United States       Office of Air Quality
Environmental Protection Planning and Standards     EPA-454/E-98-007
Agency          Research Triangle Park NC 27711 December 1998
AIR
SEPA NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT
       EMISSION TRENDS
       UPDATE, 1970-1997
       30
     million
      short
      tons
          !	i	L ;
     1900 '10 '20 '30 '40 '50 '60 70 '80 '90 2000
              .

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DISCLAIMER:

THIS REPORT HAS BEEN REVIEWED BY THE OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY
PLANNING AND STANDARDS. MENTION OF TRADE NAMES OR
COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS DOES NOT CONSTITUTE ENDORSEMENT
OR RECOMMENDATION FOR USE.

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                    National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Update

                                  Table of Contents

Methodologies That Are New       ....     ......
      Mobile Sources ...........................        1
              Non-Road Vehicle Estimates ...............      . .        1
                   Diesel, Revised Trend Lines ..........     . .     . .     1
                   Airport Service ......................       . .      2

      Fugitive Dust Sources  ............         . .           .   . .        2
      Miscellaneous Sources  ................      .....           2
           Other Combustion .........        ....        . .             2
              Structural Fires      ......          .....                     2

Methodologies for PM2 5 and  NH3 .      ............         .    .         3

United States Greenhouse Gas Inventory  ...........          . .        3

      Methodology     . .            ..........           .....       3
      Results          ....                 .......         ......     4

The National Toxics Inventory (NTI) .......          .........     5

      The 1996 NTI  .................................        6

      Table 1. Comparison of 1993 to 1996 Emission Reductions for Mobile
              On-Road Gasoline Vehicles ........................     7
      Table 2. HAPs Emitted From On-Road Gasoline Vehicles  ...........    7
      Table 3. Emission Reductions from Full Implementation of MACT
               Standards ........               .......  ...          8

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                        National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Update

                                     Table of Contents
                                        (Continued)

                   APPENDIX A - TABLE OF CRITERIA POLLUTANTS

       CO             ..	     A-l
       NOX	     A-6
       VOC	     A-ll
       S0;           	    A-18
       PM10          	    A-22
       PM,5         	    A-27
       NH3"          	    A-32
       Lead          	   A-34
       Biogenic - VOC Emissions 	   A-36
       Biogenic - Nitric Oxide Emissions 	   A-37
       1997 State-level Emissions and Rank for CO, Nox, Voc, So2 and PM-10	  A-3 8
          APPENDIX B - OVERVIEW OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EMISSIONS

Introduction           	      B-l

1.  Electric Utility Sources	    B-2

2.  Non-Utility Point Sources	    	    B-3

3.  Area Sources         	    B-3

       3a. Fertilizer Applications	    B-3
       3b. Agricultural Tilling  	    B-4
       3c. Livestock Operations	    B-5
       3d. Construction Activities	    B-5

                1990 Through 1995 Emission Factor Equation  	    B-6
                Dollars Spent on Construction	    B-6
                Determination of Construction Acres	    B-7

       3e. Unpaved Roads	    B-8

                Silt Content Inputs  	    B-9
                Precipitation Inputs	    B-9
                Vehicle Wheel, Weight, and Speed Inputs	    B-9
                Unpaved Road VMT	      B-9
                Estimation of Local Unpaved Road VMT	    B-9
                Estimation of Federal and State-Maintained Unpaved Road VMT	    B-10
                                             /v

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                        National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Update

                                      Table of Contents
                                         (Continued)

               Unpaved Road VMT for 1993 and Later Years         	    B-10
               Calculation of State-Level Emissions  	        B-11
               Non-Attainment Area 1995 and 1996 Unpaved Road Controls	    B-12

       3f. Paved Roads 	   B-12
       3g. Wind Erosion 	   B-14
       3h. Cattle Feed Lots  	   B-16

4.  Other Area and Mobile Sources  	      B-17

       4a. Growth Indicators	  	   B-17

       4b. Residential Wood Combustion	   B-18

               Heating Degree Days 	   B-18
               National Wood Consumption	   B-19
               Emission Factors	   B-19
               Control Efficiency	   B-19

       4c. Residential Non-Wood Combustion	   B-19

       4d. Highway Vehicles	   B-20

                     Registration Distribution  	  	   ..      B-20
                     Speed	      B-21
                     HDDV Vehicle Class Weighting	   B-21
                     Exhaust PM Emissions	   B-21
                     Exhaust S02 Emissions	   B-21
                     PM Brake Wear Emissions  	   B-21
                     PM Tire Wear Emissions	    B-21
                     Pre-1996 Calculation of Ammonia (NH3) Emission Factors	    B-22
                     Calculation of Emissions  	   B-23
                     1996 and 1997 Ammonia (NH3) Emission Factors	    B-23

       4e. Non-Road Gasoline Vehicles	   B-24

               Aircraft	    B-24
               Railroads	    B-24
               Marine Vessels	    B-24
               Diesel	    B-24

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                         National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Update

                                       Table of Figures

Graphs an9 Charts

       County-Level Density Maps

                Figure 1  CO	    .    10
                Figure 2 NOX 	    11
                Figure 3 VOC  	     12
                Figure 4 SO2	     13
                Figure 5 PM10	    14
                Figure6 PM25   	    15
                Figure? NH3 	     16

       Emissions by Principal Source Category

                Figure 8  CO	    17
                Figure 9  NOX  	    18
                Figure 10 VOC	    19
                Figure 11 SO2	    20
                Figure 12 PM10   	    21
                Figure 13 PM,0 Fugitive Dust Emissions	    22
                Figure 14 Pb	    23
       Line Graphs
                Figure 15 Trend in National Emissions SO2, VOC, and NOX	   24
                Figure 16 Trend in National Emissions, CO and Pb 	    25
                Figure 17 Trend in National Emissions, PM10, PM2 5, and NH3   	   26
                Figure 18 Trend in National Emissions, PM10 and
                      PM25Fugitive Dust	   27
                Figure 19 Trend in CO Emissions by 7 Principal Source
                      Categories	   28
                Figure 20 Trend in NOX  Emissions by 7 Principal Source
                      Categories	   29
                Figure 21 Trend in VOC Emissions by 7 Principal Source
                      Categories	   30
                Figure 22 Trend in SO2 Emissions by 6 Principal Source
                      Categories	   31
                Figure 23 Trend in PM10 Emissions by 7 Principal Source
                      Categories (Excluding Fugitive Dust Sources)   	    32

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                         National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Update

                                       Table of Figures
                                         (Continued)
                Figure 24 Trend in PM)0 Emissions by Fugitive Dust Source
                     Category	      .   33
                Figure 25 Trend in Pb Emissions by 5 Principal Source
                     Categories	      34
                Figure 26 Trend in PM2 5 Emissions by 7 Principal Source
                     Categories (Excluding Fugitive Dust Sources)  	   35
                Figure 27 Trend in PM2.5 Emissions Fugitive Dust Source
                     Category  	   36
                Figure 28 Trend in NH3 Emissions by 5 Principal Source
                     Categories	   37
                Figure 29 US CO2 Emissions by Sector 	  	   38
                Figure 30 CO2 Emissions from Industry 	    39
                Figure 31 US CO2 Emissions by End-Use Sector in 1994  	    40
                Figure 32 CO2 Emissions in the US, MMTCE	    41
                Figure 33 National Toxic Emissions for 1993 NTI by Source
                     Type  	      .   42
                Figure 34 1993 NTI Source Category Contributions for Selected
                     States	    43
                Figure 35 1993 NTI State Emissions	   44
                Figure 36 1996 NTI State Data Summary		    45
APPENDIX C - TECHNICAL REPORT DATA FORM	  C-l
                                            VJJ

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The 1998 National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Database
Developments for fiscal year 1998:
       This year, the US EPA did not publish the National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Report.
Instead, we-have prepared this brief Update, with widespread distribution through our Website at:

       http ://www. epa.gov/ttn/chief7trends97/emtrnd. html

       Look for a full report in October, 1999. US EPA did update the National Emission
Trends database (hereinafter referred to as the NET), however; making improvements to some
previous estimates and adding  1997 values. In addition, a 1996 National Toxics Inventory was
developed.

       This update is comprised of a discussion of new methodologies, a brief discussion of the
greenhouse gas inventory, new toxics data, an appendix (A) listing summary tables that includes
biogenic emissions, and an appendix (B) listing paniculate matter and ammonia methods.

METHODOLOGIES THAT ARE NEW:

       Changes in emission estimation methods occurred for a few source categories. For the
non-road category, changes have resulted in a net decrease overall, but several tier 3 categories
have increased. Other increases for 1996 compared to last year's database are a result of revised
activity data for categories such as fuel combustion, utilities, and miscellaneous fugitive dust.
       Method changes are described below.  For a brief discussion of methodologies for
categories not mentioned below, please refer to the 1900-1996 report located at
www.epa.gov/oar/emtrnd96.  And for a more detailed discussion, refer to the National Air
Pollutant Emission Trends Procedures Document located at
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ei_data.html#ETDP.

MOBILE  SOURCES

NON-ROAD VEHICLE ESTIMATES
       Diesel, revised Trend Lines: For most nonroad diesel equipment types (i.e., 7-digit Source
Classification Codes, or SCC) emission estimates for 1986 to 1997 were obtained from the Office
of Mobile Sources (QMS) draft NONROAD Model.. (This draft model is an updated version of
the earlier draft model used for the nonroad diesel numbers in the December 1997 Trends
Report.) A trend line back to 1970 was then obtained by normalizing the nonroad emission
estimate using a ratio of 1986 model output to the existing estimate for each equipment category.

       Large increases were seen in PM10 and NOx diesel estimates for the 1996 database year
(refer to the National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Report, October 1996). This was due to

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the use of the draft NONROAD model.  However, further refinements were developed on the
new draft of the model for this database year, and results are reflected in Appendix A of this
update.  About half of the nonroad diesel categories show an increase over last year's (December
1997 Report) estimates. However, there is a NET total decrease in the nonroad diesel category.
This is due to the large decrease seen in the "farm" category. PM-10 and NOx are the  two most
important pollutants generated from nonroad diesel sources.
       The increases for the two most recent Trends inventories are, in general,  due to more
accurate equipment populations, changes in other parameters (hours annual usage), and the
addition of new equipment types (i.e., 10-digit SCCs) within these categories. These equipment
types include:
              1) Industrial, AC/Refrigeration;
              2) Industrial, Other Oil Field Equipment;
              3) Farm,  Irrigation Sets;
              4) Construction and Mining, Other Underground Mining Equipment; and
              5) Railroad,  Railway Maintenance.

       The newer draft NONROAD model generated SO2 emissions which were, in general, not
calculated previously for nonroad diesel.

       (For information on the NONROAD model, refer to the website
http ://www. epa. gov/oms/nonrdmdl. htm).

       Airport service:  This category was not estimated with the NONROAD Model,  since the
methodology for this category is still under review. Refer to Sections 4.7.3 through 4.7.6 of the
Procedures Document (link can be found on the main Update webpage) for information on
airport service estimation methods.
 FUGITIVE DUST SOURCES

        The estimate for "geogenic wind erosion" was carried over from 1996, since methods for
 estimating this category are under review. The 1999 Trends Report is expected to include revised
 values for this category along with an explanation of methods.

 MISCELLANEOUS SOURCES

 OTHER COMBUSTION
       Structural fires:  Structural fire emission methods for 1996 were revised for 42 states and
 the District of Columbia.  The "National Fire Incident Reporting System" (NFIRS) was used to
 compile the number of fires per state.  For those States that reported, the percentage of fire
 stations reporting relative to the total number of fire stations within each State was calculated
 (since typically only a percentage of the fire stations report data to NFIRS).  Then the number of
 fires were scaled up to estimate the actual number (i.e., reported and unreported) of fires

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occurring within a State for 1996.  Using these data, along with State populations, a State-specific
per capita factor was developed to allocate activity to the county level.  If a State did not report
to NFIRS, a default per capita factor based on the national estimate of structural fires from the
National Fire Protection Agency was used. The activity was then multiplied by the appropriate
loading factor and emission factor.  1997 structural fire emissions were then estimated by growing
1996 emissions using population as a surrogate.

       The remaining states supplied actual 1990 structural fire data for their States through the
Ozone Transport and Assessment Group (OTAG) process.  These data were extrapolated, using
population surrogates, to 1996 last year, and again this year to 1997.  A table of these OTAG
states can be found in the Procedures Document referred to above.
METHODOLOGIES FOR PM2.5 AND NH3:

       Methods for PM2.5 and NH3 are listed in Appendix B of this report. However, please
note the following:

       Information published by the EPA in Chapter 4 of the Air Quality and Emission Trends
Report, December 1998, EPA-454/R-98-016, suggests that the presence O/PM2.5 crustal
materials in the ambient air is much lower than is suggested by the magnitude of the the
emissions as presented in this Trends update. (Crustal material emissions are generally those
associated with the fugitive dust andgeogenic materials and they comprise over '.'2 of the PM2.5
inventory). Preliminary investigation indicates that many of these emissions are removed very
close to the source owing to their low release height, interaction with their surroundings (e.g.,
impaction, vegetative filtration)  and lack of inherent thermal buoyancy. Thus, the crustal
materials emission estimates contained herein should not be used to infer their contribution to
PM2.5 ambient concentrations unless appropriate adjustments or accommodation in transport
models are made to account for  the near source removal of these particles. Emission
mechanisms for many sources of ammonia are not well understood and much research is
ongoing to improve methods for estimating ammonia emissions.

UNITED STA TES GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTOR Y (GHG)

Methodology

       Figures 29 through 32 present carbon dioxide emissions data by industry sector for the
entire US in the year 1994. This analysis was based on data contained in several Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and Energy Information Administration (ElA) reports: the
Manufacturing Consumption  of Energy 1994, DOE/EIA-0512(94); The Annual Energy Review
1997, DOE/EIA-03 84(97); Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 1997, DOE/EIA-
0573(97); and the Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-1996, EPA 236-

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R-98-006.

       The Annual Energy Review, EIA and the Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, EPA were used
to develop national estimates of CO2 for the year 1994. Both of these inventories report data on
CO2 emissions caused by both fuel combustion and industrial processes, and both were included in
this analysis. Typically, fossil fuel combustion represents 81% of total US GHG emissions and
99% of total US CO2 emissions,  although there is some year-to-year variance.  Cement
manufacture is the largest remaining source of industrial CO2 emissions, and has been estimated to
contribute about 10 million metric tons of carbon equivalents (MMTCE) to the annual US
emissions. For more information on industrial sources of CO2 or other GHG emission data, the
reader is referred to the EPA inventory document or web site at
www. epa. gov/global warming/inventory.

       The Manufacturing Consumption of Energy (known as MECS) data were used to develop
the detailed estimates for the industry sector.  The MECS data are prepared once every 4 years,
thus 1994 is presented as the most recent year for which the MECS data were available. The
MECS data contains rich detail on manufacturing industries, but no information on the non-
manufacturing industries, such as agricultural activity, mining, and construction.  The MECS data
were merged with estimates of total industrial energy use to develop these results. Emission
estimates were developed using carbon coefficients for various fuel types,  and for a quality
assurance check, were compared with national inventory data. Refer to Annex A of the EPA
Inventory document for more detail on carbon coefficients for fuel types.  The table below
presents the actual carbon coefficients used in this analysis.


                       CARBON COEFFICIENTS, MMTCU/qBTU(Q=E15)

              Electricity   Resid Oil    Dist. Oil       NG        LPG       Coal       Coke

  1994           50       21.49      19.95        14        17.01         25          25
  1996           50       21.49      19.95        14        16.99         25          25
       Figures 29 through 32 present total national CO2 emissions for the U.S., broken out by
 sector.  The utility sector, which represents 36% of total CO2 emissions in 1994, supplies energy
 to industry. Emissions resulting from electricity production can thus be prorated to industry on
 the basis of electricity consumption.  Ideally, this would be done on a regional basis in order to
 best capture the complexity of our nation's energy supply system and to account for variations in
 carbon emissions per kilowatt hour.  However, this analysis uses national averages to develop the
 carbon emissions embedded in electricity consumption and attributes these emissions to the
 industries on the basis of their electricity demand.

 Results

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       Figure 29 shows total US CO2 emissions in 1994.  Utilities contribute 36% of that total,
with transportation the second largest sector at 31% of total CO2 emissions.  Emissions from
utilities were estimated at 495 MMTCE in 1994, with 87% of that total resulting from coal
consumption, 9% from natural gas, and 4% from petroleum fuels.

       Figure 30 presents all industrial emissions of CO2 - both manufacturing and non-
manufacturing, and the graph was developed to account for both "on-site" and "off-site"
emissions. In this case, on-site emissions are process-related emissions such as CO: flux from
lime calcination, and off-site emissions refer to the emissions that result from fossil fuel
consumption at power plants supplying electricity to industry.

       Figure 31 presents CO2 emissions for the entire US, and differs from Figure 29 in  that
utility sector has been "mapped" into the various end-use sectors that consume the electricity
generated at utilities.

       Figure 32 presents the CO2 emissions data in tabular form.
THE NATIONAL TOXICS INVENTORY (NT1)

       There were approximately 8.1 million tons of air toxics released to the air in 1993
according to EPA's National Toxics Inventory (NTI). Air toxics are emitted from all types of
manmade sources, including large industrial sources, small stationary sources, and mobile sources.
As shown in Figure 33, the 1993 NTI estimates of the major source (sources of hazardous air
pollutants (HAPs) emitting more than 10 tons per year of an individual HAP or 25 tons per year
of aggregate emissions of HAPs) are approximately 61 percent of the national total of all HAP
emissions. Area sources contribute approximately 18 percent to the 1993 national emissions of
HAPs, and mobile sources contribute 21 percent.  Figure 34 illustrates the range in percent
contributions of point, area, and mobile source emissions for selected states.  Point source
contributions ranged from 81 percent (Alabama) to 16% (Hawaii). Area source contributions
ranged from 48 percent (Idaho) to 9 percent (Alabama), and mobile source contributions ranged
from 55. percent (Hawaii) to 10 percent (Alabama). Figure 35 presents the geographic
distribution of 1993 emissions of HAPs by mass.  This figure shows total emissions of HAPs for
each state and does not necessarily imply relative health risk by exposure to HAPs by state  The
categorization of pollutant emissions as high, medium, and low provides a rough sense of the
distribution of emissions. In addition, some states may show relatively high emissions as a result
of very large emissions from a few facilities,  or show relatively high emissions as a result of very
small emissions from a large number of smaller point sources.

       The 1993 NTI includes emissions information for 166 of the 188 HAPs from 958 point-,
area-, and mobile-source categories. Emissions data from the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) were
used as the foundation of the 1993 NTI. The TRI data, however, are significantly limited in
several key aspects as a tool for comprehensively characterizing the scope of the air toxics issue.

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For example, TRI does not include estimates of air toxics emissions from mobile and area sources.
The 1993 NTI suggests that the TRI data alone represent less than 10 percent (760,000 tons/year)
of the total NTI emissions. Therefore, the NTI has incorporated other data to create a more
complete inventory, as discussed below.

       Data from EPA studies, such as the Mercury Report, inventories for Clean Air Act
sections H2c(6) and 112(k), and data collected during development of Maximum Achievable
Control Technology (MACT) Standards under section 112(d), supplement the TRI data in the
NTI.  The use of non-TRl data is particularly important for providing estimates of area- and
mobile-source contributions to total HAP emissions.

THE 1996 NTI

       The EPA updated the 1993 NTI and is currently compiling the 1996 NTI.  The 1993 and
1996 NTIs incorporate, state data and local HAP inventories. In the 1996 NTI, thirty-eight state
and local agencies (representing 34 states) submitted a HAP inventory for inclusion in the NTI.
Figure 36 shows the states that submitted a 1996 HAP inventory to EPA.  Thus, the  state and
local HAP inventories are the foundation of the 1996 NTI.  The 1993 NTI data are allocated at
the county level, whereas, the  1996 NTI data are allocated at the facility level for point (major)
sources.

       Draft estimates of mobile on-road and point (major) source emissions are available in the
1996  NTI. Area and non-road mobile emissions estimates will be available in spring, 1999
Development of the 1996 NTI is continuing and additional information concerning emissions from
sources regulated under the MACT program will be added, as well as additional state and local
emissions data submitted as part of Title V operating permit surveys of the Act.

       Table 1  compares 1993 and 1996 mobile on-road source emissions. Mobile on-road
emissions decreased by 258,000 tons as a result of regulations requiring the use of reformulated
fuels and other  mobile source programs. Table 2 lists HAPs emitted from  on-road gasoline
vehicles that have emission estimates in the 1993 and  1996 NTIs.  Although the EPA addresses
stationary and mobile sources under separate regulatory authorities and through separate offices,
these emissions are being evaluated together in EPA's air toxics strategies. Section 202(1)
requires EPA to regulate the emissions of hazardous air pollutants from  motor vehicles. EPA's
reformulated gasoline program requires a 15% year round reduction in the total mass of toxic
emissions. EPA's Office  of Mobile Sources has provided estimation methodologies for the
mobile source-emitted HAPs included in the NTI.

       Point source emissions are projected to decrease by 660,000 tons from 1993  to 1998 as a
result of MACT standards. Table 3 presents a summary of emission reductions from full
implementation of MACT standards.

       The EPA is compiling the NTI every three years (1993, 1996, 1999, etc.)  The emissions

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estimates in the NTI, regardless of base year, have several caveats.  The NTI is a repository of
HAP emissions data from various sources, and it varies in quality and completeness among source
categories, geographic location, and estimation methods.  As the process of compiling this data is
evolving, estimates will likely improve. However, as new base year inventories are compiled and
source category and emissions calculation methods change, emissions totals are likely to change.
Table 1. Comparison of 1993 to 1996 Emission Reductions for
         Mobile On-Road Gasoline Vehicles
1993 Total HAP
Emissions
(tons per year)
1,571,000
1996 Total HAP
Emissions
(tons per year)
1,313,000
Emissions Reduction
(tons per year)
258,000 = 16%
Table 2. HAPs Emitted From On-Road Gasoline Vehicles
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Arsenic and compounds
Benzene
1,3-Butadiene
Chromium and compounds
Dioxins/Furans (defined as TEQ)
Ethylbenzene
Formaldehyde
n-Hexane
Lead and compounds
Manganese and compounds
Mercury and compounds
Methyl tert-butyl ether*
Nickel and compounds
Polycyclic Organic Matter (defined as 16-PAH)
Propionaldehyde
Styrene
Toluene
Xylenes (o,m,p)
•not available for the 1993 inventory year

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Table 3. Emission Reductions from Full Implementation of MACT Standards
Compliance Date
10/27/93
9/23/96
3/8/96
12/15/96
(w/o new control
device), 12/15/97
(w/ new control
device)
1/25/96 (decorative)
1/25/97 (hard&
anodizing)
4/22/97
11/21/97
12/2/97
12/15/97
MACT Source
Category
Coke Ovens: Charging,
Top side, and Door
leaks'
Perchloroethylene Dry
Cleaning Facilities
Industrial Process
Cooling Towers
Magnetic Tape
Manufacturing
Chrome Electroplating:
Decorative
Hard
Anodizing
HON
Wood Furniture
Manufacturing
Operations
Halogenated Solvent
Cleaning
Gasoline Distribution
HAPs Emitted
Benzene
Coke oven gases
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Perchloroethylene
Chromium & compounds
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Toluene
Chromium & compounds
Total unspeciated HAPs
Glycol ethers
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Toluene
Xylenes (ojn,p)
Methyl chloroform
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
Benzene
Cumene
Ethyl benzene
Ethylene dichloride
Hexane
Lead & compounds
Methyl tert-butyl ether
Polycylic Organic Matter
Toluene
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
Xylenes (o,m,p)
Total Baseline
Pre-MACT
Emissions'
1,760 tpy
95,700 tpy
25 tpy
4,470 tpy
11.5
160
3.9 = 175.4 tpy
573,000 tpy
•170 tpy
142,000 tpy
44,200 tpy
Emissions
Reduction'
80%= 1,408 tpy
56% =53,592 tpy
>99 %
51 % = 2,300 tpy
99%= 173 tpy
90%= 5 15,700 tpy
60%= 102 tpy
60 % = 85,200 tpy
5%= 2,2 10 tpy
Total Post-
MACT
Emissions'
352 tpy
42, 108 tpy
0
2. 170 tpy
2 tpy
57,300 tpy
68 tpy
56,800 tpy
41,990 tpy

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Table 3- Continued. Emission Reductions from Full Implementation of MACT Standards


Compliance Date
12/16/97

— •
















12/23/97








































MACT Source
Category
Shipbuilding and Ship
Repair Facilities

















Secondary Lead
Smelting








































HAPs Emitted
Acrylonitrile
Chlorine
Chromium & compounds
Diethanolamine
Ethylbenzene
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene glycol
Glycol ethers
Lead & compounds
Manganese & compounds
Methyl chloroform
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methylene chloride
Nickel & compounds
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes (o,m,p)
Acetaldehyde
Acetophenone
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Antimony & compounds
Arsenic & compounds
Benzene
Biphenyl
Bis (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1,3-Butadiene
Cadmium & compounds
Carbon disulfide
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chromium & compounds
Cumene
Dibutyl phthalate
1 ,3-Dichloropropene
Dioxins/Furans
Ethyl carbamate
Ethylbenzene
Formaldehyde
Hexane
Lead & compounds
Manganese & compounds
Mercury & compounds
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloride
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl iodide
Methylene chloride
Nickel & compounds
Phenol
Polycyclic Organic Matter
Propionaldehyde
Styrene
1 , 1 ,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Xylenes(o4n,p)
Total Baseline
Pre-MACT
Emissions'
7,890 tpy


















2,030 tpy








































Emissions
Reduction'
24%= 1.894 tpy


















72%= 1,421 tpy







































Total Post-
MACT
Emissions'
5,996 tpy


















609 tpy







































' Due to the various criteria for implementation dates for coke ovens, the date shown here is the Effective Date.
"tons per year is abbreviated as tpy.

