SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
Abstracts from the Literature
1975-1978
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Abstracts from the Literature. 1974--1978
HEALTH AND SAFETY
This bibliography (SW-767) from the SWIRS data base was
compiled by Ronald E. Ware and Dorothy P. Mitchell.
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1979
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An environmental protection publication (SW-767) in the solid
waste management series. Minor typographic errors and format
inconsistencies in computer printouts herein are not corrected,
in the interest of expeditious availability of this information.
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CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Section 1. General ' 3
2. Economics 22
3. Laws and Regulations 27
4. Processing and Disposal 33
5. Analysis, Research and Development 47
6. Metals and Toxic Substances 63
7. Sludge Disposal and Groundwater
Protection 71
8. Dust, Gas, and Air Pollution Control .... 93
9. Radioactive Wastes 106
10. Training and Safety Management 109
Appendix A. Abbreviations 115
B. Quantitative Measurements 117
C. Language Codes 118
D. Hierarch Terms 119
E. Geographic Codes 130
F. Document Category Codes 132
111
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INTRODUCTION
This document makes available in printed form one of the eleven
major subject categories of the solid waste management literature
abstracted and stored on computer by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. A decision to close the computerized abstracting activities
of the Solid Waste Information Retrieval System (SWIRS) in 1979 was
influenced by rising costs and moderate growth of requests from users.
However, EPA's Office of Solid Waste has undertaken to publish the
1975 through 1978 data; abstracts from earlier years may appear in
some sections. The SWIRS monthly abstracts series formerly published
are no longer available.
User Requests
The basic documents listed in the abstracts as "Retained in SWIRS
library" may be requested via interlibrary loan through recognized
libraries.
This abstracts series will not cover publications of EPA's Office
of Solid Waste. Instead, users may request the catalog Solid Waste
Management: Available information Materials, which covers the years
1966 to present. Address the request to: Solid Waste Information, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Saint Clair Street, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45268. The above catalog includes indexes by subject, author,
and title, with order blanks.
Format, Abbreviations, and Typographic Errors
In the interest of making the data available expeditiously, the com-
puter printout is being reproduced without change of minor typographic
errors. Main abbreviations and acronyms are listed in the appendixes.
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Section 1
GENERAL
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: OU7111
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(1) AUTHOR: Wilson, D. G., ed.
(6) BOOK TITLE: Handbook of Solid Waste Management.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: This handbook is designed for those engaged in the
design or implementation of waste processing systems. Information on
the properties, handling, processing, and disposal of solid waste is
provided, based on government and other studies. Numerous aspects of
solid waste management are are covered: health and injury hazards,
collection system parameters, transportation, mechanical handling and
processing, incineration and pyrolysis, composting and hydrolysis,
sanitary landfill, disposal at sea, routing and siting, manpower, and
community contracting with private enterprises for solid waste
collection services. Special problems of managing waste from industry,
agriculture, and forestry are detailed. Resource and energy recovery
are considered. Tables of quality specifications for recycled materials
are presented, and tho technology of separation and energy aspects of
reclamation is descrioed. Procedures for estimating solid waste
generation rates are outlined. Data on the properties of waste
(physical, chemical, and biological) are compiled. A brief history of
solid waste management, a survey of local and federal legislation and
•odel contracts for the private collection of residential refuse and
for the design and construction of a sanitary landfill project are
included. (Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; ENERGY; LAW; MANAGEMENT; PROCESS;
RECLAMATION; RESOURCE; SOLID; SYSTEM
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1DP/2MX; 1MA/2TQ; 1PT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS4616U
(16) CITATION: New York, NY, Van Nostrand Heinhold Company, 1977.
752 p.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 016551
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(6) BOOK TITLE: Energy/Environment II: Second National Conference
on the Interagency R 6 D Program, Jun. 6 and 7, 1977, Washington, D.C.
(8) REPORT HO.: EPA-600/9-77-012
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: -Proceedings of Energy/Environment II, the second
national conference on interagency research and development relating to
energy and the environment, are presented. Addresses, papers, and
discussions held at each session of the conference are included. Topics
addressed include: the status of control technology; compatibility
between energy and environmental goals; risk assessment; fuel
processing; utility and industrial power; extraction and beneficiation;
technology assessment; health effects; atmospheric transport and fate;
measurement and monitoring; and ecological effects. (Original retained
in SHIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: CONFERENCE; ENERGX; ENVIRONMENT; FEDERAL; RESEARCH
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EN/2RD; 1EP; 1RP
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSU5602
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1977. 563 p.
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 045296
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 07 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: b
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: What's with disposables?
(4) AUTHOR: Sutherland S
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Hospital Admin Can
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The growing use of disposables in hospitals is
described in terns of economics, health care benefits, and procedural
problems. The disposables being used include needles and syringes,
diapers, catheters, preparatory sponges, gloves, clinical droppers,
tongue depressors, uniforms and items of apparel, and laboratory
materials. Although using disposables increases the dependency of the
hospital on its supply sources and requires some advance planning for
storage, the advantages of their use are considered to outweigh the
problems. Benefits include reduction of chances for infection, saving
personnel time in preparing nondisposable materials that can be applied
to more skilled care, saving hospitals money both on supplies and
personnel time, and serving the best interests of patients as
consumers. The results of several field trials of disposables in
hospitals have proven personnel acceptance of their use. Disposal is
generally handled by incineration.
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSABLES; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; HOSPITAL;
INCINERATION
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1DD/2DM; 1IE/2JB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS44343
(16) CITATION: 18(8):22-23, Aug. 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 045177
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUbJ.TYPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Microbial aerosols from food-processing waste
spray fields.
(4) AUTHOR: Parker DT
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: J Mtr Poll Contr Federation
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUb. YEAR: 1*77
(11) ABSTRACT: Studies were made downwind of microbial aerosols
from spray fields for the disposal of potato processing wastewater.
Three atmospheric stability conditions were used for grouping field
trials: stable, unstable, and transitional. Trials consisted of
continuous sampling with aerosol samples for intervals ranging from
five to 60 minutes. Samplers were located at three stations downwind
from the spray field. Downwind distances from the source field to the
sampling station, the concentration of total aicrobial particles at the
sampling station, and the normalized concentration are given. Colifora
bearing particle trials in the three stability groups are presented.
Predicted normalized downwind concentration distributions were derived
from an area source diffusion model; agreement between model predicted
and trial measured distributions was good, study results have*
established that aerosol particles oearing microorganisms are produced
when food processing wastes are sprayed on a disposal field. Using the
data, at stable conditions an estimated downwind concentration of 127
particles/cu m at about 10 km is obtained which represents a dilution
level that in indistinguishable from background concentrations.
(12) KEYWORDS: AEROSOL; COLIFORM; DISPOSAL; EFFLUENT; FOOD
PROCESSING; HEALTH; LAMD; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROORGANISM; PARTICULATE
MATTER; RESEARCH; SAMPLING METHODS; SPREADING
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1FD/2F2I; 1riB; IMF
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.:* OOS44223 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Bondurant
JA; Spendlove JC
(16) CITATION: 49 (12) :2359-2365, Dec. 1977.
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GENERAL
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 044939
(2) DOMESTIC: P (2) CATEGORY: 07 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Environmental problems of tailings disposal.
(4) AUTHOR: Down CG
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Mining Magazine
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Environmental problems posed by disposal of mine
waste and mill tailings include: safety and stability, air and water
pollution, aesthetic nuisance, and reclamation of the land (mainly by
revegetation). Impounding tailings (the most common disposal method)
can result in all of these problems. The release of polluted water is
the single most serious and widespread problem associated with this
form of disposal. Advantages of underground disposal of the coarse
fraction of tailings as fill include improved recovery of the ore body,
reduction in volumes to be impounded, and lessening of surface
subsidence. Disadvantages are few. Disposal of tailings into lakes is
rare. Advantages of marine disposal are low operating cost, limitless
storage area, mechanical failure is unlikely, and physical safety of
tailings is maximized.
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; DISPOSAL; ENVIRONMENT; LAND; MINE; OCEAN;
POLLUTION; PROBLEMS; SAFETY; TAILINGS; VEGETATION; HATER; WATERWAY
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1DD/2DL; 1MI/2KU; 1H13; 1SA
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS44035 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Stocks J
(16) CITATION: 137(1} :25-33, July 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 044802
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) 5UBJ.TYPE: S; T
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Research Triangle Institute
(6) bOOK TITLE: Ayer, F. A., ed. Proceedings: Conference on
Environmental Aspects of Chemical Dse in Rubber Processing Operations,
Akron, OH, Mar. 12-14, 1975.
(3) NTIS NO.: Pil 244 172 (8) REPORT NO.: EPA-560/1-7S-002 (9)
CONTRACT NO.: 68-01-2928
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The impact of chemical use in rubber processing
operations on the environment was the topic of a 1975 conference.
Objectives of the conference were to cover and discuss chemical uses,
functions of chemicals in rubber processing operations, by-products
likely to be introudced, known health or environmental effects from
chemicals used, and measures used or available to control environmental
contamination. Papers were presented and discussions were held that
dealt with industrial emissions and effluent surveys, chemicals and
their effects, reclamation and disposal, and academic programs. Seven
papers addressed airborne particulate debris from rubber tires, rubber
dust from the normal wear of tires, environmental aspects of reclaiming
and recycling rubber, environmental aspects of rubber reclamation from
the manufacturing standpoint, shredded tires as an auxiliary fuel, tire
fired boilers, and scrap tires and fishery resources. (Retained in
SWIRS library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: BOILER; BY-PRODUCT; CHEMICAL; CONFERENCE;
CONTAMINATE; CONTROL; DISPOSAL; EFFLUENT; EMISSION; FUEL; HEALTH;
INDUSTRIAL HASTES; PARTICULATE MATTER; PROCESS; RECLAMATION; RUBBER;
SCRAP; SHREDDING; TIRE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1CH/2DC/3CH; 1HB; 1IC/2I2; 1RF/2RD/3RB;
1RF/2KF
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43847
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, July 1975. 452 p.
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SrfIRS ACC.NO.: 04UU02
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: 6
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Study results.
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: W. L. Wardrop and Associates Ltd
(6) BOOK TITLE: In The Potential for Waste Rubber Utilization in
the Prairie Provinces. (b) REPORT NO.: EPS 3-EC-77-15 (9) CONTRACT
NO.: OSS76-00356
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1CD (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The results of a study of waste rubber recovery in
the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba are
presented. Rubber waste consists of tires and small fabricated
products. Due to limitations associated with conventional reclamation
methods, several new techniques are being developed to recover rubber
crumb froa scrap tires. Of these methods, cryogenic processing has the
advantages of flexibility with regard to product size, high rubber
recovery, and effective separation of rubber from steel and fabric.
Proven rubber reuse and processing methods and equipment are available.
Retreading results in the largest energy savings of all scrap tire
utilization methods. Industrial and governmental conditions tend to
constrain the reuse of scrap tires. The major impediment to the
increased use of retreaded passenger car tires is public concern about
safety. Tire splitting industries utilize a significant number of scrap
tires. The predominant method of waste tire disposal is landfill.
Harkets for rubber crumb and scrap tire generation rates are examined.
Consideration is given to the collection, processing, transporting, and
disposal of waste rubber products.
(12) KEYWORDS: CANADA; COLLECTION; DISPOSAL; MARKET; PROCESS;
BECLAMATION; RUBBER; SCRAP; TIRE; TRANSPORT; UTILIZE
(1U) HIERARCH TERMS: 1CC/2CM; 1MC; 1PM; 1RP/2RF; 1TF/2TH
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSU3U46
(16) CITATION: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Aug. 1977. p.160-179.
(1) SWIRS ACC.UO.: OUU173
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Coumunication, Research and Pub Ser
(6) BOOK TITLE: Evaluation of Quantities, Types of Rubber Wastes in
Canada. (8) REPORT NO.: EPS'3-EC-77-12 (9) CONTRACT NO.: RN:
KE204-5-EP33
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1CD (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The quantities and types of rubber waste generated
in Canada are examined, and predictions are made of future trends in
and opportunities for waste reduction. Consideration is given to the
manufacture of crude rubber and latex and the utilization of rubber
products in the Canadian economy by consumers. The availability of
waste rubber for recycling is assessed. Reclamation technology for
rubber and factors influencing reclamation are explored. The folloning
reclamation techniques are reviewed: road surfacing, cryogenic
processing, thermal degradation, surface materials, marine
applications, safety, agriculture, and reground flash and scrap rubber
reuse. Factors influencing reclamation are identified as collection and
segregation and reclamation processes. (Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; CANADA; COLLECTION; GENERATION; OCEAN;
PROCESS; RECLAMATION; REDUCTION; RUBBER; SAFETY; THERMAL; UTILIZE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1RF/2RD/3RB; 1RF/2RD/3RC; 1SB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43216
(16) CITATION: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, Apr. 1977. 51 p.
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GENERAL
(I) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 0434U6
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: flaking water supply nitrate removal practicable.
(«) AUTHOR: Sheinker M
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Public Wor*s
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2NY (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: In Nassau County, New York, nitrate is being restored
from the water supply by a treatment plant which consists of a closed
loop ion exchange system. The plant stands adjacent to a pump station
on the well site. To avoid the prospect of frequent on and off pumping
to accomodate the pulse cycle, a 5,000 gal. hydropneuniatic tank was
installed and connected with a raw water line which bypasses the
exchange system. Automatic valving thus permits continuous operation.
An automatic analyzer/controller was installed to take the treatment
plant and well out of service when the nitrate level in the finished
water reaches a preset maximum. Maintaining an acceptable pH is
accomplished by feeding liquid caustic in the form of a 25 percent
solution. Arrangements are also made for disinfection with liquid
chlorine when the county health department finds it necessary. The
original well installation and nitrate removal plant cost more than
$700,000. This project represents the first of its kind and could be a
•odel for other public water supply systems encountering excessive
nitrates.
(12) KEYWORDS: AUTOMATIC; CHLORINE; CONTROL; FACILITY; ION
EXCHANGE; NEW YORK; NITROGEN; PH; PUMP; QUALITY; TREATMENT; WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1ER; 1GD; 1TG; 1WA
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS42U89 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Codoluto JP
(16) CITATION: 108(6):71-73, June 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: OU2356
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Shipment of hazardous materials by air.
(tt) AUTHOR: Beirlein LW
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Red Book, on Transportation of Hazardous
Materials.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Regulations dealing with the air transport of
hazardous materials are discussed, and a brief legislative history
concerning safety in air transportation is given. While a large portion
of air regulations on hazardous materials handling are binding upon the
air carrier, specific shipper requirements are detailed: these include
special processing (duplication) of shipping papers, classification,
and proper handling of hazardous materials for ••passenger carrying*»
and »*cargo only1* aircraft, packaging, and labeling for air shipment.
Restricted Articles Tariff No. 6-D is cited, and the basic principles
of the International Air Transport Association restricted articles
regulations are given.
(12) KEYWORDS: AIRCRAFT; FEDERAL; HAZARDOUS; INTERNATIONAL;
REGULATIONS; TRANSPORT
(1U> HIERARCH TERMS: 1HA; 1TF/2TH
(15} STIMS ACC.SO.: OOSU1399
(16) CITATION: Boston, Canners Books International, Inc., 1977.
p.129-136.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: QH2QHH
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 13 (2) SDBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: The need for environmental control officers in
hospitals-
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HEALTH AND SA.'fTY
(4) AUTHOR: Mabbett AN
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Hospital Topics
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The need for environmental control officers in
hospitals is discussed. A nunber of the Occupational Safety and Health
Act and national consensus standards are applicable to hospitals but
there are no comprehensive national standards tor environmental
considerations. Increasing attention is being focused on the essential
requirement to provide a safe and healthful environment in all
hospitals for patients, staff and visitors. The National Environmental
Health Association recently adopted a position paper which recommends
the addition of environmental professionals to hospital staffs. The
professional should be an environmentalist with administrative
jurisdiction. The officer would implement decisions and coordinate
departmental efforts. The establishment and implementation of medical
safety programs is another area which needs attention. Hospital size
would determine the type of staff necessary: small and medium size
facilities would have an officer, assisted by qualified technicians;
large facilities would require a specialist in charge of the staff and
proyram; and very small hospitals could hire consultants or share the
services of an administrator with another facility. Initially, the cost
of the office would increase the hospital's overall budget but
eventually a reduction in cost attributable sickness, absence and
accidents would be realized.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTROL; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; HOSPITAL;
PERSONNEL; SAFETY
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1HE/2HD; 1PD
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSU1088
(16) CITATION: 54 (3): 1-3, May/June 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 041878
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(4) AUTHOR: Michaels A (10) GEO. AREA: 1HA/2HF (10) PUB. YEAR:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Consideration is given to hazardous waste, sewage
sludge disposal, and landfill leachate aspects of solid waste disposal.
Hazardous waste is defined as any type of waste that poses a
substantial threat to human health or living organisms. General
categories of hazardous waste are identified as toxic chemical,
flammable, radioactive, explosive, and biological. Hazardous waste may
take the form of solids, sludge, liquids, or gases. Examples of damages
caused by the improper disposal of hazardous waste are cited in
Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Minnesota, and Colorado. A method for sewage
sludge processing and disposal is proposed. In the method, sludge is
mixed with pulverized solid waste in a ratio of one part of sludge to
1. 5 parts of solid waste. The mixture of sludge and pulverized solid
waste is fed to pyrolysis gasifiers, with combustible gases burned in a
combustion chamber equipped with heat transfer cyclodryers used to
reduce moisture in sludge from 94 to 86 percent. With regard to
landfill leachate, it is noted that leachate constituents involve
organics, pathogenic organisms, and soluble nutrients such as nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potash. Such constituents may be removed or attenuated
by percolation through landfill subsoil. Calcium and sodium may be
exchanged, depending on the absorption or exchange capacity of subsoil.
Soluble ions may be leached into ground water. Various factors in
handling and controlling landfill leachate are detailed.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTROL; DISPOSAL; HAZARDOUS; LEACH; MATERIALS
HANDLING; SAFETY; SANITARY LANDFILL; SLUDGE; TOXIC; TREATMENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1HA/2HG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40922
(18) DOC.CIT.: Michaels. A. The solid waste forum: hazardous waste.
Public Works, 108(3):50, 52, 114, 116, Mar. 1977.
8
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GENERAL
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 041705
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: Oy (2) SOW .TYPE: S; T (10) GEO.
AREA: 1AC (10) PUb. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The National Research Council's report,
»Halocarhons: Environmental Effects of Cblorofluoromethane Release," is
discussed. The Council's research indicates that the longterm release
of sone fluorocurbons at present rates will cause an appreciable
reduction in the amount of stratospheric ozone. It is thought that
escalated rates of sJcin cancer and possible far reaching damage to
aniaal and plant life systems could result from the reduction of the
earth's protective ozone shield. Challenges to the theory of ozone
depletion, made by an organization representing the fluorocarbon
industry, are noted. The 12 recommendations of the National Research
Council are presented. The thrust of Federal and State regulatory
involvement in the area of technology applications is apparently
growing and the inplications of this are suggested. Worldwide releases
of chlorofluoromethane are noted by millions of pounds for aerosols,
air conditioning/refrigeration, and plastic foams.
(12) KEYWORDS: AEROSOLS; AIR; CHEMICAL; DISEASE; EPA; FEDERAL;
GOVERNMENT; HAZARDOUS; HEALTH; INORGANIC; INTERNATIONAL; OXYGEN;
POLLUTION; REGULATIONS; RESEARCH
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1KB
(15) SIMMS ACC.NO.: OOS40749
(18) DOC.CIT.: Report on ozone reduction points to need for
possible regulation of fluorocarbon release. Professional Engineer,
46 (11) :25-27, Nov. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 041520
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(4) AUTHOR: Lamberton JG (10) GEO. AREA: 1CI/2DV; 1DD/2DO (10)
PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A study to deteraine how effectively pesticide
containers are cleaned in the field by triple rinsing or by processing
with detergents in a barrel cleaning installation was made. The studies
included an analysis of samples of the drum itself, with special
efforts to include the residues left in the chime of the rinsed or
washed containers. Although barrels for several different types of
pesticides were used, phorate was the only one for which an adequate
number of barrels was available. Results showed that most (more than 95
percent) of the pesticide was reaoved when both triple rinsing and
plant processing was employed. Either one of the processes used singly
removed more than 60 percent of the residual phorate and had much
greater variability than when both processes were used. The aean for
plant processing was lower and the difference in the aean for the two
processes was significant. The average amount of phorate remaining in
the dual processed barrels was 1. 27 g/drun and if these drums were
used for drinxing water, the amount could be considered a major health
hazard. Smaller animals and pets would be exposed to sublethal levels
of phorate compound under these circumstances.
(12) KEYWORDS: CLEANUP; CONTAINER; HAZARDOUS; INVESTIGATION;
PESTICIDE; PROCESS; RESIDUE; WASH
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1PE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40564 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Tomson PA;
Hitt JH
(18) DOC.CIT.: Laaberton, J. G. , P. A. Tomson, and J. M. Witt.
Pesticide container decontamination by aqueous wash procedures.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 16 (5):528-535,
Nov. 1976.
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SrflRS ACC.NO.: 040996
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(U) AUTHOR: naurer AH (10) GBO. AREA: 1MA; 1MJ (10) PUB. YEAR:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A plan and specification reviev of architectural and
engineering aspects to bP considered when planning installation of
waste handling systems in multifamily dwellings is presented. Lowrise
residential buildings, single highrise apartment buildings, and
residential complexes are considered. Items logically most applicable
to the building's configuration are reviewed. In lowrise residential
buildings, the sink mounted garbage grinder and the undercounter
comoactor provide waste processing within the individual residence. In
this building, the resident would manually transport waste to a waste
collection room where a container or compactor should be provided. In
single highrise apartment buildings, the logical choice is a gravity
chute (garbage grinders are desirable but undercounter compactors would
not be used together with a chute). For processing, compaction is
recommended. In residential complexes, garbage grinders should be
planned. Resident undercounter compactors if planned should be
coordinated with chute openings. A full pneumatic chute system or a
gravity/pneumatic cnute system should be considered. After transport,
compaction is the most commonly used processing method. Whichever
system is chosen, it is recommend that quality equipment be purchased,
and performance investigated. (Article appears in the Proceedings of
the Conference on Solid Waste Management in Buildings, St. Louis,
Missouri, November 15-16, 1972. The entire Proceedings may be found in
the Handbook cited. )
(12) KEYWORDS: BUILDING; CHUTE; COMPACTION; DISPOSAL; DISPOSER;
FIRE; MAINTENANCE; MANAGEMENT; PLANNING; PNEUMATIC; RESIDENTIAL;
SAFETY; TRAINING; TRANSPORT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39940
(1b> DOC.CIT.: Maurer, A. H. Design criteria:
architectural/engineering. In Building Research Advisory Board.
Handbook on Solid Haste Management in Buildings. Washington, National
Academy of Sciences, 1976. p. 132-144.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:, 040274
(2J DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) GEO.
AREA: 1HB (10) POB. TEAR: 1976
(It) ABSTRACT: A pamphlet on pollution as a major cause of many
aspects of poor health is presented. Intended for the general public,
the major forms of pollution (air, water, solid waste, noise, etc. )
are discussed in relation to how different pollutants affect the health
of the individual and the community, and how to prevent rather than
cure environmental ailments. (Retained in SWIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; DISEASE; EFFECT; EPA; HEALTH; HOISE; PESTICIDE;
POLMTION; PUBLIC RELATIONS; RADIATION; REFUSE; WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1ED
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS3931B
(18) DOC.CIT.: Office of Public Affairs. Pollution and your health.
Washington, 0. s. Environmental Protection Agency, May 1976. 17 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: OU0169
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Carey G (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2MA (10) PUB. YEAR:
1976
10
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GENERAL
(11) ABSTRACT: The placing of a pumping station in the midst of a
picturesque sport and tourist area in Rockport, Massachusetts is
described. The water pollution abatement program includes a secondary
treatment facility, a pumping station, force main, effluent piping and
gravity sewers. The effluent piping connects to an existing ocean
outfall. The only available area for the facility was in a small park
surrounded by antique shops. Construction was planned such that it
would not disturb the unique character of Rockport, the design of the
pumping station minimized the above ground portion of the station; the
station superstructure was constructed with rough ooard form concrete;
ventilation was arranged by extending two discharge pipes about 15 ft
into the air; hypocholrite was selected over chlorine as a safety
•easure and for odor control; electrical controls are located in the
substructure to minimize the size of the superstructure; the station
was built far back on the lot to provide maxinura park space; and the
•aterials selected for the structure facade and landscaping blend into
the scenic surroundings.
(12) KEYWORDS: AESTHETIC; CHLORINE; DESIGN; ENVIRONMENT;
MASSACHUSETTS; MUNICIPALITY; POLLUTION; PUBLIC UTILITY; PUMP;
TREATMENT; WASTE WATER; WATERWAY
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1MA; 1RC
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS39213
(18) DOC.CIT.: Carey, G. Pumping station blends into artists1
colony. Water and Wastes Engineering, 14 (11) :96-98, Nov. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 039957
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SUflJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PDB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A representative of the Mobay Chemical Corporation
discusses hazardous waste management at a public meeting held by the
Environmental Protection Agency on December 4, 1975 in Hosetnont,
Illinois. The chemical company produces pesticides, along with other
agricultural products, and generates some waste materials that require
special precautions for disposal. The first consideration in hazardous
waste management is, identified as minimizing the amount of hazardous
waste generated. In chemical processing, this means extraction and
other techniques to recover and recycle material. To be classified as
hazardous, waste should be either toxic, explosive, or highly
corrosive, with regard to responsibility and liability, the generator
of hazardous waste should be responsible for it until the waste has
been delivered to a disposal site. Policies of the Mobay Chemical
Corporation are noted with regard to the selection of disposal firms.
These involve visiting a proposed disposal site and checking for
environmental concerns, permits, ground water protection, restricted
public assess, and technical competence. A question and answer session
follows the presentation.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHEMICAL; CONFERENCE; CORROSION; DISPOSAL; DISPOSER;
EPA; EXPLOSION; HAZARDOUS; INDUSTRY; LAND; MANAGEMENT; PESTICIDE;
PRIVATE; PRODUCE; RESPONSIBILITY; SAFETY; SITES; TOXIC; TREATMENT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39001
(18) DOC.CIT.: Frisbie, L. Representing the Mobal Chemical
Corporation, on hazardous waste management. In Corson, A. S. , P. A.
Savage, and C. A. Baggatts, eds. Proceedings; the 1975 Public Meetings
on Hazardous Waste Management, Newark, NJ, Rosemont, IL, Houston, TX,
and San Francisco, CA, Dec. 1975. v. 1. Office of Solid Waste
Management Programs Publication SW-9p. Washington, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1976. p. 637-644.
11
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SHIRS ACC
(?) DOMESTIC:
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT
.NO.: 039928
D (2) CATEGORY:
12 (2) SDbJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
A representative o± Chemtrol discusses hazardous
waste management at a public meeting held by the Environmental
Protection Agency on December 2, 1975 in Newark, New Jersey. Various
aspects ot hazardous waste management are addressed, including the
management of chemical waste, packaging and identifying hazardous waste
materials, and safety in the recovery of hazardous waste. The
implementation of a hazardous waste management program is detailed. A
seminar on the management of hazardous waste is reported that was held
OR April *», 1975 in Nashville, Tennessee. The reduction of waste
disposal costs through a closed loop process is described and
illustrated. Guidelines for the packaging and identification of waste
products are outlined, and safety considerations in the reuse of
hazardous waste are noted. A question and answer session follows the
presentation.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHEMICAL; CLASSIFICATION; CONFERENCE; CONTROL; EPA;
HAZARDOUS; INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; PACKAGING; PROGRAM; RECLAMATION;
REDUCTION; SAFETY
STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS38972
Shuster, E. Representing Chemtrol, on hazardous
waste management. In Corson, A. S. , P. A. Savage, and C. A. Baggatts,
eds. Proceedings; the 1975 Public Meetings on ilazardous Waste
Management, Newark, NJ, Rosemont, II,, Houston, TX, and San Francisco,
CA, Dec. 1975. v. 1. Office of Solid Waste Management Programs
Publication sw-9p. Washington, U. Si Environmental Protection Agency,
1976. p. 264-305.
(15)
(18) DOC.CIT.:
(2) SU8J.TYPE: 6 (10) PUB.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 039326
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 05
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Encouraging citizens to accept .curbside collection
is discussed. The major obstacle to curbside collection is political
opposition. Citizens perceive, rightly, that curbside collection is a
decrease in service level. Two approaches can be taken to counter this.
The switch to curbside can be combined with implementation of bags or
rollout container systems; 'the second approach is to show the direct
relationship between costs and service level, ways in which
implementing cities have gotten around the opposition are cited. It is
important that elderly and handicapped persons be given backyard
service but requests should be screened to avoid abuses, substantial
savings can be realized wnen the switch is combined with rerouting and
crew size reduction. Among the many benefits are: savings of up to 50
percent; injuries to collectors decrease; citizen complaints about
misled pickups, gates left open, residential property damage decrease;
and employee morale increases since the job is more desirable.
(12) KEYWORDS: BENEFIT; COLLECTION; CONTAINER; COST REDUCTION;
MANAGEMENT; PERSONNEL; PD13LIC RELATIONS; SAFETY
(15) STI1S ACC.NO.: OOS36370
(18) DOC.CIT.: Bartolotta, K. J. How to encourage citizens to
accept curbside collection. Solid Hastes Management, 19(8) :U6, Aug.
1976.
22 (2) SUaJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
(1) SKIRS ACC.NO.: 03-9169
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY:
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Two recent projects have evaluated solid waste
baling and landfilling. Funded by the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), system I was on a full scale, high pressure baling plant and
landfill in St. Paul, Minnesota. System II, cosponsored by EPA and the
12
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GENERAL
City of San Diego, California, was on a low pressure baling combined
with shredding operation. Both systems were evaluated according to
performance; environment; landfill characteristics; gas generation;
litter, dust, and noise; and costs. Tne evaluation concluded that using
a baler as part of a solid waste management system offers the following
advannages: (1) extends the landfill's useful life Dy increasing the in
situ density by about 60 percent; (2) improves the cost effectiveness
of local solid waste collection and provides a transfer station for
better long distance hauling and disposal; (J) increases resource
recovery opportunities by providing a central transfer facility which
can incorporate materials separation and reclaimed product baling; (4)
reduces negative environmental impacts at the landfill including
negligible settlement, and reduced litter, dust, odor, vectors, fires,
traffic, earth addition, noise, pollution, and safety hazards; (5)
reduces the cost and improves tne operating efficiency of the landfill
by requiring less work, equipment, personnel, and cover material while
improving operating standards; (6) increases the potential usability of
the finished site by improving the foundation bearing values and
reduces the landfill stabilization waiting time needed. Baling is
considered feasible in large communities and may be feasible in snail
comnunities. Individual evaluations need to be made.
(12) KEYWORDS: BALING; CALIFORNIA; COMBINED; DISPOSAL; EPA; GASSES;
MINNESOTA; PERSONNEL; POLLUTION; REDUCTION; REFUSE; RESEARCH; SAFETY;
SANITARY LANDFILL; SKKEDDTNG; TRANSPORT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS38213
(IS) DOC.CIT.: Stone, R. , and R. Kahle. Evaluation of solid waste
baling and landfilling. APWA Reporter, 13 (10) :24-26, Oct. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 038762
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SOBJ.TIPE: S; T (10) PUB.
TEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Goals, objectives, and principles of erosion and
sedinent control are presented. It is noted that erosion and sediment
pollution results in clogged ditches, culverts, and storm sewers; muddy
streams, reduced channel capacities, and increased flood flows; damaged
plant and animal life; filled in ponds, lakes, and reservoirs; and
damaged plant and animal life; filled in ponds, lakes, and reservoirs;
and damaged vital aquatic habitats. The workbook on erosion and
sediment control is concerned with the following topics: types of soil,
relationships between rainfall and runoff, erosion and sedimentation,
plant materials, control of runoff during construction, vegetative soil
stabilization, stream erosion control, temporary soil stabilization,
control of sediment generated on construction sites, erosion and
sediment control planning, wooded site development, and foreman and
inspector responsibilities. The workbook involved a joint effort by the
Maryland Hater Resource Administration, Environmental Protection
Agency, Department of Transportation, and the Department of
Agriculture. (Document retained in SIIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: CLASSIFICATION; CONSTRUCTION; CONTROL; DOA; EARTH;
EPA; EROSION; FORESTRY; GOVERNMENT; MANAGEMENT; MANUAL; PERSONNEL;
PLANNING; PRECIPITATE; RESPONSIBILITY; SEDIMENTATION; SITES;
STABILIZATION
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37806
(18) DOC.CIT.: Mills, T. R. Erosion and sediment control:
audiovisual training program workbook. Environmental Protection
Publication EPA-600/8-76-001-b. Washington, 0. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Jane 1976. 85 p.
13
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
10 (2) SUM.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 03H6U.7
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATJiWOKY:
YEAh: 1'j76
(11) ABSTRACT: This paper presents the neoplasia experience of men
working in the wood products industry. The method used is an age and
year of death specific, proportionate mortality analysis. Men who work
in the wood products industry in the state of Washington were divided ,
roughly into two classes: men wno work, in the forests and men who work
in the mills. The mortality patterns seen in certain parts of the wood
products industry and in carpenters suggest that these work
environments contain carcinogens. Whether the carcinogenic agents are
the woods themselves, cheiiical and physical breakdown products of wood,
or agents associated with wood processing or treatment, remains to be
resolved. Population based studies should be done to corroborate and
refine the findings ot this study.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSTS; CARCASS; DATA; DISEASE; EFFECT; EXPOSDRE;
HEALTH; INDUSTRY; OCCUPATION; PULP; WASHINGTON; WOOD
(15J STIilS ACC.NO.: OOS37691
(13) DOC.CIT.: Hilham, S. Neoplasia in the wood and pulp industry.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 271:294-300, May 28, 1976.
14 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 039626
(?) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOKY:
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Occupational exposure to kepone is addressed in a
recommended standard of the National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health (NIOSR) . Clinical symptoms experienced by workers in a
kepone manufacturing plant are reported. NIOSR has identified less than
50 establishments processing or formulating pesticides using kepone and
estimates that 600 workers are potentially exposed to kepone. Based on
the results of a bioassay of technical grade kepone, NIOSH assumes that
kepone is a potential human carcinogen. It is recommended that the
worKplace environment level for kepone be limited to one microgram per
cubic meter as a time weighted average concentration for up to a 10
hour workday, <*0 hour workweek. Eight sections of the NIOSH recoamended
standard are detailed: (1) environmental (workspace) air; (2) medical;
(3) labeling or posting; (4) personal protective equipment and
clothing; (5) informing Employees of hazards from kepone; (6) work
practices; (7) sanitation; (8) monitoring and recordkeeping
requirements.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHKMICAL; EXPOSURE; HEALTH; MONITOR; OCCUPATION;
PERSONS EL; PESTICIDE; SAFETY; STANDARD; TOXIC
(15) STIJIS ACC.NO.: OOS37670
(13) DOC.CIT.: U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
NIOSH recommended standard for occupational exposure to kepone.
Cincinnati, OH, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.,
1976. 6 D.
09 (2) SUBJ.TYPi;: S; T (10) POB,
(1) SrflRS ACC.NO.: 038563
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY:
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: An epide-niological study of pesticide levels is
motivated oy the very small number of determinations carried out in
France among the unexposed population. A further aim of the study is to
attempt to establish correlation between the highest blood levels and
the source of the polluting substances with a view to suggesting
preventive measures to reduce the contamination. It is noted that
surveys of various kinds are usually designed to determine the
14
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GENERAL
quantities of contaminants ingested witn food as the most important,
but not the only route of intake. It is concluded that use of household
insecticides in the home and determination of the levels of
contamination caused by their use may be the critical basis in
determination of the source and effect of environmental pollutants on
human health. (Text in French)
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTAMINATE; DOMESTIC; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FOOD; PARIS;
PESTICIDE; POLLUTION; REDUCTION; UTILIZE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37607
(18) DOC.Cir.: Piva, C. , M. L. Efthyraiou, and E. Fournier. Enquete
portant sur la consummation familiale de pesticides dans les families
habitant dans de grands ensembles de la region Parisienne:
•ethodologie. (Inquiry on pesticide usage in families living in crowded
sections of Paris. ) In Proceedings; International Symposium on the
Hecent Advances in the Assessment of the Health Effects of
Environmental Pollution, Paris, June 2U-20, 1974. v. 3. Luxembourg,
Commission of the European communities, 1975. p. 17B9-189U.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 033008
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The keynote speaker (administrator of the
Environmental Protection Agency) at an exposition of the National Solid
Haste Management Association addresses the viewpoint of government on
patterns of industry solid waste developments. Historical aspects of
solid waste management are reviewed. The significance of the 275
million dry tons of solid waste generated annually by industry in the
United States is stressed. Studies are noted which indicate that
hazardous waste, generated mainly by industry and requiring special
procedures in handling-, storage, transport, processing, and disposal,
have health and environmental impacts far greater than past or
prevailing practices would suggest. It is estimated that 10 to 15
percent of the 275 tons of dry waste contain hazardous materials such
as toxic metals and organic solvents in sufficient concentrations to be
potentially hazardous to public health if disposed of improperly.
Consideration is given to the use oi waste as fertilizer, financial
expenditures for waste collection and disposal, recycling, role of the
public in curtailing packaging waste, source separation programs,
future emphasis on materials recovery, progress of waste disposal
programs, and activities sponsored by the Environmental Protection
Agency.
(12) KEYWORDS: EPA; GOVERNMENT; HAZARDOUS; HISTORY; INDUSTRY;
MANAGEMENT; PERSONNEL
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37052
(18) DOC.CIT.: Train, R. E. Meeting future shock with a dose of
past shock. Solid Wastes Management, 9(7):30, 70-72, 7H, 76, July 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037998
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Competency in fighting fires aboard naval vessels is
examined in relation to pollution control and the safety and protection
of personnel. Training must be conducted continuously to maintain
competency in fighting fires and is done most efficiently in schools
located at major naval ship support facilities. An essential element in
the training curriculum of fire fighters is exposure to actual or
simulated shipboard fires. Hydrocaroon fuel involved in fires releases
black smoke and has resulted in complaints from residents situated near
naval facilities. Saioke removal studies are described that have been
conducte^ by the Naval Facilities .Engineering Command (NAVPAC) to
15
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
investigate engineering solutions for the removal or abatement of
smoke. One study concluded that an afterburner was the only system that
could effectively renove smoke and unturned hydrocarbons, leaving
essentially no visible emissions. The afterburner method of smoke
abatement requires considerable fuel to oxidize pollutants and, due to
the significant increase in fuel prices during 1974 and 1975, efforts
were directed toward the reduction of fuel consumption by using heat
exchangers to preheat combustion air by removing heat from stack
exhaust gases. Concurrent with this effort were studies and laboratory
tests made for NAVFAC on a newly developed water spray system to reduce
snoke during training exercises without burning additional fuel. This
technique uses an atomized water spray injected over the surface of
burning oil in conjunction -ith an automatic ignition system, other
studies on smoke control are cited, along with training requirements
for the control of fires at naval facilities.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTROL; FIRS; FUEL; INVESTIGATION; MILITARY;
REDUCTION; SMOKE; TRAINING
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS370U2
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hildebrand, F. C. Pollution control at Navy
firp-fighting schools. Military Engineer, 6b (442) :100-101, Mar. /Apr.
1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037U77
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOHY: 05 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) PDB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) AuSTRACT: An increasing number of communities are finding that
use of bags as refuse containers can reduce collection tine by as much
as 50 percent. Moreover, both collectors and residents appear to prefer
the lighter, almost noise and odor free bags which tend to reduce
container-related injuries. EPA and National Sanitation Foundation
standards now allow jurisdications to choose between paper and plastic
bags since neither has a significant environmental advantage. Plastic
bags presently are less expensive than paper bags but have safety risks
since children can suffocate inside a plastic bag. On the other hand,
paper bags have a "breathing" action which allows entrapped moisture to
escape and thereby reduces the rate at which bacteria breed.
Disadvantages of bag-dependent disposal systems identified by EPA
include costs associated with replacement of conventional containers
and with bag distribution, risks that animals will rip open the bags,
and the unsuitability of bags for disposing of some items such as
branches, boxes, and heavy or sharp pointed objects.
(12) KEYWORDS: ASSOC; COLLECTION; COMPARISON; CONTAINER; ECONOMICS;
EPA; INJURY; MUNICIPALITY; NOISE; ODOR; PAPER; PLASTIC; REDUCTION;
SAFETY; STANDARD; TIFF.
