-------
APPENDIX B
-------
APPENDIX B, USING THE STAFFING ESTIMATE WORKSHEET
The following Staffing Estimate Worksheets are completed for four treatment plants.
Work them through yourself for practice, copying as many copies of the blank worksheet
as you need.
EXAMPLE I: TRICKLING FILTER PLANT, 1.0 MGD'
Plant I is a 17-year-old plant serving a small town of 8,000 people that has no significant
industry. The town has a well-maintained separate sewer system. The plant was well
designed with an average layout. The plant has not been modified extensively and was all
built under a single contract. As a result, most of the equipment is from the same
manufacturer. It is currently operating at full design capacity.
Regulatory requirements for 80 percent BOD and suspended solids removal are met by
the trickling filter process.
Motivation is reasonably good at the plant so that productivity is average. Many of the
staff are not properly trained nor certified, however, so that operations are not as
efficient as they could be.
The plant has no automatic monitors or samplers, nor does it use any outside contracts
for laboratory or maintenance work.
Equipment maintenance has not been a serious problem, due in part to a regular
preventive maintenance program.
B-l
-------
BY.
DPH
DATE FFR 7 1973
PLANT EXAMPLE I
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
STAFFING ESTIMATE WORKSHEET
TYPE
PA 01 1 OF 'i
TRICKLING FILTER
LOCATION
DESIGN FLOW 10 MGD
I. ADJUSTMENT FOR LOCAL CONDITIONS (SEE TALC)
LOCAL CONDITION
PLANT LAYOUT
UNIT PROCESSES
LEVEL OF TREATMENT
TYPE OF REMOVAL
REQUIREMENT
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
PRODUCTIVITY
CLIMATE
TRAINING
AUTO. MONITORING
AUTO. SAMPLING
OFF-PLANT LABORATORY
OFF-PLANT MAINTENANCE
AGE OF EQUIPMENT
STORM, INFILTRATION
PRESENT FLOW
TOTAL
COMMENT
AVERAGE
STANDARD, DIFF,
SECONDARY
PERCENTAGE
NONE
AVERAGE
MODERATE
SOME CERTIFIED
NONE
NONE
NONE
NONE
WELL CARED FOR
NONE
AT DESIGN
ADJUSTMENT
OPERATION
—
-
-
-
-
•W.
+5%
*5%
-
-
-
-
<• 1 5%
MAINTENANCE
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
SUPERVISORY
-
-
-
-
- •
-
-5%
-
-
-
-
-
-
^5%
CLERICAL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
*
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
LABORATOR/
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
*&%
-
-
.. -
-
—
• c/"/.
('ARDWORK
-
-
-
-
-
—
-
0
-------
STAFFING ESTIMATE WORKSHEET
PAGE 2 OF 3
II. ANNUAL MANHOURS
UNIT PROCESS
RAW SEWAGE PUMP STATION
SCREENING
GRIT REMOVAL
PRIMARY CLARIFIER
TRICKLING FJLTER
SECONDARY CLARIFIER
CHLORINATION
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER
SLUDGE BEDS
'
TOTAL
ADJUSTMENT (FROM 1)
ADJUSTED TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL 4,690
OPERATION
—
43
200
230
380
65
130
180
240
1,468
+220
1,690
MAINTENANCE
330
17
22
220
540
230
200
44
—
-
1,603
0
1,600
SUPERVISORY
510
+26
540
CLERICAL
53
0
50
LABORATORY
-
320
•16
340
YARDWORK
470
0
4/0
-------
III. STAFFING SUGGESTION
•ASSUMES 1500 HOURS PER YEAR PER MAN
(SEE PAGE 9)
STAFFING ESTIMATE WORKSHEET
PAGE 3 OF 3
TOTAL HOURS PER YEAR
NUMBER OF MEN'
OPERATIONS
1,690
1.1
MAINTENANCE
1,600
1.1
SUPERVISORY
540
0.4
CLERICAL
50
LABORATORY
340
0.2
YARDWORK
470
0.3
TOTAL
4,690
-------
EXAMPLE II: ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANT, 9.5 MOD
Plant II is a 10-year-old plant serving 60,000 people in an area where winters are severe.
The plant was well designed using conventional unit processes. Much of the minor
equipment (pumps, etc.) is of the same manufacturer. The plant is now operating at close
to design flow. Due to a well established sewer maintenance program and good
enforcement of an ordinance prohibiting storm drain connections to the sanitary sewer
there are no problems with infiltration or storm runoff. The plant is used for research
purposes by a nearby university so there is no laboratory work done at the plant.
