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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Insir.ictioir on ilie reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPAr540/9-78-005
3. RED
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
NATIONAL STUDY TO DETERMINE LEVELS OF CHLORINATED
HYDROCARBONS IN HUMAN MILK: 1975-1976 and SUPPLEMENTARY
REPORT TO THE NATIONAL^MILK STUDY: 1975-1976
5. RETORT!
Issued September, 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR.S)
r
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO,
Dr. Eldon P. Savage
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Eftidemiologic Studies Center
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado 080523
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Human Effects Monitoring Branch
E.P.A. (UH-569)
401 M St. SW
Washington, DC. 20460
13. TYPF OH REPOK1 AND PERIOD COVERED
final
14. SPONSORING ATENCY CODE
** f*f\' l'\ f
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Samples were collected during 1975-76 from 1,436 nursing women in 150
hospitals across the country. Hospitals were selected at random from
every region of the U.S. to ensure that the samples would be representative
of all U.S. women. Pesticide compounds or metabolites detected in mother's
milk included Dieldrin, Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide, Oxychlordane, DDT,
8HC, Lindane, and HCB_. No Mirex or chlordane7. were found in any of the'
samples. The results of this study were supplied to HEW for their review
and assessment.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides
human milk samples
lipid determination
place relationships to storage levels
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
release unlimited
-.3. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport/
unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
33-7
20. SECURITY CLASS /Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA form 2220-1 (9-73)
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TITLE OF STUDY: National Study to Determine Levels of
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides in
Human Milk
CONTRACT NUMBER: 68-01-3190
DATE SUBMITTED: September 1976
PRIMARY CONTRACTOR: Colorado State University
PROJECT DIRECTOR: Dr. Eldon P. Savage
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Eldon P. Savage
Credit Line and Disclaimer
Conclusions are subject to change on the basis of additional information
and evidence. Information contained herein is not to be reprinted or
published without written permission of the Environmental Protection
Agency. The views-expressed herein are those of the investigators and
do not necessarily reflect the official viewpoint of the Environmental
Protection Agency. These investigations were supported through a
contract with the Epidemiologic Studies Program, Human Effects Monitoring
Branch, Technical Services Division of the Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460.
I (*)
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PREFACE
'This study was conducted by the Epidemiologic Pesticides Studies
Center of Colorado State. University in cooperation with the Medical
University of South Carolina, Mississippi State University, Michigan
State Department of Health, and Utah State Department of Health; under
contract number 68-01-3190, with the Epidemiologic Studies Programs,
Office of Pesticides Programs, Technical Service Division, Environmental-
Protection Agency. The project staff included the following personnel:
Colorado State
University
Dr. Eldon Savage
Dr. Thomas Keefe
Dr. Janet Osteryoung
Mr. Wiliiam Wheeler
Mr. John Conley
Ms. Sandra Ford
Ms. Beth Lance.
Mr. Gene Johnson
Mr. Randy Taylor
Mr. Lawrence Mounce
Mr. John Tessari
Mr. David Spencer
Ms. Loretta Munsell
Ms. Virginia floyes
Ms. Elizabeth Alt
Mr. Fred Applehans
Mr. Rick Bates
Mississippi
State University'
Dr. Ben Barrentine
Mr. Jimmie Cain
Dr. Robert D. Arthur1
Ms. Jane Dollar
Ms. Dianne Jones
Ms. Kathy Esher
Mr. Bruce Brackin
Ms. Rai Barnett
Utah State
Department of Health
Dr. Donald Hilden
Dr. Mel Tortatowski .
Dr. Harvey Meachan
Mr. Lynn Thomas
Mr. Gerald Ripley
Mr. Bert Westover
Michigan State
Department of Health
Mr. David Dietel
Mr. Adrian Oudbier
Mr. Robert L. Welch"
Mr. Edwin Perry
Ms. Ruth Lawrence
Ms. Betty Strauss
Ms. Mary Pierce
Medical University
of South Carolina
Dr. Samuel Sandifer
Mr. Jim Colcolough.
Ms. Ellen Lee
Ms. Jaunlta Jaques
Mr. Ronald Hamilton
Ms. Thana Rhea .Thorpe
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The assistance of hospital administrators, head nurses, and members
of the La Leche League is greatly appreciated. Wa are also grateful to
the numerous individuals who provided information on the hospital births
and locations and the women who were nursing infants. Also, we would
like to thank the Project Officers of the Environmental Protection Agency,
Dr. C. Wesley Miller of Colorado, Dr. Dale Parrish of Iowa, and Dr. John
Kliewer of South Carolina. Dr. Robert Duncan of the Medical University
of South Carolina provided consultation on statistical design and
analysis; Dr. Jack Griffith of EPA Epidemiologic Studies Programs in
Washington, D C provided guidance to the program.
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE . . . . i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
!
LIST OF FIGURES. . . ' v
LIST OF TABLES ;....... vi
OBJECTIVE 1
BACKGROUND . . 1
PLAN OF STUDY 8
Population to be Sampled 8
The Saiipj ing Frame 8
Selection of the Sample . . . 8
Data Acquisition and Scope of Inference . . . '. 10
FIELD EPIDEMIOLOGY 14
Age ' . . 15
Place Relationships to Storage Levels c! Organochlorine Pesticides
in Human Milk 15
Urban-Rural Differences / . . *. . 15
' r.
STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF THE DATA 17
SAMPLE ANALYSIS , H
Lipid Determination for the Human Milk Procedure 21
QUALITY CONTROL ' . 22
RESULTS ' 25
DISCUSSION ..." 79
REFERENCES 91
t
APPENDICES . . 94
Appendix A ..' 95
Appendix B 101
Appendix P.. 104
Appendix D . . 106
Appendix E 114
Appendix F 117
. Appendix G 126
Appendix H. . . . 129
iii
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Appendix I 133
Appendix J 136
iv
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LIST OF FIGURES
Geographic Regions. .... 16
Range and Mean Values of Dieldrin by Geographic Regions for
All Positive Hunan Milk Samples on an Adjusted Fat Basis. . . 32
3 Range and Mean Values of Heptachlor Epoxide by Geographic
Regions for All Positive Human Milk Samples on an Adjusted
Fat Basis . 33
4 Range and Mean Values of Oxychlordane by Geographic Regions
for All Positive Hunan Milk Samples on an Adjusted Fat Basis. 34
5 Pesticide Usage Habits for Mothers with Low Residue Levels
In Quality Control .' 73
6 ' Pesticide Usage Habits for Mothers witn High Residue Levels
in Quality Control 74
7 Smoking Habits for Mothers with Low Residue Levels in Quality
Control 75
8 Smoking Habits for Mothers with Sigh Residue Levels in
Quality Control . . * "76
9 Distribution of Fat Adjusted Dieldrin Levels Within Each
Geographic Region 82
10 Distribution of Fat Adjusted Heptachlor Epoxide Levels Within
Each Geographic Region 83
11 Distribution of Fat Adjusted Oxychlordane Levels Within Each
Geographic Region 84
1.2 95% Confidence Regions for Proportions of Low, Medium, and
High Fat Adjusted Dieldrin Levels in Mother's Milk Within
Geographic Regions 85
13 952 Confidence Regions for* Proportions of Low, Medium, and
Hish Fat Adjusted Heptachlor Epoxide in Mother's Milk Within
Geographic Regions 86
14 95Z Confidence Regions for Proportions of. Low,'Medium, and
High Fat Adjusted Oxychlordane Levels in Mother's Milk Within
Geographic Regions 87
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
1
2
3
A
5
6
7
8
9
10"
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
The Number and Percent of Study Participants by U.S. Region
The Number SUM Percent of Study Participants by U.S. Region
The Number and Percent of Study Participants by U.S. Region
Oieldrin Levels in PPB in Milk of Nursing Mothers on a Fat
.Heptachlor Epoxide Levels in PPB in Milk of Nursing Mothers
on a Fat Adjusted Basis
Oxychlordane Levels in PPB in Milk of Nursing Mothers on a
Fat Adjusted Basis
Fat Adjusted Dieldrin 'Levels in Human Milk by U.S. Region. . *
Fat Adjusted Heptachlor Epoxide Levels in Human Milk by U.S.
Region '
Fat Adjusted Oxychlordane Levels' in Human Milk by U.S. Region
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels of Various Levels
of Dieldrin by Geographic Area
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels of Various Levels
of Heptachlor Epoxide by Geographical Area
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels of Various Levels
of Oxychlordane by Geographical Area
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels of Various Levels
of Dieldrin by Urban-Rural Areas
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels of Various Levels
of Heptachlor Epoxide by Urban-Rural Areas .
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels of Various Levels
of Oxychlordane by Urban-Rural Areas ...
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels of Various Levels
of Dieldrin by Race
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels of Various Levels
of Eeptachlor Epoxide by Race
Page
26
27
28
35
36
37
39
40
41
43
44
45
47
48
49
50
51
vi
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)' ..
Table Page
18 Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels of Various Levels
of Oxychlordane by Race. . 52
19 Dieldrin Levels in Milk of Nursing Mothers by Number of
Siblings Previously Breastfed 54
20 Heptachlor Epoxide Levels in Milk of Nursing Mothers by
Number of Siblings Previously Breastfed 55
21 Oxychlordane Levels in Milk of Nursing Mothers by Number of.
Siblings Previously Breastfed 56
22 Number and Proportion of Nursing Mothers *-.ri£h Fat Adjusted
Levels of Dieldrin, Heptachlor Epoxide, or Oxychlordane
Greater Than 100 ppb Classified by the Number of Children
Previously Breastfed 57
23 Chi-square Analysis of the Proportion of Nursing Mothers with
Fat Adjusted Levels of Dieldrin, Heptachlor Epoxide, or
Oxychlordane in Their Milk, Classified by che Number of
Children Previously Breastfed, the Number of Children and Age. 59
24 . Dieldrin Levels in Milk of"Nursing Mothers by Total Number of
Siblings ' 63
25 Heptachlor Epoxide Levels in Milk of Nursing Mothers by Total
Number of Siblings ".... I 64
26 Oxychlordane Levels in Milk of Nursing Mothers by Total Number
.of Siblings 65
27 Number and Proportion of Nursing Mothers with Fat Adjusted
Levels '.;f Uieldrir., Heptachlor Epoxide, or Oxychlordane Greater
than 100 ppb Classified by the Nunber of ISiblir.gs 66
28 Dieldrin Levels in Milk of Nursing Mothers by Age Group. ... 67
29 Heptaclilor Epoxida Levels Jn Milk of Nuv
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National Human Milk Study, 1975-76
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Objective
The objective of this study was to estimate thr distribution of selected
organochloririe pesticide levels in human milk among nursing mothers giving
birth in general care hospitals in the United States. Organochlorine com-
pounds analyzed in the study included chlordane, dieldrir., heptachlor,
heptachlor epoxide, Mirex, and oxychlordane.
Background
Use of the organochlorine compounds started in 1936 when DDT was
first used as a moth-proofing agent (1). Because of their broaa spectrum
activity, low cost, and stability, the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides
have been of great agriculture and public health.importance. Through use in
vector control and pest eradication programs in many co'intries, chlorinated
hydrocarbons have aided in greatly Deducing the morbidi ty and -aortality from
diseases such as malaria, 'yellow fever, and typhus (2). la agriculture the
use of these same compounds has resulted in substantial increases in crop
yields due. to their efficacy against weevils, termites, wireworms, ants,
cotton pests, and in protection of stored food (2). Since these compounds
are important in controlling ectoparasites such as blowflies, ticks, and
mites, the veterinary field haj also benefited (2).
The chlorinated ii/drocarbon pesticides have disadvantages as well
as advantages, and the very qualities which make them beneficial have
also caused many of the problems associated with their use. Perhaps
the most unique quality of the organochlorine pesticides is their
residual activity or persistence. For many agricultural and public
health purposes this persistence is essential because it means
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tli it one .ippllentJmi of a pesticide will rcjr:ult in long term
protection. For example, the world-wide reduction -.2 m.-ilarla would
I'S-.-s b':'cn much more difficult without insecticides having t'.iis
feature (2).
This same quality which has made the organ ichlorine pesticides
so invaluable has also caused many problems. Since several of the
compounds are biologically magnified in the food chain, the oppc.tunity
exists for contamination of a variety of substrates. These compounds
have been detected in air, water, soil, crops, food, tissues, and
milk of animals and man. It is the finding of these residues in man
and animals that has caused the greatest concern, and many studies
have examined various substrates to investigate type and quantities
of pesticides.
Because the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides are lipophilic,
* B
they are readily-deposited invadipose tissue,'and numerous studies
have been conducted on adipose biopsy material from volunteers,
surgery patients, and cadavers. In 1950, Laug, Pricketti and Kunze (3)
reported analyzing 35 samples of human fat and finding a DDT
concentration ranging from 0 to 34 ppm. Between April 1963 and March
1964, 65 samples of human perirenal fat were analyzed by Egan et al.(4)
and found to contain 0.2 to 8.5 ppm DDT, a trace to 1.0 ppm BHC, and
a trace to 0.9 ppm dieldrin. Even though adipose tissue represents
a good storage reservoir for pesticide residues, the difficulty in
obtaining it, especially from living people, led to the utilization
of other materials, particularly blood and milk. In 1972, Finklea
et al. C5) in a study of 723 plasma samples from volunteers living
in Charleston County, South Carolina, found p,p'-DDT and DDE almost
universally, ODD in 84%, dieldrin in 63%, and PCB's in 43% of the
study participants.
2
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In the past, an indication of a person's exposure to a particular
organochlorine pesticide has been documented through pesticide residues in
human adipose tissue .and blood.. When these same pesticides were found in
mother's milk, concern arose as to wh.xt effect, if any, this might have on
breast fed infants. Thus, In recent years, many studies have been conducted
to determine the prejence and amount of chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides
In human'mother's milk.
In the 1950 study by Laug e£\al. (3), 24 human milk samples from sub-
jects who occasionally used DDT-containing household sprays were analysed.
The DDT concentrations ranged from 0 to 0.77 ppm with an average of 0.14 ppm
for all samples analyzed.
During 1960 and 1961, Quinby, Armstrong, and Durham (6) collected and
analyzed ten individual and four pooled samples of human milk. The individ-
ual samples contained an average of 0.08 ppm DDT and 0.04 p~pm DDE in the
» -
whole milk and 2.5 ppm DDT and 1.4 ppm DDE in the lip id fraction. The
pooled samples contained an average of 0.07 ppm DDT and 0.10 ppm DDE in
whole milk and 3.5 ppm DDT and 4.8 ppm DDE in the lipid fraction. Multiple
samples were collected from three of the donors over a period of 2 - 7
nonths; however, little change was observed in the excretory levels of DDT
and DDE.
In 1965, Egan ^ aJL. (4) reported on the results of a study conducted be-
tween April 1963 and March 1964 on 19 samples of human breast milk collected
from milk banks. All the samples contair^d traces of heptachlor epoxlde,
p.p'-DDS, 3DT, dieldrin, and Z?Z. On a whole milk basis, the ranges for
total DDT, <;oeal BHC, and dieldrin were 0.075-0.170 ppm (mean 0.128), 0.009-
0.033 (mean 0.013), and O.OliZ-0.013 (mean 0.006) respectively. Based on milk
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fat, the values for.total DDT, total BHC, and dieldrin were 0.2-8.5 ppm (mean
3.3), trace-1.0 ppm (mean 0.42), and trace-0.9 ppm (mean 0.26) respectively.
In a comparison of the average pesticide residue levels in cow's milk and
human milk, Egan ejt aL (4) found that the levels in human milk exceeded
those in cow's milk for every category tested.
In a study of human milk, evaporated milk, and prepared baby formulas
collected from various regions of Canada during 1967-1968, Ritcey, Savarys,
and McCully (7) determined mean concentrations in human milk for lindane,
heptachlor epoxide, dieldrin, and total DDT to be 0.003 tag/kg, 0.003 ng/kg,
0.005 mg/kg, and 0.139 tag/kg respectively. On a fat basis these same
amounts expressed as mg/kg were 0.071, 0.169, 0.284, and 5.399 respectively.
In tha evaporated milk and prepared baby formulas only a trace of lindane
was detected; furthermore, on a fat basis, residues of heptachlor epoxide,
dieldrin, and total.%DDT wer-a lower than in .human milk by factors ranging
from 7 to 39.
Kroger, in a study of.53 human milk samples from two Pennsylvania
regions found 2.40 ppm DDT, 0.16 ppm heptachlor epoxida, and 0.08 ppm lin-
dane. Mothers who had nursed three or more babies had DDT 'concentrations
in their tnilk fat below the average; whereas, the four highest concentrations
were ir. milk fat of mothers who were nursing an infant for the first time.
He theorized chat the pesticide burden must decrease if a route of accre-
tion such as lactation is provided (8).
Savage e£ aJL reported on organochlorine pesticide residues and PCB's
in human m-nk collected from women in rural Colorado during 1971 and 1972.
The two highest levels found were p,p'-DDE which ranged from 19 to 386 ppb
. and p,p'-DDT which ranged from 7 to 109 ppb. Other pesticide residues
included 6-BHC, o,p'-DDT, dieldria, heptachlor epoxide, and p,p'-DDD detected
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in ranges from'a trace to 33, 13, 11, 5, and 5'ppb respectively. The PCB
levels found in the milk samples ranged from 40 to 100 ppb. In addition, all
milk samples contained p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT while 87.5% of the samples con-
tained B-BHC and 20% contained PCP's (9).
Curley and Kimbrough studied chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in
plasma and milk of pregnant and lactating women. Three milk samples were
collucted from each woman between 3 and 96 days postpartum. The concentra-
tion of the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides varied greatly among
individual women but were within the range reported by others (10).
As can readily be seen, pesticide residues are a world-wide problem.
They can be detected in virtually all animal tissues even in remote regions
far removed from areas of advanced civilization. A good example of this was
a study done in New Guinea in 1970 by Hornabroolc et al. (11). Seventy-four
milk samples were collected from women voluntarily.seeking assistance from
hospitals or child and maternal welfare health clinics. For the most part
these people were leading a traditional life; however, most of them had
been exposed to varying degrees of Western influence including agricultural
and malaria spraying. In Sepik, a community which had had malaria control
at 6 month intervals since 1962, levels of p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, and
o,p'-DDt in parts per billion were 95.9, 181.0, 5.47, and 8.24 respectively.