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36521
(18) DOC.CIT.: Anon. Refuse: it's in the bag. American City and
County, 91(7):39-UO, July 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.SO-: 037385
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) POB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Trends in the storage, collection, processing,
recovery and disposal of solid waste are projected. The following
trends are noted: (1) storage - containerization methods which involve
•echanized container service and manual disposable bag collection
systems, shift from backdoor/backyard to curbside service, focus on
container safety, modification to or replacement of mechanized wetal
containers due to noise abatement requirements, and emphasis on
16
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GENERAL
consumer interests for container design and use; (2) collection
greater application of front and side loader collection systems,
changes in the provision of refuse collection services, increased
reliance on private sector systems by municipal sanitation departaents,
reinitiation of source separation and collection programs, introduction
of different designs for side loaders, placement of small transfer
stations in urban and rural areas, greater application of conventional
transfer stations, and increased emphasis on safety and noise emission;
(3) processing - development and application of on-site incinerators
with heat recovery capability, application of low density balers,
renewed interest in high density fuel tecnnology; (tt) refuse recovery -
increased operation of recovery plants and technology demonstration
facilities; and (5) disposal - continuing use of sanitary landfills and
increased attention on pollution control techniques and citizen
awareness of proper waste disposal practices.
(12) KEYWORDS: AUTOMATIC; COLLECTION; CONTAINER; CURB; DEPT OF
SANITATION; DESIGN; DISPOSAL; FURL; LOADER; MUNICIPALITY; PRIVATE;
PROCFSS; PROJECTION; RECLAMATION; STORAGE; TRANSFER STATION
(15) STI.1S ACC.NO.: OOS36430
(1«) DOC.CIT.: Greco, j. R. A projection of trends likely to occur
in storage, collection, processing, recovery, and disposal. Waste Age,
7(5) :66, 68, 70-71, 110-111, May 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037293
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Processes involved in the preparation of potable
water supplies are detailed. The availability of water and its
characteristics are discussed in relation to requirements of- State
boards of health which usually reflect Public Health Service drinking
water standards and goals expressed by the Anerican Water Works
Association's Committee on Water Quality Goals. Water treatment plants
are categorized as filtration plants which perfora clarification by
coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration; sterilization; and removal
of objectionable tastes and odors and as plants that may perfora the
preceding functions but whose primary purpose is water softening. Water
plant waste disposal is discussed in terns of settled sediment and wash
water disposal. Household softening and conditioning is considered for
hard water areas where there are no municipal water treatment plants.
Details on the following potable water preparation processes are
provided: screening of objects or materials which may interfere with
pumping and other water treatment operations, straining, taste and odor
control, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, softening, and
disinfection. (Document retained in SWIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPOSITION; CONTROL; FACILITY; FILTER; FLOCCDLANT;
ODOK; PH; PROCESS; PURIFICATION; SEDIMENTATION; STANDARD; STATE;
STERILIZE; WASTE WATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS3633b
(1ft) DOC.CIT.: Vaughn, J. C. Preparing potable water. In: Gehm, H.
H. , and J. I. Bregnan, eds. Handboox of water resources and pollution
control. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1976, 310 p. (p.
362-385) .
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 0370*9
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 1'J (2) SUbJ.TYPE: T (10) POB.
Y2AP: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A selection and arrangement of equipment to process
solid waste are addressed. It is recommended that a flow sheet be
established which includes the following elements: identificatin of
17
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
basic families of equipment to be used, consideration of alternate
lines for refuse to follow when basic lines experience problems,
quantitative analysis of material entering each point of the total
process and the split of material leaving the process, rate of material
processing any piece of equipment is to handle, and qualification of
refuse before and after each stage of the total process. Physical
arrangements of equipment require basic decisions relating to
reliability of flow, access to equipment, and costs which include those
of building structures. Physical arrangenents are detailed for
receiving and shredding buildings and for primary infeed .conveyors. It
is recommended that the length of contract or number of years of
desired life be the focal point in equipment maintenance and that
conveyor design specifications consider the following: OSHA
(Occupational Safety and Health Administration) regulations, need for
ladders and walkways, type of conveyor drive desired, provision for
conveyor drive stands, conveyor supports, skirt dimensions, shipping
procedures and assembly requirements, controls, transfer chutes, and
standardization of drive components. Recommendations are made for
maximizing the effectiveness of equipment selection and arrangement
procedures.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONFERENCE; CONSTRUCTION; CONTRACT; CONVEYOR;
DESIGN; ECONOMICS; EQUIPMENT; FACILITY; MAINTENANCE; OPERATIONS
RESEARCH; SHREDDISG; SPECIFICATION
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36T4U
(1&) DOC.CIT.: Handler, I. Consideration for component equipment
design specifications. In: National Solid Wastes Management
Association. Proceedings; Fourth National Congress on Waste Management
Technology and Resource and Energy Recovery, Atlanta, November 12-14,
1975. Washington, DC, U.S. Environaental Protection Agency, 1976, 382
p. (p. 253:266) .
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 036868
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUM.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
I EAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Consideration is given to the selection and
arrangement of equipment in processing solid wastes. The first step in
developing component equipment design specifications is to establish a
flow sheet which includes the following elements: equipment to be used,
alternate lines for refuse -to follow when basic lines experience
problems, guantitive analysis of naterials entering each point of the
total process, rate of Material processing any piece of equipment is to
handle, and qualification of refuse before and after each stage of the
total process. Physical arrangements of equipment are detailed in
relation to flow reliability, access, and costs. Design considerations
in selecting shredders are provided, along with details on conveyor
arrangements, pit conveyors, hopper design, and metal pan conveyors.
Equipment maintenance is discussed, and the economics of source
separation is examined. Other major items for consideration in conveyor
design specifications are noted, including OSHA (Occupational Safety
and Health Administration) regulations, need for ladders and walkways,
type of conveyor drive desired, provision for conveyor drive stands,
conveyor supports minimized for floor access and for neatness, skirt
dimensions, shipping procedures and asspenbly requirements, controls
required, transfer chutes, and standardization of drive components.
Recommendations on the arrangement of equipment for source separation
of solid wastes are given.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONVEYOR; DESIGN; ECONOMICS; EQUIPMENT; HOPPER;
MAINTENANCE; OPERATIONS RESEARCH; PROBLEMS; PROCESS; SEPARATING;
SHREDDING; SPECIFICATION
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS35913
(18) DOC.CIT.: Handler, I. Considerations for component equipment
design specifications. Waste Age, 7 (2): 10, 12-14, 42, 41, i»8, Feb. 1976.
18
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GENERAL
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 035651
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Congress wrote into the Solid Waste Disposal Act, as
amended by the Resource Recovery Act of 1970, a requirement that the
Federal Government study the hazardous waste problems and submit
recommendations. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
submitted these to congress. EPA is pursuing a program which includes:
determining the quantity and composition of hazardous wastes and their
sources; identifying and assessing safe treatment and disposal methods;
developing criteria for proper processing and disposal of hazardous
wastes; understanding the health and environmental effects of improper
waste management; and relaying to industry, and State and local
Governments information on hazardous waste management. Industry
generates at least 10 million tons of nonradioactive hazardous wastes a
year. This amount is growing at a rate of 5 to 10 percent each year.
Technology is available to dispose of most nonradioactive hazardous
wastes. With or without Federal legislation the States are the proper
focal points for the management o± hazardous wastes; their capacity
aust be encouraged to grow. A waste management program should: reduce
the amount of hazardous wastes generated; concentrate wastes at the
source to reduce handling problems; stimulate waste exchange programs
between industries; recapture and recycle components of the waste;
destroy some wastes in high temperature incinerators; detoxify and
neutralize wastes destined for land disposal; and build especially
designed landfills for hazardous wastes. (This document is retained in
the SHIRS library. )
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; ENVIRONKENT; EPA; FEDERAL; GOVERNMENT;
HAZARDOUS; HEALTH; INDUSTRY; LAW; MANAGEMENT; RADIOACTIVE; SOLID BASTE
DISPOSAL ACT; STATE; TOXIC; TREATMENT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS3U696
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hazardous wastes. Environmental Protection
Publication SH-138. Washington, D. C. , D. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1975. 24 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 034678
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 08 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The sanitation department has an extremely high rate
of injury. Ways of reducing injuries to solid waste workers while on
the job are examined. The average direct cost of injuries for each
sanitation employee per year is 240 dollars. The indirect cost is
estimated to be five times as great. The Injury Reporting and
Information Systew (IRIS) compares the injury rates and direct costs
per employee per year between five large cities. Results are
illustrated in eight figures. The rate of injuries and costs was not
high for all cities, a few of which resolved some of their injury
problems. If nationwide data is gathered from more IRIS users, the
central problems can be attacked, such as studying the effects of
different crew sizes on injury rates, point of pickup, height of dump
station, and hours worked per day. Work must be coordinated and the
solid waste industry must determine what approaches it should use
before effective injury redaction programs can be installed.
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; COMPUTER; DATA; ECONOMICS; INJURY;
MUNICIPALITY; PERSONNEL; PLANNING; HEFUSE; SAFETY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS33722
(18) DOC.CIT.: Wener, S. D. Making refuse collection safer.
Nation's Cities, 13(9):28-31, Sept. 1975.
19
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 034286
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOKi: 1y (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This article discusses the use of
contactor/containers for refuse collection at the Richmond Mall
shopping center in Richmond Heights, Ohio. The refuse collection system
was designed by FDK Enterprises, Inc. , of Cleveland, Ohio. After
careful evaluation of the particular needs of the mall, FDK designed a
total service package which includea extensive training for both Mall
management and tenants, close liason with tenants, management, and the
hauling service, and a detailed program of housekeeping and maintenance
procedures. Pour compactor/container units have been placed at service
areas around the perimeter of the mall. The compactor/container units,
supplied by Cobey Waste Control, include 2 cu yd compactors and UO cu
yd roll-off containers. The units are ^uiet, discrete, and economical.
The company providing collection service provides regular on—the-job
operating and safety instruction to new Mall employees. The units are
water washed after every service cycle and are treated with deodorizer
and disinfectant sprays when necessary. A key-lock access system
records the loading of the compactor by each merchant using the unit,
which serves as the basis for service cnarges. Effective sanitary
maintenance of solid waste storage areas has been one benefit of this
system.
(12) KEYWORDS: BENEFIT; COLLECTION; COMMERCIAL; COMPACTION;
CONTAINER; DESIGN; EQUIPMENT; FEE; INSTITUTION; MAINTKNANCE; OHIO;
SYSTEM; TRAINING
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS33330
(18) DOC.CIT.: Compactor/containers improve refuse service at
shopping mall. Waste Age, 6(5):30-31, May 197b.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 034120
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 1p (2) SUiU.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This-article describes the activities of the Waste
Equipment Manufacturers' Institute (WEMI) , which is an organization of
manufacturers of waste handling and resource recovery equipment and
systems. WEMI provides a forum for manufacturers to discuss
advancements in technology and productivity in the application of waste
collection, processing, disposal, and recovery equipment. WEMI assesses
the equipment needs in the waste management field and the effects of
governmental policy and standards on the design, construction, and
application of equipment and technology. The organization also provides
a means by which members can contribute to the development of waste
equipment safety standards, noise emission standards, component and
refuse container in interchangeability guidelines, equipment rating
criteria, and guidelines for sizing and installation of stationary
waste processing equipment and systems. The membership functions
through the following four equipment committees: mobile, stationary
compactor, waste processing, and sanitary landfill. A Thermal and
Energy Systems Committee composed of members of the Incinerator
Institute of America has recently been formed within WEMI. Although
WEMI has been concerned primarily with equipment and systems for
collection, haulage, and disposal of solid wastes in the past, it has
become increasingly involved in resource and energy recovery
activities.
20
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GENERAL
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; COMPACTION; CRITERIA; DISPOSAL;
EQUIPMENT; INDUSTRY; HANAGEKENT; PRODUCE; RECLAMATION; REGULATIONS;
STANDARD; SYSTEM
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS33164
(18) DOC.CIT.: The waste equipment makers. Environmental Science
and Technology, 9(S) :410-411, May 1975.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 033542
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 05 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This study of mechanized residential solid waste
collection is now available from the National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia. The main objective of the first phase
of this demonstration project in Scottsdale, Arizona, which was funded
by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, was to determine the
feasibility and public acceptance of a system of containerizing
residential refuse into municipally owned containers. A questionnaire
and oral interviews were used to determine the level of acceptability
of a container furnished by the city receiving varying levels of
service. The following combinations were tested: one family per 80 gal
container with two collections per week; 160 gal containers with one
family and one collection or two families and two collections; and 300
gal containers with two families and one collection or four families
and two collections. Health Department evaluation and observation
concluded that the new program, even when there was a reduction to one
collection per week, created no sanitation problems and was generally
superior to the old conventional collection system which included two
collections per week. Since the new containers were too heavy to be
collected manually, an existing front-end loader was modified to handle
the containers mechanically. A hydraulically controlled swing arm set
in a forklift frame was attached to the front end loading mechanism.
The driver can operate all of the loading and container releasing
functions from the cat., so only one person is needed for each
collection route. (This document is retained in the SWIRS library. )
(12) KEYWORDS: ARIZONA; AUTOMATIC; CAPACITY; COLLECTION; CONTAINER;
DATA: DEMONSTRATION; EPA; EQUIPMENT; FREQUENCY; GRANT; HEALTH;
MUNICIPALITY; PERSONNEL; POBLIC RELATIONS; SURVEY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS32586
(18) DOC.CIT.: Stragier, A. G. Phase I: feasibility and
acceptability of containerized system: I. In Mechanized residential
solid waste collection. Washington, D. C. , U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1975. p. 14-22.
21
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Section 2
ECONOMICS
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.; 046753
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(6) BOOK TITLE: Study of Environmental Impacts of Selected
Disposable versus Reusable Products with Health Considerations.
(8) REPORT NO.: SW-152c
(9) CONTRACT NO.: 4010-D
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: This study compares the resource and environmental
impacts of reusable products with their disposable counterparts.
Product categories discussed include: towels, napkins, diapers,
bedding, containers (cups and tumblers), and plates. The resource, and
environmental profile analysis provided a comparison of resource inputs
(raw materials, energy, and water) and environmental outputs (air
emission, waterborne wastes, process solid wastes, and postconsumer
solid wastes) associated with the products described. The analysis
included impacts from raw material extraction through product disposal,
including steps of materials processing, product manufacture, and use.
The health aspects analysis reported on the health concerns which have
been identified concerning the use and disposal of the products listed
The economic analysis was not completed due to a lack of detailed
information from industries representing these products. (Retained in
SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; DISPOSABLES; ENVIRONMENT; HEALTH;
INDUSTRY; PAPER; RECLAMATION; RESEARCH
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1978. 690 p.
(1) SwIRS ACC.NO.: 039503
(2) DOrtESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 14 (2) SUBJ.TXPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Present pollution control regulations may be
unreasonable in the long term. Costs will outweigh benefits and the
environment may get dirtier. The Clean Air Act amendments (1970) and
the Hater Pollution Control Act amendments (1972) have had visible
effects on the improvement of the environment to date but further rigid
adherance to the regulations may be ruinous. The l). S. Environmental
Protection Agency (SPA) found its manpower resources severely taxed
dealing with environmentalists seeking sterner enforcement, and
companies seeking relief from the statutes. Some major cities may never
be able to comply with present laws and there is little EPA can do.
22
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ECONOMICS
Laws concerning industries are easier to enforce but there is evidence
that prices have risen, plants have closed, and expansion has been
affected by pollution regulations. Increasingly EPA is granting
exemptions and variances selectively, and this is underlining the
credibility of the statutes, with chlorination of drinking water,
public health ceased to be an issue in the water pollution control
question and the components and results of air pollution have never
been identified. The cost of polltuion control is being prohibitive and
rising disproportionately as standards rise. Abatement also consumes
energy and pollution processing methods also produce pollution, often
in a more dangerous form than the original. A study of the advanced
sewage plant at South Lake Tahoe, California, demonstrated high costs
and energy consumption as well as byproduct pollutants. It is suggested
that less waste production by conservation, reuse, and recycling are
the keys to better pollution control. Legislation might better be aimed
at taxing effluents, thus providing flexibility and incentive. So far
this method has been resisted by legislators, environmentalists, and
regulators, but an added advantage would be to permit administrators to
experiment with the system without crippling the economic system or
eroding the credibility of the legal system.
(12) KEYWORDS: CALIFORNIA; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; EPA; FACILITY;
LAKE TAHOE; LAW; POLLUTION; PROBLEMS; RESPONSIBILITY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00538547
(18) DOC.CIT.: Alexander, T. It's time for new approaches to
pollution control. Fortune, 94 (5):129-234, Nov. 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 038953
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 03 (2) SUbJ.TYPE: G (10) PDB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Approaches to the elimination of automotive
graveyards are described. Automobile graveyards are defined as tracts
of land containing accumulations of junk vehicles that are not
apparently destined for use as a source of parts for scrap. Estimates
run as high as 20 million wrecks in automobile repair shops, scrap
processing plants, and graveyards across the nation. A General Motors
report is described in which data were presented on the distribution of
junk car accumulation. General Motors removed almost 2,500 cars from an
area within a 20 mile radius around Traverse City, Michigan. The
corporation offered free removal of all derelict and abandoned cars in
a campaign which had strong public support. An ingenious approach to
the elimination of automotive graveyards was employed in Columbia
County, New York. The county health department declared that abandoned
cars were breeding grounds for rats. Funds from a rodent control
program administered by the New York State Department of Health were
used for a junk and abandoned car drive. A portable crusher was used to
smash the hulks hauled in by volunteers, netting 12,000 derelicts at a
cost of $20,000. Schoharie County, New York used funds and trained
unemployed persons in the stripping of derelict vehicles and ran a
scrap cleanup program. Maryland encourages the movement of old cars by
paying a bounty of $10 to the scrap processor for each car recycled.
State law also discourages an owner from abandoning his old car by
fining him $200.
(12) KEYWORDS: ABANDONED; AUTOMOBILE; COLLECTION; DISPOSAL; DUMP;
INCENTIVE; MARYLAND; MICHIGAN; NEH YORK
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37997
(18) DOC.CIT.: Mining the automotive graveyards. In Mantell, C. L.
, ed. Solid Wastes: Origin, Collection, Processing, and Disposal. New
York, John Wiley and Sons, 1975. p.. 783-787.
23
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SW1RS ACC.NO.: 038839
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SUSJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The manufacture processes of steel products, and
economic models and projections for the industry are presented in light
or the 1972 legislation on waste water control and cleanup. Every stage
of steel production generates effluents either directly froir materials
processing (e. g. , rolling and cold finishing) or indirectly as a
result of air pollution controls (e. y. , wet scrubbers for sintering
plants). Cost estimates are presented of the capital expenditures for
water pollution control equipment necessary to bring the United States
steel and iron industry into compliance with the environmental
guidelines based on 1973 and 1903 dollars. The capital cost to achieve
the effluent limitation levels corresponding to tne "best practical
technology" (BPT) are $2. 66 billion in 1973 dollars. To advance from
BPT to "best available technology" (BAT) will require an additional $0.
43 billion, yielding a cumulative BAT capital cost of S3. 1 billion.
However, the annualization factor, which is utilized by Federal, State,
and local tax laws have a major and preferential role in reducing the
cost of satisfying increasingly stringent water quality standards:
taking this preferential tax treatment into consideration, total
annualized cost to achieve BPT treatment level is about $750 million in
1973 dollars; and BAT figure corresponding is $959 million.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTROL; COST REDUCTION; ECONOMICS; EFFECT;
EFFLUENT; GOVERNMENT; INDUSTRY; KETAL; POLLUTION; PROJECTION;
REGULATIONS; SIMULATION; TAXES
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37b83
(18) DOC.CIT.: Lin, A. I. , and R. A. Leone. The iron and steel
industry. In Leone, R. A. , ed. Environmental Controls: the Impact on
Industry. Lexington, .1A, D. C. Health and Company, 1976. p. 67-82.
(1) SW1RS ACC.NO.: 03S572
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 08 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Pollution control activities of Canadian Industries
Limited (CIL) are described. Pollution control is emerging as one of
the company's fastest growing business activities. It is estimated
that, by 1980, sales of CIL special services and technology will total
close to ^100 million. The special services and technology are
primarily designed for environmental safety. The operation of CIL»s
environmental activities and projects is detailed. The first step in
the selling technology employed by CIL occurred in 1967 when a joint
venture was formed with Chemech Engineering Limited. The new company
marketed a sodium chlorate process to control pollution in the pulp and
paper industry. A new type of biological treatment unit for sewage has
been designed by CIL. Ihe first unit is being built in Paris, Ontario,
Canada.
(12) KEYWORDS: CANADA; CLEANUP; CONTROL; ECONOMICS; INDUSTRY;
MARKET; POLLUTION; PRIVATE; TECHNOLOGY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37616
(18) DOC.CIT.: CIL proves clean-up can be profitable. Canadian
Chemical Processing, 60(3):21-2?, Mar. 1976.
24
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ECONOMICS
14 (2) SUbJ.TYPE:
(10) PUB.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 037992
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATRGORY:
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Federal standards on industrial noise and cotton
dust from U. S. textile mills are examined. It is anticipated that
there will be an 0. 2 ag per cu m limit for cotton dust and that the
textile industry will be required to spend significant amounts of money
to comply witn the standard. Pour consequences of the proposed Federal
standards are noted: (1) Many smaller and marginal companies may
curtail their operation; (2) larger companies will be giving increased
scrutiny to their mills, particularly older ones, and some plants will
undoubtedly close; (3) the textile industry may undergo radical changes
over a 20 year period in terms of the proposed stringent standards; (H)
textile oiills may not be able to make definite plans for development
because they do not know if today's new machines will be in compliance
tomorrow. The feasibility of compliance with both noise and cotton dust
standards is discussed, with emphasis on possible citations issued by
the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for
nonconpliance. Industry estimates for meeting an 0. 2 mg per cu m
standard are expected to exceed $2 billion. OSHA recommends three
changes in work practices for textile mills: (1) clean up work areas at
the end of a shift; (?) offshift blowing down; (3) promotion of
improved work practices. Consideration is given to the potential danger
of toxic substances in the textile mill environment.
(12) KEYWORDS: DUST; ECONOMICS; Er'FECT; FEDERAL; INDUSTRY; NOISE;
PLANT-INDUSTRIAL; PROBLEMS; REDOCTION; STANDARD; TEXTILE
STI.Ib ACC.NO.: OOS37036
Will reason rule federal standards? Textile World,
(15)
(13) DOC.CIT.:
126(3):47, 49-50, Mar. 1976,
(1) r,«IRS ACC.NO.: 037897
(2) DOttFSTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 1* (2) SOEJ.TXi'E: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The economic effectiveness of using chlorine for
treating waste water is examined. 1t is noted that increasing emphasis
upon environmental protection, including the protection of public
health, has increased the practice of chlorinating effluent from waste
water treatment plant:?.. The manufacture of chlorine for disinfection
purposes requires large inputs of energy. Chlorine gas is then cooled,
compressed, and sometimes liquified. Additional energy is required for
this concentration. Energy reouiremencs for chlorine manufacture using
a diaphrasi type cell are tabulated. Chlorine is a powerful oxidizing
agent and is very soluble in water, while it eliminates pathogens, it
is an extremely strong biocide that also damages fish and other aquatic
organisms. Treatment plant and stream flow data are tabulated with
regard to toxicological aspects of chlorine, along with data on the
results of proper cftlorination. The use of chlorine in municipal
treatment plant operations in Oregon is noted and it is pointed out
that energy saved by not producing extra chlorine in the summer months
ranges trooi 15 to 20 percent of electricity used by the treatment
plant.
(12) KEYWORDS:
ENERGY; STERILIZE
(15)
(18)
CHLORINE; CONSERVATION; DATA; ECONOMICS; EFFECT;
TOXIC; UTILIZE
STIMS ACC.NO.: 00536941
DOC.CIT.: Huff, E. S. Careful chlorination yields multiple
savings. Water and Sewage Works, 123 (7) :42-43, July 1976.
25
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:
(2) DOMESTIC: D
YEAR: 1976
(H) ABSTRACT: A
03721b
(2) CATEGORY:
05 (?) SUM.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
mechanized system for refuse collection is
descrioed. The Rapid Rail loader is a device which is easily attached
to any standard, side loading truck and is capable of automatically
picking up and emptying standard containers. Significant cost savings
can be achieved with the Rapid Rail vehicle because of increased
equipment speed and reduced personnel requirements. One individual is
able to make 750 stops per day at individual homes using 90-gai
containers. When 300-gal alley containers are used, 1,800 families can
be serviced each day. When translated into costs including amorization
of containers, it is shown that costs can be as low as $1. 50 per month
for families using 300-gal containers or $2. 00 per month for families
using saaller bins. Other advantages associated with the Rapid Bail
loader system involve fewer injuries and improved aesthetics. When
deciding to implement tne Rapid Rail system, consideration must be
given to container performance, maintenance, parked cars, container
size, and container costs.
(12) KEYWORDS: AUTOMATIC; COLLECTION; CONTAINER; COST REDUCTION;
EQUIPMENT; LOADER; MAINTENANCE; PERSONNEL; REDUCTION; SAFETY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36261
(18) DOC.CIT.: Bartolotta, R. J. Cities mechanize pickup. Solid
Wastes Management, 19(2):4U, 1976.
036555
(2) CATEGORY:
08 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: 6 (10) PUB.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.
(2) DOMESTIC: D
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The economic consequences of using salt (sodium
chloride and calcium chloride) on highways to melt snow and ice are
investigated. A literature search and several surveys were carried out
in order to determine the types and extent of damages that occur due to
salt use on highways; over 320 references were compiled. An indepth
analysis was performed on the data obtained from literature studies and
through surveys. The following major cost parameters were investigated
in relation to the environmental impact of highway structures,
vehicles, and utilities. A cost estimate was developed for each
parameter. The total annual cost of salt-related damage was estimated
at $3 billion or about 15 times the annual national cost for salt
purchase and application. While the largest costs resulted from damage
to vehicles, the most serious damage was considered to be the pollution
of water supplies and resulting health degradation. It was recommended
that the level of salt usage be reduced, based on prevailing local
conditions. (Author Abstract Modified)
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; AUTOMOBILE; ECONOMICS; HEALTH; HIGHWAY;
LITERATURE; MELT; POLLUTION; REDUCTION; SALT; SNOW; SURVEY; WATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS35599
(18) DOC.CIT.: Murray, D. H. , and U. F. Ernst. An economic
analysis of the environmental impact of highway deicing. Environmental
Protection Agency Publication EPA-600/2-76-105. Cincinnati, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, May 1976, 128 p. (Environmental
Protection Technology Series).
26
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Section 3
LAWS AND REGULATIONS
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 047064
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 14 (2) S03J.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Fall congress underscores changes due from RCRA.
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: NSWMA Reports
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Changes likely to occur as a result of the 1976
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) with regard to solid
waste management are discussed. The changes occurring are being made to
provide at least minimal protection of human health and the
environment. Three factors important to the success of RCRA were
identified as: (1) quality of planning and direction from EPA's Office
of Solid Waste; (2) willingness and capacity of states and communities
to become involved; and (3) adequate funding. Legislation is being
prepared by EPA on landfill and ground water criteria, and preparations
are underway for a sanitary landfill survey. Besides cooperation
between government and private industry to fulfill the objectives of
the RCRA, a key component of its implementation is concluded to be
public support for siting and operation of waste processing and
disposal facilities.
(12) KEYWORDS: FEDERAL; LAW; MANAGEMENT; MATERIALS HANDLING;
RECLAMATION; SANITARY LANDFILL; SITES
(1U) HIERARCH TERMS: 1LF/2DP; 1LF/2FF; 1RR
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS46117
(16) CITATION: 12(12) :1, 10, Dec. 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 045585
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 14 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Missouri Solid Wastes Management Law.
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Sanitation Ind Yearbook
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2MO (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The Missouri Solid Hastes Management Law is
presented in full. Solid wastes collection and disposal must be
provided by each city and county who may levy and collect charges and
taxes for services^. The governing body of counties with cities with
populations of 450,000 or more and the governing body of each county
which has joined with it to form a regional planning commission must
adopt a plan for the disposal of solid wastes. Cities and counties must
submit solid waste management plans to the State Division of Health
whose duties are noted. General provisions for solid wastes disposal
areas and processing facilities are noted. Sanitary landfill rules and
regulations are intended to provide for solid waste disposal area
operations that will have minimal impact on the environment.
Requirements are set forth which will ensure that design, construction,
and operation of the sanitary landfill will protect the public health,
prevent nuisances, and meet applicable standards. The law covers the
following areas: solid wastes accepted and excluded, site selection
design, water quality, air quality, gas control, vectors, aesthetics,
cover material, compaction, health and safety, and record keeping.
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; COLLECTION; COMPACTION; CONSTRUCTION;" CONTROL;
COUNTY; DESIGN; DISPOSAL; ENVIRONMENT; FEE; GAS; HEALTH; INSECT; LAW;
MANAGEMENT; MISSOURI; MUNICIPALITY; QUALITY; REFUSE; REGIONAL;
REGULATIONS; SAFETY; SANITARY LANDFILL; SITES;'SOLID; TAXES; WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1LB/2LA; 1LB/2LB; 1LB/2LG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSU4633
(16) CITATION: 13:31, 34, 37, 3,8, 40, 42, 44. 46, 48, 50, 52, 54,
56, 58. 1976.
27
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: OU3160
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 1U (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Summary: laws and regulations concerning the
disposal of hazardous wastes — California.
*(U) AUTHOR: Waldrop P
(6) BOOK TITLE: In State Hazardous Waste Regulations and
Legislation: A Synopsis of Information on Seven Selected States.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2CA (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Law and regulations concerning the disposal of
hazardous wastes in California are presented. The California Department
of Health governs the identification, handling, and transport of
hazardous wastes; the State Water Resources Control Board governs the
disposal sites, waste discharge requirements, and monitoring. Means of
identifying hazardous wastes are noted. California has guidelines for
the handling and disposal of potentially noncompatible wastes. The key
to the State hazardous waste reporting system is the Liquid Waste
Hauler (Manifest) Record. Site operators must make Monthly hazardous
waste reports which include copies of the Manifests. State fees are
collected on a tonnage basis and are used by the state to cover
administration costs of the law. The waste disposal system is governed
by a site classification scheme coupled with a waste classification
scheme. The Regional Water Quality Control Boards may require
monitoring of local ground and surface water. Suspected violation of
the minimum standards and regulations for the handling, processing, and
disposal of hazardous wastes are subject to proceedings instigated by
the California Attorney General. An index of laws and regulations on
hazardous waste handling and disposal is attached.
(12) KEYWORDS: CALIFORNIA; DISPOSAL; FEE; GOVERNMENT; GROUND WATER;
HAZARDOUS; LAW; MONITOR; REGULATIONS; SITES; STATE; TRANSPORT
(11) BIERARCH TERMS: 1DD/2DH; 1HA/2HF; 1L3/2LG
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS42203
(16) CITATION: 1976, p.1-9, Solid Waste Management Series SW 530.
Cincinnati, OR, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
(1) S*IRS ACE.NO.: OU07UO
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(4) AUTHOR: Fleckinger R (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2FR (10) PUB. YEAR:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Legal disputes on the subject of the removal of
slaughtering wastes and offals in public slaughterhouses have made it
posrible to establish a jurisprudence at the level of the counsel of
state. After definition of the wastes concerned and a review of the
legislation, this paper specifies this jurisprudence in terms of which
the expenses of said removal are imposed on users and can be recovered
in the form of an extra charge per Kg of the meat. An examination of
the jurisprudence established by the Supreme Court of Appeals in an
audience of February 12, 1935, then by the decision of the counsel of
state on June 17, 1970, makes it possible to respond to two questions:
(1) expenses for the removal of slaughtering wastes in public
slaughterhouses are the responsibility of the users and enter into the
framework of furnishing ar service, the expense of which can be
recovered by supplementary charges or by incorporation into the use fee
(ono user); and (2) the establishment of a removal fee for slaughtering
wastes per kg of meat, such as the wastes have been defined, but does
not remove the obligation of proportioning said fee for services
rendered to slaughterhouse users. The recent legislation relative to
28
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LAWS AND REGULATIONS
the modernization of the n>eat marked and cutting up of animals
contributes to the solution of this important problem in the interest
of hygiene and public health.
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; EUROPE; PEE; PRANCE; LAW;
POLLUTION; RESPONSIBILITY; SLAUGHTERHOUSE
(1U) HIERAHCH TERMS: 1AG/2AP; 1LB/2LB
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS397BU
(13) DOC.CIT.: PlecKinger, R. L'enlevement des dechets d"abattage
dans les abattoirs publics. (Removal of slaughtering wastes in public
slaughterhouses. ) Bulletin de 1'Academie Veterinarie de France,
49 (2) :193-201, 1976.
09 (2) SUbJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PDB.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: OU0017
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY:
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A representative ot the General Motors Corporation
discusses hazardous waste management at a public meeting held by the
Environmental Protection Agency on December 11, 1975 in San Francisco,
California. The statement is made that, in many instances, there is a
tendency to regulate the disposal of industrial waste materials solely
because they are easy to control even though such waste materials could
easily be landfilleu with similar waste products from street collection
activities. Controls used in General Motors plants to deal adequately
with hazardous waste are noted. Long term advantages resulting from the
volune reduction of waste are explored. It is felt that government
regulation of hazardous waste management is necessary. Hazardous waste
is divided into three categories: liquids, sludges, and solids. The
conclusion is reached that there is a need for consistent regulations
applicable to all generators of waste. Such regulations should consider
the fact that most industrial waste, according to General Motors,
presents no special problems beyond that of street collected
residential and commercial waste and is safe tor disposal in sealed and
properly operated landfills.
(12) KEYWORDS: AUTOMOBILE; CONFERENCE; EPA; HAZARDOUS; INDUSTRY;
MANAGEMENT; REDUCTION; REGULATIONS; SAFETY; SANITARY LANDFILL; VOLUME
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39061
(18) DOC.CIT.: Van Zile, D. K. Representing the General Motors
Corporation, on hazardous waste management. In Corson, A. S. , P. A.
Savage, and C. A. Baggatts, eds. Proceedings; the 1975 Public Meetings
on Hazardous Haste Management, Newark, NJ, Rosemont, IL, Houston, TX,
and San Francisco, CA, Dec. 1975. v. 2. Office of Solid waste
Management Programs Publication SW-yp. Washington, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1976. p. 1570-1583.
16 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
(1) SwlRS ACC.NO.: 039285
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY:
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Legislative issues concerning solid waste manageaent
in the United States are examined. Data on the generation of municipal
waste are provided, and the environmental effects of solid waste are
discussed. Three interrelated issues are identified with regard to
solid waste management: (1) how to curtail the adverse effects on the
environment and public health resulting from improper waste disposal on
land; (2) how to bring about the recovery of energy and materials from
waste; (3) waste reduction. The solid waste management strategy of the
U. s. Environmental Protection Agency is detailed. Under consideration
are legislative proposals to insure the regulation of all land
disposal, including hazardous and municipal waste, by State governnents
29
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
operating under Federal guidelines; make Federal funds available to
State and local governments to plan and implement resource and energy
recovery systems; encourage through financial and other means regional
solid waste management planning; enhance the Environmental Protection
Agency's capacity to provide solid waste management technical
assistance and information base on energy and mateials recovery, waste
reduction options, and environmental and health effects of improper
disposal practices; internalize the cost of solid waste management;
study and report on ways of reducing solid waste generation; and
investigation management practices and costs affecting solid waste.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONFERENCE; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; EPA; HEALTH;
MANAGEMENT; PLANNING; PUbLIC; REGULATIONS; RESPONSIBILITY; US
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS38329
(13) OOC.CIT.: Meyers, S. Status of solid waste management in the
United States. In Proceedings; Second International Congress of the
International Solid Waste Association, Padua, Italy, June 24, 1976.
Washington, H. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976. 22 p.
(2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) FOB.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 038753
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 14
YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Standards proposed by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) for the effective management of nonradioactive hazardous
waste arc examined. The purpose of EPA*s position statement is to
describe a preferred waste management strategy or set of priorities for
hazardous waste control that adequately protect the public health and
the environment. Hesponsibility for the control of radioactive waste,
previously covered by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, has been assigned
to EPA, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, and the Energy Research and
Development Administration. Although State and local government
officials and Federal agencies are the primary audience for the
position statement, it should be of interest to hazardous waste
generators, waste treatment and disposal industry, and concerned
citizens. Desired waste management options are identified in order of
priority as waste reduction, waste separation and concentration, waste
exchange, energy and materials recovery, waste incineration and
treatment, an'd secure ultimate disposal. Implementation aspects of
hazardous waste management controls are considered. (Docuoment retained
in SWIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: JJPA; HAZARDOUS; MANAGEMENT; STANDARD
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37797
(1b) DOC.CIT.: 0. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Effective
hazardous waste management (non-radioactive): position statement.
Federal Register, 41(161) :35050-35051, Aug. 18, 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037083
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The operational phase of California's hazardous
waste management program is described. In accordance with the Hazardous
Haste Act, the State Department of Health developed and adopted
regulations governing hazardous waste in California. Emphasis is being
placed on five aspects of hazardous waste management: (1) policy
regarding land disposal; (2) monitoring hazardous waste producers,
haulers, processors, and disposal site operators; (3) enforcing minimum
standards for the collection, processing, and disposal of hazardous
waste: (4) surveying production of hazardous waste on a statewide
30
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LAWS AND REGULATIONS
basis; and (5) participating in a State plan for managing hazardous
Material spills. Problems encountered in administering California's
hazardous waste managenent program are noted, along with recent
activities in the State which affect hazardous waste management. It is
felt that the foremost challenge in developing an equitable hazardous
waste management system throughout the State involves the
implementation of mandates contained in Assembly Concurrent Resolution
79 regarding hazardous waste disposal sites and the implementation of
recommendations made Jby the Industrial Liquid Haste Committee on
hazardous waste planning and disposal and public education.
(12) KEYWORDS: CALIFORNIA; CONFERENCE; DISPOSAL; HAZARDOOS; LAND;
MANAGEMENT; MONITOR; PERSONNEL; PROBLEMS; PROGRAM; REGULATIONS; STATE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36128
(18) DOC.CIT.: Collins, II. California's hazardous waste management
program. In: National Solid wastes Management Association. Proceedings;
Fourth National Congress on Waste Management Technology and Resource
and Energy Recovery, Atlanta, November 12-1U, 1975. Washington, DC, U.
S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976, 362 p. (p. 67-75) .
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 03701U
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: H* (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR; 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The legislative approach taken in Oregon to solve
problems associated with disposable beverage containers is described.
The following legislative goals of beverage container legislation are
identified: litter reduction, solid waste reduction, energy and
resource conservation, and safety. Potential legislation approaches to
the control of beverage container disposal include a container tax and
a selective container ban. Oregon's legislative efforts to minimize
problems in the disposal of beverage containers are discussed, with
emphasis on the economic impact of legislation requiring a deposit on
all containers. Businesses directly affected by container legislation
are considered to include container manufacturers, brewers, beer
distributors, soft drink bottlers and canners, and retailers. It is
pointed out that the most direct potential impact of container
legislation on consumers is its effect on beverage prices. Indirect
effects relate to product choices, competition, inconvenience,
deposits, and utility and interest losses. The effect of Oregon
legislation on the market is assessed. Legislative techniques for
dealing with the impact of container regulation are proposed. It is
concluded that a mandatory deposit on beverage containers in Oregon has
been effective in promoting environmental goals while not being
detrimental to the beverage industry itself. The major impact of such
legislation is felt by the container industry.
(12) KEYWORDS: BOTTLE; BREWERY; CAN-FOOD; CANNING; COMMERCIAL;
CONSERVATION; CONTAINER; ECONOMICS; LAW; LITTER; OREGON; PERSONNEL;
PROBLEMS; REDI7CTION; SAFETY; TAXES
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36059
(18) DOC.CIT.: Gudger, C. M. , and K. D. Halters. Beverage
container regulation": economic implications and suggestions for model
legislation. Ecology Law Quarterly, 5(2):265-290, 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 034460
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PDB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: New standards in safe working conditions and more
stringent requirements for the protection of employees, and even those
remotely concerned with the activities of a company, are laid down by
31
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
the Health and Safety at WorK Act of Great Britain. A health nazard
exists in the handling of old batteries. Lead, which can be leaked due
to spillage which occurs during off-loading carelessness, can find its
way to gutters, and eventually enter the sewage system, the acid
destroying bacteria necessary for the processing of organic natter, and
fouling the waterways to tne sea. It can also be picked up on the soles
of worker's footwear, where it can be carried to auto or hone carpets.
Here, it becomes dried and the dust is blown into the air by the
heating and cooling systems, children, playing on contaminated floor
coverings, can also be affected by lead. 3y way of solution, then,
batteries should be collected in containers such as plastic coated
units which can be easily decontaminated, and will contain acid which
sight otherwise be leaked in a spill. At storage points, all yard
surfaces should be of acid-resisting alumina sloping to an adequate
blue brick and alumina cement sump. Spillage should be be hosed into
the sump for regular removal by an effluent disposal service. Workers
should be instructed to realize potential sources of contamination to
their families, and a working industrial safety clothing room should be
provided. Also, eating or handling of food in the area is out, and even
smoking of cigarettes should oe prohibited unless the worker thoroughly
washes his hands with hot, soapy water, as lead on his finger tips will
be transferred through the cigarette paper.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTROL; DISPOSAL; GREAT BHITAIN; HAZARDOUS;
INDUSTRY; REGULATIONS; SAFETY; STANDARD
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS33504
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hazards of handling batteries. Materials Reclamation
Weekly, 126 (25) :25-26, June 21, 1975.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 033243
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 14 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This conference was cosponsored by the National
Solid Hastes Management Association and the 0. S. Environmental
Protection Agency. This presentation discusses legislative and
regulatory policy for hazardous waste management in California. A
variety of hazardous wastes are produced in California by such
industries as oil drilling and refining, agriculture, metals finishing,
and chemical processing and research. Over 3. 5 million tons of
non-radioactive industrial wastes are produced in the state each year.