The state regulatory agency requires 85 percent BOD and suspended solids involved.
These removals are generally exceeded by the well run activated sludge plant.
There is a small meat packing plant and dairy in town, but no seasonal industry. There is
good rapport between the treatment plant operators and the plant foremen which has
helped prevent operation problems.
Certification is encouraged so that all the operators are certified, but are not engaged in
any regular continuing education program.
There are no automatic samplers, and the only automatic monitoring is for chlorine
residual. Maintenance on this monitor is done by an outside contract.
A small amount of equipment corrective maintenance is done by contract, in addition to
the maintenance on the chlorine residual monitor. The equipment is generally well cared
for so that no special maintenance problems exist.
B-5
-------
BY
-6W4-
DATE FFR 7 1Q73
PLANT EXAMPLE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
STAFFING ESTIMATE WORKSHEET
TYPE
PAGE 1 OF 3
ACTIVATED SLUDGE
LOCATION.
DESIGN FLOW 9.5 MGD
I. ADJUSTMENT FOR LOCAL CONDITIONS (SEE TALC)
LOCAL CONDITION
PLANT LAYOUT
UNIT PROCESSES
LEVEL OF TREATMENT
TYPE OF REMOVAL
REQUIREMENT
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
PRODUCTIVITY
CLIMATE
TRAINING
AUTO. MONITORING
AUTO. SAMPLING
OFF-PLANT LABORATORY
OFF-PLANT MAINTENANCE
AGE OF EQUIPMENT
STORM, INFILTRATION
PRESENT FLOW
TOTAL
COMMENT
AVERAGE
STANDARD/DIFF
SECONDARY
PERCENTAGE
CONSTANT INFLOW
AVERAGE
SEVERE WINTERS
ALL CERTIFIED
SOME, NO FEEDBACK
NONE
NO LAB AT PLANT
A LITTLE
WELL CARED FOR
NO SPECIAL
PROBLEM
AT DESIGN FLOW
ADJUSTMENT
OPERATION
-
-
-
—
_
-
—
-
—
+5%
-
-
-
-
-
+5%
MAINTENANCE
-
-
-
—
_
-
+ 10%
-
-
-
-
-15%
-
-
-
-5%
SUPERVISORY
-
-
-
-
—
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
CLERICAL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
LABORATORY
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+5%
-100%
-
-
-
-
-100%
YARDWORK
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
-------
STAFFING ESTIMATE WORKSHEET
PAGE 2 OF 3
II. ANNUAL MANHOURS
UNIT PROCESS
SCREENING, GRINDING
GRIT REMOVAL
PRIMARY CLARIFIER
AERATION .'
SECONDARY CLARIFIER
CHLORINATION
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER
SLUDGE TRUCKING
TOTAL
ADJUSTMENT (FROM 1)
ADJUSTED TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL 17,500
OPERATION
900
680
2,000
1,500
1,800
330
860
(750)
8,820
+410
9,230
MAINTENANCE
39
60
490
1,700
400
390
210
—
3,289
-164
3,120
SUPERVISORY
2,250
0
2,250
CLERICAL
800
0
800
LABORATORY
2,250
-2,250
0
YARDWORK
2,100
0
2,100
c:
-------
STAFFING ESTIMATE WORKSHEET
PAGE 3 OF 3
III. STAFFING SUGGESTION
OPERATIONS
TOTAL HOURS PER YEAR
9,230
NUMBER OF MEN*
6.2
MAINTENANCE
3,120
2.1
SUPERVISORY
2,250
1.5
oc
CLERICAL .
800
0.5
LABORATORY
YARDWORK
2,100
1.4
TOTAL
17,500
ir/2*
•ASSUMES 1500 HOURS PER YEAR PER MAN
(SEE PAGE I)
" ROUNDED TO NEAREST ONE-HALF
-------
EXAMPLE III: ACTIVATED SLUDGE PLANTS WITH RELATIVELY EXTREME
STAFFING NEEDS, 20.0 MGD
Examples IIIA and IIIB show the possible effects of the TALC factors on two treatment
plants of the same size and with the same process units, but differing in a number of
opposite ways from an "average" plant.