In Goroka, which was sprayed first, 6-8 months prior to the time the samples
were collected in 1969,' levels for the above materials were 29.0, 68.3, 4.37,
end 7.02 ppb respectively. In Saidor and KarKar Island, both of which had
long Western contact but no regular cr planned malaria control program and
only minimal agricultural spraying, values for p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT were.
much low'.r, being 1.66 ppb each for KarKar Island and 2.10 ppb and 1.54 ppb
respectively for Saidor. The last two communities, Labogai and Okapa, had
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no malaria control.but had had European contact for about twenty years.
Levels of p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDT in Labogai were 10.25 ppb and 38.40 ppb
while in Okapa the levels were 6.69 ppb and 7.63 ppb respectively.
Newton and Greene also conducted a study;en organochlorine pesticide
levels in human milk in Victoria, Australia in 1970 (12). Thirty-nine rural
and twenty-eight urban mothers were chosen. All the samples contained DOT,
DDE, and HCB. In addition, twenty-nine of the samples contained dieldrin
(mean 0.006 ppm), 12 contained DDD (mean.0.007 ppm), and 3 contained both
*
dieldrin and DDD. The total DDT residue averaged 0.139 ppm for rural and
0.145 ppm for urban donors.
Milk samples from 22 nursing mothers living in the Perth, Western
Australia area were analyzed for organochlorine residues (13). The
following residues were detected in the milk samples (com-
posite of 22 samples): DDE, 0.080 ppm; DDT, 0.015 ppm; dieldrin, 0.005 ppm;
and HCB, 0.025 ppm. Other studies of organochlorine pesticide levels in
milk have included: Germany - Acker and Schulte 1971 (14), Acker and Schulte,
1970 (15), Engst and Knoll, 1972 (16); Sweden - Westoo and Noren, 1972 (17);
the U.S.A. - Dyment j|£ al., 1571 (18), Hagyard et_ al., 1973 (19); Holland -
Tuinstra, 1971 (20); Poland - Kontek et_ al.., 1971 (21); Belgium - Heyndrickx
and Maes, 1969 (22); Russia - Gracheva, 1970 (23); and Japan - Takeda et al.,
(24), and Nishimoto et al., 1973 (25).
Concern over the levels of pesticide residues in man has led
to extensive food monitoring programs and establishment of maximum
limits of pesticide concentrations permissible in many foods. The
World Health Organization has set a limit of 0.05 ppm (1.25 ppm in
milk fat) for total DDT in cow's milk (8) and a inaTrinriOT -admissible
daily intake (ADI) of DDT of 0.01 mg/kg body weight (26). Thus,
-------
if a -A kg infant drinks 650 ml of ir.ilk per day, the milk must contain less
than 0.06 ppra total DDT in order not to exceed the ADI of O.OA/mg DDT/day
(26).
Even though there has been no demonstrated damage to breast fed
infants from DDT, monitoring of human milk continues with some interesting
findings. In a study by Wilson in 1973 (26), it was learned that 39% of
the women sampled had used pesticides in the home or garden; however, no
statistically significant difference in levels of total DDT could be demon-
strated. On the other hand, those people who*employed a professional exter-
minator rather than applying pesticides themselves did have lower concentra-
tions of total DDT. No significant correlation could be found in a comparison
between DDT levels in milk and tne number of days per week that meat or fish
was eaten by milk donors. However, it was discovered that those using mar-
garine* rather than butter had higher levels of DDT. Wilson (26) attributed
this to the .fact that margarine is made largely of cottonseed oil, and DDT
had been used extensively in the cotton industry. Wilson's study also found
that residues were significantly higher in the hind milk (milk collected when
. the breast was nearly empty) than in the fore milk ("milk collected when the
breast was full), and that these concentrations tend to be lower in milk of
older mothers.
Although much milk research has been done, as evidenced from this litera-
ture re.view, in general the populations studied have been small or restricted
in geographical location. Furthermore, previous studies have been concerned
primarily with the pesticide DDT. The study reported herein was Initiated to
investigate a wider spectrum of pesticides from a large segment of the nursing
mother population. By using a representative sample, such variables as age,
area of residence, number of children nursed, and social habits could be
considered as possible factors relating to the residue levels found.
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Plan of Study
Population to be Sampled: Ideally, to select the population to be
sampled, a continuously updated list of nursing mothers would have been
needed for the period of the study. From this list a sample could have been
selected according to some procedure, and from the sample, the number of
mothers with organochlorine pesticides in their milk and the level of organo-
chlorine pesticides In the milk could have been estimated. Since a national
list of nursing mothers was not available, hospitals were used as the primary
sampling units. A sample was selected from a list of the general hospitals in
the United States, according to the sampling scheme described below. It was
useful to think of each hospital (the primary sampling unit) as representing
3 cluster of nursing mothers recently delivering iu that hospital; and once
a hospital was selected a subsaaiple of nursing mothers was developed.
The Sampling Frame; The population to be sampled consisted of the
approximately 783 hospitals participating in the Acute Pesticide Poisoning
Study which had nursery facilities (27). These hospitals were randomly
selected from the list of approximately 7,000 general hospitals (31) according
to the protocol for "Field Studies System for Characterization of Acute Pesti-
cide Poisonings". .Each general hospital was classified according to pesticide
usage lavals (geographic area), state, and geographic region. This hierarchi-
cal classification scheme constituted the sampling frame.
Selection of the.Sample; Within each pesticide usage level within each
of the five geographic regions, the general hospitals with nursery facilities
were stratified according to the number of births in the hospitals for the
1973 calendar year. The stratification plan is shown in the following
diagram:
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Region (e.g. Southeast)
Low
Usage Level
High
No. Births
Hospital 1
Hospital
No. Births
/"Hospital 1
H
^Hospital N^
/Hospital 1
"Hospital
^
< BKH/yr.
Hospital 1
Hospital
The stratum boundaries, i.e., B,, B^,..., B_, and the allocation
of tha number of hospitals sampled within each area were determined on
the basis of the actual distribution of the number of hospitals included
in the sampling frame. Within each pesticide usage level within each
geographic region, 20 percent of the hospitals included in the
sampling frame were selected. Once the number of hospitals to be
sampled in the usage level of the region was determined, the stratum
boundaries were determined in the following manner. The hospitals in
the sampling frame were ranked according to births and partitioned into
K quantiles, where K is the number of hospitals to be selected. Each
of these quantiles contained approximately the same number of hospitals.
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Ont hospital was randomly selected within each of these quantiles wich the
restriction that e?ch state within the region received no more than 30 per-
cent and no less than 10 percent of the hospitals in the sample. This
procedure ensured that states with a large number of hospitals were not
over represented and that states with a smaller number of hospitals
had an enhanced chance of being represented. This sampling procedure pro-
duced a sample of 150 general hospitals for the country (see Appendix I).
The proportional allocations of mothers to be sampled in each hospital
was based on the 1973 number of births in the sampled hospitals and was
constrained so that a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 100 nursing mothers
would have been interviewed in each hospital sampled. It should be noted
that this allocation procedure implicitly assumed that the proportion of
nursing mothers was constant from hospital to hospital. As an example of
the sample allocation, if the number of births.in a hospital was one per-
cent of the total of all births among the sampled hospitals, then one per-
cent of the 1,600 milk samplesthat is, 16 sampleswere drawn from chat
hospital. From a specified point in time, nursing mothers who agreed
to participate in the study were selected until the quota for the
participating hospital was filled. If for some reason an original study
participant dropped out of the study, the next willing participant was
sampled.
Data Acquisition and Scope of Inference: After a hospital was selected,
the hospital administrator and/or chief of staff was contacted. During
this contact, the number of women to be included in the study was discussed.
If the field epidemiologist did not collect the samples, a hospital nurse
or La Leche League leader was recruited and trained to follow up on sample
collection and subsequent shipment of the samples to the laboratory for
analysis (see Appendix A).
10
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The first objective was to identify all cases where the mother nursed
the baby. Then, as previously stated, starting at a given point in time,
nursing mothers who agreed to participate in the study were selected until
the quota for the participating hospital was filled. This straightforward
approach in selection of study participants meant that the field epidemio-
logist, curse, or La Leche League leader selected the nursing mother,
instructed her in the procedure to be followed for milk collection, and
completed the data information card. The data card included aame-age-
occupation-race of each study participant, number of siblings, occupation,
and highest school year completed by household head. In addition, informa-
tion was collected to determine if anyone living in the household was
employed by a. pesticide related industry (see Appendix B).
. To gain-more knowledge regarding the pesticide usage patterns of the
participants, a stratified random sample of 10 percent of the participating
nursing mothers was recontecteJ. Five percent'of the participants with
the highest levels of organochlorine pesticides and five percent of the
participants with low levels were recontacted by telephone by a field
epidemiologist to determine their patterns of pesticide usage. The pesticides
usage form in Appendix H was completed for each participant.
The allocation of nursing mothers to be sampled should have been based
on the distribution of nursing mothers in 1975 within the: sampled hospitals. -
This, of course, -was not possible since the study was to be conducted during
1975. An alternative method might have been to base the allocation on the
distribution of nursing mothers for a previous year. However, even this
information was not available.
11
-------
Since information on the distribution of nursing mothers was not
available for a previous year, sample allocation was based on births in
the sampled hospitals in 1973. Allocation of the sample based on 1973
births was not always possible. For example, several cases occurred where
the number of births in 1975 was much smaller than the number of births in
1973. Additionally, the proportion of nursing mothers appeared to be
» t
subject to vide variation from hospital to hospital. Thus, in several
hospitals the required sample could not be obtained within the time con-
straints of the study. For example, use of 1973 information might require
a sample of 50 nursing mothers from a particular hospital. Upon contacting
the hospital, it might have been discovered that only 10 mothers who intended
to nurse would have delivered in the hospital during 1975. __
In this sampling scheme, once a sample was selected, every effort was
'made to obtain Information on selected Individuals. la case'a hospital
administrator refused to cooperate, an effort-was made to contact several
local doctors to obtain names of nursing mothers who had recently delivered
in the selected hospitals. Ideally, the demographic characteristics of the
women contacted in this manner should have been equivalent to the composition
of all nursing mothers in the target hospital. With the lack of available
information on nursing mothers, this of course was not verifiable.
In the event of refusal by hospital .adniaistrators, another approach
vis to contact the La Leche League to obtain nursing women who had delivered
in the target hospital. If membership in the La Leche League was limited
to women of one socio-econoulc clasc in each community, this would have
introduced bias. A preliminary examination of the data indicated that
the socioeconomic class of the members of the League was not constant
across the country. Although the national membership of the League
12
-------
Appeared to include all facets of society,this might not have been true of
a particular chapter.
If the required number of nursing nothers was obtained by either of
the above methods, the hospital was assumed cortacted. Wi ^n local doctors
did not cooperate, a La Leche League was not present in r.he area, or members
of the League did not use the target hospital for delivery, a substitute
hospital (or hospitals)-was selected. Substitutions also were made when
the number of mothers nursing was so small, thereby requiring a prohibitive
period of time to obtain the required sample size. This small number of
nursing mothers generally was due to a large negative discrepency in the
number of births in 1975 compared to 197? and/or due to a smaller than
predicted proportion of nursing mothers in a particular hospital.
Hospital substitutions were obtained in the following manner. All
hospitals in tHe. desired usage level of the milk region having approximately
the same nunber. of births as the target hospital which had cooperated with
the Center on previous occasions were listed. An alternate hospital was ,
selected at random from this list. If no hospitals equivalent in size to
the target hospital were available, several hospitals were randomly selected
from this list, making their total number of births approximately equal to
the aumi-.-ar of births in the target hospital in 1973. The sample then was
allocated proportionately among these alternate hospitals.
Pesticides and metabolites analyzed in this study Included: dieldrin,
ihlordane, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, Mirex, and oxychlordane. When
samples ir luded a large volume of milk, the excess milk was frozen and
stored for ,'uture analysis as might be requested.
13
-------
Field Epidemiology
To evaluate the quality of the field work performed by the field contact
person, 10 percent of the participants were rechecked by' telephone.' Re-
checking served to monitor the thoroughness of the field staff in obtain-
ing pertinent data from the study participants. The verification of data
was extremely Important since the hospital nurses or La Leche League leaders
who participated in the study had received on-site training provided by the.
field epidemiologist.
Quality control of the data generated by this study was provided by
the Colorado Epidemiologic Studies Program Center staff who edited and
coded the completed data sheets.
Quality control of the study was enhanced to a greater degree by
holding training courses for -the field epidemiologists and chemists. The
.
training course for the 'field epidemiologists was held April 8th and- 9th,
1975, at Colorado State University. Hie purpose of the course was to
acquaint the epidemiologists with the objective ard design of the study,
and to introduce techniques to be used in contacting the selected hospital ; f
.'<)
administrators, nurses, La Leche League leaders, and nursing mothers. ' I
Field staff also was instructed in the proper completion of the study . a
participant information card, and in sample collection, packaging, storage,
" "
shipping, and labeling. Several work and discussion sessions t.ere held
during the two day period to enable the participants to encounter as many '
hypothetical problems as possible so as to be better prepared to handle ;
similar problems In the field. A copy of the training course is presented as
Appendix C. ' I
i
'
-a
-------
A similar training course was held April 22 and 23, 1975, at Colorado
State University not only to acquaint the analytical chemists with the
study, but also to introduce the analytical methods to be used in the eval-
uation of the scouples collected. Topics covered during the course included:
study design; sample collection, packaging, storage, handling, shipping,
and labeling; sample analysis; instrumentation; analytical quality control;
qualitative aspects of study; logging in of samples; and the completion of
pesticide residue reporting forms. The chemists also were required to
complete an actual milk extraction and analysis in the laboratory on the
last day of the 'training course. A c: . - * .
following age groups: 15-19, :0-24, 25-29, 30-34,' 35-39, 40-44, and >45.
Place Relationships to Storage Levels of Organochlorine Pesticides in
Human Milk;
Since the results of the National Human Monitoring Study which deter-
mined storage levels of organochlorine pesticides in human adipose tissue
have indicated that the white and non-white population residing in southern
states stored roughly twice the total amount of DDT as their northern
'counterparts, descriptive "data.on spatial distribution :~n terms of geographic
distribution was an important consideration in this study. If the levels in
human milk showed similar storage level characteristics, it was imperative
to attempt to determine the levels by the geographic regions as shown in
Figure 1.
Urban-rural Differences; Since hospitals were selected representatively
with respect to the number of live births per hospital as well as the usage
15
-------
Geographic Regio
E2SS3ALASKA
-------
of pesticides in the surrounding area, data were collected to determine urban-
rural differences. In the United States Census, the population was classified
by residence as urban, rural-farm, and rural non-farm according to land use
and population density. Since the hospitals in this study also served rural
and urban area.s, it was anticipated that a pattern of organochlorine pesticide
levels could be developed to depict their occurrence in urban and rural
settings.
Statistical Analyses of the Data
Analyses of the data used various chi-square tests to determine variations
In pesticide excretion by compound, geographic region, race, age, and usage
patterns. Differences in residue levels by socioeconomic area were also
examined using the Hollingshead Index to define the socioeconomic levels (30).
Sine," the composition of the population of nursing mothers varies from time
to time, the statistical inferences to be drawn from these data were made
relative to the observed sample. However, the sample itself was the best
available estimate of the characteristics of the population of nursing
mothers.
.
Sample Analysis
Milk samples were manually expressed by participants into smrll glass
"bottles equipped with plastic screw caps and teflon liners. The filled
bottles were kept frozen until time of extraction.
Analytical standards for the chlorinated pesticides were obtained
from the pesticide repository of the United States Environmental Protection '
Agency Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Solvents
were redistilled in glass prior to use. The evaluation, storage, activation,
and use of Florisil followed the recommended procedures described in the
"Manual of Analytical Methods" (28).
17
-------
The. extraction procedure urscd was a tnodific.itIon of those described by
Cuiffrida £t £!/ (29) and Curlcy nnd Kinbrough (10-). The procedure consists
of three parts: 1) isolating the fat from the milk, 2) extracting the
chlorinated hydrocarbons from the fat, and 3) cleaning up the extract.
Whole milk was weighed into clean glass centrifuge bottlos. Glass wool
was added to adhere to the coarse.precipitate of the milk solids. After
addition of- 100 ml of acetone, the sample was shaken manually for one minute
and centrifuged for two minutes. The acetone layer then was transferred to
a 1-liter separatory funnel. The extraction procedure was repeated an
additional three times with equal volumes of 25 ml of acetone each time.
§
All four acetone extractions were combined in the 1-liter separatory funnel.
Twenty-five milliliters of n-hexane were added to the coarse precipitate
of milk solids. The resultant solution was shaken, centrifuged, decanted,
and combined with the acetone extracts in the-1-liter separatory funnel.
After repeating this procedure, volumes 'of 125 ml of 2 percent sodium sulfate
solution and 50 ml n-hexane were added to the acetone and hexane extracts.
The separatory funnel was shaken manually for one minute and the lower
aqueous layer was discarded. The 2 percent sodium sulfate washing was
repeated, the lower aqueous layer was discarded, and the n-hexane layer was
poured into a 500 ml concentrator flask. At this point the extract was
partitioned between acetonitrile and hexane to reduce the fatty material in
'the extract. The sample extract was taken through the Florisil procedure as
described in the "Manual of Analytical Methods" (28).
Primary identification and quantification of the pesticides were accom-
plished on a MicroTek 220 Gas Chromatograph equipped with Ni and H
electron capture detectors. Two columns each having different resolution
18
-------
characteristics, wi>re utilized oa all samples. Instrument parameters were
as follows:
i
Columns: (A) Borosilicate glass, 6' x V, packed with 1.5%
OV-17 and 1.95% OV-210 on Gas Chrom Q 100-120
mesh Applied Science
(B) Borosilicate glass, 6' x V, packed.with 4%
SE-30 and 6% OV-210 on Gas Chrom Q 100-120
mesh Applied Science
Detectors: (A) Electron capture, having 14.5 me Ni and
130 me H as the ionizing sources.
