 208) approximately
7% miles below John Day Dam. The river at the bridge is completely
mixed and should remain so after the flow is routed through the turbines.
It is concluded that this thermograph should be incorporated into the
network and its records be considered nearly representative of the
dam discharge temperature. Figure 9 shows the Columbia River downstream
of the bend shown in the photograph.
Vandalism should be minor at the bridge location since the
toll bridge is tended at all times.
-------
t -
~
JOHN DAY DAM
Looking upstream at dam tailrace (Q-100,000 cfs )
FIGURE 8
-------
COLUMBIA RIVER BELOW JOHN DAY DAM
Looking downstream from dam (Interstate bridge just downstream of bend of river)
FIGURE 9
-------
28
BELOW McNARY DAM (Site No. 16)
Sites at both McNary Dam (Figure 10) and the Umatilla toll
bridge (Figure 11) downstream of the dam were investigated. A
Foxboro thermograph was installed at the bridge by Battelle Northwest
under contract with AEG and is currently providing river temperature
data . The Umatilla Toll Bridge is tended at all times which would
provide some protection against vandalism. The dam location is protected
from vandalism and the tailrace is completely mixed although the thermistor
could be damaged by debris in the tailrace during spilling operations.
The McNary project has the thermometers connected to the turbine
cooling water lines which are not adequate for the network system, as
discussed earlier, due to the need for a continuous, accurate record.
The existing thermograph at the Umatilla Bridge location (RM 209.5)
is adequate for the RTBN system and should be included into it. The
decision for the bridge location is also based on (l)the debris problem
at the dam and (2) the possibility of a lateral stratification in McNary
forebay which could produce an unequal temperature distribution in the
tailrace.
-------
McNARY DAM
Looking south at trailrace area toward Oregon shore (Q=140,000 cfs)
FIGURE 10
VO
-------
UMATILLA BRIDGE BELOW McNARY DAM
Looking upstream at bridge (Q=140,000 cfs)
FIGURE 11
-------
31
WASHINGTON-OREGON BORDER (Site No. 17)
Locating a continuous recording thermograph downstream of the Columbia
and Snake River confluence is of particular importance in determining
what temperature influence the Snake River has on the Columbia River below
the confluence and for monitoring river temperatures close to the Oregon-
Washington border for "water quality standards" surveillance.
On September 5 and 6, 1968, temperature cross-sections were taken at
various locations between McNary Dam and the Snake River in order to
locate a completely mixed section. Cross-sections were taken approximately
2,6,13,27, and 32 miles below the confluence. During that time period the
Columbia River was stratified both vertically and laterally with the
wafrmer water on the left side of the river beginning at the confluence
and extending down to Wallula Gap (RM 312.3, 13 miles below confluence)
where the river contracts to a width of approximately 4200 feet. At this
location the temperature in the cross-section ranged from 19.52 °C to
19.70 °C throughout the width and depth (see Figure 12 & 13). Thermograph
instrumentation could be placed in the vicinity of the Walla Walla River
flashing light installation or across the river (Washington side). Cross-
sections taken downstream from this point showed the river again stratified
vertically and laterally but with the warmer water shifted to the
Washington side of the river. This temperature pattern continued downstream
to McNary Dam.
Location of a continuous recording thermograph at Wallula Gap would
yield the most representative temperature results in the reach. Before
long range adequacy of this installation can be determined, temperature
cross-sections during various times of the year are required.
-------
to
2'
SEPTEMBER 6, 1968 W.S.
1-
HI
LU
U_
2-
O
2 -
5
2
5' 1
10' 1
20' 1
30' 1
40' 1
19.7° ! Iq7o 19.75° !
• i y . / *
1 o "r° • m TC° — — •
19.7 19.75
t 1Q 7°
-ift coo • in ITI~O •
ly.b/ • 19.55
1975° 19-6° :
i w. / %j
1Q C0° •
1 «7.«JL»
19 6°
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19.52
— 10 coo ' •
1QB° 1
ls7.O •
1952° I
in co° •
62'
RIVER TEMPERATURE IN °CENTIGRADE
•" •
APPROXIMATE WIDTH = 4200 FT.