Plant IIIA, due to restricted land availability, has an unusually compact layout. On the
whole, it is well designed and equipped, and excellently run. Regulatory agencies require
that it remove 85 percent of the BOD and suspended solids from the sewage. While its
process units and other equipment are conventional, the same types of equipment have in
a number of instances been supplied by different manufacturers. Fortunately, the plant
has no industrial wastes to contend with, nor does it have an extreme winter to make
maintenance difficult.
A progressive management insists on operator certification, provides periodic in-plant
training sessions, and when possible sends personnel to short courses on sewage treatment
practice and theory at a local technical school For these and other reasons, morale and
productivity are good.
Chlorine residual at the plant is monitored and chlorination is paced by automatic
equipment; influent and effluent sampling is done automatically, too. All other
maintenance, as well as laboratory work, is performed by the plant staff,
Plant IIIB, in sharp contrast, is a problem plant. First built 20 years ago on low-cost land
in an area of severe winters, its layout was relatively extended. Then a booming economy
and population forced it to expand when much of the land surrounding it was owned by
industry. An awkward, inefficient process layout was thus forced upon it By this time,
too, many of its process units were obsolete.
Discharging as it does to a river, regulatory agencies stringently require that BOD and
suspended solids in its effluent be kept below 15 parts per million. Meeting this
requirement is difficult enough by itself, but the plant's work is complicated by the fact
that it has had a history of erratic, illegal dumping of industrial wastes. Some of these
wastes have contained heavy metals, so that the plant must constantly monitor its
influent for heavy metal compounds and other wastes that might upset its processes. The
plant has automatic sampling equipment to help in this task; it also has automatic
chlorine-residual monitoring equipment, which is used to pace the chlorinator.
In part because key staff positions in the plant are political appointments, without regard
for technical qualifications, the morale of most of the plant staff is low. Certification is
B-9
-------
not required and no training programs are held or even encouraged. The plant does its
own laboratory and maintenance work, with the exception of contract maintenance of
the automatic monitoring and sampling equipment. Many of the maintenance tasks are
difficult to perform during the long, cold, and snowy winters.
B-10
-------
BY.
DPH
DATE FEB. 2, 1973
PLANT EXAMPLE III-A
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
STAFFING ESTIMATE WORKSHEET
TYPE
PAGE 1 OF 3
ACTIVATED SLUDGE
LOCATION.
DESIGN FLOW 20.0 MGD
I. ADJUSTMENT FOR LOCAL CONDITIONS (SEE TALC)
LOCAL CONDITION
PLANT LAYOUT
UNIT PROCESSES
LEVEL OF TREATMENT
TYPE OF REMOVAL
REQUIREMENT
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
PRODUCTIVITY
CLIMATE
TRAINING
AUTO. MONITORING
AUTO. SAMPLING
OFF-PLANT LABORATORY
OFF-PLANT MAINTENANCE
AGE OF EQUIPMENT
STORM, INFILTRATION
PRESENT FLOW
TOTAL
COMMENT
COMPACT
STANDARD/DIFF.
SECONDARY
PERCENTAGE
NONE
AVERAGE
MODERATE
CERT. W.
EDUCATION
SOME W.
FEEDBACK
OF INFLUENT,
EFFLUENT
NONE
NONE
WELL CARED FOR
NO PROBLEM
AT DESIGN FLOW
ADJUSTMENT
OPERATION
-10%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-5%
-5%
-5%
-
-
-
-
-
-25%
MAINTENANCE
-10%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+5%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-5%
SUPERVISORY
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-10%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-10%
CLERICAL
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
LABORATORY
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-5%
-
-
-
-
-
-5%
YARDWORK
-50%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-50%
-------
STAFFING ESTIMATE WORKSHEET
PAGE 2 OF 3
II. ANNUAL MANHOURS
UNIT PROCESS
SCREENING, GRINDING
GRIT REMOVAL
PRIMARY CLARIFICATION
AERATION
SECONDARY CLARIFICATION
CHLORINATION
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
CENTRIFUGE (24 H/D)
SLUDGE TRUCKING
TOTAL
ADJUSTMENT (FROM 1)
ADJUSTED TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL 31,570
OPERATION
2,500
1,020
4,100
2,100
4,100
450
1,450
2,630
(1,500)
19,850
-4,963
14,890
MAINTENANCE
50
82
630
2,800
490
490
350
1,760
—
6,652
-333
6,320
SUPERVISORY
3,700
-370
3,330
CLERICAL
2,000
0
2,000
LABORATORY
3,500
-175
3,330
YARDWORK
3,400
-1,700
1,700
-------
I. STAFFING SUGGESTION
STAFFING ESTIMATE WORKSHEET
PAGE 3 OF 3
'ASSUMES 1500 HOURS PER YEAR PER MAN
(SEE PAGE 9)
TOTAL HOURS PER YEAR
NUMBER OF MEN'
OPERATIONS
14,890
9.9
MAINTENANCE
6,320
4.2
SUPERVISORY .