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Figure 1. Density Map of 1997 Carbon Monoxide Emissions by County
 Emissions Density
 (Short tons/Sq. mi.)

 Mfe 25 - 47
    14-25
    7-14
    0-7

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Figure 2. Density Map of 1997 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions by County
 Emissions Density
 (Short tons/Sq. mi.)


    3-5
    2-3
    0-2

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Figure 3. Density Map of 1997 Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by County
 Emissions Density
 (Short tons/Sq. mi.)


    3-5
    2-3
    0-2

-------
Figure 4. Density Map of 1997 Sulfur Dioxide Emissions by County
 Emissions Density
 (Short tons/Sq. mi.)

   | 0.8 - 5
    0.2 - 0.8
    0.08 - 0.2
    0 - 0.08

-------
Figure 5. Density Map of 1997 Particulte Matter (PM-10) Emissions by County
Emissions Density
(Short tons/Sq. mi.)
    11 -16
    7-11
    4-7
    0-4

-------
Figure 6. Density Map of 1997 Fine Participate Matter (PM-2.5) Emissions by County
 Lr
Emissions Density
(Short tons/Sq. mi.)
•H>16

    7-11
    4-7
    0-4

-------
Figure 7. Density Map of 1997 Ammonia Emissions by County
Emissions Density
(Short tons/Sq. mi.)


   2-3
   1-2
   0-1

-------
                     Figure 8. 1997 National CARBON MONOXIDE
                       Emissions by Principal Source Category
                                          Fuel Combustion -
                                All Other       other
           Miscellaneous
Non-Road Engines
  and Vehicles
                                                      Metal Processing
                                                        On-Road Vehicles

-------
                   Figure 9.  1997 National NITROGEN OXIDE (NOX)
                      Emissions by Principal Source Category
         Non-Road Engines
            and Vehicles
On-Road Vehicles
                                           Fuel Combustion -
                                                Other
                                                                  Fuel Combustion
                                                                    Electric Utility
                                         All Other
                                                             Fuel Combustion
                                                                Industrial

-------
              Figure 10. 1997 National VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
                       Emissions by Principal Source Category
                  All Other
 vC
Non-Road Engines
  and Vehicles
                                                               Solvent Utilization
                                                                 Storage and
                                                                  Transport
                         On-Road Vehicles

-------
                       Figure 11.  1997 National SULFUR DIOXIDE
                        Emissions by Principal Source Category
               Non-Road Engines
                 and Vehicles
                                   All Other
        Metal Processing

  Fuel Combustion -
       Other
Fuel Combustion
   Industrial
                                                            Fuel Combustion
                                                            -Electrical Utilities

-------
        Figure 12. 1997 National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10)
Emissions by Principal Source Category for Non-Fugitive Dust Sources
                   Fuel Combustion -
                        Utility
Fuel Combustion
   Industrial
 All Other
                                                          Fuel Combustion
                                                              Other
                                                             Other Industrial
                                                               Processes
                  On Road and Non-Road
                   Engines and Vehicles

-------
                 Figure 13.  1997 National PARTICULATE MATTER (PM10)
                    Emissions by Miscellaneous and Natural Sources
                            Paved Roads
Construction
    Unpaved Roads
ho
NJ
                                                      Miscellaneous
                                                   (Includes Agriculture,
                                                    Forestry and Other
                                                      Combustion)
                                                                            Natural
                                                                           Sources-
                                                                         Wind Erosion
                                                                         All Other

-------
                            Figure 14. 1997 National LEAD
                       Emissions by Principal Source Category
                                      All Other
           Non-Road Engines
              and Vehicles
re
LJ
Waste Disposal
 and Recycling
Fuel Combustion
     Other
                                                                     Chemical and Allied
                                                                    Product Manufacturing
                                                          Metals Processing

-------
    40
    30
§1
E .2
UJ =
  E
    20
    10
         Figure 15. Trend in National Emissions, SULFUR DIOXIDE,
        VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, and NITROGEN OXIDES
                          (1900 to 1997)
      1900  1910  1920 1930 1940 1950 1960  1970  1980  1990
                             Year

-------
           150
Figure 16. Trend in National Emissions, CARBON
 MONOXIDE (1940 to 1997), LEAD (1970 to 1997)

                                          300

                                        H- 250
NJ
                                                        200
                                                 
                                              
                                          100 S  o
                                                        50
      O
             1940
      1950    1960
 1970
Year
1980
1990

-------
           20
[S3
         CO
         o
       O O
       8 1 10
       II
                        Figure 17.  Trend in National Emissions,
                   PARTICULATE MATTER (non-fugitive dust sources),
               PM-10 (1940 to 1997), and PM-2.5 and AMMONIA (1990 to 1997)
                                                              PM-10

                                                              PM-2.5
                                        NH3
             1940
1950
1960
  1970

Year
1980
1990

-------
0)
0)
LJLJ
"55

o
0)
         Figure 18. Trend in National Emissions, FUGITIVE DUST
      PM-10 (1985 to 1997), and FUGITIVE DUST PM-2.5 (1990 to 1997)
      1985
1990
1995
                               Year

-------
                    Figure 19. Trend in CARBON MONOXIDE Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1940 to 1997

                                       (reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
oc
              150
              125
*   100
-e

|


o
=    75

I
O
'w



ai
               50
               25
                   111Mi111iii111111MiM11iiiMiM1111111itiitiMin1111iiI
                 1940     1945     1950     1955     1960    1965     1970


                                                                Year
                                                                 1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
• All
Other [
U Waste
Disposal |
H Chemical
•
Metals
D Misc
•
Comb-Other [
H Non-Road
D On-Road

-------
                   Figure 20. Trend in NITROGEN OXIDE Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories, 1940 to 1997

                                    (reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
S3
        V)
           30
           25
           20
        w


        O

       =  15
       '
       
-------
        Figure 21. Trend in VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND Emissions by 7 Principal Categories, 1940 to 1997

                             (reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
    35
    30
    25
    20
    15
E   10
UJ
•c
O
O
      1940
1950
1960
   1970


Year
1980
1990
          All Other Q Misc Q Chemical  • Stor & Trans D Non-Road  • Waste Disposal D Solv Util Q On-Road

-------
          Figure 22. Trend in SULFUR DIOXIDE Emissions by 6 Principal Source Categories, 1940 to 1997

                            (reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
I
O
    35
    30
    25
    20
8
O


1

I  10
UJ
      1940
1950
1960
   1970



Year
1980
1990
               All Other  D Non-Road  • Comb-Other Q On-Road • Metals D Comb- Industry Q Comb-Util

-------
    20
    15
s
S
o
E   10
i
CO
§
I
111
          Figure 23. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories
                                  Excluding Fugitive Dust Sources, 1940-1997
                           (reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
    o  MMMIMMIIMMMMIMMIIIIMIIIMIIMIIIIIMMIiMIM
      1940     1945     1950     1955     1960     1965     1970

                                                   Year
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
          Misc D All Other D Waste Disp • Comb-lnd Q Comb-Util  • Comb-Other  D Non-Road  D Other Ind

-------
Figure 24. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-10) Emissions by Fugitive Dust Source Category, 1985-1997
                         (reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
 60
   1985     1986      1987      1988     1989    1990
   Note(s): Methodology was revised beginning in 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
                                                     Year
               Natural Sources [U All Other  Q Paved Roads | Construction CD Agricultural Crops Q Unpaved Roads

-------
                   Figure 25.  Trend in LEAD Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories, 1970-1997
                              (reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
1
«

o
£
.52

LU
    300
    250
    200
    150
     SO
                                           -4-

       1970               1975               1980               1985

                                                        Year
                                                                                1990
1995
                       All Other • Non-Road Q Comb-Other El Waste Disposal  Q Metals  Q On-Road

-------
               Figure 26. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-2.5) Emissions by 7 Principal Source Categories
                                        Excluding Fugitive Dust Sources, 1990-1997
                                 (reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
10
          3
      t:
      o
       o
      =  2
      I

       I
       O
      111
            1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
                                                           Year
                Misc  D All Other Q Waste Disp • Comb-lnd Q Comb-Util  H Comb-Other D Non-Road Q Other Ind

-------
     Figure 27. Trend in PARTICULATE MATTER (PM-2.5) Emissions Fugitive Dust Source Category, 1990-1997
                           (reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
    6
g
O
e  4
O
I
O
=  3
I
(A
O
UJ
     1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
                                                     Year
            Natural Sources d All Other  d Paved Roads d Construction d Agriculture  d Unpaved Roads

-------
               Figure 28. Trend in AMMONIA Emissions by 5 Principal Source Categories, 1990-1997
                            (reading legend left to right corresponds to plotted series from top to bottom)
III
      1990
1991
1992
1993          1994

       Year
1995
1996
1997
                 All Other | Waste Disp  Q Chemical d On-Road  D Misc-Fertilizer [D Misc-Livestock

-------
                  Figure 29.   US Carbon Dioxide Emissions by Sector
                                                (1994)
                           Commercial
                               4%
                                      Residential
                                         7%
u
             Transportation
                  31%
    Other Industry 2%
      Petroleum Refining  1%
               Food Products 1 %
                                                                         Utility
                                                                         36%
                                                       D Utility
                                                       • Ag, mining, constr
                                                       D Chemicals
                                                       D Primary metal
                                                       • Stone, day & glass
                                                       D Paper
                                                       D Food Products
                                                       D Petroleum
                                                       • Other Industry
                                                       U Transportation
                                                       D Commercial
                                                       U Residential
                                 Agriculture, mining, & construction
                                             7%
                             Chemicals 5%
 Paper
                   Primary metal
Stone, clay & glass 2%    3%

-------
                 Figure 30.   Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Industry
         Agriculture, mining,
         and construction
              29%
CO
                  Other Manufacturing
                        27%
                                                          Chemicals
                                                            20%
                                                              Petroleum
                                                                4%
                                                          Primary metal
                                                             14%
n Paper
• Chemicals
n Petroleum
n Primary metal
• Other Manufacturing
nAg, mining, constr
 Industry CO2 emissions (491 MMTCE) represented about 35% of total US C02 emissions (1410) in 1994. This includes
 emissions from onsitefuel combustion, process related emissions, and carbon emissions attributable to power generated offsite.

-------
                     Figure 31.   US Carbon Dioxide Emissions
                               by End-Use Sector in 1994
                                                            Residential
                                                              19%
          Transportation
             31%
                                                                    Commercial
                                                                        15%
                     Industrial
                       35%
D Residential

• Commercial

D Industrial

D Transportation
Total CO2 emissions in 1994 were 1410 MMTCE. Carbon emissions from the utility sector have been apportioned to the
appropriate end-use sector. The Industry Sector, as defined by EIA, includes manufacturing, agriculture, fisheries, forestry,
construction, and mining operations.

-------
              Figure 32.   Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the US, MMTCE
Sector/Source
category
Ag, mining, constr ,
Chemicals
Primary metal
Stone, clay & glass
Paper
Food Products
Petroleum
Transportation equip
Rubber i
h •• -- 	 - - - 	 — -j- — -
Fabricated metal j
Textile Products i
Industrial machinery '
Electronic equip
Lumber & wood
Printing
Instruments i
Apparel
Furniture & fxtures
Misc manufacturing
Leather
Tobacco Products j
Industry Total i
Utility
Transportation
Commercial
Residential
Territories
Total
Petroleum i NG
i 61.5 i 38.8
; 285 i 35.8
1.3 : 11.3
[ 0.7 i 6.0
[ 3.9 ] 8.0
1.0 ' 8.8
2.7 ! 11.3
^ 0.4 | 2.2
Coal
Coke
0.6 ~T o.o
7.3 | 0.3
22.8
- • 	 —
6.8
7.6
4.1
0.0
0.7
0.3 j 1.5 j 0.1
0.2 ! 3.1 0.0
	 — r - 	 	 	 1 • - 	
! 0.6 j 1.6
. 	 1 	 	 „ . _ .. . 	 . 	 ,
0.1 ! 1.5
... .. . -..j 	 	 ! .. 	
i 0.1 j 1.2
I 0.5 | 0.7
0.0 1 0.7
0.1 ' 0.4
0.0 r 0.3
0.0 i 0.3
0.1 I 0.3
o.o ; o.o
0.0 i 0.0
102 I 134
20.6 i 44
! 416.6 j 10.2
14.9 42.9
j 25.3 | 71.8
j 11.2 MA
591 j 303
1.0
r 0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
51
430.2
0
2.1
10.5
o.o
o.o
o.o
0.0
h 0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
( : % of Total % of Total
Process ; Total • CO2 i GHG
3.0
o.o
o.o
; 17.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
! 104 7%
72 i 5%
T 46 ! 3%
31 I 2%
20 i 1%
14 | 1%
r u i i%~
0.0 i 3 0%
0.0 , 2 0%
0.0 I 3 0%
0.0 j 3 0%
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0 0.0
11
o
0
0
21
0.05
0
-
1.4 ' o ; -
0.26
485
I
11
2 j 0%
1 0%
1 0%
1 , 0%
1 0% ~
0 0%
0 0%
*" 0 | 0%
0 0%
0 0%
319 22%
495 i 35%
427 30%
60 4%
99 7%
11 1%
21 | 1410 100%
6%
4%
3%
2%
1%
1%
1%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
t_ 0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
6%
0%
19%
30%
26%
4%
6%
1%
85% |
Emissions in this table do not include methane and nitrous oxide emissions.  The % of total GHG emissions is based on total US GHG
emissions of 1,657 MMTCE in 1994. Zeros in the percent columns indicate less than one half a percent of total.

-------
 Figure 33.  National Toxic Emissions for
        1993 NTI by Source Type
             Area
             18.0%
i'C
                                Mobile
                                21.0%
             Point
            61.0%

-------
        Figure 34.  1993 NTI Source Category
          Contributions for Selected States
120
100
 80
 60
 40
 20
  0
% Mobile Emissions
% Area Emissions
% Point Emissions
   Alabama  Louisiana  New York   Florida   Hawaii
       Indiana   Texas  California  Arizona    Idaho

-------
Figure 35.  1993 NTI State Emissions
                              Emissions greater than 167,000 tons/yr
                              Emisions between 77,000 -167,000 tons/yr
                              Emissions less than 77,000 tons/yr

-------
    Figure 36. 1996 NTI State Data Summary
*•
Ul
                      States who submitted 1996 HAP inventory data

-------
                                    Table A-1.  Carbon Monoxide Emissions
                                             (thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
OH
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional OH
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Resi
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL I ALLIED PRODUC
Organic Chemical Mfg
ethylene dichloride
maleic anhydride
cydohexanol
other
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
pigments; TiO2 chloride proc
other
Polymer 4 Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Ename
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
carbon black furnace: fugitiv
other
1970
237
106
41
90
NA
770
100
44
462
164
NA
3,925
12
27
24
NA
2,932
NA
NA
630
3,397
340
11
73
36
220
190
18
172
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,866
2,866
NA
NA
1976
278
134
69
73
NA
763
67
49
463
184
NA
3.441
17
23
25
NA
3,114
NA
NA
262
2,204
483
12
147
39
286
153
22
131
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,567
f,567
NA
NA
1980
322
188
48
85
NA
760
58
35
418
239
NA
8,230
13
21
26
NA
5,992
NA
NA
178
2,151
543
17
103
37
386
191
34
157
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,417
1,417
NA
NA
1985
291
207
18
56
10
870
86
47
257
167
113
7,625
14
18
42
57
7,232
NA
NA
162
1,946
251
0
16
5
230
89
77
12
19
16
NA
0
1,471
f,078
155
238
1987
301
218
20
53
10
849
85
46
252
171
96
8,011
14
19
43
59
5,719
NA
NA
157
1,798
260
0
15
5
240
89
77
11
18
16
NA
0
1,415
1,034
161
219
1988
314
230
25
48
11
889
87
46
265
173
98
8,390
15
18
47
55
6,086
NA
NA
168
1,917
278
0
16
6
256
95
83
12
18
17
NA
0
1,509
1,098
185
226
1989
32f
233
26
51
11
872
87
46
271
173
96
8,450
15
17
49
55
6,161
NA
NA
153
1,925
285
0
16
6
264
95
84
12
18
17
NA
0
1,510
1.112
180
219
1990
383
234
20
51
57
879
105
74
226
279
195
4,269
14
18
44
149
3,781
NA
NA
262
f,f83
149
0
3
0
146
133
119
14
3
44
0
0
854
798
17
39
1991
349
234
19
51
45
920
101
60
284
267
208
4,687
14
17
44
141
4,090
NA
NA
281
1,127
128
0
3
0
125
129
119
11
6
19
0
0
844
756
54
35
1992
350
236
15
51
47
955
102
64
300
264
227
4,849
15
18
51
141
4,332
NA
NA
292
1,112
131
0
4
0
127
130
119
12
5
19
0
0
827
736
57
34
1993
363
246
16
49
51
1,043
101
66
322
286
268
4,181
15
18
53
143
3,679
NA
NA
274
f,093
132
0
4
0
128
131
119
13
5
18
0
0
805
715
60
30
1994
370
247
15
53
55
1,041
100
66
337
287
251
4.108
15
18
54
147
3,607
NA
NA
268
1,171
130
0
4
1
125
135
119
16
5
17
0
0
885
793
63
30
1995
372
250
10
55
58
1,056
98
71
345
297
245
4,508
15
19
54
145
3,999
NA
NA
273
1,223
127
0
4
1
123
134
119
15
5
17
0
0
939
845
65
29
1998
394
248
11
76
59
1,072
99
72
348
305
247
4.513
15
19
54
163
3,993
NA
NA
269
f,223
128
0
4
1
123
134
119
15
5
17
0
0
939
845
65
29
1997
406
254
12
79
62
1,110
100
73
362
318
257
3,301
16
19
56
168
2,778
NA
NA
264
1,287
134
0
4
1
130
141
725
16
5
18
0
0
989
889
70
30
2/16/99
A-1

-------
                              Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
                                            (thousand short tons)
Source Category
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
aluminum anode baking
prebake aluminum ceU
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
basic oxygen furnace
carbon steel electric arc him
coke oven charging
gray iron cupola
iron ore sinter plant windbox
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDU
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related
fee units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Pr
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Pro
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publish
sulfate pulping: rec. furnace/
sulfate (kraft) pulping: lime k
other
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Proces
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
1970
3,644
652
326
326
NA
2,991
440
181
62
1,203
1.025
81
NA
2,179
NA
2,168
1.820
348
11
620
NA
NA
610
NA
610
NA
NA
10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1975
2,490
636
318
318
NA
1,859
125
204
53
649
759
70
NA
2,211
NA
2,211
2,032
179
NA
630
NA
NA
602
NA
602
NA
NA
27
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1980
2,246
842
421
421
NA
1,404
80
280
43
340
600
61
NA
1,723
NA
1.723
7,680
44
NA
830
NA
NA
798
NA
798
NA
NA
32
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1985
2,223
694
41
257
396
1,523
694
19
9
302
304
194
6
462
11
449
403
46
2
694
0
0
627
.475
140
12
0
43
0
18
0
6
2
1
0
NA
0
0
NA
1987
1,984
614
38
232
344
1,365
6f7
17
8
281
266
176
6
455
8
445
408
37
2
713
0
0
646
489
144
13
0
44
0
18
0
5
2
1
0
NA
0
0
NA
1988
2,101
656
40
248
368
1,439
650
18
9
288
287
188
6
44*
8
431
393
38
2
711
0
0
649
49 1
145
13
0
44
0
13
0
5
2
1
0
NA
1
0
NA
1989
2,132
677
41
254
382
1,449
662
18
9
280
293
187
6
436
8
427
390
37
2
718
0
0
655
497
146
13
0
43
0
12
0
5
2
1
0
NA
1
0
NA
1990
2,640
436
41
260
135
2,163
594
45
14
124
211
1.174
40
333
38
291
284
7
3
537
3
0
473
370
87
16
0
54
0
2
0
5
5
0
0
0
0
4
0
1991
2,671
438
47
260
131
2,108
731
54
16
118
211
979
25
345
18
324
315
9
4
548
3
0
461
360
81
21
0
77
0
2
0
5
5
0
0
0
1
4
0
1992
2,498
432
41
260
131
2,038
767
49
17
114
211
880
26
37f
21
345
333
13
5
644
3
0
449
348
75
25
0
85
0
2
0
6
5
0
0
0
1
4
0
1993
2,536
423
41
260
122
2,089
768
58
7
121
211
924
25
371
22
344
328
17
5
594
3
0
453
350
78
24
0
131
0
2
0
4
5
0
0
0
1
4
0
1994
2,475
421
41
260
120
2,029
677
61
7
128
211
945
25
338
35
299
286
13
5
600
2
0
461
355
76
30
0
131
0
2
0
4
5
0
0
1
1
4
0
1995
2,380
424
41
260
123
1,930
567
65
8
720
277
966
25
348
34
309
299
70
5
624
6
0
484
370
82
32
0
127
0
2
0
4
6
0
0
1
1
4
0
1996
2,37»
424
47
260
723
1,929
567
65
8
118
211
966
25
348
34
308
299
70
5
635
7
0
494
377
84
33
0
129
0
2
0
4
6
0
0
1
1
4
0
1997
2,465
440
43
277
727
1,999
580
67
8
723
220
7,007
26
364
36
323
373
70
5
663
7
0
515
394
87
34
0
135
0
2
0
4
6
0
0
1
1
4
0
2J1B/9Q
                                                    A-2

-------
                               Table A-1.  Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
                                            (thousand short tons)
Source Category
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product
Petroleum & Petroleum Product
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLI
Incineration
conical wood burner
municipal incinerator
industrial
commmerclal/institutional
residential
other
Open Burning
industrial
commmercial/institutional
residential
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Mot
light-duty gas vehicles
. motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
tight-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
Bght-duty diesel vehicles
1970
AM
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,059
2,979
1,431
333
NA
108
1.107
NA
4,080
7,932
2,148
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
88,034
64,031
63,846
185
16,570
10.102
6,468
6,712
721
721
NA
NA
1975
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,230
1,764
579
23
NA
68
1.094
NA
1,466
1,254
212
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
83,134
59,281
59,067
220
15,767
9,611
6,156
7,140
945
915
NA
30
1980
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2,300
1,246
228
13
NA
60
945
. NA
1,054
1,007
47
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
78,049
53.561
53,342
219
16,137
10,395
5,742
7.189
1,161
1,139
4
19
1985
49
0
0
0
NA
42
NA
0
NA
6
1,941
958
17
34
9
32
865
2
982
20
4
958
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
77,387
49,451
49,273
178
18,960
11.834
7,126
7.716
1,261
7,235
4
22
1987
50
0
0
0
NA
44
NA
0
NA
5
7,850
920
78
34
9
35
822
2
930
27
4
905
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
71,260
45,340
45,767
779
17,274
10.187
7,087
7,347
1,289
7.260
5
24
1988
56
0
0
0
NA
51
NA
0
NA
5
7,806
903
79
35
70
38
800
2
903
27
4
877
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
71,081
45,553
45,367
786
17,133
9,890
7,244
7,072
1,322
7,290
5
26
1989
55
0
0
0
NA
49
NA
0
NA
5
1,747
876
79
35
9
39
773
2
870
27
5
845
NA
NA
NA
NA
0
0
66,050
42,234
42,047
787
15.940
9,034
6,906
6,506
1,369
7,336
6
28
1990
76
0
0
0
NA
74
0
0
0
1
1,079
372
6
76
9
79
294
27
706
74
46
509
737
0
0
0
1
0
57,848
37,407
37.798
209
13,816
8,475
5,402
5,360
1,265
7,229
5
37
1991
28
2
12
0
NA
13
0
0
0
1
1,116
392
7
77
70
20
372
26
722
74
48
576
744
0
0
0
1
0
62,074
40,267
40,089
777
15,014
8,450
6,565
5,459
1,334
7,298
6
30
1992
17
0
0
0
NA
13
0
0
0
3
1,138
404
6
75
70
27
324
28
731
75
50
523
744
0
0
0
2
0
69,859
39,370
39. 790
780
14.567
8,767
6,407
4,569
1.352
7.375
6
37
1993
57
4
32
0
NA
13
0
0
0
2
7,248
497
6
74
87
27
340
29
749
75
52
529
753
0
0
0
2
1
60,202
39,163
38,973
790
15,196
8,430
6,766
4,476
1,367
7,328
7
33
1994
24
4
4
0
0
13
0
0
0
3
7,225
467
6
74
48
27
347
30
755
75
54
533
753
0
0
0
2
1
67,833
37,507
37,372
795
17,350
9,534
7,875
5,525
1,451
7,477
8
32
1995
25
4
4
0
0
13
0
0
0
3
f,785
432
6
75
70
27
357
29
750
75
52
536
747
0
0
0
2
1
54,106
33,701
33,500
200
14,829
8,475
6,474
4,123
1,453
7,472
8
33
1996
25
4
4
0
0
13
0
0
0
3
7,203
443
6
75
70
22
360
30
757
76
53
539
749
0
0
0
2
1
53,262
28,732
28,543
789
19,271
11,060
8,211
3,766
1,493
7,453
77
29
1997
26
4
4
0
0
14
0
0
0
3
7,242
467
6
76
77
23
380
37
772
76
55
545
756
0
0
0
2
1
50,257
27,036
26,847
789
18,364
70,564
7,800
3,349
1,508
7,468
77
30
2/16/99
A-3