LOOKING DOWNSTREAM
COLUMBIA RIVER BETWEEN MCNARY DAM AND THE SNAKE RIVER (R.M. 312.3)
Temperature cross-sections taken on September 6 1968
FIGURE 12
-------
33
Wallula Junction
Yellepit
TANKO|
Ul
(RM 312.3)
TEMPERATyRE_CROSS
LOCATION
eo
68
ol
W
WALLULA GAP
WALLA WALLA R.
Fl 4 sec. 22 ft.
W
//Bn
COLUMBIA RIVER BETWEEN MCNARY DAM AND THE SNAKE RIVER
Temperature Cross-Section Location
FIGURE 13
-------
34
YAKIMA RIVER (Site No.19)
The Yakima River, tributary to the Columbia River, is a major
tributary and as such contributes to the thermal loading in the Columbia
River.
Temperature cross-sections taken on August 21, 1968, at the bridge
crossing the Yakima River at Kiona, Washington (Figure 14), just down-
stream of the USGS Kiona gaging station, indicated a uniform 17.3 °C
temperature. A temperature sensor is scheduled to be installed at the
gaging station by mid-summer, 1969, as part of the "Hydromat" telemetering
system.
Survey temperature measurements indicated that a thermograph location
closer to the Columbia River than the Kiona gaging station would be
preferable because of stratification due to backwater effects.
It has been suggested by scientists from Battelle Northwest
that a location at the highway bridge at West Richland would yield
a well mixed temperature condition, unaffected by the Columbia River
backwater. Conclusions regarding a station on this river cannot be
reached until the West Richland site can be investigated.
-------
KIONA BRIDGE OVER THE YAKIMA RIVER
Looking upstream at the Kiona gauging station on the right side of the photograph
FIGURE 14
UJ
Ul
-------
36
COLUMBIA RIVER IN HIGHLAND VICINITY (Site No. 20)
Battelle Northwest under contract with AEC has installed
Foxboro thermographs at the Richland, Washington water intake and at
Pasco, Washington. Battelle Northwest is presently comparing temper-
ature results of the two stations in an attempt to determine the most
representative location.
It appears that either instrument location selected would be
adequate for the network and should be incorporated into it.
-------
37
PRIEST RAPIDS DAM (Site No. 23)
A Leeds Northrup continuous recorder was installed during the
construction of Priest Rapids Dam. The temperature sensors were
installed in each turbine scroll case and record water temperatures
of the turbines successively at 30 second intervals between turbines.
Comparisons of temperatures taken on August 21, 1968, with the
"Whitney Underwater Thermometer" in the forebay and tailwater and
temperatures recorded at the same time on the projects thermograph showed
favorable agreement, however, further investigation at this location
should be made before accepting the results as being representative
of dam discharge conditions.
Battelle Northwest under contract with AEC has installed a
calibrated Leeds Northrup strip-chart type thermograph at the
U.S.G.S. gaging station (RM 395.6) approximately 1% miles downstream
of Priest Rapids Dam. The temperature information from this site
is presently being reported as representative of this river
reach. The instrumentation and location are adequate for the RTRN
system; therefore, this thermograph should be included in the network.
-------
38
WANAPUM DAM (Site No. 24)
Wanapum Dam has a Leeds Northrup thermograph which records the
temperature of water flowing through each turbine, using a temperature
sensor in each scroll case. Field verification surveys will be
required to determine whether this instrument should be included in
the network. The tailrace is completely mixed so that thermograph
measurements will be representative of the discharge conditions. A
recorder can be placed on the tailrace deck (see FIGURE 15). Comparison
of temperature data from the tailrace and scroll cases will determine
whether the scroll case thermographs are adequate for the RTRN system.
If so, the tailrace thermograph can be removed in favor of the project
recorder.
-------
WANAPUM DAM
Looking upstream at powerhouse and tailrace (Q 147,000 cfs)
FIGURE 15
LO
VO
-------
ROCK ISLAND DAM (Site No. 25)
Several thermograph sites were investigated at Rock Island
Dam. The tailrace level at the dam is controlled by Wanapum Dam
downstream and during the spring floods the Rock Island tailrace
deck has been inundated. Due to the possibility of losing the in-
strument during high flows, the tailrace was eliminated as a potential
thermograph location. The tailrace which is highly turbulent and com-
pletely mixed is shown in FIGURE 16.