3,330
2.2
CLERICAL
2,000
1.3
LABORATORY
3,330
2.2
YARDWORK
1,700
1.1
TOTAL
31,570
21
-------
BY.
DATE FEB. 2. 1973
PLANT EXAMPLE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
STAFFING ESTIMATE WORKSHEET
I-B
TYPE
PAGE 1 OF 3
ACTIVATED SLUDGE
LOCATION
DESIGN FLOW 20.0 MGD
I. ADJUSTMENT FOR LOCAL CONDITIONS (SEE TALC)
LOCAL CONDITION
PLANT LAYOUT
UNIT PROCESSES
LEVEL OF TREATMENT
TYPE OF REMOVAL
REQUIREMENT
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
PRODUCTIVITY
CLIMATE
TRAINING
AUTO. MONITORING
AUTO. SAMPLING
OFF-PLANT LABORATORY
OFF-PLANT MAINTENANCE
AGE OF EQUIPMENT
STORM, INFILTRATION
PRESENT FLOW
TOTAL
COMMENT
EXTENDED
NONSTANDARD
SECONDARY
BOD, SS=15PPM
ERRATIC INFLOW
LOW
EXTREME WINTERS
NOT CERTIFIED
SOMEW. FEEDBACK
OF INFLUENT,
EFFLUENT
NONE
NONE
POORLY CARED FOR
NO PROBLEM
AT DESIGN FLOW
ADJUSTMENT
OPERATION
+10%
+ 10%
-
+5%
+10%
+ 15%
—
+10%
-5%
-5%
-
-
-
-
-
+50%
MAINTENANCE
+ 10%
+10%
-
-
-
+ 15%
+ 10%
-
+5%
-
-
-
+10%
-
-
+60%
SUPERVISORY
0
-
-
-
-
-
—
+10%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+ 10%
CLERICAL
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0
LABORATORY
0
-
-
+10%
+10%
-
-
-
-
-5%
-
-
-
-
-
+ 15%
YARDWORK
+50%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+50%
-------
STAFFING ESTIMATE WORKSHEET
PAGE 2 OF 3
II. ANNUAL MANHOURS
UNIT PROCESS
SCREENING, GRINDING
GRIT REMOVAL
PRIMARY CLARIFICATION
AERATION
SECONDARY CLARIFICATION
CHLORINATION
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
CENTRIFUGE (24 H/D)
SLUDGE TRUCKING
TOTAL
ADJUSTMENT (FROM 1)
ADJUSTED TOTAL
GRAND TOTAL 55,620
OPERATION
2,500
1,020
4,100
2,100
4,100
450
1,450
2,630
(1,500)
19,850
+9,925
29,780
MAINTENANCE
50
82
630
2,800
490
490
350
1,760
6,652
+3,990
10,640
SUPERVISORY
3,700
+370
4,070
CLERICAL
2,000
0
2,000
LABORATORY
3,500
+525
4,030
YARDWORK
3,400
+ 1,700
5,100
03
-------
III. STAFFING SUGGESTION
•ASSUMES 1500 HOURS PER YEAR PER MAN
(SEE PAGE 9)
STAFFING ESTIMATE WORKSHEET
PAGE 3 OF 3
TOTAL HOURS PER YEAR
NUMBER OF MEN"
OPERATIONS
29,780
19.9
MAINTENANCE
10,640
7.1
SUPERVISORY
4,070
2.7
CLERICAL
2,000
1.3
LABORATORY
4,030
2.7
YARDWORK
5,100
3.4
TOTAL
55,620
37
-------
APPENDIX C
-------
APPENDIX C. WHETHER TO PROVIDE 24-HOUR STAFFING
Effluent quality and public health and safety are the things to consider when deciding
whether to staff a plant nights and weekends. Erratic influent quality; complex, easy to
upset processes; stringent discharge requirements: if any of these conditions exist, then
24-hour, seven day per week staffing should be evaluated.