-------
                              Table A-1. Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
                                            (thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEH
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
Industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
Industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
railway maintenance
recreational marine vessels
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
gasoline
other
Railroads
1970
10,702
9.476
268
250
732
4,679
46
2,437
9
80
976
641
2
362
99
16
91
32
19
19
NA
NA
506
14
2
12
0
NA
NA
65
1976
12,319
70,744
283
274
803
5,077
60
2,554
21
94
1.037
1,481
3
516
78
30
771
43
17
23
UA
UA
600
17
2
14
0
NA
NA
77
1980
13,767
11,002
299
368
970
5,366
77
2,680
25
116
1,102
1,879
3
682
94
33
972
45
21
28
UA
UA
743
37
4
32
1
NA
NA
96
1986
14,624
11,813
312
421
1,104
5,685
84
2,894
28
129
1,157
1,830
4
761
119
36
792
54
27
36
UA
UA
831
44
5
39
1
NA
NA
106
1987
14,439
72,284
376
402
1,164
5,808
47
3,203
33
137
1,175
1,106
3
674
753
22
775
42
58
33
2
4
887
50
6
44
7
NA
NA
112
1988
14,698
72,464
378
407
7,207
5,866
92
3,279
37
744
7,785
1,129
3
634
750
23
776
44
58
35
2
4
931
56
6
48
7
NA
NA
118
1989
14,820
72,537
327
398
7,227
5,929
63
3,223
33
747
7,795
1,149
3
655
748
25
777
45
58
37
2
4
955
59
7
52
7
NA
NA
121
1990
15,376
73,088
359
355
7,387
6,507
273
2,428
32
776
7,698
1,180
3
677
746
27
778
46
58
38
2
4
904
83
4
46
7
2
24
121
1991
16,368
73,065
365
329
7,350
6,599
770
2,385
33
774
7,720
1,207
3
699
746
30
779
48
58
38
2
4
888
87
4
47
7
2
27
120
1992
16,662
73,305
,370
334
7,374
6,684
799
2,453
34
778
7,739
1,236
3
721
147
32
180
49
57
38
2
5
901
85
4
45
7
2
27
125
1993
16,828
73,454
374
348
7,377
6,770
209
2,472
34
779
7,757
1,268
3
744
749
35
787
57
57
40
3
5
905
81
4
43
7
2
25
120
1994
16,060
73,638
378
382
7,404
6,823
775
2,557
36
727
7,769
1,300
3
766
752
38
783
53
56
47
3
5
915
82
5
44
7
2
25
114
1995
16,271
73,805
382
393
7,436
6,895
745
2,627
40
729
7,763
1,329
4
788
755
47
784
54
56
39
3
5
942
82
4
44
6
2
26
114
1996
16,409
73,935
386
400
7,446
6,949
750
2,658
47
737
7,775
1,330
3
789
756
44
782
56
52
40
3
5
949
82
4
44
6
2
26
112
1997
16,756
74,242
389
423
7,570
7,009
752
2,787
44
747
7; 788
1,301
3
768
754
47
776
56
45
43
3
5
1.012
85
4
45
6
2
27
115
27 AS/99
                                                    A-4

-------
                                                 Table A-1.  Carbon Monoxide Emissions (continued)
                                                                    (thousand short tons)
Source Category
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
structural fires
agricultural fires
slash/prescribed burning
forest wildfires
other
Health Services
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
7,909
7,909
101
873
1,146
5,620
169
NA
NA
NA
128,176
1975
5,263
5,263
258
539
2,268
2,765
34
NA
NA
NA
115,967
1980
8,344
8,344
217
501
2,226
5,396
4
NA
NA
NA
116,701
1985
7,927
7,927
242
396
4,332
2,957
NA
NA
NA
NA
115,639
1987
8,852
8,852
242
483
4,332
3,795
NA
NA
NA
NA
108,353
1988
15,895
15,895
242
612
4,332
10,709
NA
NA
NA
NA
116,081
1989
8,153
8,153
242
571
4,332
3,009
NA
NA
NA
NA
103,480
1990
11.208
1 1 ,207
164
415
4,668
5,928
32
0
NA
0
95,794
1991
8,75f
8,751
766
413
4,713
3,430
28
NA
0
0
97,790
1992
7,052
7,052
•168
421
4,760
1,674
30
NA
0
0
94,400
1993
7.0W
7,013
169
415
4,810
1,586
34
NA
NA
0
94,526
1994
9,674
9,613
170
441
4,860
4,114
28
NA
0
0
98,854
1995
7,050
7,049
171
465
4,916
1,469
28
NA
0
0
89,151
1996
9,463
9,462
742
475
4,955
3,863
27
NA
0
0
90,929
1997
9,568
9.568
743
507
5,033
3,863
28
NA
0
0
87,451
    Note(s):  NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but are contained in the
    more aggregate estimate.
            "Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
            Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
            In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
2/19/99
A-5

-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
       (thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distiSate
other
Gas
natural
process
other
Other
wood/bark waste
liquid waste
other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coa
Commercial/Institutional Oil
1970
4,900
3,888
2.112
1,041
344
391
1,012
40
972
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,325
771
532
164
75
NA
332
228
104
NA
3,060
3,053
8
NA
162
102
NA
60
NA
836
23
210
1975
5,694
4,828
2,590
1,276
414
548
866
101
765
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,007
520
359
111
51
NA
354
186
112
56
2,983
2,837
5
140
149
108
NA
41
NA
785
33
176
1980
7,024
6,123
3,439
7,694
542
447
901
39
862
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,555
444
306
94
44
NA
286
179
63
44
2,619
2,469
5
745
205
138
NA
67
NA
74f
25
155
1985
6,f27
5,240
4,378
668
794
NA
193
178
15
NA
646
646
48
3,209
608
430
14
33
131
309
191
89
29
1,520
7,282
227
11
118
89
12
17
655
712
37
106
1987
0,246
5,376
4,465
702
209
NA
217
201
16
NA
605
605
48
3,063
596
435
14
27
119
292
172
89
31
1.505
1.285
210
10
119
92
12
15
552
706
37
121
1988
6,545
5,666
4,542
867
256
NA
273
256
16
NA
557
557
50
3,t87
617
447
15
29
126
296
175
91
31
1,584
7,360
274
70
121
93
72
76
569
740
39
117
1989
6,593
5,676
4,595
837
245
NA
285
268
77
NA
582
582
49
3,209
615
446
74
30
724
294
776
88
29
1,625
1,405
209
10
120
92
72
76
556
736
38
106
1990
6,663
5,642
4,532
857
254
NA
221
207
74
0
565
565
235
3,035
585
399
78
26
747
265
780
77
74
1,182
967
277
3
131
89
8
34
874
7,796
40
97
1991
6,579
5,559
4,435
874
250
NA
212
798
74
NA
580
580
168
2,979
570
387
20
26
737
237
746
73
78
1,250
7,025
222
3
129
82
77
36
793
1,281
36
88
1992
6,504
5,579
4,456
868
255
NA
170
758
73
NA
579
579
175
3,07f
574
405
27
26
722
244
754
73
77
1,301
7,068
230
3
126
82
70
34
825
7,353
38
93
1993
6,857
5,744
4,403
1,087
255
NA
180
766
74
NA
551
557
176
3,161
589
473
28
26
722
245
753
75
77
1,330
7,095
233
2
124
83
77
30
863
7,308
40
93
1994
6,565
5,636
4,207
7,767
262
NA
163
749
74
NA
591
597
175
3,147
602
420
38
27
777
241
749
76
77
1,333
7.703
228
2
124
83
77
30
846
f,303
40
95
1996
6,384
5,579
3,830
7,475
273
NA
96
94
2
NA
562
562
148
3,f44
597
472
46
26
772
247
756
73
77
1,324
7,702
220
2
123
84
77
28
854
7,298
38
103
1996
6,060
5,542
3,748
7,565
229
NA
103
707
2
UA
264
264
151
3,170
599
477
47
26
774
246
757
72
77
1,336
7,774
220
2
125
85
77
28
864
7,289
38
102
1997
6,778
5.599
3,802
7,580
277
NA
132
727
5
UA
288
288
159
3,270
614
429
50
28
707
240
749
73
78
1,385
7,752
230
2
130
89
77
29
902
7,276
40
107

-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
            (thousand short tons)
Source Category 1970
FUEL COMB. OTHER (continued)
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except R
Residential Wood
Residential Other
distillate oil
natural gas
other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PROD
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Ena
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Process!
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED IN
>-• Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Rela
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCE
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel
Wood. Pulp & Paper, & Publ
Rubber & Miscellaneous Pla
Mineral Products
cement mfg
glass mfg
other

120
NA
44
439
118
242
79
271
70
201
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
77
NA
77
NA
240
NA
240
NA
187
NA
NA
18
NA
169
97
48
24
1975

125
NA
39
412
113
246
54
221
53
168
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
73
NA
73
NA
03
NA
63
NA
182
NA
NA
18
NA
164
89
53
23
1980

131
NA
74
356
85
238
33
213
54
159
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
65
NA
65
NA
72
NA
72
NA
205
NA
NA
24
NA
181
98
60
23
1985

145
11
88
326
75
248
3
202
37
22
22
143
0
0
38
87
16
58
13
124
69
55
1
327
5
0
73
0
239
137
48
54
1987

144
11
69
323
79
241
3
255
38
17
22
141
0
0
37
75
14
48
13
101
48
52
1
320
5
0
76
0
230
730
47
53
1988

-157
11
74
343
80
259
3
274
42
18
23
151
0
0
40
82
15
53
13
100
48
51
1
315
5
0
76
0
225
126
46
53
1989

159
11
75
347
78
267
3
273
42
18
23
152
0
0
39
83
15
54
14
97
47
49
1
311
5
0
77
0
220
124
45
. 51
1990

200
34
46
780
209
449
121
108
18
12
6
80
0
0
52
97
14
78
6
153
104
47
3
378
3
0
91
0
270
151
59
61
1991

210
32
50
865
211
469
185
105
22
12
6
77
0
0
48
76
15
56
5
121
65
52
4
352
3
0
88
0
249
131
59
59
1992

225
28
53
916
270
489
218
103
22
10
6
76
0
0
50
81
13
62
6
148
68
76
4
361
3
0
86
0
259
139
61
60
1993

232
31
45
867
210
513
144
15S
19
5
5
74
0
0
51
83
12
67
4
123
70
49
5
370
4
0
86
0
267
143
64
60
1994

237
31
44
857
210
516
131
100
20
6
5
76
0
0
54
91
12
75
4
117
63
49
5
389
3
0
89
0
281
750
66
64
1995

231
30
49
847
270
579
118
158
20
7
4
74
0
0
54
98
12
83
4
110
58
48
5
399
6
0
89
0
287
753
87
66
1996

234
29
48
838
209
523
706
759
20
7
4
74
0
0
54
98
12
83
4
110
58
48
5
403
6
0
90
0
290
755
68
67
1997

241
30
34
825
208
537
86
107
21
7
4
78
0
0
56
702
13
86
4
775
60
50
5
427
6
0
94
0
303
762
77
70
                     A-7

-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
            (thousand short tons)
Source Category 1970
1975
1980
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996 1997
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (continued)
Machinery Products NA
Electronic Equipment NA
Transportation Equipment NA
Miscellaneous Industrial Pro NA
SOLVENT UTILIZATION NA
Degreasing NA
Graphic Arts NA
Dry Cleaning NA
Surface Coating NA
Other Industrial NA
Nonindustrial NA
Solvent Utilization NEC NA
STORAGE A TRANSPORT NA
Bulk Terminals & Plants NA
Petroleum & Petroleum Prod NA
Petroleum & Petroleum Prod NA
Service Stations: Stage II NA
Organic Chemical Storage NA
Organic Chemical Transport NA
Inorganic Chemical Storage NA
Inorganic Chemical Transpo NA
Bulk Materials Storage NA
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYC 440
Incineration 110
Open Burning 330
POTW NA
Industrial Waste Water NA
TSDF NA
Landfills NA
Other NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
159
56
103
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
111
37
74
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
NA
0
8
2
0
0
NA
2
0
NA
NA
2
NA
1
0
NA
1
NA
0
NA
0
87
27
59
NA
NA
NA
0
0
2
NA
0
7
3
0
0
NA
2
0
NA
NA
2
NA
1
0
NA
1
NA
0
NA
0
85
29
56
NA
NA
NA
0
0
2
NA
0
7
3
0
0
NA
2
0
NA
NA
2
NA
1
0
NA
1
NA
0
NA
1
85
31
54
NA
NA
NA
0
0
2
NA
0
7
3
0
0
NA
2
0
NA
NA
2
NA
1
0
NA
1
NA
0
NA
1
84
31
52
NA
NA
NA
0
0
3
0
0
10
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
NA
3
0
2
0
NA
0
0
0
1
0
91
49
42
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
10
2
0
1
0
2
0
0
NA
6
1
2
0
NA
2
0
0
0
0
95
51
43
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
10
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
NA
5
1
0
0
NA
3
0
0
0
0
98
51
43
0
0
0
1
1
3
0
0
9
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
NA
6
1
0
0
NA
3
0
0
0
0
123
74
44
0
0
0
1
4
6
0
0
9
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
5
1
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
114
65
44
0
0
0
1
3
7
0
0
10
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
8
1
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
1
99
53
44
0
0
0
1
1
7 7
0 0
0 0
10 10
3 3
0 0
1 1
0 0
2 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
6 6
1 1
0 0
0 0
0 0
4 4
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 1
100 103
54 56
45 46
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 1
1 1
                    A.-8

-------
Table A-2. Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
            (thousand short tons)
Source Category
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles a
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
. Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicle
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND V
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vess
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
railway maintenance
recreational marine vess
1970
7,390
4,158
4,156
2
1,278
725
553
278
1,676
1.676
NA
NA
2,182
75
1
2
46
5
0
3
0
2
16
1,500
2
636
218
23
489
51
37
45
NA
NA
1975
8,645
4,725
4,722
3
1,461
819
642
319
2,141
2.118
NA
23
3,135
82
1
2
51
6
1
4
0
2
17
2,329
5
933
160
48
1,018
69
42
53
UA
UA
1980
8,621
4,421
4,416
5
1,408
864
544
300
2,493
2,463
5
25
4,011
96
1
3
61
6
1
4
0
2
18
2,969
6
1,232
193
52
1,295
72
54
65
UA
UA
198S
8,089
3,806
3,797
9
1,530
926
603
330
2,423
2,389
6
28
4,143
107
1
4
70
6
1
4
0
3
19
2,978
7
1,377
244
58
1,055
87
67
83
UA
UA
1987
7,951
3,492
3,482
10
1,436
842
594
332
2,390
2,352
6
31
3,908
111
1
3
74
6
0
4
0
3
19
2,667
2
1,079
338
32
940
66
112
77
4
16
1988
7,66f
3,500
3,489
11
1,419
824
595
336
2,406
2,366
7
33
3,998
115
1
3
76
7
1
4
0
3
19
2,688
2
1,090
330
36
953
70
705
81
4
17
1989
7,682
3,494
3,483
11
1,386
803
584
343
2,458
2,476
7
35
4,049
116
1
3
78
7
1
4
0
3
19
2.697
3
1,102
322
39
966
74
98
72
4
18
1990
7,040
3,220
3,208
12
1,256
784
472
326
2,238
2,192
7
39
4,237
190
6
4
118
17
6
5
0
2
32
2,731
3
1.114
314
43
979
78
92
86
4
18
1991
7,373
3,464
3,453
11
1,339
782
557
326
2,244
2,799
8
37
4,266
187
6
4
115
17
5
5
0
2
32
2,754
3
1,127
306
47
993
83
86
86
4
19
1992
7,440
3,614
3,602
12
1,356
792
564
308
2,163
2,116
8
39
4,310
189
6
4
116
17
5
5
0
2
33
2,787
3
1,142
303
52
1,006
87
82
88
4
20
1993
7,5fO
3,680
3,668
12
1,420
828
592
315
2,094
2,047
8
39
4,339
189
6
4
114
18
6
5
0
2
33
2,827
3
1,158
302
57
1,020
92
80
91
4
20
1994
7,672
3,573
3.560
13
1,657
960
697
351
2,091
2,043
10
38
4,397
190
6
4
116
18
5
6
0
3
33
2,874
3
1.177
302
62
1,034
98
78
95
4
21
1995
7,323
3,444
3,43f
13
1,520
902
617
332
2,028
1,979
10
39
4,607
204
6
5
121
17
4
6
0
3
42
2,921
3
1,201
303
68
1,049
103
77
91
4
22
1996
7,245
2,979
2,967
12
1,950
1,156
794
329
1,988
1,941
13
35
4,478
205
6
5
122
18
4
6
0
3
42
2,958
3
1,219
305
74
1,059
109
74
87
4
23
1997
7,035
2,875
2,863
12
1,901
1.122
780
326
1,932
7,886
12
35
4,560
211
6
5
127
18
4
6
0
3
42
2,987
3
7,230
309
87
7,056
774
77
93
4
24
                     A-9

-------
                                       Table A-2.  Nitrogen Oxide Emissions (continued)
                                                        (thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
diesel
residual oil
gasoline
other
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
Health Services
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
1975 1980
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
VEHICLES (continued)
72
40
0
34
6
NA
NA
495
330
330
NA
NA
NA
21,179
85 106
48 110
0 0
41 93
7 17
NA NA
NA NA
589 731
165 248
165 248
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
23,128 24,866
119
131
0
110
20
NA
NA
808
310
310
NA
NA
NA
23,482
128
149
0
125
24
NA
NA
854
352
352
NA
NA
NA
22,767
134
165
0
138
26
NA
NA
897
727
727
NA
NA
NA
23,718
138
175
0
147
28
NA
NA
923
293
293
NA
NA
NA
23,414
158
229
0
147
27
10
45
929
371
370
NA
NA
1
23,436
155
241
0
152
27
10
52
929
286
285
NA
NA
1
23,520
156
233
0
146
27
9
51
946
254
253
0
0
1
23,780
156
222
0
139
27
9
48
945
225
224
0
NA
1
24,046
161
225
0
141
27
9
48
947
383
381
0
0
1
24,345
165
227
0
144
25
10
49
990
237
236
0
0
1
23,768
167
227
0
143
24
10
49
922
343
341
0
0
1
23,465
178
235
0
148
25
10
52
949
346
344
0
0
1
23,582
Note(s):  NA = not available.  For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at
the more detailed level but are contained in the more aggregate estimate.
        "Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
        Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
        In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.

-------
                              Table A-3.  Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
                                           (thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. E/.CC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
* Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Rest
Residential Wood
fireplaces
woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODU
Organic Chemical Mfg
ethylene oxide mfg
phenol mfg
terephthalic add mfg
ethylene mfg
charcoal mfg
socmi reactor
socmi distillation
socmi air oxidation process
socmi fugitives
other
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
polypropylene mfg
polyethylene mfg
polystyrene resins
1970
30
18
7
5
NA
150
4
4
77
65
NA
541
1
4
6
NA
460
NA
NA
70
1,341
629
8
NA
29
70
48
81
NA
NA
194
199
65
271
0
17
10
1975
40
22
14
4
NA
150
3
5
71
71
NA
470
1
3
7
NA
420
NA
NA
38
1,351
751
9
NA
46
79
29
96
NA
NA
235
257
78
299
0
18
11
1980
45
31
9
5
NA
157
3
3
62
89
NA
848
1
3
7
NA
809
NA
NA
28
1,695
884
10
NA
60
111
40
118
NA
NA
254
291
93
384
1
22
15
1985
32
24
5
2
1
134
7
17
57
35
18
1,403
1
4
6
4
1,372
NA
NA
16
881
349
2
0
24
28
37
43
7
0
179
27
3
343
12
51
6
1987
34
25
6
2
1
131
7
16
57
36
15
1,117
1
4
6
4
1,085
NA
NA
16
923
356
2
0
24
29
40
45
7
0
180
28
3
376
12
52
6
1988
37
27
7
2
1
136
7
16
61
36
15
1,188
1
4
6
4
1,155
NA
NA
17
982
387
2
0
26
33
43
49
7
1
194
31
3
392
13
58
7
1989
37
27
7
2
1
134
7
16
61
36
15
1,200
1
4
7
4
1,169
NA
NA
15
980
387
2
0
27
33
45
49
7
1
193
30
3
389
13
57
7
1990
47
27
6
2
12
182
7
12
58
51
54
776
1
3
8
8
718
NA
NA
38
634
192
0
4
20
9
33
26
8
2
61
29
2
242
2
39
4
1991
44
27
5
2
10
196
6
11
60
51
68
835
1
3
8
8
776
NA
NA
39
710
216
1
4
23
11
33
30
9
2
67
38
3
268
2
44
5
1992
44
27
4
2
10
187
7
12
52
49
66
884
1
3
10
8
822
NA
NA
40
715
211
1
4
17
10
33
30
8
2
69
37
3
283
2
45
5
1993
45
29
4
2
10
f86
6
12
51
51
66
762
1
3
11
9
698
NA
NA
40
701
215
1
4
19
10
33
32
8
2
70
36
2
269
2
46
5
1994
45
29
4
2
10
198
8
12
63
50
64
748
1
3
11
9
684
NA
NA
40
691
217
1
4
21
9
34
33
8
2
70
35
2
257
2
46
5
1995
44
29
3
2
10
206
6
12
73
50
65
823
1
3
11
8
759
NA
NA
41
660
210
1
2
17
10
33
33
8
2
70
34
3
222
2
35
5
1996
49
28
3
8
10
208
6
12
73
51
66
822
1
3
11
8
758
758
NA
41
436
113
0
1
15
3
33
14
2
1
37
8
3
135
1
22
5
1997
51
29
3
8
10
2f7
6
12
77
53
69
593
1
3
11
9
527
527
NA
41
458
119
0
1
16
3
35
15
2
1
39
8
3
142
1
24
5
2/16/99
A-11

-------
                          Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
                                            (thousand short tons)
Source Category
1970 1976
1980
1985
1987
1988
1989 1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
199S
1996 1997
CHEMICAL A ALLIED PRODUCT MFG (continued)
Polymer & Resin Mfg (continued)
synthetic fiber
styrene/butadiene rubber
other
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enam
paint & varnish mfg
other
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
carbon black mfg
printing ink mfg
fugitives unclassified
carbon black furnace: fugiti
other
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
coke oven door& topside le
coke oven by-product plant
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM A RELATED IND
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Relate
vaccuum distillation
cracking units
process unit turnarounds
petroleum refinery fugitives
other
Asphalt Manufacturing

112 149
77 68
55 54
NA NA
61 66
61 66
NA NA
40 55
275 102
275 102
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
NA NA
394 338
NA NA
394 336
216 187
NA NA
177 149
NA NA
1,194 1,342
411 378
773 951
24 31
27 27
NA NA
NA NA
721 893
11 13

199
70
77
NA
65
65
NA
77
92
92
NA
NA
NA
NA
273
NA
273
752
NA
121
NA
1,440
379
1,045
32
21
NA
NA
992
16

217
45
12
11
8
8
0
43
125
26
2
12
4
81
76
18
57
12
3
41
1
703
107
592
15
34
15
76
454
3

247
46
12
11
8
8
0
45
124
24
3
11
4
81
70
18
51
11
3
37
1
655
70
582
14
33
14
69
452
3

250
50
14
12
8
8
0
48
132
26
3
13
5
86
74
19
54
12
3
39
1
845
71
571
13
32
13
66
447
3

250 144
50 15
13 37
12 6
8 14
8 13
0 1
48 20
132 158
26 9
3 1
12 23
5 0
87 125
74 122
19 18
54 98
12 19
3 7
39 71
1 7
039 612
68 301
568 308
13 7
31 15
13 11
65 99
446 177
3 3

161
15
41 •
7
16
15
1
21
179
17
1
23
1
136
123
19
99
22
9
68
6
940
301
337
7
17
11
105
196
3

173
16
42
8
17
16
1
24
169
re
1
21
1
129
124
17
100
27
9
63
8
032
297
332
7
16
11
103
195
3

157
17
42
7
18
re
1
23
166
re
r
20
r
127
124
18
98
27
9
62
8
049
310
336
7
15
11
109
194
3

r«
18
43
6
17
16
1
24
168
2r
2
27
r
117
128
20
97
26
9
62
8
847
305
339
7
re
10
109
198
3

142
16
22
5
18
re
2
38
164
24
2
30
1
107
12S
21
96
26
9
er
8
842
299
339
6
re
r2
111
194
4

73 76
re r7
18 19
5 6
10 10
8 9
r 2
32 34
138 145
24 25
0 0
6 7
0 0
107 112
70 73
21 22
42 43
3 3
r r
38 39
8 8
5f7 538
272 282
242 252
4 4
16 16
9 9
111 115
103 108
4 4
2/AB/OO
                                                    A-12

-------
                         Table A-3.  Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
                                           (thousand short tons)
Source Category
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCES
" Agriculture, Food, & Kindred P
vegetable oil mfg
whiskey fermentation: aging
bakeries
other
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Pr
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publls
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plasti
rubber tire mfg
green tire spray
other
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
•> Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Proce
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
open top
conveyor/zed
cold cleaning
other
Graphic Arts
letterpress
flexographlc
lithographic
gravure
other
Dry Cleaning
perchloroethylene
petroleum solvent
other
1970
270
208
59
105
45
NA
NA
NA
60
60
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,174
707
NA
NA
NA
707
319
NA
NA
NA
NA
319
263
NA
NA
263
1975
236
182
61
77
44
NA
NA
NA
51
51
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
5,651
448
NA
NA
NA
448
254
NA
NA
NA
NA
254
229
NA
NA
229
1980
237
191
81
64
46
NA
NA
NA
44
44
NA
NA
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8.584
513
NA
NA
NA
513
373
NA
NA
NA
NA
373
320
NA
NA
320
1985
390
169
46
24
51
49
10
42
41
10
5
26
15
4
0
1
NA
108
5,699
756
28
5
31
691
317
2
18
4
131
162
169
05
84
0
1987
394
175
49
24
51
51
10
44
43
10
5
28
15
4
0
1
NA
103
5,743
681
28
5
31
618
340
2
19
4
140
174
216
110
106
0
1988
408
177
50
24
52
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
4
0
0
NA
112
5,945
754
29
5
34
687
362
2
20
4
148
188
216
109
106
0
1989
403
175
49
23
51
52
10
44
46
11
6
29
14
4
0
0
NA
109
5,964
757
29
4
35
689
363
2
20
4
150
187
212
107
105
0
1990
401
138
16
24
43
55
20
96
58
5
3
50
18
7
2
2
0
59
5,750
744
18
5
30
691
274
4
20
14
75
162
215
110
104
0
1991
391
130
18
16
44
52
18
92
59
5
4
50
17
8
2
2
0
62
5,782
718
25
6
23
664
301
8
24
17
82
171
218
112
106
0
1992
414
127
19
12
44
51
19
101
64
5
3
55
27
10
3
2
0
62
5,90f
737
26
6
24
680
308
8
26
18
81
175
224
115
109
0
1993
442
146
19
24
46
58
19
112
62
5
3
53
28
8
3
3
0
62
6,016
753
26
6
24
697
322
8
26
21
87
180
225
116
110
0
1994
438
145
16
24
46
58
19
105
61
6
3
52
30
11
3
3
0
62
6,162
775
27
6
22
719
333
8
25
22
93
785
228
117
111
0
1995
450
147
16
25
47
60
19
122
60
6
3
5f
31
11
2
2
0
57
6,183
789
24
5
23
737
339
8
24
20
91
196
230
118
112
1
1996
439
135
15
18
44
58
18
123
60
6
3
51
32
11
2
2
0
57
9,273
661
10
2
9
640
389
8
23
20
90
248
190
71
119
0
1997
458
141
16
19
46
60
18
129
62
6
3
53
33
11
2
2
0
60
6,483
692
10
2
9
670
412
8
24
21
94
264
191
71
120
1
2/16/99
                                                   A-13