Temperature: (A) Electron capture
. Injector 245°C, Ni63; H3
Column 200°C, Ni63; H3
Detector 300°C, Ni63; 210°C, H3
Carrier Gas: High purified nitrogen
Flow Rates: 60 cc/min for Column A
100 cc/inin for Column B
19
-------
The. detection limit was calculated using the following formula:
D.L. . 00
Where X is equal to one-half the concentration of the routine Gas Chromato-
graphic standards, Y is equal to the microliters of standard"injected and
Z is equal to the milligrams of sample injected. All samples-were placed
S
on two different columns for electron capture detection. In order to
further enhance the qualitative aspects of the study, the 6 percent and 15
percent Florisil fractions were pooled separately for added confirmation
using G.C./M.S. techniques. '
The sensitivity limits for the Human Milk Study were: dieldrin, 1 ppb;
heptachlor, 1.0 ppb; heptachlor epoxide, 1.0 ppb; chlordane, 30 ppb; Mirex,
30 ppb; and oxychlordane, 1.0 ppb. Sensitivity limit .was defined as a gas
chromatographic peak that will give at least 50 percent full scale deflection,
from injecting 100 picograms of aldrin with a signal to noise level not
exceeding 2 percent full scale deflection at an attenuation of 10 by 16.
Detectable values that were below the accepted detection limit were recorded
as trace values..
Lipid Determination for the Human Milk Procedure
To ascertain the lipid content, the procedure outlined below was
followed. 'Although this procedure does not adhere exactly to those
techniques found -in Isolation, Analysis and Identification of Lipids (32),
it does give some quantitative indication of the percent lipid in the human
milk sample.
The lipid determination used in the analysis of human milk analytical
procedure was as follows:
20
-------
The volume in rho 7.50 m\ concontntr"- flask wns nvluccd r.r>
app-roxira.itRly 10 ml, U-aasCefrcd quant Ltattvcly to a 1.00 ml
volumetric flask, and brought to volume with n-hexane.
A volume of 20 ml was pipetted from the 100 nil volumetric flask
and poured into'a clean, dry 50 ml beaker. The 20 ml volume
represented 1/5 of the original sample size and was placed into
a 37° C oven overnight for lipid determination.
The beaker should be weighed before adding the 20 ml of sample and
again after the hexane has evaporated, leaving the lipid in the beaker. The
difference in weight was the ve.ight. of the lipid. The weight of the lipid
was then divided by the weight of the sample in the 20 ml portion to give
percent lipid. If an initial.sample extract weight deviated from 7.0 grams
of milk, the final extract volume, before E.C.G.C. determination was adjusted
to stay within the stated detection limits. In a 7.0 gm sample, the 20 ml
portion contained 1.4 gra for- lipid determination, and the remaining 5.6 gm
was used for pesticide analysis. Thus, the majority of the sample was
'injected on the gas chromatograpti at the sample concentration of 5.6 mgv.
Example: Lipid + Beaker: 27.3937 gm
Dry Beaker: 27.3652 gm
Lipid 0.0285 gm
Total Sample » 7.0 gm
Sample in 20 ml = 1.4 gm
0.0285 gra/1.4 gm x 100 » 2.04% lipid
PPB: Original Sample = 7.0 gm
Final Extract Volume = 5.0 ml
Concentration of Final Extract = 1.12 mg/vl
1.12 mg/ul x 5.0 ul injection « 5.6 mg sample injected
Sample Peak Height (mm) x pg/mm from Standard » number
pg in sample peak
Number pg in sample peak/5.6 mg sample = ppb
21
-------
QUALITY CONTROL
The laboratory quality control program for the human milk study was
divided into two classifications,- intralaboratory and interlaboratory. The
Intralaboratory control program was designed to assist a single laboratory
.. in improving the accuracy and precision of data produced by its personnel
through provision of systematic guidelines for analytical methodology and
techniques. The purpose or" the intralaboratory control program was to pro-
vide a continuing.systematic, in-house regimen intended to ensure the pro-
duction of analytical data of high validity. The objectives of this program
were: 1) to provide a measure of the precision of the analytical method
used, 2) to maintain a continuing assessment of the accuracy and precision
of analysis within the laboratory group, and 3) to identify problems with
the methodology. The intralaboratory program provided a cpntinuing measure-
ment of -Che performance capability of each analyst.
" *'
The approach of the Intralaboratory control program was for each
.. laboratory to prepare its own spiked reference material (SBM) with the
assistance of the coordinating laboratory. Human milk samples were then
divided into two equal portions. One portion served as substrate for
the SBM, the other portion for the control sample. The frequency of SBM
analysis was at least 10 percent. For example, if thirty samples were
analyzed per week, one corresponding standard, spike sample *as
analyzed for each nine samples, or a total of three standard samples.
The standard (SBM) was carried through the analysis in parallel with a
group of routine samples, with no special care or treatment. In
laboratories where more than one chemist performed the routine analysis
of the samples, each individual analyzed separate SBM samples.
22
-------
In addition to recording numerical results of each analysis of an
internal check sample, each analyst or team constructed.a Quality Control
Chart or Curve on which the results of each analysis were plotted to pro-
vide graphic assessment of accuracy and precision for the analysis of
each substrate and detection of erroneous data. Furthermore,
recovery rates'were established and compared to those of previous tests
by spiking separate milk samples with known amounts of pesticides and
analyzing these spiked samples utilizing the described procedures.
The Interlaboratory control program involved the analysis of uniform
samples by the four cooperating laboratories in order to assess the continu-
ing capability and relative performance of each. The objectives of the
interlaboratory program were: 1) to provide a measure of the precision and
accuracy of the analytical method which was analyzed routinely by the parti-
cipating laboratories, 2) to measure the precision and accuracy of results
** * .
between laboratories, and 3} to atteorot to identify problems in the analyti-
cal methodology. ' .
The interlaboratory program included the analyses of an interlaboratory
check sample by all participants. Ths coordinating laboratory provided
uniform, standard analytical methodology, as well as informal on-the-job
training for these specified requirements. On-the-job training was in the
form of a chemist training course held at the coordinating laboratory.
Assistance relating to analytical methodology was also handled by telephone
and mall. When the completed reporting forms from ihe participating labora-
tories were received in the coordinating laboratory, the quantitative results
were entered on a Sumaai./ of Results sheet and statistically analyzed. A
relative performance or ranking table was prepared, establishing a numerical
ranking value of each laboratory. The statistical terms and calculations
23.
-------
and their use was exactly the same method us'id by the quality control.
program of the EPA Pesticides and Toxic Substances Effects Laboratory in
North Carolina. The training course agenda, sample of instruction letter,
and interlaboratory check sample results .are included in Appendices D and
E of this report.
In the course of the interlabo'ratory quality control program, it was
found that one of Che participating laboratories was out of control.
Following a strict review of their data, it was deemed necessary to either
reanalyze 221 samples or to review the gas chromatograms.' Unfortunately,
these tracings had been discarded by the participating laboratory; and
only 48 of the 221 samples had sufficient volumes of milk for reanalysis.
Time constraints prevented the collection 'of the needed 173 replacements.
Hence the results In this report are based on 1436 milk samples instead of
"the 1609 originally obtained. ' ;
24
-------
RESULTS
The composition of the sample of 1436 mothers by regioV. ?.nd age, race,
and occupation is given in Tables 1, 2, and 3 respectively. The percent-
ages given represent the proportion of nothers In a region in a given classi-
fication. For example, of the 233 mothers sampled in region A (Northeast),
40 or 17.2 percent were between 20 and 24 years old, 5 or 2.1 percent were
black, and 146 or 62.7 percent were housewives.
25
-------
Table 1. THE NUMBER AND. PERCENT OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS BY U.S. REGION AND AGE
Human Milk Study 1975
Region
A (HE)
M
Z
B (SE)
N
Z
C (Midwest)
N
Z
D (SW)
H
2
E (NW)
N
Z
Total
ARE
en-
coded
1
0.4
.1
0.3
2
0.5
2
0.5
4
2.7
10
15-19
6
2.6
20
7.0
23
6.1
16
4.1
10
6.7
75
20-24
40
17.2
85'
29.5
132
34.9
. - - -.
99
25.5
54
36.2
410
25-29
103
44.2
.
120
41.7
153
43.1
162
41.8
58
38.9
606
30-34
* -
61
26.2
49
17.0
47
12.5
39
22.9
19
12.8
265
35+
22
9.4
13
4-. 5
11
2.9
20
5.2
4
2.7
Total
233
100.0
288
100.0
378
100.0.
388
100.0
149
100.0
70 1436
26
-------
T.ibi: 2. 'THE NUMBER Air.) PERCENT OF STOTY PARTICIPANTS BY U.S. REGION
AND'RACE
Human Milk Study 1975
Region .
A (NE)
N
Z
B (SE)
N
Z
C fMldweit)
H
z
D (SW)
N
Z
E (NW)
N
Z
Total
Race
White
212
91.0
247
85.8
326
86.2
310
79.9
115
77.2
1210
Black
5
2.1
21
7.3
3
0.8
4
1.0
4
2.7
37
Am.
Indian
0
0
2
0.7
2
0.5
5
1.3
8
5.4
17
Mexican
Am.
0
0
1
0.3
1
0.3
36
9.3
4
2.7
42
Other *
16
6.9
17
5.9
46'
.12.2
33
8.5
18
12.0
Total
233
100.0
288
100.0
378 '
100 .'0
388
100.0
149
100.0
UC 143*
* Other includes unknown as well as othir rac«s.
27
-------
Table 3. THE NUMBER AND PERCENT OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS BY U.S. REGION AND
MOTHER'S OCCUPATION
Hunan Milk Study 1975
Region
A CTC)
N
Z
B (S£)
N
Z
C (Midwest)
H
Z
D (SW)
N
Z
E (ItW)
N
%
Total
Occupation
Unknown
1
0.4
0
0
'
2
0.5 .
5
1.3
2
1.3
10
Laborer
5
2.1
15
5.2
17
4.5
8
2.1
5
3.4
5C
Profes-
sional
81
34.8
55
19.1.
101
26.7
106
27.3 ..
35
113.5
378
House-
wife
146
62.7
218
75.7-
258
68.3
269
69.3
107
71.8
Total
233
100.0
288
' 100.0
378
100.0
388
100.0
149
100.0
99C 1436
28
-------
Previous studies (26) have shown that variations in the levels of pesti-
cides may occur in the fore and hind milk, and that these variations are due
I'.-imarily to the fat content of the sample at the time of collection. Be-
:ause such variations might occur, in order to minimize this factor the
results of this study are reported in parts per billion (ppb) of each pesti-
cide calculated on a fat adjusted basis. As described in the methodology
section, the sensitivity levels for dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epo3d.de,
and oxychlordane was 1.0 ppb and for Mirex and cblordane it vas 30 ppb. These
levels are considered as the lowest permissible concentration at which the
analyst can accurately quantitate the chemical. In many samplas tha presence
of a pesticide couli be detected but not quantitated^ In such instances a
vrlue of trace was reported to indicate the presence of the compound in the
sample. Since accurate numerical values can not be assigned r.o trace findings,
these values could not be adjusted to the fat content of the sample, and thus
hare been recurce
-------
the United States during the pajt twenty years, including extensive use
in the past for control of the cotton boll weevil, it was recovered in
less than two percent of the samples. On the other hand, its metabolite,
heptachlor epoxide,was found in 63.1 percent of the samples.
i '
Since Mirex was patented by Allied Chemical Company in 1955, it has
been used extensively for fire ant control in the southeastern United
States. Because many urban areas had been aerially treated with Mirex
during the fin ant: control program, it was anticipated that some mothers
might be excreting Mirex in their milk. Mirex was not positively identi-
fied in any of the 1436 samples collected throughout the United States.
The range and nean levels of dieldrin, oxychlordane, and heptachlor
epoxide on a fat adjusted basis, by each of the five regions, are shown
in Figures 2 through 4. Comparisons by region of tha number of positive
samples, ranges, and mean lavels for each pesticide on a fat adjusted
- ' ' -
basis are found in Tables 4 through i. ' - '
According to Table 4, there were over 250 samples positive far
dieldrin in the Southeast, Southwest, and Midwest. The lowest number of
samples positive for dielarin, 125, was collected from the Northwest. The
range of all samples positive for dieldrin en a fat adjusted basis was
frora 13.60 to 12,300.00 ppb. The highest level was found in a sample
collected in the Southeast. The mean level of dieldrin was highast in
*
the Southeast, followed by the Southwest, Midwest, Northwest, and
Northeast.
According to Table 5, theta vete over 200 samples positive for hepta-
chlor epoxide in the Southeast and Midwest. The lowest aumber of samples
positive for heptachlor epoxide, 91, ./as from the Northwest. The range
of all samples positive for heptachlor epoxide on a fat adjusted basis was
30
-------
from 15.24 to 2,050.00 ppb. The highest level was found in a sample
collected from the Southeast. The mean level of heptachlor epoxide on a
fat adjusted basis was highest in the Southeast, followed by the Midwest,
Southwest, Northeast, and Northwest.
According to Table 6, there were over 200 samples positive for
oxychlordane in the Southeast, Midwest, and Southwest. The lowest
masher of samples positive for oxychlordane, 107, was from the
Northwest. The range of all samples positive for oxychlordane on a
fat adjusted basis was from 13.16 to 5,700.00 ppb. The highest level
was found in a sample collected from the Southwest. The mean level
of oxychlordane on a fat adjusted basis was highest in che Southeast,
followed by the Southwest, Northeast-, Midwest, and Northwest. These
mean values ranged from a low of 75.40 ppb in the Northwest to a high
of 116.25 ppb in the Southeast.
31
-------
Figure 2. Range and Mean Values of Dieldrin by Geographic Regions for All .Positive Human Milk Samples on an
Adjusted Fat Basis. Human Milk Study, 1975.
12(255*"""'5
.. .?_iC
^ 14731T'
M J' . .
.66V1789-^7)
1242:^1
^00.00
(20.76-3775.00)
JALASKA
HAWAII
*MEAN
ORANGE
-------
LO
Figure 3. Range and Mean Values of Heptachlor Epoxide by Geographic Regions for All Positive Hunan Milk Samples
Oii an Adjusted Fat Basis. Human Milk Study, 1975.
]ALASKA
] HAWAII
MEAN
ORANGE
-------
Figure 4. Range and Mean Values of OxychLordane by Geographic Regions for All Positive Human Milk Samples on an
Adjusted Fat Basis. Human Milk Study, 1975.
*MEAN
ORANGE
JALASKA
HAWAII
-------
Table 4
DIELDRIN LEVELS IN PPB IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS
ON A FAT ADJUSTED BASIS
Five United States Regions
Human Milk Study 1975
Fat Adjusted Samples
Dumber Samples
Geographic Region Positive
Ranee
Mean
Northeast
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Northwest
N- 149
N- 256
N- 298
N- 332
N- 125
(25.18) - (527.42)
(18.33) - (12300.00)
(13.60) - (1789.47)
(20.76) -. (3775.00)
(24..29) - (2617.86)
97.87
242.31
147.38
165.43
120.55
N, range, and mean include only samples with levels aiove the sensitivity
limit, 1 ppb.
35
-------
.Table 5
HEPTACHLOR EPOXTDE LEVELS IN PPB IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS
ON A FAT ADJUSTED BASIS
Five United States Regions
Human Milk Study 1975
Fat Adjusted Samples
"Number Samples
Geographic Region Positive
Range
Mean
Northeast
Southeast
Hidwest
Southwest
Northwest
N- 144
N- 221
N- 272
K- 178
N- 91
(18.66) -
(19.97) -
. - (16.8) -
(15.24) -
(19.02) -
(300.00) .
(2050.00)
(727.27)
(1089.12)
(950.73)
71.79
127.95
90.61
' 75.82
66.09
N, range, and mean include only samples with levels above the sensitivity
level, 1 ppb.
36
-------
Table 6
OXYCHLORDANE LEVELS IN PPB IN MILK OF NURSING
MOTHERS ON A FAT ADJUSTED BASIS
Five United States Regions
Human Milk Study 1975
Fas Adjusted Samples
Number Samples
Geographic Region Positive Range
Mean
Northeast
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Northwest
N- 165
N- 239
N- 272
N- 278
N» 107
(15.74) -
(20.03) -
(17.39) -
(19.0.8) -
(13.16) -
(357.78)
a858.33)
(572.73)
(5700-.00)
(372.82)
81. 44
116.25
80.61
109.41
75.40
_NV range, and mean include only samples with levela arjve the sensitivity
"limitt 1 ppb.
37
-------
Tables 7, 8, and 9 give breakdowns of the fat adjusted levels of
dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, and oxychlordane by region. Within each
region the levels are broken into eight intervals: below detection
limits, 1-50 ppb, 51-75 ppb, 76-100 ppb, 101-150 ppb, 151-250 ppb, 251-
500 ppb, and greater than 500 ppb. Within each of these intervals, the
number of samples falling into the interval and their mean *nd standard
deviation are given. For example, according to Table 7, on a fat .
adjusted basis, there were 38 milk samples in the Northeast which had
dieldrin levels between 101-150 ppb. The mean value for these samples
was 124.4 ppb with a standard deviation of about 14.9 ppb. The overall
mean levels are also included in these tables for all samples that had
ft
whole milk levels above the sensitivity level of 1 ppb. Hence, in the
Northeast there were 233 samples and of these, 149.samples had whole
milk levels of dieldrin above the sensitivity levei. These 149- samples
had a. mean level of 97.87 ppb with a standard deviation of 59.07 ppb.
. 38
-------
Table 7
FAT ADJUSTED DIELDRIN LEVELS IN HUMAN MILK BY U.S. REGION
Human Milk Study 1975
I
LEVEL
0 n
Trace n
. 1-50 ppb n
X
S.D.
51-75 ppb n
X
S.D.
76-100 ppb n
X
. S.D.
101-150 ppb n
X
S.D.
151-250 ppb n
X
S.D.
251-500 ppb n
X
S.D.
>500 ppb n
X
S.D.
Totals n
*x
*S.D.
North-
east
8
76
21
40.633
9.163
40
64.903
'6.668
34
£7.250
8.251
38.
124.358
14.929
14
184.045
32.631
1
337.500
0
1
527.419
0
233
97.873
59.07
South~
cast
8
24
13
38.921
11.233
59
63.400
7.120
59
88.476
7.8.49
48
125.709
14.914
37
197.471
28.807
27
347.747
83.394
13
2294.993
3147.065
288
242.309
837.135
REGION
Midwest
27
53
19.