More specifically, these are some points to consider when determining the need for
24-hour, seven day staffing:
1. When the plant has a capacity greater than 10-mgd.
2. When the influent is highly erratic or has a large and fluctuating proportion of
industrial wastes.
3. When power failures are common.
4. When full-scale, complete advanced-waste-treatment schemes are used to remove
nutrients and other pollutants in addition to BOD and suspended solids. (Partial
advanced waste treatment at a plant, such as chemical coagulation alone, may
not require more staffing than would a strictly secondary-level plant.)
5. When equipment requiring highly specialized maintenance is used.
6. When the plant's effluent is discharged close to a downstream water intake.
7. When the plant's effluent is discharged into a small, enclosed water-contact
recreational area, though this factor need influence staffing only during the
recreational season.
8. When the plant's effluent is discharged into a shell fishery.
9. When the effluent flow is very high in proportion to the receiving water flow.
Automatic monitors and controls may be used to improve operation and reduce staffing
needs—especially nighttime staffing. The present state of the art in instrumentation is
such that, although better operation and control may be achieved through the use of
these monitors and control systems, increases in maintenance and meter calibration time
C-l
-------
can offset any savings anticipated in staff. In addition, highly trained and specialized
personnel are required to repair and maintain these instruments. These points should be
kept in mind when evaluating the use of automatic monitors and controls against 24-hour
staffing.
This is not to say that the option of automatic monitors should not be carefully
examined. On the contrary, the potential in this field is enormous. The art and science of
reliable instrumentation is advancing rapidly. No doubt the future will see more reliable
and maintenance-free systems.
C-2
-------
APPENDIX D
-------
| ANNUAL HOURS I
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TABLE D-34
UNIT MANHOUR REQUIREMENTSf
CENTRIFUGATION
Operation 0.3 hours/hour of operation
Maintenance 0.2 hours/hour of operation
VACUUM FILTRATION
Operation 0,6 hours/hour of operation
Maintenance 0.3 hours/hour of operation
INCINERATION
Operation 0.2 hours/hour of operation
Maintenance 0.2 hours/hour of operation
f The requirements shown are for single units of equipment. For three or more of these units, of whatever mix, reduce
the operation and maintenance requirements by half. For instance, one centrifuge, one vacuum filter, and one
incinerator would require a total of about 0.35, rather than 0.^, hours of maintenance per hour of operation.
D-34
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APPENDIX E
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APPENDIX E. TASK DESCRIPTIONS
The following six pages are general descriptions of the six tasks or general classifications
of work at a plant. The descriptions are in the form of lists of different jobs, or
activities, performed under each task. The list is not meant to be complete by any means,
but should give you a good idea of the difference between each task, and what is
supposed to be done under them.
These task descriptions are not the same as job descriptions; they do not tell you who
reports to whom, or who tells who what to do. They do tell you what a man engaged in
a particular task would be doing or should know how to do. Anything beyond that is left
to the job descriptions themselves.
The various activities, or jobs, listed for each task can be combined in almost any
reasonable way to make up your own job descriptions. "One man's meat is another man's
poison"—and this certainly holds true for job descriptions. This is why TALC and the
worksheet do not hold you to any one set of job descriptions—they allow you to make
up your own. To help you in this, twenty-one job titles developed by others in the past
(3) are listed along with some indication of approximately what jobs go under which
general tasks. The final pages of this appendix are an example of a thorough description
of the job title 'superintendent' taken from (3).
OPERATIONS TASK
Included in this task are various activities that are commonly identified with the
mechanics of plant operation. The following are examples:
o Operation of process equipment, valves, pumps, engines, and generators.
o Cleaning of clarifier weirs, bar screens, and other items necessary for proper
unit process function.
o Taking sewage samples as required.
o Operation of electrical controls (timers, etc.)
o Monitoring of gauges, meters, and control panels.
E-l
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o Recognition of process upsets, and of critical conditions in unit processes.
o Determination of treatment process condition using lab data and meter and
gauge readings.
o Mixing of any chemicals required in treatment.
o Inspection of plant for overall process condition.
MAINTENANCE TASK
Maintenance has been divided into two types: preventive and corrective maintenance.
These can be defined as "what you do to keep equipment from breaking (preventive),
and what you do to fix broken equipment (corrective),"Some of the activities you might
perform in both types of maintenance are the following:
o Lubricate equipment and check for equipment malfunctions.
o Replace packing in pumps and valves.
o Service and replace bearings in motors and other equipment.
o Install and start up new equipment,
o Clean out pipes (sludge lines).
o Do some minor plumbing.
o Do some welding and cutting.
o Calibrate and repair meters and gauges (although this is sometimes done by an
electrician or by outside contract).
o Set up and maintain a regular program of lubrication and replacement of
critical parts (bearings).
o Inspect and service mechanical and electrical control systems (timers, level
controllers, etc.).