-------
                         Table A-3.  Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
                                           (thousand short tons)
Source Category
1970
1975
1980
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1996
1996 1997
SOLVENT UTILIZATION (continued)
Surface Coating
industrial adhesives
fabrics
paper
large appliances
magnet wire
autos & light trucks
metal cans
metal coil
wood furniture
metal furniture
flatwood products
plastic parts
large ships
aircraft
misc. metal parts
steel drums
architectural
traffic markings
maintenance coatings
railroad
auto refinishing
machinery
electronic & other electrical
general
miscellaneous
(binning solvents
other
Other Industrial
miscellaneous
rubber & plastics mfg
other
3.570
52
161
652
49
7
165
49
18
211
35
64
17
21
1
NA
NA
442
NA
108
5
83
39
NA
79
942
NA
372
640
39
309
292
2,977
41
177
548
43
6
204
57
19
231
42
76
18
20
1
NA
NA
407
NA
125
7
143
51
NA
61
392
NA
309
499
30
245
224
3,665
55
186
626
36
5
165
73
21
231
52
82
25
20
2
NA
NA
477
NA
106
9
186
62
NA
52
799
NA
415
690
44
327
319
2,549
381
34
106
22
0
85
97
50
132
41
4
11
15
27
14
NA
473
100
79
4
111
37
79
146
104
90
306
125
NA
25
100
2,606
353
35
110
19
0
88
95
49
142
44
4
11
15
26
14
NA
503
106
80
3
132
28
79
148
108
94
318
132
NA
29
103
2,646
366
35
114
19
0
87
96
50
143
44
4
11
16
31
14
NA
504
107
80
3
133
29
80
158
105
97
320
133
NA
29
104
2,635
375
35
114
18
0
87
95
50
140
44
4
11
15
34
14
NA
500
106
80
3
132
28
79
154
103
96
317
131
NA
29
102
2,523
390
14
75
21
1
92
94
45
158
48
9
27
15
7
59
3
495
105
79
3
130
28
78
121
32
96
297
94
NA
28
66
2,521
374
14
64
20
1
90
91
49
154
47
10
22
14
7
87
3
500
106
76
3
132
26
75
127
37
97
295
98
NA
28
71
2,577
386
16
61
20
1
93
93
47
159
49
10
23
15
7
90
3
505
107
78
3
137
26
77
129
42
100
302
102
NA
28
74
2,632
400
16
59
21
1
92
96
49
171
52
11
22
15
7
92
3
510
108
81
3
140
27
80
133
39
94
310
102
NA
29
73
2,716
419
15
59
22
1
96
98
48
185
56
12
22
15
7
93
4
515
109
85
4
144
27
85
140
38
96
321
99
NA
31
68
2,681
410
15
52
21
1
96
102
47
179
53
13
18
13
6
92
4
522
111
84
4
142
25
85
138
35
99
314
96
NA
31
64
2,881 2,990
454 475
14 15
53 56
23 24
1 1
123 132
106 111
49 52
193 202
58 61
13 14
18 19
12 13
6 6
92 96
4 4
554 558
117 118
89 93
3 3
164 172
26 28
95 100
138 145
35 36
99 104
338 354
53 56
NA NA
37 39
16 17
2MB/99
                                                   A-14

-------
                         Table A-3. Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
                                           (thousand short tons)
Source Category 1970
SOLVENT UTILIZATION (continued)
Nonindustrial 1 ,674
cutback asphalt 1,045
other asphalt NA
pesticide application 241
adhesives NA
consumer solvents NA
> other 387
Other NA
STORAGE A TRANSPORT 1,954
Bulk Terminals & Plants 599
fixed roof 14
floating roof 45
variable vapor space 1
efr with seals NA
Ifr with seals t NA
underground tanks NA
area source: gasoline 509
other 30 __
' Petroleum & Petroleum Produc 300
fixed roof gasoline 47
fixed roof crude 135
floating roof gasoline 49
floating roof crude 32
efr/ seal gasoline 3
efr /seal crude 1
ifr/ seal gasoline 1
iff /seal crude 2
variable vapor space gasoli 3
area source: crude NA
other 25
Petroleum & Petroleum Produc 92
gasofne loading: normal /s 3
gasoline loading: balanced/ 20
gasoline loading: normal /s 39
gasoline loading: clean /su 2
marine vessel loading: gaso 26
other 2
Service Stations: Stage I 41 6
Service Stations: Stage II 521
Service Stations: Breathing & NA
Organic Chemical Storage 26
Organic Chemical Transport NA
1975

1,243
723
NA
195
NA
NA
325
NA
2,181
668
15
50
1
NA
NA
0
569
33
315
52
141
54
34 '
4
2
2
2
3
NA
22
84
2
13
26
1
38
4
481
602
NA
31
NA
1980

1,002
323
NA
241
NA
NA
437
NA
1,975
517
12
39
1
NA
NA
0
440
26
306
43
148
45
36
3
2
1
2
3
NA
23
61
0
2
3
0
50
6
461
583
NA
46
NA
1985

1,783
191
NA
212
345
1.035
NA
NA
1,747
606
14
46
1
NA
NA
0
512
32
223
26
26
27
5
2
0
1
0
1
NA
133
126
3
21
41
2
24
35
207
485
49
34
17
1987

1,768
186
NA
262
332
988
NA
NA
1,801
632
14
48
1
NA
NA
0
537
32
214
25
22
26
5
2
0
1
0
1
NA
131
123
3
21
40
2
23
34
219
511
51
34
16
1988

1,834
799
NA
262
345
1,030
NA
NA
1,842
652
15
50
1
NA
NA
0
554
33
215
24
21
25
5
2
0
1
0
1
NA
135
125
3
21
41
2
23
35
223
522
52
37
16
1989

1,867
199
NA
260
353
1,056
NA
NA
1,753
651
15
50
1
NA
NA
0
553
33
210
23
21
24
5
2
0
1
0
2
NA
132
125
3
22
42
2
22
35
223
441
52
36
15
1990

1,900
799
NA
258
361
1.083
NA
0
7,495
359
9
26
2
2
2
1
282
36
157
13
21
15
2
7
3
1
0
1
0
92
151
3
15
26
0
31
76
300
433
52
30
10
1991

1,925
202
NA
264
365
1,095
NA
NA
1,532
369
11
29
2
3
2
2
281
40
195
17
25
25
7
11
3
2
0
2
0
102
146
2
17
25
0
30
73
295
430
51
35
8
1992

1,952
207
NA
272
368
1.105
NA
NA
1,583
384
12
30
1
3
3
2
292
42
204
17
26
24
7
13
3
2
0
5
0
106
149
2
15
26
0
30
75
303
442
52
38
8
1993

1,982
214
NA
280
372
1,116
NA
0
1,600
395
13
34
1
4
5
2
292
44
205
16
28
24
8
14
3
2
0
6
0
103
142
2
13
24
0
29
73
309
449
53
39
7
1994

2,011
227
NA
289
375
1,126
NA
0
1,629
403
76
29
7
4
3
2
305
43
194
76
24
22
6
14
3
2
0
3
0
103
139
3
77
25
0
28
72
322
467
55
39
7
1995

2,048
227
NA
299
380
1,142
NA
0
7,552
406
76
79
0
3
3
2
322
41
191
76
27
22
6
75
2
2
0
0
0
106
134
2
70
23
0
29
70
334
484
57
37
7
1996

2,100
728
NA
360
403
1,210
NA
0
1,312
243
76
79
0
3
3
2
162
38
133
14
19
7
2
12
2
2
0
0
0
73
131
2
8
22
0
29
69
341
406
37
16
5
1997

2,142
735
NA
382
406
1.219
NA
0
1,377
255
17
20
0
3
3
2
171
40
138
14
20
7
2
12
2
2
0
0
0
77
136
3
8
23
0
30
72
359
427
39
16
5
2/16/99
A-15

-------
                          Table A-3.  Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
                                            (thousand short tons)
Source Category
1970
1975
1980
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996 1997
STORAGE A TRANSPORT (continued)
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL A RECYCLI
Incineration
Open Burning
industrial
commmerciaWnstitutional
residential
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Mot
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VE
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
ight commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
NA
NA
NA
1,984
548
1,424
NA
NA
NA
1.424
NA
NA
NA
NA
11
12,972
9,193
9,133
60
2,770
1,564
1.206
743
266
266
NA
NA
1,644
1.283
138
22
46
574
4
142
3
4
350
NA
NA
NA
984
453
517
NA
NA
NA
517
NA
NA
NA
NA
14
10,645
7.248
7,177
71
2,289
1,251
1.038
657
351
335
NA
15
1,892
1,372
145
24
50
614
6
151
6
5
372
NA
NA
NA
758
366
372
NA
NA
NA
372
NA
NA
NA
NA
20
8,979
5,907
5,843
64
2,059
1,229
830
611
402
392
2
8
2,141
1,473
151
32
61
655
7
158
7
6
395
0
0
0
979
64
309
6
1
302
NA
10
1
594
0
0
9,376
5,864
5,870
54
2,425
7,437
988
716
370
360
2
8
2,239
1,560
756
37
69
697
8
777
8
6
473
0
0
0
950
61
292
6
7
285
NA
11
1
584
0
0
8,477
5,281
5,227
53
2.185
7,227
958
662
350
338
2
9
2,257
1.600
758
36
73
706
4
188
10
7
419
0
0
0
959
60
284
6
2
277
NA
11
2
602
0
0
8,290
5,189
5,736
53
2,129
7,773
956
626
345
332
2
70
2,293
1,619
759
35
75
773
9
789
9
7
422
0
0
0
947
59
274
6
2
266
NA
11
2
595
0
0
7,792
4,462
4,472
50
1,867
7,078
849
517
346
332
3
77
2,374
1,630
760
35
77
720
6
790
70
7
425
0
0
2
980
48
196
4
9
765
79
49
14
589
64
26
6,313
3,947
3.885
62
1,622
960
662
432
312
297
3
73
2,452
1,754
729
33
82
774
73
740
9
5
568
1
0
2
999
50
200
4
9
767
20
47
18
591
66
28
6,499
4,069
4,033
37
1,688
906
787
423
319
304
3
72
2,468
1,765
737
37
80
785
70
737
9
5
575
1
0
2
1,010
51
203
4
70
769
20
48
19
589
69
31
6,072
3,832
3,799
33
1,588
849
739
334
318
302
3
73
2,498
1,792
733
37
87
795
72
747
9
6
582
1
0
1
1,046
76
207
5
70
777
27
50
19
588
74
33
6,703
3,812
3.777
34
1.647
875
772
326
318
307
3
73
2,576
1,812
735
33
87
806
73
742
70
6
588
1
0
1
7,048
65
208
5
70
772
27
52
19
587
80
35
6,407
3,748
3,777
37
1.909
1.003
906
414
331
373
4
73
2,538
1,832
736
36
83
872
77
147
10
6
597
1
0
1
7,067
54
208
5
70
773
20
51
16
628
75
36
5,707
3,426
3.385
47
1,629
895
735
327
319
302
4
74
2,405
1,692
738
37
85
823
8
752
77
6
432
1 1
0 0
1 1
433 449
55 58
2fO 213
5 5
70 77
775 776
20 27
52 54
12 13
45 47
22 24
37 40
6,490 5,230
2,875 2,755
2,839 2,779
36 36
2,060 1,968
7,743 7,098
977 870
293 268
263 239
245 227
5 5
72 72
2,397 2,430
1.685 1,711
735 736
36 38
82 86
799 806
9 9
748 755
77 72
6 6
459 463
27 A 6/99
                                                   A-16

-------
                                          Table A-3.   Volatile Organic Compound Emissions (continued)
                                                                    (thousand short tons)
Source Category 1970
1975
1980
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996 1997
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES (continued)
Non-Road Diesel 232
recreational 1
construction 103
industrial 32
lawn & garden 5
farm 73
, light commercial 9
logging 4
airport service 5
railway maintenance NA
recreational marine vessels NA
Aircraft 97
Marine Vessels 9
coal 0
dlesel 8
residual oil 1
gasoline NA
other NA
Railroads 22
NATURAL SOURCES NA
Geogenic NA
MISCELLANEOUS 1,101
Agriculture & Forestry NA
Other Combustion 1 ,1 01
structural fires 19
agricultural fires 131
slash/prescribed burning 147
forest wildfires 770
other 34
Catastrophic/Accidental Relea NA
Health Services NA
Cooling Towers NA
Fugitive Dust NA
TOTAL ALL SOURCES 30,748
366
1
112
20
7
203
10
7
6
UA
UA.
116
11
0
10
1
NA
NA
27
NA
NA
716
NA
716
47
75
290
297
7
NA
NA
NA
NA
25,894
464
1
148
24
8
257
11
9
7
UA
UA
146
25
0
23
2
NA
NA
33
NA
NA
1,134
NA
1,134
40
70
285
739
1
NA
NA
NA
NA
26,166
448
1
165
30
9
209
13
11
9
UA
UA
165
30
1
28
2
NA
NA
37
NA
NA
566
NA
565
44
55
182
283
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
24,225
408
f
174
50
7
139
12
14
9
1
3
176
34
1
31
2
NA
NA
39
NA
NA
655
NA
655
44
67
182
361
NA
NA
0
NA
NA
23,206
411
1
177
48
8
138
12
14
9
1
3
185
38
1
35
2
NA
NA
41
NA
NA
1,230
NA
1.230
44
85
182
918
NA
NA
1
NA
NA
24,027
412
1
180
47
9
137
13
14
8
1
3
190
40
1
37
3
NA
NA
42
NA
NA
642
NA
641
44
79
182
335
NA
NA
1
NA
NA
22,274
417
1
184
46
9
135
13
14
10
1
3
180
49
0
28
4
1
16
52
14
14
1,160
81
1,064
29
48
234
749
3
4
1
0
0
20,935
420
1
188
46
10
134
14
15
10
1
3
177
51
0
29
4
1
17
52
14
14
831
69
756
30
48
236
439
3
4
0
2
0
21,063
424
1
191
46
11
132
14
15
10
1
3
179
50
0
28
4
1
17
54
14
14
565
73
485
30
49
239
164
3
4
1
2
0
20,642
• 428
1
195
46
12
130
15
15
10
1
3
176
48
0
26
4
1
17
52
14
14
627
86
535
30
48
241
212
3
4
1
1
0
20,786
433
1
200
46
13
128
16
15
11
1
3
176
49
1
27
4
1
17
49
14
14
784
67
710
30
51
246
379
3
4
1
2
0
21,465
438
1
204
47
14
127
16
14
10
1
3
178
49
0
27
3
1
17
49
14
14
586
67
511
31
54
252
171
3
4
1
2
0
20,558
438 433
1 1
206 204
47 47
15 17
124 119
17 17
14 12
10 11
1 1
4 4
177 187
48 50
0 0
27 28
3 3
1 1
17 17
48 50
14 14
14 14
832 844
64 66
760 770
26 26
55 58
256 262
421 421
3 3
4 4
1 1
2 2
1 1
19,293 19,214
            Note(s):  NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level
               ,'  but are contained in the more aggregate estimate.
                    "Other categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
                    Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
                    No data was available after 1984 to weigh the emissions from residential wood burning devices.
                    In order to convert emissions to glgagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
2/19/99
A-17

-------
                                       Table A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
                                              (thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbltumlnous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Res
Residential Wood
Residential Other
distillate o»
bttuminous/subbituminous
other
1970
17,398
15,799
9,574
4,716
1,509
1.598
1,578
20
1
NA
4,508
3,129
2,171
669
289
NA
1,229
956
98
175
140
70
NA
7,490
109
883
1
NA
6
492
212
260
20
1975
18,268
16,756
10,161
5,005
1,590
1,511
1,462
49
1
NA
3,310
1,870
1.297
399
174
NA
1,139.
825
744
171
263
38
NA
1,082
147
638
1
NA
7
290
196
76
18
1980
77,469
16,073
'NA
NA
NA
1,395
NA
NA
1
NA
2,951
1,527
1,058
326
144
NA
1,065
851
85
129
299
60
NA
871
110
637
1
NA
13
211
157
43
11
1985
18,272
15,630
14,029
1,292
309
612
604
8
1
30
3,169
1,818
1,347
28
90
353
862
671
111
80
397
86
7
579
158
239
2
1
13
167
128
29
10
1987
15,701
15,020
73,502
1,182
336
651
640
11
1
29
3,068
1,817
1,374
29
73
341
807
617
106
84
356
82
6
802
164
310
2
1
10
175
734
32
70
1988
75,987
15,221
73,548
7,370
364
734
722
72
1
31
3,111
1,856
7,395
29
79
353
806
674
708
84
360
83
6
660
172
295
2
1
11
180
737
33
70
1989
10,216
15,404
73,579
7,422
404
779
765
74
1
30
3,086
1,840
7,384
29
79
348
812
625
107
80
346
82
6
624
169
274
2
1
11
167
732
27
8
1990
75,909
15,220
13,371
1.415
434
639
629
70
1
49
3,650
1,914
7,050
50
67
746
927
687
798
42
543
158
9
837
212
425
7
6
7
175
737
30
9
1991
16,784
15,087
73,275
7,387
497
652
642
10
1
45
3,256
1,805
949
53
68
735
779
550
790
39
516
142
14
755
184
376
7
6
7
176
747
26
8
1992
16,416
14,824
72,974
7,455
455
546
537
9
1
46
3,292
1,783
7,005
60
67
650
801
597
797
20
552
140
16
784
190
396
7
6
8
177
744
26
8
1993
75,789
14,527
72,272
7,796
579
612
607
70
1
49
3,284
1,763
997
67
68
636
809
597
793
20
555
140
17
772
193
381
8
6
6
178
745
25
8
1994
74,889
14,313
77,847
7,988
484
522
572
70
1
53
3,278
1,740
988
77
68
606
777
564
793
20
542
141
19
780
192
391
8
6
6
177
745
25
8
1995
72,080
11,603
8,609
2,345
649
413
408
5
9
55
3,357
1,728
7,003
87
68
576
912
707
797
20
548
147
23
793
200
397
8
5
7
176
744
24
8
1996
72,832
12.137
8,937
2,630
576
436
430
6
2
57
3,399
1,762
7,005
83
68
606
918
708
797
20
548
147
23
782
200
389
8
5
7
173
745
27
6
1997
13,082
12,531
9,372
2,640
578
486
487
5
4
61
3,365
1,769
7,050
88
77
559
847
634
792
27
572
153
24
873
206
414
8
6
5
174
746
20
8
2/16/99
A-18

-------
                                Table A-4. Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
                                            (thousand short tons)
Source Category
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODU
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
sulfur compounds
other
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
i Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enam
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
aluminum
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM 8. RELATED IND
Oil & Gas Production
natural gas
other
Petroleum Refineries & Relate
fluid catalytic cracking units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCES
Agriculture. Food, & Kindred P
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Pr
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publls
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plasti
Mineral Products
cement mfg
other
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Miscellaneous Industrial Proce
1970
691
NA
591
591
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
4,775
4,060
3,507
77
80
396
715
NA
881
111
111
NA
770
480
290
NA
846
NA
NA
169
NA
677
618
59
NA
NA
NA
1975
367
NA
358
358
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
2,849
2,165
1.946
34
72
113
684
NA
727
173
173
NA
554
378
236
NA
740
NA
NA
168
NA
571
511
60
NA
NA
NA
1980
280
NA
271
271
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
10
1,842
1,279
1,080
34
95
71
562
NA
734
157
157
NA
577
330
247
NA
978
NA
NA
223
NA
694
630
64
NA
NA
NA
1985
456
16
354
346
8
7
4
NA
0
76
1,042
853
655
121
62
14
172
18
505
204
202
2
300
212
88
1
425
3
0
131
1
286
192
95
0
0
3
1987
425
17
322
374
8
6
4
NA
0
75
648
479
298
111
57
13
153
15
445
155
754
1
289
207
82
1
4f8
3
0
135
1
276
783
93
0
0
3
1988
449
19
341
333
8
7
4
NA
0
78
707
529
343
773
59
14
162
16
443
159
757
7
283
202
87
1
411
3
0
135
1
268
777
97
0
0
3
1989
440
17
334
326
8
7
4
NA
0
77
695
513
327
773
60
73
165
17
429
156
755
7
272
795
77
1
405
3
0
136
1
261
772
89
0
0
3
1990
297
10
214
277
2
1
5
NA
0
67
726
517
323
729
60
4
186
22
430
122
720
2
304
783
727
4
399
3
0
116
0
275
181
94
0
0
5
1991
280
9
208
205
3
1
4
NA
0
57
672
435
234
735
67
5
159
18
378
98
96
2
274
782
92
7
396
3
0
123
0
267
165
102
0
0
3
1992
278
9
203
799
4
1
4
NA
0
60
675
438
247
737
55
5
158
18
476
93
92
2
315
785
730
7
396
3
0
119
0
270
168
102
1
0
3
1993
269
9
191
787
4
1
4
0
0
64
603
431
250
122
53
6
153
19
383
98
96
2
278
783
95
7
392
3
0
113
0
272
170
102
0
0
3
1994
275
8
194
789
4
1
4
0
0
68
562
391
206
728
57
6
153
19
379
95
93
2
276
788
88
8
398
3
0
109
0
282
167
114
1
0
3
1995
286
8
199
795
4
0
5
0
0
74
530
361
777
726
53
6
151
18
369
89
88
7
271
788
83
9
403
3
0
114
0
282
171
111
1
0
4
1996
287
8
199
795
4
0
5
0
0
74
530
362
777
726
53
6
151
18
368
89
88
7
271
788
83
9
409
3
0
117
0
285
172
112
1
0
4
1997
307
9
208
204
4
0
5
0
0
78
552
378
785
737
55
7
156
19
385
93
97
7
283
796
86
9
427
3
0
122
0
297
180
117
1
0
4
2/16/99
                                                     A-19

-------
                                 Table A-4.  Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
                                              (thousand short tons)
Source Category
SOLVENT UTILIZA TION
Degreaslng
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGE 8. TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Produ
Petroleum & Petroleum Produ
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLI
Incineration
Industrial
other
Open Burning
industrial
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Industrial
other
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Mot
tight-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
tight-duty gas trucks 1
tight-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
' Diesels
1970
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
4
NA
4
4
NA
4
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
411
132
132
0
40
26
13
8
231
1976
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
48
29
NA
29
17
NA
17
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
503
158
158
0
48
32
16
9
288
1980
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
33
21
NA
21
12
NA
12
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
621
159
158
0
50
33
16
10
303
1985
1
0
0
NA
1
0
4
NA
0
1
NA
1
NA
0
0
1
34
25
10
15
9
0
8
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
522
146
145
0
55
36
19
11
311
1987
1
0
0
NA
1
0
4
NA
0
1
NA
1
NA
0
0
2
35
26
10
16
8
0
8
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
638
142
142
0
56
36
20
11
328
1988
f
0
0
NA
1
0
6
NA
0
1
NA
1
NA
0
0
2
36
28
11
17
8
0
8
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
553
144
144
0
58
37
21
11
340
1989
1
0
0
NA
1
0
5
NA
0
1
NA
1
NA
0
0
2
36
28
10
18
8
0
7
NA
NA
NA
0
0
0
0
570
145
145
0
58
38
21
11
356
1990
0
0
0
NA
0
0
7
0
5
0
NA
0
0
0
0
1
42
32
5
26
11
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
542
138
NA
NA
57
NA
NA
11
337
1991
0
0
0
NA
0
0
10
1
7
0
NA
0
0
0
0
1
44
32
4
28
11
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
570
143
NA
NA
59
NA
NA
10
358
1992
f
0
0
0
0
0
9
1
0
0
NA
0
0
0
0
7
44
32
5
27
11
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
578
146
NA
NA
59
NA
NA
10
363
1993
1
0
0
NA
0
0
5
0
0
0
NA
0
0
0
0
4
71
51
25
26
11
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
617
147
NA
NA
60
NA
NA
11
299
1994
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
eo
42
17
26
11
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
30*
141
NA
NA
70
NA
NA
12
79
1995
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
47
35
8
27
11
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
304
143
NA
NA
71
NA
NA
11
80
1996
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
48
35
8
27
11
0
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
316
127
127
0
95
62
33
11
83
1997
1
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
50
37
9
28
11
0
11
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
320
129
728
0
96
63
33
11
84
2716/99
A-20