The California State .Water Resources Control board has instituted three
broad classes of disposal sites in an effort to minimize the potential
for water contamination. Class I sites have the least potential for
water pollution and can accept any type of non-radioactive hazardous
waste. Some Class I.L sites may accept limited types of hazardous
wastes. However, many hazardous wastes are deposited in sites operated
by industries on their own property wtiich are unclassified. The
following State and local agencies in California are involved in some
way in the regulation of hazardous waste management or in an advisory
role in this area: the Department of Health, local health departments,
the Water Resources Control Board and Regional Water Quality Control
Boards, the Air Resources Board, the Department of Industrial
Relations, the California Highway Patrol, the California Department of
Food and Agriculture, and the Solid Waste Management Board. (This
document is retained in t-he SHIRS library. )
(12) KEYWORDS: CALIFORNIA; CONTROL; DISPOSAL; GENERATION;
GOVERNMENT; HAZARDOUS; HEALTH; INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; POLLUTION;
REGULATIONS; SANITARY LANDFILL; STATE; TOXIC; WATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS32287
(18) DOC.CIT.: Collins, H. P- , and D. L. Strom. California's
legislative and regulatory policy for hazardous waste management: I. In
Compilation of Papers from Third National Congress, Waste Management
Technology and Resource Recovery, San Francisco, California, Nov.
14-15, 1974. Washington, D. C. , National Solid Haste Management
Association, 1975. p. 145-149.
32
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Section 4
PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO.: 045788
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 0* (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Treatment processes selected for a given waste
stream.
(6) UOOK TITLE: In Alternatives tor Hazardous Waste Management in
the Inorganic Chemicals Industry. (8) REPORT NO.: SW-1i>9c (9)
CONTRACT NO.: EPA 68-01-4190
(10) LANGUAGE: EM (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Treatment processes considered appropriate for
resource recovery, detoxification, or volume reduction before ultiaate
disposal of potentially hazardous wastes from the inorganic chenicals
industry are specified! for given waste streams. Information is also
given on process and nenefit-cost analyses, in terns of applications,
installations, operations, environmental consequences (air and water
pollution, solid waste generation, and safety and health), cost, energy
requirement, and equipment. Technologies described for treating the
inorganic waste streams include calcination, dissolution/ distillation,
electrolysis, evaporation, filtration, high gradient magnetic
separation, neutralization and pR control, and precipitation. (Retained
in SWIRS library) .
(12J KEYWORDS: CHEMICAL; HAZARDOUS; INORGANIC; MANAGEMENT; PROCESS;
RECLAMATION; REDUCTION; RESOURCE; TREATMENT
(1tt) HIERARCH TERNS: 1CB/2CA/3CB; 1HA/2HG; 1RG; 1VB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS44a37
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, O.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1977. p.5-1—5-141.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.:
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGOBY: 10 (2j SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Setting a safety standard.
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Materials Reclamation Weekly
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) G£0. AHi'A: 1US; 1KO/2UK (10) PUB. YEAR:
(11) ABSTRACT: in vie* of Great Britain's Factory Inspectorate's
concern about the risks of operating varous types of scrap processing
aachinery, the American National Standards Instituted safety
requirements for design, use, and maintenance of metal scrap orocessing
equipment are presented. The ANSI Standard is concerned with specific
types of scrap processing equipment. It covers alligator shears, aetal
cleaning shears, automatic guillotine shears, shredders, hydraulic
casting breakers, battery breakers, briguetters, turnings crushers,
baling presses, car body compactors, industrial scrap conpactors,
engine pullers, road and yard vehicles, and conveying equipment. Alarm
systems and guards are also covered. Techniques such as topping are
also covered.
(12) KEYWORDS: EQUIPMENT; EUROPE; GREAT BRITAIN; PERSONNEL;
PROCESS; RECLAMATION; SAFETY; SCRAP; STANDARD; TRAINING; OS
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EE; 1PD; ISA
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSU2782
(16) CITATION: 129(16):23-25, Apr. 16, 1977.
33
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: OU2745
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLF TITLE: Computer control of a batch digester plant.
(4) AUTHOR: Coombes GF
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Appita
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PDB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The application of a computer control system to a
nine~digester, two-species, batch-digester plant is described. Except
for chip charging, the computer completely controls all phases of
digester operation; charge, topoff, cook, relief, and blow. A
hierarchical control structure is utilized for maximum efficiency. The
lower level DDC control interacts directly with the process, and is
comianded by the operational control which performs; all functions
associated with each phase of digester operation, and extensive safety
checks. The upper levels contain Kappa number modelling and control,
steam flow control, and the interactive scheduling function. Potential
production' increases, steam and chemical savings have been realized as
well as the normal indirect gains associated with computer control. As
yet, the target reduction in Kappa number variance has not been
achieved.
(12) KEYWORDS: BATCH; COMPUTED; CONTROL; DIGESTOR;
PLANT-INDUSTRIAL; PULP
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1CG; 1EE/2ED; 1IC; 1PB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS41788 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Kohn PC
(16) CITATION: 30(21:148-154, Sept. 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 042270
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 11 (2) SOB.J.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Operation and maintenance.
(6) bOOK TITLE: In Municipal-scale Thermal Processing of Solid
Wastes. (9) CONTRACT NO.: 68-03-0293
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Operation and maintenace parameters of a thermal
processing facility for the disposal of solid waste are detailed.
Manpower requirements for municipal incinerators are estimated.
Operational guides art- noted as flow diagrams, engineering drawings,
and safety rules and procedures. The need for an operation manual is
stressed. Such a manual, accompanied by a training program, should
include procedures for plant startup from a cold start, plant startup
after an"emergency shutdown, routine operation, routine shutdown,
emergency shutdown, and lubrication and routine servicing of equipment.
Factors related to maintenance and repairs involve recordkeeping,
maintenance and equipment manuals, routine maintenance, the maintenance
of buildings, and maintenance and repair costs. Consideration is given
to the importance of performance and operating data. Methods for
preparing data records are described.
(12) KEYWORDS: CRITERIA; EQUIPMENT; FACILITY; INCINERATION;
MAINTENANCE; MUNICIPALITY; PERSONNEL; REFUSE; SAFETY
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1IA/2IL; 1IA/2IO
(15) STIttS ACC.NO.: OOS41314
(16) CITATION: Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
1977. p.322-333. (Solid Waste Management Series.)
(1) SWIRS ACC.SO.: 042268
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 07 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Solid wastes that require special consideration.
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Municipal-scale Thermal Processing of Solid
Hastes. (8) REPORT NO.: Unpublished, SW-133C (9) CONTRACT NO.:
68-03-0293
34
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PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAH: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The handling of special types of waste components in
• unicipau. refuse for incineration is explored. Special waste components
include bulky items, obnoxious and hazardous aaterials, high and low
heating value combustibles, sewage sludge, and various industrial types
of waste. Examples of bulky waste components are noted. Approaches to
the handling of bulKy waste are described. These include shredding,
either mixed with other solid waste in a feed preparation or resource
recovery system or separately for adding back to unshredded waste for
incineration. Highly flammable, explosive, toxic, radioactive, and
environmentally disruptive materials are classified as hazardous.
Typical types of hazardous waste are listed, and procedures for the
safe and environmentally acceptable disposal of hazardous waste are
described. Consideration is given to the plastics component of
Municipal refuse and the problems posed by these materials in disposal.
Obnoxious waste components are identified as pathological waste, food
and meat processing waste, dead animals, and odiferous chemicals.
liter natives to the handling and disposal of obnoxious waste and sewage
sludge are detailed.
(12) KEYWORDS: BULKY WASTES; COMPOSITION; CRITERIA; EXPLOSION;
FIRE; HAZARDOUS; INCINERATION; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; REFUSE;
SAFETY; TOXIC; TREATMENT
(14) 11IERARCH TERMS: 1DD; 1HA; 1IA/2IM; 1RD/2RB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS41312
(16) CITATION: Washington, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
1977. p.276-28U. (Solid Waste Management Series.).
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 041844
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.IYPE: S (10) GEO.
AREA: 1PM; 1HA/2WJ (10) PUB. YUAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The use of sodium hypochlorite as a disinfectant, and
odor controlling agent is reviewed. Tips on using the chemical are
given for the following areas: filtration plants, wells, reservoirs
(new water main disinfection), wastewater treatment and disinfection,
and odor control. The chemical makeup of sodium hypochlorite and its
reaction are noted. Disinfecting with, sodium hypochlorite is a
convenient and economical method of treating drinking water. It is now
being used around filtration plants as an alternative to chlorine gas
because of its reduced safety requirements. Tables show how to
determine approximate voluae of water in a well and how to calculate
the amount of hypochlorite reguired when disinfecting new watermains.
Sodium hypochlorite is added to industrial wastes either to Minimize
odors and/or oxidize organic contaminants. Sewage, manufacturing, and
rendering plants may treat their odors by exposing odor laden air to
the chemical which will oxidize the odorous components.
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; CHEMICAL; CHLORINE; CONTROL; FACILITY; ODOR;
ORGANIC; SAFETY; SEWAGE; SODIUM; STERILIZE; TREATMENT; WASTE WATER;
WATER
(1U) HIERARCH TERMS: 1CB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40888
(18) DOC.CIT.: A refresher on sodium hypochlorite. Water and
Pollution Control, 115(1)11-12, Jan. 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 041725
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 14 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(U) AUTHOR: Sontheimer H (10) GEO. AREA: 1WA/2WB (10) PUB. YEAR:
1976
35
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(11) ABSTRACT: The use of adsorption processes in the purification
of drinking water is explored. Adsorption plants such as activated
carbon filters can be used for the removal of taste and odor, as well
as for reducing the total load of organic substances and contaminants
which are hazardous to health. Alternatives to adsorption include
biological oxidation, chemical oxidation, precipitation and
flocculation, ion exchange, and membrane processes. Adsorption
processes are particularly effective for the removal of dissolved
organics, and examples are described and graphically illustrated to
show this importance. Recommendations are made for controlling
adsorption processes (activated carbon filters) in drinking water
treatment. These include an evaluation of activated carbon with several
parameters, an evaluation of the running time with different
parameters, periodic control of the effectiveness of activated carbon
filters, and coordination of additional treatment steps with the
effectiveness of activated carbon filters.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED CARBON; ADSORPTION; COMPARISON;
CONTAMINATE; CONTROL; FILTER; ORGANIC; PROCESS; PURIFICATION;
TREATMENT; WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1PM
(15)- STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40769
(18) DOC.CIT.: Sontheimer, H. The importance of adsorption
processes in drinking water treatment. In Sontheimer, H. , ed.
Translation of Reports on Special Problems of Water Technology, v. 9.
Adsorption. Environmental Protection Publication EPA-600/9-76-030.
Cincinnati, u. s. Environmental Protection Agency, Dec. 1976. p. 1-15.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 041561
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G
(4) AOTHOR: Tofflemire TJ (10) GEO. AREA: 1SF; 1SL (10) PUfl .
YfiAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Literature on the land application of wastewater is
reviewed. A history of land application of waste was reported with
examples of the three main types of systems, irrigation, land overflow,
and rapid infiltration. System design of many different techniques were
described. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy, research, and
guidelines, and a report on evaluation of land application systems have
been issued, other general subjects reviewed were, loading constraints,
health constraints, and leaching of accumulated salts. Economic aspects
were reported for general types of land application systems, and
comparison with advanced wastewater treatment was made in another
report. Individual systems reported include spray irrigation of lagoon
effluent, effects of sewage effluent on forest soils, joint municipal
industrial systems, irrigation with sugar cane wastewater, flood
irrigation of primary effluent, trickle irrigation, spray runoff,
design and operating data on mound systems, shallow injection well
recharge of tertiary effluent, leaching pit, septic tank tile fields,
spreading basins, and lagoon intermittent sand filter systems. Nutrient
transport in soil was studied, and many studies on phosphate retention
were reported. One hundred and thirty eight references are cited.
(12) KEYWORDS: CROP; DEEP WELL; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; EFFECT;
FILTER; HEALTH; IRRIGATION; LAND; LEACH; LITERATURE; REGULATIONS;
SEWAGE; TREATMENT; WASTE WATER
(14) HIERARCH TEhMSt 1LA
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: GOS40605
(18) DOC.CIT.: Tofflemire, T. J. rfastewater treatment: land
application of wastewater. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
48(6) :1180-1191, June 1976.
36
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PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 041466
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Bouveng HO (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Procedures for reducing the quantity of hydroxylic
vaste sludge formed on the treatment of electroplating effluent and
for the safe disposal of remaining waste are evaluated. Waste froa
effluent treatment in the electroplating industry primarily consists of
aetal hydroxides present in rinse water from pickling and plating
operations. Minor quantities of insoluble cyanides, silicates, and
phosphates may also be present, as well as oil and grease. It is shown
that a substantial reduction of electroplating vaste can be achieved by
inprocess measures, although certain quantities of waste will always
remain and must be disposed of adequately. About half of the waste
consists of iron frosi pickling operations and chromium hydroxides.
Copoer, nickel, and zinc are not present in waste to make the« valuable
from the resource recovery point of view. Uses for metals extracted
from electroplating waste are noted, and various approaches to the
ultimate disoosal of nonrecoverable electroplating waste are described.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHROMIUM; DISPOSAL; EFFLUENT; ELECTRICAL; INDUSTRY;
IRON; NON-FERROUS; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL; PLATING; REDUCTION; SAFETY; VOLUME
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1IC/2I2
(15) STI.1S ACC.MO.: OOS40510
(18) DOC.CIT.: aouveny, H. o. Principles for the reduction and
treataent of hydroxylic waste from the electroplating industry. In
Jenkins, S. H. , ed. Proceedings; the Second International Congress on
Industrial Haste Water and Wastes, Stockholm, 1975. Progress in Hater
Technology, 8(2-3):169-173, 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.SO.: 041256
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) GBO.
AREA: 1KB/2EE; 1HB (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Guidelines are presented to insuring a safe
environment for individuals employed by scrap processing industries. A
health and safety program is described, and guidelines are offered with
regard to the reduction of unsafe acts and practices, hazards of scrap
processing industries, storage yards, machine guarding, fire
prevention, and safety in the operation of power tools. Frequently
violated regulations of the Occupational Safety and Health Act are
noted. These relate to walking and working surfaces, exits and exit
markings, occupational health and environmental control, hazardous
materials, personal protective equipment, general environmental
controls, medical and first aid, fire protection, compressed air
equipment, materials handling and storage, machinery and machine
guarding, hand and portable powered tools, welding, cutting, and
brazing. Recordkeeping requirements associated with the implementation
ot a safety program in scrap processing industries are noted. Sources
of additional information on health and safety are listed. (Retained in
SWIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: EQUIPMENT; MANUAL; PERSONNEL; PROCESS; PROGRAM;
REGULATIONS; SAFETY; SCRAP
(14) HIERARCH TERHS: 1MD/2MT
(15) STIWS ACC.NO.: OOSUOSOO
(18) DOC.CIT.: Health and safety guide for scrap processors. DHEW
Publication So. (NIOSH) 76-125. Cincinnati, OH, U. S. Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Apr. 1976. 86 p.
37
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SKIRS ACC.NO.: 041049
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(4) AUTHOR: Farreil Ju (10) PUft. YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The use of hi^h level radiation to reduce or
eliTinate patnoqens in waste water and sewage sludge is investigated.
The relevant effects of radiation to sludge treatment include the
following: (1) destruction of microorganisms and parasites; (2)
radiation induced oxidation; (3) modification of molecular structures
to decrease toxicity or enhance biodegradability; and (4) changes in
colloid systems to improve settling or sludge dewatering. Major sludge
irradiation investigations underway in various parts of the world are
noted. Particulation is given to activities in Germany, Switzerland,
and tne United States (Boston, Massachusetts and Albuquerque, New
Mexico). The economics of using high level radiation to reduce or
eliminate pathogens in sludge are assessed. Anticipated future
developments are noted, including synergistic effects when oxygen or
chlorine are added to sludge or waste water during irradiation,
developments to reduce irradiation costs, and irradiation of raw
sludge. Alternatives to the use of radiation tor the reduction or
minimization of pathogens are examined.
(12) KEYWORDS: COHPARISON; CQSTKOL; DATA; ECONOMICS; EUROPE;
GERMANY; PATHOGEN; RADIATION; SLUDGE; SWITZERLAND; TREATMENT; US
(14) 111ERARCH TERMS: 1SJ/2SG
(15) STIflS ACC.NO.: 00540093
(1t») DOC.CIT.: Farreil, J. B. High energy radiation in sludge
treatment - status and prospects. In D. S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Proceedings; the 1975 National Conference on Municipal Sludge
Management and Disposal, Anaheim, CA, Aug. 1b-20, 1975. Rockville, MD,
Information Transfer, Inc. , 1975. p. 124-133.
(1) SWIHS ACC.NO.: 040879
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SHBJ.TYPE: T (10) GBO.
AREA: 1*02; 1MA; 1PM (10) PUB. YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Specific information is presented on pulverizer
performance that should be considered by building designers/owners as
they assess the alternative components available for use in a highrise
iiultifaaiily building refuse handling system. Pulverizers are described
in terms of weight, volume, density, and composition of refuse after
processing; environmental conditions maintained (including contribution
to air pollution and to building sewer systems and vermin infestation,
odor, ami noise); utility and fuel requirements/consumption; personnel
practices; costs; usable, types of refuse container; storage
requirements; fire protection considerations; ability to handle all
refuse; reliability and availability; cleaning requirements;
serviceability; and complexity and salety of operation. A volume
reduction ratio of about 4:1; a weight increase ratio of about 2:1; and
a density increase ratio of around 3:1 can be expected from
pulverizers. Considerable attention must be paid to cleaning and vermin
control practices. Capital cost for purchase and installation of
pulverizer systems will be about $25,000. Fire protection sprinkler
systems should be provided. Acceptable reliability of pulverizers
appears only to be achievable when adequately trained personnel provide
full time attention to the operating equipment. Extensive training of
operator and maintenance personnel will be necessary.
(12) KEYWORDS: BUILDING; EQUIPMENT; FIRE; GRIND; MAINTENANCE;
MANAGEMENT; PERSONNEL; RESIDENTIAL; RODENT; TRAINING
(14) HIBRAHCH TERMS: 1MJ
(15) STIHS ACC.JJO.: OOS39923
(18) DOC.CIT.: Pulverization. In Building Research Advisory Board.
Handbook on Solid Waste Management in Buildings. Washington, National
Academy of Sciences, 1976. p. 23-24.
38
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PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 040878
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 11 (2) SUM.TYPE: T (10) GEO.
AREA: 1IA; 1MJ (10) PUU. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Specific information is presented on incinerator
performance that should he considered by building designers/owners as
they assess the alternative components available for use in a highrise
lultifamily building refuse handling system. Incinerators are described
in terms of weight, volume, density, and composition of refuse after
processing; environmental conditions maintained (including contribution
to air pollution and to building sewer systems and vermin infestation,
odor, and noise); utility and fuel requirements/consumption: personnel
practices; costs; usable types of refuse container; storage
requirements; fire protection considerations; ability to handle all
refuse; reliability and availability; cleaning requirements;
serviceability; and complexity and safety of operation. Incineration
results in a volume reduction ratio of approximately 5. 3:1; a weight
reduction ratio of approximately 2:1; and a density increase ratio of
about 3:1. A reduction in particulate, gaseous, odorous, and smoke
emissions sufficient to meet many standards can be achieved with off
the shelf incineration equipment. However, although an incinerator may
meet criteria against which it was designed it may fall short of
emission standards set by many states. Capital costs of about $20,000
will be required to purchase and install an incinerator/wet scrubber
system.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; UOi); BUILDING; CO1); CONTAINER; DISPOSAL;
ECONOMICS; EMISSION; INCINEKATOK; MANAGEMENT; REFUSE; RESIDENTIAL;
SCRUBBEK; SEWAGE; SLUDGE
(1U) HIERA-RCP TERMS: IMA
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS3992?.
(18) DOC.CIT.: Incineration. In Building Research Advisory Board.
Handbook on Solid Waste Management in Buildings. Washington, National
Academy of Sciences, 1976. p. 19-22.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 010877
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) GEO.
AREA: 1CD; 1MJ; 1PM (10) PUB. YEAK: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Specific information is presented on compactor
performance that should be considered by building designers/owners as
they assess the alternative components availa&le for use in a hignrise
multifamily building refuse handling system. Compactors are described
in terns of weight, volume, density, and composition of refuse after
processing; environmental conditions maintained (including contribution
to air pollution an'd to building sewer systems and vermin and insect
infestation, odor, and noise); utility and fuel
requirements/consumption; personnel practices; costs; usable types of
refuse container; storage requirements; fire protection considerations;
ability to handle all refuse; reliability and availability; cleaning
requirements; serviceability; and complexity and safety of operation. A
volume reduction ratio of approximately 3:1 and a density increase
ratio of approximately 2. 66:1 can be expected from compactors. They
are inherently susceptible to vermin infestation and odor problems and
require daily hosing and weekly cleaning with detergent. Capital cost
of about $8,000 will be required for purchase and installation of a
chute compactor. Monthly maintenance costs of around $3,500 and monthly
operating costs of about $100 if disposable containers are used should
be expected. Operational and design characteristics of a compactor may
dictate that a particular type of refuse container be used. A fire
protection sprinkler system should be provided. Complexity of compactor
operations is such that training of janitorial staff is necessary.
(12) KEYWORDS: BUILDING; COMPACTION; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; FIRE;
MAINTENANCE; ODOR* PROCESS; REPOSE; RESIDENTIAL; RODENT
39
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
HI2RARCI! TEh.l.T: IMA
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00339^21
(Id) DOC.CIT.: Compaction. In Building Research Advisory Board.
Handbook, on Solid Waste Management in Buildings. Washington, National
Academy of Sciences, 1976. p. 17-19.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 040763
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(4) AUTHOR: English NN (10) GEO. AREA: 1GD; 1SB (10) PUB. YEAR:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Literature on the water reclamation and reuse
aspects of wastewater treatment is reviewed. General surveys of water
reuse in the United States were reported, and the world Health
Organization has stressed the international aspects of reuse. Models
for evaluating the economic efficiency of water reuse were developed.
Industrial reuse was reported and the subjects dealt with were,
aethodoloyy to economically evaluate potential power plant
recycle/reuse programs, the advantages of sealed cooling systems,
discharge standards for poultry processing plants, physical chemical
treatment and recycling of effluents, treatment of wastewater from a
denineralization system, and automatic car wasn recycle systems. Water
reuse at a coal gasification plant was reported, as well as ion
exchange Cor the removal of color and minerals from kraft bleach plant
waste. Integrated recovery -nethods were described in metal finishing
and agriculture, and the use of municipal wastewater and sewage for
industrial cooling purposes has been researched. Systems for using
primary and secondary effluent for irrigation purposes were reported,
for both food crops and forest, and studies have been conducted on the
effects of such irrigation. The economic, conservational, and research
factors of groundwater recharging were reported and results of an
injection system using tertiary treated trickling filter effluent were
presented. A computerized raathmatical modo.l for domestic water reuse
was reported, and various domestic reuse schemes were reported although
there is a need for further health research. The development of water
reuse technology was discussed, and reports range from the modification
of present systems to a presentation of a system for future spacecraft.
"(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; CROP; ECONOMICS; EFFLUENT; GROUND
WATER; INDUSTRY; ION EXCHANGE; IRRIGATION; LITERATURE; METAL;
MUNICIPALITY; QUALITY; RECLAMATION; SIMULATION; TREAT.1ENT; WASTE WATER;
UATFR; WHO
(14) aiERARCH TERMS: 1WA
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39812 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Mitchell TM
(13) DUC.CIT.: English, J. N. , and T. H. Mitchell. Wastewater
treatment: water reclamation and reuse. Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation, Ub(6) : 1174-11bO, June 1976.
(1) SKIRS ACC.NO.: 040633
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUdJ.TYPE: S; T
(4) AUTHOR: Nebgen J.J (10) GliO. ARKA: 1US/2PA (10) PUB. YEAR:
(11) ABSTRACT: The alumina/lime/soda
desalination process for waters in which the principal sources of
salinity are sulfate salts and has been field tested at the
40
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PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL
Conrsonwealth of Pennsylvania's Acid Wine Drainage Research Facility,
Hollywood, Pennsylvania, as a method to recover potable water from acid
sine drainage. The alumina/lime/sodu process involves two treatment
stajes. Haw water is reacted with sodium alurainate and lime in the
first stage to orecioitate dissolved sulfate as calcium sulfoaluminate.
In the second stage/the alkaline water (pH - 12. 0) recovered frost the
first staye is carbonated to precipitate excess hardness. Following
carbonation, product water seets United States Public Health Service
specifications for drinking water. Alumina/lime/soda process economics
are influenced most by the cost of sodium aluninate. widespread
application of the alusina/line/soda process will increase demand for
sodium alumiriate, and should spur interest in alternate souces of this
treatment chemical. Operating costs for recovering potable water froa
an acid mine drainage having an acidity of 700 mg/1 and a sulfate level
of 750 mg/1 are estimated to be in the range of $0. 21 to $0. 27/per
cm. (Retained in SWIRS library)
(12) .\EYWORDS: ACID; ALDM1NUM; CHEMICAL; UESALINIZATION; DRAINAGE;
FACILITY; LIME; MINE; PENNSXLVANIA; PROCESS; PURIFICATION; RECLAMATION;
TREATMENT; WASTE WATER
(1t») HIERA.8CH IE MS: 1MB; 1WA/2WG
(1f>) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS39&77 (IS) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Valentine H;
Weatherman DF
(Id) Due.CIT.: Nebgen, J. w. , D. F. Weatherman, and a. Valentine.
Treatment of acid -nine drainage by the alumina-lime-soda process.
Environmental Protection Publication EPA-600/2-76-206. Cincinnati, 0.
S. Environmental Protection Agency, Sept. 1976. 105 p. (Environmental
Protection Technology Series. )
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: OU0538
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOKY: 22 (2) SUUJ.TYPE: S; T
(4) AUTHOR: Kunnells DO (10) G£0. AREA: 1GC (10) PUB. YEAR:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: decause of increasingly stringent laws governing
discharge of fluid wastes to surrace waters, the alternative of
discharge to the subsurface has become attractive. The
physical/chemical processes that prevail in the subsurface are not well
understood, but they are clearly not identical to processes of
purification in surface waters. For example, in the subsurface the
process of oxidation may be of little value in significantly reducing
the concentration of discharged contaminants; in contrast, oxidation
plays an important role in purifying surface waters. Eleven
phyricaI/chemical processes can be identified as having potential value
for purifying wastes discharged to the subsurface, as follow: dilution,
buffering of pH, precipitation by reaction, hydrolysis, oxidation or
reduction, filtration, volatilization, biological assimilation,
radioactive.decay, membrane filtration, and sorption. Discharge to the
vadose zone may be a safe means of disposal of wastes in arid regions.
But it is necessary to carefully test the suitability of a particular
site for a particular waste.
(12) KEYWORDS: CLIMATE; DESERT; DISPOSAL; EARTH; GROOND HATER;
INVESTIGATION; LAND; LSACH; MfiTAL; NEW MEXICO; OXIDATION; PROCESS;
PURIFICATION; REDUCTION; REGULATIONS; SAFETY; SITES; UNDERGROUND; WASTE
WATER
(la) 1IIERARCK TERMS: 1WA/2BF
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39592
(13) DOC.CIT.: Runnells, D. D. Wastewaters in the vadose zone of
arid regions: geochemical interactions. Ground Water, 1U (6):37U-38U,
Nov. /Dec. 1976.
41
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.:
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 1* (2) SOW.TYPE: S; T (10) 6EO.
AREA: U1A/2HF (10) PUb. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Three levels of technology for the treatment and
disposal of potentially hazardous solid waste from the leather tanning
and finishing industry are identified. The three levels are as follows:
(1) technology currently employed by typical facilities; (2) best
technology currently employed; and (3) technology necessary to provide
adequate health and environmental protection. Treatment is applicable
to only one tannery waste stream. Sludge from waste water pretreatment
or treatment facilities ran be dewatered. The removal of as much
moisture as possible can lead to reduce on site storage requirements,
improved hauling, more acceptable disposal practices, and generally
lower disposal costs. Gravity and mechanical dewatering techniques
appear to be the only treatment Methods applicable to waste water
treatment sludge. The potential hazard from tannery waste comes from
the possibility of heavy itetals leaching from disposal sites and
entering the surface or ground water system. Technology for tannery
waste treatment is examined in relation to the following criteria:
current usage in the industry, risk potential, environmental adequacy,
monitoring techniques, limitations, impact, and implementation time.
(12) KEYWORDS: BENEFIT; DISPOSAL; DRYING; ENVIRONMENT; EPA;
HAZARDOUS; HEALTH; INDUSTRY; LEACH; METAL; MONITOR; OSWMP; SLUDGE;
SURVEY; TANNERY HASTE; TECHNOLOGY; TREATMENT
(1U) HIERARCR TERMS: 1TA
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39U80
(18) DOC.CIT.: Approach to the selection of treatment and disposal
technologies. In SCS Engineers, Inc. Assessment of Industrial Hazardous
Waste Practices—Leather Tanning and Finishing Industry. Washington, 0.
S. Environmental Protection Agency, Nov. 1976. p. 147-149.
(1) SW1RS ACC.NO.: 039939
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SUBJ.TKPE: S; T (10) PDB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A representative of the Monsanto Company discusses
hazardous waste management at a public meeting held by the
Environmental Protection Agency on December U, 1975 in Rosemont,
Illinois. The management of hazardous waste from the chemical
processing industry is examined. Methods of disposal used by the
Monsanto Company are detailed, and the desirability of recovery,
recycling, and secondary uses ot waste is stressed. The company opposes
the mandatory use of public land for nazardous waste disposal to the
exclusion of alternative sites. Hazardous waste is defined, and the
development of criteria for identifying hazardous waste is explored. .
Responsibilities for the management of hazardous waste are delineated
(generator, transporter, processor, and disposer). Consideration is
given to safety in the disposal of hazardous waste, site monitoring and
recordkeeping, and feasible methodologies for limiting the amount of
hazardous waste disposed of on land. A question and answer session
follows the presentation.
(12) KEYWORDS: ASSOC; CHEMICAL; CRITERIA; DEFINITION; DISPOSAL;
EPA; HA7.ARDOUS; INDUSTRY; LAND; MANAGEMENT; MONITOR; RECLAMATION;
RESPONSIBILITY; SAFETY; SITES
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS38983
(18) DOC.CIT.: Eby, D. Representing the Monsanto Company, on
hazardous waste management. In Corson, A. S. , P. A. Savage, and C. A.
Bagjatts, eds. Proceedings; the 1975 Public Meetings on Hazardous Waste
Management, Newark, NJ, Rosemont, IL, Houston, TX, and San Francisco,
CA, Dec. 1975. v. 1. Office of Solid Waste Management Programs
Publication SW-9p. Washington, u. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
1976. p. U05-U27.
42
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PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 039109
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.T5TPE: T (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The advantages of a hydraulic machine developed by
Vanesco Limited in the United Kingdom for shearing purposes are
described. The hydraulic shear is the first one of its type to be sold
to the U.S. scrap processing industry. Since the machine is hydraulic,
it does not have any shear pins to break because a safety valve is
fitted to prevent any possible damage if the machine is overloaded.
There is complete control during cutting action. A recycling company in
Colorado used the hydraulic machine and found that its adjustable
cutting speed made it possible to cut large cable with exceptional
rapidity. The company also processed about 1,000 feet of 2. 5 inch
diameter cable through the machine and expects to handle about 1,500 to
1,800 net tons of metal during 1976.
(12) KEYWORDS: EQUIPMENT; GREAT BRITAIN; HYDRAULIC; ILLUSTRATIONS;
MAINTENANCE; METAL; SAFETY; SCRAP
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS38153
(18} DOC.CIT.: Vanesco's hydraulic alligator shear. Recycling
Today, 14(8) :96, Aug. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 033911
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 01 (2) SDBJ.TYI'E: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The nitrogen cycle is described in which PFC (plow,
furrow, cover) and SSI (subsod injector) organic wastes in slurry fora
in the aerobic and biologically active layer of soil where
•icroorganisas degrade wastes to caroon dioxide, water, and nutrients.
The PFC method of waste disposal consists of depositing a slurry or
semisolid waste in a 6 to 8 inch deep plowed furrow. The SSI injects a
band of slurry up to 1. 5 inches thick and 24 inches wide, 6 to 8
inches beneath sod or growing crops. PFC and SSI techniques utilize
soil media in the aerobic region tor degradation and green plants for
the eventual utilization and recycling of organic waste, with a closed
system, there are no odors and no opportunities for flies or other
pests to breed. Unless there is massive soil erosion, no surface runoff
of pollutants occurs with these techniques. Equipment for both
techniques consists of a subsod injector and a tank, mounted on a
trailer with an adjustable tongue. The nitrogen cycle is graphically
illustrated, as well as the recycling and utilization of biodegradable
waste in soil.
(12) KEYWORDS: AEROBIC; BIOLOGICAL; DECOMPOSE; EARTH; EQUIPMENT;
HEALTH; MICROORGANISM; NITROGEN; SLURRY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37955
(18) DOC.CIT.: The nitrogen cycle. In Mantell, C. L. , ed. Solid
Wastes: Origin, Collection, Processing, and Disposal. New York, John
Hiley and Sons, 1975. p. 193-195.
.NO.
F
038857
(2) CATEGORY:
21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB,
(1) SWIRS ACC.
(2) DOMESTIC:
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Experiments of NASA's National Space Technology
laboratories have shown that in tropical and subtropical conditions,
water hyacinths absorb organics, heavy metals, nutrients, and other
chemical elements from wastewater while producing large quantities of
plant material. This water hyacinth biomass, when grown in sewage free
of toxic metals, is a potential source of pcotein fertilizer, methane
gas, and other valuable products. A half hectare lagoon covered with
43
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
water hyacinths, with a Minimum sewage retention time of two weeks,
should oe able to purify to acceptable levels the daily wastes of 1,000
people. Water hyacinths could prove useful in treating effluents
polluted with toxic heavy metals. Because of their high protein and
aineral content, water hyacinths show considerable promise as an animal
feed supplement and water hyacinth meal is a good organic fertilizer
and soil conditioner because of its high nitrogen and mineral content.
The hyacinth is a warm weather plant uut NASA is experimenting with
extending its range by using heat from raw sewage, greenhouse type
canopies, or thermal discharges from industrial operations. Using hot
water from nuclear power plants is appealing because the hyacinths
could act as an added safety filtration system for removing radioactive
elements.
(12) KEYWORDS: ABSORPTION; CLIMATE; FEED; FERTILIZER; FOLIAGE;
GENERATION; LAGOONS; METAL; METHANE; PURIFICATION; REDUCTION; SEWAGE;
TREATMENT; UTILIZE; WASTE WATER
(15) STl.lS ACC.NO.: OOS37901
(Id) DOC.CIT.: Wolverton, B. , and R. C. McDonald. Don »t waste
waterweeds. New Scientists, 71 (1013) :318-320, Aug. 12, 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.MO.: 037780
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUbJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The improvement of municipal solid waste management
is discussed by a member of the Ontario Ministry of the Environment.
Provincial systems approach was to emphasize improved management rather
tuan government legislation to control the handling and disposal of
waste insofar as the enforcement of the latter would necessarily reduce
the disposal options available to municipalities and would result in
substantially increased costs. The Provincial Resource Recovery Program
was initiated by the Ontario province in 1974 as a solid waste
management approach that delineated preventive pollution planning,
conservation, and public health safety, and included objectives and
solution approaches as follows: (1) materials quantity reduction of
those which would most likely result in waste; (2) change in
aanufacture method or type of material utilized to accommodate and
simplify separation and reclamation of waste; (3) source separation in
the household, commercial establishment, or factory; (4) planned,
coordinated waste management systems; (5) central resource recovery
plants; (6) possible additional processing facilities to accomodate
separation at central plants; and (7) encouragement of reutilization of
reclaimer materials through market development. An outline of the
program is given with organizational description, societal
implications, anc! progress to date.
(12) KEYWORDS: CANADA; CONSERVATION; CONTROL; DISPOSAL; FACILITY;
GOVERNMENT; HEALTH; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; PLANNING; POLLUTION;
PROBLEMS; PROGRAM; RECLAMATION; SAFETY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36a2U
(IS) DOC.CIT.: Williamson, w. Ontario's resource recovery program.
Scrap Age, 33(6):176-180, June 1976.
(1) SaiRS ACC.NO.: 0*37579
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ-TYi'E: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAS: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Requirements for textile water treatment are
addressed in relation to regulations of the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) and the Environmental Protection Agency
44
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PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL
(EPA). According to a 1970 Department of Comaerce study, the textile
nil! products industry discharges 401 billion gal of water each year. A
modern waste treatment system for tnis industry must accoaplish tne
following: preliminary treatment to remove grit and solid materials,
primary treatment to remove settleable and floatable solids, secondary
treatment to remove biodegradable organic matter, and tertiary
treatment to remove solids resistant to secondary treatment. Primary
treatment includes equalization, neutralization, and disinfection.
Secondary treatment involves the oxidation of organic matter. Examples
of Known tertiary processes for the removal of organic pollutants are
absorption (including carbon adsorption), foam oxidation, and chemical
oxidation. Details on primary, secondary, and tertiary forms of
treatment for the textile industry are provided.
(12) (KEYWORDS: CHEMICAL; CLEANUP; DISCHARGE; EPA; FEDERAL; FOAM;
INDUSTRY; MANAGEMENT; ORGANIC; OXIDATION; QUANTITY; REGULATIONS;
STERILIZE; TEXTILE; TREATMENT; HATER
(15) STI.1S ACC.SO.: OOS36623
(13) DOC.CIT.: Anon. Textile water cleanup: federal overkill.
Textile World, 126(3):61, 63, 65, Mar. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037538
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 03 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A process is described that was developed by Solid
Conversion Systems Inc. in Cheshire, Connecticut to reuse scrap tire
rubber. The process is capable of reusing the total tire, whereas
previous reclamation effects by tire companies concentrated on carbon
black. The mobile shredders of Solid Conversion Systems can handle
2,000 tires in an 8 hr day, for a charge ranging from 30 cents to $1
per tire. The firm has a minicomputer that records all tire dealers,
recappers, municipalities, health and fire departments, and any other
agency or individual involved in tire disposition. The computer also
keeps track of tire flows and where concentrations are located. Tire
processing plants are planned, and the feasibility of regional tire
collection centers in New England is being assessed. The conversion
process will produce about 12 sizes of "crumb" rubber for the following
uses:'fuel, highway surfacing, sports and leisure activities, and
construction. The use of reclaimed rubber in a New England community is
discussed.
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPUTER; CONSTRUCTION; EQUIPMENT; FUEL; HIGHWAY;
MONITOR; MOVABLE; PROCESS; RECLAMATION; RECREATION AREA; RUBBER; SCRAP;
SHREDDING; SPECIAL; TIRE; UTILIZE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36582
(18) DOC.CIT.: Chad bourne, R. D. Recycled rubber hits the road. New
Englander, 23 (2) :<+9-53, June 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 03U28B
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUbJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This article describes the refuse disposal system in
use in Charleston County, South Carolina, which consists of a sanitary
landfill with shredded waste. Federal general revenue sharing funds
were used to finance construction 01 the shredding facility. The plant
is located on a 3-acre site in the city of Charleston and the county
has agreed to fill the surrounding 73 acres with the plant product over
the next 3 to 5 years, after which it is expected that the land can be
used for industrial, development sites. Two 20-ton per hr and one 10-ton
45
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
per he shreflrting units are used at the facility. The plant went into
operation at the same time that 13 of the 15 county dumps were closed
down by health officials. The larger unit is capable of grinding such
bulky wastes as refrigerators and tires. The entire system is
automated, and personnel are limited to six workers who load and
maintain the conveyor lines and one person who operates and monitors
the system through closed circuit television. Public collection
agencies use the facility at no charge, while private collectors pay 2.
37 dollars per ton of refuse. The county is planning to gradually
introduce reclamation programs, the first of which will be recovery of
ferrous metal, which is expected to be initiated in the near future.
Use of the waste as a supplemental fuel is also being investigated.
County residents are encouraged to visit the pulverization plant.
(12) KEYWORDS: COUNTY; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; EQUIPMENT; FACILITY.;
GHIND; MANAGEMENT; PLANNING; RECLAMATION; REDUCTION; REGIONAL; SANITART
LANDFILL; .SHREDDING; SYSTEM; VOLUME
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS33332
(18) DOC.CIT.: Black, R. L. County refuse disposal system Beets
today's needs. Public Works, 106 (6) :94-95, June 1975.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 033418
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SDBJ.TYPE: T (10) PDB.