E-2
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SUPERVISORY TASK
This task includes all activities that are necessary for the administration and management
of the entire plant. Every plant must have someone who performs the supervisory task.
His exact title is unimportant, except that it should differentiate him from the remainder
of the staff. Some of the individual activities involved in this task are the following:
o Regular inspection of plant operation and maintenance.
o Analysis and evaluation of the functions performed under the other five tasks,
o Organization and direction of the activities of the plant staff.
o Organization and direction of training programs.
o Formulation of budget and control of expenditures.
o Development of plans and procedures to insure efficient operation and
maintenance.
o Reporting to authorities on the operation and expenditures of the plant.
o Maintenance of good public relations.
o Preparation of work schedules, shift staffing, and operation.
o Evaluation of operation and maintenance records.
CLERICAL TASK
This task includes all record keeping and secretarial activities necessary in a plant—the
"paper work" task. Some of the jobs included under "paper work" are:
o The maintenance of operation and maintenance records.
o The maintenance of shift logs and meter readings.
o The filling out of regulatory agency forms: discharge reports, operation reports,
staff reports.
o The maintenance of reports on operating expenditure.
E-3
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And, further:
o Composition of routine correspondence and the handling of routine inquiries
from the public.
o Operation of office machinery: typewriters, calculators, etc.
o Maintenance of financial records.
o Posting, filing and sorting of various reports and records.
LABORATORY TASK
Work in the laboratory is highly specialized and requires considerable training and
experience. In small plants, this task may be handled by those spending time at either the
supervisory or operations tasks. Thus the supervisor might also be the laboratory
technician. Some of the activities involved in laboratory work are the following:
o Collection of samples (sewage and receiving water).
o Performance of laboratory analyses—both simple and complex.
o Assembling and reporting of data from tests.
o Evaluation of data in terms of plant process performance.
o Preparation of common chemical reagents and bacteriological media.
o Recommending process changes based on laboratory data.
o Reporting to regulatory agencies on the operation of the plant.
YARDWORK
This task is a catch-all. It includes custodial work, janitorial work, gardening and minor
maintenance tasks. Almost anything that does not fit in the other five tasks could
conceivably go here. Some of the most common activities included in yardwork are listed
below:
o Driving, loading and unloading of sludge trucks and other equipment.
o Gardening: cutting grass, trimming shrubs, watering, etc.
E-4
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o Removing of snow, ice and ponded water.
o Washing of equipment and tools.
o Cleaning and polishing of floors, walls, furniture, etc.
o Serving as night watchman.
RELATIONSHIPS OF JOB TITLES TO TASKS
Task
Operations
Maintenance
Supervisory
Job Title
Operations Supervisor
Shift Foreman
Operator II
Operator I
Chemist
Laboratory Technician
Maintenance Supervisor
Mechanic Maintenance Foreman
Mechanic II
Mechanic I
Electrician II
Electrician I
Maintenance Helper
Automotive Equipment Operator
Laborer
Painter
Storekeeper
Custodian
Superintendent
Assistant Superintendent
Clerk Typist
Operations Supervisor
Shift Foreman
Maintenance Supervisor
Mechanical Maintenance Foreman
Chemist
Laboratory Technician
E-5
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Task Job Title
Clerical Clerk Typist
Laboratory Chemist
Laboratory Technician
Yardwork Laborer
Painter
Storekeeper
Custodian
This list should give you an idea of what portions of tasks to put under which job titles.
The list tells you that a man engaged in one of the tasks in the left column will do some
or all of the corresponding jobs listed in the right column. An important point to notice
here is the overlap. This is a good example illustrating the difficulty of using rigid job
titles. For example, a "chemist" may in fact do supervisory work, or he may just do
laboratory work.