40.062
9.513
40
64.166
7.419
69
88.307
7.418
92
122.527
14.938
50
18C.599
29.077
19
313.221
46.193
9
882.698
496.948
378
147.379
167.598
South-
west
15
41
38
/39.6S5
8.368
61
62.935
7.120
66
87.414
* 7.347
71
124.263
15.482
49
189.558
'28.294
30
316.394
58.953
17
953.234
789.673
388
165.431
264.572
North-
west
. 3
21
22
42.587
7.449
40
63.575
6.769
. 31
87.664
8.212
16
121.899
13.340
9
188.729
33.576
4
333.611
65.466
3
12D5.892
1144.990
149
120.549
242.905
. Total
61
215
113
40.392
" 8.832
240
63.689
7.011
259
87.902
7.665
265
123.793
14.932
159
189.937
29.312
81
327.212
: 66.310
I
- 43
1358.122
1892.066
1A36
164.246
436.264
* - x and S.D. are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
39
-------
Table 3
FAT ADJUSTED HEPTACHLOR EPO.XIDE LEVEL'S IN HUMAN MILK
BY J.S. REGION
Hunan Milk Study 1975
LEVEL
0
Trace
1- 50 ppb
51- 75 ppb
76-100 ppb-
101-150 ppb
151-250 ppb
251-500 ppb
>500'
Totals
n
n
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
0
S
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
a
X
S.D.
n
S
S.D.
n
*2
*S.D.
North-
east
3
86
48
38.442
8.053
47
61.564
7.657
31
88.726
8.038
13
123.558
11.759
2
196.323
16.984
3.
283.333
23.662
0
0
0
233
71.793
44.095
South-
ease
9
58
61
38.059
8.231
59
61.183
6.910
32
86.781
7.129
23
127.518
13.980
23
197.236
24.184
20
367.771
65.264
3
1581.613
747.260
288
127.955
209.258
REGION
Midwest
18
88 .
58
40.027
7.972
79
62.280
7.421
62
87.868
7.835
45
121.443
15.415
25
198.322
29.965
1
266.871
0
2
63V6.-S
132.422
378
90.613
67.291
South-
west
48
162
81
35.747
8.718
49
60.571
7.335
"20
' 86.671
7.402
15
127.339
13.318
' 9
192.523
26.032
2
309.510
46.548
" 2
818.524
382.666
388
75.819
97.565
North-
west
17
41
' . 55
35.879
10.014
19
60.912
7.317
8
86.825 "
10.097
3
128.382
16.634
5
170.558
35.133
0
0
0
1
950.728
0
149
66.087
100.859
Total
95
435
303
37.483
8.737
253
61.457
7.295
152
87.604
7.738
99
124.236
14.375
64
194.885
27.746
26
349.666
67.542
8
1074.986
607.9C-4
1436
91.360
125.225
* - 2 and S.D. are computed only for levels above the sensitivity Ic.vjl, 1 ppb.
40
-------
Table 9 .
FAT ADJUSTED OXfCHLORDANE LEVELS IN HUMAN MILK
BY U.S. REGIONS .
Huican Milk Study 1975
. LEVEL
0
Trace
1-50 ppb
51-75 ppb
76-100 ppb
101-150 ppb
151-250 ppb
251-500 ppb
>500 ppb
Totals
n
n
n
Z
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
Z
S.D.
a
Z
S.D.
n
Z
S.D.
a
Z
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
a
*X
*S.D.
North-
east
. 3
65
38
38.776
7.959
51
63.163
7.023
44
87.087
7.758
20.
122.840
14.344
11
190.518
38.309
1
357.778
0
0
0
0
233
81.436
46.533
South-
east
8
41
32
40.218
9.058
61
62.484
6.258
58
87.716
7.786
51 .
121.364
12.733
27
187.653
29.893
6
330.040
18.298
4
1090.409
535.363
288
116.252
152.279
REGION
Midwest
17
89
57
41.700
6.877
100
62.700
7.070
69
86.216
7.321
31
116.171 '
12.695
10
195.555
34.234
4
299.508
48.952
1
572.727
0
378
80.601
52.94
South-
west
17
93
69
37.003
9.061
89
61.347
6.272
52
87.505
7.435
34 .
119.244
13.915
25
182.407
26.111
4
370.777
85.736
4
1893.388
2539.156
388
109.413
345.873
Uorth-
west
7
35
3C
38.263
V.265
45
62.529
6.673
16
87.822
7.880
1.0
121.892
12.551
4
207.115
13.938
2
326.919
64.908
0
0
0
149
75.402
51.435
Total
52
323
226
39.108
8.528
346
62.360
6.664
239
87.128
7.540
146
'. 120.006
13.243
78
188.320
29.934
17
333.706
53.651
9
1389.768
1667.421
1436
95.786
195.09
* - x and S.D. are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
41
-------
Tables.10, 11, r.rd 12 gi./e '..h percentage distribution of fat
adjusted levels by geographic region for dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide,
and o/cychlordane. For example, 16.3 percent of the 233 milk, samples
taken in Lbe Northeast have fat adjusted levels of dieldrin between
101-150 ppb.
42
-------
Table 10. PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED.DIELDRIN LEVELS BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA.
N - 1436
Human Milk Study 1975
Levels
In PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
A (NE)
% .
3.4
32.6
9.0
17.2
14.6
16.3
6.0
.4
.5
Cum X
3.4
36.0
45.0
62.2
t 76.8
93.1
99.1
99.5
100.0
B (SE)
X
2.8
8.3
4.5
20.5
20.5
16.7
J2.8
9.4
4.5
Cum X
2.8
11.1
15.6
36.1
56.6
73.3
86.1
95.5
100.0
C (Midwest)
; x
7.1
14.0
5.0
10.6
*
18.3
24.3
13.2
5.0
. 2.5
Cum X
7.1
21.1
26.1
36.7
i
55.0
79.3
97.5
97.5
100.0
D (SW)
E (NW)
X Cum X X
3.9
10.6
V 9.8
15.7
17.0
18.3
12.6
7.7
4.4
3
14
24
40
57
75
87
95
100
.9
.5
.3
.0
.0
.3
.9
.6
.0
2.0
14.1
14.8
26.8
20.8
10.7
6.0
2.7
2.1
Cum %
2.0
16.1
30.9
57.7
78.5
89.2
95.2
97.9
100.0
-------
*
*-
Table U. PERCENT DISTRIBUTION-OF FAT ADJUSTED HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE LEVELS BY GEOGRAPHICAL
AKEA. N = 1436 ;
Human Milk Study 1975
Levels .
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500 .
>500
A
Z
i.3
36.9
20.6
20.2
13.3
5.6
.9
1.2
0
(NE)
Cum Z
1.3
38.2
58.8
79.0
92.3
97.9
98.8
100.0
100.0
B (SE)
Z
3.1
20.1
21.2
20.5
11.1
8.0
8.0
6.9
1.1
Cum %
3.1
23.2
44.4
64.9
76.0
84.0
92.0
98.9
100.0
C (Midwest)
Z
4.8
23.3
15.3
20.9
)b.:.
11.9
6.6
0.3
0.5
Cum
4.
28.
43.
64.
80.
92.
99.
99.
100.
Z
8
1
4
3
7
6
2
5
0
D (SW)
Z
12.4
41.8
20.9
12.6
5.2
3.9
2.3
0.5
0.4
Cum Z
12.4
54.2
75.1
87.7
92.9
96.8
99.1
99.6
100.0
E (NW)
Z
il.4
27.5
36.9
12.8
5.4
2.0
3.4
0
0.6
Cum Z
11.4
38.9
75.8
88.6
94.0
96.0
99.4
99.4
100.0
-------
Table 12, PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED OXYCHLORDANE LEVELS BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA.
N - 1436
Human Milk Study 1975 .
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
250-500
>500
A
Z
1.3
27.9
16.3
21.9
18.9
8.6
4.7
.4
0
(NE),
Cum Z'
1.3
29.2
45.5
67.4
86.3
94.9
99.6
100.0
100.0
B
Z
2.8
14.2
11.1
21.2
20.1
17.7
9.4
2.1
1.4
(SE)
Cum Z
2.8
17.0
28.1
49.3
69.4
87.1
96.5
98.6
100.0
,C (Midwest)
Z
k
4.5
23.5
15.1
26.^
18.3
8.2
2.6
1.1
0.2
Cum
4.
28.
43.
69.
87.
96.
98.
99.
100.
y
A
5
0
1
6
9
1
7
8
0
D
Z
4.4
24.0
17.8
22.9
13.4
* 8.8
6.7
1.0
1.0
(SW)
Cum Z
4.4
28.4
46.2
69.1
82.5
91.3
98.0
99.0
100.0
E (KW)
Z
4.7
23.5
20.1
30.2
10.7
6.7
2.7
1.4
0
Cum Z
4.7
28.2
48.3
78.5
89.2
95.9
98.6
100.0
100.0
-------
In Tables 13, 14, and 15 the distribution of fat adjusted levels of
dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, and oxychlordane, respectively, for urban
and rural areas are given. According to Table 13, of the milk samples
.taken in the urban area, 20.4 percent have fat adjusted levels of dieldrin
between 76-100 ppb and 66.1 percent have levels less than 101 ppb.
The distributions of fat adjusted levels of the three chemicals for
each race are given in Tables 16, 17, and 18. It is seen, for example in
TabIs 16, that 17.6 percent of the milk samples from American Indians
have fat adjusted levels of dieldrin between 76 and 100 ppb, while 58.8
percent o." the milk samples from American Indians have adjusted levels
of dieldrin less than 101 ppb.
46
-------
Table 13. PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED
DIELDRIN LEVELS BY URBAN-RURAL AREAS.
N - 1400*
Hunan Milk Study 1975
Levels
in P?B
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Urban
r
3.4
14.5
11.2
16.5
20.4'
15.5
11.2
4.4
2.9
Cum Z
3. A
17.9
29.1 .
45.6 :
66.0
81.5 '
92.7
97.1
100.0
Rural
%
4.3
15.2
7.5
16.8
17.6
18.8
11.1
5.8
2.9
Cum %
4.3
19.5
.27.0
43.8
61.4
80.2
91.3
97.1
100.0
*Ujban-rural classification not coded for 36
participants.
47
-------
Table 14. PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED
HEPTACHLOR ElOXIDE LEVELS BY URBAN-
RURAL AREAS. !1 - 1400*
Human Milk Stu-> 1975
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 5C
51- 75
' 76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Urban
Z
7.3
29.1
23.8
16.0
10.2
6.8
4.8
1.5
.5
Cum Z
7.3
ft
,36.4
60.2
76.2
86.4
93.2
98.0
99.5
100.0
Rural
Z
6.4
30.3
20.7
is.o -
10.7
7.0
4.5
1.9
.5
Cum Z
6.4
36.7
57.4
75.4
86.1
93.1
97.6
99.5
100.0
*Urban-rural classification not coded for 36
participants.
-------
Table 15. PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED
OXYCHLORDANE LEVELS BY URBAN-RURAL
AREAS. N - 1400*
Hunan Milk Study 1975
Levels
in PPB
0
*
Trace
1-. 50
51- 75
75-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Urban
Z
3-4.
19.4
- 18.4
'25.7
17.5
11.2
3.4
1.0
0
Cum Z
3.4
22; 8
4K2
66.9
84.4
95.6
99.0
100.0
Rural
%
3.7
23.1
15.1
24.0
16.4
10.0
5.7
1.3
.7
Cum %
3.7 -
26.8
41.9
65.9
82.3
92.3
98.0
'9.3
100.0
*Urban-rural classification not coded for 36
participants.
49
-------
Table 16. PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED LEVELS DIELURIN LEVELS BY RACE. N » 1436
Human Milk Study 1975
Ul
o
! < o .c ° S
s- y ' o rp
§ 5 3' "*3 r»
P w 1 r/5
g H V K" ^
0 -J '"I -
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
White
N=1210
X
4.7
15.5
7.7
16.3
18.0
18.7
10.9
5.5
2.7
Cum X
4.7
20.2
27.9
44.2
62.2
80.9
91.8
97.3
100
Black *
N=37
%
2.7
5.4
13.5
32.4
13.5
16.2
13.5
2.3
0
Cum Z
2.7
8.1
21.6
54.0
67.5
83.7
. 97.2
100
100
Mexican Am.
* '
. 0
7.1
0 '
19.0
7.1
9.5
16.7
21.5
19.1
.
Cum X
0
7.1
.7.1
26.1
33.2
42.7
59.4
80.9
100
Am. Indian
N=17
%
5.9
5.9
11.8
17.6
17.6
23.5
11.8
0
5.9
Cum Z
5.9
11.8
23.6
41.2
58.8
82.3
94.1
94.1
100
Other*
N=130
Z
1.5
16.2
10.0
15.4
23.1
19.2
10.0
3.8
0.8
Cum %
1.5
17.7
27.7
43.1
66.2
85.4
95.4
99.2
100
'-' .* Other includes unknown as well as other rades.
o .
-------
Table 17. PERCEHT DISTRIBUTION OF PAT ADJUSTED HEPTACHLOR EPOXIDE LEVELS BY RACE. N - 1436
. X
Human Milk Study 1975
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
White
N=1210
Z
6.4
29.6
20.9
17.8
10.7
7.1
4.9
2.1
0.5
. Cum %
6.4
36.0
56.9
74.7
85.4
92.5
97.4
99.5
100
Black
N=37
%
8.1
29.7
35.1
13.5
10.8
2.8
0
0
0
Cum Z
8.1
37.8
72.9
86.4
97.2
100
100
100
100
Mexican Am.
N=42
%
14.3
45.2
14.3
.19.0
. 2.4
2.4
2.4
.0
0
Cum %
14.3
59.5
73.8
92.8
95.2
97.6
100
100
100
Am. Indian
N=17
Z
17.6
47.1
17.6
11.8
5.9
0
0
0
0
Cum Z
17.6
64.7
82.3
94.1
100
100
100
100
100
Other*
N=130
Z
»
4.6
30.0
21.5
17.7
13.8
8.5
3.1
0.8
0
Cum %
4.6
34.6
55.1
72.8
86.6
95.1
98.2
100
100
Other includes unknown as well as other races.
-------
en
N)
Table 18. PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED OXYCHLORDANE LEVELS BY RACE. N = 1436
Huaian Milk Study 1975
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-50C
>500
White
N-1210
Z
3.7
21.2
16.3
25.0
16.2
10.5
5.5
1.1
.5
Cum %
3.7
2'«.9
41.2
56,2
82.4
92.9
98.4
99.5
100
Black
N=37
%
0
8.1
2.7
32.4
29.7
16.2
8.1
. 2.8
0
Cum X
0
8.1
10.8
43.2
72.9
89.1
97.2
100
100
Mexican Am.
N=42
. %
2.4
42.9
2.4
14.3
9.5
9;5
14.3
2.4
. 2.3
Cum %
2.4.
45.3
47.7
62. C
71.5
81.0
95.3
97.7
100
Am. Indian
N=17
%
11.8
17.6
11.8
11.8
41.2
5.8
0
0
0
Cum Z
11.8
29.4
41.2
53
94.2 '
100
100
100
100
Other"
N=130
%
3.1
32.3
19.2
18.5
16.2
6.2
2.3
1.5
0.7
Cum
3
35
54
73
89
95
97
99
100
%
.1
.4
.6
.1
.3
.5
.8
.3
* Other includes unknown'aa well as other races.
-------
Tables 19, 20, and 21 give Che distribution of the number c. nursing
mothers, each classified by the number of siblings previously breastfed,
and by the fat adjusted level of dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, and oxychlor-
dane respectively, In their milk. To test for possible associatior. between
the level of pesticide and the number of children previously nursed, a chi-
square test of Independence was computed for each of the tables by combining
sibling classes 5 through 10. The chi-square statistics (each with 40
degrees of freedom) were: 67.56 for dieldrin (F - .004), 50.29 for hepta-
clilor epoxide (P - .1276), and 65.48 for cxychlordane (P - .0067). Thus,
y
there is a significant relationship between the number of children previously
nursed and the fat adjusted level of dieldrin and oxychlordane pesticides in
milk. '
Table 22 consists of the number and proportion of mothers, classified
according to the number of children previously nursed, with levels of dieldrin,
* ' ? r . ~ *
heptachlor epoxide, or oxychlordane greater than 100 p'pb on a fat adjusted
basis. For example, in the group of 664 mothers who had never nursed another
child, 291 (43.8%) have fat adjusted levels of dieldrin greater than 100 ppb
and 145 (21.8%) have fat adjusted levels of oxychlordane greater than 100 ppb.
Examination of Table 22 suggests that a pattern exists between the proportion
of mothers with high levels of pesticides -*"d the number of children pre-
viously nursed. It appears that the proportion of mothers with high levels
of pesticides decreases as the number of previously nursed children Increases.
This pattern was tested statistically as follows.
The data in Table 22 can be viewed as a 6x2 contingency table in which
the row classification is the number of children previously nursed and the
column classification is the combined level of the pesticide. The row classi-
fications can be regarded .as a covariate X of the proportion of mothers with
53
-------
T.ble 19. OIELDRIH LEVELS IN hILK OF HURSIKC MOTHERS
BY NUMBER OF SIBLINGS PREVIOUSLY BREASTFED. N -
Fat Adjusted Level*
lluunn Htlk BtuJy 1975
Dieldrtn
Levela
In PPB
0
Trnce
1- SO
$1- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Column
Totnl
0
N- 2J
N- 90
X- 39.812
N- 35
SD- 10.188
X- 63.212
N- . 98
SO- 7.154
X- 87.841
N- 125
SD- 7.457
X- 124.016
H- 144
SD- 14.888
X 191.595
N- S3
SD- 28.341
X- 329.737
N- 39
SD- 71.239
X-1279.681
N- IS
SU-10R8.405
«X- 157.195
N- ' 664
Sll- 267.378
1
19
72
42.826
37
7.981
64.166
86
6.971
86.929
83
7.986
124.185
84
15.394
183.48
41
30.103
329.178
26
63.415
>20.463
15
528.127
146.876
463
703.069
2
11
3'3
40.040
25
6.851
64.540
' 33
6.427
90.549
29
7.673
120.295
25
13.431
195.805
18
32.416
314.444
II
14.161
1189.186
9
838. <7
176.334
194
330.851
Nuabet nf Sibling* Previously Breuetfed
3
3
IS
32.664
7
11.458
61.098
16
7.185
90.175
12
7.692
127.054
7
li.533
190.166
5
20.768
325.387
5
61.336
12300.000
1
0
340.669
71
1676.463
4
1
4
41.513
6
3.671
71.823
3
3.430
5
7.T.64 '
122.616
3
12.556
0
0
0
0
0
0
906.616
' 2
533.165
162.652 '
24
292.177
5
0
1
26.000
1
0
63.053
2
4.317
83.s70
2
.193
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
. 63.809
6
23.177
6
0
0
35.054
1
0
69.944
1
0
84.9G6
1
0
0
0
0
150.3(6
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
85.07
4
48.28
J
2
0
-.6.112
1
0
53. 488
0
76.923
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
581.206
1
0
189.532 .