YEAR: 1975
(11} ABSTRACT: This report on the feasibility of using the
Ridgewood Army weapons Plant facility as a waste management and
resource recovery center was prepared for the Hamilton County (Ohio)
Board of County Commissioners. This chapter presents an evaluation of
the site and facilities. Hamilton County is required by the terms of
the property conveyance to use the site for the public benefit in terms
of health and recreation and to report annually to the Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare on the use of the property. The County
has resolved to develop the facility as a county wide solid waste
disposal processing center and recreation facility for use jointly with
the City of Cincinnati. The site is located within Cincinnati and
occupies about 50 acres, with most of the building, equipment, and
storage yards concentrated within a 20 acre self-contained area.
Surrounding land is used largely for industrial and transportation
purposes and the site has good access to major roads. The municipal
incinerator is located on an adjacent site. The Baltimore and Ohio
Railroad runs near the site and a spur track already exist connecting
the site to the main line. An inventory of the buildings now existing
on the site is presented. The buildings are generally in good
condition, although some rehabilitation and correction of safety
hazards would be required. Ten of tne buildings are classified as heavy
industrial, while six are minor or specialized buildings. Most of the
industrial buildings could be cleared of existing equipment, yielding
high quality operational space with good existing rail and bay crane
facilities. (This document is retained in the SWIRS library. )
(12) KEYWORDS: CENTRALIZED; CINCINNATI; DISPOSAL; FACILITY;
MANAGEMENT; MILITARY; MUNICIPALITY; OHIO; PLANNING; REFUSE; REGIONAL;
SITES; TRANSPORT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS32U62
(18) DOC.CIT.: PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc. Evaluation of
the physical plant: I. In Ridgewood Army Weapons Plant evaluation and
resource recovery feasibility study. Cincinnati, Ohio, Apr. 1975. p.
Ill (1-17) .
46
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Section 5
ANALYSIS, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(t) SHIRS ACC.HO.: 046186
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SUBJ.TTPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Education in environmental health.
(4) AUTHOR: Singleton DJ
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Environmental Health
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2UK (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Results of a British survey are presented. An
attempt was made in this study to: (1) identify areas where
environmental health problems exist; (2) determine environmental health
officers1 perceptions of their role and function; and (3J estimate the
extent of training in education and assess the role of the British Area
Health Authority vis-a-vis environmental health departments.
Environmental health officers stated that health education ought to be
involved more in their work, and if extra training were offered, the
majority would take advantage of it. Literature oq health education is
not received very often by most environmental health departments. Host
environmental health officers would prefer to have their own health
education sections. Where sections are not established, little use is
made of existing health education sections which are a feature of Area
Health Authorities. If health education is to play a part in
environmental health in the future, consideration will have to be given
to priorities for training of environmental health officers, to the
allocation of resources within the environmental health departments,
and to effective liasion with existing health education departments of
Area Health Authorities.
(12) KEYWORDS: ENYIRONHBNT; GREAT BRITAIN; HEALTH; PERSONNEL;
TRAINING
(14) HIBRARCR TERHS: 1EI/2PO; 1HE; 1PH
(15) STIBS ACC.HO.: OOS45237
(16) CITATION: 85(3):63-64, Mar. 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 045785
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SUBJ.TYPFI: S; T
(6) BOOK TITLE: Alternatives for Hazardous Waste Management in the
Inorganic Chemicals Industry. (8) REPORT NO.: SH-149c (9) CONTRACT
NO.: EPA 68-01-4190 .
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Technically feasible treatment techniques for
potentially hazardous wastes are identified that accomplish resource
recovery, waste detoxification, or volume reduction of waste for
ultimate, disposal. Potentially hazardous waste streaas are identified
as mercury, chlorinated hydrocarbons, asbestos, lead, metallic sodium
and calcium, waste water sludges, fluoride, arsenic, antimony,
chronate, nickel, .and phosphorus. Industries that generate these wastes
are characterized in terms of number, location, size, and production
capacity. Technologies for treating inorganic waste streams are
identified as calcination, dissolution, distillation, electrolysis,
evaporation, filteration, high gradient magnetic separation,
neutralization and pH control, and precipitation. Processes selected
for treatment of specific waste streaas are identified, analyzed, and
given costs. In addition, land disposal options and costs are
discussed. A comparison of the cost of the proposed treatment processes
with sanitary or chemical land disposal for each waste stream found
47
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
that sanitary landfill operations would be significantly lower in
capital outlays for 13 of the 15 waste streams identified.
Consideration was also given to energy requirements for the respective
treatments. The appendixes contain known occupational and health
effects of potentially hazardous compounds, cost bases for cost
analyses tasks, and sample calculation of costs. (Retained in SWIRS
library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: CHEMICAL; ECONOMICS; HAZARDOUS; INORGANIC;
MANAGEMENT; PROCESS; TREATMENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1CB/2CA; 1EA/2EA; 1HA/2HG; 1MA/2WH; 1TG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS44834
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1977. 301 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 044356
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Evaluation procedures, criteria, and
constraints.
(4) AUTHOR: Wyatt JH
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: Engineering-Science, Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Sludge Processing, Transportation and
Disposal/Resource Recovery: A Planning Perspective. (8) REPORT NO.:
WPD 12-75-01 (9) CONTRACT NO.: 68-01-3101
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR:' 1*75
(11) ABSTRACT: A planning framework within which residual waste
disposal and/or reuse alternatives can ce selected and evaluated is
presented. Residual waste processing and disposal and reuse
alternatives are described and illustrated, sludge producing and sludge
handling unit processes are exanined. Criteria for evaluating
alternatives are given. They are concerned with economic aspects of
residual waste disposal and iianagentent, the impact of residual waste
processing and disposal on environmental quality (water, air, land,
flora and fauna, aesthetics, public nealth, the community, and resource
conservation), feasibility (financial feasibility, public
acceptaoility, land use compatibility, and ease of implementation), and
performance (effectiveness and reliability, adaptability, and calamity
resistance).
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; CRITERIA; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; EFFLUENT;
MANAGEMENT; PLANNING; PROCESS; RESIDUE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT; WASTE WATER;
WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1MA/2MH; 1SI/2SY; 1SI/2S2
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43400 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: ihite PE Jr
(16) CITATION: Washington, DC, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Dec. 1975. p.158-180.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 043208
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Standards for viruses in effluents, sludges, and
ground and surface waters.
(1) AUTHOR: Sproul OJ
(6) UOOK TITLE: In baldwin, L. B., J. M. Davidson, and J. F.
Gerber, eds. Virus A'spects of Applying Municipal Waste to Land.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Necessary elements of standards for viruses in water
and sludge are detailed. Four reasons for the establishment of
standards for viruses in water and sludge are cited: (1) human health;
(2) reduction in the treatment of water by subsequent downstream
48
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
industrial and municipal users; (3) maintenance of recreational and
economic opportunities; and (4) improvement of public confidence in the
ability of public officials to control the environment. The
establishment of virus standards nay be based on cause and effect
relationships, analytical detection limits, or treatment technology.
Standards of the world Health Organization and the U.S. Public Health
Service and in South Africa and Canada for viruses in drinking water
are noted, as well as standards in Montgomery County, Maryland for
viruses in treated effluent. Goals for viruses in water and sludge are
identified .
(12) KEYWORDS: EFFLUENT; GROUND WATER; HEALTH; HUMAN; INDUSTRY;
MUNICIPALITY; RECREATION ARBA; SLUDGE; STANDARD; VIRUS
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1LB/2LA; 1MF; 1SI/2S4
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSU2251
(16) CITATION: Gainsville, FL, Univeristy of Florida, (1977).
p.131-135.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 042990
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 22 (2) SDBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: The indispensable (sometimes intractable)
landfill.
(14) AUTHOR: James SC
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Technology Review
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Projections show that the amount of net waste to be
disposed of will level off by 1985 due to resources recovered and waste
reduction policies but there will still be 30 million tons of waste per
year more than at present for landfill. Tighter regulations for
municipal and hazardous waste disposal sites will benefit the
environment but will place a greater burden on the overall economics of
waste disposal. The most common source of landfill problems stems froi
the generation of leachate caused by water percolating through the
solid wastes. Raw leachate contains many substances, primarily heavy
netals, that are potential threats to human health and/or can cause
severe damage to the environment. One way to prevent leachate
generation and contaminant migration is to assure that landfill sites
meet the proper soil and geologic requirements. Present disposal
practices of hazardous wastes include land dumping or burial, ocean
dumping, incineration, and deep well injection. By following the
prescribed methods, these practices are usually acceptable. Gas is
produced in landfill sites as a result of the aicrobial decomposition
of the deposited organic matter. The methane in the gas represents an
excellent energy resource; bat it is also an explosive. Gas froa
landfills has been the cause of numerous accidents. In many areas,
recreational facilities have been built on completed fills.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACCIDENT; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; ENERGY; ENVIRONMENT;
HAZARDOUS; HEALTH; LEACH; METHANE; MUNICIPAL; RECLAMATION; RECREATION
AREA; REFUSE; SAFETY; SANITARY LANDFILL
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1DD/2DP; 1HA; 1KB; 1LC; 1SD/2SG
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS42033
(16) CITATION: 79 (4): 38-47, Feb. 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 042158
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Wastewater sampler plug-free in operation
round-the-clock.
49
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(4) AUTHOR: Shinners ?.n
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Chemical Processing
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2K* (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: A sampler, used at the Murray, Kentucky, division of
Vanderba.lt Chemical Corporation which has resisted corrosion and is
plug free although it has been in operation since 1971, 24 hours a day,
seven days a week is described. The Hurray Division facilities provide
for containment and treatment of liquid effluents in normal and
catastrophic situations. At a predetermined time, the sampler lowers a
sample cup into the outfall stream. After filling, the cup is raised to
the top of a stand pipe where it is mechanically emptied into a
composite sample cantainer. Sample frequency can be adjusted easily to
give the required volume of composite samples. Sample volume can be
adjusted between 50 to 1000cc. Automatic controls such as safety cut
offs of feed pumps via electrical interlocks, overflow alarms and
automatic weighing systems are inherent in the process pollution
prevention systems.
(12) KEYWORDS: EQUIPMENT; KENTUCKY; MONITOR; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL;
QUALITY; SAMPLING METHODS; HASTE WATER
(14) HIERARCH TEKMS: 1EK/2ES; 1IC; 1MK; 1PK
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS41202
(16) CITATION: 40(1): 35, Jan. 1977.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 041265
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SDBJ.TYPE: G
(4) AUTHOR: Basta DJ (10) GEO. AREA: 1HA/2HH (10) PUB. YEAR:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The impact of degradable and suspended solids on
water quality management is investigated. Provisions of the Mater
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 and implementation of the act
by the Environmental Protection Agency are detailed. The act states
that more stringent limitations on discharges from point sources may be
imposed wherever the application of certain technology levels is
insufficient to achieve ambient water quality standards already
promulgated. Nonpoint sources constitute the other major category of
discharge sources, and it is noted that Federal regulations contain few
provisions relating to these sources. The relative importance of point
and nonpoint discharge sources is assessed in relation to regulatory
requirements. The National Residuals Discharge Inventory (NRDI) is
described as a technique for analyzing water quality. The NRDI is a
computational system structured to permit estimates of potential
reductions in liquid residuals discharged from point and nonpoint
sources and the associated costs of such reductions under alternative
vater quality management policies. The three components of the NRDI are
inventories of production and consumption activities that generate and
discharge residuals to surface water, a set of unit process residual's
discharge reduction functions applicable to industrial and/or municipal
waste, and a procedure for computing a water quality index. The
estimation of residuals discharges is explored, with emphasis on
industrial, municipal, nonirrigated agricultural, and urban storm vater
runoff discharges. The impact of discharges on water quality is
considered.
(12) KEYHORDS: ANALYSIS; FEDERAL; MANAGEMENT; QUALITY; REGULATIONS;
SAMPLING METHODS; STANDARD; WATER
(14) BIERARCH TERMS: 1WA/2WB
(15) STIMS ACC.MO.: OOS40309 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Bower BT
(18) DOC.CIT.: Basta, D. J. , and B. T. Bower. Point and nonpoint
sources of degradable and suspended solids: impacts on water quality
management. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 31(6):252-259, Nov.
-Dec. 1976.
50
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 0«1151
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOBY: 19 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T
(U) AUTHOR: Rand HC (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Standard methods for water and wastewater
examination of the American Public Health Association (APHA) are
presented. The procedures described in these standards are intended for
the examination of waters within a wide range of quality. These waters
include water suitable for domestic or industrial supplies, surface
waters, groundwaters, cooling or circulating water* boiler water,
boiler feed water, wastewater effluents after varying degrees of
treatment, and untreated municipal or industrial waste waters. An
effort has been made to present methods that apply as generally as
possible, and where alternative methods are necessary for samples of
different composition, to present the basis for selecting the most
appropriate method. Certain parts of these standards present procedures
that are intended for use with sludges and sediments. Hany water plant
laboratories perform analysison bulk chenicals received for the
treatment of water. These standards are not intended to cover such
analyses. An APHA committee prepares and issues standards for water
treatment chemicals. Kach separate standard describes the acceptable
physical and chemical characteristics of the material and presents
methods, for collecting the sample and determining the major components
in order to ascertaincoapliance with the specifications. (Retained in
swlRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; APHA; CHEMICAL; COMPOSITION; POLLUTION;
QUALITY; SAMPLING METHODS; STANDARD; TREATMENT; WASTE HATER; iATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1WA/2HB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSU0195 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Greenbeirg
AE; Taras MJ
(18) DOC.CIT.: Rand, tl. C. , A. E. Greenberg, and a. J. Taras, eds.
Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 11th ed.
Washington, DC, American Public Health Association, 1976. 1193 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 0411H3
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 2a (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T
(U) AOTHOR: Hood LB (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: An investigation was conducted to examine, on a
pilot scale, the feasibility of achieving improvements in the activated
sludge process by using pure oxygen instead of air. The objectives of
the investigation were to achieve an increased rate of carbonaceous
oxidation, and increased rate of ajamonia removal, the production of
activated sludge with better sludge density and settlement
characteristics, and the production of a reduced quantity of surplus
sludge. The investigation was carried out at a sewage treatment works
in England and was initiated in 1971. The use of pure oxygen instead of
air did not increase the growth rate of organisms responsible for
carbonaceous and anwoaia oxidation, and the rate of oxidation for these
substances for a unit mass of organxsas was not changed. It was
confirmed that the maximum growth rate of Nitrososonas could be reduced
in single stage systems oy low pH in mixed liguor when the latter was
enclosed with oxygen and carbon dioxide was allowed to build up in the
gas space. The greater facility provided by the use of oxygen in
allowing high concentrations of mixed ligoor-suspended solids to be
maintained, however offered the possibility of greater hydraulic
loading and smaller volumetric capacity for plants aiaed only at the
removal of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) load. There was no evidence
51
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
of a reduction in the quantity of sludge produced. The rate of growth
associated with organism oxidizing carbonaceous substrate was similar
to that of air based sludge and resulted in a similar sludge yield. No
evidence was found of increased sludge removal by endogenation and
lysis.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED SLUDGE; AIR; BOLKING; COMPARISON; CONTROL;
DATA; EFFECT; FACILITY; INVESTIGATION; MICROBIOLOGY; OXYGEN; SETTLEMENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1SI/2SY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40187 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Durkin MK;
King RP
(18) DOC.CIT.: Wood, L. B. , R. P. King, and M. K. Durkin. The
operation of a simplex activated sludge pilot plant in an atmosphere of
pure oxygen. Public Health Engineer, 4 (2) :36-43, Rar. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 041050
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SOWJ.TYPE: S; T
(4) AUTHOR: bryan EK (10) GJ20. AREA: 1MA/2MD; 1wA (10) POB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: An overview of research projects supported by the
National Science Foundation with regard to the management of municipal
waste water treatment residuals is presented. The foundation's Division
of Advanced Environmental Research and Technology has research projects
in the field of regional environmental management, weather
lodification, environmental aspects of trace contaminants,
environmental effects of energy, earthquake engineering, and fire
research. A research program on national needs, initiated in 1969 by
the foundation, focuses on the environment, energy, productivity, and
resources. The application of management principles to improve regional
environmental quality is discussed. Four objectives of the research
program on residuals management are identified: (1) .identify
capabilities and limitations of known processes for the management of
residuals; (2) evaluate new technological approaches for processing and
managing municipal and industrial residuals; (3) achieve reconciliation
of processing economies of scale promised by regionalization of
residuals management with apparent collection system diseconomies; and
(4) seek alternative management concepts for the conversion of
residuals into products or forms that minimize or eliminate risk to
human health. Several research projects of the foundation are
described.
(12) KEYWORDS: ASSOC; CONTAMINATE; CONTROL; CRITERIA; DISASTER;
ENVIRONMENT; GRANT; MANAGEMENT; MUNICIPALITY; POLLUTION; PROGRAM;
HESFARCH; TECHNOLOGY; TREATMENT; WASTE WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1GC
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40094
(18) DOC.CIT.: . Bryan, E. H. Management of municipal wastewater
treatment residuals. In U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Proceedings; the 1975 National Conference on Municipal Sludge
Management and Disposal, Anaheim, CA, Aug. 16-20, iy?5. Rockville, MO,
Information Transfer, Inc. , 1975. p. 134-138.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 040558
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) GEO.
AREA: 1ED (10) PUt. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A report to Congress of the environmental research
plans of the Office of Research and Development (ORD), U. S.
52
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is presented. The program is in
support of EPA's legal commitments and the structure and organization
of ORD, together with its objectives, are described. The four ORD
offices pursue research on six major elements: (1) environmental
loading and contamination associated with human activities and natural
resources; (2) environmental processes that result in pollutant
transformation, transport, and removal processes; (3) pollutant
identification, characterization, and measurement; (t) development of
Measurement and monitoring methods; (5) determination of health,
ecological, and other welfare effects; (6) development of alternative
control technologies and management methods to affect environnental
enhancement and restoration. The health and ecological effects progran
has seven major categories that provide information for establishment
and reevaluation of water and air quality criteria, ocean disposal
criteria, pesticide registration, effluent standards for toxic and
hazardous materials, and radiation standards. The industrial processes
program has two subprograms for point and nonpoint sources, the
Minerals, Processing, and Manufacturing Industries subprogram and the
Renewable Resources Industry Subprogram. The Public Sector Activities
Program is divided into waste management, water supply, and
environmental management. The Monitoring and Technical Support Program
is composed of research on measurement techniques and equipment
development, quality assurance and technical support.
Energy/Environment Program's three sunprograms are described. They are
health and ecological effects/energy, energy extraction and processing
technology, and energy conservation, utilization, and technology
assessments. The 1976 Plan and Five Year Plan is given for each
project. (Retained in SWIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: AIK; CLASSIFICATION; EPA; HEALTH; LAW; MEASUREMENTS;
MONITOR; OCEAN; PKSTICIDE; PLANNING; POLLUTION; PROGRAM; RESEARCH;
TRANSPORT; WATER
(1U) HIERARCH TERPS: 1AK
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.C OOS39602
(18) DOC.CIT.: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental
Research Outlook, Vi 1976 through 1980. Report to Congress, Feb. 1976.
Environmental Protection Publication EPA-600/9-76-003. Washington, 0.
S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976. 159 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 033903
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATfiSOhY: It (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) PDB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: An organized effort to control the solid waste
problem in iTie County, Pennsylvania is described. An environmental
healtn survey report entitled ERI£LAND 2000 was issued in 1967.
Heco-nmendations were made in this report with regard to the
establishment of a solid wa^te disposal authority, application to the
State of Pennsylvania and to the Federal Government for funding to
conduct, a. study of solid waste problems and to devlop a master plan,
enactment of legislation to eliminate open dumping and burning,
handling and disposal of industrial wate, and the control of discarded
automobiles and other .bulky waste. A countrywide study of solid waste
disposal sites and practices was completed in 1968, and a solid waste
disposal authority was formed in 1969. An attitude survey conducted in
1969 showed that the public's knowledge about solid waste practices was
fragmented, disorganized, and often erroneous In 1967, the Erie County
Department of Health conducted a survey of all HO municipalities in the
county to determine solid waste storage practices, volume of refuse
collection, and methods of disposal. A survey was made of all
industries in the county in 1960 to determine, the volume of refuse
generated and disposal practices. In 1969, the State Solid Waste
Management Act became effective, and the provisions of the act are
outlined .
53
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1?) KEYWORDS: ADMINISTRATION; COUNTY; DISPOSAL; LAW; MANAGEMENT;
PENNSYLVANIA; SURVEY
(15) STIMS ACC.SO.: OOS37947 .
(18) DOC.CIT.: Example of legislation and cooperation: Erie County,
Pennsylvania. In tlantell, C. L. , ed. Solid Wastes: Origin, Collection,
Processing, and Disposal. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1975. p. 53-67.
(1) SW1RS ACC.NO.: 033702
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOKY: Oi* (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) POB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Vinyl chloride monomer (VCH) is retained in sludge
wastes produced during polyvinyl chloride (PVC) processing at
production plants, industry is actively investigating processing
improvements that ma/ reduce the amount of VCM in these sludges in the
future and is looking at alternate disposal and recycle schemes.
However, the PVC sludges currently being disposed of at landfills may
still contain sufficient VCH to constitute a potential health hazard
when the gaseous VCM escapes. In a preliminary, low level study done to
determine whether a potential threat to the nealth of landfill workers
or nearby residents exists, 17 grab air samples were collected for
laboratory analysis of VCtf content at three landfills where these
sludges were disposed. Samples of ah £VC sludges which were disposed at
the tire« landfills also were collected. VCM concentrations in the grab
air and sludge samples were measured using the gas chroaatographic
flame ionization detection analytical technique. The release rate of
VCM from sludge also was measured under controlled laboratory
conditions, using a specially designed apparatus.
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; iVASSSS; HEALTH; I.MDUSTftY; MATHEMATICAL MODEL;
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE; REDUCTION; RESEARCH; SAFETY; SAMPLING METHODS;
SANITARY LANDFILL; SLODGS
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37746
(18) DOC.CIT.: Markle, R. A. , R. B. Iden, and 7. A. Slieners. A
preliminary examination of vinyl chloride emissions from polymerization
sludges, during handling and land disposal. In Fuller, M. H. , ed.
Proceedings; the Residual Management by Land Disposal Proceedings of
the Hazardous waste Research Symposium, University of Arizona, Tucson,
Feb. 2-4, 1976. Environmental Protection Publication EPA-600/9-76-015.
Cincinnati, OH, u. S. Environmental Protection Agency, July 1976. p.
186-194. (Distributed by the National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA, as PB 256 768 AS. )
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 03&559
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 02 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) POB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The current status of the sampling methodology and
the electron microscopic techniques used to identify, count and size
asbestos particles in environmental media is discussed and data from
ambient air sampling near a California asbestos processing plant are
presented. The California population is exposed to asbestos from
natural sources such as wind and water erosion of asbestos containing
rock formations and from a multitude of anthropogenic sources. Of
particular concern are such sources as asbestos aines and mills,
automobile brake linings, asbestos spraying for fireproofing of
buildings, asbestos cement pipes for transporting drinking water.
54
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
talcum, and the widespread use of asbestos filters in the food, drug
and beverage industries. Inhalation of asoestos fibers in sufficient
quantity is associated with at least three diseases: asbestosis, lung
cancer and mesothelioma, with latency periods measured in decades. Thus
it is recommended that long range monitoring programs be established
now to help assess the health effects of this pollutant. The mechanism
of pathogenicity may be dependent on the size of the fibers, so
monitoring schemes should include size distrioution data as well as
identification and counting techniques. Since most of the particles of
asbestos found in environmetal media are too small to be resolved by
the optical microscope, electron microscopy must r>e used.
(12) KEYWORDS: ASBESTOS; AUTOMOBILE; CALIFORNIA; EFFECT; FIREPROOF;
FOOD; HEALTH; MEASUREMENTS; MINE; MONITOB; PIPELINE; POPULATION;
SAMPLING METHODS; WATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37603
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hesolowski, J. J. , R. Stanley, and G. Smith.
Asbestos measurements in the California environment. In Proceedings;
International Symposium on rhe Recent Advances in the Assessment of the
Health Effects of Environmetnal Pollution, Paris, June 24-28, 1974. v.
3. Luxembourg, Commission of the Eurooean Communities, 1975. n.
1729-1737.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 038553
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 02 (2) SJBJ.TYPE: T (10) PU3.
TEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A procedure has been developed whicn facilitates
investigation of the toxicological problems that may arise in industry.
The procedure for an INRS type investigation in the plastics packaging
industry is described following the outbreak, of an occupational related
disease. The procedure is progressive. Each stage only comes into
action if the previous stage has failed to find a solution to the
hazard. It comprises: (1) local teams of specialist observers trained
in the problems of industrial hygiene; (2) an infrastructure to collect
and transmit data to analytical and research laboratories for
processing; (3) raultidisciplinary teams called upon to study the extent
and implications of the problem, and to consolidate local observations;
(4) chemical laboratories specializing in the sampling and analysis of
industrial substances present in working atmospheres; (5) experimental
toxicological laboratories. These particular laboratories should be
capable of carrying out tests on animals in order to provide the
preventer with specific methods of early detection, and of carrying out
appropriate biological analysis on human samples; also a working party
within which physicians, toxicologists, and statisticians should be
present to interpret the results obtained during the previous stages.
When the facts have been ascertained and the causes demonstrated, the
report is then sent to the competent authorities so that they can take
the necessary steps. (Text in French)
(12) KEYWORDS: DATA; DISEASE; HEALTH; INDUSTRY; INVESTIGATION;
LABORATORY; OCCUPATION; PLASTIC; PROCESS
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS37597
(18) DOC.CIT.: Cicolella, A. , D. Gradiski, and J. L. Magadur.
Exemple de recherche dans une atmosphere d'une substance chimique cause
d'effets pathologiques. (Investigation of an*atmospheric chemical
pollutant with pathological effects. ) In Proceedings; International
Symposium on the Recent Advances in the Assessment of the Health
Effects of Environmental Pollution, Paris, June 24-28, 1974. v. 3.
Luxembourg, Commission of the European Communities, 1975. p. 1661-1666.
55
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SWIRS ACC.tJO.: 038U17
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUUJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Recent studies undertaken to determine the total
environmental impact of water chlorination are reported. Scientists
have long been concerned over toxic materials that arise during
chlorination of secondary plant effluent. During sludge digestion,
ammonia is produced and dissolves in the water. When chlorine is added
later to the effluent, it reacts to form hypochlorite and chloramines.
Studies show that it is tne chloramines that Kill disease agents (as
Measured by coliform bacteria counts). However, the same chloramines
cause fish kills when the treated water is released to water courses.
Studies are now being conducted on alternative disinfection methods
such as ozonation, ultraviolet radiation or gamma radiation,
particularly in terms of cost effectiveness.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHLORINE; ECONOBICS; PROCESS; RADIATION; SEWAGE;
STERILIZE; WASTE HATER
(15) STI«S ACC.NO.: OOS37461
(18) DOC.CIT.: Chlorine looks secure as water reagent. Canadian
Chemical Processing, 60 (3): 28-29, Mar. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037U09
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A $U-million research and development program is
described that was initiated by tne Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) to characterize the fluidized bed coal combustion process. As
part of the EPA program, interagency transfers of funds were effected
to obtain the assistance of the Energy Research and Development
Administration, Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Federal Energy
Administration. The fluidized bed coal combustion process involves the
combustion of coal within a bed of granular noncoTbustible material
such as limestone or dolomite. Data which have been compiled to date on
sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions suggest that fluidized bed
coal combustion may effectively control these pollutants. The EPA
fluidized bed combustion program is designed to develop information on
the emission and control of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. The
program is divided into two major subobjectives: (1) environmental
assessment; and (2) control technology development. Projects being
carried out under EPA»s program are discussed according to the
following categories: broad environmental assessment, comprehensive
analysis of emissions, solid and liquid waste disposal, experimental
and engineering studies, and paper studies. Other Federal agencies
participating in the tPA fluidized bed combustion program are noted.
(Document, retained in SWIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: COMBUSTIHLE; CONFERENCE; CONTROL; DATA; EMISSION;
EPA; PLU1DIZEI) liED; FOSSIL FUEL; NITROGEN; OXYGEN; PROCESS; PROGRAH;
RESEARCH; SULFUR
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36454
(13) DOC.CIT.: Henschel, D. B. The U. S. F.nvironmental Protection
Agency program for environmental characterization of fluidized-bed
combustion systems. Environmental Protection Publication 600/7-76-002.
In: Proceedings; National Conference on Health, Environmental Effects,
and Control Technology of Energy Use, Washington, DC, Feb. 9-11, 1976.
Washington, DC, U. S. F,nv iron mental Protection Agency, 1976, 340 p. (p.
205-211) .
56
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037U06
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Research and development aspects of the Department
of Agriculture's program for the reclamation of lands affected by
Mining are reviewed. The program is concerned with anticipating and
ameliorating the effects of fossil fuel and aineral development on the
environment, surface resources, people, and agricultural production.
The program coordinates the individual efforts of several agencies
within the Department of Agriculture (USDA): Agricultural Stabilization
and conservation Service, Agricultural Research Service, Cooperative
State Research Service, Economic Research Service, Extension Service,
Forest Service, and Soil Conservation Service. Program goals,
objectives, and benefits are detailed, with emphasis on such objectives
as land reclamation, improved water use, water and air quality,
maintenance and promotion of viable rural communities, agricultural and
forest productivity, and environmental amenities. Field units
implementing the program ore noted, as well as research and development
components of the program. Research and development aspects include:
(1) impact of alternative mineral extraction methods, related
transportation systems, and industrial plants processing mined
•aterials; and (2) reclamation technology (overburden analysis,
redeposition, hydroloyy, amendments, plant materials,
cost-effectiveness, pilot testing, and information systems). Roles of
BSDA agencies in the program are delineated, and principal contacts for
research and development aspects of the program are noted. (Document
retained in SWIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: CONFERENCE; DOA; EFFECT; ENVIRONMENT; FOSSIL FUEL;
LAND; MINE; MINERAL; PROGRAM; QUALITY; RECLAMATION; RESEARCH;
TECHNOLOGY; TRANSPORT; WATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36451
(18) DOC.CIT.: Ward, D. 0. DSDA research and development for
reclamation of lands affected by mining. Environmental Protection
Publication 600/7-76-002. In: Proceedings; National Conference on
Health, Environmental Effects, and Control Technology of Energy Ose,
Washington, DC, Feb. 9-11, 1976. Washington, DC, 0. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1976, 3**0 p. (p. 182-195).
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037405
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The prevention of adverse environmental effects in
coal development activities in the eastern United States is addressed.
Eastern fields dominate the coal industry both in terms of production
from surface and underground mines and in terms of the number of sines.
Environmental damages resulting from eastern surface mining are noted.
Measures to reduce such environmental impacts are discussed, with
emphasis on the development of new mining methods and reclamation
techniques, reduction of acid mine drainage, and improved sediment
problems. Environmental dannges resulting fro-n underground jnines
include acid mine drainage, subsidence, and sediment from surface
facilities. The surface mining program of the Environmental Protection
Agency is described in relation to the development of manuals on
paleoenvironment analysis as a predictor of acid mine drainage, field
and laboratory methods applicable to overburdens and mine soils,
control of sediment and erosion during mining, revegetation, and
prediction and pollution abatement model for nfine drainage. The
57
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
development of new mining and reclamation methods is noted, and the
Environmental Protection Agency's program to develop technology for
dewatering underground mines is detailed along with other aspects of
the agency's overall underground mining program. Hesources being
expended on eastern coal mining are tabulated. (Document retained in
SWIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: ACID; CONFERENCE; DRAINAGE; EFFECT; ENERGY;
ENVIRONMENT; SPA; FOSSIL FUEL; INDUSTRY; LAND; MINE; PROGRAM;
PROJECTION; RECLAMATION; REGIONAL; UNDERGROUND; US
(15) iSTIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36U50
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hill, E. D. Environmental control technology of
eastern coal development. Environmental Protection Publication
600/7-76-002. In: Proceedings; National Conference on Health,
Environmental Effects, and Control Technology of Energy Use,
Washington., DC, Feb. 9-11, 1976. Washington, DC, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1976, 3*»0 p. (p. 180-181) .
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037U02
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Objectives of the Biological Services Programs
within the Fish and Wildlife service are reviewed. The Fish and
Wildlife service's energy efforts are primarily concerned with
minimizing the impact of energy developments on fish, wildlife, and
related environmental values. The Biological Services Program has five
terrestrial objectives: (1) define key terrestrial problems resulting
from energy development; (2) obtain tools to deal effectively with
terrestrial problems; (3) test and demonstrate tools and methods under
controlled conditions; (U) learn how and where to put improved
information to work on environmental problems; and (5) become involved
in itecision making as an active participant. Operational details of the
Biological Services Program are presented in relation to the
accomplishment of its objectives. Particular emphasis is placed on the
analysis of ecological information pertaining to terrestrial areas
under stress from energy extraction and processing. It is anticipated
that the analysis of t:uch information will improve ecological surveys
and inventories and monitoring procedures, ecosystem classification
techniques, ecosystem development assessment, predictive capabilities,
and means for mitigating adverse impacts of energy development. Planned
activities of the Fish and wildlife Service are noted, along with
interagency participation activities. Resources allocated to the
conduct of terrestrial projects are tabulated. (Document retained in
SWIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL; COLLECTION; CONFERENCE; DATA;
EFFECT; ENERGY; FEDERAL; FISH; MANAGEMENT; MONITOR; PLANNING; PROBLEMS;
PROrtRAM; PROJECTION; RESEARCH; TECHNOLOGY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS364U7
(18) DOC.CIT.: Quinn, H. B. , Jr. Terrestrial effects of energy
development on fish and wildlife resources. Environmental Protection
Publication 600/7-76-002. In: Proceedings; National Conference on
Health, Environmental Effects, and Control Technology of Energy Use,
Washington, DC, Feb. 9-11, 1976. Washington, DC, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1976, 3UO p. (p. 160-163).
58
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037393
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Studies on the transformation and transport of
energy-related pollutants are presented. The Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) is concerned with the meteorological processes that
control the dilution and transport of pollutants; chemical and physical
processes that affect the transformation and removal of pollutants;
welfare effects such as visibility reduction, materials damage, and
climatic change; and mathematical models that relate emissions to
ambient air quality. Technical aspects of energy-related pollutant
transport are discussed. The Hidwest Interstate sulfur Transformation
and Transport (MISTP) Project is described that was initiated by EPA to
aeasure the transformation and transport of energy-related pollutants
in power plant and urban plumes, significant accomplishments of this
project are delineated. The Mesoscale Sulfur Balance Study (MESO) is
also described that was conducted to determine the fraction of aersol,
collected in ambient rural air, which may be attributed to sulfate
formed during long-range transport, other energy-related pollutant
transport studies are noted, including a planned complex terrain study;
Aerosol Composition, Effects, and Sources (Project ACES); Tennessee
Valley Authority programs; and programs of the Energy Research and
Development Administration and industry. Resources allocated to the
study of energy-related pollutants are tabulated. (Document retained in
SWIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: AEROSOLS; AIR; CONFERENCE; CONVERT; DILUTION;
EMISSION; ENERGY; EPA; MATHEMATICAL MODEL; MEASUREMENTS; POLLUTION;
PRODUCE; QUALITY; REGIONAL; RESEARCH; TRANSPORT; TVA
(15} STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36438
(18) DOC.CIT.: Wilson, W. ,E. Transformation and transport of
energy-related pollutants. Environmental Protection Publication
600/7-76-002. In: Proceedings; National Conference on Health,
Environmental Effects, and Control Technology of Energy Use,
Washington, DC, Feb. 9-11, 1976. Washington, DC, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1976, 310 p. (p. 33-37).
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037391
(2) DOMESTIC: ,D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The proceedings of a confernce on health,
environmental, and technology aspects of energy use are reported. The
conference was held in Washington, D. c. on February 9-11, 1976 and was
sponsored by the Environmental Protection Agency. The conference
proceedings represent a coordinated approach taken by 23 agencies and
bureaus of the Federal Government to conduct a program for evaluating
the environmental effects of energy sources and uses and to develop and
demonstrate effective environmental control technology. Conference
presentations are organized according to 12 major categories: (1)
overview of energy and the environment; (2) atmospheric transport of
energy-related pollutants; (3) measurement and monitoring; (4)
environiental health effects of energy technology; (5) marine
ecological effects; (6) fresh water ecological effects; (7) terrestrial
ecological effects; (8) energy resource extraction; (9) fuel
processing; (10) flue gas technology; (11) energy conservation; and
(12) integrated assessment of energy systems. (Document retained in
SWIRS library)
59
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(12) KEYWORDS: CONFERENCE; CONSERVATION; CONTROL; DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA; ECOLOGY; EN1SRGX; ENVIRONMENT; EPA; PDEL; HEALTH;
nEASURErifc.NTS; POLLUTION; PROGRAM; TECHNOLOGY; HATSR*AY
(1b) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36U36
(18) DOC.CIT.: u. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Proceedings;
National Conference on Health, Environmental Effects, and Control
Technology of Energy use, Washington, DC, Feb. 9-11, 1976.
Environmental Protection Publication 600/7-76-002. Washington, DC, U.
S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976, 3UO p.
(1) SwIRS ACC.NO.: 037262
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 1* (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A technique for minimizing the hazardous properties
of polychlorinated byphenyls (PCBs) is noted. Canada's Department of
the Environment states that the technique involves a newly developed
strain of bacteria and a special procedure by which bacteria is given
access to the previously almost indestructible PCB compounds. PCBs,
used as a heat transfer fluid and in paints, inks, and copying papers
and valued for their insulating qualities and insolubility, are
considered an environmental hazard in that they do not break down
even over many decades. The Health Protection Branch of Health and
Velfare in Canada, in consultation with the Fish Inspection Branch of
Environment Canada, has established "a temporary guideline of 2 pp»
aaxiaum for PCBs in the edible portion of fish. It is noted that the
new technique for minimizing the hazardous properties of PCBs is most
likely to be of value in the treatment of .industrial wastes containing
PCBs and in disposing of such objects as transformers which contain the
chemical. The technique may not, however, be applicable to the problem
of PCBs already in the environment or to diffuse sources in which the
pollutant has already been mixed with other effluent.
(12) KEYWORDS: BACTERIA; BIOLOGICAL; BOARD; CANADA; CONTROL;
DECOMPOSE; FISH; HAZARDOUS; POLYCHLOR1NATED; SPECIAL; TECHNOLOGY; TOXIC
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36307
(16) DOC.CIT.: Anon. Poison PCBs made safe by bacteria. Fishing
Hews International, 15(3):57, Mar. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.WO.: 036584
YEAR?' ?™fTIC: ° (2) CATEGOR*: ™ (*) SUbJ.TYPE: S (10) PUB.
r.hl
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ANALYSIS, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
glycolytic rate to stimulation by potassium. Experimental results
suggested an initial defect in the oxidation of cytoplasmic NADH which
progresses to a loss in the metabolic control of cytoplasmic oxidation.
(Author Abstract Modified)
(12) KEYWORDS: BACTERIA; CONCENTRATION; CONTAMINATE; CONVERT; DATA;
EFFECT; ELECTRICAL; EXPOSURE; INVESTIGATION; MEASUREMENTS; MERCURY;
OXIDATION; PHYSIOLOGICAL; RODENT; WATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS35628
(18) DOC.CIT.: Bull, R. J. Methyl mercury and the metabolic
responses of brain tissue. Environmental Protection Agency Publication
EPA-600/1-76-013. Cincinnati, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Mar. 19V6, 24 p. (Environmental Health Effects Research Series).
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 036242
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 02 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: World Health Organization. Proceedings; of the
International Conference on Environmental Sensing and Assessment are
reported. The conference was held in Las Vegas, Nevada during September
14-19, 1975. Topics addressed in this first volume of a two-volume
report on conference proceedings include the following: toxic materials
with special reference to heavy metals, halogenated organics, design
for environmental monitoring systems, evaluation and assessment of
problems associated with waste disposal processes, monitoring and
evaluation of atmospheric particulate matter, pesticides, evaluation
and assessment of ground water quality, application of remote sensing
techniques for monitoring and assessing environmental pollution, merger
of technology and governance (panel discussion), inorganics. Federal
Wording Group on Pesticide Management (panel discussion), environmental
modeling, evaluation of problems associated with energy extraction and
utilization processes, and measurement and assessment of problems
associated with nuclear fuel processing.
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; CONFERENCE; DESIGN; ENERGY; INTERNATIONAL;
METAL; MONITOR; ORGANIC; PESTICIDE; PROBLEMS; PROCESS; RECLAMATION;
TECHNOLOGY; TOXIC
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS35287
(18) DOC.CIT.: World Health Organization. Proceedings;
International Conference on Environmental Sensing and Assessment,
Volume 1, Las Vegas, NV, Sept. 14-19, 1975. New York City, Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc, 1976, 544 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 035730
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SUUJ.TYPE: T (10) PDB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Disposal of forestry material and wood waste in a
landfill is costly and could be hazardous. A new concept in solid waste
incineration, called trench incineration or air curtain destruction, is
discussed. An attempt to apply this method to municipal refuse proved
infeasible because of particulate emissions and gaseous pollutants. The
design consi'sts of an enclosure with an opening at the top. Material to
be burned is fed from the top and a curtain of compressed air is blown
across the top, providing not only a source of oxygen but also a
blanket to retain gasses and small particles until they are totally
exhumed. Improvements in the design have given a volume reduction of
almost 99 percent for some types of wood wastes, studies have been made
testing the efficiency, economy, and pollution effects of this method.