E-6
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SAMPLE OCCUPATION DESCRIPTION
Title: SUPERINTENDENT, WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
JOB DESCRIPTION
Responsible for administration, operation, and maintenance of entire plant Exercises
direct authority over all plant functions and personnel, in accordance with approved
policies and procedures. Inspects plant regularly. Analyzes and evaluates operation and
maintenance functions; initiates or recommends new or improved practices. Develops
plans and procedures to insure efficient plant operation. Recommends plant
improvements and additions. Coordinates data and prepares or reviews and approves
operation reports and budget requests. Controls expenditure of budgeted funds and
requests approval for major expenditures, if required. Recommends specifications for
major equipment and material purchases. Organizes and directs activities of plant
personnel, including training programs. Maintains effective communications and working
relationships with employees, government officials, and general public.
QUALIFICATIONS PROFILE
1. Formal Education
College degree in sanitary, civil, chemical, or mechanical engineering highly
desirable. Minimum high school graduate or equivalent, plus 5 to 7 years
practical experience in treatment plant operations, depending upon size and
complexity of plant.
2. General Requirements
a. Knowledge of processes and equipment involved in wastewater treatment,
including basic chemical, bacteriological, and biological processes.
b. Understanding of managerial, administrative, and accounting practices and
procedures involved in successful plant operation.
c. Knowledge of industrial wastes and their effects on treatment processes
and equipment.
E-7
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d. Ability to prepare or supervise preparation of clear, concise reports and
budget recommendations.
e. Ability to plan, direct, and evaluate plant operation and maintenance
functions.
f. Ability to establish and maintain effective communication and working
relationships.
3. General Educational Development
a. Reasoning
(1) Apply principles of logic to define problems, collect and analyze
data, and draw valid conclusions. Deal with a variety of concrete and
abstract variables.
(2) Interpret a wide variety of technical instructions, in book, manual,
and mathematical or diagrammatic form.
b. Mathematical
Perform ordinary arithmetical, algebraic, and geometric procedures in
standard, practical applications.
c. Language
(1) Write and edit operation reports.
(2) Evaluate and interpret engineering and other technical data.
(3) Interview applicants and employees.
(4) Establish and maintain communications with employees, government
officials, and the public.
4. Specific Vocational Preparation
a. Completion of operator training course or equivalent training and
experience.
b. Five to 7 years experience in wastewater treatment plant operation,
E-8
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depending upon size and complexity of plant and educational background.
Minimum of one year supervisory experience.
5. Aptitudes-Relative to General Working Population
a. Intelligence / Highest third excluding
b. Verbal \ top 10 percent
c. Numerical
d, Form Perception
e. Spatial
f, Clerical Perception
g. Motor Coordination ^ Middle Third
h. Finger Dexterity
i, Manual Dexterity
j. Eye-Hand-Foot Coordination
k. Color Discrimination
6. Interests
Prefer working with people in situations involving organization and supervision
of varied activities.
7. Temperament
Prefer situations involving the direction, control, and planning of an entire
activity or the activity of others.
8. Physical Demands
Sedentary work, except for regular plant inspection trips.
9. Working Conditions
Largely inside. Occasional exposure to weather, fumes, odors, dust, and risk of
bodily injury. Possible exposure to toxic conditions.
ENTRY SOURCES
Assistant Superintendent, Operations Supervisor, Shift Foreman, or Chief Chemist;
depending on individual qualifications and size and complexity of plant.
PROGRESSION TO:
Similar position in larger or more complex plant.
E-9
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Austin, John H., "Training - How to Do It," Journal American Water Works
Association, 62(7), pp. 431-432, July 1970.
2. Austin, John H., McLellon, Waldron, M., and Dyer, Jon C., "Training the
L
Environmental Technician," American Journal of Public Health, 60(12), pp
2314-2320, Dec. 1970.
3. Black and Veatch, Estimating Costs and Manpower Requirements for Conventional
Wastewater Treatment Facilities. Oct 1971
4. Conference of State Sanitary Engineers: Recommendations for Minimum Personnel,
Laboratory Control and Records for Municipal Waste Treatment. 1963.
5. DiGregorio, David, Cost of Wastewater Treatment Processes, United States
Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution Control Association, Cincinnati,
Ohio. Dec. 1968. Report No. TWRC-6.
6. Environmental Protection Agency, Advanced Waste Treatment Seminar, San
Francisco October 1970, Session IV Combined Treatment and Applications.
1. Environmental Protection Agency, Clemson University, Criteria for the
Establishment and Maintenance of Two Year Post High School Wastewater
Technology Training Programs Informational Packet. Prepared for the March 29,
1972, meeting.