-------
                                                     Table A-4.  Sulfur Dioxide Emissions (continued)
                                                                      (thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VE
Non-Road Gasoline
Non-Road Diesel
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
Railroads
MISCELLANEOUS
Other Combustion
Fugitive Dust
1970
83
NA
NA
4
43
36
110
110
NA
1975
99
NA
NA
4
52
43
20
20
NA
1980
f75
NA
NA
6
117
53
11
11
NA
1985
208
NA
NA
6
143
59
11
11
NA
1987
728
NA
495
7
164
62
13
13
NA
1988
764
NA
510
7
181
65
27
27
NA
1989
794
NA
526
7
193
67
11
11
NA
1990
934
7
543
11
251
122
12
12
0
1991
958
7
560
11
259
120
11
11
0
1992
980
7
579
11
258
125
10
9
0
1993
982
7
597
11
249
117
9
8
1
1994
1,000
7
617
11
252
113
15
14
0
1995
1,008
7
638
11
239
113
9
9
0
1996
1,020
7
659
11
237
111
13
13
0
1997
1,080
7
682
12
245
114
13
13
0
            TPTAL ALL SOURCES
31,161  28,011  25.905  23,229  22,685 23,154  23.308  23,678  23,056  22,818  22.476  21.879  19,189  19.812  20,369
            Note(s):  NA = not available.  For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level
                 but are contained in the more aggregate estimate.
                   "Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
                   Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
                   The 1985 fuel combustion, electric utility category is based on the National Allowance Data Base Version 2.11, Acid Rain Division, U.S. EPA, released
                    March 23,1993. Allocations at the Tier 3 levels are approximations only and are based on the methodology described in section 6.0, paragraph 6.2.1.1.
                    In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
2/19/99
                                        A-21

-------
                                 Table A-5. Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions
                                             (thousand short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
other
Other
wood/bark waste
liquid waste
other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Co
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Ga
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except R
1970
1,776
1,680
1,041
513
126
NA
89
85
3
7
NA
841
83
52
16
15
NA
89
83
6
0
27
24
4
NA
441
415
NA
26
NA
455
13
52
4
NA
1976
1,191
1,091
661
326
104
NA
93
87
6
6
NA
564
23
14
4
4
NA
69
62
7
0
25
22
3
NA
447
444
NA
3
NA
492
10
34
4
NA
1980
879
796
483
238
75
NA
76
74
2
7
NA
879
18
12
4
2
NA
67
63
4
0
23
20
3
NA
571
566
NA
5
NA
887
8
30
4
NA
1985
280
268
217
35
16
0
8
8
0
1
3
247
71
48
1
7
15
52
43
5
4
47
24
22
1
75
67
1
6
3
1,009
13
12
4
3
1987
28f
267
212
34
20
0
9
9
0
1
3
239
67
48
1
6
13
48
38
5
4
44
23
20
f
78
70
1
6
3
812
13
16
4
3
1988
278
261
t90
49
22
0
11
10
0
1
3
244
70
49
1
6
14
48
38
5
4
45
24
20
1
79
71
1
6
3
882
14
15
5
3
1989
271
255
193
39
22
0
12
11
0
1
3
243
70
49
1
6
14
48
39
5
4
44
24
20
1
78
71
1
6
3
869
13
13
5
3
1990
295
265
188
37
41
NA
9
9
0
1
20
270
84
59
5
2
19
52
44
6
2
41
30
11
0
87
80
1
6
6
831
15
13
5
79
1991
257
232
769
39
23
NA
10
10
0
1
15
233
72
48
3
1
19
44
36
6
2
34
24
10
0
72
67
1
5
10
657
14
11
6
73
1992
257
234
167
43
23
NA
7
7
0
0
16
243
74
53
3
1
17
45
37
6
1
40
26
13
0
74
67
1
6
11
683
15
12
6
73
1993
279
253
785
46
22
NA
9
9
0
1
17
257
71
51
3
1
16
45
38
6
1
43
29
13
0
86
71
1
14
12
688
15
11
6
72
1994
273
246
181
44
21
NA
8
8
0
1
17
270
70
49
5
f
16
44
37
6
1
43
30
14
0
74
68
1
6
38
570
15
12
7
73
1995
268
244
174
48
21
NA
5
5
0
1
18
302
70
49
5
1
15
. 49
42
6
1
45
30
15
0
73
68
1
5
64
810
16
12
6
73
1996
288
264
795
50
19
NA
5
5
0
0
18
306
71
49
5
1
16
50
42
6
1
45
30
15
0
75
69
1
6
65
598
16
12
7
72
1997
290
265
194
51
19
NA
6
6
0
0
19
314
72
51
5
1
14
48
40
6
1
47
31
16
0
78
71
1
6
68
497
16
13
7
74
2M6/QQ
                                                     A-22

-------
                           Table A-5. Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions (continued)
                                            (thousand short tons)
Source Category 1970
FUEL COMB. OTHER (continued)
Residential Wood 384
fireplaces NA
woodstoves NA
Residential Other 3
CHEMICAL & ALLIED PROD 235
Organic Chemical Mfg 43
Inorganic Chemical Mfg 61
Polymer & Resin Mfg NA
Agricultural Chemical Mfg 46
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, En NA
Pharmaceutical Mfg NA
Other Chemical Mfg 86
METALS PROCESSING 1,316
Nonferrous Metals Process! 593
copper 343
lead 53
zinc 20
other 177
Ferrous Metals Processing 198
primary 31
secondary 167
other NA
Metals Processing NEC 525
PETROLEUM 8, RELATED IN 288
OH & Gas Production NA
Petroleum Refineries & Rela 69
tluld catalytic cracking un 69
other NA
Asphalt Manufacturing 217
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCE 6,832
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred 485
country elevators 257
terminal elevators 147
feed mills 5
soybean mills 25
1975

407
NA
NA
37
127
21
31
NA
38
NA
NA
37
825
229
66
31
11
121
275
798
77
NA
321
179
NA
56
56
NA
123
2,572
429
247
111
3
27
1980

818
NA
NA
27
148
19
25
NA
61
NA
NA
42
622
130
32
18
3
77
322
271
51
NA
170
138
NA
41
41
NA
97
1,840
402
258
86
3
22
1985

959
NA
NA
18
58
19
7
4
9
0
0
18
220
46
3
4
3
36
164
136
26
2
10
63
0
28
24
4
35
811
68
7
6
6
13
1987

758
NA
NA
18
58
20
7
4
9
0
0
17
194
42
3
3
2
33
142
116
24
2
9
62
0
26
23
4
35
606
71
8
6
7
14
1988

807
NA
NA
19
62
21
8
5
9
0
0
18
208
45
3
3
3
36
153
726
26
2
10
60
0
25
22
4
35
eot
73
9
6
7
14
1989

817
NA
NA
18
63
22
8
5
10
0
0
18
211
45
3
3
3
36
156
129
26
2
10
58
0
24
21
3
34
59f
72
9
6
7
14
1990

501
NA
NA
18
77
26
19
5
11
1
1
14
214
50
14
3
6
27
155
728
25
2
9
55
2
20
17
3
33
683
73
9
6
7
14
1991

535
NA
NA
18
68
28
4
4
11
1
0
20
25f
46
14
2
6
23
123
99
24
0
82
43
2
20
17
3
21
520
80
10
7
4
15
1992

558
NA
NA
18
71
28
5
5
11
1
0
20
250
47
75
2
6
23
115
92
23
0
88
43
2
21
78
3
20
506
69
70
8
5
77
1993

464
NA
NA
18
66
28
5
4
11
1
0
18
787
40
72
2
7
25
121
97
24
0
20
38
2
20
77
3
17
601
73
70
8
5
72
1994

446
NA
NA
18
76
29
5
4
10
1
0
27
784
39
77
2
2
25
125
100
25
0
20
38
2
19
76
3
17
495
73
9
7
5
72
1996

484
NA
NA
18
67
29
5
4
10
1
0
18
212
41
72
3
2
25
149
723
26
0
22
40
2
20
78
3
18
611
80
9
7
5
72
1996

472
472
NA
19
67
29
5
4
10
1
0
18
211
40
77
3
2
25
149
723
26
0
22
40
2
20
78
3
18
570
80
9
7
4
72
1997

368
368
NA
20
70
31
5
4
11
1
0
19
220
42
72
3
2
26
155
728
27
0
23
47
2
21
78
3
19
530
83
70
7
5
73
2/16/99
A-23

-------
                            Table A-5. Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions (continued)
                                             (thousand short tons)
Source Category 1970
1976
1980
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996 1997
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (continued)
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products (continued)
wheat mis 5
other grain mills 9
other 38
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel NA
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publ 727
sulfate (kraft) pulping 668
other 59
Rubber & Miscellaneous Pla NA
Mineral Products 4,620
cement mfg 1.731
surface mining 134
stone quarrying/process! 957
other 1,798
Machinery Products NA
Electronic Equipment NA
Transportation Equipment NA
Construction NA
Miscellaneous Industrial Pro NA
SOLVENT UTILIZATION NA
Degreasing NA
Graphic Arts NA
Dry Cleaning NA
Surface Coating NA
Other Industrial NA
STORAGES. TRANSPORT NA
Bulk Terminals & Plants NA
Petroleum & Petroleum Prod . NA
Petroleum & Petroleum Prod NA
Service Stations: Stage II NA
Organic Chemical Storage NA
Organic Chemical Transport NA
Inorganic Chemical Storage NA
Inorganic Chemical Transpo NA
Bulk Materials Storage NA
storage NA
transfer NA
combined NA
other NA
Bulk Materials Transport NA
1
8
32
NA
274
228
46
NA
1,869 1
703
111
508
547
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA .
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1
6
26
NA
183
142
41
NA
,261
417
127
421
296
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3
7
25
0
101
71
30
3
401
213
20
52
116
8
0
2
NA
28
2
0
0
0
2
0
107
0
0
0
NA
1
0
0
NA
105
33
72
1
NA
0
3
7
26
0
106
73
33
3
391
206
16
55
114
8
0
2
NA
24
2
0
0
0
2
0
100
0
0
0
NA
1
0
0
NA
99
32
66
1
NA
0
4
8
26
0
108
73
34
4
382
198
16
56
113
9
0
2
NA
24
2
0
0
0
2
0
101
0
0
0
NA
1
0
0
NA
99
32
66
1
NA
0
3
8
25
0
106
74
33
4
374
193
15
54
111
9
0
2
NA
23
2
0
0
0
2
0
101
0
0
0
NA
1
0
0
NA
99
31
67
1
NA
0
3
8
25
0
105
73
32
4
367
190
15
54
108
9
0
2
0
23
4
0
0
0
3
1
102
0
0
0
NA
1
0
1
0
100
31
69
1
NA
1
4
6
34
0
81
53
27
4
320
147
14
59
99
8
0
2
0
25
5
0
0
0
4
1
101
0
1
0
NA
1
0
1
0
99
27
71
0
0
0
4
5
26
0
79
50
• 29
4
318
145
15
60
98
9
0
2
0
24
5
0
0
0
4
1
117
0
1
0
NA
1
0
1
0
115
30
85
0
0
0
4
6
28
0
78
49
29
3
316
140
17
60
99
7
0
0
0
22
6
0
0
0
5
1
114
0
1
0
NA
1
0
1
0
111
32
79
0
NA
0
4
6
30
0
76
50
26
3
313
139
17
58
100
7
0
0
0
22
6
0
0
0
5
1
100
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
104
31
73
0
0
0
4
7
37
0
81
53
28
3
317
140
17
58
102
7
0
0
0
23
8
0
0
0
5
1
109
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
107
30
76
0
0
0
4 4
7 7
37 38
0 0
82 85
54 57
28 29
3 3
314 326
137 142
17 17
58 60
102 107
7 7
0 0
0 0
0 0
23 24
8 6
0 0
0 0
0 0
5 5
1 1
109 114
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 1
0 0
1 1
0 0
107 112
30 31
77 80
0 0
0 0
0 0
2/16/39
                                                     A-24

-------
                           Table A-5. Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions (continued)
                                            (thousand short tons)
Source Category
WASTE DISPOSAL A RECYC
Incineration
residential
other
Open Burning
residential
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles &
light-duty gas vehicles
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
light-duty gas trucks 1
light-duty gas trucks 2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
heavy-duty dlesel vehlcl
light-duty diesel trucks
light-duty diesel vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND V
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vess
1970
999
229
51
178
770
770
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
443
225
224
1
70
41
29
13
136
136
NA
NA
255
14
3
0
0
10
0
1
0
0
UA
1975
371
95
49
46
276
276
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
471
207
206
1
72
39
34
15
177
166
NA
10
441
38
3
0
0
11
0
1
0
0
23
1980
273
75
42
32
198
798
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
397
120
119
1
55
25
29
15
208
194
2
12
568
41
3
0
0
11
0
1
0
0
24
1985
278
52
39
13
225
221
4
NA
0
NA
0
0
383
77
77
0
43
19
24
14
229
219
1
8
561
43
3
0
0
12
0
1
0
0
25
1987
265
51
37
14
214
209
4
NA
0
NA
0
0
360
66
65
0
37
17
21
12
245
235
2
8
481
43
3
0
0
12
0
1
0
0
25
1988
299
51
36
15
208
203
5
NA
0
NA
0
0
369
66
66
0
37
16
20
12
254
244
2
9
483
43
3
0
0
13
0
1
0
0
25
1989
261
50
35
15
200
195
5
NA
0
NA
0
0
367
65
64
0
34
re
19
11
257
247
2
9
482
44
3
0
0
r3
0
r
0
0
25
1990
271
65
39
26
206
r95
rr
0
NA
0
0
0
336
61
61
0
30
re
14
10
235
224
r
9
495
48
3
0
r
rs
0
r
0
0
28
1991
276
66
41
25
209
197
12
0
0
0
0
0
349
63
63
0
32
15
17
10
245
234
2
9
491
48
3
0
r
13
0
1
0
0
29
1992
278
65
43
23
211
199
12
0
0
0
1
0
343
64
63
0
31
15
17
9
239
228
2
9
492
49
3
0
r
13
0
1
0
0
29
1993
334
119
44
74
214
202
rs
0
0
0
1
0
321
65
64
0
31
15
16
10
215
205
2
0
485
49
3
0
r
13
0
1
0
0
29
1994
3t3
96
45
52
216
203
rs
0
0
0
1
1
320
62
er
0
35
17
18
10
213
204
2
8
481
50
3
0
r
13
0
1
0
0
30
1995
287
69
45
25
217
204
rs
0
0
0
0
1
293
62
62
0
32
17
14
9
190
181
2
8
457
50
3
0
r
rs
0
r
0
0
30
1996
290
71
46
25
218
205
rs
0
0
0
0
1
282
55
55
0
41
23
18
9
177
168
2
7
459
51
3
0
r
r4
0
r
r
0
30
1997
296
74
48
26
220
207
13
0
0
0
0
1
268
56
56
0
40
23
17
9
163
154
2
6
466
51
3
r
r
r4
0
2
r
0
30
2/16/99
A-25

-------
                                 Table A-5.  Particulate Matter (PM-10) Emissions (continued)
                                                         (thousand short tons)
Source Category
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
Industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
railway maintenance
1970
1976
1980 1985
1987 1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1996
1996
1997
VEHICLES (continued)
189
0
90
30
4
44
8
6
5
NA
recreational marine vess NA
No Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
dlesel
residual oil
gasoline
Railroads
NATURAL SOURCES
Geogenic
wind erosion
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
agricultural crops
agricultural livestock
Other Combustion
wildfires
managed burning
other
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
wind erosion
unpaved roads
paved roads
construction
other
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
21
6
1
4
2
NA
25
NA
NA
NA
839
NA
NA
NA
839
385
390
64
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
13,077
341
1
111
19
6
185
9
4
6
UA
UA
26
7
1
4
Z
NA
30
NA
NA
NA
569
NA
NA
NA
569
206
325
37
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
439 420
1 1
148 161
23 29
7 7
239 195
9 11
6 7
7 9
UA UA
UA UA
33 37
17 20
2 2
10 12
5 6
NA NA
37 41
NA 4,047
NA 4,047
NA 4,047
862 37,736
NA 7,108
NA 6,833
NA 275
852 894
514 308
315 527
23 59
NA NA
NA 29,734
NA 0
NA 11,644
NA 5,080
NA 12,670
NA 339
7,803 7,287 46,682
332 327
1 1
153 152
47 45
6 7
86 85
10 11
18 16
9 9
1 1
1 1
40 42
23 25
3 3
13 15
7 7
NA NA
43 45
f,577 18,110
1,577 18,110
7,577 18,110
37,463 39,444
7,326 7,453
6,996 7,077
330 376
988 1,704
389 1,086
540 559
59 59
NA NA
29,139 30.287
0 0
11.110 12,379
5,530 5,900
12,121 11.662
377 346
42,490 61,082
321
1
151
43
7
84
11
14
8
1
1
43
27
3
re
8
NA
47
12,101
12,101
12,101
37,481
7,320
6,923
396
912
300
553
59
NA
29,229
0
11,798
5,769
11,269
392
63,069
318
f
149
42
8
83
12
12
10
1
1
44
31
3
18
9
1
53
2,092
2,092
2,092
24,419
5,146
4,745
402
1,203
607
558
45
0
18,069
1
11,234
2,248
4,249
336
29,844
314
1
148
41
9
81
12
11
10
1
1
44
33
3
19
10
1
53
2,077
2,077
2,077
24,122
5,106
4,684
422
941
332
563
45
0
18,076
f
11,206
2,399
4,092
377
29,461
312
r
147
41
9
80
12
10
10
1
2
45
32
3
19
10
1
54
2,227
2,227
2,227
23,865
4,909
4,464
446
785
171
568
46
0
18,171
1
10,918
2.423
4,460
369
29,380
310
1
146
40
10
79
13
9
10
1
2

31
3
18
9
1
52
509
509
509
24,196
4.475
4,016
458
768
152
570
46
0
18,954
1
11,430
2,462
4.651
409
27,833
310
1
146
41
11
77
13
9
11
1
2
41
31
3
18
9
1
50
2,160
2,160
2,160
26,481
4,690
4,281
409
1,048
424
578
46
0
19,722
f
11,370
2.538
5,245
569
30,766
310
1
146
41
12
76
14
8
10
1
2
40
30
3
18
9
1
27
1,146
1,146
1,146
22,454
4,661
4,334
328
778
145
586
46
1
17,013
1
10,362
2,409
3,654
586
26,760
312
1
147
41
13
75
14
8
11
1
2
40
30
3
18
9
1
27
6,316
5,316
5,316
24,716
4,708
4,395
313
1,004
387
597
26
1
19.002
1
12,060
2,390
3,950
602
33,197
316
1
149
43
14
73
15
a
11
1
2
41
31
3
18
9
1
27
6,316
5,316
5,316
25,163
4,707
4,385
322
1,015
387
602
26
1
19,429
1
12,305
2,515
4,022
587
33,681
Note(s):  NA = not available. For several source categories, emissions either prior to or beginning with 1985 are not available at the more detailed level but
      are contained in the more aggregate estimate.

   "Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
   Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
   No data was available after 1984 to weigh the emissions from residential wood burning devices.
   In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
                                                                   A-26

-------
                                Table A-6. Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) Emissions
                                             (thousand short tons)
SOURCE CATEGORY
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
other
Oil
residual
distillate
other
Gas
natural
process
other
Other
wood/bark waste
liquid waste
other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
Residential Wood - woodstoves
Residential Other
CHEMICAL S. ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Organic Chemical Mfg
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
Polymer & Resin Mfg
Agricultural Chemical Mfg
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg
Pharmaceutical Mfg
Other Chemical Mfg
1990
121
97
59
14
23
5
NA
20
177
29
23
2
1
3
31
26
4
1
39
29
11
0
73
68
1
4
5
811
6
5
5
78
501
15
47
10
12
4
8
0
0
13
1991
106
85
53
76
16
5
NA
15
161
23
18
1
1
3
26
22
3
1
34
23
10
0
58
55
0
3
10
838
6
5
5
73
535
15
43
10
3
3
8
0
0
17
1992
106
87
53
18
16
4
NA
16
159
25
20
1
0
3
26
22
3
1
39
26
13
0
59
54
0
4
10
662
6
5
6
72
558
15
45
11
4
4
8
0
0
17
1993
112
90
57
18
15
5
NA
17
f72
24
20
2
0
3
27
23
4
1
41
28
13
0
69
58
1
10
11
668
6
5
6
72
464
15
41
10
4
3
8
0
0
15
1994
108
86
54
17
15
5
NA
17
183
25
19
3
0
2
26
22
4
1
42
29
14
0
60
55
0
4
29
650
6
5
6
72
446
15
49
11
4
3
8
0
0
23
1995
f07
86
52
20
15
3
NA
18
203
25
19
3
1
2
28
24
4
1
44
29
15
0
59
55
0
3
48
589
6
5
6
73
484
15
42
11
3
3
8
0
0
16
1996
156
133
88
32
13
4
0
18
205
25
19
3
1
2
28
24
4
1
44
29
15
0
60
56
0
4
49
577
6
5
6
72
472
16
42
11
3
3
8
0
0
16
1997
158
134
88
33
13
5
0
19
213
25
20
3
1
2
28
24
4
1
46
30
16
0
62
58
0
4
51
476
6
6
6
73
368
16
44
12
4
3
8
0
0
17
2/16/99
                                                      A-27

-------
                            Table A-6. Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) Emissions (continued)
                                              (thousand short tons)
SOURCE CATEGORY
METALS PROCESSING
Non-Ferrous Metals Processing
copper
lead
zinc
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
primary
secondary
other
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM t. RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industrie
fluid catalytic cracking units
other
Asphalt Manufacturing
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
country elevators
terminal elevators
feed mills
soybean mis
wheat mis
other grain mils
other
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Prod
sutfate (krafl) pulping
other
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Product
Mineral Products
cement mfg
surface mining
stone quarrying/processing
other
1990
167
31
9
2
5
14
121
103
17
1
5
27
2
13
11
2
12
284
39
6
3
2
5
1
4
17
0
77
57
21
3
144
54
6
24
61
1991
197
29
9
2
5
13
89
72
16
0
80
24
2
14
12
2
9
264
46
6
3
2
4
1
3
26
0
61
40
21
3
134
40
6
28
60
1992
f98
29
9
2
5
13
83
66
16
0
85
24
2
14
12
2
B
269
40
7
4
2
4
1
3
19
0
59
38
21
3
135
39
7
28
61
1993
125
25
8
2
f
14
86
68
17
0
14
22
2
13
11
2
7
260
44
6
5
2
5
1
3
21
0
59
38
21
3
136
38
7
28
62
1994
125
25
8
2
1
14
86
68
18
0
14
22
2
13
11
2
7
266
43
6
4
2
5
1
3
22
0
57
38
19
3
133
38
7
26
63
1995
134
25
8
2
1
14
92
74
19
0
16
22
2
13
11
2
8
256
40
6
4
2
5
1
3
20
0
60
40
20
3
134
38
6
26
63
1996
134
25
8
2
1
14
92
74
19
0
16
22
1
13
11
2
8
257
41
6
4
2
5
1
3
20
0
61
41
20
3
133
37
6
26
63
1997
139
26
8
2
1
14
96
76
19
0
17
23
2
14
12
2
8
267
42
6
4
2
5
1
3
21
0
64
43
21
3
138
38
7
27
66
2/16/99
                                                      A-28

-------
                           Table A-6.  Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) Emissions (continued)
                                             (thousand short tons)
SOURCE CATEGORY
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (continued)
Machinery Products
Electronic Equipment
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Terminals & Plants
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transpo
Service Stations: Stage II
Organic Chemical Storage
Organic Chemical Transport
Inorganic Chemical Storage
Inorganic Chemical Transport
Bulk Materials Storage
storage
transfer
combined
other
Bulk Materials Transport
WASTE DISPOSAL « RECYCLING
Incineration
residential
other
Open Burning
residential
other
POTW
Industrial Waste Water
TSDF
Landfills
Other
1990

3
0
1
0
16
4
0
0
0
3
1
42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
41
13
28
0
NA
0
234
46
27
19
187
177
10
0
0
0
0
0
1991

3
0
1
0
16
4
0
0
0
3
1
42
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
41
11
29
0
0
0
238
47
28
18
190
179
11
0
0
0
0
0
1992

3
0
1
0
17
6
0
0
0
4
1
50
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
48
12
36
0
0
0
239
46
30
16
192
181
11
0
0
0
1
0
1993

3
0
0
0
15
6
0
0
0
4
1
46
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
44
13
31
0
NA
0
288
93
31
62
195
183
11
0
0
0
1
0
1994

3
0
0
0
16
6
0
0
0
4
1
43
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
41
13
28
0
0
0
27f
73
31
42
196
184
12
0
0
0
1
1
199S

3
0
0
0
16
5
0
0
0
4
1
42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
41
12
29
0
0
0
247
50
31
19
197
f85
11
0
0
0
0
0
1996

3
0
0
0
16
5
0
0
0
4
1
42
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
41
12
29
0
0
0
250
51
32
19
198
787
12
0
0
0
0
0
1997

3
0
0
0
17
6
0
0
0
4
1
44
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
43
13
30
0
0
0
254
53
33
20
200
188
12
0
0
0
0
1
2/16/99
A-29

-------
                            Table A-6. Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) Emissions (continued)
                                              (thousand short tons)
SOURQE CATEGORY
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Idgv
motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Idgtl
Idgt2
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
hddv
Iddt
Iddv
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Non-Road Gasoline
recreational
construction
Industrial
lawn & garden
farm
tight commercial
logging
airport service
recreational marine vessels
Non-Road Diesel
recreational
construction
Industrial
lawn & garden
farm
light commercial
logging
airport service
railway maintenance
recreational marine vessels
1990
275
37
37
0
19
10
9
7
212
203
1
8
436
40
2
0
1
11
0
1
0
0
24
293
1
138
39
7
76
11
11
9
1
1
1991
286
38
38
0
21
10
11
6
221
212
1
8
432
41
3
0
1
11
0
1
0
0
24
289
1
136
38
8
75
11
10
9
1
1
1992
280
38
37
0
20
9
11
6
216
206
2
8
432
41
3
0
1
11
0
1
0
0
24
287
1
135
37
9
74
11
9
9
1
1
1993
257
38
38
0
20
9
10
7
192
183
1
7
427
42
3
0
1
11
0
1
0
0
25
285
1
135
37
9
72
12
8
9
1
1
1994
256
36
36
0
.23
11
12
7
190
182
2
7
423
42
3
0
1
11
0
1
0
0
25
285
f
134
37
10
71
12
8
10
1
2
1995
23f
36
36
0
20
11
9
6
169
161
2
7
402
42
3
0
1
11
0
1
0
0
25
285
1
134
38
11
70
13
8
10
1
2
1996
22f
32
32
0
25
14
11
6
157
149
2
6
403
43
3
0
1
11
0
1
0
0
25
287
1
135
38
12
69
13
8
10
0
2
1997
207
32
32
0
25
14
11
6
144
736
2
6
409
43
3
0
1
12
0
1
0
0
25
290
1
137
39
13
67
14
7
10
1
2
2/16/99
                                                      A-3O