One study showed that emissions were favorable after the system was
61
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
sufficiently warmed up. The temperature around the area was considered
to be a hazard, and proper safety precautions were recommended, studies
on the effects of fan speed shoved that the tenperature in the trench
increased with the fan speed. Tests on the design indicated that the
walls of the trench should be vertical, with set dimensions for the
width. Scraping and abrasion tended to increase widths, making the
trenches unusable after some time. Stabilized pit-e with concrete walls
can be used to solve this problem.
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; BENEFIT; COMBUSTIBLE; ECONOMICS; FORESTRY;
GASSES; INCINERATOR; INDUSTRY; OXYGEN; PITS; POLLUTION; PROBLEMS;
PROCESS; TRENCH; WOOD
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS3U775
(181 DOC.CIT.: Hoyt, G. w. Air curtain destructors—an efficient
and economical solution to tree and wood waste disposal. Haste Age,
6 (7):36, 38-39, 42-43, July 1975.
(1) SW1RS ACC.MO.: 0329UU
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This report gives an outline of the actual state of
the development of Japanese oil treating agents as well as the safety
problems encountered in their use. Japan is in urgent need of
developing oil treatment technology since maritime mishaps are on the
increase as the import of crude oil increases. At present, one of two
largely classified oil treatment methods is the mechanical method which
is to adsorb effluent oil by the use of oil fences and oil recovery
ships. However, the efficiency of this method sharply drops when
meteorological conditions are poor. Because of this operational
inefficiency, the other method, chemical treatment, is in wide use.
Emulsifying, settling and collecting agents are usually included in
this catergory, but again the use of these chemicals has its
shortcomings, such as the contamination of marine products. A few
actual cases are furnished as examples. Tables are provided. (Text in
Japanese)
(12) KEYWORDS: ADSORPTION; CHEMICAL; EFFLUENT; JAPAN; OCEAN; OIL;
PROBLEMS; SHIP; TREATMENT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS31988
(18) DOC.CIT.: OKubo, K. Abura shorizaino anzensei to kaihatsu
jittai. The safety and development of oil treating agents. Kagaku Kojo,
19 (H) :2B-30, 1975
62
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Section 6
METALS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 047237
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Cadmium.
(4) AUTHOR: Sittig M
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Toxic Metals: Pollution Control and Worker
Protection.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Pollution control and worker protection aspects of
cadmium, often used as an anticorrosion coating agent on outdoor
fittings and a byproduct of zinc smelting, are considered. Cadmium has
unquestioned chronic toxicity leading to serious pathological
consequences when ingested in quantities only three to 13 times greater
than average intake rates. Health effects of cadmium, both proven and
prooable, include increased blood pressure, increased incidence of
arteriosclerotic disease, and reduced life expectancy. Cadmium is
ingested from a number of sources, such as air, food, and tobacco.
Studies indicate that the average O.S. adult ingests 50 to 60
aicrograms of cadmium per day, with most passed through the body. Data
on cadmium emission estimates are provided. The metals industry is the
major source of cadaium emissions to the atmosphere. Cadmium dusts and
fumes are produced in the extraction, refining, and processing of
metallic cadmium. Principal sources of aqueous cadmium waste are noted,
and various methods for the detection of cadmium are described.
Environmental standards for cadmium, the removal of cadmium from air
and water, the disposal of solid cadmium waste, and the economic impact
of pollution controls are discussed. (Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; CONTROL; DISPOSAL; ENVIRONMENT; HAZARDOUS;
HEALTH; METAL; POLLUTION; TOXIC; WATER
(1<*) HIERARCH TERMS: 1HC/2AN; 1UC/2DP; 1HE; 1MK; 1TH
(15) STIttS ACC.NO.: OOSU6291
(16) CITATION: Park Ridge, NJ, Noyes Data Corporation, 1976.
p. 73-96.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: OU5092
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE-: Slag industry operators review processing
techniques.
(4) AUTHOR: Herod S
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Pit and Quarry
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAH: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: At the 1977 annual meeting of the Plant Operators^
Committee of the National slag Association, reports and discussions
focused on slag pit excavation, plant operations, maintenance, and the
performance of various types of equipment. Quality control,
environmental controls, safety and special projects also were examined.
An extensive review of safety in the industry was given, as the
industry's safety record was thought to be in need of improvement. The
need for .top quality control throughout the industry was emphasized,
due to users demand for closer tolerance and adherence to
specifications. Markets for slag products were discussed. A potential
area in slurry overlay was noted as was a growing demand for steel slag
in skid resistant applications for roads and highways. Sessions on slag
pit excavation covered blast furnace and steel slag pits, and reviewed
merits of hydraulic excavators, dozers, wheel loaders, and magnets.
63
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(12) KEYWORDS: CONSTRUCTION; CONTROL; EQUIPMENT; HIGHWAY; INDUSTRY;
MAINTENANCE; MARKET; QUALITY; Q.UAKRY; SAFETY; SLAG-; SLURRY;
SPECIFICATION
(1U) HIERARCH TERMS: 1IC; 1MD/2MU
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSUU138
(16) CITATION: 69(12) :94-95, June 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 04U8U9
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUbJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICL?; TITLE: Sick cows, human fears in Md. county.
(H) AUTHOR: Raver M
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Washington Post
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2MD (10) PUB. YEAR:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: In rural Maryland, dairy farmers located near an
aluminum reduction plant, which emits 500 Ibs. of fluoride a day, fear
that their animals, soil, crops, and their own bodies are being
poisoned. Pollutants emitted by an electric power company's coal
burning generating plant and a ceraent plant add further pollutants to
the area. Herds within a 2 mile radius of the plant have been plagued
with fevers, coughing fits, lameness, mishapen hooves, decayed teeth,
infertility, reduced milk production and untimely death. Human
residents have noticed changes in their own health: dizzy spells,
nausea, arthritic pains, and muscle aches. A fluoride allergy
specialist who examined 10 residents,' considered 5 poisoned. University
of Maryland School of Agriculture veterinarians studying a local herd
found nany poisoned. An expert in the study of fluorides and their
effect on plants and animals considers Maryland fluoride standards for
cattle forage protects only the aluminum industries. He also accused
state employees carrying out testing procedures and fluoride analysis
of either fraudulently manipulating the sample analysis data or of
being totally incompetent, or both.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; CATTLE; CROP; DAIRY; EMISSIONS; FARM;
HAZARDOUS; HEALTH; HUMAN; MARYLAND; POLLUTION; SAFETY; SAMPLING
METHODS; SOIL; STANDARD; TOXIC
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1HA/2HR; 1HB; 1TD
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43894
(16) CITATION: p.BI, H4, Aug. 7, 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 04U076
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: 5
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Method for the safe disposal of alkali metal.
(U) AUTHOR: Johnson Tfi
(5) CORPORATE AUTHOR: USA, USERDA
(7) PATENT DATA: U.S. Patent No. 4,032,615
(10} LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: A safe disposal method for alkali metals employed in
liquid metal coolant systems in which Minimal hydrogen gas is evolved
in which the exothermic heat of reaction can be released by incremental
step and in which the final volume of waste materials is minimized, is
described. The alkali metal is dissolved within a melt of a metal or
metals that are substantially inert to salts of the alkali metal. The
selt is then contacted with a salt containing the alkali metal
hydroxide and a gas containing oxygen. The alkali metal is converted to
an oxide which is dissolved in the salt. The salt is separated from the
melt and contacted with a gas containing water to convert the alkali
64
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METALS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES
letal oxide to its hydroxide. The excess salt produced can be withdrawn
for storage and the remainder recycled to continue the process. The
substantially inert, molten metals used for dissolving the alkali metal
are those that will not react to replace the alkali metal within its
hydroxide or oxidize appreciably in the presence of the alkali metal.
The inert metals perferably include such low melting point metals as
lead, bismuth, tin, antimony, cadmium, indium and alloys of these
materials. The molten salt sray include both hydroxide and carbonate.
The use of carbonates can reduce corrosiveness to process vessels.
(12) KEYWORDS: ALKALINE; CORROSION; DISPOSAL; GAS; LIQUID; METAL;
PROCESS; SAFETY; SODIUM; WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1DD/2DK; 1DD/2DW; 1HA/2HG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43119
(16) CITATION; Filed Jan. 27, 1976 issued June 28, 1977.
(2) SOSJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 0333J7
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 1
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The removal, concentration, and recovery of zinc
cyanide and cyanide ion from industrial electroplating wastes can be
readily achieved with the weakly basic anion exchange resin, Amberlite
XE-27D. A major disadvantage in previous attempts to use anion exchange
resins for cyanide removal was the difficulty of regeneration. Dilute
sodium hydroxide easily strips both the metal cyanide and cyanide in a
regeneration cycle. This new nondestructive process is proaising for
the recovery and recycle of water and costly chemicals now wasted and
for the elimination of sludge disposal problems associated with current
destructive pollution abatement methods. The method features no
precipitation steps and the regenerant can be recycled for reuse in an
electroplating plant.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONCENTRATION; ELECTROLYSIS; ION EXCHANGE; METAL;
PLATING; PROCESS; REDUCTION; RESIN; TOXIC
(15) STIflS ACC.NO.: OOS37931
(10) DOC.CIT.: Moore, F- L. An improved ion exchange resin method
for removal and recovery of the zinc cynide and cyanide from
electroplating wastes. Journal of Environmental Science and Health,
7:459-467, 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO
*
030543
10
s: T
POB
-
.
given prioritj! S SSer So S^SfS^S8-*^011 res?arch should be
methodology wls a»oli2 tTtt'J SijJj« ^ " *hi"
iorcaryr cad^iu™, ' iea
-------
HEALTH AND SAFETY
C\2) KRY.VOKDS: CONTAMINATE; iiAKTti; EFFECT; FOOD; /OOD PE
-------
METALS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES
manufacturers dumping plating sludge. As a result of anaerobic
decomposition, sulfur substances are transformed to hydrogen sulfide.
The significant effects of pH and oxidation reduction potential on the
extraction of heavy metals are discussed. A considerable concentration
of heavy metals is expected to accumulate in the bottom strata of
sediment deposits.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTAMINATE; DATA; FACILITY; GROUND WATER;
HAZARDOUS; INDUSTRY; JAPAN; METAL; MUNICIPALITY; PROCESS; SANITARY
LANDFILL; SEDIMENTATION; SITES; TRANSPORT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37346
(18) DOC.CIT.: Giken, K. K. Study on the process of generation of
industrial wastes containing harmful substances; report of the fiscal
year 1974. Japan, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Mar. 1975. 15 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: Q3b132
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SQBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTKACP: An extensive pilot study is reported that was
conducted to investigate the removal of iron and manganese from the
nunicipal water system in Moscow, Idaho using an ozone oxidation
systen. The study demonstrated that ozone effectively oxidized iron and
manganese to an insoluble fora whicn could be filtered from water.
Manganese was more difficult to oxidize than iron. Treating raw water
(iron and manganese concentrations of 9. 5 and 1. 2 milligrams per
liter, respectively) with an ozone dosage rate of 8. £ milligrams per
liter removed all iron and manganese to below Public Health Drinking
iater Standards. Reducing the ozone dosage to 6. 3 milligrams per liter
still removed iron but an 0. 1 milligram per liter manganese residual
remained. Using only oxygen without ozone precipitated iron to a
concentration of 4. 0 milligrams per liter, but manganese was only
reduced to 0. 7 milligrams per liter. Both components were far above
drinking water standards. Complete oxidation of the minerals required a
reaction tine of 30 seconds. Filtration studies indicated that a
relatively fine medium was required to remove oxide precipitation. Cost
comoarisons with other treatment systems showed that the ozone process
was economically attractive. The operating cost of ozone treatment was
low ($0. 05 per 1,000 gallons).
(12) KEYWORDS: CONFERENCE; IDA.HO; IRON; METAL; MUNICIPALITY;
OXYGEN; QUALITY; RECLAMATION; SOLUBILITY; STANDARD; SYSTEM; WATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37226
(18) DOC.CIT.: Furgason, R. R. , and R. o. Day. Iron and manganese
removal with ozone. In Langworthy, V. B. , ed. Proceedings; Third
Annual Pollution Control Conference of the water and rfastewater
Equipment Manufacturers Assocation, Apr. 1-4, 1975. Ann Arbor, MI, Ann
Arbor Publishers, Inc. , 1975. p. 171-192.
(1) SBIRS ACC.NO.: 037412
DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: s; T (10) PUB.
(11) ABSTRACT: Trace elements in coal processing waste are
CO IdQCfc (i a Ti rt a r\»*/^/««»»^ nt.£»uJ&A-3i it «. > ?
ttMi« ' 3 pr?gram funded b* the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) to assess environmental problems associated with coal processing
anf™»? Ascribed. It is noted that clay minerals are present in coal
hale teenr?f^i? fastest abuadance. About 40 trace or minor elements
»»™ identified in coal, with most trace elements distributed
leadg SIX,,!""!1 «»sti*n«ta »* coal- "any trace elements such as
ieaar cadmium, arsenic, selenium, and mercury, are of considerable
concern because of the low tolerance of plants and ani.aS for the..
67
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
Recognizing a need for information on which to properly assess the
potential environmental problems from trace elements in coal cleaning
waste, EPA initiated a program to accomplish four.objectives: (1)
identify chemical forms, mineralogy, and associations of trace elements
in coal refuse materials and establish an understanding of the chemical
properties and behavior of these materials; (2) determine the fate of
trace elements during the weathering and burning of coal waste and
identify those elements or processes of possible environmental concern;
(3) establish chemical or physical methods for preventing or
controlling environmental contamination from trace elements in coal
refuse; and (4) investigate methods for economically removing or
recovering useful trace minerals or metals from coal refuse materials.
Task activities to accomplish these objectives are noted, along with
interagency participation and resources allocated to conduct the
program. (Document retained in SWIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: CHEMICAL; CLAY; COLLECTION;. CONFERENCE; CONTROL;
EPA; FOSSIL" FUEL; METAL; MINERAL; PROCESS; PROGRAM; TOXIC; TRANSPORT
(15) STIMS ACC.HO.: OOS36457
(18) DOC.CIT.: Weverka, E. H. , J. M. Williams, and P. L. Wanek.
Assessment and control of environmental contamination from trace
elements in coal processing wastes. Environmental Protection
Publication 600/7-76-002. In: Proceedings; National Conference on
Health, Environmental Effects, and Control Technology of Energy Use,
iashington, DC, Feb. 9-11, 1976. Washington, DC, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1976, 340 p. (p. 226-229).
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037279
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SObJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11> ABSTRACT: Ihe hazardous nature of industrial waste is
investigated in a paper presented at the Third Japan-Onited States
Governmental Conference on solid Haste Management in May 1976. In 1974,
the problem of industrial waste containing 6 valance chromium was
unexpectedly highlighted in Japan. The cause of this problem was
investigated and the management of hazardous substances including
chromium was considered. Production and consumption data on chromium
are presented, and the increasing degree of environmental pollution
caused by various hazardous elements is examined. The origin of
hazardous industrial waste is addressed according to four categories:
(1) manufacture or processing plants; (2) places where products
containing hazardous substances are used; (3) places where hazardous
industrial waste is produced during refining; and (U) injurious waste
generated from the environmental sanitation facilities of cities.
Treatment technologies for industrial waste containing hazardous
substances are discussed, with emphasis on reuse and proper storage.
Waste water treatment technologies are also discussed. The status of
technology for heavy metal sludge treatment is reviewed, along with
scattering waste disposal techniques and recycle and reuse concepts.
(Document retained in SWIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: CHKOMIUK; CONFERENCE; DATA; HAZARDOUS; INDUSTRY;
MAHAGEMEHT; SAFETY; STORAGE; TECHNOLOGY; TREATMENT; UTILIZE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36324
(18) DOC.CIT.: Murata, T. Countermeasure for disposal of industrial
waste containing hazardous substances. In: Hickman, H. L. , Jr. , ed.
Proceedings; Third Japan-Unitied States Governmental Conference on
Solid Waste Management, Tokyo, May 10-17, 1976. Washington, DC, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, June 1976, 753 p. (p. 4. 1.1.1- 4.
1. 1. 40).
68
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METALS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES
(1) SSIRS ACC.NO.: 037212
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUflJ.TYPE: S (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The acute toxicity of tetravalent platinum was
studied in vitro using rabbit alveolar macrophages and human lung
fibroolasts. Alveolar macrophages were exposed in tissue culture for 20
hrs to platinum dioxide or platinum tetrachloride. There was no
evidence of platinum dioxide dissolution, and no decrease in viable
cells at concentrations as high as 500 micrograms per ml was observed.
Platinuai tetrachloride was soluble in the macrophage system and, after
a 20-hr exposure, resulted in loss of viability in 50 percent of the
cells originally present at a concentration of 59 micrograas of
platinum per ml. After a 20-hr exposure, rapidly growing human lung
fibroblasts were rendered nonviable by platinus tetrachloride at
comparable concentrations. A decrease in total cellular adenosine
triphosphate was observed at lower concentrations in macrophages an
fibroblasts, along with a reduction in phagocytic activity of
lacrophages as compared to controls, with fibroblasts, a 50-percent
decrease in che incorporation of 14 carbon-labeled thymidine was
observed after a 22-hr exposure to platinum tetrachloride at a
concentration of 0. 007 microaoles. High concentrations were required
to inhibit the incorporation of 14 carbon-labeled uridine and 14
carbon-labeled leucine. Tine course studies indicated that the
inhibition of 14carbon-labeled thyaidine incorporation was nearly
complete after 7 hrs in the presence of 0. 06 aicromoles of platinum
tetrachloride. Under the same conditions there was little inhibition of
tUcarbon-labeled leucine incorporation and moderate inhibition of
14carbon-labeled uridine incorporation. Higher concentrations of
platinum tetrachloride were required to inhibit 14carbon-labeled
thymidine incorporation into the acid-precipitable fraction. It was
concluded that the preferential inhibition of DNA synthesis by platinum
tetrachloride may result from an impairment of the incorporation
process. (Author Abstract Modified)
(12) KEYWORDS: ANALYSIS; CARBON; CHEMICAL; COMPARISON;
CONCENTRATION; DATA; fiFFECT; EXPOSURE; HUrtAN; HEASOREtlENTS; METAL;
RESEARCH; SOLUBILITY; TOXIC
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36257
(18) DOC.CIT.: Waters, M. D. , T. 0. YAugnan, and D. J. Abernethy.
Toxicity of platinum (IV) salts for cells of pulmonary origin.
Environmental Health Perspectives, 12:45-56, Dec- 1975.
(1) SrfIRS ACC.NO.: 036015
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPB: S; T (10) FOB.
IEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The results obtained through experiments in regard
to the stability and the concrete solidification of chrome hydroxide
•re demonstrated. Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of sexivalent
chrome changes according to the changes in pH values, and the hydrogen
ion has an enormous effect in the process of reductive reaction.
Relation between pH value and ORP, relation between reductive reaction
formula of chromic acid and theoretical volume of the reducing agent
are shown in a diagram and table respectively. It is concluded that the
concrete solidification is appropriate enough to contain the effluence
of sexivalent chrome in the cuse of chrome sludge reclamation. It is
anticipated that the effluence of sexivalent chrome will be prevented
by taking enough cueing after the solidification.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACID; ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL; CHROMIUM; CONCRETE;
HYDROGEN; ION; PH; PROCESS; RECLAMATION; REDUCTION: SLUDGE: SOLID
69
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS35060
(18) DOC.CIT.: Inoue, M. , O. Okita. Detoxication disposal of toxic
substances: reductive treatment of sexivalent chrome and concrete
solidification. Yugai busshitsu no mugaika shori: kakuroma no kangen
shori to konkuritokokeika ni tsuite. In Proceedings; 19th Japan
Environmental Sanitation Lecture Meeting, Yamagata, Oct 22-23, 1975.
Tokyo, Ministry of Health and Welfare, p. 69-70, 1975.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 033989
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SO BJ.TYPE: 6 (10) PUB.
YEAK: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The European Economic Community (EEC) Commission is
seeking action to stop the dumping of red sludge into the English
Channel. The sludge is the principal waste product of the titanium
dioxide industry, a major supplier to the paint, plastic and ink
manufacturers. It has been discovered that 87 percent of the sludge
produced in England is being dumped into the English Channel, and a
directive by the EEC Commission seeks to force manufacturers to reduce
their pollution gradually by i*5 percent over the next 10 years. The
reduction of oxygenation and pH of sea water, which in turn reduces the
plankton population, is the result of the dumping of red sludge. The
EEC authorities also want a sampling program to assess effects of past
and continuing dumping on fish, and the potential, if any, to harming
human health.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTROL; DISPOSAL; EUROPE; GREAT BHITAIN; OCEAH; PH;
REDUCTION; SLUDGE
(15) STiaS ACC.NO.: OOS33033
(13) DOC.CIT.: Sludge dumpers under fire. New Scientist,
67(963):U33, Aug. 1975.
70
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Section 7
SLUDGE DISPOSAL
AND GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
(1) SrtIRS ACC.NO.: 047913
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Distribution ot total and fecal coliform
organisms from septic effluent in selected coastal plain soils.
(U) AUTHOR: Reneau RB Jr
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Public Health Reports
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAK: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The distribution of total and fecal coliform
bacteria in three Atlantic coastal plain soils in Virginia were studied
in a three year experiment. The soils studied were Varina, Goldsboro,
and Beltsville sandy loams. These and similar soils are considered only
marginally suitable for septic tank installation because the
restricting soil layers result in the subsequent development of
seasonal perched water tables. Horizontal and vertical movement of
indicator organisms were determined by collecting samples for
piezometers placed at selected distances and depths from the drain
fields in the direction of the groundwater flow. Results indicated:
large reductions in total and fecal coliform bacteria were noted in the
perched groundwaters above the .restricting layers as distance Sroa the
drain field increased; these restricting soil layers appeared to be
effective barriers to the vertical movement of indicator organisus; and
the reduction in the density of the coliform bacteria above the
restricting soil layers could be attributed to dilution, filtration,
and dieoff as the bacteria moved through the natural soil system.
(12) KEYWORDS: BACTERIA; COLIFORM; EARTH; EFFLUENT; HEALTH; SEPTIC
TANK
(1U) HIERARCH TERMS: 1GH; 1HE; 1MK; 1PF; 1SJ/2HE; 1ST
(15) SUMS ACC.HO.: OOSH6965 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Pettry DE;
Shanhotlz MI
(16) CITATION: 92f3):251-259, May-Jun. 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 047259
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Slaughterhouses killing humans?
(U) AUTHOR: KcGargle PP
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Moneysworth
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: It has been hypothesized that feeding excrement and
garbage to animals intended for human consumption is linked to the high
incidence of cancer, heart disease, and gallstones among Americans.
Baterial previously used as fertilizer is cooked to a dry powder, at
temperatures low enough to enable concentrated sex hormones to remain
physiologically active. The powder is utilized after processing to feed
chickens, hogs, and dairy cows. It is suggested, that the concentrations
of hormones, cholesterol, and sodium nitrite in these animals as well
as the use of synthetic growth hormones contribute to human
pathogenesis. Evidence backing this conclusion is cited as etiological
factors for the various diseases described and the presence of the
etiological agents in* animal food which are passed in turn to humans
71
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
consuming the animals. Suggestions are made for diminishing these
practices and associated risks, including: using slaughterhouse waste
as fertilizer instead of animal food; returning to higher temperature
Methods of rendering wastes to make constituents inactive and
ineffective on subsequent consumers; removing nitrites from processed
seat; and discontinuing the use of synthetic hormones in farm animal
feed .
(12) KEYWORDS: ANIMAL; DISEASE; FECES; FOOD; FOOD PROCESSING;
HAZARDOUS; HEALTH; HUMAN; MANURE; SLAUGHTERHOUSE; TOXIC
(14) HIERARCK TERMS: 1FO/2SO; THE; 1HO
(15) £TIMS ACC.NO.: OOS46313
(16) CITATION: 8(5):1, 26, 27, Mar. 1970.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 047169
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Activated sludge treatment conserves water.
(4) AUTHOR: Bohac CE
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Water Sewage Works
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: Treatment and reuse potential of wastewater
generated from service areas where water conservation devices are in
use has been investigated. An examination of activated sludge treatment
kinetics was undertaken. A synthetic .domestic wastewater was used to
determine the effect of increased wastewater strength caused by water
conservation measures. Substrate removal rates were measured for
activated sludge processes treating wastewater with influent chemical
oxygen demands over a wide range. A doubling of the total substrate
concentration resulted in a maximum increase of 23% in the total
substrate removal rate. The implication of this finding is that little
aeration tank volume in secondary treatment plants can be saved by
reducing wastewater flow. The total dissolved solids concentration in
•the treated wastewater, serving as an indicator of its reuse potential,
increased by approximately 0.7 mc/1 per mg/1 increase in raw wastewater
COD. It was concluded tnar activated sludge total BOD and COD effluent
concentrations will increase almost proportionately to the increase in
influent BOD and COD concentrations. It will tie more difficult for an
activated sludge treatment plant to meet BOD and COD effluent
concentration requirements, as the strength of the influent wastewater
increases. No aeration tank volume reduction is recommended for
activated sludge treatment plants.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED SLUDGE; CONSERVATION; HEALTH; TREATMENT;
WATER
(14) HIERARCH TEKMS: 1SP/2BP; 1SP/2HE
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS46223 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Sierka RA
(16) CITATION: 125(5) :6d-72, May 1978.
(1) SKIRS ACC.NO.: 047113
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 06 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: biological processing: composting and
hydrolysis.
(4) AUTHOR: Golueke CG"
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Wilson, D. G., ed. Handbook of Solid Waste
Management.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The conversion of organic solid waste into a stable,
humus like product for use as a soil conditioner by the biological
72
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SLUDGE DISPOSAL AND GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
process of composting is evaluated. Composting systems are classified
on the basis of oxygen usage, temperature, and technological approach.
Microbial groups found in composting material are identified, and the
utility of isolates and inoculums is assessed. The nature of substrate
inconposting is that of the waste being processed, with nutrient
balance being essential. Rate controlling factors in the composting
process are moisture content, temperature, pH level, the availability
of oxygen (aeration), and genetic traits. Steps in composting involve
sorting, grinding, composting itself, and storage. In composting, it is
necessary to determine the degree of stabilization required, the
duration of tne composting stage, and the extent of volume reduction
reguired. Technological aspects or composting are considered, including
windrow and mechanized systems. Potential adverse health effects are
assessed, and the nature and value of finished compost are examined.
The feasibility of composting in solid waste management is analyzed.
(Retained in SWIRS library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: COMPOSTING; HEALTH; HYDROLYSIS; MANAGEMENT;
MICROBIOLOGY; PROCESS; TECHNOLOGY; UTILIZE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1CQ/2HE; 1CQ/2MX; 1MK
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS46171
(16) CITATION: New York, NJ, Van Nostrand rteinhold Company, 1977.
p.197-225.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 046984
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE T1TL2: Combustion processing of sludge - potential
health and nuisance considerations.
(4) AUTHOR: Shilesky DM
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: Third National Conference on
Sludge Management Disposal and Utilization, Miami Beach, FL, Dec.
14-16, 1976.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Effluent streams from the processing of sludge by
incineration are considered in relation to potential health and
nuisance problems. Particular emphasis is placed on sludge quantities,
the disposition of sludge, sludge disposal guidelines and pertinent
regulations, and land application. Air, water, and land effects of
sludge incineration and their potential health hazards are discussed.
Sludge combustion effluent streams relating to potential health effects
are analyzed. Important parameters in this analysis are sulfur oxides,
nitrogen oxides, carbon sonoxide, photochemical oxidants
(hydrocarbons), metals (land), and organics. Odor and noise are major
sources of nuisance from the coaioustion of sewage sludge. (Retained in
SWIT?S library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; EFFLUENT; HEALTH; INCINERATION; LAND; NUISANCE;
PROBLEMS; REGULATIONS; SLUDGE; WATEfi
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1LF/2DP; 1SP/2RE; 1SP/2HP
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS46037 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: wyatt JM
(16) CITATION: Rockville, MD, Information Transfer Inc., 1977.
p.154-159.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 046951
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUaj.TYPE: S; T
(5) CORPORATE ADTHOR: Information Transfer Inc
(6) SOOK TITLE: Proceedings: Third National Conference on Sludge
Sanagement Disposal and Dtilization, Miami Beach, FL, Dec. 14-16, 1976,
(10) LANGUAGE:' .EN (10) GEO. AREA: 10S/2FL (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Disposal and utilization aspects of sludge
73
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
management were the focus of a national conference held in Miami Beach,
FL, on December 14-16, 1976. The conference was sponsored by the Energy
Research and Development Administration, the Environmental Protection
Agency* the National Science Foundation, and Information Transfer Inc.
Forty-three presentations were made that dealt with such topics as
sludge treatment, sludge transport, sludge composting, sludge
irradiation, the disposal of municipal sludge on land, the potential
for sludge reclamation and recovery, institutional considerations in
sludge management, health and nuisance considerations in sludge
management, combustion processing of sludge, biological effects of
irradiation with high-energy electrons, anaerobic sludge digestion,
sludge research, and energy production from solid waste. (Retained in
SWISS library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: DISPOSAL; FLORIDA; MANAGEMENT; RECLAMATION; SLUDGE;
UTILIZE
(14) HIEBARCH TERMS: 1MA/2TQ; 1SP/2DP; 1SP/2UT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS46004
(16) CITATION: Rockville, MD, Information 'transfer Inc., 1977. 210
P-
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 046914
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Noxious gases and odours.
(4) AUTHOR: Noren 0
(6) iiOOK TITLE: In Taiganides, E. P., ed. Animal Hastes.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Gas and odor emission -problems associated with
degradation processes continually working in animal manure and urine
are considered. The gases formed depend, to some extent, on whether
degradation is aerobic or anaerobic. Gases released under aerobic
conditions are odorless and nontoxic, while gases released during
anaerobic degradation are toxic and malodorous. Hydrogen sulfide and
ammonia are the primary toxic gases in manure. Permissible gas
concentrations in terms of health are stipulated for these gases, and
the toxification process is described. Gas concentrations differ widely
between various manure handling systems and phases of manure handling.
The design of slurry systems to prevent gas poisoning is discussed.
Odors from feedlots and buildings are more of a nuisance than a health
hazard, odor measurement, sources and strength, and control are
addressed. The reduction of odor release during waste handling can be
achieved by treating manure, incorporating slurry directly into the
soil, or using various management techniques. (Retained in SWIRS
library) .
(12) KEYWORDS: AEROBIC; ANAEROBIC; ANIMAL; GASSES; HEALTH; MANORS;
ODOR; PROCESS; SLORRY; TOXIC
(14) HIERAHCH TERMS: 1HE; 1ME/2HE; 1OP; 1TM
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS45967
(16) CITATION: Essex, England, Applied Science Publishers Ltd,
1977. p.111-129.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 046913
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Health effects from waste utilization.
(4) AUTHOR: Hojovec J
(6) BOOK TITLK: In Taiganides, E. P., ed. Animal Wastes.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
74
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SLUDGE DISPOSAL AND GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
(11) ABSTRACT: Potential health effects resulting from the
utilization of aniaal feedlot waste are examined. Primary emphasis is
placed on public health problems associated with the utilization of
animal waste in refeeding. Three things aust first be established for
waste to be eligible as a supplemental feed to animals: its nutritive
value; its safety to animals; and the safety of its residues in animal
products consumed by humans. The processing of animal excreta can be
effective in reducing toxic levels and/or eliminating pathogenic
elements. Physiological observations, detailed necropsies, and
examinations of histological sections have revealed no detectable
adverse effects for animals fed processed waste up to a certain level.
The use of unprocessed feedlot waste presents problems of zoonosis,
aesthetic problems, and pathogen viability. Salmonella viability, for
example, is affected by temperature, the dilution of waste, and solids
concentration. To insure the control of infectious disease from
feedlots, it is recommended that liquid manure be disposed of after a
minimum of seven days of storage. If infection of animals with an
infectious disease agent is verified, liquid waste must be disinfected
before disposal. (Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: ANIMAL; DISPOSAL; PEED LOT; HEALTH; MANURE; PROCESS;
UTILIZE
(14) HIERARCH TERKS: 1AQ/2FD; IRE; 1ME/2DT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS45966
(16) CITATION: Essex, England, Applied Science Publishers Ltd,
1977. p.105-109.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 046538
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 07 (2) SUiU.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Can California cope with its mounting sludge
volumes?
(4) AUTHOR: Hassermann KL
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Civil Engineering
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2CA (10) PUB. YEAR: 1978
(11) ABSTRACT: Hays in which California might cope with its soaring
volumes of sewage sludge are examined. The upgrading of many sewage
treatment plants and the banning of ocean disposal of sludge by 1980
are compounding the problem. In the debate over ocean disposal,
advantage such as low disposal cost, minimum energy demand, and the
absence of air pollution are pitted against environmental concerns. The
sludge problem is most acute in urban areas where little land is
available for sludge lagooning or sludge drying beds. Sludge recycling
to agricultural lands or use as a soil amendment are environmentally
and economically sound but State Department of Health constraints may
make these methods impractical. Incineration, pyrolysis, and other
thermal processing methods are being studied to determine whether they
are cost effective and can meet air quality standards.
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; CALIFORNIA; CONTROL; DISPOSAL;
ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT; HEALTH; INCINERATION; LAGOONS; OCEAN;
POLLUTION; PYROLYSIS; SEHAGE; SLUDGE; SOIL CONDITIONER; STANDARD;
TBEATMENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1DP/2HE; 1DP/2MX; 1EP; 1SP/2DP
(15) -SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS45589
(16) CITATION: 48(2):60-65, Feb. 1978.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 046216
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Reduction in sewage contamination in Sydney rock
oysters.
75
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(4) AUTHOR: Qadri RB
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Food Tech Austral
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1AU (10) .POB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Research was conducted on methods of purification
(depuration) of contaminated oysters grown commercially in the Georges
Biver/Botany Bay area of Sydney. Seasonal analyses labeled all oysters
grown in the estuary as unsatisfactory in bacteriological quality.
Suggested methods for reducing the levels of sewage bacteria in these
polluted oysters include: (1) relaying them in a clean body of water;
(2) freezing; and (3) frozen storage under controlled conditions.
Feasibility and economic considerations of each technique are
considered; their effectiveness, measured in coliform counts, is
tabulated.
(12) KEYWORDS: AUSTRALIA; BACTERIA;
POLLUTION; RESEARCH; SHELL; WATERWAY
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1AN; 1BC; 1RP;
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS45267 (15)
Edwards RA
(16) CITATION: 28 (11) :411-416, Nov. 1976.
CONCENTRATION; HEALTH;
; 1WE/2HE
SECONDARY AUTHORS:
Buckle KA;
(1) SilRS ACC.NO.: 046063
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Sludge digestion and disposal.
(6) bOOK TITLE: In Billings, C. .H., S. H. Conner, and J. F.
Kircher, eds. 1977 Public works Manual and Catalog File.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) POB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Processes involved in the treatment and disposal of
sludge are categorized and described. Treatment processes include:
thickening, stabilization, conditioning, dewatering, heat drying,
reduction, and final disposal. Particular emphasis is placed on
anaerobic digestion (tank design and capacity, biological action,
sludge handling, gas collection, supernatant disposal, mixing and scum
breaking, floating covers, and heating sludge); gas utilization
(storage, digester instrumentation, safety devices, gas heated boilers,
engine selection, and accessories); chemical stabilization; dewatering
sludge through air drying and vacuum filters; sludge as fertilizer;
filter cake drying; and sludge disposal by incineration, wet air
oxidation, and fluidized beds. A list of domestic manufacturers of
equipment and materials used in sludge treatment and disposal are
noted. (Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: DIGESTION; DISPOSAL; EQUIPMENT; SLUDGE; TREATMENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1SP/2ET; 1TV
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS45113
(16) CITATION: Shepherdsville, KY, Public Works Journal
Corporation, 1977. p.D-38—D-49.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 045853
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(4) AUTHOR: Anderson GK
(6) BOOK TITLE: Guidelines for the Control of Industrial Wastes.
12. Slaughterhouse Wastes. (8) KEPOKT NO.: WHO/WD/77.19
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (16) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Guidelines for the treatment and disposal of
slaughterhouse waste are presented in this publication of the World
Health Organization. Meat production processes are illustrated, and the
quantity and characteristics of waste generation from such processes
are discussed. The polluting nature of slaughterhouse waste is
76
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SLUDGE DISPOSAL AND GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
examined. Haste reduction and reclamation measures are explored,
including reduction in waste volume, reduction in waste strength, and
reduction in pollution load through the recovery of by-products. Four
methods of waste water treatment and disposal are detailed: (1)
segregation and pretreatment; (2) aerobic biological treatment
(biological filters and activated sludge) ; (3) anaerobic biological
treatment (anaerobic lagoons and anaerobic digestion) ; and (4) sludge
disposal. Data resulting form the analysis of slaughterhouse waste
water are provided. (Retained in SWIRS library).
(12) KEYWORDS: AEROBIC; ANAEROBIC; DISPOSAL; INDUSTRY; POLLUTION;
RECLAMATION; REDUCTION; SLAUGHTERHOUSE; SLUDGE; TREATMENT; BASTE WATER;
WHO
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1FD/2FO; 1FD/2FW ; 1SH
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS44902
(16) CITATION: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization,
1977. 13 p.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 045834
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ-TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Moglichkeiten der Behandlung und Verwendung von
Abprodukten. (Possibilities of treating and utilizing waste products).
(4) AUTHOR: Baeck H
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Technik
(10) LANGUAGE: GM (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2GE (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Utilization of waste material is viewed froa a broad
angle. Research on new methods of waste use is presented as top
priority. Public Health, economics, and reclamation facilities are
given special attention. It is suggested that BO re emphasis be placed
on installations with the capability of treating several types of
waste. When processing a waste product, it should be considered
together with the framework of its industrial branch, its territory and
the economy as a whole. (Original text in German) .
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOMICS; FACILITY; GERMANY; INDUSTRY; RECLAMATION;
RESEARCH; TREATMENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1IC/2JA; 1BJ/2NA; 1SB; 1TG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00544883
(16) CITATION: 32(8) : 45 1-453, Aug. 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 045759
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Effect of sewage treatment by stabilization pond
method on the survival of intestinal parasites.
(4) AUTHOR: Veerannan KM
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Indn J Environ Hlth
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1IA/2II (10) PUB. YEAH: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Three stabilization ponds were studied to determine
their efficiency in reducing parasitic cysts and ova in sewage. The
pond at the Tambaram T.B. Sanatorium was found to be the most
effective, eliminating up to 100 percent of the protozoan cysts. The
pond at Kodungaiyur, however, was more efficient in removing helminthic
ova. Results prove the suitability of the stabilization pond method in
reducing intestinal parasites in sewage. Tables are included.
(12) KEYWORDS: HEALTH; INDIA; PARASITE; REDUCTION; SEWAGE;
STABILIZATION
(14) HIBRARCH TERMS: 1HB; 1PC; 1SF/2SR; 1TG
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS44808
(16) CITATION: 19 (2) : 100-106, Apr. 1977.
77
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SWIRS ACC.XO.: 045542
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TXPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Virus removal in activated sludge sewage
treatment.
(4) AUTHOR: Rao VC
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Progress Water Tech
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1AI/2II (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: An evaluation of virus removal by the activated
sludge sewage treatment plant at Dadar, Bombay is presented. The
two-year study revealed that, in priaary settling, the average percent
reduction during monsoon, autumn, winter and summer was 29.3, 65.2,
52.3 and 64.3 respectively; in the final unchlorinated effluent, the
average reduction percentages were 97.3, 91.0, 97.1 and 97.3. The
average percent removal of viruses in the various seasons was in the
range of 94.0-97.3. The analytic methods which proved most ideal under
these tropical conditions are described.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED SLUDGE; ANALYSIS; DATA; HEALTH; INDIA;
PATHOGEN; SAMPLING METHODS; SEWAGE; TREATMENT; VIRUS
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1PC; 1SF/2SU; 1SI/2SX; 1SI/2SU
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS44590 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Lakhe SB;
Waghmare SV
(16) CITATION: 9 (1) : 113-127, 1977.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 045501
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY:,, 24 (2) .SDBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: The ultimate disposal of sludge.
(4) AUTHOR: Silvester DK
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Public Health Engr
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2UK (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Treatment requirements for disposal of sludge to
land in three forms (liquid, organic, inert) were reviewed with
reference to design and operation of water pollution control facilities
at Newton Abbot, England. It was determined that disposal as a liquid
or as organic matter has advantages of economy and convenience of
handling, but there are serious environmental and health nuisances,
slow digestion and reentrance into the enviornment, and build-up of
toxic materials by these methods. Disposal as inert matter after
incineration is more expensive, but also easier to dispose of by
reduction of bulk and because it is absorbed immediately into the
enviornment. Based on these considerations, design of new facilities
selected incineration and inert disposal methods. Discussion of the
facility's design and operation is appended.