The forebay was also investigated as a possible thermograph site.
Temperatures were taken (August 21, 1968) in the forebay and tail-
water for comparison. The forebay (FIGURE 17) was completely mixed
at a temperature of 16.60 C and the tailwater yielded a reading of
o
16.50 C. The Columbia River current approached the dam along the left
shore and then flowed transversely across the upstream face of the
dam (from left to right ) into the turbines and spillways.
Locating a thermistor sensor in this transverse flow in the fore-
bay (approximately at the location of the people in the photograph) is
suggested and would yield temperatures representative of the river
temperature above and below the dam.
-------
ROCK ISLAND DAM
Looking west across tailrace of Dam (Q=1000,000 cfs)
FIGURE 16
-------
ROCK ISLAND DAM
Looking west across forebay of Dam (current toward opposite shore-Q=100,000 cfs)
FIGURE 17
-------
43
WENATCHEE RIVER (Site No. 26)
The Wenatchee River was selected as one of the streams requiring
temperature monitoring in the initial stage of the program. FIGURE 18
shows the bridge over the Wenatchee River at Monitor, Washington, which
is a potential thermograph site for this important Columbia River tri-
butary. This location is far enough upstream to be out of the Columbia
River backwater effect and temperature cross-sections which were taken
on August 22, 1968, showed the river to be well mixed and fairly cold
(13.25 °C). A thermograph located at this site will have to be heavily
protected against potential vandalism.
-------
BRIDGE OVER THE WENATCHEE RIVER AT MONITOR, WASHINGTON
FIGURE 18
-------
45
ROCKY REACH DAM (Site No. 27)
The tailrace of Rocky Reach Dam is considered a good location for
monitoring discharge temperature. The tailrace shown on FIGURE 19 is
completely mixed and FIGURE 20 shows the turbulent conditions downstream
of the dam.
A Leeds Northrup scroll case thermograph was installed during pro-
ject construction and is currently operating. Battelle Northwest has
installed a thermometer in the turbine cooling water lines. Temper-
atures are read and reported by the project personnel hourly. On
August 22 1968, FWPCA personnel monitored forebay and tailrace tempera-
tures with a "Whitney Underwater Thermometer1? and compared results with
those from the two existing monitoring devices for the same time period.
Comparison of results showed that temperatures of the forebay, tailrace
and thermometers were in close agreement whereas the scroll case
thermograph results were approximately 1.5 °C colder,
A continuous recording thermograph should be placed in the tailrace
and these records used instead of the existing information obtained from
the other devices. The thermograph will not interfere with project
operation on the tailrace deck. The thermometer, even though accurate,
cannot be incorporated into the RTRN due to the need for accurate
continuous records.
-------
ROCKY REACH DAM
View of Tailrace (Q=96,000 cfs)
FIGURE 19
-------
ROCKY REACH DAM
Looking downstream from powerhouse deck (Q=96,000 cfs)
FIGURE 20
-------
48
WELLS DAM (Site No. 30)
Wells Dam was still under construction when field reconnaissance
survey personnel visited the site. The project manager suggested
that the lower tailrace deck on the right bank of the river (shown
on FIGURE 21) would be the most acceptable location for the thermo-
graph. Temperature spot checks taken in the tailrace indicate that it
is completely mixed; therefore, a thermograph placed at this location
would yield representative temperatures. It is suggested that thermis-
tor leads be placed through a pipe connected to the side of the tailrace
wall because of the turbulent conditions caused by spillway flows (spill-
way and turbines are alternately spaced along axis of dam). FIGURE 22
shows the river downstream of dam.