-------
                                    Table A-6.  Participate Matter (PM-2.5) Emissions (continued)
                                                            (thousand short tons)
SOURCE CATEGORY
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES (continued)
Aircraft
Marine Vessels
coal
dlesel
residual oil
gasoline
Railroads
NATURAL SOURCES
. Geogenic - wind erosion
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
agricultural crops
agricultural livestock
Other Combustion
wildfires
managed burning
other
Cooling Towers
Fugitive Dust
wind erosion
unpaved roads
paved roads
construction
other
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
31
22
1
17
3
0
49
314
314
5,232
1,009
949
60
1,057
538
479
40
0
3,166
0
1,687
562
850
67
7,959
31
23
1
18
4
0
48
312
312
6,000
1,000
937
63
822
299
483
41
0
3,178
0
1,684
600
818
75
7,735
32
22
1
17
4
0
50
334
334
4,852
960
893
67
679
151
487
41
0
3,213
0
1,642
606
892
73
7,644
30
21
1
16
3
0
48
78
76
4,885
872
803
69
667
137
488
42
0
3,346
0
1,718
616
930
81
7,285
29
22
1
17
4
0
46
324
324
5,334
918
856
61
910
372
496
42
0
3,506
0
7,709
634
f.049
113
7,949
28
21
1
17
3
0
25
172
172
4,630
916
867
49
675
130
503
42
1
3.038
0
1,559
585
777
117
7,083
28
21
1
17
3
0
24
797
797
5,780
926
879
47
875
344
507
24
1
3.378
0
f.820
598
840
120
8,293
29
22
1
17
3
0
25
797
797
5,272
925
877
48
885
344
517
24
1
3,461
0
1.857
629
857
117
8,311
                   Note(s):   NA = not available.
                            "Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
                            Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
                            In order to convert emissions to glgagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
2/16/99
A-31

-------
                                    Table A-7. Ammonia (NH3) Emissions
                                           (thousand short tons)
SOURCE CATEGORY
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Coal
Oil
Gas
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional Coal
Commercial/Institutional Oil
Commercial/Institutional Gas
Residential Other
CHEMICAL A ALLIED PRODUCT MFG
Agricultural Chemicals
ammonium nitrate/urea mfg.
other
METALS PROCESSING
Non-Ferrous Metals Processing
Ferrous Metals Processing
Metals Processing NEC
PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industri
catalytic cracking
other
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Mineral Products
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Bulk Materials Storage
WASTE DISPOSAL A RECYCLING
POTW
wastewater treatment
1990
0
NA
NA
NA
0
17
0
4
13
0
0
8
0
2
1
5
183
183
111
71
6
0
6
0
43
0
43
43
0
38
2
0
35
0
0
82
82
82
1991
0
NA
NA
NA
0
17
0
4
13
0
0
8
0
2
1
5
183
183
111
71
8
0
6
0
43
0
43
43
0
38
2
0
35
0
0
80
86
86
1992
0
NA
NA
NA
0
17
0
4
13
0
0
8
0
2
1
5
f83
183
111
71
9
0
6
0
43
0
43
43
0
39
3
0
36
0
0
89
89
89
1993
0
NA
NA
NA
0
18
0
4
14
0
0
8
0
2
1
5
783
183
111
71
6
0
6
0
43
0
43
43
0
39
3
0
37
0
0
93
93
93
1994
0
NA
NA
NA
0
18
0
4
14
0
0
8
0
2
1
5
183
183
111
71
6
0
6
0
43
0
43
43
0
40
2
0
38
0
0
93
93
93
1995
0
,NA
• NA
NA
0
18
0
4
13
0
0
8
0
2
1
5
183
183
111
71
9
0
6
0
43
0
43
43
0
40
2
0
38
0
0
93
93
93
1996
9
0
2
4
0
18
0
4
13
0
0
8
0
2
1
5
183
183
111
71
9
0
6
0
43
0
43
43
0
41
2
0
39
0
0
95
95
95
1997
6
0
2
4
0
18
0
4
14
0
0
8
0
2
1
5
193
193
118
75
9
0
6
0
45
0
45
45
0
43
2
0
41
0
0
100
100
100
2/16/99
                                                   A-32

-------
                                            Table A-7. Ammonia (NH3) Emissions (continued)
                                                              (thousand short tons)
SOURCE CATEGORY
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
Diesels
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
Marine Vessels
Railroads
NATURAL SOURCES
Biogenic
MISCELLANEOUS
Agriculture & Forestry
livestock agriculture
fertilizer application
Fugitive Dust
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1990
192
159
32
0
0
3
1
2
28
28
3,586
3,586
3.166
420
0
4,184
1991
205
171
34
0
0
3
1
2
24
24
3,079
3,076
2,630
446
0
3,688
1992
2*7
181
35
1
0
3
1
2
27
27
3,539
3,539
3,067
473
0
4,171
1993
227
188
39
1
0
3
1
2
28
28
3,422
3,422
2,923
499
0
4,071
1994
239
190
48
1
0
3
1
2
24
24
3,327
3,327
2,801
525
0
3,983
1995
259
204
54
1
0
3
1
2
18
18
2,336
2,336
1,784
551
0
3,005
1996
231
156
69
3
4
3
1
2
18
18
2,433
2,433
7,855
578
0
3,084
1997
240
161
73
3
4
3
1
2
18
18
2,498
2,498
1,894
604
0
3,178
                          Note(s):   NA = not available.
                                 "Other" categories may contain emissions that could not be accurately allocated to specific source categories.
                                 Zero values represent less than 500 short tons/year.
                                 In order to convert emissions to gigagrams (thousand metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
2/76/99
A-33

-------
                                               Table A-8. Lead Emissions
                                                      (short tons)
Source Category
FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Coal
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite & lignite
Oil
residual
distillate
FUEL COMB. OTHER
Commercial/Institutional C
bituminous
subbituminous
anthracite, lignite
Commercial/Institutional O
residual
distillate
other
Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except
Residential Other
CHEMICAL A ALLIED PRO
Inorganic Chemical Mfg
lead oxide and pigments
1970
327
300
181
89
30
28
27
0
237
218
146
45
27
19
17
1
10,052
1
1
NA
NA
4
3
NA
1
10,000
47
103
103
103
1975
230
189
114
56
19
41
40
1
75
60
40
12
7
16
14
1
10,042
16
6
2
7
11
10
1
NA
10,000
16
120
120
120
1980
129
95
57
28
9
34
34
0
60
45
31
10
4
14
14
1
4,111
12
6
2
4
10
9
1
NA
4,080
9
104
104
104
1985
64
51
31
15
5
13
13
0
30
22
15
5
2
8
7
1
421
6
4
1
1
4
3
1
NA
400
11
118
118
118
1987
64
48
29
14
5
16
16
0
22
14
10
3
1
8
7
1
425
5
3
1
1
5
4
1
NA
400
14
123
123
723
1988
66
46
28
14
4
20
20
0
19
14
10
3
1
5
5
1
426
5
3
1
1
5
4
1
NA
400
16
136
136
136
1989
67
46
28
14
4
21
21
0
18
14
10
3
1
4
3
1
420
4
3
1
1
4
3
1
NA
400
12
136
136
136
1990
64
46
28
14
4
18
18
0
18
14
10
3
1
3
3
1
418
4
3
1
0
4
3
1
NA
400
10
136
136
136
1991
61
46 •
28
14
4
15
15
0
18
- 15
10
3
1
3
2
1
416
3
2
1
0
4
3
1
NA
400
9
132
132
132
1992
59
47
28
14
4
12
12
0
18
14
10
3
1
4
3
1
414
4
2
1
0
4
3
1
NA
400
7
93
93
93
1993
61
49
30
15
5
12
12
0
19
14
10
3
1
5
4
1
415
4
2
1
1
3
3
7
NA
400
8
92
92
92
1994
61
49
30
15
5
12
72
0
18
14
70
3
7
4
4
7
4f5
3
2
7
0
3
3
1
NA
400
8
96
96
96
1995
57
50
30
15
5
7
7
0
17
14
10
3
1
3
3
1
414
4
2
1
1
3
2
7.
AM
400
8
163
163
763
1996
6f
52
32
16
5
8
8
0
16
13
9
3
1
3
2
r
416
5
3
1
1
3
2
f
A//A
400
7
J67
167
767
1997
64
53
32
76
5
11
77
0
17
13
9
3
7
4
3
7
415
5
3
7
7
4
3
7
M4
400
7
759
159
759
                                                                                                                      (continued)
2/17/99
A-34

-------
                                                Table A-8.  Lead Emissions (continued)
                                                             (short tons)
Source Category
METALS PROCESSING
Nonferrous Metals Proces
primary lead production
primary copper product!
primary zinc production
secondary lead product!
secondary copper produ
lead battery manufactur
lead cable coating
other
Ferrous Metals Processing
coke manufacturing
ferroalloy production
iron production
steel production
gray iron production
Metals Processing NEC
metal mining
other
OTHER INDUSTRIAL PRO
Mineral Products
cement manufacturing
Miscellaneous Industrial P
WASTE DISPOSAL & REC
Incineration
municipal waste
other
ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Light-Duty Gas Vehicles &
Light-Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
NON-ROAD ENGINES AND
Non-Road Gasoline
Aircraft
TOTAL ALL SOURCES
1970
24,224
15,869
12,134
242
1,019
1,894
374
41
127
38
7.395
11
219
266
3,125
3,773
960
353
606
2,028
540
540
1,488
2,200
2,200
581
1,619
171,961
142,918
22,683
6,361
9,737
8,340
1,397
220,869
1975
9,923
7,192
5,640
171
224
821
200
49
55
32
2,196
8
104
93
1,082
910
535
268
268
1,337
217
217
1,120
1,595
1,595
396
1,199
130,206
106,868
19,440
3,898
6,130
5,012
1,118
159,659
1980
3,026
1,826
1,075
20
24
481
116
50
37
24
911
6
13
38
481
373
289
207
82
BOB
93
93
715
1,210
1,210
161
1,049
60,501
47,184
11,671
1,646
4,205
3,320
885
74,153
1985
2,097
1,376
874
19
16
288
70
65
43
3
577
3
7
21
209
336
144
141
3
316
43
43
273
871
871
79
792
18,052
13,637
4,061
354
921
229
692
22,890
1987
1,835
1,204
673
16
7
347
31
73
56
1
499
3
14
17
128
337
132
131
1
202
28
28
174
044
844
52
792
3,317
2,471
795
51
850
222
628
7,681
1988
1,965
1,248
684
17
8
353
61.
73
50
1
554
4
14
18
157
361
164
763
1
172
23
23
149
8f7
817
49
768
2,566
1,919
605
42
885
211
674
7,053
1989
2,088
1,337
715
19
9
433
37
74
50
1
582
4
20
19
138
401
169
769
1
173
23
23
150
765
765
45
720
982
733
232
16
820
166
655
5,468
1990
2,169
1,409
728
19
9
449
75
78
50
1
576
4
18
18
138
397
184
784
1
169
26
26
143
804
804
67
738
42f
314
100
7
776
158
619
4,975
1991
1,975
1,258
623
19
11
414
65
77
48
1
517
3
14
16
145
339
199
798
7
767
24
24
143
807
807
70
738
18
13
4
0
574
0
574
4,168
1992 1993
f,773 1,899
1,111 1,211
550 637
20 27
77. 73
336 347
73 70
77 87
44 47
7 7
461 495
3 2
74 72
77 78
739 745
288 379
201 193
207 793
7 7
56 54
26 27
26 27
30 28
872 824
812 824
68 69
744 756
78 79
14 14
4 5
0 0
565 529
0 0
565 528
3,808 3,911
1994
2,027
1,288
633
22
72
405
76
94
44
7
540
0
73
78
760
349
200
799
7
53
28
28
26
829
829
68
762
79
14
5
0
525
0
525
4,043
1995
2,048
1,337
674
27
72
432
79
702
76
7
528
0
8
79
759
342
183
783
7
58
29
29
30
604
604
70
534
19
14
5
0
544
0
544
3,924
1996
2,052
1,331
588
22
73
574
76
103
16
1
529
0
8
78
760
343
192
792
7
51
29
29
22
622
622
76
546
20
12
7
0
505
0
505
3,910
1997
2,038
1,320
605
23
73
479
79
770
77
7
527
0
6
79
769
334
191
790
7
54
30
30
24
646
646
70
576
19
12
7
0
503
0
503
3,915
     Note(s): NA=not available
     In order to convert emissions to megagrams (metric tons), multiply the above values by 0.9072.
2/17/99
A-35

-------
Table A-9. Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emissions by State
State 	
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
	 1988
1,826
535
1,837
1.815
889
81
25
1
1,352
1,666
854
283
237
141
154
677
1,291
599
164
140
581
729
1,662
1,472
912
95
152
168
130
505
350
1,072
69
270
1,013
1,066
594
24
738
142
1,063
2,711
407
102
911
685
510
648
505
33,852
1990
2,114
542
1.852
1.778
748
68
19
1
1,513
1,958
810
227
185
95
140
575
1,403
567
132
107
422
519
1,801
1,222
729
79
140
147
115
533
303
1,194
49
211
1.016
1.118
510
18
886
103
1.022
2.864
374
91
886
780
420
450
387
33.224
1991
1.852
517
1,476
1,711
817
74
24
1
1,246
1,609
764
257
227
103
133
648
1,043
621
155
129
548
612
1,450
1.298
781
81
142
163
124
499
328
1,002
51
243
864
1.002
560
21
652
113
1.010
2.244
353
100
850
650
473
516
397
30,536
1995
1.937
548
1.741
1,794
826
81
26
1
1,436
1,721
706
244
218
112
118
636
U67
622
169
140
533
636
1,642
1,267
666
78
135
171
132
531
361
1,110
48
259
887
1,114
642
24
755
104
997
2.649
345
106
917
801
492
541
358
32,742
19%
1.597
591
1,472
2,125
878
63
20
0
1,255
1.454
726
191
165
89
116
496
1,125
531
127
109
394
533
1.402
1,056
716
72
158
137
103
544
280
908
46
197
836
1,087
460
18
626
102
817
2.481
410
88
728
735
383
412
396
29,254
1997
1.579
545
1,517
1.623
786
68
21
1
1.307
1.405
726
187
157
93
119
464
1,187
453
135
119
408
502
1,419
1,045
680
77
126
286
107
440
290
882
50
183
811
1,075
473
20
632
102
781
2,431
324
90
714
763
368
398
223
28,194
NOTE: The sums of States may not equal National total due to rounding
                             A-36

-------
Table A-10. Biogenic Nitric Oxide Emissions by State
State 	
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
	 1^1.
1988
14
55
19
42
39
1
2
0
22
19
25
90
49
93
91
19
19
3
6
1
25
58
19
44
60
91
46
1
2
62
17
21
51
36
35
24
19
0
10
62
17
199
28
2
10
15
4
36
39
1,638
1990
19
51
21
40
35
1
2
0
29
29
23
84
48
82
87
20
20
3
6
1
25
52
22
42
49
83
38
1
2
59
19
26
42
36
37
22
21
0
16
53
18
203
25
2
12
15
4
34
40
1396
1991
14
53
19
42
38
1
2
0
22
20
24
90
51
90
91
20
19
3
6
1
26
56
19
44
57
90
44
1
2
61
18
22
48
37
35
23
20
0
11
60
18
199
27
2
10
14
4
35
36
1,628
1995
14
55
19
42
38
1
2
0
22
20
24
86
49
87
85
19
19
3
6
1
25
54
19
42
53
86
44
1
2
64
18
21
44
35
34
23
20
0
11
56
17
202
28
2
10
15
4
35
35
1491
1996
14
58
18
44
39
1
2
0
22
19
24
81
46
81
83
18
19
2
6
1
23
50
19
40
52
80
47
1
2
65
17
20
43
33
34
23
18
0
10
52
16
206
29
2
9
15
3
32
35
1,553
1997
14
55
18
41
35
1
2
0
22
19
24
82
46
85
85
18
19
2
6
1
24
53
18
40
50
85
41
2
2
56
17
20
47
33
33
23
19
0
10
56
16
195
23
2
9'
15
3
33
28
1429
NOTE: The sums of Slates may not equal National total due to rounding
                      A-37

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                                                                    2/19/99
Table A-11. 1997 State-level Emissions and Rank for CO, NOx, VOC, SO2, and
                       Paniculate Matter (PM-10)
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
District of Columbia
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
National
Carbon Monoxide
Rank Emissions
11 2,392
42 486
21 1.627
37 1,141
2 6,000
28 1,259
39 747
51 111
49 207
3 4,610
4 3,917
48 212
36 811
8 3,046
13 2,384
33 997
15 2.127
26 1,412
14 2,316
41 529
30 1,160
29 1,212
9 2,996
25 1,476
23 1,565
18 2,002
38 768
37 785
40 545
44 359
27 1,362
34 938
7 3.116
10 2,759
46 317
5 3,812
20 1,733
19 1,758
6 3,332
50 203
22 1,606
45 317
12 2,391
1 6,479
32 1 ,029
47 232
16 2,082
17 2,062
35 843
24 1.517
43 363
87,450
Nitrogen Oxides *
Rank Emissions
15 627
49 42
23 453
34 257
2 1,236
25 414
40 153
51 19
46 68
6 916
11 691
47 49
43 114
4 1,129
7 912
29 329
17 528
12 690
10 758
44 95
28 331
32 275
8 839
22 463
27 351
18 523
39 183
35 252
41 135
45 80
24 435
31 297
13 667
14 643
36 239
3 1,185
20 470
38 215
5 935
50 31
26 364
42 120
9 797
1 1,843
37 233
48 43
16 564
30 325
19 516
21 469
33 275
23,582
Volatile Organic
Compounds *
Rank Emissions
17 427
46 64
26 297
32 240
2 1,494
28 293
35 165
51 21
47 53
3 859
11 595
50 30
38 116
4 851
12 567
30 257
20 414
21 406
15 437
40 109
31 243
27 294
7 705
22 398
25 339
14 444
39 110
33 205
42 98
44 77
18 425
37 152
5 767
8 685
41 99
6 709
23 350
29 258
9 674
48 50
24 340
43 78
10 610
1 1,615
34 170
49 48
13 492
16 431
36 157
19 418
45 68
19,214
Sulfur Dioxide
Rank Emissions
8 811
51 5
24 256
36 138
29 200
35 141
40 90
50 9
39 98
6 879
13 639
47 34
46 41
4 1,190
2 1.370
22 273
30 180
9 806
17 414
38 101
79 387
25 255
72 653
32 168
27 235
75 506
42 67
37 102
43 65
33 164
23 265
28 207
77 663
74 610
20 308
7 1,966
26 239
45 44
3 1,349
49 13
27 299
44 57
7 840
5 1.151
47 83
48 17
76 486
34 150
70 759
78 408
37 179
20,36$
Note: The sums of States may not equal National due to rounding.
* Excluding Biogenics
Particulate Matter
(PM-10)
Rank Emissions
20 585
47 183
37 302
23 500
4 1,600
26 476
45 101
57 4
48 38
72 764
7 1,017
49 33
73 690
8 1,007
76 660
27 580
3 1,639
34 336
28 440
43 156
40 208
38 285
22 530
70 962
25 479
5 1,350
6 1,143
78 632
44 150
47 54
36 303
7 4,948
77 818
24 480
29 412
74 663
9 999
75 661
79 593
50 27
30 410
35 311
32 384
2 3,307
39 248
46 79
27 445
37 392
42 158
33 381
77 659
33,581

                         A-38

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                                  APPENDIX B
        OVERVIEW OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EMISSIONS

       The following methods are described in more detail, including references, in the
Procedures Document, at epa.gov/ttn/chief/ei_data.htmI#ETDP.

INTRODUCTION

       Emission estimates for paniculate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM25) were developed
originally under the National Paniculate Inventory Study (NPI). The NPI was a 1990 air
emissions inventory for the U.S. (excluding Alaska and Hawaii), Canada and Mexico. In addition
to PM2 5, the inventory included the following pollutants:

             PM10 (particles < 10 u
             Sulfur dioxide (SO^
             Oxides of nitrogen (NOJ
             Ammonia (NH3)
             Volatile organic compounds (VOC)
             Secondary organic aerosols (SOA)

Primary PM emissions may be inventoried as PM10 or as PMZ5.  Emissions of SO2 and NOX,
assisted by NH3 that acts as a neutralizing agent, form secondary PM in the atmosphere. The
majority of secondary particles are in the PM25 category. Also, certain VOC species, based on
reactivity of the organic compound with atmosphere oxidants, form SOA. Thus, it is necessary to
develop a complete inventory of all primarily emitted and secondarily formed PM in order to
provide the basis for comprehensive ambient modeling.

       For the most part, emissions of SO2, NOX, VOC, PM10, PM15, and NH3 are based on new
methods prepared during the early 1990's. Current estimates are based on VOC, SO2, and NOX
emissions and/or estimation methodology developed for some source categories from the 1990
Interim Inventory. Also, the current estimates rely on emissions/methods developed for fugitive
dust sources in 1996. New or revised emissions/methods were developed for utility, highway,
and non-road sources.

       The following discussion provides details on both the Trends methods and any new
methods developed since 1995.
                                       B-l

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1.  ELECTRIC UTILITY SOURCES
          _j and NH3 emissions for utilities were developed similar to the other pollutants (based
on the boiler-level data collected from Form EIA-767). Emission factors for NH3 were not widely
available, and therefore AP-42 factors for uncontrolled emissions were utilized.

       The appropriate source classification code (SCC) was assigned to each fuel based on its
characteristics. For coal, the SCC is based on the American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) criteria for moisture, mineral-free matter basis (if greater than 11,500 Btu/lb, coal type is
designated to be bituminous; if between 8,300 and 11,500 Btu/lb, coal type is designated to be
subbituminous; and if less than 8,300 Btu/lb, coal type is designated to be lignite) and the boiler
type (firing configuration and bottom type)  as specified in AP-42.  If both coal and oil were
burned in the same boiler, it was assumed that the oil is distillate; if only oil was burned, it was
assumed to be residual.  Then, based on the fuel and boiler type, the SCC is assigned. For natural
gas, the SCC is based on fuel and boiler type.

       PM10 control efficiency was used to calculate both PM10 and PM^s emissions.  Since only
TSP (Total Suspended Paniculate, < ~ 35u) control efficiency is reported on Form EIA-767, the
PM10 calculator program was used to derive PM10 efficiencies.  (The PM-10 calculator estimates
PM10 control efficiencies based on the SCC and the primary and secondary control devices. The
control efficiencies from the PM10 calculator are based on data from AP-42 for specific SCCs.)
(Refer to the PM Calculator website at epa.gov/ttn/chief7software.html#pm).

       The following equation was used to compute controlled PM10 and PMZ5 emissions:

         PM.D or PM-, =  jf*6  , x -*^~J2 x (1 - PM,n or PM., eff) x -^—        m
            10        2-5   burned     emf    ^        10       2-5 JJ>   2000          '


       The following equation was used to compute heat input:

                            heat input _   fuel     heat
                             (MMBtu)   burned  content                           '  '


       Although Form EIA-767 data are collected from plants with a total plant capacity  of at
least 10 MW, there are fewer required data elements (identification data, boiler fuel quantity and
quality data, and FGD data, if applicable) for those plants with a total capacity between 10 MW
and 100 MW. Thus, missing values are introduced in these situations. Because of time
constraints, most data elements were not assigned a default value other than zero. If variables for
boiler firing and bottom type were missing (these are needed in the SCC assignment) the default
values for wall-fired and dry bottom type were assigned. For ambient modeling purposes, it is
necessary to know the location (latitude and longitude) of each boiler. If the latitude and
                                          B-2

-------
 longitude for a specific boiler were missing, they were replaced whenever possible with either (1)
 the latitude and longitude from other boilers in that same plant or (2) county centroid coordinates.

 2. NON-UTILITY POINT SOURCES

       The PM10, and PM2 5 emissions were calculated using a methodology consistent with
 emission estimates in the 1990 Interim Inventory/Trends Inventory.  This means non-utility point
 source emissions are calculated based on emission estimates from the 1985 NAPAP Inventory
 projected to 1990 using Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) Industrial Earnings data. Because
 annual PMJO and PMZ5 emission estimates are not available from the NAPAP files, annual TSP
 emissions were used as the starting point for estimating PM10 and PMZJ emissions.  The
 procedure used to estimate 1990 PM,0, PM^5 and NH3 emissions from the 1985 NAPAP TSP
 emissions is described below.

        1) projected 1985 controlled TSP emissions to 1990 using appropriate BEA growth
 factors; 2) calculated 1990 uncontrolled TSP emissions from controlled emissions and the control
 efficiency from the 1985 NAPAP inventory; 3) 1990 uncontrolled PM10 emissions were estimated
 by applying SCC-specific uncontrolled particle-size distribution factors to the uncontrolled TSP
 emissions; 4) controlled PM10 emissions were estimated using revised control efficiencies from the
 PM10 calculator.
       For PM^s, 1990 uncontrolled PMZS emissions were estimated by applying SCC-specific
uncontrolled particle-size distribution factors to the 1990 uncontrolled PM10 emissions. As with
PM10, controlled PM15 emissions were estimated using revised control efficiencies from the PM10
calculator.