(12) KEYWORDS: DESIGN; DISPOSAL; ECONOMICS; ENVIRONMENT;
INCINERATION; SLUDGE; TREATMENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1DD/2DO; 1SF; 1SI/2S5
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS44549 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Lewis K
(16) CITATION: 4(6) :153-159, Nov. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 043872
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: AHT plant meets tough demands.
(4) AUTHOR: Benham JF
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Waste and Wastes Engineering
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/20K (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Tertiary treatment is being provided in Lawton,
Oklahoma, one of the first communities in the Southwest to face
stringent effluent and design criteria for wastewater treatnent. The
Health Department requires that the treatment plant produce high
78
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SLUDGE DISPOSAL AND GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
quality effluent. Design provisions allov for additional facilities to
remove nitrogen in the future. The plant is designed for an average
treatment capacity of 10 mgd. The flow scheme incorporates conventional
preliminary and primary treatment followed by two stage biological
treatment and by a cheuical precipitation and granular media filtration
section. The economics of chemical purchases for phosphorus removal
received special attention. The sludge incineration produces carbon
dioxide by sludge combustion which can be used in place of purchased
carbon dioxide, for recarbonation. The plant is one of the first to
provide adequate capacity for treatment of all flow, including wet
weather flow peaks. A 500 acre feet effluent storage basin was
constructed on the plant site for storage of reclained water.
Provisions have also been made to disinfect the water prior to
discharge to the stream. Preliminary studies and design planning are
described and an account of the basic process flow is given. The Lavton
plant design data for the current project and for anticipated
expansions are tabulated.
(12) KEYWORDS: BIOLOGICAL; BOD; CARBON DIOXIDE; CHEMICAL; EFFLUENT;
FILTER; GOVERNMENT; INCINERATION; NITfiOGEN; OKLAHOMA; PHOSPHORUS;
REGULATIONS; SLUDGE; STANDARD; STATE; STORAGE; TREATMENT; WASTE BATES
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1LB/2LG; 1MA/1MD; 1SF/2ST
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS42915
(16) CITATION: 14(21:59-62, 75, Feb. 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 0*3756
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) AHTICLE TITLE: Soils infiltration and evaporation of wastewater
by aerobic processes.
(4) AUTHOR: Young AN Jr
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: 23rd Annual Technical Meeting of
the Institute of Environmental Sciences, Environmental Technology *77,
Los Angeles, CA, Apr. 25-27, 1977.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEA8: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The use of aerobic treatment systems to provide
effluent that can be properly infiltrated or evaporated from marginal
soil or soil with little or no ability to absorb water is explored. The
ultimate goal of sewage disposal and large treatment systems should be
the complete recycling of waste water effluent to eliminate health
hazards and recharge water tables to maintain an ecological balance in
nature. Another aspect of recycling waste water effluent is the proper
use of soil and the development of areas for treated effluent beyond
conventional methods -associated with the employment of septic tanks. If
drainage fields are aaintained in aerobic conditions, microorganisms
develop to prey on bacteria. Each organism is capable of consuming
100,000 to 1,000,000 bacteria per day, thereby retaining porous
conditions or openings in the interstices of even difficult soil such
as clay. Aerobic drainage fields or evapotranspiration beds, if
properly constructed, also efficiently oxidize nutrients contained in
waste water and retain them within soil or permit their uptake to
vegetation planted on the surface of shallow disposal areas. Such
fields or beds develop heat which is approximately 10 times the heat or
energy developed through anaerobic processes. Specific uses of aerobic
drainage fields and evapotranspiration beds to permit the efficient
disposal of treated waste water effluent are cited.
(12) KEYWORDS: AEROBIC; BACTERIA; DISPOSALj DRAINAGE; EFFLUENT;
ENERGY; HEALTH; HEAT; LAND; MICROORGANISM; RECLAMATION; SEWAGE; SYSTEM;
TREATMENT; VEGETATION; WASTE WATEB
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EE/2ES; IMF; 1PM; 1SF/2SS
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS42799
(16) CITATION: Mt. Prospect, IL, Institute of Environmental
Sciences, 1977. p.115-117.
79
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 043207
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Persistence of poliovirus I in soil and on
vegetables irrigated with sewage wastes: potential problems.
(4) AUTHOR: Larkin EP
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Baldwin, L. B., J. M. Davidson, and J. P.
Geroer, eds. Virus Aspects of Applying Municipal Waste to Land.
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The persistence of the human enterovirus, poliovirus
I, on lettuce and radishes irrigated with sewage waste and in soil
where the vegetables were grown was studied. Virus recovery in
vegetable samples was monitored over 3 years. The survival of
poliovirus I in soil flooded with inoculated sewage sludge and effluent
was determined during two summer growing seasons and one winter period.
Poliovirus I persisted on spray irrigated lettuce and radishes for up
to 36 days. The longest period of survival in soil was during the
winter, when viruses were detected after 96 days. During the summer,
the longest survival period in soil was 11 days. Poliovirus I was
recovered from mature vegetables 23 days after flooding of the plots
had ceased. Since viruses have been shown to pass through sewage
treatment plants, sometimes with little or no reduction in titer or
infectivity, it is believed that the use of sewage sludge and effluent
for the growth of crops which are consumed raw is potentially
hazardous. Sewage irrigated crops that enter the household in a raw
state and later undergo a heat treatment process are also considered to
be potentially hazardous because of the problem of cross contamination.
(12) KEYWORDS: HEALTH; IRRIGATION'; MONITOR; PROBLEMS; SEWAGE; SOIL
CONDITIONER; VEGETABLE; VIRUS
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1KB; 1MF; 1MK; 1SF/2SD
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS42250 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Sullivan R;
Tierney JT
(16) CITATION: Gainsville, FL, University of Florida, (1977).
p.119-130.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 042952
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Persistence of Mycobacterium bovis BCG in soil
and on vegetables spray-irrigated with sewage effluent sludge.
(4) AUTHOR: Van Donsel 1>J
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: J Food Protection
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Concerns for public health, specifically the
potential for tuberculosis contamination as a result of land disposal
•ethods of sewage and sludge prompted this study to determine the
survival of mycobacteria in soil irrigated with sewage effluent and
sludge and to establish the likelihood of contamination of vegetables
eaten raw. Survival of Mycobacterium bovis BCG on garden plots spray
irrigated with sewage effluent or sludge was studied to determine
persistence of mycobacteria under conditions approximating current
practices. The D value (90 percent reduction time) in effluent sprayed
soil was 11 days; and in sludge sprayed soil, 8 days. On effluent
sprayed radishes, the D value was 6 days, and on sludge sprayed
radishes, 4 days; however, this difference was not significant.
Isolation from lettuce was too erratic to determine a true survival
rate, but the organism was isolated sporadically for up to 35 days.
Other literature is noted which deals with the incidence of tubercle
bacilli occurring in typical urban sewage after treatment.
(12) KEYWORDS: DISEASE; DISPOSAL; EFFLUENT; HEALTH; IRRIGATION;
LAND; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROORGANISM; PATHOGEN; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; VEGETABLE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1DD/2DK; 1H11; IMF
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS41995 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Larkin EP
(16) CITATION: 40 (3) : 160-163, Mar. 1977.
80
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SLUDGE DISPOSAL AND GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 0^2793
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Bacteriological investigation of Alberta
neat-packing plant wastes with emphasis on Salmonella isolation.
(4) AUTHOR: Vanderpost JM
(6) JOURNAL Tli'LK: Applied and Environmental Microbiology
(10) LANGUAGE: EW (10) GEO. AREA: 1CD (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The waste treatment facilities and final effluents
of 11 Beat packing plants in the Province of Alberta Canada were
investigated to determine the numbers of indicator bacteria and the
presence of Salmonella. The efficiency of the treatment systems
presently in operation in reducing bacterial numbers was examined and
the need for disinfection and for bacterial standards for these
effluents was established. Data showed that the final effluents were of
very poor quality bacteriologically, with numbers of indicator
organisms comparable-to those found in raw sewage. Primary treatment
facilities were ineffective in reducing the numbers of these bacteria.
The secondary treatment facility investigated (using aerating tank
activated sludge) achieved greater than a 99 percent reduction of
indicator bacteria. Salmonella were isolated from the final effluents
of 78 percent of the plants, including the plant using secondary
treatment. In total, 21 Salmonella serotypes were isolated. Salmonella
isolates were not antibiotic resistant, but certain coliform and fecal
coliform isolates demonstrated resistance to chloramphenicol,
tetracycline, and ampicillin.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED SLUDGE; AERATION; BACTERIA; CAHADA;
COLIFORM; DATA; EFFLUENT; FACILITY; FECAL; FOOD PROCESSING; HEALTH;
MICROBIOLOGY; SEWAGE; STANDARD; STERILIZE; TREATMENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1FD/2FR; 1HJB; IMF
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS<*183b (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Bell JB
(16) CITATION: 33 (3) : 538-545, Mar. 1977.
(1) SHIRS ACC.SO.: OU2501
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) S0BJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Poultry processing wastewater—advanced
treatment and reuse.
(U) AUTHOR; McGrail 1>T
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Proceedings: the Seventh National Symposium on
Food Processing Wastes, Atlanta, GA, Apr. 7-9, 1976. (8) REPORT NO.:
EPA-600/2-76-304
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GKO. AREA: 1US/2MD (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11i. ABSTRACT: A report is presented on a water reuse project
undertaken by the Bureau of sanitary Engineering of the Maryland State
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene at the Sterling Processing
Corporation in Oakland, Maryland which slaughters, eviscerates, and
processes broilers for consumption. An advanced treatment plant was
designed and built to study the possibility of recycling poultry
processing wastewater. wastewater characteristics, facilities design
and operations, and project details are given. It was demonstrated that
the reclaimed wastewater satisfies the chemical, biological and
physical limits for potable grade water. It is recommended that the
study be continued in order to demonstrate the presence of any
significant health characteristics not demonstrated by existing
drinking water standards. Another aspect of the study was to
demonstrate the safety of poultry processed in this reclaimed water.
(12) KEYWORDS: DEMONSTRATION; DESIGN; FOOD; FOOD PROCESSING;
INDUSTRY; MARYLAND; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL; POULTRY; RECLAMATION; SAFETY;
SLAUGHTERHOUSE; TREATMENT; BASTE WATER; WATER
(Itt) HIERARCH TERMS: 1FD/2FU; 1FD/2FW; 1IC/2JA; 1PM
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS4154U
(16) CITATION:, Cincinnati, OH, O.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, December 1976. p.298-307. (Environmental Protection
Technology Series.)
81
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: OH1866
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 01 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S
(4) AOTHOR: tfard GM (10) 620. AREA: 1MB/2MI; 1MB/2HP; 1RB (10)
PUB. YEAH: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Research studies on the effective use of nutrients
fron cattle waste are reported. Some components of animal waste contain
residues after digestion, although aiicrobial protein resulting from
bacterial growth in the rumen and large intestine commonly represents a
higher quality protein than that found in cattle feed. The preparation
of cattle waste and its use as feed material are detailed. The most
simple approach to refeeding cattle waste is to remove air dried waste
frox feediots, grind it, and mix it in rations. Other processing
methods are described, and data are presented on manure constituents
and tne chemical composition of cattle feces. The use of dried cattle
manure as poultry feed is examined. Health and regulatory aspects
associated with the recycling of animal waste are explored, with
emphasis on the potential hazard from pathogens and non nutritive feed
additives. Protein is identified as the most valuable nutrient from
cattle waste. It is pointed out that feeding trials with fresh or dried
cattle manure and manure products have not resulted in any evident
disease or pathological conditions.
(12) KEYWORDS: CATTLE; FEED; HEALTH; INVESTIGATION; MANURE;
PATHOGEN; PROCESS; PROTEIS; RECLAMATION; SAFETY; UTILIZE
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1MB
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: 005*40910 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Muscato T
(18) DOC.CIT.: Ward, G. M. , and T. Muscato. Processing cattle
waste for recycling as animal feed. World Animal Review, (20):31-35,
1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: OU1850
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(U) AUTHOR: Kowalczak J (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2MS (10) POB. YEAR:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Operations of Northeast Metal Processors in
Plantersville, Mississippi, are detailed. Thr fir" *ias concreted about 5
acres of land which is layed out so that material from industrial
plants can be sorted as it comes in. After material is unloaded or
dumped, it is evaluated and then upgraded. Sixteen employees are
responsible for processing the material. Equipment used by the firm
includes a briquette, baler, flattener, front end loaders, and
hydraulic loaders. Host of the equipment employed in scrap processing
is hydraulically operated. Safety and maintenance aspects of the scrap
processing operations are examined.
(12) KEYWORDS: EQUIPMENT; INDDSTRY; MISSISSIPPI; OPERATIONS
RESEARCH; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL; PROCESS; SCRAP; SEPARATING
(1«) HIERARCH TERMS: 1MD/2MS/3ME; 1MD/2MT
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS4089U
(18) DOC.CIT.: Kowalczak, J. A very unique operation-and then some.
Scrap Age, 33(12):106, 128, 131, Dec. 1976.
(1) SMIRS ACC.NO.: OU1796
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 07 (2) SUbJ.TYPE: S; T
(U) AUTHOR: Leckie J (10) GEO. AREA: 1DD/2DO; 1EC/2ET (10) PDB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Methods for handling the disposal of human and
animal waste are detailed. Particular attention is given to methane
digesters. The digestion process is described, as well as the design of
digesters. Factors to consider in the use of methane digesters are
82
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SLUDGE DISPOSAL AND GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
noted, including the general composition of waste, substances
inhibiting digester operation, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen, feed
slurry, the calculation of detention tine (chemical oxygen demand,
solids retention time, temperature, and safety), digester
characteristics, digester products, and the digestibility of algae.
Other waste handling techniques are addressed. These involve the Clivus
Multrum system primarily for single family houses, outhouses, septic
tanks, and oxidation ponds. In the use of oxidation ponds,
consideration must be given to bacteria and algae, waste water and the
biochemical oxygen demand, climatic factors, construction and
maintenance, and the harvesting and processing of algae.
(12) KEYWORDS: ANIMAL; CBITEBIA; DIGESTOR; DISPOSAL; FECES; HUMAN;
METHANE; OPERATIONS RESEARCH; REPOSE; SAFETY; SYSTEM
(1U) HIERARCH TERMS: 1MB/2MO
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOSU0840 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Halvadakis C
(18} DOC.CIT.: Leckie, J. , and C. Halvadakis. waste-handling
systems. In Leckie, J. , G. Masters, and H. Hhitehonse. Other Homes and
Garbage: Designs for Self-sufficient Living. San Francisco, CA, Sierra
Club Books, 1975. p. 188-231.
(1) S8IRS ACC.NO.: 040858
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S (10) GEO.
AREA: 10S/2NJ; 10S/2NY/3NY (10) FOB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Environmental impacts associated with the
application of sludge to land are evaluated. Environmental impacts,
both beneficial and adverse, are considered according to the following
topics: heavy metals, nutrients, organic materials, pathogens, and
others. Parameters determining the ultimate mobility of heavy metals in
soils are plant tolerance and heavy metal uptake and movement. Some
heavy metals are essential plant nutrients, and nutrients are important
in plant growth and development. The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus,
and inorganic salts on the acceptability of land application of sludge
is discussed. Nitrogen loading, in conjunction with heavy metals, is
considered to be the aost significant determinant of land application
acceptability. The nitrogen content of sludge depends on sludge
processing and application procedures, soil pa, and weather conditions.
Phosphorus and inorganic salts found in waste water sludge do not
generally cause severe environmental impacts. Haste water sludge does
contain*a number of'pathogenic organisms which are potential health
hazards, although there is very little evidence of actual disease
transmission to humans or animals by the land application of stabilized
sludge. Other impacts of a land application program are related to land
use and employment.
(12) KEYWORDS: CON'TABINATE; CRITERIA; DISPOSAL; EFFECT;
ENVIRONMENT; LAND; LEACH; MANAGEMENT; METAL; SEW JERSEY; NEW YORK;
PATHOGEN; PLANNING; PROGRAM; REGIONAL; SLODGE; WASTE WATER
(1*) HIERARCH TERMS: 1SI; 1SJ
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39902
(18) DOC.CIT.: Environmental assessment of land application. In
Phase 2 Report of Technical Investigation of Alternatives for New
York-New Jersey Metropolitan Area Sewage Sludge Disposal Management
Program. Boston, MA, Camp Dresser and HcKee, June 1976. p. VIII.
52-VIII. 57.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 010847
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) GEO.
AREA: 1US/2NJ; 10S/2N*/3NY (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The adverse effects on air and water quality
resulting from the construction and operation of regional sludge
83
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
preceding facilities, are investigated. It is felt that adverse
effects on air quality cannot be avoided. Suspended particulates from
the pyrolysis of sludge will r>e emitted, even if high energy venturi
scrubbers are used. It is estimated that particulate levels will
increase by 500 tons per year in the New York City and New Jersey
metropolitan region, an 0. 5 percent increase over existing ambient
levels. Even with proper controls, vehicles transporting sludge,
residues, and chemicals will emit particulates, carbon monoxide, and
hydrocarbons. Construction activities will increase atmospheric dust
an.d gas levels. Deterioration in water quality depends on such
variables as existing levels of pollutants in receiving water, the
volume of water passing through a discharge point, and quantities and
Kinds of pollutants released by a facility. Concentrations of BOD
(biochemical oxygen demand) following sidestream treatment are expected
to equal 30 ag/1 the maximum permissible level by New York standards.
Mercury will also be released to receiving waters in scrubber
sidestrearns, the exact amount depending on its form in sludge and the
treatment scrubber water receives.
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; CHEMICAL; EFFECT; ENVIRONMENT; FACILITY;
HAZA8DODS; MANAGEMENT; NEW JERSEY; NEW YORK; PLANNING; POLLUTION;
PROGRAM; PROJECTION; PYROLYSIS; REGIONAL; RESIDUE; SLDDGE; TRANSPORT;
TREATMENT; WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1AC; 1PK; 1HA
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39391
(18) DOC.CIT.: Adverse environmental effects of proposed
(pyrolysis) plan. In Phase 2 Report of Technical Investigation of
Alternatives for New York-New Jersey Metropolitan Area Sewage Sludge
Disposal Management Program. Boston, MA, Camp Dresser and McKee, June
1976. p. VII. 129-VII. 130.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 040776
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 01 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Jewell WJ (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Literature concerning agricultural wastes is
reviewed. Three articles discuss legal and economic considerations.
Haste characteristics and impacts are the subject of 38 studies which
included determinations of the impact on beef feedlot manure
accumulation in outdoor areas affected by animal density and surface
slope and measurements of the public health effects of pathogens in
beef cattle manure found in oxidation ditch treatment systems. The
potential impact of cattle feedlot runoff to cause algal growth is
reported. In another study, the geochenical characteristics of stream
sediments is related to quality changes to a nearby animal production
operation. The rheology and pumping characteristics of animal wastes
was the subject of one of several articles concerning the
transportation of animal wastes. Waste treatment is the subject of 30
studies which looked specifically at runoff from feedlots, pig waste
treatment, and poultry wastes. Land disposal of wastes in agriculture
account for 57 articles which deal with animal wastes, wastewater
sludge, land application wastewater in agriculture/domestic wastewater
(including a summary of 111 abstracts on irrigation with wastewater and
organic wastes), and food processing and miscellaneous waste land
application. Energy production and refeeding as applied to reuse of
agricultural wastes are the subjects of a significant number of papers.
Eighteen articles discuss nonpoint source pollution. Systems analysis
and modeling were the concern of eight authors. The proceedings of the
third International Symposium on Livestock Waste contains 181 papers
focusing on management aspects. One hundred and ninety one references
are included.
84
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SLUDGE DISPOSAL AND GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
(12) KEYWORDS: AGRICULTURE; CATTLJ2; DRAINAGE; ENERGY; FEED LOT;
IRRIGATION; LAND; LITERATURE; MANAGEMENT; MANURE; OXIDATION DITCH;
PATHOGEN; POLLUTION; POULTRY; SLUDGE
(1U) HIERARCR TERMS: 1AB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39820 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Saith DO
(18) DOC.CIT.: Jewell, w. J. , and D. J. Smith. Industrial wastes:
agricultural wastes. Journal Water Pollution Control Federation,
48 (6J :1263-1280, June 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 038500
(2) DOMESTIC: P (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUriJ.TYPE: S (10) POB.
YEAh: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The disinfection of polio virus in sewage by ozone
was examined employing two different methods. First, the filtered
sewage together with a virus inoculum was added to a buffer solution
which contained ozone. The most outstanding finding was the complete
disappearance of the ozone immediately after the addition of the
effluent. At the same time there was a rapid reduction in virus titer.
After the initial reduction, the virus titer remained unchanged. The
degree of virus inactivation was dependent on ozone concentration and
on the amount of organic matter in the effluent. With increased ozone
concentration and decreased organic matter, a large percentage of
viruses were inactivated. With the second method, ozone was bubbled
into filtered sewage containing a virus inoculum. Inactivation of the
virus started after a lag period of about 30 seconds even before ozone
residual in the sewage was detected. It was concluded that ozone was a
very potent virus disinfectant even in contaminated water.
(12) KEYWORDS: DISEASE; OXYGEN; RESEARCH; SEWAGE; STERILIZE;
TREATMENT; VIRUS
(15) STIKS ACC.NO.: OOS37544
(18) DOC.CIT.: Katzenelson, E. , and N. Biedermann. Disinfection of
viruses in sewage by ozone. Water Research, 10 (7):629-631, 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 038329
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Since it is customary to spread solid fraction,
removed from treatment plants processing dairy waste materials on farm
land, the possibility that this waste material (sludge) may contain
lycobacteria and could cause disease or sensitize cattle grazing on
treated pastures was investigated. Sixty three samples of dairy
creamery effluent were examined for the presence of mycobacteria.
Thirty two strains were isolated, comprising fl. fortuitum, M.
peregrinusn, M. gordonae, and M. marianum (scrofulaceua) ; four remained
unidentified. Ten strains, representative of all the groups isolated,
were tested for their effect on experimental animals. None were found
pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice, but a number produced a minimal
amount of skin sensitization (erythema) in guinea pigs injected with
avian and manmalian tuberculins. The samples of effluent sludge were
collected at the point of discharge from dairy factories. Methods
applied to isolating the mycobacteria are described in detail. There
was little indication that dairy effluent sludge was of any
significance in the epidemiology of mycobacterial infections. The
Public Health Laboratory in Cardiff (Great Britain) is credited with
supplying the strains used in the preparation of antisera. The study
was conducted by the .Institute for Research on Animal Diseases,
Compton, Newbury, Berkshire (Great Britain).
85
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(12) KEYWORDS: BACTKRIA; DAIRY; EFFLUENT; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GREAT
BRITAIN; SLUDGE
(15) STIKS ACC.NO.: OOS.V7373
(18) DOC.CIT.: Matthews, P. R. . P. Collins, and P. H. Jones.
Isolation of aycobacteria from dairy creamery effluent sludge. The
Journal of Hygiene, 76(3):407-413, June 1976.
(1) SWIRS- ACC.NO.: 037884
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Benefits ensuing from the addition of baking soda to
septic tanks are explored. Flow through a septic tank is discussed,
along with the hydraulic characteristics of septic tanks. The results
of field demonstrations on the effectiveness of dead spaces in septic
tanks are presented which show that liquid volumes of the tanks have
considerable proportions of hydraulically less active zones where
dissolved or suspended solids can be stored and exchanged slowly with
hydraulically active zones. The use of cationic polymers as additives
to septic tanks is examined, as well as screening cationic polymer
flocculants. Research on the addition of baking soda to septic tanks is
reported. Studies performed at the University of Connecticut showed
that better flocculation of suspended solids resulted from the addition
of baking soda. At the University of Southern California, septic tanks
were fortified with sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride, sodium
carbonate, sodium hydroxide, potassium' bicarbonate, and potassium
chloride. Fortified effluent was allowed to settle for a day and
supernatants were collected and analyzed for various components. Data
showed a complexity of interactions, a lowering of suspended solids,
and what would have been a decrease in turbidity had more settling time
been provided. Sodium bicarbonate is considered as a cationic
flocculant, and the relationship between its addition to septic tanks
and soil structure, suspended solids, and sorption of sodium by sewage
solids is addressed.
(12) KEYWORDS: ABSORPTION; BENEFIT; CHEMICAL; COMPOSITION; EARTH;
EFFECT; FLOCCULANT; HYDRAULIC; POLYMER; REDUCTION; SEPTIC TANK; SODIUM;
SOLID; SUSPENDED; TREATMENT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36928
(16) DOC.CIT.: Winneberger, J. H. , and M. S. Heinberg. Beneficial
effects of baking soda added to septic tanks. Journal of Environmental
Health, 38(5):322-326, Mar. /Apr. 1976.
ill DOM^TIC:*NS*:(2?3CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ .TYPE: S;T (10) PUB.
M1)1 ABSTRACT: A field investigation is reported that was conducted
near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada to determine the efficiency of a septic
tile system. A collecting tank was installed into which a Potion of
septic tank effluent from the system of an individual household »as
diverted for analysis. Soil at the test site had the ability to reduce
a high oercentage'of TSS (total suspended solids), BOD (biochemical
oxygen demand), COD (chemical oxygen demand), and soluble organic
Carbon Dresent in septic tank effluent. Phosphate reductions were
usually In t£e 25 to'so percent range. High ammonia reductions were
observed. With an increase in ammonia reduction, corresponding
increases in nitrification were generally observed. Nitrification led
to nitrate buildup in ground water and nearby lakes, thus causing
possible health hazards and possibly accelerating eutrophication. The
efficiency of septic tile was influenced by seasonal variations.
Greater efficiencies were observed during the early fall and late
66
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SLUDGE DISPOSAL AND GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
summer when the unsaturated depth of soil was greater. These
efficiencies tended to decrease, however, with respect to BOD and TSS
and to a greater extent in tne case of ammonia nitrogen during the
winter period when water levels started to rise. Nitrate nitrogen
levels also showed
(12) KEYWORDS: AMMONIA; BOD; CARiiON; COD; NITROGEN; ORGANIC;
PHOSP.4ATE; DEDUCTION; SEASONAL; SEPTIC TANK; SOLID; SOLUBILITY;
SDSPENDED
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36915
(18) UOC.C1T.: Viraraghavan, T. , and R. G. Warnock. Efficiency of
a septic tile system. Journal of the Hater Pollution Control
Federation, 4b (5) -.934-944, May 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 037878
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUJiJ.TYPE: S (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Noting that discharges from conventional sewage
treatment plants pollute the environment with potentially dangerous
viruses, a need for simple and more efficient means for the elimination
of viruses (alony with other pollutants) from sewage has been
delineated. The use of lime shows promise in this respect. In
experiments, a one liter sample of sewage was contaminated with
approximately 50,000,000 plaque forming units (PFU) of poliovirus 1
(Sabin) . An aqueous slurry of lime was then added drop by drop till a
pH of 11.5 was achieved. After stirring for 15 more minutes, the
sample was allowed to stand for one hour. A portion of the resulting
supernatant was removed for virus assay. The virus from the sludge was
eluted with 10 percent fetal calf serum in saline. BS-C-1 cells were
used for plaque assay, in eight such experiments, using different
batches of sewage, no virus could be detected in the supernatant: the
virus recovered from the sludge represented only 0. 001 percent of the
input PFU. This remaining virus became undetectable after a 24 hour
storage of the sludge at 28 degrees C. The virus eliminating efficiency
of the process was not affected by lowering the sample temperature to 4
degrees C. The lime treatment of sewage, therefore, appears worthy of
further investigation. However, little information is available on the
removal and inactivation of human pathogenic viruses during the high pH
lime treatment of sewage.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTROL; DATA; LIME; PATHOGEN; PH; PROCESS;
RESEARCH; SEWAGE; STORAGE; TEMPERATURE; TREATMENT; VIRUS
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36872
(1b) DOC.CIT.: Sattar, S. A. , S. Ramia, and J. C. Westwood.
Calcium hydroxide (lime) and the elimination of human pathogenic
viruses from sewage: studies with experimentally contaminated
(poliovirus type 1, Sabin) and pilot plant samples. Canadian Journal of
Public Health, 67(3):221-226, May/June 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037747
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 01 (2) SUbJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A study analyzing Poultry Byproduct Meal, prepared
from poultry waste materials in India, considered the usefulness of the
byproduct as a poultry feed, its safety as protein substitute, and its
positive nutritive value. Processing is discussed with emphasis on the
dry rendering process; pressing to remove fat; crushing, grinding and
sieving; and yields. Changes that occur during manufacture and storage
of the meal were studied, particularly those due to oxidation. The
nutritive value and digestibility were shown to vary considerably
depending upon the age of the bird, the processing technique utilized
87
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
and ttie period of storage involved. The study concludes that the
processing of poultry byproducts in India is not organized and needs to
be mechanized to develop methods that will prevent fat oxidation in the
neal and will insure sterilization to conform to public health laws.
Poultry byproducts veal, however, contains approximately 55 percent
protein and compares favorably with fisti weal in nutritive value. It
can be used at 5 percent level in chick rations, and at 7. 5 percent in
grower, layer and breeder rations.
(12) KEYWORDS: FAi1; FEED; INDIA; MANURE; OFFAL; OXIDATION; POULTRY;
PROCESS; RECLAMATION; STORAGE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36791
(18) DOC.CIT.: Rao, V. A. and T. J. .lahadevan. Processing and
utilization of poultry oyproducts meal. Poultry Guide, 13(3):56-58,
Mar. 1976.
11) SrfIRS ACC.NO.: 037678
(2) DOMESTIC: P (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The utilization of oxidation ponds for dairy waste
treatment is discussed. A two stage oxidation system is most coaiaonly
used on farms since it is more economical in land use than a single
system. This system involves a combination of an anaerobic pond
followed by an aerobic pond, with each having a separately and well
defined function. These functions are detailed, with regard to solids
reduction, digestion process, HOD (biochemical oxygen demand)
reduction, temperature stability, oxygenation of effluent and
pollutants such as nhosphate and sulfate. Design criteria for an
oxidation system are detailed. It is noted that, for safety reasons,
oxidation ponds must be positioned
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SLUDGE DISPOSAL AND GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
irradiation time:21 sec. ) can easily oe obtained in practical work and
is economically acceptable. By these means approximately 97 percent of
the following parasitic stages have been destroyed: undeveloped eggs of
Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, Fasciold hepatica and gastrointestinal
strongylids of pigs, embryonated eggs of Capillaria obsignatz and
probably of Taenia spec. A few third stage larvae of oesophagostoamm
(Strongylidae) of pigs survived even 108 sec of irradiation; however,
they did not develop to maturity in the definitive host. Approximately
25 percent of the sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella were still
infective after 108 sec of irradiation. (Author Abstract) (Original
text in German)
(12) KEYWORDS: L'LECTKICAL; GERMANY; ION; PARASITE; RADIATION;
REDOCTION; RESEARCH; SLUDGE
(15) STIMS ACC.10.: OOS36687
(18) DOC.CIT.: Knigk, K. , Boll, P. , and l>ey-Hazra, A. Die
Vernichtung parasitaerer Dauerformen im Klaerschlamm durch Bestrahlung
nit niederenergetischen Elektronen (Destruction of parasitic resistant
stages in sludge by irradiation with low accelerating voltage
electrons). Zentralblatt tuer Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde,
Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. I Abt. Orig. , B, 161(1):61-71, Oct.
1975.
037552
(2) CATEGORY:
10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S (10) PUB.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.
(2) DOMESTIC: F
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: A study was initiated to investigate the fate of
virus infectivity in water of the Gulf of Mexico and to evaluate
certain factors in the survival of these viruses. Poliovirus I was
selected for study. Because it is a relatively strong virus and readily
isolated from contaminated water, a knowledge of its fate was
considered to have practical importance in evaluating the viral hazard
ot polluted marine water. Study results are presented in relation to
the effect of preheating or prefiltering marine water on the loss of
infectivity (LOI) for poliovirus I, effect of container adsorption and
elution on poliovirus infectivity when suspended in marine water,
effect of salinity on loss of poliovirus infectivity when suspended in
aarine water, evaluation of the presence of a resistant strain of
poliovirus to explain two component LOI curves, and the influence of
virion aggregation on the loss ot poliovirus PFU (plague forming units)
in marine water. Typically, three LOI were lost in 5 to 6 days at 24
degrees C. It was suggested that LOI was not a result of container
adsorption or virion aggregation and that it was not a resistant
comuonent within the stock virus found that would explain the two
component curves often observed with virus loss, viral infectivity loss
occurred in raw, filter sterilized, and autoclaved marine water. Loss
was also observed when the virus was suspended in artificial sea water.
Mo explanation for LOI other than true inactivation of the virion was
found .
(12) KEYWORDS: ADSORPTION; CONTAINER; CONTAMINATE; FILTER; HEAT;
INFECTION; REDUCTION; SALT; SUSPENDED; VIRUS; WATER; WATERWAY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36596
(18) DOC.CIT.: Akin, E. H. , w. F. Hill, Jr. , and G. B. Cline. The
loss of poliovirus 1 infectivity in marine waters. Water Research,
10(1) :59-63, 1976.
037551
(2) CATEGORY:
10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S (10) FOB.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.
(2) DOMESTIC: F
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Tlue effect of fertilization^on the species
composition of salt marsh diatoms is explored. Two fertilizers, urea
89
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
and a commercial mixture containing sewage sludge, were applied to salt
aarsh plots. A thorough study of the diatom population in the
fertilized plots was made after 3 yrs or more of fertilization. The
diversity of epibenthic diatoms in the salt marsh was reduced by
fertilization with both sewage sludge and urea. Counts of 500
individuals were sufficient to demonstrate a lower total number of.
species, a smaller number of rare species, and a greater dominance of
the most atiundant species in fertilized areas as compared with
controls. Navicula salinarum Grun, which formed 5 to 9 percent of the
diatoms in controls became dominant in fertilized plots and comprised
20 to 25 percent of the population. It was concluded that diatoms can
be used to demonstrate the effects 01 pollution, stress, and
productivity in fresh water.
(12) KEYWORDS: ALGAE; COMMERCIAL; FERTILIZER; MARSH; REDUCTION;
SALT; SEWAGE; SLUDGE; WATERWAY
(15) STIttS ACC.NO-: OOS36595
(18) DOC.C1T.: Van Raalte, C. D. , I. Valiela, and J. M. Teal the
effect of fertilization on the species composition of salt marsh
diatoms. Water Research, 10(1) :1-4, 1976.
(1) SBIRS ACC.NO.: 037223
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The ozonization of secondary effluent is discussed
as an effective method of disinfection..An experiment at the Blue
Plains waste treatment plant in Washington, D. C. is cited in which
ozonolysis shifted the pH of effluent toward neutrality, regardless of
•the nature of secondary effluent to wftich ozone was applied. The action
of and problems with ozone in treating secondary effluent are
discussed. Safety considerations in ozone use are noted, with emphasis
on oxidizing and toxicological properties of the compound. It is
conclude! that ozone provides a viable alternative to the use of
chlorine for disinfecting secondary effluent with a concurrent degree
of tertiary treatment. Ozone dosages between 5 and 10 mg per liter can
disinfect to a level below most legal requirements. High ozone dosages
will probably be required if effluent contains a significant amount of
industrial loading with ozone oxidizable materials. The concurrent
decrease of chemical oxygen demand and coliform levels with ozonization
argues against the necessity of satisfying an ozone demand due to
dissolved organics before any disinfection can occur. An added benefit
of ozone disinfection is an ozone-induced frothing process capable of
removing significant amounts of suspended and dissolved materials via
oxidation and physical separation by flotation.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHLORINE; COD; COLIFORM; COLLECTION; DISTRICT OF
COLOMBIA; EFFLUENT; FACILITY; FLOTATION; ORGANIC; OXYGEN; PH; PROBLEMS;
SAFETY; SEPARATING; STERILIZE; TOXIC; TREATMENT
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS36268
(18) DOC.CIT.: Nebel, C. , R. D. Gottschling, and PI. C. Unangst.
Ozone provides alternative for secondary effluent disinfection, part 3.
Hater and Sewage Works, 123 (6) :81-83, June 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037025
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 01 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAS: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The advantages and disadvantages of solid and liquid
sanure processes are explained and a specific set of criteria for
evaluating their performance is given. Energy expenditures can be
reduced by more than 50 percent with liquid as opposed to solid manure
processes. In both stalls with fissured ground in walking and feeding
90
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SLUDGE DISPOSAL AND GROUNDWATER PROTECTION
areas, the volumes of scattered material are reduced when the liquid
manure process is retained. Other factors in choosing an efficient
process include the type and age of animals; utilization of livestock;
and output and health of livestock, odor can be controlled more
efficiently through the liquid manure process in high level tanks than
through ditches containing solid manure. Cost considerations, including
the extraction of marketable material from dung, are additional factors
in judging the efficacy of the two processes. (Original text in German)
(12) KEYWORDS: AGE; ANIMAL; CONTROL; CRITERIA; DATA; ENERGY;
LIQUID; LIVESTOCK; MANURE; ODOR; PROCESS; REDUCTION; SOLID; STORAGE:
UTILIZE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36070
(18) DOC.CIT.: Blanken, G. Solid and liquid manure - its advantages
and disadvantages. (Fest-und Fleussignistseine vor-nnd vachteile. )
Landtechnik, 31(2):49-52, Feb. 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 036570
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SObJ.TYPE: S (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1*76
(11) ABSTRACT: The acute toxicity of residual chlorine in sewage
plant effluent was determined for the copepod Cyclops bicuspidatus
thomasi and the rotifer Keratella cochlearis. The 96-hr median lethal
toxicity level for Cyclops was 0. Od4 ng per liter total residual
chlorine added as aonochloranine. When Cyclops was exposed to sodium
hypochlorite, the 96-hour level was 0. 069 mg per liter total residual
chlorine. The 4-hr median lethal toxicity level for Keratella was 0.
019 ng per liter total residual chlorine added as monochloraaine.
Chemical studies showed that sodium sulfite was an efficient yet
inexpensive chemical agent for reducing chlorine residuals which did
not produce undesirable byproducts. Complete reduction was accomplished
in less than 20 sec. Bioassay studies indicated that sodium sulfite
added to chlorinated water completely eliminated the acute toxicity of
residual chlorine to both Cyclops and Keratella organisms. Field
studies in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin harbor and adjacent Lake Michigan
indicated that measurable chlorine residuals were confined to a very
small area surrounding effluent from a sewage treatment plant.
Significant reductions in the populations of benthic organisms were
observed in the effluent plume area after the start of chlorination.
(Author Abstract Modified)
(12) KEYWORDS: ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL; CHEMICAL; CHLORINE; ECONOMICS;
EFFECT; EFFLUENT; MICROORGANISM; MILWAUKEE; REDUCTION; SEWAGE; TOXIC;
WATERWAY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS35614
(18) DOC.CIT.: Beeton, A. M. , P. K. Kovacic, and A. S. Brooks.
Effects of chlorine and sulfite reduction on Lake Michigan
invertebrates. Environmental Protection Agency Publication
EPA-600/3-76-036. Duluth, MN, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Apr. 1976, 122 p. (Ecological Research Series).
91
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 035271
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 24 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S (10) FOB.
IEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: An evaluation of the permanent inactivation of virus
in the activated sludge process was made. Activated sludge was
inoculated with tritium-labeled poliovirus in batch reactors, and the
fate of the virus was followed by tracing the radioactive label and
infectivity with time. The initial total virus in the system was U- 8
times 10 to the tenth power plack-foraing units (PFD). The initial
adsorption of 1. 9 times 10 to the nith power PFD per g of sludge was
followed by a period of no significant reduction in the titer in the
supernatant. The decrease in infectivity titer of the supernatant after
a period of 1 hr followed the empirical relationship: the initial
virus concentration in the supernatant per g of initial mixed liquor
suspended solids (MLSS) equals the virus concentration in the
supernatant at any time, times the time in minutes raised to a constant
of 0. 32- The results show that some of the poliovirus adsorbed to the
activated sludge particles is inactivated and that virus particles that
are not infective may be released into the supernatant. However, the
association of virus particles with sludge and the fact that infectious
virus particles can be eluted from sludge solids must be considered in
evaluating sludge disposal alternatives and in virus monitoring
techniques proposed for sewage treatment plant effluents.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACTIVATED SLUDGE; DATA; DISPOSAL; EPIDEMIOLOGY;
HAZARDOUS; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROORGANISM; MONITOR; SAFETY; SEWAGE;
STERILIZE; TREATMENT; VIRUS; liASTE WATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS34319
(18) DOC.CIT.: Malina, 0. F. , K. R. Ranganathan, B. P. Sagik, and
B. E. Moore. Poliovirus inactivation by activated sludge. Water
Pollution Control, U7 (8) :2178-2183, Aug. 1975.
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Section 8
DUST, GAS, AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 044851
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Are nicrobiological air quality standards for
hospitals realistic?