-------
WELLS DAM
Looking at tailrace and right bank tailrace wall
FIGURE 21
VO
-------
WELLS DAM
Looking downstream from tailrace deck
FIGURE 22
-------
51
OKANOGAN RIVER (Site No. 31)
Potential sites on the Okanogan River were investigated for a
thermograph location on August 22, 1968. Temperature cross-sections
were taken at two sites above the mouth of the Okanogan River; one
at a bridge at Monse, Washington and the other at a bridge near Malott
(FIGURES 23 and 24) approximately 13 miles above the mouth. The Monse
location was definitely under the influence of Wells Dam backwater as
shown by a vertical temperature stratification of approximately 2.3 C
(18.25 to 20.58 °C.) The Malott site investigated had a slight back-
water effect and a temperature stratification of approximately 1.6 °C
(19.70 °C to 21.30 °C).
Because of a close time schedule, the field investigation could
not be continued at that time. It is anticipated that, in order to
locate a thermograph at a representative location on this River, sites
several miles farther upstream would have to be investigated.
Further investigations will be necessary before a site on the
Okanogan River can be recommended.
-------
in
r ^
BRIDGE OVER OKANOGAN RIVER NEAR MALOTT, WASHINGTON
FIGURE 23
-------
OKANOGAN RIVER NEAR MALOTT, WASHINGTON
Looking downstream from bridge
FIGURE 24
-------
54
CHIEF JOSEPH DAM (Site No. 32)
Two thermograph locations were investigated below Chief Joseph Dam
and are shown in FIGURE 25. The first location was the dam tailrace
(see FIGURE 26) which was completely mixed. Instrumentation can be
placed on either end of the tailrace deck so that it will not interfere
with the gantry crane operation. The second location is at the bridge
just downstream of the dam. Columbia River discharge beneath the bridge
was also well mixed so that the thermistor placed in the flowing water
will give a representative temperature of the river. The thermograph
would be attached to the bridge.
The tailrace location affords less potential vandalism than does
the bridge. The proposed expansion of the powerhouse facilities from
the present number of turbines (16) to a total of fifty-two would jeo-
pardize the bridge location during both construction and operation.
Temperature measurements are presently being read from a thermometer
installed in the turbine cooling water lines. Since project personnel
are depended upon to read temperatures, continuous records cannot be
obtained. Therefore, a thermograph at the tailrace location appears to
be preferable.
-------
COLUMBIA RIVER BELOW CHIEF JOSEPH DAM
Looking at the dam failrace and the downstream bridge (QB102,000 cfs)
FIGURE 25
-------
CTs
CHIEF JOSEPH DAM
Looking north across tailrace toward right abutment (Q=102,000 cfs)
FIGURE 26
-------
57
GRAND COULEE DAM (Site No. 33)
Due to the construction of the third powerhouse, extreme
turbulence in the tailrace and frequent warmer water released through
the spillway gates , it is felt that the best location at Grand Coulee
Dam will be at the highway bridge just downstream of the dam. FIGURE
27 shows the right bank just below the dam where construction of the
third powerhouse is proceeding. The photograph is taken from the
proposed thermograph location on top of the left bridge pier. FIGURE
28 shows the protected, project-owned, compartment on top of the bridge
pier which can house the thermograph. The thermistor and lead would
hang down along the pier and into the moving water.
Battelle Northwest has recently placed a Foxboro thermograph on this
bridge. This thermograph should be adequate for the initial stage of the
network, but if vandalism interrupts its operation, an instrument should
be installed in the bridge pier compartment previously described.
-------
I I I I I
OC
GRAND COULEE DAM
Looking upstream from bridge at right bank of dam (Q=99,000 cfs)
(Note: third powerhouse will be constructed in this area)
FIGURE 27
-------
BRIDGE DOWNSTREAM OF GRAND COULEE DAM
Looking at instrument compartment on top of left pier
FIGURE 28
-------
60
SPOKANE RIVER (Site No. 34)
As part of the RTRN "minimum list" a thermograph should be placed
on the Spokane River, a main tributary to the Columbia River above
Grand Coulee Dam. Lake Roosevelt causes slack water conditions (verti-
cal temperature stratification) in the Spokane River upstream to Little
Falls Dam. Therefore, temperatures taken downstream of the Little Falls
Dam turbulent tailrace may not be representative of the Spokane River
conditions. FIGURE 29 shows the powerhouse and tailrace of Little
Falls Dam. The tailrace is well mixed immediately below the dam and
appears to be an adequate location for a thermograph. FIGURE 30 shows
the wooden bridge just downstream of the Little Falls Dam tailrace. If
the bridge location is selected, temperature cross-sections would have
to be taken prior to thermograph installation and a protective housing
provided to reduce potential vandalism.