       Calculation of NH3 Emissions. Ammonia emissions were calculated by growing the 1985
NAPAP emissions using the BEA growth factors, and the following formula:

                          CNH3(9Q) = (CNH3(g5) x £G85_90)                         (3)


Where:
       CNH3(90)      =  Controlled NH3 Emissions for 1990
       CNH3(8S)      =  Controlled NH3 Emissions for 1985 NAPAP
       EG85-9o        =  Earnings growth from 1985 to 1990


3. AREA SOURCES:

       3.a. Fertilizer applications: NH3 emissions created from the application of fertilizers
were updated for the period 1991-1997, and summary tables are published in Appendix A of this
update. New data on fertilizer usage were obtained from the Association of American Plant Food
                                        B-3

-------
Control Officials, Inc. and the Fertilizer Institute. These groups jointly produce the Commercial
Fertilizers data base.  Actual data from the Association was used for 1990 and 1996; the
intervening years and 1997 were developed using a linear trends analysis based on the
Association's data.

       3.b. Agricultural Tilling: The following AP-42 paniculate emission factor equation was
used to determine regional PMj0 and PMiS emissions from agricultural tilling:

                               E =  c x k x s a6 x p x a                              (4)


Where:
       E      = PM10 emissions (lbs/yr)
      . c      = constant  4.8 Ibs/acre-pass
       k      = dimensionless particle size multiplier (PM10=0.21, and PM2 5= 0.042)
       s      = silt content of surface soil, defined as the mass fraction of particles
                 smaller than 75 //m diameter found in soil to a depth of 10 cm (percent)
       p      = number of passes or tillings in a year (assumed to be 3 passes)
       a      = acres of land planted

       By comparing the USDA surface soil map with the USDA county map, soil types were
assigned to all counties of the continental U.S. Silt percentages were determined by using a soil
texture classification triangle..  Silt factors were updated from previous methods by using
information from "Spatial Distribution of PM10 emissions from Agricultural Tilling in the San
Joaquin Valley." (Refer to  Reference 15, Chapter 4, of the Procedures Document). Information
in that report indicates that silt contents determined from the classification triangle are typically
based on wet sieving techniques. The AP-42 silt content is based on dry sieving techniques. Wet
sieving tends to desegregate finer materials thus leading to a higher than expected silt content
based on the soil triangle estimates. The overestimation is dependent upon the soil type. As a
consequence, the values for silt loam and loam were reduced by a factor of 1.5. The values for
clay loam and clay were reduced by a factor of 2.6. The values for sand, loamy sand, sandy loam
and organic material remained the same.  These silt values were assumed constant for the 6-year
period examined. This differs from the 1989 through 1985 methodology in that the silt factors are
applied on the county level, and are corrected values.

        The number of tillings for 1990 through 1996 were determined for each crop type, and for
conservational  and conventional use using information from Agricultural Activities Influencing
Fine Paniculate Matter Emissions. (Refer to Reference 16, Chapter 4, of the Procedures
Document).  The tillage emission factor ratio column in the tables in that report were totaled by
crop type when the agricultural implement code was not blank. Harvesting was not included in
this total.  When the tilling instrument was felt to deeply disturb the soil, the value of the tillage
emission factor ratio was equal to one. However, other field instruments were not felt to disturb
the soil to the extent of the instruments used to develop the original AP-42 emission factor and
                                           B-4

-------
thus had an emission factor ratio of less than one.  Discussions with the organization that
developed the original emission factor and the report referenced above indicated that these values
should be used to calculate the number of tillings rather than a single value for each implement
usage.  Where there were data from more than one region for a single crop, an average value was
used. Information for both conservation and conventional tillage methods were developed. The
tallies were rounded to the nearest whole number,  since it is not physically possible to have a
partial tillage event.

       These totals were tallied for corn, cotton, rice, sorghum, soybeans, spring wheat, and
winter wheat. The number of tillings for categories not included in Agricultural Activities
Influencing Fine Paniculate Matter Emissions were determined by contact with the Conservation
Information Technology Center (CTIC) (Refer to Reference 18, Chapter 4, of the Procedures
Document).

       Rice and spring wheat are included in the category "spring-seeded small grain"  in the
database provided by the CTIC. Winter wheat was assumed to prevail in all states except
Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi,  and Texas. Rice was assumed to prevail in these four states,
and the number of tillings for rice were applied to the acres harvested in these states. Both rice
and winter wheat are grown in California. A ratio of rice to winter wheat acres harvested for 1990
through 1996 was obtained from the U.S. Land Use Summary.  This ratio was used to calculate a
modified number of tillings for spring-seeded small grain in California for each year.

       Acres reported in the CTIC database for no till, mulch till, and  ridge till were considered
conservation tillage. Those with 0 to  15 percent residue, and 15 to 30 percent residue were
considered  conventional  tillage.

       3.c. Livestock Operations.  The livestock NH3 emissions in the inventory were estimated
using activity data from the 1992 Census of Agriculture. These data included county-level
estimates of number of head for the following livestock: cattle and calves, hogs and pigs, poultry,
sheep, horses, goats, and minks.  The emission factors used to calculate emissions were taken
from a study of NH3 emissions conducted in the Netherlands.

       3.d. Construction Activities. The PM10 emissions for the years 1985 through 1995, and
the PM25 emission for the years 1990 through 1995 were calculated from an emission factor, an
estimate of the acres of land under construction,  and the average duration of construction activity.
The acres of land under construction were estimated from the dollars spent on construction.  The
PM10 emission factor for the years 1985 through 1989 was calculated from the TSP emission
factor for construction obtained from AP-42 and data on the PM10/TSP ratio for various
construction activities. The PM10 emission factor for the years 1990 through 1995 was obtained
from Improvement of Specific Emission Factors. The 1996 emissions were  extrapolated from the
1995  emissions using the ratio between the number of residential construction permits issued in
1996  and the  number issued in 1995.  A control efficiency was applied to emissions for 1995 and
                                          B-5

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1996 for counties classified as PM nonattainment areas. (For sources of data, please refer to
references 31 through 34, Chapter 4, of the Procedures Document).

       7990 through 1995 Emission Factor Equation. The equation below is a variation of the
AP-42 particulate emission factor equation for heavy construction and was used to determine
regional PM10 and PMZ5 emissions from construction activities for 1990 through 1995. The PM2 5
emission factor used for the years 1990 through 1995 was the PM10 emission factor multiplied by
the particle size adjustment factor of 0.2.  A control efficiency was applied to PM nonattainment
areas for 1995 and 1996.
                                                                                    (5)
                                                                                    V '
                                                       lOO
where: E      =     PM emissions
       P      =     PM emission factor (ton/acre of construction/month of activity)
                    (PM10 = 0.11; PMZ5 = 0.022)
       $      =     dollars spent on construction ($ million)
       f      =     factor for converting dollars spent on construction to acres of construction
                    (varies by type of construction, acres/$ million)
       m     =     months of activity (varies by type of construction)
       CE    =     control efficiency (percent)

       Dollars spent on construction (S\ Estimates of the dollars spent on the various types of
construction by EPA region for 1987 were obtained from the Census Bureau.  The fraction of
total U.S. dollars spent in 1987 for each region for each construction type was calculated.  Since
values from the Census Bureau are only available every five years, the Census dollars spent for the
United States for construction were normalized using estimates of the dollars spent on
construction for the United States as estimated by the F.W. Dodge corporation for the other
years.  This normalized Census value was distributed by region and construction type using the
above calculated fractions. An example of how this procedure was applied for SIC 1521 (general
contractor, residential building: single family) is shown below.


                                                           5              s/c
$
                                     «*   -
                                                                                    (6)
where: $                   =     dollar amount of construction spent
              1988         =     year 1988
              1987         =     year 1987
              Region I     =     U.S. EPA Region I
                                           B-6

-------
              SIC 1521      =      Standard Industrial Code for general contractor, residential
                                   building; single family
              Nation        =      United States
              Census        =      Census Bureau
              Dodge        =      F.W. Dodge

       Determination of construction acres.  Information developed by Cowherd et al.
determined that for different types of construction, the number of acres was proportional to
dollars spent on that type construction. The following AP-42 paniculate emission factor equation
for heavy construction was used to determine regional PM,0 emissions from construction activities
for 1990:

                                E = T x  $ xfx m x P                               (7)


Where:
       E     = PM10 emissions tons per year (tpy)
       T     = TSP emission factor (1.2 ton/acre of construction/month of activity)
       $      = dollars spent on construction (million $)
       f      = factor for converting dollars spent on construction to acres of construction
                (varies by type of construction, acres/million $)
       m     = months of activity per year (varies by type of construction)
       P      = dimensionless PM10/TSP ratio (0.22)

       Estimates of the dollars spent on the various types of construction by EPA region for 1987
were obtained from the Census Bureau.  The fraction of total U.S. dollars spent in 1987 for each
region for each construction type was calculated.  Since values from the Census Bureau are only
available every five years, the Census dollars spent in the U.S. for construction were normalized
for 1990 using estimates of the dollars spent on construction in the U.S. as estimated by the F.W.
Dodge corporation.  This normalized Census value was distributed by region and construction
type using the above calculated fractions.

       EPA determined that for different types of construction, the number of acres was
proportional to dollars spent on that type  construction. This information (proportioned to
constant dollars) was utilized along with total construction receipts to determine the total number
of acres of each construction type. Estimates of the duration  (in months) for each type
construction were derived from EPA PM10/TSP ratios for 19 test sites for 3 different construction
activities were averaged to derive the PMi0 fraction used in the emission estimates.

       Regional-level PM10  estimates were distributed to the  county-level using county estimates
of payroll for construction (SICs 15,  16, 17) from County Business Patterns (BOC, 1992).  The
following formula was used:
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            emissions were then calculated using the county-level PMio emissions by applying
the particle size ratio of 0.2.
       County Emissions =  County Construction P^°11  x Regional Emissions      (8)
                           Regional Construction Payroll
       3.e. Unpaved Roads: Estimates of PM emissions from reentrained road dust on unpaved
roads were developed for each county. The QMS PARTS model was utilized to obtain the
emission factors (refer to Section 4.c. On-Road Vehicles, later in this update). Reentrained road
dust emission factors depend on the average weight, speed, and number of wheels of the vehicles
traveling on the unpaved roadways, the silt content of the roadway surface material, and the
percentage of days in the year with minimal (less than 0.01 inches) or no precipitation. Emissions
were calculated by month at the state/road type level for the average vehicle fleet and then
allocated to the county/road type level by land area. The activity factor for calculating reentrained
road dust emissions on unpaved roads is the VMT accumulated on these roads. The specifics of
the emission estimates for reentrained road dust from unpaved roads are discussed in more detail
below.
       The following equation was used in PARTS to calculate PM emission factors from
reentrained road dust on unpaved roads, is based on an empirical formula from AP-42.

     UNPVD = PSUNPK x 5.9 x (SILT/12) x (SPD/30) x (WEIGHT/S)01 x (WHEELS/4)0-5 x
              (365-IPDAYS)/365 x 453.392                                           ( '


where:   UNPVD   = unpaved road dust emission factor for all vehicle classes combined (grams
                      per mile)
         PSUNPps   = fraction of particles less than 10 or 2.5 microns from unpaved road dust
                      (0.36 for PM10 and  0.05 for PMZ5)
         SILT      = percentage silt content of the surface material
         SPD       = average speed of all vehicle types combined (miles per hour [mph])
         WEIGHT  = average weight of all vehicle types combined (tons)
         WHEELS  = average number of wheels per vehicle for all vehicle types combined
         IPDAYS   = number of precipitation  days per year with greater than 0.01 inches of
                      rain
         493.592   = number of grams per pound

       The above equation is based on roadside measurements of ambient paniculate matter, and
is therefore representative of a fleet average emission factor rather than a vehicle-specific emission
factor. In addition, because this equation is based on ambient measurements, it includes
paniculate matter from tailpipe exhaust, brake wear, tire wear, and ambient background
paniculate concentrations.   Therefore, the PARTS fleet average PM emission factors for the
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tailpipe, tire wear, and brake wear components were subtracted from the unpaved road fugitive
dust emission factors before calculating emissions from Reentrained road dust on unpaved roads.

       Silt Content Inputs:  Average state-level, unpaved road silt content values developed as
part of the  1985 NAPAP Inventory, were obtained from the Dlinois State Water Survey.  Silt
contents of over 200 unpaved roads from over 30 states were obtained.  Average silt contents of
unpaved roads were calculated for each state that had three or more samples for that state.  For
states that did not have three or more samples, the average for all samples from all states was
substituted.

       Precipitation Inputs. Rain data input to the emission factor equation above is in the form
of the total number of rain days in the year. However, the equation uses the number of days
simply to calculate a percentage of rain days.  Therefore, to calculate unpaved road dust emission
factors that represent monthly conditions, data from the National Climatic Data Center showing
the number of days per month with more than 0.01 inches of rain were used.  Precipitation event
accumulation data were collected for several meteorological stations within each state.

       Vehicle Wheel. Weight, and Speed Inputs.  The speeds for light duty vehicles and trucks
were also assumed to be the average unpaved road speeds for the corresponding unpaved road
classification. However, because the fugitive dust emission factors are representative of the entire
vehicle fleet, these speeds for each road type were weighted by vehicle-specific VMT to obtain
road type-specific speeds. Estimates of average vehicle weight and average number of wheels per
vehicle over the entire vehicle fleet were based on data provided in the Truck Inventory and Use
Survey, MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures '91,  and the 1991 Market Data Book.  Using
these data sources, a fleet average vehicle weight of 6,358 pounds was modeled.

       Unpaved road VMT. The calculation of unpaved road VMT  was performed in two parts.
Separate calculations were performed for county and noncounty (state or federally) maintained
roadways.  The 1995 unpaved VMT was also used for 1996, as unpaved growth is very uncertain,
but expected to be minimum. The equation used is:
                          VMTUP = ADTV x FSRM x DPY                         (10)


       where: VMTUP     =      VMT on unpaved roads (miles/year)
             ADTV       =      average daily traffic volume (vehicles/day/mile)
             FSRM       =      functional system roadway mileage (miles)
             DPY        =      number of days in a year

       Estimation of Local Unpaved-Road VMT. Unpaved roadway mileage estimates were
retrieved from the FHWA's annual Highway Statistics report.  State-level, county-maintained
roadway mileage estimates are organized by surface type, traffic volume, and population category.
From these data, state-level unpaved roadway mileage estimates are derived.  This was done by
first assigning an average daily traffic volume  (ADTV) to each volume category.
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       The above equation was then used to calculate state-level unpaved road VMT estimates
for volume and population categories. These detailed VMT data were then summed to develop
state-level, county-maintained unpaved roadway VMT.

       Estimation of Federal and State-Maintained Unpaved Road VMT:  The calculation of
noncounty (state or federally) maintained unpaved road VMT differed from the calculation of
county-maintained unpaved road VMT.  This was required since noncounty unpaved road mileage
was categorized by arterial classification, not roadway traffic volume.

       To calculate noncounty, unpaved road VMT, state-level ADTV values for urban and rural
roads were multiplied by state-level, rural and urban roadway mileage estimates. Assuming the
ADTV does not vary by roadway maintenance responsibility, the county-maintained ADTV
values were assumed to apply to noncounty-maintained roadways as well. To develop noncounty
unpaved road ADTV estimates, county-maintained roadway VMT was divided by county-
maintained roadway mileage estimates.

                            ADTV = VMT I MILEAGE                           (11)


where: ADTV       =      average daily traffic volume for state and federally maintained
                           roadways
       VMT         =      VMT on county-maintained roadways (miles/year)
       MILEAGE   =      state-level roadway mileage of county-maintained roadways (miles)

       Federal and state-maintained roadway VMT was calculated by multiplying the state-level
roadway mileage of federal and state-maintained unpaved roads by the state-level ADTV values
calculated as discussed above for locally-maintained roadways, as follows:

                            VMT = ADTV x PM x  365                           (12)


where: VMT         =      VMT at the state level for federally and state-maintained unpaved
                           roadways (miles/year)
       ADTV       =      average daily traffic volume derived from local roadway data
       RM          =      state-level federally and state-maintained roadway mileage (mi)

       Unpaved-Road VMT For 1993 and Later Years- The calculation of unpaved VMT differs
for years before 1993 and for the year 1993 and later years. This  split in methodology is due a
difference in the data reported by states in the annual Highway Statistics. In both instances the
calculation was performed in two stages.

       Unpaved VMT for 1993 and later years was calculated by multiplying the total number of
miles of unpaved road by state and functional class by the annualized traffic volume, where the
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annualized traffic volume is calculated as the average daily traffic volume multiplied by the total
number of days per year. This calculation is illustrated as follows:

                  UnpavedmTRoadtype=MileageRoadtype x  ADTV x DPY                (13)


where: Unpaved VMT       =      road type specific unpaved Vehicle Miles Traveled
                                  (miles/year)
              Mileage      =      total number of miles  of unpaved roads by functional class
                                  (miles)
              ADTV       =      Average daily traffic volume (vehicle/day)
              DPY         =      number of days per year

The total number of unpaved road miles by state and functional class was retrieved from the
Federal Highway Administration's Highway Statistics.  In Highway Statistics, state level Local
functional class unpaved mileage is broken out by ADTV category. The ADTV categories
differed for urban and rural areas. Table MV-1 of Highway Statistics shows the ADTV
categories for rural and urban local functional classes and the assumed traffic volume for each
category.  Local functional class unpaved VMT was calculated for each of these ADTV
categories using the equation illustrated above.

       Unpaved road mileage for functional classes other than Local (rural minor collector, rural
major collector, rural minor arterial, rural other principal arterial, urban collector, urban minor
arterial, urban other principal arterial) are not broken out by ADTV in Highway Statistics. An
average ADTV was calculated for these functional classes by dividing state level unpaved Local
VMT by the total number of miles of Local unpaved road.  Separate calculations were preformed
for urban and rural  areas. The resulting state level urban and rural ADTV was then multiplied by
the total number of unpaved miles in each of the non-local functional classes.

       One modification was made to the Local functional class mileage reported in Highway
Statistics.  The distribution of mileage between the ADTV categories for Mississippi resulted in
unrealistic emissions.  Total unpaved road mileage in Mississippi was redistributed within the
ADTV categories based on the average distributions found in Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana.

       Calculation of State-Level Emissions. The state and federally maintained unpaved road
VMT were added to the county- maintained VMT for each state and road type to determine each
state's total unpaved road VMT by road type. The state-level unpaved road VMT by road type
were then temporally allocated by month using the same NAPAP temporal allocation factors used
to allocate total VMT.  These monthly state-level, road type-specific VMT were then multiplied
by the corresponding  monthly, state-level, road type-specific emission factors developed as
discussed above. These state-level emission values were then allocated to the county level using
the procedure discussed below.
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       Allocation of State-Level Emissions to Counties. The state/road type-level unpaved road
PM emission estimates were then allocated to each county in the state using estimates of county
rural and urban land area from the U.S. Census Bureau for the years 1985 through 1989.
                PMXY = (CNTYLAND^STATLAND^) x
                   + (CNTYLANDRwaISTATLANDRUR) x
                                                                                 (14)
              CNTYLANDRURiX
              STATLANDRUR
where: Pm^y                      =      unpaved road PM emissions (tons) for county x and
                                        road type y
                                 =      urban land area in county x
                                 =      urban land area in entire state
                                        unpaved road PM emissions in entire state for urban
                                        road type y
                                 =      rural land area in county x
                                 =      rural land area in entire state
                                 =      unpaved road PM emissions in entire state for rural
                                        road type y

For the years 1990 through 1996, 1990 county-level rural and urban population was used to
distribution the state-level emissions instead of land area.

       Nonattainment Area 1995 and 1996 Unpaved-Road Controls. PM control measures were
applied to the unpaved road emission estimates for the years 1995 and 1996 and for the projection
years. The level of control assumed varied by PM nonattainment area classification and by rural
and urban areas. On urban  unpaved roads in moderate PM nonattainment areas, the assumed
control was paving the unpaved roads. This control was applied with a 96 percent control
efficiency and a 50 percent  penetration rate.  On rural roads in serious PM nonattainment areas,
chemical stabilization was the assumed control.  This control was applied with a 75 percent
control efficiency and a 50 percent penetration rate. On urban unpaved roads in serious PM
nonattainment areas, paving and chemical stabilization were the controls assumed to be applied.
This combination of controls was applied with an overall control efficiency of 90 percent and a
penetration rate of 75 percent.

       3.f. Paved Roads;  Estimates of PM emissions from reentrained road dust on paved
roads were developed at the county level in a manner similar to that for unpaved roads. PART5
reentrained road dust emission factors for paved roads depend on the road surface silt loading and
the average weight of all of the vehicles traveling on the paved roadways. The equation used in
PARTS to calculate PM emission factors from reentrained road dust on paved roads is a generic
paved road dust calculation formula from AP-42.
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                PAVED  = PSDPVD x (PVSILT/2)0-65 x (WEIGHT/3)1-5               (15)

where: PAVED      =     paved road dust emission factor for all vehicle classes combined
                           (grams per mile)
       PSDPVD    =     base emission factor for particles of less than 10 or 2.5 microns in
                           diameter from paved road dust (7.3 g/mi for PM10 and 1 .825 g/mi
       PVSILT      =     road surface silt loading (g/m2)
       WEIGHT    =     average weight of all vehicle types combined (tons)

Paved road silt loadings were assigned to each of the twelve functional roadway classifications
(six urban and six rural) based on the average annual traffic volume of each functional system by
state. .One of three values was assigned to each of these road classes, 1 (gm/m2) was assigned
Local functional class roads, and either 0.20 (gm/m2) or 0.04 (gm/m2) was assigned to each of the
other functional class roads. A silt loading of 0.20 (gm/m2) was assigned to a road types that had
an ADTV less than 5000 and 0.04 (gm/m2) was assigned to road types that had an ADTV greater
than or equal to 5000.  ADTV was calculated by dividing annual VMT by state and functional
class by state specific functional class roadway mileage.

       As with the PART5 emission factor equation for unpaved roads, the above PM emission
factor equation for paved roads is representative of a fleet average emission factor rather than a
vehicle-specific emission factor and it includes paniculate matter from tailpipe exhaust, brake
wear, tire wear, and ambient background paniculate concentrations.  Therefore, the PARTS fleet
average PM emission factors for the tailpipe, tire wear, and brake wear components were
subtracted from the paved road fugitive dust emission factors before calculating emissions from
reentrained road dust on paved roads.

       The emission factors obtained from PART5 were modified to account for the number of
days with a sufficient amount of precipitation to. prevent road dust resuspension. The PARTS
emission factors were multiplied by the fraction of days in a month with less than 0.01  inches of
precipitation.  This was done by subtracting data from the National Climatic Data Center showing
the number of days per month with more than 0.01 inches of precipitation from the number of
days in each month and dividing by the total number of days in the month.  These emission factors
were developed by month at the state and road type level for the average vehicle fleet.

       For the years 1990 to 1996  the rain correction factor applied to the paved road fugitive
dust emission factors was reduced by 50 percent.

       VMT from paved roads was calculated at the state/road type level by subtracting the
state/road type-level unpaved road VMT from total state/road type-level  VMT. Because there
are differences in methodology between the calculation of total and unpaved VMT there are
instances where unpave.d VMT is higher than total VMT. For these instances, unpaved VMT was


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reduced to total VMT and paved road VMT was assigned a value of zero. The paved road VMT
were then temporally allocated by month using the NAPAP temporal allocation factors for VMT.
These monthly/state/road type-level VMT were then multiplied by the corresponding paved road
emission factors developed at the same level.

       These paved road emissions were allocated to the county level according to the fraction of
total VMT in each county for the specific road type. The following equation illustrates this
allocation.
                    PVDEMSXJ = PVDEMIS^y x VMTxyIVMT^Y                   (16)


where: PVOEMIS^y        =     paved road PM emissions (tons) for county x and road type
                                 y
              PVDEMISST Y =     paved road PM emissions (tons) for the entire state for road
                                 typey
                           =     total VMT (million miles) in county x and road type y
                           =     tota" VMT (million miles) in entire state for road type y
       PM control measures were applied to the paved road emission estimates for the years
 1995 and 1996. The control assumed was vacuum sweeping on paved roads twice per month to
 achieve an control level of 79 percent. This control was applied to urban and rural roads in
 serious PM nonattainment areas and to urban roads in moderate PM nonattainment areas.  The
 penetration factor used varied by road type and NAA classification (serious or moderate).

       3.g. Wind Erosion: PMJO wind erosion emission estimates for agricultural lands were
 calculated using a modification of the methodology used by Gillette and Passi  to develop wind
 erosion emission estimates for the 1985 NAPAP Inventory. Several simplifying assumptions were
 made in order to perform the calculations using a spreadsheet model. The NAPAP methodology
 and the method used to develop the wind erosion estimates in this study both determine expected
 dust flux based on the probability distribution of wind energy.  The methodology uses the mean
 wind speed coupled with information concerning the threshold friction velocity for the soil and
 information on precipitation to predict the wind erosion flux potential for soils.

       The basic equation used to determine the expected dust flux is given by the following
 equation:
 Where:
       I      = dust flux (gm/cm2/sec)
       k      = PM10 particle size multiplier (0.9)


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       C     =  constant (4 x 10'14 gm/cm2/sec)
       Cd     =  coefiBcient of drag
       u      =  mean wind speed (cm/sec)
   F(3,x)     =  incomplete gamma function (i.e., probability distribution)

In order to evaluate (3,x), x must be determined from the following equation:


                                                                                    ,10,
                                                                                    08)
The threshold velocity (iO can be determined from the threshold friction velocity (u.,, which is a
function of soil type and precipitation) from the following equation:
       In order to calculate the flux of emissions from wind erosion using the above equation,
information concerning the average monthly wind speed, total monthly precipitation, and
anemometer height used to measure the wind speed was necessary.  Values for monthly wind
speed, total monthly precipitation, and anemometer height were obtained from the local
climatological data for several meteorological stations within each State.  For most States,
several meteorological stations' data were obtained and an overall average was determined for the
State. The anemometer height was used to determine the coefficient of drag (C,,) from the
following equation:

                                         f n-r^2
                                                                                    (20)
Where:
       za      = anemometer height

       Information concerning the average soil type for each State was determined from the
USDA surface soil map. A single soil type was assigned to each State in order to determine a
single value for the threshold friction velocity (u^). The u., utilized represented either a before or
after rain value, depending upon whether or not precipitation exceeded 5.08 cm during a month.
If precipitation exceeded this amount, the "after-rain" u.t value was used for all succeeding
months until the time of a significant tillage operation or plant emergence.  Values of the
threshold friction velocity for different soil types both before and after rain have been reported by
                                          B-15

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Gillette and Passi. The value of u, was then calculated using the value of u^ determined and Cd.
Once u, is determined, then x is calculated and the incomplete gamma function is evaluated.
Following determination of the incomplete gamma function, the flux for each month was
calculated.