(4) AUTHOR: Powitz RW
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Journal of Environmental Health
(10} LANGUAGE: EH (10) PDB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The need for microbiological air quality standards
in hospitals is examined as a way to reduce or eliminate microbes in
air and thus to prevent nosocomial infections. Hicrobial air standards
for health care facilities are presently technologically and
administratively infeasible, but, the reduction of aerial microbial
contamination can be realized. When setting air quality standards, the
characteristics of airborne pathogen bearing particles in a
heterogenous system and their potential relationship to disease
production must be considered. Meaningful standards must consider
particle size distribution and number and types of organisms per
particle as well as personnel/patient activity and population at risk.
An evaluation of the role of air in a total environment hygiene index
of the hospital must start with patient susceptibility and resistance.
Air sampling is presently not considered an essential activity for an
infection control program.
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; CONTROL; DISEASE; HEALTH; HOSPITAL; HUMAN;
INFECTION; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROORGANISM; PATHOGEN; QOALITY; SANITARY;
STANDARD
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1HB; 1MF '
(15J STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS43896
(16) CITATION: 39(3):196-197, Nov.-Dec. 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 044845
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SDBJ.TYPE: S; T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Sulfur dioxide emission limitation (SDEL)
program at TVA power plants.
(4) AUTHOR: Leavitt JM
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Air Pollution Control Association
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2TN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The Tennessee Valley Authority (T1TA) is conducting a
program of intermittent control of sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions at 9
of its coal fired power plants. The program is designed to limit SO2
emissions by reducing generation during adverse atmospheric conditions
to avoid exceeding ambient S02 standards. Each plant is identified as a
Class I or Class II program, based primarily on tis design and
operational complexity. Class I programs operate 7 days/week from early
morning through midafternoon. Class II programs operate 24 hours/day
and 7 days/week. Environmental data stations (EDS) are located at each
plant; staff have the responsibility for collection and validation of
onsite meteorological data, S02 mobile and fixed monitoring network
data, plant operational data, and local meteorological forecast data.
At the EDS, this data is entered into a computer operating model. This
real time dispersion model uses meterogological control criteria to
identify days when adverse dispersion conditions are likely to occur
and, consequently, to schedule plant generation reduction.
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; CLIMATE; COMPUTER; CONTROL; DATA; EMISSIONS;
93
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
FOSSIL FOEL; MONITOR; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL; POLLUTION; POWER; SAFETY;
SULFUR; TENNESSEE; TV A
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1AC/2AE; 1C6; 1HB; 1IC; 1MA/2MB; 1HK
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: 00543890 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Clark HE;
George LA
(16) CITATION: 26 (12) :1133-1140, Dec. 1976.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 043173
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Dust and fane problems averted with impingement
baffle scrubber.
(4) AUTHOR: Reisdorf RC
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Chemical Processing
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: An improved gas scrubber used to collect dust and
fumes from a hydrochloric acid bottle filler and a stean cleaning
compound mixing tank is described. A more efficient removal system and
a cleaner environment for plant personnel has resulted. The scrubber
can handle 2400 cf» at ambient conditions with a pressure drop of 4.1
in. H. G. recirculating 5 gpm of water at free flow to the plates and 3
gpm of water at 20 psig to the sprays. Constructed of one fourth inch
PRP, the scrubber has P?C impingement baffle plates and spray piping
and was supplied with carbon steel support legs. The scrubber operates
with low power requirements. The unit removes materials ranging from
submicron fuaes to larger micron sized dust particles suspended in gas
streams. Efficiencies in excess of 99 percent can be realized on most
types of dust or fumes.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACID; CONTROL; DUST; EMISSION; HEALTH; PERSONNEL;
POLLUTION; POLYVINYL CHLORIDE; SCRUBBER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1AC/2AF; 1EE/2EN; 1HB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS42216 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Powers J
(16) CITATION: 40(1):43, Jan. 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 042917
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Current information on the health risk of
asbestos.
(4) AUTHOR: Sines PC
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Royal Society of Health
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2DK (10) PUB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Current information on the health risk of asbestos
in Great Britain is presented. Exposure to asbestos can result in five
situations: the presence of asbestos in the tissues without disease;
the presence of asbestos in the tissue causing certain benign changes;
the presence of asbestos in the tissue and a mesothelioma (cancer)
around the lung or around the intestines; asbestos in the lungs with
tissue damage and primary bronchial cancer; or asbestos present with
potentially fatal damage to the lungs but no cancer (asbestosis) . A
description of the physical activity of asbestos fibers in the tissues
is given. The filter mechanism by which exposed people filter out large
asbestos dust particles in the nose and throat is also described. The
larynx may also filter out some smaller particles. Occupational hazards
associated with asbestos are noted. Research indicates that the more
processing the asbestos receives, the finer the division of the fiber
bundles and the more dangerous it becomes. Lung response to retained
dust is described in detail. The difficulties in the establishment of a
safety standard are discussed. Symptoms of asbestosis and the progress
of the illness are noted and symptoms of lung cancer and the course of
94
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DUST, GAS, AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
the disease are described. Researchers are far from determining the
level and duration of exposure, and the exact types of fiber needed to
trigger mesothelioma. (pleural and peritoneal).
(12) KEYWORDS: ASBESTOS; DISEASE; EUROPE; FIBER; FILTER; GREAT
BRITAIN; HAZARDOUS; HEALTH; OCCUPATION; PARTICDLATE MATTES; RESEARCH;
SAFETI; STANDARD
(14) HIEBARCH TERHS: 1AC/2AJ; 1HB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS41960
(16) CITATION: 96(6) :218-252, Dec. 1976.
19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T
AREA: 1EE; 1HI (10) FOB. YEAR:
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 041881
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY:
(4) AUTHOR: Davis H (10) GEO.
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: The installation of dust collectors at a lining
company in central Pennsylvania is detailed. The priaary source of dust
generated in the mining company is an air operated cleaning table area
where raw coal is separated from other materials. To solve this dust
problem, a fully automated combination of a wet suppression system and
fabric filter dust collectors was installed. The wet suppression system
controls dust generated at five points on the conveyor system entering
and leaving the coal cleaning building. Three of the fabric filter dust
collectors contain dust generated by air cleaning tables, and the
fourth filter captures fugitive dust within the cleaning building
itself. Factors considered in the installation of dust collectors are
noted. To permit uninterrupted production of the mine, continuous duty
collectors on stream at all times are used. All dust collectors feature
top access for easy entry into bags for inspection or replacement. In
compliance with Federal regulations, the collectors are equipped with
explosion relief doors, sprinkler systems, handrails, and other safety
accessories. The wet suppression system has a valuable secondary effect
that virtually eliminates dust problems and conserves coal fines on the
conveyor system and in the stockpile area. This secondary effect
prevents wind erosion and wasting of fines that serve as useful end
products.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTINUOUS; CONTROL; DESIGN; DUST; EQUIPMENT;
FILTER; FOSSIL FUEL; MINE; OPERATIONS RESEARCH; PENNSYLVANIA;
SPECIFICATION
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1AC/2AF
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40925
(18) DOC.CIT.: Davis, H. How to install new dust collectors without
shutting down the plant. Coal Age, 82(3):110-112, Feb. 1977.
FIBER;
(1) SilRS ACC.NO.: 041120
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SDBJ.TYPB: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The Hystaire scrubber removes particles in the 0. 01
micrometer range, odors, and acid mists with the expenditure of little
power. The new air pollution device was the result of a search for a
•eans of removing ultrasonic mists- The scrubber is comprised of
hundreds of layers of bonded mesh (the "Waterweb"). If the mesh is
saturated solidly with water, the combination has an almost catalytic
effect in wetting out subaicrometer sized particles flowing in the air.
It takes a 50 in. water gauge pressure drop to abate titanium
tetrachloride fumes with standard techniques; the Hystaire does it with
4 in. , or about one tenth the energy. The physical characteristics of
the Raterweb operation are described and compared to traditional
95
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
methods. Problems relating to control of perchloric acid fumes are
discussed. The experimental scrubber, digestion sc.rubber, and safety
hood are pictured and their operation described.
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; CONTROL; PARTICULATE HATTER; POLLUTION;
SCRUBBER; TECHNOLOGY
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1AC/2AP
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOSU016U
(18) DOC.CIT.: Scrubber for air pollution abatement. American
Laboratory, 8(12):55-59, Dec. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: OU0924
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBO.TYPE: S
(U) AUTHOR: Hasselblad V (10) GEO. AREA: 1US/2TN (10) PUB. YEAR:
1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Previous studies of lung function in children have
indicated that decreases in lung function are associated with higher
air pollution exposures. For this reason, three quarter second timed
forced expiratory volume was chosen as one of the health indicators in
the Environmental Protection Agency's Community Health Environmental
Surveillance System (CHESS). The city of Chattanooga, Tennessee was
chosen because of its exposure to a large stationary source of nitrogen
dioxide NO2. The present study, conducted 1971 to 1972, was a follow-up
to an earlier study performed by Shy, et al 1968 to 1969. The present
study did not confirm the slight differences found in the earlier
study. This might be explained by the reduction in nitrogen dioxide
levels since the 1968/1969 study. (Retained in SHIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: AGE; AIR; ANALYSIS; EFFECT; EXPOSURE; GASSES;
HEALTH; HUMAN; MUNICIPALITY; NITROGEN; OXYGEN; POLLUTION; TENNESSEE
(it) HIERARCH TERMS: IAC; IHB
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS39968
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hasselblad, V. Lung function in school children:
1971—1972 Chattanooga study. Environmenal Protection Publication
EPA-600/1-77-002. Research Triangle Park, NC, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Jan. 1977. (Environmental Health Effects Research
Series. )
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 040303
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: T
(4) AUTHOR: Bintzer WW (10) GEO. AREA: 1AC/2AF (10) PUB. YEAR:
1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The installation of an air curtain on electric
furnaces at Lukens Steel Company, Coatesville, Pennsylvania, has
provided a method to improve emission control along with several
improvements to the furnace operation. For example, there is less power
consumption, less electrode consumption, improved slag control and
greater safety. Other advantages include: reduced heat losses by
eliminating infiltrated air through the door, and a corresponding power
saving; reduced demand on the air pollution control system; improved
slag control by reduced oxidation of the slag surface; increased life
of the prereduced iron feed pipe, electrode holders, mast arms, and the
delta area of the roof refractory; and a general reduction of the dust
level of the shop.
(12).KEYWORDS: AIR; BENEFIT; CONTROL; DUST; ELECTRICAL; EQUIPMENT;
FURNACE; INDUSTRY; METAL; PENNSYLVANIA; POLLUTION; SAFETY; SLAG;
SYSTEM; WASTE HEAT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1BD/2MQ
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS393U7 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Malehorn RA
(18) DOC.CIT.: Bintzer, W. W. , and R. A. Malehorn. Air curtains on
electric furnaces at Lukens Steel Co. Iron and Steel Engineer,
53(7):53-55r July 1976
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DUST, GAS, AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S (10) PUB.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 039589
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY:
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Two facilities, one producing rock wool by retort
melting and fiber formation by spinning, and the other utilizing slag,
glass scrap, and fly ash in a reverbatory furnace to form a melt which
is spun, were surveyed for dust exposures of employees. Each plant was
divided into "dust zones" on the basis of processing operations,
ventilation methods, or employee jobs. Personnel associated with
different "dust zones" and job titles wore dust sampling filters and
air pumps for one work shift. These filters were analyzed to determine
the weight of total dust in the air, expressed as milligrams per cubic
meter, and fiber concentrations, expressed as fibers per cubic
centimeter in two size categories, greater than one micrometer and less
than one micrometer. The results are discussed.
(12) KEYWORDS: DOST; EQUIPMENT; EXPOSURE; PIBEB; FILTER; HEALTH;
MEASUREMENTS; PARTICDLATE MATTER; PERSONNEL; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL; TEXTILE;
VENTILATOR
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS38633
(18) DOC.CIT.: Corn, M, Y. Hammad, and D. Whitter. Employee
exposure to airborne fiber and total particulate matter in two mineral
wool facilities. Environmental Research, 12(1):59-7U, Aug. 1976.
12 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 0389U8
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY:
TEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: The collection of particulate emissions in a lead
smelting plant of the General Battery Corporation (GBC) is discussed.
Due to a court order to abate particulate emissions resulting from the
manufacturing process, GBC opened a new secondary lead smelting plant
in Reading, Pennsylvania at an investment of about $3. 5 million. More
than $1.5 million was allocated to the control of particulates. GBC
reclaims batteries, recovering lead from old batteries and then
resmelting it and using it to make new ones. About 80 percent of lead
used in batteries is recycled. After the recycling operation, lead is
melted in one of two blast furnaces or in a reverberatory furnace.
Battery cases are crushed and used as landfill. The air pollution
control systems installed at the GBC plant satisfy not only neighboring
complaints b.ut also requirements of the Pennsylvania Department of
Public Health. Odors are minimized by incineration at 2,400 F. Lead
oxide emissions and aerosols are trapped by baghouses. Sulfur dioxide
emissions are scrubbed out with a Venturi scrubber and mist eliminator.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTROL; ECONOMICS; EMISSION; FURNACE; NON-FEHBOUS;
PARTICULATE MATTER; PENNSYLVANIA; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL; POLLUTION;
RECLAMATION; SYSTEM
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37992
(18) DOC.CIT.: Particulate collection in a lead smelting plant. In
Mantell, C. L. , ed. Solid wastes: Origin, Collection, Processing, and
Disposal. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1975. p. 723-725.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 038581
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 16 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Procedures developed for and problems encountered in
management of airborne hazard assessment in small plants are described.
While large industrial facilities normally employ industrial hygienists
who are specially trained in the techniques for evaluation and
97
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
monitoring airborne hazards and exposure levels to known toxic
substances, smaller operations generally have felt they could not
afford such personnel nor sophisticated measuring equipment. The
National Safety Council, however, has produced a number of periodicals
which contain data on numerous chemicals as well as recommended
procedures to be followed in plant processing, several of which are
described.
AIR; ASSOC; CHEMICAL; CLASSIFICATION; DOST; GASSES;
MONITOR; PERSONNEL; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL; REDUCTION;
(12) KEYWORDS:
HAZARDOUS; MANUAL
TRAINING
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.:
(18) DOC.CIT.:
DOS 37625
For the small plant - identifying and reducing
airborne hazards. National Safety News, 113(1):77-78, Jan. 1976.
02 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S (10) PUB.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 038324
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY:
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The generally low sulfate levels and high nitrate
levels in the San Francisco Bay air basin were studied. For 5 years
(1969 to 1973) sulfate and nitrate fractions were analyzed from high
volume particulate samples at 8 stations in the Bay area. The area wide
5 year mean for sulfate was 2. 68 mg/cu m, only slightly above the
remote nonurban sulfate background level. However, the similar 5 year
nitrate mean of 2. 78 mg/cu m was well above the national urban
average. On isolated occasions, when fuel oil (instead of natural gas)
had to be used, both sulfate and nitrate fractions showed 24 hour
values in excess of 20 mg/cu m. The sulfates were primarily in the fine
size range, less than 0. 65 mg, resulting in ill effects on health and
in reduction of visibility. The accelerated conversion rate for gaseous
sulfur dioxide to particulate sulfate ion, when compared to eastern
states, indicated the much greater relative importance of photochemical
processes under California climatic conditions. The nitrate salts,
primarily ammonium nitrate, provided a good index of photochemical
activity. It is suggested that both sulfate and nitrate data offer
better indices of air quality in general than do total suspended
particulate data and that more emphasis should be placed on the control
of nitrogen oxide emissions.
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; ANALYSIS; CALIFORNIA; CONTROL; EMISSION;
GASSES; MEASDREMESTS; NITROGEN; PARTICOLATE MATTER; POLLUTION; SULFUR;
SUSPENDED
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37368
(18) DOC.CIT.: Sandberg, J. S. , D. A. Levaggi, and B. D. DeMandel.
Sulfate and nitrate particulates as related to sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxide gases and emissions. Journal of the Air Pollution
Control Association, 26 (6) : 559-564, June 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 038024
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Odor problems of a sewage treatment plant in Dublin,
Ireland are discussed. The sewage pumping station in Dubin is the end
point of a long pipeline collecting waste from a large area. Due to the
layout of the sewage system, odor is a significant problem. Major
ingredients of sewage air are noted, with indole and skatole having a
power fecal smell. Indole is involved in intestinal putrefaction and
skatole is related to protein decomposition. Adding to the seriousness
of the odor problem is the fact that these gases have a low hydrogen
sulfide odor threshold which means that even the most small quantity of
air pollution by the substances causes severe nervous stress. Generally
98
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DUST, GAS, AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
accepted odor thresholds are as follows: indole 0. 09 ppm; skatole 0.
075 ppm; and hydrogen sulfide 0. 1 ppm. Ozone was first used to control
odor but did not prove to be effective. Equipment was later installed
for the destructive deodorization of air, the principle of the method
based on the fact that ozone is not directly formed from oxygen but
that radient energy in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum will
break the oxygen molecule into its atoms which are powerful oxidants.
The advantages of producing nascent oxygen atoms by using ultraviolet
radiation are discussed, along with operational details of the
technique.
(12) KEYWORDS: GASSES; HYDROGEN; IRELAND; ODOR; PIPELINE;
PLANT-INDUSTRIAL; REDUCTION; SEWAGE; SDLFOR
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS37068
(18) DOC.CIT.: Summer, W. Destructive air deoderization at a Dublin
Sewage works. Process Biochemistry, 11{1):26-27, Jan. /Feb. 1976.
12 (2) SDBJ.TYPE: T (10) PDB.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 037764
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY:
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Dust control systems, which are more economical than
dust collection systems, prevent waste of valuable materials which
vould otherwise be lost to the average bakery facility. By controlling
inplant flour and sugar dust while collecting less process material, a
dust control system can increase the profit per pound of product
processed. This is the key difference between dust control and dust
collection and can make a significant difference in bakery operating
costs. A dust control system which actually forces product dust back
into the processing line is illustrated in the article. Criteria for
evaluating design standards and cost effectiveness in minimizing
operating expenses are also included. The authors conclude that, except
in very rare instances, dust control systems insure that safety and
environmental regulations can be met and profits maximized, by
collecting as little process material as possible without interfering
with the processing operation.
(12) KEYWORDS: BAKERY; COLLECTION; CONTROL; COST REDUCTION; DESIGN;
DUST; SYSTEM
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36808
(18) DOC.CIT.: Owen, L. , and W. Leist. Dust control vs dust
collection. The Bakers Digest, 50(3):18-22, June 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037743
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: This article discusses oil mist emission control in
gas turbine vent systems. Oil mists result from oils in industrial and
marine gas turbine lubricating systems breaking down into fine,
submicron, particles which become a visible aerosol remaining in the
air until impinged on some surface or dissipated in the atmosphere.
Such oil mists pollute the air near the turbine intake as well as
create safety hazards as they collect on nearby surfaces. One practical
method of eliminating oil mists is to apply an accessory two stage type
electrostatic precipitator directly to lube oil vents. A power supply,
an ionizing section, and a collecting section are the three major
components in an electrostatic precipitator. The power supply converts
the normal 120 volt 60 Hertz single phase inpjrt current into high
voltage direct current which energizes the iorixziacj-- and collecting
secretions. In most cases, oil collected by the precipitator can be
returned directly to the lubricating system. In addition to minimizing
operating costs, a precipitator can significantly reduce make up
99
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
OBDir"XoioS? CONTROL ; COST REDUCTIONJ, JJjCt.OSn.IC
PRECIPITATOR; EMISSION; FINE; GASSES; OIL; SAFETY; SYSTEM
(11) Do"™CIT^"NDonovan!3G. E. Oil mist emission Control in gas
turbine vent systems. Diesel and Gas Turbine Progress, 42(4):24-25,
Apr. 1976.
(1) SKIRS ACC.NO.: 037445
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORT: 30 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PDB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: EPA, the City of St. Louis, and the Onion Electric
Company published the results of environmental tests to characterize
pollutant emissions at a refuse processing and firing facility plant
using refuse-derived fuel (RDF) as a supplementary fuel in a coal
burning utility boiler. Included were evaluation of RDF dust emissions
and equipment sound levels. The tests demonstrate that collected HDF
dust contained levels of bacteria and virus significantly above those
in suburban air. Further tests are being conducted to evaluate
potential occupational and environmental health hazards posed by this
dust. Results also showed that burning of RDF to provide up to 15% of
the beat to the pulverized coal firing boiler does not appreciably
affect the emission of gaseous pollutants, although particulate
emissions are increased as the result of electrostatic precipitator
performance losses. Moreover, firing at RDF increased boiler residue
accumulation rates by a factor of 4 to 5 and increased the water
pollution levels of an ash pond effluent for 16 to 64 pollutants
evaluated. Relativet to equipment sound levels, the tests shoved that at
eight of the 16 plants surveyed, sound levels exceeded 90 dBA, which
lay require that new refuse processing plants be designed for improved
sound suppression.
(12J KEYWORDS: ASB; BOILER; DOST; ELECTRICAL; ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATOR; EMISSIOB; FOSSIL FUEL; GASSJiS; NOISE; POLLUTION; REFUSE;
RESIDUE; HATER
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS36489
(18) DOC.CIT.: Kilgroe, J. D. , L. J. Shannon, and P. 6. Gorman.
Environment assessment of the St. Louis - Union Electric refuse firing
system. Transactions of the American nuclear Society, 23 (51) :30-31,
1976.
(1) SMIRS ACC.NO.: 037421
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 29 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) POB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The nitrogen oxide control strategy of the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is detailed. EPA's strategy,
known as maximum stationary source technology (MSST) is designed to
increase the degree and effectiveness of nitrogen oxide control from
existing and new stationary sources because of difficulties in
achieving desired levels of control fron mobile sources. EPA's overall
program for controlling nitrogen oxide emissions from stationary
sources includes two main technologies: (1) control of combustion
processes (combustion modification); and (2) control of post combustion
products (flue gas treatment). Combustion modification minimizes the
formation of nitrogen oxides during combustion, while flue gas
treatment removes nitrogen oxides from gaseous products of.combustion.
100
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DUST, GAS, AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Processes for the treatment of flue gas in removing nitrogen oxides are
categorized as follows: dry processes (reduction), and wet processes
(oxidation followed by scrubbing). The allocation of funds to EPA's
nitrogen oxide control program is discussed. Future control measures
are noted, along with interagency participation efforts and resources
allocated to the nitrogen oxide flue gas treatment program. It is
concluded that combustion modification is an inexpensive and effective
method for achieveing nitrogen oxide reduction from stationary
combustion sources and that nitrogen oxide flue gas treatment provides
an add-on technology to be used in addition to combustion modification
when high removal efficiencies are desired. (Document retained in SHIRS
library)
(12) KEYWORDS: CHIMNEY; COLLECTION; CONFERENCE; CONTROL; ECONOMICS;
EMISSION; EPA; MOVABLE; NITROGEN; OXYGEN; TECHNOLOGY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36466
(18) DOC.CIT.: Stern, R. D. The EPA development program for 80 (x)
flue gas treatment. Environmental Protection Publication 600/7-76-002.
In: Proceedings; National Conference on Health, Environmental Effects,
and Control Technology of Energy Use, Washington, DC, Feb. 9-11, 1976.
Washington, DC, D. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976, 340 p. (p.
280-283).
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037419
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 20 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The application of nonregenerable flue gas
desulfurization (FGD) technology is discussed in relation to the
research, development, and demonstration program of the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) in the FGD area. The primary purpose of EPA^s
program is to improve, develop, and demonstrate reliable,
cost-effective, and environmentally acceptable FGD processes for
reducing sulfur dioxide emissions from both existing and new stationary
combustion sources. Nonregenerable FGD processes generate waste
products such as calcium sulfite or gypsum for disposal. EPA's program
on nonregenerable FGD is concerned with three major areas: (1)
lime/limestone scrubbing; and (3) double alkali scrubbing. Tasks
related to FGD waste disposal and utilization include an environmental
assessment of FGD waste disposal, disposal economics, alternate
disposal methods, and utilization of waste. The major thrust of EPA's
lime/limestone scrubbing effort involves continuation of the advanced
testing program at EPA»s prototype test facility located at a coal
fired station of the Tennessee Valley Authority. Extensive
developmental efforts are being conducted to achieve near-term
commercialization of double alkali processes for coal fired utility
applications. Interagency participation in FGD research and development
is note, and resources allocated to nonregenerable FGD control
technology are tabulated. Recommendations are made with regard to
future work in the FGD technology area. (Document retained in SwTHS
library)
(12) KEYWORDS: ALKALINE; CHIMNEY; COLLECTION; CONFERENCE; DISPOSAL;
EMISSION; EPA; GASSES; LIME; PROCESS; PROGRAM; REDUCTION; RESEARCH;
RESIDUE; SCRUBBER; SULFOR; TECHNOLOGY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36U64
(18) DOC.CIT.: Maxwell, M. A. The EPA program for control of SO(x)
emissions from stationary combustion sources: nonregenerable flue gas
desulfurization. Environmental Protection Publication 600/7-76-002. In:
Proceedings; National Conference on Health, Environmental Effects, and
Control Technology of Energy Dse, Washington, DC, Feb. 9-11, 1976.
Washington, DC, 0. S. Environmental Protection Axjency, 1976, 340 p. (p.
271-274) .
101
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037U18
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) program
for regenerable flue gas desulfurization (FGD) is-described. Flue gas
desulfurization is considered to be the major sulfur oxide control
technique that will have widespread application to large coal fired
combustion sources within the next 10 to 15 years. EPA's program to
support FGD technology includes laboratory investigations, bench and
pilot scale developmental evaluations, and prototype and full-scale
demonstrations. Significant programs and processes being supported by
EPA's research, development, and demonstration effort are concerned
with magnesium oxide scrubbing, Hellnan-Lord process which incorporates
a sulfur dioxide reduction process and produces elemental sulfur,
catalytic oxidation, alternate reductant gases, advanced regenerable
demonstration, ammonia scrubbing/ammonia bisulfate regeneration
process, economics of marketing sulfuric acid and elemental sulfur
produced by regenerable FGD systems at coal fired power plants,
economics of regenerable FGD processes, energy conservation in FGD
processes, and citrate process demonstration. Future activities that
are noted, along with resources allocated to the study of FGD systems.
It is noted that, as of November 1975, 115 0. S. flue gas cleaning
systems were operational, under construction, or planned. (Document
retained in SWIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: CATALYST; CHIMNEY; COLLECTION; COMBUSTIBLE;
CONFERENCE; CONTROL; EPA; FOSSIL FUEL; GASSES; OXIDATION; PROCESS;
PROJECTION; REDUCTION; RESEARCH; SCRDBBER; SULFUR; TECHNOLOGY
(15) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS36463
(18) DOC.CIT.: Stern, R. D. Regenerable flue gas desulfurization
technology for stationary combustion sources. Environmental Protection
Publication 600/7-76-002. In: Proceedings; National Conference on
Health, Environmental Effects, and Control Technology of Energy Use,
Washington, DC, Feb. 9-11, 1976. Washington, DC, U. S. Environmental-
Protection Agency, 1976, 3UO p. (p. 267-270).
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 037413
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 12 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: studies and projects of the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) are reported that are concerned with physical and chemical
aspects of coal cleaning for pollution control. Sulfur dioxide is the
primary pollutant associated with coal cleaning, and the applicability
of coal desulfurization to sulfur dioxide emission control is dependent
upon emission regulations which must be met. Physical methods of coal
cleaning are effective in meeting emission regulations, although
chemical coal cleaning is capable of higher levels of desulfurization.
A major objective of EPA's coal cleaning is to identify and support the
development of various processes capable of being used to meet sulfur
dioxide emission standards in a commercially competitive manner.
Corollary objectives are the characterization of all pollutants from
these processes and the development of appropriate pollution control
technologies. Studies on physical and chemical coal cleaning methods
are noted, and EPA's coal cleaning program activities are considered
according to six major areas: (1) general support; (2) input material
characterization; (3) environmental source assessment; (U) control
technology development; (5) physical coal cleaning development; and (6)
chemical coal cleaning development. It is felt that the relatively low
costs of physical and chemical coal cleaning processes will nake these
pollution abatement techniques increasingly attractive in future years.
Resources allocated by EPA and other Federal agencies to coal cleaning
102
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DUST, GAS, AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
research and development are tabulated. (Document retained in SHIRS
library)
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; CHEMICAL; COLLECTION; COMMERCIAL; CONFEfiENCE;
EMISSION; EPA; FOSSIL FUEL; OXYGEN; POLLOTION; QOALITY; REDUCTION;
REGULATIONS; RESEARCH; SULFUR; TECHNOLOGY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 00336458
(18) DOC.CIT.: Kilgroe, J. D. Physical and chemical coal cleaning
for pollution control. Environmental Protection Publication
600/7-76-002. In: Proceedings; National Conference on Health,
Environmental Effects, and Control Technology of Energy Use,
Washington, DC, Feb. 9-11, 1976. Washington, DC, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1976, 340 p. (p. 230-237).
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 037*410
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S; T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Fluidized bed combustion is discussed as a technique
for minimizing air pollution from coal fired power plants. In the
Environmental Protection Agency's standards of performance for new
stationary sources, maximum allowable emissions from a new coal burning
power plant for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate solids
are 1. 2, 0. 7, and 0. 1 pounds per BTU of heat, respectively, based on
a 2-hr average. The application of fluidized bed combustion to
industrial and commercial boilers and heaters is considered, and the
program of the Energy Research and Development Administration in the
fluidized bed combustion field is described. Research and development
projects related to fluidized bed combustion are noted that are being
sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute and by the
Environmental Protection Agency. The research and development program
of the Argonne National Laboratory is also described. Equipment and
instrumentation required for fluidized bed combustion experiments are
detailed. Combustion studies using bituminous coal are cited, along
with combustion studies using low sulfur subbituminons and lignite
coals and trace element distribution studies. (Document retained in
SHIRS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: AJ.R; COMBUSTIBLE; CONFERENCE; EPA; FLUIDIZED BED;
FOSSIL FUEL; INVESTIGATION; NITROGEN; OXYGEN; PLANT-INDUSTRIAL;
POLLUTION; POWER; PROCESS; PROGRAM; STANDARD; SULFUR
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS36455
(18) DOC.CIT.: Vogel, G. , W. Swift, and A. Jonke. Control of
atmospheric pollution -by fluidized-bed combustion. Environmental
Protection Publication 600/7-76-002. In: Proceedings; National
Conference on Health, Environmental Effects, and Control Technology of
Energy Use, Washington, DC, Feb. 9-11, 1976. Washington, DC, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1976, 310 p. (p. 212-219).
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.:. 037289
YEAR:} ?SJ5JST1C: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: s (10) PUB.
(11) ABSTRACT: The emission of vinyl chloride from polymerization
sludge during handling and land disposal is disc'ussed if a paper
presented at the Third Japan-United States Governmental Conference on
Solid Waste Management in May 1976. It is noted that vinyl chloride
•onom er (VCM) is retained in sludge waste produced during polyvinyl
chloride (Pjrc) processing at production plants. A study "as SSJESd
»h 5s IIab™ir sa"Ples collected for laboratory analysis to evaluate
whether the VCM content at three landfills was detrimental to the
103
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
health of landfill workers or nearby residents. VCM concentrations were
measured using the gas chromatographic-flame ionization detection
analytical technique. Calculations were made to determine the rate at
which VCM is released from PVC sludge. A background air concentration
of about 0. 1 to 0. 3 ppra appeared to be present in air at landfills
where PVC sludge has been disposed of for several years. It was
deternined that instantaneous VCM air concentrations on the order of 1.
0 ppn can occur at normal breathing heights (1.5 meters) above ground
levels at landfills as long as 24 hrs after PVC sludge deposits are
covered. Prevailing landfill air temperatures and ground temperatures
appeared to influence VCM release rates. It was found that
time-weighted average sampling is required to determine if
concentrations of VCK in air pose a health hazard either at landfills
or in adjacent residential or public access areas. (Document retained
in SWISS library)
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; CONCENTRATION; CONFERENCE; EMISSION; HAZARDOUS;
HEALTH; MEASUREMENTS; PERSONNEL; POLYMER; POLYVINYL CHLORIDE; PUBLIC;
SAMPLING METHODS; SLDDGS
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: 005363314
(18) DOC.CIT.: Markle, R. A. , R. B. Iden, and F. A. Slieaiers. A
preliminary examination of vinyl chloride emissions from polymerization
sludges, during handling and land disposal. In: Hickman, H. L. , Jr. ,
ed. Proceedings; Third Japan-United' States Governmental Conference on
Solid Waste Management, Tokyo, May 10-17, 1976. Washington, DC, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, June 1976, 753 p. (p. 7. 2. 1 - 7. 2.
19).
(1) SWISS ACC.NO.: 036576
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SU3J.TYPE: S (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses of 20 adult
•ales before, during, and after 2-hr exposure to either filtered air or
0. 05 ppm ozone were determined under various ambient temperature and
humidity conditions. The subjects, who ranged in age from 19 to 29 yrs,
were exposed to filtered air or ozone under four ambient conditions:
(1) 25 degrees C, 45 percent relative humidity (rh); (2) 31 degree C,
85 percent rh; (3) 35 degrees C, 40 percent rh; and (4) 40 degrees C,
50 percent rh. Exercise at 40 percent of each subject's maximal aerobic
capacity was performed after 60 to 90 min of exposure. There were no
cardiovascular changes due to ozone exposure, but heart rate increased
and stroke volume decreased with increasing heat stress. Rectal, mean
body, and mean skin temperature also increased in the presence of heat
and were significantly correlated with the WBGT (wet bulb globe
temperature) index. There was a decrease in vital capacity and total
lung capacity due primarily to a reduction in inspiratory capacity
following ozone exposure. Maximum expiratory flow was also reduced
following ozone exposure but, as with vital capacity, the greatest
decrease occurred immediately following the exercise period in ozone.
The combination of heat stress and ozone exposure resulted in
significantly greater impairment of pulmonary function and more
numerous reported symptions than in room temperature ozone exposure. It
was concluded that trachial/bronchial irritation caused by ozone
reduces vital capacity and maximum expiratory tlow and that this effect
is more pronounced when ozone exposure occurs in a hot environment.
(Author Abstract Modified)
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; BIOLOGICAL; CONCENTRATION; EFFECT; EXPOSURE;
FILTER; GASSES; OXYGEN; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLLUTION; TEMPERATURE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS35620
(18) DOC.CIT.: Horvath, S. M, and L. J. Folinsbee. Effects of low
levels of ozone and temperature stress. Environmental Protecton Agency
Publication EPA-600/1-76-001. Research Triangle Park, NC, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Mar. 1976, 84 p. (Environmental Health
Effects Research Series).
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DUST, GAS, AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 036435
(2) DOMESTIC: F (2) CATEGORY: 19 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: S (TO) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Systems of waste removal and dust control on
worksites have thus far been designed with inadequate protection from
cotton dust. In West Germany the maximum permissible concentration of
cotton dust on worksites is 1. 5 mg/cu m. Reference is nade to the
study conducted by Her Majesty's Factory Inspectorate (HMFI) on the
so-called Low Volume/High Velocity (LV/HV) system of exhaust, capable
of handling from 10,000 to 12,000 feet/min (50-66 meters/sec) of air
(10 to 250 cu ft/sin or 17 to U25 cu m/h), according to Control and
Safety Guide, published by the Asbestos Research Council. A number of
such exhaust systems are now being installed also in cotton mills,
•ainly for the prevention of byssinosis. A description of th system
(with diagrams) is given.
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; CONTROL; DESIGN; DUST; EMISSION;
STANDARD; SYSTEM; TEXTILE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS35480
(18) DOC.CIT.: Dietrich, H. Waste and dust removal by low
volume/high velocity exhaust systems. (Abfallentsorgung und entstaubung-
nach dem LV/ system. ) Textil Praxis International, 9:1131-1135, 1975.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 036285
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 10 (2) SUaJ.TYPE: S (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Conclusions of the Interagency Task Force on
Inadvertent Modification of the Stratosphere are presented.
Fluorocarbon releases to the stratosphere are examined by the task
force; such releases are considered to be of importance because a
reduction in the average long-term concentration of ozone would result
in an increased amount of harmful ultraviolet radiation reaching the
earth's surface. In addition to postulated human health effects such as
an increased incidence of sxin cancer, it is felt that the growth and
development of certain plant and animal species might be altered by
fluorocarbon releases and that the balance of delicate ecosystems might
be disturbed. The stratospheric effects of fluorocarbon-11 and
fluorocarbon-12 are examined, and the climatic effects of ozone
reduction are discussed. Biological and health effects of ozone
reduction are detailed, along with selected aspects of the fluorocarbon
industry. Federal regulation of products that release fluorocarbons to
the stratosphere is investigated and government and industry research
programs on fluorocarbons are reviewed.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONCENTRATION; EFFECT; GASSES; HEALTH; OXYGEN;
RADIOACTIVE; REDUCTION; ULTRAVIOLET; VEGETATION
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS35330
(18) DOC.CIT.: Council for Environmental Quality. Fluorocarbons and
the environment: report of federal task force on inadvertent
modification of the stratosphere (IMOS). Washington DC, 0. S.
Government Printing Office, June 1975, 109 p.
105
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
Section 9
RADIOACTIVE WASTE
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 04482U
(2) DOMESTIC: P (2) CATEGORY: 21 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Radiolabelling water's courses.
(4) AUTHOR: White KE
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Chemistry in Britain
(10) LANGUAGE: EN (10) GEO. AREA: 1EU/2UK (10) PUB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Three typical applications of radioactive traces
being used to study water systems, and a very large scale study of the
dispersion of nuclear waste at sea are summarized. Tracer operations
are put in correct perspective here in terms of radiological safety.
Radioactive properties and reasons for using tracers are outlined,
comparing them to dyes. One exercise illustrates the applications of
radiotracers in large water systems. The purpose was to determine the
degree of short circuiting and its effects on raw water quality. Tracer
concentrated and tracer free water dispersion patterns were recorded.
The data are helpful to avoid talcing polluted water into bankside
reservoirs. A second study assessed the effect of a new sewerage scheme
with a proposed outfall in the vertical position. Little was known
about the hydraulics of this estuary. Radiotracer dispersion records
can provide guidelines for new sewerage schemes and the degree of
treatment facilities necessary to achieve water quality standards at
sensitive points in an estuary. A further study illustrates the use of
tracers to follow sludge solids, assessing the dispersion and dilutions
taking place in a bay. Such studies can be conducted without risk to
the public and may result in considerable reduction in public
expenditure.
(12) KEYWORDS: GREAT BRITAIN; ISOTOPE; OCEAN; RADIOACTIVE;
RESEARCH; SLUDGE; WATERWAY
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1HB; 10A/2OG; 1RA; 1RE
(15) STIHS ACC.NO.: OOS43869
(16) CITATION: 12 (12) :375-379, Dec. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 041557
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: S; T
(4) AUTHOR: Bebbington WP (10) GEO. AREA: 1HA/2HG (10) POB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The need for an industry in the United States to
process spent nuclear fuels to remove fission products and plutonium,
and reclaim uranium, is discussed. In 19 years one private plant was
opened, and then shut down in 1972, while another awaits a Nuclear
Regulatory Commission license. The components and characteristics of
spent nuclear fuel are described. Fission products are the chief source
of heat and radiation in spent fuel. Several months storage in water
pools at the plant is the first step in treatment and research into
subsequent treatment done at Hanford, Washington, is outlined. The
processes were successful and efficient and 95 percent of the plutoniun
was recovered; uranium was not recovered and there was a large amount
of waste. This work's value for the nuclear fuel processing industry
was the development of remote operation and maintenance, and
innovations of engineering design, and the plant used is described.
Some of the components, properties, and problems of dealing with spent
fuel and fission products are outlined, the chief fear being the
effects on public health.
(12) KEYWORDS: EUROPE; FUEL; GREAT BRITAIN; HEALTH; HISTORY;
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DUST, GAS, AND AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
INDUSTRY; MAINTENANCE; RADIOACTIVE; RECLAMATION; SOLVENT; STORAGE;
TREATMENT
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1RA
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS40601
(13) DOC.CIT.: Bebbington, W. P. The reprocessing of nuclear fuels.
Scientific American, 235(6) :30- KEYWORDS: CHROMIUM; EPA; FEDERAL; FLORIDA; GOVERNMENT;
107
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
HAZARDOUS; HEALTH; MINE; PHOSPHATE; PROBLEMS; RADIOACTIVE; RECLAMATION;
STATE
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS34955
(18) DOC.CIT.: Radiation risk: reclaimed phosphate land in Florida
poses cancer danger. Engineering News-Record, 195(15):11, Oct. 9. 1975.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 035U72
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 09 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: A study by the Environmental Protection Agency has
shown substantially elevated levels of radioactive radon (radium
emanation) and its decay products in buildings constructed on reclaimed
pBosphate mined lands in Polk County, Florida. Continuous exposure for
10 years could double the normal risk of lung cancer for people living
in the buildings. Uranium concentrations in Florida phosphate rocks are
generally 100 to1 150 parts per million, while most United States soils
contain 0. 5 to 10 parts per million. Usually these phosphate deposits
lie several feet beneath an overburden of soil and rock which absorbs
•ost of the radiation. Removal of this layer during mining allows
increased amounts of radiation to be released. The Occupational Safety
and Health Administration has proposed the reduction of permissible
employee exposure limit to lead from the present limit of 200
•icrograms lead per cu m of air to 100 micrograms per cu m. It has also
proposed a maximum blood lead level of 60 micrograms per 100 g of
blood. Lead industry officials immediately took issue with the
standards. Even during a time of high employment and rising fuel costs
the public does not want to cut back on environmental programs. This is
the conclusion of a June 1975 survey by the Opinion Research
Corporation. Four mining companies are planning to use sewer effluent
water for their ore processing operation. Use of the treated water
would help stretch underground reserves in the area. The water table is
going down each year making pumping operations expensive. It is
estimated that the mines may ouy as much as 25 million of the 33
million gal per day generated by the sewage treatment plant.