-------
II III
•I III
•I III
•I II
LITTLE FALLS DAM - SPOKANE RIVER
Looking upstream at powerhouse and tailrace (Q=4000 cfs)
FIGURE 29
-------
BRIDGE OVER THE SPOKANE RIVER JUST DOWNSTREAM OF LITTLE FALLS DAM
Photograph taken on Aug. 26, 1968 from the left bank tailrace wall (Q=4000 cfs)
FIGURE 30
-------
63
COLUMBIA RIVER NEAR U.S. - CANADIAN BORDER (Site No. 35)
Two thermograph sites were investigated close to the United States-
Canada border. The old 395 highway bridge, shown in FIGURE 31, over
the Columbia River near Kettle Falls, Washington was investigated as
a possible thermograph location. FIGURE 32 shows the river condition
downstream of the bridge. As shown on photograph 32, the river is
still affected by backwater of Lake Roosevelt and may be stratified
during part of the year, although Battelle Northwest presently is
operating a Foxboro thermograph there. Temperature measurements made
on August 23, 1968 indicated that the river was slightly stratified at
that time.
The bridge crossing the Columbia River at Northport, Washington
(FIGURE 33) is a good location for a continuous recording thermograph.
There is a moderate current past this location as can be seen from
FIGURE 34 in contrast to the ponded river condition at Kettle Falls.
Battelle Northwest under contract to AEC has installed a Foxboro
thermograph on this bridge (see FIGURE 35) which should be satis-
factory for the temperature reporting network. Temperature cross-
sections taken on August 23, 1968, during the reconnaissance field trip
indicated a well mixed river condition. Comparison of results from the
two existing thermographs showed that temperatures at Kettle Falls were
considerably greater than at Northport.
-------
cr
J>
•
- --
HIGHWAY 395 BRIDGE OVER THE COLUMBIA RIVER AT
KETTLE FALLS, WASHINGTON
FIGURE 31
-------
COLUMBIA RIVER AT KETTLE FALLS, WASHINGTON
Looking downstream from Highway 395 bridge
FIGURE 32
-------
cr
BRIDGE OVER COLUMBIA RIVER AT NORTH PORT, WASHINGTON
Looking toward left bank of river
FIGURE 33
-------
COLUMBIA RIVER AT NORTH PORT, WASHINGTON
Looking upstream (North)
FIGURE 34
-------
00
COLUMBIA RIVER BRIDGE AT NORTH PORT, WASHINGTON
View of existing thermograph housing at downstream side of bridge
FIGURE 35
-------
69
ICE HARBOR DAM (Site No. 41)
The tailrace of Ice Harbor Dam apprears to be an ideal location for
a thermograph because of the completely mixed discharge from the dam.
Stratified river conditions were documented further downstream during the
reconnaissance survey. This stratification was caused by warmer Snake
River water overriding the colder backwater from McNary pool.
FIGURE 36 shows a probable location for the continuous recording
thermograph which is on the left side of the tailrace, approximately
where the men shown in the photograph are standing. FIGURE 37 shows
the turbulent river condition downstream of the potential thermograph
location.
Temperature readings are presently being taken from a thermometer
attached to the turbine cooling water lines. These records are not
adequate for incorporation into the RTRN as discussed in earlier paragraphs,
-------
ICE HARBOR DAM - SNAKE RIVER
Looking at tailrace and left wall downstream of powerhouse (Q=37,000 cfs)
FIGURE 36
-------
SNAKE RIVER DOWNSTREAM OF ICE HARBOR DAM
Looking at turbulent tailrace from left side of Dam (Q=37,000 cfs)
FIGURE 37
-------
72
CLEARWATER RIVER (Site No. 46)
Washington Water Power Dam is located on the Clearwater River
approximately 4.6 miles upstream of its confluence with the Snake River.