       Wind erosion was assumed to be zero from the time of plant emergence until harvest (i.e.,
the percent of time when the ground is planted).  Separate flux estimates were made for fall-
planted crops and spring-planted crops.  This meant that flux estimates were only calculated from
July to October (for fall-planted crops) and from September until May (for spring-planted crops).
This approach is consistent with the methodology utilized by Gillette and Passi. However,
because they were evaluating the  erosion potential over a multi-year time frame, Gillette and Passi
utilized previous year precipitation information to assign the threshold friction velocity to an area.
In this work, the before rain u.t value was always utilized for January for spring planted crops
rather than evaluating whether or not any month between September and December of the
previous year had more than 5.08 cm of precipitation.

       Once the emission flux potential for each month for each crop type (fall- or spring-
planted) for each State was calculated, then information on the number of acres of spring- or fall-
planted crops in each State were required (and the number of seconds per month) to determine
the emissions. The number of acres of crops planted in each State was obtained for each of the
six years from the USD A. Evaluation of which crops were spring-planted or fall-planted for each
State was made using information available from the USD A.

       State-level PM10 estimates were distributed to the county-level using estimates of county
rural land area from the U.S. Census Bureau. The following formula was used:


           „    ,.  r .  .       Actual tillage acres/county    c. ,  -  .  .            , ,.
           County Emissions =  	2	£  x State Emissions         (21)
                               Total State  tillage acreage
        PMZ5 emissions were then calculated from the county-level PM10 emissions by applying
 the AP-42 particle size multiplier for industrial wind erosion of 0.2 (or 0.40 of PM10), as no other
 particle size data were available.

        3.h. Cattle Feed Lots: County-level PM10 emission estimates for cattle feed lots were
 estimated using activity data from the Census of Agriculture (head of cattle per county) and a
 PMJO emission factor of 17 tons per 1,000 head.  The following formula was used:

                    ,-   -  r-           County Head of Cattle    . _
                    County  Emissions = 	^	^	x  17                  nr\
                                                1,000                               <•   '
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PM2 5 emissions were then calculated from the county-level PM10 emissions by applying the AP-42
particle size multiplier for agricultural tilling of 0.10 or (0.476 of PM10).

       The National Particulates Inventory also includes NH3 emissions for cattle feet lots, which
were estimated based on the 1985 NAPAP Inventory estimates.

       4.     Other Area and Mobile Sources

       The basis for the emission estimates for most (non- fugitive dust) area source categories
was the 1985 NAPAP Area Source Emissions Inventory, with the exception of non-road mobile
sources, and prescribed burning. This section discusses area source emission estimates performed
for this study other than those for fugitive dust. The methodology used to estimate emissions for
1990, including the sources for growth indicators and updated emission factors, are discussed.
Non-road gasoline, mobile source emission estimates are based on a 1990 non-road emission
inventory compiled by EPA. Non-road diesel emission estimates are derived by using the Non-
road model as described in "Methodologies that are New" earlier in this document.

       As with the point sources, the 1985 NAPAP Inventory contained total suspended
paniculate (TSP) emissions. Except where noted, these TSP emissions were grown to 1990 and
then particle size multipliers were applied to estimate PM10 and PMZ5 emissions.  Ammonia
emissions were estimated by growing NH3 emissions taken from the 1985 NAPAP Inventory.

       4.a. Growth Indicators: Emission estimates from the 1985 NAPAP Inventory were
grown to 1990 based on historical BEA earnings data (refer to page 4-37 of the Procedures
Document), historical estimates of fuel consumption, or other category-specific growth indicators.

       The State Energy Data System (SEDS) data were used as an indicator of emissions
growth for the area source fuel combustion categories and for the gasoline marketing categories.
(Refer to Table 4.3-9, page 4-70 of the Procedures Document). SEDS reports fuel consumption
by sector and fuel type.  Since fuel consumption is the activity level used to estimate emissions for
these categories, fuel consumption is a more accurate predictor of changes in emissions,
compared to other surrogate indicators such as earnings or population.  A log linear regression
procedure was used to fill in missing data points for fuel consumption categories if at least three
data points  in the time series (1985 to 1989) were available.

       Additional data were gathered for several categories for use in the emission projections.
Growth indicators, other than BEA or SEDS data, were developed for petroleum refinery
fugitives and several non-road vehicle source categories, including aircraft (commercial and civil),
railroads, and marine vessels (other than gasoline-powered).
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       4.b. Residential Wood Combustion;  Residential Wood Emissions from residential
wood combustion were estimated for 1985 through 1997 using annual wood consumption and an
emission factor. The following general equation) was used to calculate emissions:
                        Eear = Activity x EF x  l -                              (23)
                         year
where: Ey^          =     county emissions (tons)
       Activity      =     wood consumption (cords)
       EF           =     emission factor (tons/cord)
       CE           =     control efficiency (percent)

Activity was based on EPA's County Wood Consumption Estimation Model. This model was
adjusted with heating degree day information, and normalized with annual wood consumption
estimates. AP-42 emission factors for CO, NOX, PM,0, PM15, SO2 and VOC were used. A control
efficiency was applied nationally to PM10 and PMZ5 emissions for the years 1991 through 1996.
       EPA's County Wood Consumption Estimation Model is based on 1990 data and provides
county level estimates of wood consumption, in cords. Model F of the overall Model was used to
estimate the amount of residential wood consumed per county, using a sample set of 91 counties
in the northeast and northwestern United States. Model F calculates estimates of cords of wood
consumed per household as a function of the number of homes heating primarily with wood with
a forced intercept of zero.  Using the Model F results, the percentage of the population heating
with wood, the number of households in a county, land area per county, and heating degree days,
county-level wood consumption for 1990 was estimated.

              Heating Degree Days: A heating degree day is the number of degrees per day the
daily average temperature  is below 65 degrees Fahrenheit.  These data were collected for one site
in all states (except Texas  and California where data were collected for two sites) for each month
and summed for the year.  An average of the two sites was used for Texas and California. This
information is used to adjust the model, which is partially based on 1990 heating degree days, to
the appropriate year's heating degree data.

                                 State hdd Total
                                 -
                                 State hdd 7bto/
             Adjusted Model    = - 2^ x County Model. oqn
                           *""                             '       199°
                                                1990
 where:        Adjusted Model     =     county wood consumption (cords)
              State hdd Total      =     total heating degree days (degrees Fahrenheit)
              County Model       =     EPA model consumption (cords)
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       National Wood Consumption. The Adjusted Model wood consumption estimate was
normalized on a national level using the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) estimate of residential
U.S. wood consumption.  This value in 1997 was reported as 414 trillion British thermal units
(Btu).  Dividing by 20 million Btu/cord yields an account of cords over the nation consumed per
year. Consumption for the years 1985, 1986, and 1988 were unavailable from the DOE. Known
year's consumption and heating degree days were used to estimate these years. The 1985 DOE
estimate was calculated using the ratio of 1985 total heating degree days to 1984 total heating
degree days multiplied by the 1984 DOE wood consumption estimate. The 1986 DOE estimate
was calculated using the ratio of 1986 total heating degree days to 1985 total heating degree days
multiplied by the "calculated" 1985 DOE wood consumption estimate. The 1988 DOE estimate
was calculated using the ratio of 1988 total heating degree days to 1987 total heating degree days
multiplied by the 1987 DOE wood consumption estimate.  The following equation shows
normalization of the Adjusted Model:
                                                    DOE^
               Activity = Adjusted Model   x __	 ^                     (25)
                                              2_, Adjusted Modelyear
where: Activity             =      normalized county consumption (cords)
      Adjusted Model      =      county wood consumption (cords)
      DOE               =      DOE national estimate of residential wood consumption
                                 (cords)

      Emission Factors: Emission factors were obtained from Table  1.10-1 of AP-42, Emission
Factors for Residential Wood Combustion, for conventional wood stoves.

      Control Efficiency: A control efficiency was applied nationally to PM10 and PM2 s
residential wood combustion for the years 1991 through 1996. The .control efficiency for all
pollutants for the years 1985 through 1990, and for VOC, NO^, CO, and SO2 for 1991 through
1996 is zero.

      4.c. Residential Nonwood Combustion:  The 1990 S02 and  PM NET emissions are the
same as the 1990 Interim Inventory emissions. The 1991 through  1994 emissions were estimated
by applying growth factors to the 1990 Interim Inventory emissions.  The growth factors were
obtained from the prereleased E-GAS, version 2.0.  The E-GAS generates growth factors at the
SCC-level for counties representative of all counties within  each ozone nonattainment area
classified as serious and above and for counties representative of all counties within both the
attainment portions and the marginal and moderate nonattainment areas within each state. The
appropriate growth factors were applied by county and SCC to the 1990 emissions as shown:
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Emissions(countyiSCCjfear) = Growth(MKHW5CQw) * Emissians(eaoiy^CCtl990)        (26)
                                                                           in
                                                                           a
       There are approximately 150 representative counties in E-GAS and 2000 SCCs present
the base year inventory. This yields a matrix of 300,000 growth factors generated to determine
single year's inventory. To list all combinations would be inappropriate.

       4.d.  Highway Vehicles; In 1994, EPA released a computer model, with the acronym
PARTS, that can be used to estimate paniculate emission rates from in-use gasoline and diesel-
fueled motor vehicles (refer to Reference 20, page 4-200 of the Procedures Document). It
calculates particle emission factors in grams per mile from on-road automobiles, trucks, and
motorcycles, for particle sizes up to 10 microns. PARTS was used to calculate on-road vehicle
PM10 and PMi5 (PM^5 for the years 1990-1996 only) emission factors from vehicle exhaust, brake
wear, tire wear, and reentrained road dust from paved and unpaved roads (see sections 4.8.2.3
and 4.8.2.4 for details on road dust emissions), and SO2 vehicle exhaust emission factors.

       Basic assumptions regarding inputs to PARTS were made that apply to all PARTS model
runs, and include the following:

       •     The transient speed cycle was used.

       •     Any county with an existing I/M program was given I/M credit from PARTS,
              regardless of the details of the I/M program. PARTS gives credit based on the
              assumption that high emitting vehicles will be forced to make emission reducing
              repairs and that an existing I/M program will deter tampering. This only affects
              lead and sulfate emissions from gasoline-powered vehicles.

       •     Using the input parameter BUSFLG,  bus emission factors for all rural road types,
              urban  interstates, and other freeways  and expressways road types were modeled
              using the PARTS transit bus emission factors, while bus emission factors for all
              other urban road types were modeled using the PARTS Central Business District
              bus emission factors.

       Registration Distribution.  The vehicle registration distribution used was also  common to
all PARTS model runs. PARTS uses the same vehicle classifications as the MOBILE model,
except that the MOBILE HDDV class is broken into five subclasses in PARTS.

       To maintain consistency with the NET Inventory, the year specific vehicle registration
distribution used in the MOBILE modeling for the NET Inventory was adapted for this analysis.
This registration distribution was modified by distributing the MOBILE HDDV vehicle class
distribution among the five PARTS HDDV subclasses (2BHDDV, LHDDV, MHDDV, HHDDV,
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and BUSES). This was accomplished using HDDV subclass-specific sales, survival rates, and
diesel market shares.

       Speed. The speed inputs documented in the procedures document were used in the
PARTS modeling as well, with the exception that the maximum allowable speed in PARTS is 55
mph, so the rural interstate speed was changed from 60 mph to 55 mph for the PARTS modeling
(see table 4.6-22 in the Procedures Document). Emission factors were calculated for each
combination of state, I/M status, month, vehicle type, and speed. VMT data for each
county/month/vehicle type/road type were mapped to the appropriate emission factor.

       HDDV Vehicle Class Weighting.  After PARTS emission factors are generated, the
PARTS HDDV subclass emission factors (2BHDDV, LHDDV, MHDDV, HHDDV, and
BUSES) are weighted together to develop a single HDDV emission factor, to correspond with
the VMT data already developed for the NET Inventory. These weighting factors are based on
truck VMT by weight and truck class from the Truck Inventory and Use Survey and FHWA's
Highway Statistics.

       Exhaust PM Emissions. Monthly, county-level, SCC-specific PM emissions from on-road
vehicle exhaust components were calculated by multiplying year specific monthly county-level,
SCC-specific VMT by year specific state-level, SCC-specific exhaust PM emission factors
generated using PARTS.  Since none of the inputs affecting the calculation of the PM exhaust
emission factors vary by month, only annual PM exhaust emission factors were calculated.
PARTS total exhaust emission factors are the sum of lead, soluble organic fraction, remaining
carbon portion, and direct SO4 (sulfates) emission factors.

       Exhaust SO2 Emissions. National  annual SO2 on-road vehicle exhaust emission factors by
vehicle type and speed were calculated using PARTS.  These emission factors calculated within
PARTS vary according to fuel density, the weight percent of sulfur in the fuel, and the fuel
economy of the vehicle (which varies by speed). None  of these parameters vary by month or
state. Monthly/county/SCC-specific SO2 emissions were then calculated by multiplying each
county's monthly VMT at the road type and vehicle type level by the SO2 emission factor
(calculated for each vehicle type and speed) that corresponds to the vehicle type and road type.

       PM Brake Wear Emissions.  The PARTS PM emission factors for brake wear are 0.0125
grams per mile for PMi0 and 0.005 grams per mile for PM2 5.  This value was applied to estimate
brake wear emissions for all vehicle types.

       PM Tire  Wear Emissions. PARTS emission factors for tire wear are proportional to the
average number of wheels per vehicle. The emission factor is 0.002 grams per mile per wheel for
PM10 and 0.0005 grams per mile per wheel for PMi5. Therefore, separate tire wear emission
factors were calculated for each vehicle type. Estimates of the average number of wheels per
vehicle by vehicle class were developed using information from the Truck Inventory and Use
Survey.  Tire wear PM emissions were then calculated at the monthly/county/SCC level by
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   multiplying the monthly/county/SCC level VMT by the tire wear emission factor for the
   appropriate vehicle type.

          Pre-1996 Calculation of Ammonia (NH?) Emission Factors.  Little research has been
   done to date on ammonia (NH3) emission factors from motor vehicles.  The most comprehensive
   vehicle testing including NH3 emission factors available for use in this analysis is summarized in a
   report by Volkswagen AG (refer to Reference 19, page 4-200, of the Procedures Document).  In
   the testing program described in this report, 18 different Volkswagen/Audi vehicles from the 1978
   through 1986 model years were tested. The vehicles were selected to represent a cross-section of
   the Volkswagen/Audi passenger car production program. The vehicles all had either 4 or 5
   cylinder gasoline or diesel engines. Seven of the gasoline vehicles were equipped with 3-way
   catalysts with oxygen sensors, seven of the vehicles were diesel-fueled, and the remaining four
   vehicles were gasoline vehicles with no catalysts.

          Emissions from  each of these vehicles were measured using a chassis dynamometer over
   three different test procedures: the U.S. FTP, the U.S. Sulfate Emission Test (SET), and the U.S.
   Highway Driving Test.  The FTP includes both cold and hot engine starts with a cumulative
   mileage of 11.1 miles over 505 seconds.  The SET simulates 13.5 miles of travel on a freeway in
   Los Angeles with heavy traffic over a time of 1,398 seconds.  The Highway Driving Test, also
   known as the Highway  Fuel Economy Test (HFET),  results in an average speed of 48.1 mph over
   10.2 miles with a maximum speed of 59.9 mph. Both the SET and the  HFET are hot start tests
   (no cold starts are included). Each vehicle was tested on all three test cycles on the same day,
   with three to five repeated measurements carried out for each vehicle on consecutive days.

          The mean results of Volkswagen's emission testing program  were reported for each of the
   18 vehicles tested and for each of the test cycles.  The report also shows the total mean value over
   all three tests by engine type (gasoline with catalyst, gasoline without catalyst, and diesel).  These
   values accounting for all three test cycles were used in this analysis to calculate NH3 emission
   since most types of driving would be included in one of the three test cycles (i.e., urban driving
   would be represented by the FTP; stop and go driving on expressways would be represented by
   the SET; and freeway driving would be represented by the HFET). These mean emission factors
   are shown below.

    Engine Type	Mean NH3 Emission Factor (grams/mile)
    Gasoline Engine without Catalyst                                           0.00352
    Gasoline Engine with 3-Way Catalyst                                       0.13743
    Diesel Engine	Q.QQ188	

    Using the NH3 emission factors listed above, emission factors by vehicle type and model year were
calculated using MOBILESb data listing the fraction of vehicles with 3-way catalysts by vehicle type and
travel fractions from MOBILESb  output by model year and vehicle type. For the Trends analysis,
motorcycles were assigned the non-catalyst gasoline engine emission factor while all diesel vehicle types
were assigned the diesel engine emission factor listed above.

    To calculate the LDGV emission factor for 1995, a MOBILESb run was made to produce
by-model-year output for LDGVs in 1995.  The by-model-year travel fractions were extracted from the

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resulting MOBILESb output file. Then, for each of the 25 model years included in the by-model-year
output, a weighted emission factor was calculated by multiplying the fraction of LDGVs with 3-way
catalysts in that model year by the emission factor listed above for gasoline engines with 3-way catalysts
(i.e., 0.13743 g/mi) and adding to this the product of the fraction of LDGVs without 3-way catalysts in
that model year and the emission factor for gasoline engines without 3-way catalysts (i.e., 0.00352 g/mi).
This weighted emission factor was then multiplied by the LDGV travel fraction for that model year,
giving a model year-weighted emission factor.  This procedure was repeated for each of the 25 model
years included in the by-model-year output for 1995 and the 25 model-year weighted emission factors
were then summed to give the composite 1995 LDGV NH3 emission factor.

     The above procedure was repeated for 1995, 1996, and each projection year for LDGVs, LDGTls,
LDGT2s, and HDGVs.  Note that the NH3 emission factors for each gasoline vehicle type increase with
time as the fraction of vehicles with 3-way catalysts increases, since the Volkswagen study showed that
NH3 emission factors for gasoline vehicles  with catalysts are significantly higher than those for vehicles
without catalysts.

     Calculation of Emissions: Once the emission factors for all pollutants and VMT were calculated at
the level of detail described above for 1995, 1996, and each of the projection years, emissions were
calculated by multiplying the appropriate emission factors by the corresponding VMT values.  Emissions
for the MOBILESb pollutants (VOC, NOx, and CO) were calculated with emission factors and VMT at
the month, county, roadway type, and vehicle type (for the eight MOBILESb vehicle types) level of
detail.  The emission factors for the PARTS pollutants (PM10, PM^,, and SO2) did not vary by month, so
the same emission factors were multiplied by the monthly VMT at the county, roadway type, and vehicle
type (for the 12 PARTS vehicle types) level of detail.  Ammonia emission factors varied only by vehicle
type, so the eight emission factors by vehicle type were multiplied by VMT representing the same vehicle
type at the monthly, county, and roadway type level of detail.  Emissions for all pollutants were
calculated by multiplying the appropriate emission factor in grams per mile by the corresponding VMT in
millions of miles, and then converting the answer to  units of tons of emissions.

    Emission factors were not calculated separately for each county. To determine the emission factor
sets to be modeled in each State, a county-level database was prepared for each year modeled.  For each
county, the control programs applicable in  that year were indicated. The data base also included
information on non-default inputs to be modeled, such as registration distributions and other State-
supplied data from OTAG, for each county. Next, for each State, all unique combinations of control
programs and other non-default inputs were determined for each modeled year.  MOBILESb  model runs
were then made modeling each of these unique combinations.  Each combination was identified using the
county code of one of the counties with this combination of controls and inputs. To apply the emission
factors to the appropriate counties, a county correspondence file was developed which mapped all
counties with the same unique  set of input data and control programs to the MOBILESb emission factors
modeled for the county representing that unique combination of inputs and control programs.  In some
States, a single set of emission factors was  applied to all counties in the State, while in other States, a
separate set of emission factors was calculated for each county. Most States, however, fell in between
these two extremes with several sets of emission factors calculated for the State, with each set applying
to one or more counties within the State.   A similar process was followed in mapping the PARTS
emission factors to the appropriate counties.
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    7996 and 1997 Ammonia emission factors. NH3 emission factors used in estimating 1996 and 1997
values are new. The pre-1996 values are based on a European Volkswagen study (Volkswagen AG
Research and Development, "Unregulated Motor Vehicle Exhaust Gas Components," Wolfsburg,
Germany, March 1989). Emission factors for 1996 and beyond were estimated using the Office of
Mobile Sources (QMS) NH3 emission factors, to capture the impact of catalytic converters on American
vehicles.

    4.e.  Non-Road Gasoline Vehicles;   Non-road sources include motorized vehicles and equipment
that are not normally operated on public roadways.  The non-road mobile source emission estimates in
the NET  Inventory are based on 1990 non-road emission estimates compiled by EPA. The non-road data
contains a total emission estimate for non-road sources at the county level. These emission estimates
include all non-road sources except aircraft, commercial marine vessels, railroads, and fugitive road dust.
Three of these categories are discussed below. The non-road sources not included in the estimates were
determined by growing the applicable NAPAP source categories.  The non-road emission estimates were
developed from non-road emission inventories for 27 ozone nonattainment areas (NAAs) by EPA's OMS.
The OMS inventories contained 1990 emission estimates at the SCC-level for each county within the 27
NAAs. (Refer to Reference 1, page 4-255, of the Procedures Document).

    EPA performed a two step process to convert the OMS emission estimates to county/ SCC-level
emission estimates from the NAA level. The first step was to use the OMS 1990 non-road emission
estimates for the 27 ozone NAAs to estimate non-road emissions for the rest of the country. In the
second step, total non-road emission estimates for each county were used to create 1990 county/SCC-
level non-road emission estimates. Aircraft, railroads, and marine vessel estimates were derived
differently,  as discussed below.

    Aircraft. Activity levels for aircraft are measured by the number  of landing-takeoff operations
(LTOs).  Annual LTO totals are compiled by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) on a regional
basis. Commercial aircraft growth was derived from the summation of air carrier and air taxi regional
totals of LTOs from FAA-operated control towers and FAA traffic control centers.  These data were
compiled on a regional basis, so the regional trends were applied to each State. Civil aircraft growth
indicators were also developed from regional LTO totals.  Civil aircraft activity levels were determined
from terminal area activity  for the years 1985 through 1989, and from a 1990 forecast of terminal area
activity.  Military aircraft LTO totals were not available; consequently, BEA data on military sector
economic growth were used.

    Railroads.  Railroad data are provided by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). National
totals of revenue-ton-miles for the years 1985 through 1990 were used to estimate changes in activity
during this  period. The national growth was applied to each State and county.

    Marine Vessels.  Marine vessel activity is recorded annually by the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers
(COE). Cargo tonnage national totals are used to determine growth in diesel- and residual-fueled vessel
use through the year 1989. Gasoline-powered vessels are used predominantly for recreation, so growth
for this category is therefore based on population.

    Diesel: Refer to "Methodologies that are New" on the first page of this update.
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    We continue to upgrade the emission estimates for PMZ5 and NH3, and expect more significant
changes to the 1990 through 1997 estimates in the 1999 Trends Report.
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                                       TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                     (PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS ON THE REVERSE BEFORE COMPLETING)
•] OBB/*IDT MO

  EPA-454/C-98-007
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
             2.
  NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION TRENDS UPDATE
  1970-1997
                                                                 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
                                             5. REPORT DATE
                                                12/30/98
                                             6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
                                                USEPA/OAQPS/EMAD/EFIG
7. AUTHOR(S)

  SHARON V. NIZICH, ANNE POPE, PECHAN-AVANTI GROUP

  ••^••—i^     •• • ^^^^—                 •. • • • • -
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
  U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
  OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
  EMISSION FACTOR AND INVENTORY GROUP (MD-14)
  RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711
                                             8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
                                             10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
                                             11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
                                               68-07-0067
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
  DIRf CTOR. OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
  OFPCE OF AIR AND RADIATION
  US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
  RE SEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711
                                            13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                                               TECHNICAL 1970-1997
                                            14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
                                               EPA/200/04
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
  The Emission Factor and Inventory Group (EFIG) annually produces a publication on the trends in emissions of criteria
  pollutants.  These publications are needed by the States to evaluate emission trends in each State and to compare
  emission trends among the States. The latest such report, entitled, National Air Pollutant Emission Trends Update
  1970-1997 (EPA-E-98-007) is an update only. A full report will again be generated in December, 1999.

  Data from this report has also been used for the National Air Quality Trends report. The emission estimates
  developed and included in the Emission Trends database have been utilized to support development of the National
  Particulates Inventory, in support of recent evaluations of the particulate matter and ozone NAAQS, in support of the
  FACA process, and in support of the CAA  Section 812 retrospective analysis.

  KEY WORDS/DESCRIPTORS:  CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANT, EMISSIONS TRENDS
                                    KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
  DESCRIPTORS
  AIR EMISSION TRENDS
  AIR POLLUTION
  AMMONIA
  8KJOENICS
  CANADA
  CARBON MONOXIDE
  NITROGEN DIOXIDE
  NITROGEN OXIDES
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
  UNLIMITED
 OZONE
 PARTICULATE MATTER
SULFUR DIOXIDE
TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
   AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
   AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH
   AIR POLLUTION TRENDS
                                  UNCLASSIFIED
                                                      UNCLASSIFIED
                                                              c. COSATI FIELD/GROUP
                                                              21. NO. OF PAGES
                                                                                   22. PRICE
                                                    C-l

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