6
261.439
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
89.902
1
o'
147.706
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
118.804
2
40.878
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
103.04
1
0
233.179
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
168.109
2
92.072
Row
Tot. I
61
215
40.392
113
8.837
63.689
240
7.011
87.902
259
7.665
123.793
265
14.932
189.937
159
29.312
327.212
81
66.310
1358.123
43
1892.067
164.246
1436
*36. 2*6
- X and SD lire computeJ only for level* above the sensitivity level. I |>|>b.
-------
Table 20. IIKPTACIII.OR EPOXIUC LKVRUS IN HII.K OF HIIRSING (.OTIIF.RS
BY NUMBER OF SIBLINGS PREVIOUSLY BREASTFED. N - 1436
fat Adjusted levels
lluaon Milk StiiJy
Heftach]
Levels
in tee
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
lot-ISO
151-250
251-5HO
>500
Coluan '
Total
lor Epoxlde
0
N- 41
*
H- 171
X- 17.969
H- 1)8
SD- 8.119
X- 61.211
N- 115
SD- 7.309
X- 88.O04
N- 89
SD- 7.677
X- 124.606
H- 54
SD- 15.125
X- 195.609
H- 11
SD- 27.617
X- 164.2)5
n- 17
so- 7).:«5
X- 871.7)7
H- *
SD- 180. 7'6
«X- 95.061
N- 664
SO- 10).95i
Nunber of Siblings Prevloualy Breastfed
1
29
157
33.015
102
8.795
61.929
75
6.784
85. 3U
40
7.)49
12). 614
27
11.251
I9I.I6<>
24
28.518
302.848
6
.2.105
IIN5.9/9
1
8A9.516
89.586
461
136.984
2
12
72
16.5*1
17
8. 420
62.994
32
8.577
90.46J
16
6.995
125.678
15
14.397
201.037
6
27.703
'60. 741
1
55.517
1)75.000
1
0
99.667
194
191.649
3
7
24
32.217
15
9.727
62.744
17
5.267
88.611
4
13.159
114.52
J
0.775
216.667
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
61.402
71
16.021
4
2
7
39.566
6
12.428
60. 5« t
6
8.141
83.313
1
0
0
0
. 0
199.011
2
44.254
' 0 k
0
0 '
0
0
0
72.154
24
55.178
5
1
0
25.574
2
7.88)
52.267
2
' 2.527
83.3)3
1
0
0
0
0
o-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
47.803
6
24.285
6
0
*
\
43.396
1
0
50.853
2
1.075
0
0
0
0
0
0
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
48.367
4
4.372
7
1
1
- 46.512
1
0
56. /te
1
8.887
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
54.204
6
8.886
a '
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
94.V51
1
7.UO
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
94.951
2
' 7.140
10
0
0
26.720
1
0
50.580
1
0
0
> 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
38.65
2
16.872
Row
Total
95
435
37.4H3
101
8.7)8
61.458
25)
7.295
87.604
153
7.7)8
124.2)6
99
14.375
194.885
64
27.746
149.666
26
67.54)
1074.986
8
6f)7.694
91.360
!4)6
125.22)
- X and SD are computed only for levels nb>.»« the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
-------
Tnble 21. OXYCIILOROANE LfVRLS IN HILK OF NURSING HOTIIi.HS
DT NUMBER OF SIBLINGS PREVIOUSLY BKtAilff.U. N - 1436
Fat Adjusted Levels
n«iMn HIU Study 1975
''ychloi
Levels
In PPG
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Column
Total
cdane Humber of Siblings Previously Bieantfed
N-
N-
K-
SD-
N-
SD-
X-
SD-
X-
N-
H-
SD-
X-
N-
' SD-
N-
sr>-
X-
N-
SD-
0
16
129
40.201
90
7 K7ij
62.774
171
6.7*1
67.037
til
7.1711
120.207
84
4B
7
52.768
15i0.060
105.515
664
259.984
1 2
13 . 12
107 50
38.5(3 36- 329
75 3S
o 74> 8.396
62.06} 61.683
111 39
&.697 6.B2I
86.987 89.377
82 33
7.989 7.571
119.058 123.964
44 12
12.5H 14.12H
202.091 188.922
2} 6
27.97* 35.839
309.391 318.174
5 3
17.55Q 35.882
0 1069.186
0 3
0 685.791
81.:44 102.410
463 194
51.041 178.418
3
3
26
37.551
16
9.647
60.765
16
5.171
86.307
5
S.609
117.461
5
11.061
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
61.712
71
27.199
4
2
, 7
42.950
4
8.900
63.416
4
6.146
79.255
5
2.463
0
0
0
167.241
1
0
309. B49
1
0
0
0
0
86.5R9
24
69.055
5
0
1
34.679
3
11.674
57.027
2
4.204
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
43.C'.8
6
14.913
6
0
1
33.118
J
0
67.975
1
0
0
0
0
110.019
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7 .354
4
3B.Vtn
7
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
76.923
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
461.348
1
0
0
0
0
269.135
e
27I.S19
8
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
87.772
2
10.806
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
87.771
2
10.806
10
0
0
0
0
0
69.803
2
3.360
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
f f . 8T«
3. HO
Total
52
373
39.108
226
8.528
62.360
346
6.664
87.128
21V
7.540
120.006
146
13.243
183.320
78
29.934
333.71)6
17
53.651
138J.768
9
16*7.421
**^ '"&
* - X and SO «r« confuted only (or levels above lite sensitivity level, I
-------
Table 81. Number and Proportion of Nursing Mothers with Fat Adjusted Level* of Dleldrln, Heptvchlor
Epuxlde, or Ox> chlordtTiie Greater Than 100 p|>b Classified by ttie Niinber of CMldren
Previously Brce-tfei.
Hunan HIU Study 1975
Hunber of
Children
Previously
Breastfed
0
1
*
3
4
S or nor*
Totnl
Numbcf of
Mothers
661.
463
194
71
' 24
20
Hothero with Fat Adjusted
Dteldrln
Number
291
166
63
10
5
5
Proportion *
.438
.359 '" ,
, .325
.254
.208
.250
Levels Greater
llcptaelilnr Epoxlde
Number
106
60
25
4
2
0
Proportion
.160
.130
.129
.056
.083
0
Than 100 ppb
Oxyehtordane
Number
145
72
2*
6
2
. t
Proportion
.218
.»56
.124
.085
.083
.050
TOTAL
K36-N*
54B-T*
.3fi2-p*«» 197-T
,137-p
250-T
.174-p
* H " Total number of Mothers Involved in the study.
* 7 Total nuaber of Mother! with «ore than 100 ppb of the cheolcal in their Milk.
*"? - T/N - proportion of anther* ultb level of the cheolcal higher than 100 ppb.
-------
high levels. Airong the n. mothers who have previously nursed i children,
the proportion of mothers who have high levels of the pesticide were denoted
by p.. The covariate x, the number of children previously nursed, was
assigned the values x - 0, x-- 1, x2 2» X3 3> \ "* *» X5 * 7> ln which
x, corresponds to the class of mothers nursing 5 or more children with 7
being the median number of children nursed by mothers in this class.
The standard test for homogeneity of proportions with respect to the
variable X can be written as X2. - En^ (p^p)2 , which is distributed
P q
as a chi-square random variable with m-1 degrees of freedom with m signifying
the number of columns. % A significant value of this statistic indicates
that the proportion of high levels is dependent on the value of the
variable X. For example, from Table 23, it is seen that the value of
x| for the proportion of high levels of dieldrin among mothers classi-
.
fied according to- the number of children previously nursed was 22.19 with
5 degrees of freedom. This value had a P-value of less than .001. The
statistical significance indicated that the probability of a mother having
a high level of dieldrin in her milk depended en the number of children
that the mother had previously nursed.
When the variable X is ordinal, it is reasonable to examine the
possibility that p and x. are linearly related, that is, p^^ can
_
be approximately represented as p. a + bx. in which a is the inter-
cept and b is the slope of the line. Using a procedure suggested by
Cochran (33), the slope parameter b was estimated by b - 2^ (p^-p) (x^x) .
The variance of b was estimated by s* - pCl-pJ/Zn^ ^-x)2. The
A
significance of the slope was tested by computing x2 " b2/s^ and
58
-------
TabU 23. Oil-equate Analyst* of the Proportion of Hurting Mother* with Fst Adjusted Level* of Dleldrln,
Heptichlor Cpoxlde, or Oxychlordsne In Tlielr Milk, Classified by the Nuaber of Children deviously
Breaatfcd, the Number of Children, end Age.
Human Milk Study 197)
Oil-square Analysis
Chealcel
Dleldrln
llcptachlor Epoxlde
Oxychlordnns
Dleldrln
licptaclilor Epoxlde
Oxyehlordnne
Dleldrln
lleptachlor Rpoxlde
Oiychlordane
Covarlate
X
Brenatfed
Brcaalked
Breastfed
Siblings
Siblings
Siblings
Age
Age
Age
b
' Estimated
Slope
-.045
-.022
-.034
-.032
-.010
-.023
-1.04 « 1P~*
f3.9 K 10"11
JJ.7 « 10"*
Total
' Sb
.0106
.0074
.0081
.0092
.0066
.0071
.0025
.0018
.002
*T
W.19
10.86
21.07
15.01
5.24
14.85
3.57
3.48
2.52
DF**
5 <
5
5 <
5
5
5
4
4
4
P'"
.001
.054
.001
.01
.387
.011
..467
.481
.641
Regreaelon
*r
18.18
9.8
17.08
11.94
2.4
10.83
.17
.05
rnn
DF
1 <
1
*
1 <
1 <
1
1
1
1
1
P
.001
.002
.001
.001
.121
.001
.680
.823
.986
Deviation
Pro* Regression
*d
4.01
1.68
3.99
3.07
2.84
4.02
3.40
3.43
2.52
DF
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
P
.404
.794
.407
.545
.584
.403
.334
.310
.472
In the standard error of b.
* DF I* degrees of freedoa.
*"P Is the P-vnlue of the x2 statistic.
-------
comparing X2 with a chi-square distribiiion with 1 degree of freedom. A
significant value of x2 indicated that the slope b of the equation
«t
p. = a + bx. was nonzero.. The value of b for the proportion of mothers
with high levels of dieldrin who were classified according to the number of
children previously nursed, was -.045 with variance .000112. In comparison
with a chi-square distribution with 1 degree of freedom, the value of 18.18
for x2 is significant at the .001 level. Hence, the slope of the line
describing the relationships between p. and ' x., or the number of children
previously nursed, was significantly different from zero. The goodness of
fit of the moiiel p a + bx., that is, the degree to which the equation
describes the data, was tested by computing x? ** X^~X2 and comparing its
value with a chi-square distribution with m-2 degrees of freedom. Since xl
measured the deviation of the observed values of the proportions p. from
p,, small x? values predicted by the equation p. * a + bx. indicated
that the Jata was well described by the model. Conversely, a large value of
X? indicates that the model Is a poor predictor of the observed proportions.
Therefore, a significant value of x2. in combination with a nonsignificant
value of x-j indicates a strong linear relationship between p. and x,.
In the example involving dieldrin levels of mothers who were classified by
the number of children previously nursed, the XH was found to be 4.01 with
4 degrees of freedom. Hence, the proportion of mothers with high levels of
dieldrin was linearly related to the number of children previously nursed.
As the number of children previously nursed increased, the proportion of
mothers with high levels of dieldrin. tended to decrease.
Examination of Table. 23 revealed conclusions similar to the above for
heptachlor epoxide and oxychlordane. The proportion of mothers with high
levels of heptachlor epoxide and oxychlordane was related linearly to the
60
-------
number ot children nursed previously. Therefore, as the number of children
nursed previously increased, the proportion of mothers with high levels of
heptachlor epoxide and the proportion of mothers with high levels of oxy-
chlordane decreased.
The standard test for homogeneity of proportions which «as used to deter-
mine the relationship between levels of pesticides in mothers' milk and the
number of children previously nursed, applied in the analysis of the pesticide
levels on a fat adjusted basis for mothers classified by the number of siblings.
In Tables 24, 25, and 26 the distribution of the number of nursing mothers
classified by the total number of siblings for fat adjusted milk levels of
die-ldrin, heptachlor epoxide, and oxychlordane is given. The chi-square
statistics (each with 40 degrees of freedom) were: 59.19 for dieldrin (? <*
0.26), 47.28 for heptachlor epoxide (P - .20), and 68.29 for oxychlordane
(P - .0035). Based on these tests of significance thera is some indication
that the level of pesticides-is associated with the number of siblings. In
Table 27, the number and proportions of mothers with levels of dieldrin,
heptachlor epoxide, or oxychlordane higher than 100 ppb on a fat adjusted
basis is given, each classified according to the number of siblings. Here,
the covariate x was the number of siblings with x~ * 0, x_ 1, x-" = 2,
x.j 3, x, 4, X- 7 as before, the apparent linear relation between the
proportion of mothers with high levels of one (or more) of the three pesticides
and the number of siblings was tested. The results of the tests are shown
in Table 23. Since the values 11.94 and 10.83 of x| for dieldrin and
oxychlordane, respectively, were significant at the ,001 level and Xj was
nonsignificant in both cases, there was evidence of a linear relationship.
This linear relationship did not apply for heptachlor epoxide.
61
-------
It should be noted that the number of children previously breastfed and
the number of siblings was strongly correlated (r » .85); therefore, it was
not surprising.that a linear, relationship existed between the number of
siblings and the proportions of high pesticide levels.
Tables 28, 29, and 30 indicate the distributions of the number of nursing
mothers classified by age and level of pesticide. The chi-square values
(each with .32 degrees of freedom) are: 34.91 for dieldrin (P - .33) 32.72
for heptachlor epoxlde (P .43), and 40.12 for oxychlordane (P * .15). In
Table 31, the number and proportions of mothers with high pesticide .levels for
each age group is given. The values of the covariate x, x » 17, x. - 22,
x_ « 27, x, a 32, x- « 40, are the median ages within each age class. From
Tables 23 and 30, it is apparent that a linear relationship between age and
the proportion of mothers with high levels did not exist.
62
-------
Table 24. D1ELDRIH LEVELS IN* HII.K OF NURSING MOTHERS BY TOTAL H'JIIBER OF SIBLINGS.
Fat Adjusted Levels
Hunan HI Ik Study 197}
N - 1436
Dleldrlr
Levels
In FFB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
i
0
H- 20
N- 70
X- 40.259-
N- 28
SD- -9.930
X- 63.441
N- 82
ED- 6.938
X- 87.868
N- 104
SD- 7.332
X- 123.184
N- 116 '
SD- 14.363
X- 189.343
N- 74
SD- 28.033
X- 324.820
H- 33
SD- 68.486
X-1381.356
N- 13
SD-1139.313
Column * X- 160.989
Total N- 540
SD- 2«i.OS5
Tital Number of Siblings
1
21
73
43.536
31
7.118
63.758
82
7.329
87.097
78
7.715
125.917
91
15.515
192.919
48
31.151
331.552
22
63.183
966.595
12
577.794
145.558
45B
196.139
2
13
41
39.387
29
6.735
65.109
40
6.535
89.048
47
8.010
120.514
34
14.353
191.429
21
31.062
337.142
15
77.459
1075.698
12
750.216
171.804
252
301.518
3
4
22
38.008
i:
9.339
60.437
22
6.871
89.315
16
8.495
126.680
15
15.681
185.832
11
25.426
316.543
7
51.003
6452.632
2
8269.428
262.120
111
1324.639
4
0
6
37.445
9
9.095
66.489
9
5.020
90.795
6
7.908
120.680
5
9.419'
160.236
3
11.174
302.091
3
81.294
906.616
2
533.165
142.805
43-
218.207
5
1
2
35.238
2
13.065
63.053
2
4.317
81. 020
4
2.960
0
0
0
0
0
0
311.765
1
0
63J.OOO
1
0
146.443
13
188.289
6
0
0
35.054
1
0
69.944
1
0
84.906
1
0
102.790
2
0.768
150.376
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
90.977
. 6
38.509
7
2
1
46.512
1
0
53.488
1
0
76.9il
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
581.206
1
0
189.532
7
261.439
8
0
0
0
0
0
73.171
1
0
89.902
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
V
0
0
0
0
81.537x
xrf^831
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100.000
1
0
147.706
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
JK
m.853
2
33.734
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
103.040
1
0
233.179
1
0
0
0
^\
168.109
2
92.022
Row
Total
61
215
113
8.832
240
7.011
87.902
259
7.665
123.793
265
14.932
189.937
159
29.312
JZ/.ZJ^-
.-''66.310
UlH.liJ
43
1892.067
164.246
1436
436.264
* - X and SD are cnnputed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
-------
Table 21. I1F.PT/.CIILOR EPOXIDB LEVELS IH MILK OF NURSINO.HOT1IE8S DT TOTAL NUMBER CF SIBLINGS.
Fat Adjusted Level* .
Hunan Milk Study 1975
H - 1416
Heptachl
Levels
in PPD
0
Trace
1- JO
SI- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-300
>500
Lor Epoxlde
0 1
N- 32 29
N- 142 153
X- 37.492 39.194
»- 121 90
SD- R (tq R fill
X 61.230 61.644
N« 91 79
SD- 7.211 6.935
X- 88.013 85.887
N- 75 44
SD- 7.951 7.038
X- 126.408 121.539
N- 40 30
SD- 15.811 12ji95"'
X- 195.590 >9o.llO
N- y^ 21
SD- J5.'799 32.315
XV354.323 318.670
N- 12 9
St^ 76.67$ 42.723
X- 871.737 1045.979
N- 4 3
SD- 180.216 869.516
Coluwl * X- 92. (04 94.010
Total N- 540 458
SO- 107.306 139.288
Total Number of Sibling*
2
19
83
36.355
54
8.457
63.385
41
7.649
90.477
17
6.707
124,712
^""^ 18
14.961
194.183
15
24,. 459.