Temperatures taken from a thermograph located downstream of the dam
would be of doubtful value due to the unknown effect of the backwater
at this dam caused by Lower Granite Dam now under construction. Accord-
ing to the project manager, backwater effects on turbine efficiencies may
cause closure of the Washington Water Power Dam Operation. If the dec-
ision is made to install a thermograph here prior to the completion of
Lower Granite Dam, the best thermograph sensor location would be in
the tailrace with the recorder attached to the right bank platform shown
in FIGURES 38 & 39. A thermistor placed in the tailrace will have to
be protected from the constant debris accumulation in the turbulent
water. One temperature reading per project shift is presently being
taken from an old thermometer attached to the turbine cooling water line,
but this method of temperature reporting is not acceptable for inclusion
into the RTRN.
-------
WASHINGTON WATER POWER DAM - CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO
Looking across tailrace toward left bank (Q=3900 cfs)
FIGURE 38
-------
WASHINGTON WATER POWER DAM
Looking at tailrace from platform on right bank (Q=3,900 cfs)
FIGURE 39
-------
75
SALMON RIVER (Site No. 49 & 50)
It is desirable to install a thermograph far enough upstream on
the Salmon River to be out of the Snake River backwater influence. Site
access is poor near the Salmon River mouth due to the lack of roads;
therefore, the potential location was not investigated at that time.
The Boise, Idaho office of U.S.G.S. plans to install a complete water
quality station here in the near future. U.S.G.S. will be contacted
regarding this station to explore the possibility of incorporating an
RTRN thermograph into it.
The White Bird site (No. 50) on the Salmon River was investigated.
FIGURE 40 shows the highway bridge crossing the Salmon River near White
Bird, Idaho, just upstream of a U.S.G.S. gaging station. If ieconomical,
incorporation of the thermograph into the gaging station would eliminate
any vandalism likely to occur in this area. However, temperatures at
this site would not be representative of the Salmon River temperature
contribution to the Snake River because of its physical location (this
reach is historically colder because of shading by canyon walls) and
its distance above the confluence (approximately 54 miles).
-------
en
SALMON RIVER AT WHITE BIRD, IDAHO
Looking upstream at bridge from right river bank opposite U.S.G.S. gauging station
FIGURE 40
-------
77
HELLS CANYON DAM (Site No. 53)
Discharge below Hells Canyon Dam is turbulent and swift flowing,
as shown in FIGURE 41, leaving little doubt that the river is completely
mixed at this location. The lower elevations below the dam are subject
to inundation and therefore are not suitable as a year-round thermograph
site. The most practical location would be on the tailrace deck of the
dam (see FIGURE 32). The specific location would be at the point where
the spillway training wall and powerhouse wall intersect.
An FWPCA water quality station was located (August 27, 1968) on
the left bank of the river downstream of the dam (see white box in photo-
graph were the land point projects into the river). The station has
subsequently been removed.
-------
CO
SNAKE RIVER BELOW HELLS CANYON DAM
Looking downstream at tailwater from top of Dam
FIGURE 41
-------
HELLS CANYON DAM
Looking upstream at downstream face of Dam
FIGURE 42
-------
80
OXBOW DAM (Site No. 54)
FIGURE 43 is a view of the existing FWPCA water quality instrument
housing attached to the bridge just downstream of Oxbow Dam (barely
visible in background). The bridge offers a practical location for a
continuous recording thermograph due to the well mixed river condition
at this point and easy site access. Vandalism is not considered to be
a problem here because of its proximity to the dam. This water quality
station has also been removed.
-------
..
s • ' • ^^fw-j-'ja
BRIDGE LOCATION ON THE SNAKE RIVER BELOW OXBOX DAM
Oxbow dam is just upstream around bend in the river
FIGURE 43
00
H
-------
82
BROWNLEE DAM (Site No. 55)
A highway bridge just downstream of Brownlee Dam should be an
adequate site for a continuous recording thermograph. As seen in the
photograph of FIGURE 44, a platform exists below the bridge deck on the
downstream side of the bridge. This platform would be a good location
for a thermograph. Water passing this point is well mixed and
vandalism potential would be minimal due to the site's proximity
to Brownlee Dam (see FIGURE 45).