8, Environmental Protection Agency, Clemson University, Criteria for the
Establishment and Maintenance of Two Year Post High School Wastewater
Technology Training Programs - Volume I, Program Criteria. 1970,
9. Environmental Protection Agency, Clemson University, Criteria for the
Establishment and Maintenance of Two Year Post High School Wastewater
Technology Training Programs Volume II, Curriculum Guidelines. 1971.
10. Evans, D. R., and Wilson, J. C., "Capital and Operating Costs AWT," JWPCF,
44(1), pp. 1-13, Jan.. 1972..
-------
11. Fransmathes, J, R., "Operational Costs of Trickling Filters in the Southeast,"
JWPCF, 41(5), pp. 814-821, May 1969,
12. Garber, William F., "Treatment Plant Equipment and Facilities Maintenance,"
JWPCF, 42(10), pp. 1740-1770, Oct. 1970.
13. Harper, Fred A., "Operator Training by an In-Plant Apprenticeship Program,"
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 41(12), pp. 2010-2017, Dec. 1969.
14. Joint Committee on Operation, Certification and Training, "Model Law on
Regulations for Mandatory Certification of Operators of Water Treatment Plants,
Water Distribution Systems and Wastewater Treatment Plants," JWPCF, 38(12), pp.
1898-1914, Dec. 1966.
15. Kerri, K. D., and Dendy, B. B., "A New Approach to Operator Training," JWPCF,
42(2), pp. 190-194, Feb. 1970.
16. Lisack, J, P., Office of Manpower Studies, School of Technology, Purdue University,
Manpower Requirements for Pollution Control and Water Resources in Indiana and a
Related Pollution Control Technology Curriculum, Manpower Report 69-1, Feb. 24,
1969.
17. Michel, Robert L., "Costs and Manpower for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant
Operation and Maintenance, 1965-1968," JWPCF, 42(11), pp. 1883-1910, Nov.
1970.
18. Michel, R. L., Pelmoter, A. L,, and Pelange, R. C., "Operation and Maintenance of
Municipal Waste Treatment Plants," JWPCF, 41(3), pp. 335-354, March 1969.
19. New York State, Department of Environmental Conservation, Manual of Instruction
for Sewage Treatment Plant Operators.
20. New York State, Department of Health, Laboratory Procedures for Wastewater
Treatment Plant Operators.
21. Olympus Research Corporation, Manpower Training for Wastewater Treatment
Plants.
22. The Ontario Water Resources Commission, .Basic Course for Sewage Works
Operators. 1969.
-------
23. The Ontario Water Resources Commission, Intermediate Course for Sewage Works
Operators. 1968.
24. The Ontario Water Resources Commission, Senior Course for Sewage Works
Operators. 1969.
25. Redekopp, A. B., and Austin, J. H., "Systems Approach to Licensing," paper
presented at the American Waterworks Association Annual Conference, June 1971.
26. Sacramento State College, Department of Civil Engineering, Operation of Waste-water
Treatment Plants A Field Study Training Program, 1970.
27. Smith, Robert and McMichael, W. F., Cost and Performance Estimates for Tertiary
Waste-water Treating Processes, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Report No. TWRC-9.
28. Swanson, Charles L., Unit Process Operating and Maintenance Costs for
Conventional Waste Treatment Plants, United States Department of the Interior,
F. W. P. C. A., Cincinnati, Ohio. June 1968.
29. United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Federal
Guidelines - Design, Operation and Maintenance of Wastewater Treatment Facilities:
Sept. 1970.
30. United States Department of the Interior, Federal Water Quality Administration,
Report No. PPB1704: Current Status of Advanced Waste Treatment
Processes - Dissolved Inorganic Removal, July 1970.
31. United States Department of the Interior, Federal Water Quality Administration,
"Training Unpolluters," Manpower, May 1970.
32. URS Research Company, Manpower Factors and Training Requirements. May 1972.
33. URS Research Company, Procedures for Evaluating Performance of Waste Treatment
Plants - A Manual. May 1972.
34. Wight, George, "A Survey of Operating Personnel," JWPCF, 43(10), pp. 2114-2117,
Oct. 1971.
-------
35. Harbridge House Inc., Effectiveness Evaluation of Operator Training Conducted
Under the PSC Program, June 1972.
36. Longino, C. F. Jr., Green, C. S., Kauffman, C. F. Sewage Treaters or Pollution
Controllers Trainees View Their Jobs.
37. Iowa State University, Department of Industrial Engineering, et. al., Estimating
Manpower Requirements and Selected Cost Factors For Small Wastewater Treatment
Plants.
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