417.852
4
4Q.020
1975.000
1
0
99.356
252
171.114
3
a
41
33.478
19
9.791
62.928
22
7.015
85.975
12-
,-9:414
126.194
8
12.650
175.000
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
68.333
111
33.989
4
2
11
37.708
12
10.395
56.802
10
5.413
90.152
-" .2
9.642
110.000
1
0
192.134.
4
37.062
300.000
. 1
0
.0
0
0
79.312
43
67.543
5
4
2
25.574
2
7.883
53.346
3 .
-2.585
83.333
1
0
103.086
1,
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
56.801
13
28.600
6
0
1
39.047
3
3.772
50.853
2"
1.075
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
43.769
6
7.015
7
1
2
46.512
1
0
56.768-73.
3
8.888
0 89.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
54.204 81.
7
8.885 11.
8
0
0
0
0
0
171
1
0
902
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
537
2
831
9
0
. 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100.000
1
0
129.412
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
114.706
2
20.797
10
0
0
26.720
1
0
50.580
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
38.650
2
16.872
Row
Total
9J
433
37.483
303
8.738
61.458
253
7.:95
87.60*
' 153
7.738
124.236
99
14.375
194. PBS
64
27.746
349.666
26
67.543
1074.986
8
607.964
91.360
1436
125.225
* - X and SD are computed only for levels above the aenaltlvlty level, I
-------
Table 16. OXYCKLORDANE LEVELS IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS BY TOTAL NUMBER Of SIBLINGS.
Fat Adjuated Level
Hunan HtU Study 197)
H- 1436
Oxychlordana
In FPB 0
0 H* 10
Trace H" i02
1- SO X* 40. W
H- 78
SD» 7.500
SI- 75 X- 62.578
H- 138
SD- 6.620
76-100 X- 87.226
H- 93
SD- 7.297
101-150 X- i:i.]a3
N- 69
SO- 13.847
Total Number of Siblings
1
19
103
38.781
64
6.897
62.240
117
6.B89
86.517
83
7.814
117.778
47
12.643
1S1-250 X- 178.135 197.908
N- 38 20
SD- 26.632 28.390
251-500 X- 350. 5U 309.391
N- 6 5
50- 53.427 37.550
>500 X- 1550.059
H- 6
SD- 2041. 531
Coition * H- 108.469
Totol H- 540
SD- 284.744
0
0
0
83.291
458
43.793
2
13
6*
38.680
52
9.099
62.169
49
6,549
° 88.939
36
7.130
120.419
19
13.670
203.180
14
33.713
303.196
3
29.714
1237.990
2
877.298
9S.flfi4
252
150.388
3
J
18
36.879
17
9.277
62.079
25
6.429
89.392
13
7.392
122.786
a
10.918
193.477
4
32.467
0
0
0
731.579
1
0
85-718
111
89.467
4
1
9
40.682
9
9.459'
63. One
8
7.017
63.128
11
7.598
117.500 .
2
17.678
167.241
i
0
326.003
2
22.846
0
0
.0
86.026
43
68.251
5
2
3
34.679
3
11.674
57, £.36
4.974
0
0
0
0
0
0
177.333
1
0
.0
0
0
0
0
0
64.014
13
47.704
6
0
1
32.430
I
.974
60.629
2
10.318
0
0
0
110.019
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
59.227
6
32.122
7
2
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
76.923
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
461.348
1
0
0
0
0
269. US
7
271.829
8
0
0
48.781
1
0
0
0
0
80.130
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
64.455
2
22.168
9
0
0
a
0
0
64.706
1
0
9S.413
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
80.059
2
21.713
10
0
0
0
0
0
69.803
2
3.560
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
69.803
2
3.560
Row
Totol
52
323
39.108
226
8.528
62.360
346
6.664
87.128
239
7.540
12U.UU'>.
146
13.243
1BH.J20
78
29.934
333. 706
17
53.651
13B9.76B
9
1667.421
95.786
1436
195.0-JO
X and SD are computed only for level* nbove the aenstttvlty level, 1 pph.
-------
Table 27. Number and Proportion of Nursing Hotheri with Fat Adjusted Levels of Dleldrin, Ueptirtilor
Epoxlde, or Oxychlordane Greater than 100 ppb Classified by the Hunter of Sibling**
lluratm Milk Study 197}
Nunber of
Siblings
0
1
2
3
4
S or Bore
TOTAL
N - Total
** T - Total
*«P - T/N -
Total
Number of
Mothers
540
458
252
111
41
12
1416-N*
Mothers with Fat Adjusted Level* Create;
Dleldrin
Nuaber
216
171
82
35
13 .
9
548 -T»*
number of Bothers Involved
Proportion
.417
.378
.325
.315
.302
.201
.382 £**
In the study.
nunber of Bothers with nore than 100 "ppb
proportion
of nothera with
level of the
lleptachlor Efoxldo
Number
79
63
38
9
6
2
Proportion
.146
.118
.151
.081
.140
.063
197-T '.117-p
'
of the
chcolcnl
*
cheat cat in their
higher than 100
Than 100 ppb
Oxychlordane
Number
119
72
38
13
S
3
2SO-T
Bilk.
ppb.
Proportion
.220
.157
.151
.117
.116
.094
.174-p
-------
Table 28. P1ELDR1H LEVCLS IN HILK Of
HURSINC HOTIIERS B» ;ACE CROUP. H - 1436
Fat Adjusted Level* *
Hunan Milk Study 1975
Dloldrln
Levela
in PPD
0
Trace
1-50
51 - 75
7b - 100
101 - ISO
151 - 250
251 - 500
>5&0
Coluan
Total
Veara of Aga
-
N-
X-
N-
SD-
X-
N-
SD-
X-
N-
SD-
X-
M-
SD-
X-
H-
SD-
X-
N-
so-
X-
H-
SD-
X-
N-
SD-
UNKNOUN
1
2
0
0
0
61.636
3
10.369
86.800
2
9.828
101.594
1
0
0
0
0
.395.946
1
0
0
0
0
122.293
10
121.918
15-19
4i
7
65
7
HJ
7
III
14
206
33
260
581
55
141
131
3
10
.179
5
.687
.373
15
.089
.14(1
15
.370
.492
10
.606
.157
12
.039
.714 '
1
0
.980
4
.515
.468
75
.042
20-24-
39.
9.
63.
BB.
7.
122.
13.
190.
27.
348.
71.
1619.
1355.
160.
330.
14
60
834
27
U89
034
75
024
78
965
485
80
469
276
41
282
074
5.83
902
9
624
509
410
674
25-29
29
96
40.285
52
9.503.
64.17?
6.831.
101
7.586
125.927
116
15.037
189.844
75
29.892
312.234
29
53.437
952.964
16
482.584
145.688
606
186.097
30-34
11
34
39.872
24
8.311
OJ.J.1U
44
7.297
45
7.792
123. «B>
47
16.059
182.842
28
27.211
325.204
23
71.518
1157.912
9
783.069
165.675
265
267.924
3Sf
44.
2
63.
7.
6.
118.
16.
188.
40.
263.
3164.
5121.
378.
1669.
3
13
22.1
765
820
11
272
18
453
JJ/
11
924
934
3
523
071
1
0
120
5
379
566
70
825
Row
Total
61
21S
40.392
111
8.832
240
7.011
259
7.665
121. 7VJ
265
14.932
189.937
159
29.312
327.212
81
66.310
1358.123
43
1892.067
164.246
1436
436.264
* - X and SO and computed only for levels nhove the aennltlvlty level. I ppb.
-------
Table 29. I1EPTACIILOR F.POXIDE LEVELS IN MILK Of
NURSING MOTHERS BY ACS CROUP. N - 1416
F«t Adjusted Level*
Hunan HI IV Study 1975
Htptechlcr Epoxlde
Levels
in FPD
0
Trace
1-50
51 - 75
76 - 100
101 - 150
151 - 250
251 - 500
>500
Coluui
Total
N-
N-
X-
N-
SD-
X-
N-
5D-
X-
II-
SD-
r-
s<-
SD-
X-
N-
SD-
X-
N-
50-
X-
H-
SD-
* X-
N-
SD-
UNKNOWN
2
1
0
0
0
57.960
4
4.10<
78.176
2
:.5BO
I'O.OOO
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
72.599
10
23.178
15-19
2
20.
40.286
26
6.776
59.158
It
4.204
85.775
7
9.377
141.667
2
11.765
187.140
5
18.925
370.961
2
98.783
0
0
0
80.369
75
75.124
Ycara of Age '
20-24
' 27
126
37.'123
89
£.998
61.539
: 66
7.2J5
87.290
50
7.618
125.615
27
15.792
187.962
15
25.853
318.282
B
75.674
745.364
2
290.429
85.518
410
' 86.270
25-29
45
189
38.127
105
8.583
62.543
111
7.663
88.272
63
7.504
123.964
' 48
13.464
203.433
31
28.354
360.632
10
60.478
1146.555
4
626.471
99.344
606
139.754
30-34
14
77
35.916
70
9- :79
60.593
47
6.735
87.197
21
8.176
119.044
18
13.782
185.630
10
25.655
366.134
6
62.723
1261.469
2
1009.085
91.448
265
163.255
35+
5
22
37.566
13
7.704
58.174
14
7.904
88.979
10
6.421
137.115
3
10.395
184.927
3
40.183
0
0
0
0
0
0
73.458
70
42.947
Row
Total
9)
435
37.483
303
8.738
61.458
253
7.295
67.604
153
7.738
124.236
99
14.375
194.885
64
27.746
349.666
26
67.543
1074.986
8
607.964
91.360
' 1436
125.225
- t .
-------
Table 30. OXTCHLORPANE LEVELS IN MILK OF
NUHSINO MOTHERS BY ACE CROUP. N - 1436
Fat Ad tuntod Levelo
Hunan Milk Study 197)
Oxychlordftiia
lavela
in rrB
0
Truce
1 - 50
Ji - H
lu - 100
101 - ISO
IJ'f - 250
251 - SOO
>soo
Column
Total
N-
N-
X-
N«
ED-
X-
H-
SD-
X-
H-
SD-
X-
H-
SD-
X-
H-
SD-
X-
N-
SU-
X-
N-
SD-
X-
N-
SD-
UNM.^WN
0
i
0
0
0
58.694
*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c
u
261.022
1
0
0
0
p
103 tS9
10
,9.1m
15-19
2
14
39.571
1?
8.766
59.751
18
6.31)
88.864
14
7. 384
120.462
7
11-951
177.2)3
2
32.141
294./ ')
1
0
0
0
0
76.014
7S
44.843
Yearn of Age
20-24
39
1
61
4
86
7
122
Lu
188
1Q
324
39
- tsO
86
59
9
100
.778
64
.lid'
.ros
9S
T76S
2S-29
31
129
19.518
>7
8.802
63. .M)
ISO
«.Ji15
.S
-------
Table 31. Huaber onJ Proportion of Hurting Hollieca tilth fat Adjupird Level* ol Dleldiln, Heptachior
Fpoxldc, or Oityehlardane Greater Than 100 ppb Cl«o»Ulod by Age Cconp.
Htnan Milk Study 19?)
Age
Crouo
IS -'19
20 - 24
2J - 29
30 - 34
35 - 45
Unknown
TOTAL
H - Totol
T Total
*«p - T/N -
Total
Number >(
75
410
606
265
70
:o
U36-N*
Mothers with Fat
DleMr'
tl'i^er t.
27
1S6
236
107
20
2
M.T..
number of nothera Involved
number of I
proportion
otheta with aora
of ewtliora with
Adjusted Levela Greater Than 100 ppb
t H^ptarM"' r;--»'iV Oxychlordanc
-PV. *-_'. -
.360
.380
.389
'.404
.286 ''
.200
.3B2.p*»
'linh
»
52
9)
36
6
1
197-r
In 1 lie atudy w!io gnve
than 100 ppb
level of Ilia <
Pro. .41 ' i
.120
.127
.153
.136
.0."S
.100
.137-f
tl.elr age.
of tlie chemical In thai
lienlc.il
litRlier than 100
K»»uer
10
70
US
44
10
1
230-T
r aillk.
ppb.
Proportion
.133
.171
.190
.166
.143
.100
.174-p
-------
Another portion of. this study was designed to provide a mechanism to moni-
tor the interview data and at the same time to determine if women who were
lactating high levels of pesticides were significantly different from women
who were lactating low levels in relation to: 1) pesticide usage, 2) smoking
habits, 3) occupational pesticide exposure, 4} social mobility, 5) geo-
graphic mobility, 6) home garden pesticide usage, 7) age, 8) education,
and 9) lifetime total months of breastfeeding. A'total of 102 partici-
pants were recontacted by telephone and were asked to give answers to
cuestions that are found in the questionnaire in Appendix H. As pre-
viously mentioned, the respondents were selected from those participants
tvho showed the highest levels of pesticides and those who showed the lowest
levels of pesticides. The pesticide levels for the high residue group
ranged frest 150.99 jjpb to 2972.73 ppb for all six compounds. The mean
pesticide valut for all mothers in the high residue group was 623.21 ppb for
all six -compounds. The low residue group had zero or trace values far all
six compounds. The participants were from the fiv» geographic regions and
the racial distribution was consistent with the distribution found fcr all
study participants.
Figures 5 and 6 show pesticide usage habits for mothers with low and
high residue levels, respectively. The mothers were divided into four
groups: those who did not use pesticides, those who used commercial pesti-
cide applicators, those who used consumer pesticide produces, and those who
used both consur.er pesticide products and commercial pesticide applicators.
In th« low residue group, approximately 18 percent of the mothers did not
use pesticide?, 46 percent uoed consumer pesticide products, S percent used
comrercial p.isticide applicators and 28 percent usnd consumer pesticide
71
-------
products and commercial pesticide applicators. These results compared' to
3 percent, 30 percent, 10 percent, and.57 percent respectively for the four
groups in the high residue group.
The mothers were further divided into three groups by smoking habits as
shown in Figures 7 and 8: those who have never smoked, those who had smrked
at sometime, and those who presently smoke. In the group who had never
smoked, the percentage of mothers who had low.pesticide residues (69 percent^
compared closely with those who had high residues (62 percent). Those
who had smoked at one time during their lives included 13 per.cat of the
mothers with lew residues while 31 percent of the mothers with high residues
were in this group. On the other hand, 18 percent of the tothers with lew
«
residues were in the smoking group, while 7 percent of the mothers with
high residues were in this group.
Occupational exposure and non-occupations.! exposure were also considered.
None of the 39 mothers in die l-«w residue group were occupatii-aally exposed,
while 11 percent of the high rasidua grot-.j- were either, exposed occupationally
or lived in households where a household member was exposed occupationally.
Over 6 percent of the mothers with high residue levels stated that they were
frequently exposed to pt iuicides ty a non-household member, while 7.7 percent
of the mothers with low ret idues were exposed to such a person.
7:.
-------
Figure 5
Pesticide Usage Habits For Mothers With Low Residue
Levels in Quality Control
Human Milk Study 1975
N=39
No pesticides used
Commercial application
only
Used only consumer E=-gg??-.;i Commercial and
nroducts C^rrrrrrri consumer application
products
73
-------
Figure 6
Pesticide Usage Habits For Mothers With High Residue
Levels In Quality Control
Human .Milk Study 1975
N = 63
No pesticides used
Used only consumer
products
Commercial application
only
Commercial- and
consumer application
-------
Figure 7
Smoking Habits For Mothers With LOW Residue
Levels In Quality Control
Human Milk Study 1975
N = 39
Smoke
Uced to Smoke
Never Smoked
75
-------
Figure 8
Smoking Habits For Mothers With High Residue
Levels In Quality Control
Human Milk Study 1975
N = 63
Smoke
Used to Smoke
Never Smoked
76
-------
"The recontacted mothers were asked about their father's occupation
and education as well as the head of the household's occupation and
education. From this information, the Two Factor Index of Social Posi-
tion was used to determine the social mobility of each mother. It was
found that 52 percent of the mothers with high pesticide residue levels were
socially mobile upward while 62 percent of the low residue group were
socially mobile upward.
Geographic mobility was determined for each mother in relation to
high and low pesticide usage areas for the past tea years. Many of the
mothers in both the low residue group and the high residue group have
lived in areas with hi
-------
On the average, the mothers with high residue levels had breastfed during
their lifetime &.0 months while mothers with low residue levels had breast-
fed during their lifetime 13.2 months.
78
-------
Discussion
This research is the largest single effort ever undertaken to determine
the levels of organochlorine pesticides in the milk of nursing mothers. In
this study a total of 1436 samples- wer i collected from women giving birth in
ISO U.S. hospitals. When the research was originally designed, it was
thought that it might be possible to,estimate the levels of organochlorine
pesticides in human milk among mothers giving birth in general care hospitals
in the United States. However, due to several problems in collection, the
sample does not necessarily represent the total population of mothers
giving birth in U.S. hospitals.
Observing this study, one must consider the topic of what socioeconomlc
group of United States women nurse t'ueir children. Prior to initiating the
study, we received much information regarding the nursing pattern in this
country. Some believed nursing to be a characteristic of low socioeconomic
groups, others believed it to be a middle class syndrome, and yet others
believed nursing to be widespread and found throughout all socioeconomlc
groups. After contacting 150 hospitals and 1436 mothers, we are of the opinion
that the nursing pattern in the United States is quite variable. .For example,
other hospitals had to be substituted for Charity Hospital in New Orleans,
because not enough nursing mothers from Charity could be obtained to fulfill
the sample quota. On the other hand, little difficulty was encountered in
some rural areas since approximately every mother who gave birth nursed the
child. In general, the middle socioeconomic group provided a larger number
of milk samples for this study.
Results of this study on organochlorine pesticide residues in nursing
mother.1 s milk Illustrate that dieldrln, cxychlordane, and heptachlor
epoxide are quite ubiquitous compounds. Dieldrin was identified
79
-------
in greater chan 80 percent of all milk samples collected. In addition,.
greater than 63 percent of the samples contained heptachlor epoxide above
the detection limit while approximately 74 percent of the samples had
oxychlordane residue levels greater than 1 ppb. Although the mean level
of these three compounds in milk on a fat adjusted basis was low, the
range of values from 0 to 12,300 ppb was wide. Frequently, the same
person had a high value for more than one compound; thus each organo-
chlorlna compound cannot be considered on a single compound basis, but
rather the total body burden on the mother and her nursing child for all
the pesticides and their metabolites must be evaluated.