-------
BRIDGE OVER SNAKE RIVER JUST DOWNSTREAM OF BROWNLEE DAM
FIGURE 44
CD
-------
00
BROWNLEE DAM
Looking at downstream face of Dam from bridge below Dam
FIGURE 45
-------
85
WEISER SITE - SNAKE RIVER (Site No. 56)
A possible thermograph location at Weiser, Idaho is approximately
0.5 miles downstream of the mouth of the Weiser River and is shown
in FIGURE 46. The thermograph can be attached to the highway SON bridge
at Weiser, Idaho. Temperature cross-sections will be needed at this
site before the thermograph is installed. Vandalism should not be much
of a problem due to the heavy traffic over this main bridge.
-------
00
SNAKE RIVER AT WEISER, IDAHO
Looking toward Idaho shore from Oregon shore at downstream side of Highway SON bridge
FIGURE 46
-------
87
SNAKE RIVER; OREGON-IDAHO BORDER (Site No. 60)
A thermograph site is needed on the Oregon-Idaho border of the
Snake River to monitor temperature changes for "Water Quality Standards"
purposes. Highway 19 bridge at Homedale, Idaho, shown on FIGURE 47,
was investigated as a location for a continuous recording thermograph.
Temperature cross-sections will have to be taken here prior to the
installation of the recording instrument for insurance of a well mixed
condition. Ample instrument protection against vandalism should
be provided at this site.
-------
cc
CO
SNAKE RIVER AT HOMEDALE, IDAHO
Looking across the Snake River toward left bank upstream of highway No. 19 bridge
FIGURE 47
-------
89
SNAKE RIVER - KING HILL, IDAHO (Site No. 61)
Temperature cross-sections were taken in the Snake River on
August 28, 1968, at King Hill, Idaho. The results of these measure-
ments showed that the Snake River at this point was completely
mixed at 17.04 °C. The bridge shown in FIGURE 48, or the U.S.G.S.
gaging station in FIGURE 49 are possible locations for a continuous
recording thermograph.
The U.S.G.S. gaging station site would eliminate any vandalism,
but the adaptation cost may be prohibitive. Protective housing would
be required for the instrumentation at the bridge site which is
in an isolated location.
-------
SNAKE RIVER AT KING HILL, IDAHO
Looking toward left bank at downstream side of bridge
FIGURE 48
-------
U.S.G.S. GAUGING STATION ON SNAKE RIVER AT KING HILL, IDAHO
Looking upstream at bridge with gauging station in foreground
FIGURE 49
-------
92
MILKER DAM (Site No. 62)
Preliminary planning indicated that a thermograph location
below Milner Dam should be included in the RTRN. Upon investigation
of the site on August 28, 1968, it was discovered that the Twin Falls
Canal Company had diverted the entire Snake River behind Milner Dam
into several irrigation ditches. FIGURE 50 shows the condition down-
stream from Milner Dam and FIGURE 51 shows one of the irrigation canal
diversions behind Milner Dam. Because the river is diverted during the
irrigation season, a thermograph sensor downstream of the dam would
be setting either in a stagnant pool or open air during part of the year,
thereby yielding erroneous temperature results. Another site further
downstream should be investigated, possibly in the "1000 Springs"
area or the vicinity downstream of the irrigation waste water return
flow.
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SNAKE RIVER JUST DOWNSTREAM OF KLLNER DAM, IDAHO
Looking downstream from top of dam (flow completely shut off)
FIGURE 50
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FOREBAY OF MILNER DAM
Looking across forebay at one of the main irrigation canals
FIGURE 51
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95
AMERICAN FALLS DAM (Site No. 64)
A probable thermograph location below American Falls Dam is
at the walkway across the left side of the secondary dam just down-
stream of the main dam and just upstream of the powerhouse as shown
in FIGURE 52. During the low flow portion of the year, the river
flow is discharged through conduits on the left side of the dam
(FIGURE 53). This water is very turbulent (well mixed) as it passes
the proposed thermograph location. Since this location is on the
project, vandalism is considered to be minimal.
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^^
AMERICAN FALLS DAM ON THE SNAKE RIVER
Looking upstream from powerhouse toward footbridge (main Dam in background)
FIGURE 52
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AMERICAN FALLS DAM ON THE SNAKE RIVER
Discharge is through conduits into secondary dam
FIGURE 53
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