(12) KEYWORDS: ECONOMICS; EFFLUENT; ENVIRONMENT; EPA; HEALTH; MINE;
BON-FERROUS; PERSONNEL; PHOSPHATE; RADIOACTIVE; SEWAGE; STANDARD;
SURVEY; TOXIC; TREATMENT
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS3U517
(18) DOC.CIT.: Alexander, C. Emphasizing environment. Mining
Engineering, 27(11) :59, Nov. 1975.
(1) SHIRS ACC.NO.: 033525
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 05 (2) SUBJ.TYPE: T (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1*75
(11) ABSTRACT: The use of disposable plastic bags for containment
of radioactive laboratory and hospital wastes is unsatisfactory for a
number of reasons, from breakage and tearing to difficulty in
compaction of wastes. An alternative was sought and found in the use of
fiber drums with heavy polyethylene liners. These can then be
transferred directly to 55 gal drums. These operations required no
handling of plastic bags containing radioactive waste, and there is an
improved utilization of space and a reduction of waste pick-ups
required .
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTAINER; DISPOSAL; FIBER; HAZARDOUS; HEALTH;
LINER; POLYETHYLENE; RADIOACTIVE; SAFETY
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS32569
(18) DOC.CIT.: Port, E. A. CXXI1I: An improved container for
radioactive waste in laboratories and hospitals. Journal of Chemical
Education, 52(U):A2'»8, A251, Apr. 1975.
108
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Section 10
TRAINING AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT
(1) SWIRS ICC.HO.: 043712
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGOBT: 27 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: 6
(3) ARTICLE TITLE: Pesticide container recycling.
(5) COHPOBATE AOTHOB: Garrity-Sandage Assoc., Inc
(6) BOOK TITLE: In Special Substances Report 1977. v.2.
Curriculum Development. (8) REPORT HO.: 76-4300-01
(10) LAH60A6E: EH (10) 6EO. AREA: 1US/2IA (10J FOB. TEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: Training guidelines are presented for those persons
in Iowa who are involved in the decontamination, disposal, and
recycling of used and empty farm pesticide containers. The target
audience for the guidelines includes farm chemical suppliers, farmers,
and scrap metal dealers. Objectives of pesticide safety and container
disposal seminars are delineated. A narrative script for slide
presentations on the cleaning and disposal of containers is presented.
Poison information and treatment centers in Iowa are listed. The
organization of a pesticide container disposal project is detailed, and
a pesticide container disposal evaluation and survey form is included.
(12) KEYWORDS: CHEMICAL; COHTAIHER; DISPOSAL; FARM; IOWA; METAL;
PESTICIDE; PROGRAM; RECLAMATION; SAFETY; SCRAP; SPRTEY; TOXIC;
THAIHIHG; TRBATMBHT
(14) HIBRARCH TERMS: 1CV2D?; 1BB/2BF; 1PE; 1SB
(15) STIMS ACC.HO.: OOS42755
(16) CITATIOH: Mason City, IA, Garrity-Sandage Associates, Inc.,
Apr. 1977. p.5-31.
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO.: 043711
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SO BJ. TYPE: T
(3} ARTICLE TITLE: We need trained operators-nowI
(4) AUTHOR: Tonic H
(6) JODRHAL TITLE: Water and Wastes Engineering
(10) LAHGOAGE: EH (10) POB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: The present and future need for trained vastevater
plant operators is discussed. A recent survey has revealed a gap
between the supply of veil trained operators and the demand for them.
The gap will continue to increase due to the increased construction of
•municipal and industrial water pollution control plants as mandated by
Federal law. Two sets of surveys were made in 1975 and in 1976 to
determine: the number of water pollution control plants (municipal and
industrial); the number of certified plant operators; training programs
and recommendations. In 1975 there were over 58,000 plants which will
increase to about 61,000 by 1980; the number of operators in 1975 was
about 50,800; 35 out of 50 states reported-a gap between supply and
demand for qualified plant operators; there are two plus operators per
plant in the United states while three per plant is thought to be
adequate. It is also noted that the qualified operator of today will
need further instruction when new facilities are constructed.
Recommendations were made as follows: the Federal government, should be
financially committed to the building of plants and the instruction of
operators, providing nationwide certification and personnel
requirements for the plants; the states should promote basic training
programs for treatment plant operators.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONTROL; LAW; MOHICIPALITY; PERSONBEL;
PLAHT-IHDOSTRIAL; POLLUTION; TRAIBTIG; WASTE WATER
(14) HIERARCH TERMS: 1EB/2EB; 1PD
(15) STIMS ACC.HO,: OOS42754
(16) CITATIOH: 13 (12) :48-51, 53, 55, Dec. 1976.
109
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
(t) SHIRS ACC.HO.: 042934
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) C A TEG OH T: 27 (2) SUBJ.TTPE: 6
(3> ARTICLE TITLE: Safety in solid waste.
(4) AUTHOR: Van Beek G
(6) JOURNAL TITLE: Waste Age
(tO) LANGUAGE: EH (10) 6EO. AREA: 10S/2VA (10) FOB. YEAR: 1977
(11) ABSTRACT: As a result of a stepped up safety program started
in 1972, the City of Norfolk, Virginia's, Solid Haste Removal Division
have experienced a decided downward trend in all accident categories.
Hedical and compensation costs are about 50 percent of 1972 costs in
spite of higher rates. Hew employees receive tetanus shots, T. B.
scratches, and a thorough indoctrination and train ding. Weekly employee
safety meetings are held. Supervisors conduct on the spot
investigations of vehicle and employee accidents. Disciplinary action
is given if needed. The Division operates 56 collection routes offering
twice a week service at the curb. The city is provided a weekly trash
service for brush, grass clippings, small appliances. 200 personnel are
split into three man crews operating rear loaders.
(12) KEYWORDS: ACCIDENT; COLLECTION; PERSOHHEL; REPOSE; SAFETY;
TRAXHING; VIRGINIA
(14) HIERARCH TERHS: 1AA; 1EB/2BB; IBB
(15) SUMS ACC.HO.: OOS41977
(16) CITATION: 8(5):46, 48, Hay 1977.
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO.: 040040
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: 6
(4) AUTHOR: Schnltze H (10) FOB. YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Recognizng the need for training personnel capable
of handling the complexities of solid waste management, Wilson County
Technical Institute in Wilson, North Carolina, has designed a Sanitary
Landfill Operating Manager Option Curriculum which is the only one of
its kind in the nation. The curriculum provides the necessary
theoretical background and practical skills needed in the field. Three
options are offered: (1) a 9 month Landfill Operator Certificate
program; (2) a 12 month Landfill Operating Manager Diploma program; (3)
and a 2 year Associate of Applied Science Degree)Sanitary Landfill
Technology program. Fulltime or' parttime study is possible and the
Institute is prepared to send an instructor to train personnel in
distant areas on request.
(12) KEYWORDS: COUHTT; MANAGEMENT; NORTH CAROLINA; PERSONNEL;
REFUSE; SANITARY LANDFILL; TRAINING; UNIVERSITY
(14) HIERARCH TERHS: 1HA
(15) STIMS ACC.HO.: OOS39084 (15) SECONDARY AUTHORS: Pappas J
(18) DOC.CIT.: Schultze, W. , and J. Pappas. The role of Wilson
County Technical Institute in solid waste management training. Waste
Age, 7(10):21, Oct. 1976,
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO.: 037716
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1976
(11) ABSTRACT: Courses in ecology and environmental science are
noted that are being offered in colleges and universities, with
emphasis on the environmental health science technology program at
Middlesex County College in Edison, New Jersey. It is pointed out that
environmental health science technicians are needed in six major job
categories: (1) laboratory technicians to perform air, water, and waste
water analyses; (2) water and waste water treatment plant operators;
(3) air pollution inspectors: (4) stack samplers; (5) public health
110
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RADIOACTIVE WASTE
enforcement officers (sanitarians and food and drug inspectors); and
(6) industrial hygiene technicians. Duties of these technicians are
delineated, with the goal of an environmental health science curriculum
being to prepare graduates for e»ploy«ent in the fields enumerated. At
Hiddlesex County College, students also receive on the job training in
an internship program. Positions obtained by graduates of the college
since 1973 are tabulated. „„,„,-„«,
(12) KEYWORDS: EBGIHEBRIBG; HEALTH; HEW JERSEY; OCCOPATIOH;
TBCHBOLOGY; TRAIBING; OHIVERSITY
(15) SUMS ACC.HO.: OOS36760 . . . .
(18) DOC.CIT.: Smith, H. G. , and A. Sherman. Technician training
in environmental health science. Journal of the Air Pollution Control
Association, 26(8}:792-793, Aug. 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO.: 037710
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SDBJ.TTPE: G (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1076
(11) ABSTRACT: Solid waste safety programs are discussed in
relation to a safety program visibility quotient (SPVQJ. Safety is
considered in terms of customers, insurance carriers, opinions of
business associates, competition, and purchasing policy. The role of
management and supervisory personnel in an organization's safety
program is examined, along with techniques for evaluating the
effectiveness of a safety program one of the major ways of evaluating a
safety program is considered to be an organization *s accident and
injury record.
(12) KEYWORDS: IHDOSTRY; HAHAGBHBBT; PROGRAM; SAFETY
(15) STIMS ACC.KO.: 0OS36754
(18) DOC.CIT.: Tan BeeJc, G. SPVQ, wherefs the evidence? Waste Age,
7 (7) J 10-11, July 1976.
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO.: 035699
(2) DOMESTIC: P (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SDBJ.TTPE: G (10) PDB.
YEAR: t975
(11) ABSTRACT: This is the second year that north Straffordshire
Polytechnic offered honors and ordinary degree programs in solid waste
management. Mechanical engineering was used as the parent discipline
because the problems associated with solid waste management, such as
incineration, separation, and heat recovery, were more allied to it
than to civil engineering. The syllabus for the honors degree draws on
topics from the same range but there is less coursework in each topic
area. Honors undergraduates get 144 hr in their final year. Local
authorities have not stepped forward to sponsor students; they probably
did not have the resources this year. Efforts are being made to
convince industry to sponsor solid waste management students.
(12) KEYWORDS: IHdHBRATIOB; IHDOSTRY; LOCAL; MAHAGEHEHT;
PERSONNEL; SEPARATING; THAIHIHG; OBIVERSITY; WASTE HEAT
(15) STIMS ACC.HO.: OOS34744
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hilbank, P. waste graduates. Surveyor Public
Authority Technology, 146(4350):9-11, Oct. 24, 1975.
(1) SWIRS ACC.HO.: 034928
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SDBJ.TYPE: T (10) FOB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: This environmental protection publication in the
solid waste management series presents information on the major
111
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HEALTH AND SAFETY
components of commercial refuse collection systems. This section
discusses the development of effective personnel administration in
commercial refuse collection operations. Proper selection and training
of personnel is an important first step in establishing an efficient
operation. Rigid physical examinations should be provided prior to
employment. Prospective employees should also be evaluated for
mechanical skill, congeniality, and intelligence. Employees should be
provided with extensive information on the equipment used, the routes
to be covered, and the procedures to be used. Mew employees should
spend several days with an experienced worker to learn the proper
procedure. Training shoud also include instruction in safety
precautions, first aid, and fire fighting techniques. Continued service
should be encouraged through dependable and stable employment, with
opportunities for advancement and retirement. Suggested personnel job
descriptions and employment standards are provided for senior
fortperson, and equipment operator for a refuse collection operation. A
variety of non-collection personnel are also needed for office work,
maintenance and repair operations, and supervisory functions. (This
document is retained in SWIRS library. )
(12) KEYWORDS: COLLECTION; COMMERCIAL; MANAGEHBNT; MUNICIPALITY;
PERSONSEL; PRIVATE; PROBLEMS; REFUSE; SAFETY; STANDARD; TRAINING
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS33973
(18) DOC.CIT.: The City of Scottsdale, Arizona. Personnel
considerations. In A handbook for initiating or improving commercial
refuse collection. Cincinnati, Ohio, 0. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1975. p. 45-58.
(t) SWIRS ACC.NO.: 033453
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SDBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Personnel trained in the engineering and scientific
disciplines involved in environmental engineering will be in demand in
the near future and will experience good job opportunities and
competitive salary schedules. Summaries of the engineering and
scientific manpower engaged in the various sectors of environmental
engineering obtained through surveys and reported in three
Environmental Protection Agency Reports indicate that an increase of
approximately 100 percent is anticipated in the number of engineers and
scientists that will be required for non-government air and water
pollution control activities over the next 5 years. Tables with the
actual and projected figures for non-government, state and local, and
u. S. EPA projections are given.
(12) KEYWORDS: AIR; ENVIRONMENT; SPA; FEDERAL; GOVERNMENT; LOCAL;
PERSONNEL; POLLUTION; PRIVATE; STATE; TRAINING; HATER
(15) STIMS ACC.NO.: OOS32497
(18) DOC.CIT.: Hiddlebrooks, E. J. Manpower needs for environmental
engineering. Public Works, 106 (5) :98-99, .May 1975.
(1) SSIRS ACC.NO.: 032158
(2) DOMESTIC: D (2) CATEGORY: 27 (2) SOBJ.TYPE: G (10) PUB.
YEAR: 1975
(11) ABSTRACT: Currently, vastewater treatment and water
purification plant operators are required to be certified, however.
112
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RADIOACTIVE WASTE
incineration plant operators are not. The sanitation Supervisor of East
Hartford Connecticut emphasizes the need for State and national
training programs for incinerator plant operating personnel. Those who
should be required to be certified are: the plant superintendent, the
assistant superintendent, foremen, furnace operators, crane operators,
and all other personnel whose job function is directly related to the
combustion efficiency of the plant. Grade levels of certification
should be established along with corresponding salary levels. The State
of Connecticut did have a training and certification program which
resulted in the certification of the superintendent only. The program
has since been forgotten.
(12) KEYWORDS: CONNECTICUT; FACILITY; FEDERAL; INCINERATION;
INCIHERATOR; MANAGEMENT; PERSONNEL; POLLUTION; STATE; TRAINING;
TREATMENT; HASTE RATER; WATER
(75) SUMS ACC.NO.: OOS31202
(18) DOC.CIT.: Congdon, H. 0. Good operators mean better
incineration. The American City, 90 (3):63, Mar. 1975.
113
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Appendix A
ABBREVIATIONS
Administration
Agrarie
Agricultural
Agriculture
America(n)
Annals, Annali, Annales
Applied
Archiv (e, es)
Association (cion)
Australasian
Berichte
British
Buildings
Bulletin
Canada(lan)
Chemical, Chemistry
Company
Communication(s)
Control
Conservation Development
Deutschen
Corporation
Department
Division
Energy
Engineer(s)
Engineering
Environment
Environmental
Experimental
Government
Highway(s)
Incorporated
Indian
Industrial
Industry
Institute
Institution
International
Izvestlya
Japan
Japanese
Journal
Laboratory
Limited
Management
Manufacture(r)
Materials
Metallurgical, Metallurgy
Microbiology (ical, la)
Mining
National
New
Number
Organization
Packaging
Pollution
Proceedings
Production
Admin
Agra
Agric
Agri
Amer
Ann
Appl
Arch
Assoc
Austral
Ber
Brit
Bldg(s)
Bull
Can
Chem
Co
Comm
Contr
Conser Devt
Deutsch
Corp
Dept
Div
Ener
Engr(s)
Engring
Env
Environ
Eptl
Govt
Hgwy(s)
Inc
Indn
Indus
Ind
Inst
Instit
Inter
Izv
Jpn
Jpnse
J
Lab
Ltd
Mgmt
Manuf
Mater
Metall
Micro
Mng
Natl
N
No.
Org
Pkg
Poll
Proc
Prod
115
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
Professional Prof
Publication(s) Pub(s)
Reclamation Reclam
Report(s) Rpt(s)
Research Rsch
Resource Res
Revlew(s), Revue, Revista Rev
Service(s) Svc(s)
Science(s) Sci
South S
Technological Technol
Technology, Technische, Techn- Tech
ica, etc.
Toxicology Toxicol
Transactions Trans
Treatment Trtmt
University and variations Univ
United States U.S.
Water Wtr
Wissenschaftllchen Wissen
Zeitschrift Zeit
'Zentrallblatt Zent
Zhurnal Zh
116
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Appendix B
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS
acre (acre) millimeter (mm)
acre-foot (acre-ft) mile (mile)
centimeter (cm) newton (N)
cubic centimeter (cu cm) one kilogram force (kgf)
cubic foot (cu ft) one pound force (Ibf)
cubic inch (cu in) pascal (Pa)
cubic meter (cu m) pound (Ib)
cubic meters per minute pounds per square foot (psf)
(cu m/min)
pounds per square inch (psi)
cubic yard (cu yd)
square centimeter (sq cm)
ft (ft)
square foot (sq ft)
gallon (gal)
square inch (sq in)
gallons pei minute
(gal/min) square kilometer (sq km)
hectare (ha) square meter (sq m)
inch (in) square mile (sq mile)
kilogram (kg) square yard (sq yd)
meter (m) ton (ton)
yard (yd)
Months of the Year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
117
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Appendix C
LANGUAGE CODES
Language Code
Mixed AA
Afrikaans AF
Albanian AL
Amharic AR
Arabic AR
Armenian AE
Belorussian BE
(White Russian)
Bulgarian BU
Burmese BR
Cambodian CA
Cantonese CH
Chinese CH
Croatian CR
Czech CZ
Danish DA
Dutch DU
English EN
Estonian ES
Finnish FI
Flemish FL
French FR
Georgian 6E
German GH
Greek GR
Gujarati GU
Hebrew HE
Hindi HI
Hindustani HI
Hungarian (Magyar) HU
Icelandic 1C
Indonesian MI
Italian IT
Japanese JA
Javanese JV
Kashmiri KA
Khmer CA
Kirundi KI
Korean KO
Latin LA
Latvian LN
Lithuanian LI
Language
Lingala
Macedonian
Malayan
Malayalam
Malay-Indonesian
Malagasy
Maltese
Mandarin
Marathi
Mongolian
Nepali
Ngala
Norwegian
Papuan
Persian
Polish
Portugese
Punjabi
Pustu
Romanian
Russian
Rwanda
Servian
Sinhalese
Slovak
Slovene
Somali
Spanish
Swahlli
Swedish
Tagalog
Tamil
Telugu
Thai
Tibetan
Turkish
Ukrainian
Urdu
Vietnamese
White Russian
Yiddish
Code
NG
MC
ML
MA
MI
MS
MT
CH
MR
MO
NE
NG
NO
PA
PE
PO
PR
PU
PS
RO
RU
RW
SE
SI
SL
SV
SO
SP
SW
SD
TA
TM
TE
TH
TI
TU
UK
UR
VI
BE
YI
118
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Appendix D
HIERARCHIC TERMS
1AC ACCIDENT
(See also PETROCHEMICALS)
1AG AGRICULTURAL WASTES
(See also ANIMALS, MANURE, FOOD PROCESSING)
2C8 CROP RESIDUE
2LW LOGGING WASTES
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
1AI AIR POLLUTION
2AN ANALYSIS
2C2 CONTROL EQUIPMENT
2DU DUMPS
2FD FEEDLOTS
2IC INCINERATOR
2 IN INDUSTRY
2LF LAWS
2SQ SMOKE CONTROL
1AL ALGAE
CSee MICROORGANISM)
1AM ANALYSIS
1AQ ANIMALS
(See also MANURE)
2CD CARCASS
2FD FEEDLOTS
2VC VECTOR CONTROL
1AS ASH
2CN COMPOSITION
2DP DISPOSAL
2UT UTILIZATION
1AU AUTOMOBILES
2BU BURNING
2CL COLLECTION
2C6 COSTS
2DP DISPOSAL
21C INCINERATION
2LF LAWS
2QU QUANTITY
2RT RAIL TRANSPORT
2TT TRANSPORT
2UT UTILIZATION
2VR VOLUME REDUCTION
1AY AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
(See also AUTOMOBILES)
2 DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
119
-------
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGBffiNT
1BC
1BL
1BU
BACTERIA
(See MICROORGANISMS)
1CF
1CH
BALING
2ET
2PD
2SC
BULKY WASTES
2CL
2DP
2TT
2UT
2VR
CELLULOSE
CHEMICALS
2 IN
EQUIPMENT
PAPER
SCRAP METAL
COLLECTION
DISPOSAL
TRANSPORT
UTILIZATION
VOLUME REDUCTION
2PC
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1CL
ICO
1CP
ICQ
COLLECTION
CSee also
2CJ
2CM
2CZ
2C1
2C6
2ET
2FR
2 IN
2IW
2LP
2MY
2PH
2PQ
2RO
2RW
2TU
COMPACTION
2ET
COMPOST
2 AN
2 HE
2MG
2UT
COMPOSTING
2CC
2CF
2C6
2DP
2ET
2HE
2IC
2 IT
2LF
2MX
CONTAINERS)
CHUTE SYSTEMS
COMMERCIAL WASTES
CONTAINERS
CONTRACTORS
COSTS
EQUIPMENT
FREQUENCY
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
LAWS
MUNICIPAL WASTES
PERSONNEL
PNEUMATIC
ROUTES
RURAL AREAS
TRUCKS
EQUIPMENT
ANALYSIS
HEALTH AND SAFETY
MARKETS
UTILIZATION
TANNERY WASTES
CELLULOSE
COSTS
DISPOSAL
EQUIPMENT
HEALTH AND SAFETY
INCINERATION
INSTALLATIONS
LAWS
METHODS
120
-------
HIERARCHIC TERMS
2PD PAPER
2PS PROBLEMS
2SI SEPARATION OF NON-ORGAN1CS
2SP SLUDGE
1CT COMPUTER
(See MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING)
1CX CONSTRUCTION
CSee also DEMOLITION WASTES)
2 IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1CZ CONTAINERS
2DP DISPOSAL
IDA DAIRY (.INDUSTRY)
IDE DEEP WELL STORAGE
1DM DEMOLITION WASTES
CSee also CONSTRUCTION)
1DP DISPOSAL
(See also INDIVIDUAL METHODS)
2AG AGRICULTURAL WASTES
2CM COMMERICAL WASTES
2C6 COSTS
2DG DREDGING
2FC FACILITIES
2HC HAZARDOUS WASTE
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
2IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2LF LAWS
2MX METHODS
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2RP RESEARCH
2RV RURAL AREAS
1DR DRUGS
(See also PHARMACEUTICAL WASTES)
1DU DUMPS
2EL ELIMINATION
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2LF LAWS
1EC ECONOMICS
2C6 COSTS
2MG MARKETS
2TX TAXES
1EI EDUCATION
2PH PERSONNEL
2PO PROFESSIONAL
2PV . PUBLIC
121
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HAZARDOUS HASTE .MANAGEMENT
1EN ENERGY
2EC ECONOMICS
2RD REFUSE DERIVED FUELS
2UT UTILIZATION
1EP ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
1ET EQUIPMENT
2AN ANALYSIS
2BR BALERS
2CL COLLECTION
2CO COMPACTION
2C3 CONVEYOR
2HM HAMMERMILLING
2MB. MATERIALS HANDLING
2SD SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
2SG SANITARY LANDFILL
2SI SEPARATORS - FITTERS
2SK SHEARING
2SL SHREDDING
2SU SPREADING
2TT TRANSPORTATION
2WT WASTEWATER TREATMENT (CONTROL EQUIPMENT)
1FE FERTILIZER
CSee also COMPOST, HAZARDOUS)
2DP DISPOSAL
2RF REFUSE DERIVED FERTILIZER
1FI FIRE
1FL FLY ASH
2AN ANALYSIS
2DP DISPOSAL
2MS MINE STABILIZATION
2RC RECOVERY 0? CONSTITUENTS
2SS SOIL CONDITIONER
2UT UTILIZATION
3AR AGGREGATE
1FO FOOD PROCESSING HASTES
2BG BAGASSE
2BK BAKERY
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESS!**
2BW BREWERY
2CC CANNERY-
2CI CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2CK COFFEE
2DA DAIRY
2DP DISPOSAL
2FR FRUITS
2GF GRAIN AND-FEED CROPS
2MF MEAT PACKING PLANTS
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESSING
2MU MOLASSES
2PA POULTRY
2SE SEAFOOD
2SO SLAUGHTERHOUSE
2SX SUGAR
2UT UTILIZATION
2VG VEGETABLE
ITU FUNGI
CSee MICROORGANISMS)
1GA GARBAGE GRINDING
122
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HIERARCHIC TERMS
16L GLASS
2IN INDUSTRIAL PASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1GR GRANTS
1GW GROUND WATER
1HC HAZARDOUS WASTES
(See also RADIOACTIVE WASTES, HOSPITALS, PESTICIDES)
2AN ANALYSIS
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
1HE HEALTH ANL SAFETY
1HH HEAT RECOVERY
(See INCINERATION)
1HO HOG FEEDING
IBS HOSPITALS
(See also INSTITUTIONAL WASTES; HAZARDOUS WASTES)
2CL COLLECTION
2DI DISPOSABLE ITEMS
2DP DISPOSAL
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IC INCINERATION
1IC INCINERATION
(See also SPECIFIC WASTES)
2AI AIR POLLUTION
2CM COMMERCIAL WASTES
2CQ COMPOSTING
2C6 COSTS
2EM EMISSIONS
2ET EQUIPMENT
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
2IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2LF LAWS
2MC MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2OS ON SITE
2PE PLANT DESIGN
2PG PLANT OPERATION
2PS PROBLEMS
2RS RESIDUE
2SD SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
2WA WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION
2WE WATER POLLUTION
HE INCINERATOR
2FB FLUIDIZED BED
2OP OPEN PIT
2RK ROTARY KILN
2SP SLUDGE
2ST SPECIAL PURPOSE
123
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HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
1IM INDUSTRIAL WASTES
(See also SPECIFIC INDUSTRY, SPECIFIC TREATMENT METHODS)
2AM ANALYSIS
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
2CG CENTRALIZED DISPOSAL PLANTS
2CI CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2C6 COSTS
2EF EFFLUENT CHARGES
2LF LAWS
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESSING
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2PY PYROLYSIS
2SJ SEWAGE
2TT TRANSPORTATION
2UT UTILIZATION
IIS INSECTS
1IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
1LC LAGOONS
1LD LAND RECLAMATION
CSee also MINES, SANITARY LANDFILL)
1LF LAWS
2CL COLLECTION
2DP DISPOSAL
2ER ENFORCEMENT
2FF FEDERAL
2IB INTERNATIONAL
2MB MUNICIPAL
2SW STATE
1LH LEACHATE
(See also SANITARY LANDFILL, WATER POLLUTION)
1LR LITTER
2CB CAMPAIGNS
2C6 COST OF REMOVAL
2RJ RECREATION AREAS
1LU LUMBER
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
IMA MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
2C7 COUNTY
2FF FEDERAL
2IB INTERNATIONAL
2MB MUNICIPAL
2RI REGIONAL
2RW RURAL
2SW STATE
2TQ TECHNIQUES
124
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HIERARCHIC TERMS
1MB MANURE
CSee also ANIMALS)
2CE CATTLE
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2PA POULTRY
2PT PROCESSING
2SL SHEEP
2SN STORAGE
2SZ SWINE
2UT UTILIZATION
IMG MARKETS
1MI METAL, FERROUS
2EC ECONOMICS
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2SC SCRAP
2SN SLAG
2SY SWARF
1MK METAL, NON-FERROUS
2AM ALUMINUM
2C4 COPPER
2EC ECONOMICS
2HV HEAVY
2LB LEAD
2NI NICKEL
2PK PRECIOUS METALS
2TI TIN
2ZI ZINC
1MM MICROORGANISMS
1MO MINERALS
1MR MINES
CSee also LAND RECLAMATION)
1MT MINING INDUSTRY
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
1MV MONITORING
1MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
(See also REFUSE)
2CO COMPACTION
2DP DISPOSAL
2SH SEPARATION
2TT TRANSPORT
2UT UTILIZATION
1NO NOISE
IOC OCEAN DISPOSAL
2AG AGRICULTURAL WASTES
2CM COMMERCIAL WASTES
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
125
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HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
2IW INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
2IX INTERNATIONAL CONTROL
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2SP SLUDGE
10F ODOR CONTROL
10L OIL
IPS PACKAGING WASTES
2DP DISPOSAL
2PT PROCESSING
2UT UTILIZATION
1PD PAPER AND PULP
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2NE. NEWSPAPERS
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1PP PATHOGENIC WASTES
1PH PERSONNEL
1PJ PESTICIDES
1PL PETROCHEMICALS
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
201 OIL SPILLS
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1PN PHARMACEUTICAL WASTES
1PP PLANNING
1PR PLASTICS
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1PT PROCESSING
1PV PUBLIC RELATIONS
(See EDUCATION)
1PY PYROLYSIS
(See also INCINERATION)
1RD RADIOACTIVE WASTES
(See also HAZARDOUS WASTES)
-------
HIERARCHIC TERMS
2DP DISPOSAL
2SW STORAGE
1RG RECLAMATION
(See SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION)
1RJ RECREATIONAL AREAS
CSee also LAND RECLAMATION)
1RH REDUCTION
1RN REFUSE
(See also SPECIFIC TYPES)
2CA CALORIFIC VALUE
2CO COMPOSITION
2QU QUANTITY
1RP RESEARCH
(See SPECIFIC TOPICS; GRANT)
1RR RESOURCE RECOVERY
1RU RUBBER
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2TS TIRES
1SB SAFETY
CSee HEALTH AND SAFETY)
1SD SALVAGE AND RECLAMATION
(See also SPECIFIC TYPES)
1SF SAND
1SG SANITARY LANDFILL
(See also LAND RECLAMATION; SPECIFIC WASTES)
2CQ COMPOSTING
2C6 COSTS
2DC DECOMPOSITION
2DS DESIGN
2ET EQUIPMENT
2GS GASSES
2GW GROUND WATER
2MC MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
2OE OPERATIONS
2RL REGULATIONS
2SL SHREDDING
2SO SITES
1SI SEPARATION
2CH CHEMICAL
2LS LIQUID-SOLID
2MD MECHANICAL
2ML METAL
"2MX METHODS
2RN REFUSE
.» m
1SJ SEWAGE
(See also SLUDGE)
2AN ANALYSIS
127
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HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
2CI CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2C6 COSTS
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IP IRRADIATION PROCESSING
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESSING
2TT TRANSPORTATION
1SL SHREDDING
1SN SLAG
(.See METAL, FERROUS)
ISO SLAUGHTERHOUSE
(See FOOD PROCESSING WASTES)
ISP SLUDGE
CSee also INDUSTRIAL WASTES)
2AN ANALYSIS
2BP BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
2CI CHEMICAL PROCESSING
2C6 COSTS
2DP DISPOSAL
2ET EQUIPMENT
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2HP HEAT PROCESSING
2IP IRRADIATION PROCESSING
2MP MECHANICAL PROCESSING
2TT TRANSPORTATION
2UT UTILIZATION
1SR SNOW REMOVAL
1ST SOIL
1SU SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1SW STORAGE
2CZ CONTAINERS
2C6 COSTS
2LF LAWS
2MX METHODS
2SO SITES
1SX STREET CLEANING
1SY SURVEYS
1SZ SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
CSee MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING)
1TB TANNERY WASTES
1TE TEXTILES
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
2PC POST CONSUMER WASTES
3DP DISPOSAL
3PT PROCESSING
3UT UTILIZATION
1TM TOXIC MATERIALS
(See also HAZARDOUS WASTES)
128
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HIERARCHIC TERMS
1TR ' TRANSFER STATIONS
CSee also COLLECTION)
ITT TRANSPORTATION
(See also SPECIFIC WASTES)
2C6 COSTS
2MX METHODS
2PM PIPELINES
2PQ PNEUMATIC
2RB RAILROADS
2SN SHIPS
2TK TRUCKS
1TV TREATMENT
(See PROCESSING)
1TY TREES
(See BULKY WASTES; LUMBER)
1VC VECTOR CONTROL
(See ANIMALS; INSECTS)
1VG VEGETATION
1VR VOLUME REDUCTION
1WE WATER POLLUTION
(See also GROUND WATER)
2AG AGRICULTURAL WASTES
2AN ANALYSIS
2CM COMMERCIAL WASTES
2C2 CONTROL EQUIPMENT
2EC ECONOMICS
2HE HEALTH AND SAFETY
2IN INDUSTRIAL WASTES
2LF LAWS
2MY MUNICIPAL WASTES
2SJ SEWAGE
1WO WOOD
(See LUMBER)
129
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Appendix E
GEOGRAPHIC CODES
1AF Africa
IAN Antarctica
1AS Asia
1AU Australia
1CA Canada
1CB Caribbean
1EU Europe
IMA Marshall Islands
1ME Mexico
1MI Middle East
1NZ New Zealand
ISA South America
1SU Soviet Union
1US United States
2AA Alabama
2AC Alaska
2AE Alberta
2AG Americar Samoa
2AI Arizona
2AN Argentina
2AR Arkansas
2AS Austria
2BE Belgium
2BI Brazil
2BR British Columbia
2CA California
2CH China (Mainland)
2CI China (Taiwan)
2CO Colorado
2CT Connecticut
2CZ Czechoslovakia
2DE Delaware
2DN Denmark
2DT District of Columbia
2FI Finland
2FL Florida
2FR France
2GB Gabon
2GE Georgia
2GM Germany (East)
2GN Germany (West)
2GU Guam
2HI Hawaii
2HK Hong Kong
2HU Hungary
2IA Idaho
211 Illinois
2IL India
2IN Indiana
2IO Indonesia
2IQ Iowa
2IR Ireland
2IS Israel
2IT Italy
2JM Jamaica
2JP Japan
2KS Kansas
2Ky Kentucky
2LE Lebanon
2LI Libya
2LT Lithuania
2LU Louisiana
2MA Maine
2MD Maryland
2MH Massachusetts
2MI Melbourne
2MJ Michigan
2MN Minnesota
2MP Mississippi
2MR Missouri
2MT Montana
2NB Nebraska
2NE Nepal
2NF Netherlands
2NG Nevada
2NH New Hampshire
2NJ New Jersey
2NM New Mexico
2NQ New York '
2NR North Carolina
2NT North Dakota
2NY Norway
2OH Ohio
20K Oklahoma
2ON Ontario
20R Oregon
2PC Pakistan
2PE Pennsylvania
2PJ Peru
2PL Poland
2PR Puerto Rico
2RI Rhode Island
2SA Saskatchewan
2SF South Africa
2SI South Carolina
2SK South Dakota
2SP Spain
2SR Sweden
2SU Switzerland
2SY Sydney
2TA Tasmania
2TE Tennessee
2TK Texas
2TN Thailand
2UG Uganda
2UK United Kingdom
2UT Utah
2VA Venezuela
2VE Vermont
2VI Victoria
2VN Virginia
2VR Virgin Islands
2WA Washington
2WR West Virginia
2WW Wisconsin
2WY Wyoming
2YU Yugoslavia
3AI Aiken
3AK Akron
130
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GEOGRAPHICAL
3AL Albany
3AM Ames
3AS Amsterdam
3AT Atlanta
3BA Baltimore
3BC Bangkok
3BI Basel
3BK Barking
3BL Bavaria
3BN Berkeley
3BR Berlin
3BS Birmingham
3BT Boston
3BV Bridgeport
3BW Broward
3CA Calumet
3CD Camden
3CF Casteljaloux
3CI Cheshire
3CJ Chicago
3CN Cincinnati
3CP Cleveland
3CT Clinton
3CU Columbus
3CY Cook
3CZ Czestochowa
3DE Denver
3DI Detroit
3DN Dublin
3DT Duluth
3DU Dusseldorf
3EB Ebingen
3ED Edinburgh
3EK Elk Creek
3EM Elmira
3EY Ely
3FB Fairbanks
3FI Finham
3FL Flagstaff
3FN Frankfort
3FR Franklin
3SA St. Croix
3SC St. Joseph
3SD St. Louis
3SE St. Paul
3SG St. Petersburg
3SI San Diego
3SN San Francisco
3 SO Santa Ana
3SP Santa Barbara
3SR Savannah
3ST Stockholm
3SU Stuttgart
3TA Tel Aviv
3TC Tocks Island
3TK Tokyo
3TN Toronto
3TO Trenton
3TR Tripoli
3TU Tucson
3VC Venice
3GA Gainesville
3GE Geneva
3GL Glasgow
3HA Hague
3HF Haifa
3HG Hamburg
3HJ Hanford
3HL Harlem
3HM Hartford
3HO Honolulu
3HR Hopewell
3HU Houston
3IT Ithaca
3JE Jerusalem
3JH Johannesburg
3JP Joplin
3KC Kansas City
3KH Karlsruhe
3KN Knox
3KS Kosovo
3KW Kracow
3LC Lancaster
3 LI Lima
3LL Liverpool
3LO London
3LS Los Angeles
3LY Lycoming
3MA Madras
3MD Madrid
3MH Manchester
3MI Maui
3ML Melbourne
3MM Miami
3MO Milwaukee
3MP Minneapolis
3MR Mobile
3MT Montgomery
3MU Munich
3MY Muskegon
SNA Nashville
3ND New Delhi
3NL New Orleans
3NO New York City
3NR Niagara
3NU Nurnberg
30C Ochtrup
30T Ottawa
3PA Paris
3PC Passaic
3FH Philadelphia
3PN Phoenix
3PS Pinellas
3PW Piscataway
3RC Rochester
3RO Rocky Flats
3VE Ventura
3VI Virginia Beach
3WA Walcheren
3WE Weidenau-Geisweid
3WK West Nyack
3WM Willamette River
3WY Winnebago
3YO Yosemite
3ZU Zurich
131
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Appendix F
DOCUMENT CATEGORY CODES
01 AGRICULTURAL WASTES
Crop residues
Manure
Timber/other vegetation
02 ANALYSIS OF SOLID WASTE
Data
03 AUTOMOBILES
04 BULKY WASTES
05 COLLECTION
06 COMPOST
07 DISPOSAL
08 ECONOMICS
Disposal costs
Financing facilities
Pollution control costs
Marketing information
Taxes and incentives
09 HAZARDOUS WASTES
10 HEALTH/SAFETY
11 INCINERATION
12 INDUSTRIAL WASTES
13 INSTITUTIONAL WASTES
14 LAWS/REGULATIONS
15 LITTER
16 MANAGEMENT
Municipal
Regional
Rural
State
17 OCEAN DISPOSAL
18 PACKAGING
19 PROCESSING/REDUCTION
20 RECYCLING
Incinerator residue
Industrial wastes
Mining wastes
Municipal refuse
Scrap metal
21 RESEARCH
22 SANITARY LANDFILL
23 SEPARATION
24 SLUDGE
25 STORAGE
26 STREET CLEANING
27 TRAINING, EDUCATION,
PUBLIC RELATIONS
28 TRANSPORT
29 SOURCE REDUCTION
30 ENERGY
Demand, for solid waste
management
Fuel from wastes
Heat utilization from
incineration
wo1787b
SW-767
AU.S. GOVERNMENT HUNTING OFFICE: 1979 O—620-007/3794 REGION 3-1
132
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EPA REGIONS
U.S. EPA, Region 1
Solid Waste Program
John F. Kennedy Bldg.
Boston, MA 02203
617-223-5775
U.S. EPA, Region 2
Solid Waste Section
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10007
212-264-0503
U.S. EPA, Region 3
Solid Waste Program
6th and Walnut Sts.
Philadelphia, PA 19106
215-597-9377
U.S. EPA, Region 4
Solid Waste Program
345 Courtland St., N.E.
Altanta, GA 30308
404-881-3016
U.S. EPA, Region 5
Solid Waste Program
230 South Dearborn St.
Chicago, IL 60604
312-353-2197
U.S. EPA, Region 6
Solid Waste Section
1201 Elm St.
Dallas, TX 75270
214-767-2734
U.S. EPA, Region 7
Solid Waste Section
1735 Baltimore Ave.
Kansas City, MO 64108
816-374-3307
U.S. EPA, Region 8
Solid Waste Section
1860 Lincoln St.
Denver, CO 80295
303-837-2221
U.S. EPA, Region 9
Solid Waste Program
215 Fremont St.
San Francisco, CA 94105
415-556-4606
U.S. EPA, Region 10
Solid Waste Program
1200 6th Ave.
Seattle, WA 98101
206-442-1260
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