Although several studies have been conducted in the United States
to determine the levels of organochlorine pesticides in human milk,.most
i ' ' ' *
of the studies have analyzed a relatively small number of samples.
Wilson .et.al. (26), in a study of 138 samples, found a great varia-
tion in residue levels between fore and hind milk samples. Not only was
it observed that DOT levels diminished with increasing maternal age, but
also that: milk obtained, after nursing contained s ignificantly more DDT
nhan m^]> collected prior to nursing.
In this study, considerable differences were noted in the mean levels
of the three compounds found in the ailk of mothers living in the fi/e
regions. Milk samples collected from women living in the southeastern
United States had the highest mean levels of dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide,
. »
and oxychlordane. Nursing mothers from the northwestern United States
had the lowest mean levels of all three compounds. On a fat adjusted
80
-------
basis, 'romen living in the southwestern United States excreted the second
/
highest levels of oxychlordane and dieldrin, while women from the north-
eastern United States excreted the second largest levels of heptachlor
epoxide.
Regional differences were apparent in the distributions of fat
adjusted levels of dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, and oxychlordane (respec-
tively; Tables 10, 11, and 12 and bar graphs in Figures 9, 10, and 11).
For each pesticide, chi-sq"are analysis yielded a P-level value less than
.001. Combination of the fat adjusted levels into ,"Low" (less than 1 ppb),
"Medium" (1 to 100 ppb), and "High" (more than 100 ppb) for eich pesticide
»
allows regional differences to be explored graphically through a technique
suggested by Snee (34). In particular, Figures 12, 13, and 14 present
95 percent confidence regions of the proportions-of Low,. Medium, and High
c.
fat adjusted levels for each of the five geographic areas. When two
confidence regions do not overlap, the distributions of proportions for the
two geographic areas were significantly different.
Thus, with respect to dieldrin, the Northeast and Northwest are
significantly different and both were significantly different from the
Southeast, Midwest, and Southwest. From Figure 12, one could see that
the Southeast, Midwest, and Southwest have considerable higher proportions
of "High" fat adjusted levels of -dieldrin than did the Northeast and
Northvest; furthermore, the Northeast had the highest proportion of "Low"
fat adjusted levels of dieldrin.
81
-------
Figure 9. Distribution of Fat Adjusted Aieidrin Levels Within Each Geographic Region.
Human Milk Study 1975. *
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-------
Figure 10. Distribution of Fat Adjusted Heptachlor Epoxide Levels Within Each Geographic Region.
Human Milk Study 1975.
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-------
Figure 11. Distribution of Fat Adjusted Oxychlordane Levels Within Each Geographic Region.
Human Milk Study 1975.
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-------
Figure 12: 95% Confidence Regions for Proportions of Low, Medium, and High Fat Adjusted Dieldrin Levels
in Mothers' Milk within Geographic Regions. Human Milk Study 1975
K CONFIDENCE REGIONS
LOW
MED
HI EH
-------
Figure 13: 95% Confidence Regions for Proportions of Low, Medium, and High Fat Adjusted Heptachlor Epoxide
in Mothers' Milk within Geographic Regions. Human Milk Study 1973.
X CONFIDENCE REGIONS
LOU
CO
rfVMidwest
r'-"^ /Southeast
u i rru
-------
CD
Figure 14t 95% Confidence Regions for Proportions of Low, Medium, and High Fat
Adjusted Oxychlordane Levels in Mothers* Milk within Geographic Regions
Human Milk Study 1975.
3£ T, CDNFIDENCE REG IDM5
i
. LOH
HED
HIGH
-------
To determine if the geographic differences in levels were due to
. differences in the proportions of urban and rural residents from region to
region, the mothers were classified as urban or rural on the basis of the
size of the community in which they lived. Examination of Tables 13, 14,
and 15 revealed that the distributions of fat adjusted levels of dieldrin,
heptachlor epoxide, and oxychlordane for nursing mothers in rural areas
were not significantly different from the corresponding distributions for
mothers in urban areas. This homogeneity of distributions is substantiated
by the chi-square test values (respectively, 5.90, 1.83, and 6.12, each
with 8 degrees of freedom). These results indicated that the differences
in levels of oxychlordane, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide were regional
in nature.
Kroger studied milk samples collected 'from 37 nursing, mothers1, and
found that mothers who had nursed 3 or more babies had DDT levels in their
milk fat well belov the average level of all mothers, while the four highest
levels of DDT occurred in the milk fat of mothers who had not previously
nursed (8). He stated that this result occurred because the "pesticide
burden of an individual must decrease whenever a route of excretion such
as lactation is provided".
Although DDT was not considered in this report, similar results were
obtained for the compounds diildrin, heptachlor epoxide, and oxychlordana.
Under the asdus^cion that the exposure of a mother to pesticides is inde-
pendent of the number of children previously nursed, the data presented
in this report strongly indicated that the proportion of mothers with fat
-------
adjusted levels of dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, or oxychlordane greater
than 100 ppb were linearly related to the number of children previously
nursed. The data indicated that the proportion of mothers with high levels
of any of these chemicals tended to decrease as the number of children
previously nursed increased. The slopes of the lines for dieldrin and
oxychlordane were significantly negative. The slope of the line for the
proportion of mothers with high levels of heptachlor epoxide was also
negative but was not significant at the .05 level.
The data also suggested a linear relationship between mothers with
high levels of dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, or cxychlordane in their milk
(on a fat adjusted basis) and the number of children they have had. These
relations were not surprising considering the high correlation between the
number of children and the number of children previously breastfed (r° .85).
The effect of pesticides in mothers milk on infants and nursing mothers
is not well documented. Results e; this study suggest that a* mother who
lactates through several births actually has lower pesticide levels in her
milk than a mother who is nursing her first child. From this standpoint
nursing may be beneficial to the mother. In the case of the infant the
results are not clear. Although the levels of dieldrin, oxychlordane, and
heptachlor epoxide are quite low in nothers milk throughout the United
States, there are a large majority of women lactating these contaminants.
In some instances nursing infants are being exposed to higher levels of
these peatinides than the current tolerance levels in dairy milk. Because
chlord.ane and heptacbior are both on the suspec~t list as potential carcin-
gens, infant exposure to these chemicals nay be harmful. Therefore,
-------
because these compounds have been used in t'.:e country foi: well over two
decades, an epidemiological investigation to deterraine the infancy nursing
profile of people under 30 with respect to cancer is certainly worthy of
consideration.
-------
REFERENCES
1. Jones, L.M., 1965. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Iowa State
University Press, Ames, Iowa. i
2. Jager, K.W., 1970. Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, and Telodrin. Elsevier
Pub. Co. Amsterdam, London, New York.
3. Lang, E.P., Prickett, C.S., and Kunze, F.M., 1951. Survey analysis
of human milk and fat for DDT contents. Fed. Froc. 9_: 294.
4. Egan, R., Gouldiag, R., Roburn, J., and Tatton, J.O.G., 1965.
Organochlorine pesticide residues in human fat and human milk.
Br. Med. J. 2_: 66.
5. Finklea, J., Priester, L.E., Creason, J.P., Hauser, T., Hinners, T.,
and Hammer, D.I., 1972. Polychlorinated biphenyl residues in human
plasma expose a maj.or urban pollution problem. Amer. J. Pub. Hlth.
_62 (5): 645.
6. Quinby, G.E., Armstrong, J.F., Durham, W.F., 1965. DDT in human
milk. Nature .207: 726. '
>.. Ritcey, W.R., Savary, G., and McCully, K.A., 1972. Organochlorine
insecticide residues in human milk, evaporated"milk-and some milk
substitutes in Canada. Canad. J. Pub. Hlth. 63; 125.
8. Kroger,,M., 1972. Insecticide residues in human milk. J. of Peds.
JJO (3): 401.
9. Savage, E.P., Tessari, J.D., Malberg, J.W., Wheeler, H.W., and Bagby,
J.R., 1973. A search for polychlorinated biphenyl in human milk in
rural Colorado. Bull. Env. Contam. Tox. 3. (4): 222.
10. Curley, A., and Kimbrough, R., 1969. Chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides in plasma and milk of pregnant and lactating women.
Arch. Envir. Hlth. JJ3: 156.
11. Hornabrook, R.W., Dyment, P.G., Gomes, E.D., and Wiseman, J.S.,
1972. DDT residues in human m-nfc from New Guinea natives. Med. J.
Aust. j. (125): 1297.
12. Newton, K.G., and Greene, N.E., 1972. Organochlorine pesticide
residue levels in human milk - Victoria, Australia - 1970. Festic.
Mont. J. 6. (1): 4.
13. Stacey, C.I., and Thomas, B.W., 1975. Organochlorine pesticide
residues in human milk, Western, Australia - 1970-71. Pest. Mont. J.
1: 64-66. . ;
-------
14. Acker, L. , and Schulte, E. , 1971. Ernahrungsforschung JL6_: 559.
15. Acker, L., and Schulte, E. , 1970. Deut. Lebens'm. Rundsch. 66; 385.
16. Engst, R. , and Knoll, R. , 19.72. Fharmazie 27.: 526.
17. Westoo, G. , and Noren, K. and Andersson, M.-, 1970. The levels of
organochlorlne pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in margarine,
vegetable oils and some foods of animal origin on the Swedish market
in 1967-1969. Var Foeda 22_ (2-3): 9.
18. Dyment, P.G. , Hebertson, L.M., Gomes, E.D. , "Wiseman, J.S., and
Hornabrook, R.W. , 1971. Absence of polychlorinated biphenyls in
human milk and serum from Texas and human milk from New Guinea.
Bull. Env. Contam. Tox. j> (6) : 532.
19. Hagyard, S.B. , Brown, W.H., Stull, J.W. , Whiting, F.M., and
Kemberling, S.R. , 1973. Bull. Env. Contam. Tox. 2: H>9.
20. Tuinstra, L.G.M.T. 1971. Neth. Milk Dairy J. 25_: 24.
21. Kontek, M. , Kubacki, S. , Paradowski, S., Wierzchoviecka, B. , 1971:
Pediat. Pol. 4£: 183
22. Beyudricks,.A. , and Maes/R., J. Pharm. Belg. 1969.. 24 (9tlO) : A59.-
*
23. Gracheva, G.7. , 1970. 7opr. Pitan JZ9_: 75.
24. Takeda, M. eic al. 1972. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 13 : 422. 1973
Chem. Abstra. 78, 38975.
25. Nishimotc, T. , Uyeta, M. , Taue, S., and Chikazawa, K. , 1972. Igaku
No Ayumi JJ2: 574. 1973. Chem. Abstr. 78, 14573.
26. Wilson, D.J., 1973. DDT concentrations in huaan milk. Am. J. Dijs.
Child. 125: 814.
27. Savage, E.P., et_ ai_. 1975. Field studies systems for characterization
of acute poisoning, A study of hospitalized acute pesticide
poisonings in the United States, 1971-1973. Colorado Epideniological
Pesticides Studies Center, Colorado State University.
28. Manual of Analytical Methods, Pesticide Community Studies Laboratories
Primate Research Center, Perrine, Florida. 1971.
29. Guiffrida, L. , Bostwick, D.C., and Ives, N.F., X966. Rapid cleanup
techniques for chlorinated pesticide residues in milk, fats, and oils.
J. ASJ-OC. Off. Anal. Chem.- 49; 634.
30. Hollingshead, A.B., 1957. Two Factor Index of Social Positon, New
Haven.
92
-------
31. American Hospital Association, American Hospital Association Guide
to the Health Care Field. 1974 Edition, Chicago, Illinois.
32. Kates, K., Techniques of Lipidology, American Elsevier Pub. Co.,
New York 1972, p. 610.
33. Cochran, W. G., 1954. Some Methods for Strengthening Common Chi-
square Tests. Biometrics, 10; 417.
34. Suee, R.D. 1974. Graphical display of two-way contingency tables.
American Statistician, 28: 9-12.
93
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APPENDICES
-------
Appendix A
A set of directions on the collection, storage, artd shipment: of samples
were prepared and given to all nurses or La Leche League representatives
participating in the study (Directions 1 and 2). Directions for the
completion of the participant questionnaire form were also included
(Directions 3). The nurses were requested to have each mother sign a
"Consent to Serve as a Subject in Research" form (Consent Form) prior to
the collection of milk.
-------
Appendix A
Directions 1
DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTION OF HUMAN MILK SAMPLES
To insure accurate analysis of your sample, it is important to follow
these directions carefully.
1. Prior to collecting the sample, wash your hands with soap and
water. However, the breast should be washed with plain water
only.
2. The bottle has been thoroughly cleaned. Please avoid touching
the inside of the bottle and cap during collection.
3. Manually express the milk into the bottle. (PLEASE, DO NOT USE
A BREAST PUMP). Minimum volume required is 1/2 oz. or to the
first mark on the bottle; but, if possible, fill the bottle to
the third mark (1 1/2 oz.).
4. Several collections may be required to obtain the necessary
volume. Please refrigerate between collections.
5. Freeze the sampie when you have the required volume.
-------
Appendix A
Directions 2
NURSES DIRECTIONS
Collection
1. Be certain only tV-.* containers provided are used to collect the
sample.
2. If the sample cannot be obtained during the initial contact, be
certain to instruct and provide the mother with the directions for
collection and vith a specimen container. Review the directions
with the mother. .
3. Make arrangements with the mother to pick up the sample.
4. Both the bottles acd the information cards are numbered. Please
be sure to check to see that the numbers correspond before giving
the specimen bottle to the participating mother,
5. After the sample has been obtained, cool immediately and freeze
as soon as possible.
6. Do not allow the sample to thaw.
Packaging and shiuoing
1. Frozen samples should be wrapped in cheesecloth and encased in the
individual Strrofoan containers provided.
2. Place the s:nall containers in the large Styrofosm box acd fill the
remainder of the box with dry ice.
3. Use the straps provided to close the box for shi-pping. Shio with
the labels and instructions provided.
97
-------
Appendix A
Directions 3
QUESTIONNAIRE FORM DIRECTIONS
. The Human Milk Study questionnaire fora has beeu designed to obtain
pertinent epidemiologies! iiforraticn about mothers participating in the
study. It is imperative tuat complete and accurate data are obtained by
the interviewer; cthervis-i, the final analyses and interpretations maybe
seriously affected.
The questionnaire form is to be completed, only by project personnel
or by the nurse contacted at the participating hospital. The riother is_ not
to complete the form herself. If the hospital nurse is to complete the
form, the project representative shall reviev the instructions with her
(leave instruction sheet with her also). to help insure her understanding
of the questions and their importance.
Step
1. Enter name of selected hsopital ia which the participating mother
gave birth.
2. The sample number on a form must correspond to the etched number
appearing on one of the glass sampling jars. Each participating
mother oust have one card and one Jar with same number. Please
double-check to make sure that these numbers do correspond. If
the sample number is not entered into fora, the analysis of the
milk specimen will be meaningless.
3. -Enter mother's name and home, address . We must have the city' and
state listed! '..':
U. Check 'ihe appropriate space to indicate if participant resides in
an urban or rural area. Rural should only be checked if partici-
pant lives on a farm or ranch.
5. Enter the' exact age of participant. If not obtainable, please make
a reasonable guess and indicate this as, eg., 35? .
6. The ethnic group of the mother should be identified as ons of the
following categories: white, black, oriental, Aaericaa Indian,
Spanish American, Puerto Rican, or other.
7. Please check either yes or no to indicate if the mother is presently
8. Enter the mother's current occupation or the occupation held prior
to giving birth.
9. Enter number of siblings (living brothers and sisters) of the new-
born child and the number of these breast fed.
10. Enter month, day, and year of last child's birth.
98
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Appendix A
Directions 3 (continued)
11. Enter present occupation of household head and indicate type of
work; eg., farmer, fruit or laborer; construction; etc.
12. Check yes or no to indicate if anyone presently living in the
mother's household (i.e., son, husband, etc.) is presently employed
ir. any occupation that uses pesticides; eg., farmer, pest control
operator, greenhouse vorker, pesticide formulator, etc.
13. Please enter date when the milk sample was collected and if the
sample was collected before, duriig, or after the breast feeding
of the baby.
lU. Indicate all the kinds or names of medications (including vitamins,
aspirins, antibiotics) that the mother is presently taking.
15. Indicate the highest education grade level attained by the house-
hold head.
16. The interviewer nust sign fora when completed.
-------
Appendix A
Consent Form
CONSENT'TO SERVE AS A SUBJECT
IN RESEARCH
I consent to serve as a subject in the research investigation entitled:
National Study to Determine Levels of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon
Insecticides in Human Milk
«
The nature and general purpose of the experimental procedure and the known
risks involved have been explained to me by
He/She is authorized Co proceed on the understanding chat I aiay terminate my
service as a subject In this reasearch at anytime I so desire.
I understand the known risks are: . There are no known risks.
I understand also that It i's not possible to identify all potential riska in.
an experimental procedure, and I believe that reasonable safeguards have been
taken to minimize both the known and the potential but unknown risks.
Witness Signed
(Investigator) (Subject)
Date of birth of Subject
Date
TO BE SIGNED IF SUBJECT IS A MINOR
I authorize _ ' to become a subject for the research
proposal ao outlined above. The nature and general purpose of the project has
been satisfactorily explained to me by ______________________ and I am
satisfied that proper precautions are to be observed.
Signed :
(Parent or Guardian)
Date
(To be Retained by the Principal Investigator) 100
-------
Appendix B
The Human Milk Study's participant questionnaire form and
the milk pesticide residue analysis report form (Fig. 1) were designed
to be easily coded for the transfer of data to computer cards for
storage, analysis, and retrieval. The field epidemiologists and
chemists were instructed at training sessions on the proper completion
of the report forms; however, personnel from the Colorado Center vere
the only personnel allowed to assign code numbers to the recorded
information. Improperly coded Information could seriously compromise
the accuracy of the study; therefore, it was important that complete and
accurate data were obtained and correct coding procedures followed. The
following is a description of some of the information desired on the forms.
The name of the selected hospital in'which the mothers gave birth
was recorded so that a complete record of the study's progress could be
»
maintained. A participant was considered urban if she resided within the
city limits of any municipality, town or city and rural if she resided on
a farm or a ranch. Since the age of a participant is an important item
to obtain in any epidemiologic study, each participant was asked her age.
The ethnic groups of the mother were divided into the following categories:
White, Negro, Oriental, American Indian, Mexican American, Puerto Rlcan,
and others. The mother's current occupation or the last occupation that
she held prior to giving birth and the present 'occupation cf the household
head were also recorded. The household head's occupation and highest
education grade level were used to establish a liollingshead Index number
for each of the participants. It was also necessary to determine if anyone
presently living in the mother's household was. employed In any occupation
101
-------
Appendix B
that uses pesticides; this would help account for any unusual residues.
All-types and names of medication that the mo.ther was taking at time of
sampling were also recorded.
The pesticide residue analysis report forms for the milk samples
were completed by the chemists performing the analyses. The sample number
on the report form had to correspond exactly to the sample number placed
on the interview questionnaire form. The participant's I.D. included the
nursing mother's name and address. The chemist was to indicate the condi-
tion of the milk sample when it arrived to the laboratory; e.g., frozen,
thawed, curd formation, etc., date received, date analyzed, weight analyzed,
9
and percent lipid of the sample. All pesticide residues found in each milk
sample were recorded onto the cards in parts per billion.-
102
-------
Appendix B
Figure B - I
HUMAN MILK STUDY
Hospital
Milk Volume Sample Number
Mother's Name:
Address:
Class: Urban Rural
Aze: Ethnic Croup: Smoker: Yes No
Occupation:
Number of siblings: How many were breast fed?
Date of Baby's Birth':
Occupation of head of household (hh ):
Does anyone in hh work with pesticides? Yes No
Dace of sample collection:
When was the sample collected? Before feeding
After feeding During the feeding
Are you presently taking any medications?
If so. what kind?
Highest grade level attained by head of household:
Interviewer:
Office Use Only
Card Code 1
Form ID
3"""*" """"" **~" ~~
14 17
K,
22 2} 25
_ JLJL
28 30 31
33 36 39
f /
42
JL JL
4? Ji 3j
55
A 0
62
66 69 72
75 . t
. '
Sample No.
Participant I.D.
Used established
We. analyzed
Laboratory
MILK PESTICIDE RESIDUE ANALYSIS REPORT
Condition of Sample
Date Recv'd
analytical procedures: YES NO
nig; Z Lipid Date analyzed
Chemist
Card Code 2
ID
7
/ / '
IS 17
24 26
32
1 1
27
?4~
Code ID
Nuvnber of Pesticide Residues
Code
CT31
37 17
38 23
39 41
41 53
44 65
CT 322i>
45 17
46 23
Pesticide
Residue
pp'DDT
op ' DDT
pp'DDE
pp'ODD
0-3KC
6-BKC
T-BHC
<
Affiount
.
.
.
.
-
.
.
ppm
pob
CL
Code
49 41
51 S3
52 55
CT 331S
67 17
85 25
86 »:
A£ 53
AR 6ff
im
Pesticide
Residue
Dieldrin
Heptachlor
Hept. Epox.
Chlordane
PCB's
Oxychlor.
HCB
TNG
<
Anounc
.
.
'
ppm
oob
CL
-------
Appendix C
NATIONAL STUDY- TO DETERMINE LEVELS OF CHLORINATED
HYDROCARBON INSECTICIDES IN HUMAN MILK
Training Course - April 8 & 9, 1975
1. Handout of Background Information
2. EPA Interest
3. Study Design - Work. Session; Dr. Eldon Savage and Dr. Tom Keefe
4. Nurse'a Viewpoint: Sandy Ford
5. Contacting the Hospital and Participants of the Study - Panel
Discussion: Fred Applehans, Larry Mounce, Sandy Ford, and Bill Wheeler
6. Simple Collection, Packaging, Storage, Handling & Shipment and Labeling:
Betsy Alt
7. Completion of Study Participant Information Card: Fred Applehans
v
8. Sample Analysis and Quality Control, Clean Up: Virginia Boyes,
John Tessari, and Loretta Munsall
9. Statistical Analysis: Gene Johnson
10. Payment: Larry Mounce
11. Reporting Results to Participants - Discussion
104
-------
Appendix C
PARTICIPANTS
COLORADO
Elizabeth Alt, Medical Technologist
Fred Applehans, Field Epidemiologist
Virginia Boyes, Research Technician
Sandy Ford, Field Epidemiologist/Nurse
Gene Johnson, Statistician
Dr. Thomas Keefe, Statistician-
Larry Mounce, Field Epidemiologist
Loretta Munsell, Chemist
Dr. Eldon Savage, Project Director
John Tessari, Chemist & Lab Supervisor
Bill Wheeler, Field Epidemiologist
MICHIGAN
David Dietel, Medical Lab Technician
Adrian Oudbier, Field Investigator
MISSISSIPPI
Dr. Ben Barrentine, Project Director
SOUTH CAROLINA
Ellen Lee, Programmer
105
-------
Appendix 0
CHEMISTS TRAINING COURSE
NATIONAL STUDY TO DETERMINE LEVELS OF CHLORINATED
HYDROCARBON INSECTICIDES IN HUMAN MILK '
Colorado Scate University
Fort Collins, Colorado
April 22 & 23, 1975
TUESDAY - APRIL 22, Room 204 Student Center
1. Study Design - Eldon P. Savage
2. Sample Collection, Packaging, Storage, Handling and Shipment and'
Labeling - Sandy Ford
3. Sample Analyses - Virginia Boyes and Loretta Munsell
a. Log in
b. Glassware and Equipment -
c. Procedure
d. Recovery Levels
e. Storage Stability
4. Instrumentation - Gas Chromatography - David Spencer
a. Column Selection >
b. Detector Selection; ''.''"'
c. Operational Parameters
d. Quality Control
e. Maintenance
5. Analytical Quality Control - John Tessari
a. Interlaboratory
b. Intralaboratory
6. Reporting Forms - Fred Applehans
7. Qualitative Aspects of the Study - Janet Osterycung
a. Pooled Samples - Mass Spectrometer, Gas Chromatusraph
WEDNESDAY - APRIL 23 - Laboratory, 128 Physiology
1. Laboratory Extraction and Analysis
106
-------
Appendix D
- CHEMISTS TRAINING COURSE
NATIONAL STUDY TO DETERMINE LEVELS OF CHLORINATED
HYDROCARBON INSECTICIDES IN HUMAN MILK
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado
April. 22 & 23, 1975
PARTICIPANTS
Colorado
Fred Applehans
Virginia Boyes
Sandy Ford
Loretta Munsell
Janet Osteryoung
Eldon- Savage
David Spencer
John Tessari
Bill Wheeler
Michigan
Bob Welch
Mississippi
Jim Cain
South Carolina
Jim Colcolough
Utah
Lynn Thon>as
-------
Appendix D
ANALYSIS OF HUMAN MILK SAMPLE
I. Equipment;
1. Centrifuge Bottles - Sargent 0S-18460, 200 ml screw cap
2. Glass wool - Fisher 011-388, PYREX brand 3950
3. Centrifuge - I.E.G. Model EXD, Size 2
4. Separator? funnels - 500 ml, .125 ml, 1000 ml, PYREX brand 6404
or equivalent
5. Chrcmatographic columns - 25 mm o.d. x 300 mm long, with teflon
stopcocks, with or without fitted glass plates, Kontes
420530, size 241
6. Flasks - Round bottom, short neck, PYREX brand, 250 ml, 500 ml.
Sargent 0S-33885
7. _Concentrator Kuderna - Danish fitted with grad. evaporative concen-
trator tube, available from the Kontes Glass Company, each
.' component bearing the following stock numbers:
a. Flask, 500 ml, stock 0K-57001
b. Snyder column, 3 ball,, stock 0K-503000
"c. Steel springs, 1/2", stock 0K-662750
d. Concentrator tubes, 10 ml, size 1025, stock 0K-570080
8. Modified Micro-Snyder columns, 19/22, Kontes K-569251
9.- Glass beads, 3 mm plain, Fisher #11-312
10. Disposable pipets - Fisher '#13-678-58
11. Volumetric flasks - 100 ml
12. Beakers, 50 ml, Griffin
-.. 13. Pipets Class A, 20 ml
14. Ovens - capable of holding 130°C and 57°C
Teflon Liners'- National Scientific size 38, 1 1/2" diameter
108
-------
Appendix D
II. Reagents;
1. N. Hexane - Pesticide quality, redistilled in glass.
2. Acetone - Pesticide quality, redistilled in glass.
3. Diethyl ether - AR grade, peroxide fre.i, Mallinckrodt #0850
or equivalent. Anhydrous redistilled in glass.
4. Eluting nixture - 6% (6 + 94) - purified diethyl ether - 60 ml
is diluted to 1000 ml with redistilled hexane.
5. Eluting mixture - 15Z (15 + 85) - purified diethyl ather 150 ml
Is diluted to 1000 ml with redistilled hexane.
6. Florisil, 80/100 mesh, PR grade, to be stored at 130°C until
used,
7. Acetonitrlle - reagent grade, saturated with hexane.
8. Anhydrous sodium sulfate - reagent grade, granular, Mallinckrodt
stock #8024.
III. Sample Extraction;
1. Weigh sample into a.clean dry centrifuge bottle. Sample should be
thawed and well vortexed before weighing.
2. Add enough pre-cleaned glass wool to adhere to the coarse precipi-
tate of milk solids.
3. Add 100 ml of redistilled acetone to the centrifuge bottle and shake
manually for one minute and then centrifuge for approximately two
minutes at 1500 rpm.
4. Transfer the acetone to a 500 ml Separator/ funnel.
5. Extract the milk precipitate two more times with equal volumes of 25
ml of acetone each time, shaking, but not centrifuging. All three
acetone extractions are combined in the 500 ml Separacory funnel.
6. Add 50 ml of n-hexane to the coarse precipitate of milk solids,
shake, decant, and combine with the acetone extracts in the 500 ral
Separatory funnel. Repeat. Add 50 ml n-hexane.
7. Add a volume of 125 ml of 2% Sodium Sulfate to the 500 ml Separacory
funnel.
8. Shake the Separatory funnel manually for one minute, allow phases to
separate and discard the lower aqueous layer.
109
-------
Appendix D
9. Repeat steps //7 avid //8, again discarding the lower aqueous layer.
10. Prepare a column containing 3 inches of sodium sulfate. .Wash the
Na-SO with approximately 100 ml of n-hexane; discard, and as the
wash hexane reaches the top of the sodium sulfate, drain the n-
hexane extract from the 500 ml separatory funnel into the Na-SO,
column. Allow this extract to sink into the top of the sodium
sulfate and add 100 ml of n-hexane to the column collecting the
. elute in a clean, dry 250 ml concentrator flask.
11. Reduce the .volume in the 25C ml concentrator flask to approximately
10 ml and transfer quantitatively using a clean, disposable plpet
to a 100 ml volumetric flask. Bring to volume wit', n-hexane.
12. Plpet a volume of 20 ml from the 100 ml volumetric flask and pour
into a clean, dry 50 ml beaker. This 20 ml represents 1/5 of the
original sample size. This 20 ml is then placed into a 37. oven
overnight for a lipid determination.
13. The remaining 80 ml volume is reduced and quantitatively transferred
to a 125 ml separatory funnel.
#' ' -
IV. Liquid - Liquid Partitioning;
1. Add 30 ml of acetonitrile; previouslyfsaturated with hexane.- Stopper .
funnel and shake vigorously for 2 minutec.
2. Allow phases to separate and draw off the acetoaitiilt layr into a
1-liter separator containing 550 ml of a 2* solution of Na-SO^. and
100 ml of hftxane.
3. Similarly extract the hexane layer in the 125-nl separator three more
times with 30-ml portions of acetonitrile, cr-mbi-iing all acetonitrile ..
extracts in the 1-liter separator.
4. Stopper, invert 1-liter separator, vent off pressure and mix b«' shaking
for cwo minutes, -releasing pressure as required.
5. Allow the layers to separate and drain aqueous layer into a second
Vliter separator
6. Add 100 ml hexane to second separator, and after a 30-aecond vigorous
shaking, discard aqueous phase and transfer pet. ether phase into
first 1-liter separator.
.
7. Wash hexane with two 100-ml portions 2Z Ni-30, and a'scard the aqueous
washings.
8. Attach a 3-ball Snyder column to the top of the K-D evaporator and
place in a 93-100°G water bath. Approximately 1-1/2 inches of the
'concentrator tube should be below the surface of the water.
-------
Appendix D
9. Concentrate the extract to ca 5 ml, rinse down the sides of K-D
. evaporator and the ground glass joint with a total of 3 ml pet.
ether. Reconcentrate extract to ca 5 ml under a gentle stream of
nitrogen at room temperature.
V. Florisil Fractionation;
1. Prepare a chromatographic column containing A inches (after settling)
of activated Florisil copped with 1 1/2 inch of anhydrous, granular,
Na.SO,. A small wad of glass wool, preextracted with pet. ether, is
placed at the bottom of the column to retain the Florisil.
NOTE; (1) The amount of Florisil needed for proper elution
should be determined for each lot of Florisil.
2. Prevash column with 100 - 200 ml hexane.
NOTE: (1) From this point and through the elution process, the
solvent level should never be allowed to go below the top
of the Na.SO, layer. If air is. introduced, channeling
may occur, making for an' inefficient column.
3. Using a 5-ml Mohr or a long disposable pipet, immediately transfer the
tissue extract (ca 5 ml) from the'evaporator tube onto the column and
permit it to percolate through.. -.
4. Rinse tube with two successive 5-ml portions of pet. ether, carefully
transferring each portion to the column with the pipet.
NOTE; (1) Use of the Mohr or disposable pipet to deliver the
extract directly onto the column precludes the need to
rinse down the sides of the column.
5. Prepare two Kuderna-Danish evaporative assemblies complete with 10 ml
graduated evaporative concentrator tubes. Place one glass bead in
each concentrator tube.
6. Replace the 500- ml Erlenmeyer flask under each column with a 500-al
Kuderna-Danish assembly and commence elution with 200 ml of 6%.
diethyl ether in pet. ether (Fraction I). The eltuion rate should
be 5 ml per minute. When the last of the eluting solvent reaches the
top of the Na_So, layer, plsce a second 500-ml Kuderna-Danish assembly
under the column and continue elution with 200 ml of 15% diethyl ether
in pet. ether (Fraction II).
7. Remove assemblies frora bath, and cool to ambient temperature.
8. Disconnect collection t.ube from Kuderna-Danish flask and carefully
rinse joint with a little hexane.
9. Attach modified micro-Snyder column to collection tubes, place tubes
back in water bath and concentrate extracts to 1 ml. If preferred,
111
-------
Appendix D
this may be done ac room temperature under a stream of nitrogen.
10. Remove froa bath, and cool to ambient temperature. Disconnect tubes
and rinse joints with hexane.
NOTE; (1) The extent of dilution or' concentration ;of the
extract at this point is dependent on the pesticide
concentration in the substrate being analyzed and the
sensitivity and linear range of the Electron Capture
Detector being used in the analysis.
112
-------
Appendix E
DATEi November 7, 1975
SUBJECTt Quality Control, Huaan Milk
FROKi Colorado Epidemlologic Pesticide. Studies Center .
V
TOt Participating Laboratories, National Human Milk Study
, On November 7, 1975» we plan to, mail a vial containing
approximately 3 ml of a spiking solution to bo used as an «
inter-laboratory'quality control check for the National
Hunan Milk Study. Analyze this spike as follows:
1. Prom one hvoan milk sample weieh out two 7 gm
aliquots of milk. To one of these add 1 ml of
the spiking solution. Extract and analyze both
sub-samples following the established procedure
for human milk analysis.
2. Use a second 1 ml portion of the spiking solution
and oake a 1:5 dilution in he:cane. Analyze this
dilution directly on gas chrocatographic colunns.
Send calculations and gas chromatograms of the milk samples,
both spiked and unsplked, and of-the spike dilution, to the
Colorado lab, to be received no later than November 21, 1975*
113
-------
Appendix C
Table E - 1
Human Milk Interlaboratory Check Sample
Summary of Results
National Human Milk Study 1975
Pesticides reported in nanograms
Oxy-
chlordane
Formulation
Laboratory
1
2
3
.4
Mean
Standard
Deviation
Relative Stan-
dard Deviation
Total Error
AO
40.0
37.1
36.4
-
37.8
1.9
5.0%
14.9
t-nona-
chlor
40
36.8
33.7
30.1
44.2
36.2
7.3
19. 3%
46.1
Hepta-
r.hlor Dieldrin
40 40
31.0 35.8
.34.0
15.6
5S.-8
23.3 41.9
10.9 12.1
46.7% 28:9%
96.2 65.4
?,P'-
DDT
200
213.9
166.7
179.4
166.6
181.6
22.3
12.3%
31.5
P,Pf-
DDE
400
430
387.2
393.7
764.8*
"403.3
23.1
5.7%
12.4
B-
BHC
0
0
0
0
/
- No value reported
J False identification
* Rejected as outlier
114
-------
Appendix E
Table E - 2
RELATIVE PERFORMANCE RANKINGS OF HUMAN MILK CHECK SAMPLE
Hunan Milk Study 1975
Laboratory
1
2
3
4.
Compounds
Missed
0
1
1
2
False Iden-
tification
0
0
0
- .1
^Number of
Rejections
0
0
0
1
2Total
Score
196.5
161.8
160.0
97.5
1 Values outside confidence limits
2 Total possible score 200 points
115
-------
Appendix E
NATIONAL HUMAN MILK STUDY
Bottle
Number
SI
1150
023
Date
Sample
Collected
A/12/75
it/22/75
5/3/75
Patient
I.D.
Jane
Doe
RS
-
Date
Lab
Received
A/12/75
A/28/75
5/16/75
Initial
Volume
50 mis.
25 mis.
35 mis.
Hospital,
Agency,
Area
Larimer
Co. Hosp.
Charity H.
New Orleans
Maine
Colo
No.
i-i
VaB
2-2
35-A
Date
Extract
A/30/75
A/30/75
5/21/75
Grams
Analyzed
1A.6
7.3
5.0-5/6
1A.3
Coulson
Conf .
X
X
X
Pool
6%
Gram:
1A.6
5.0
1A.3
15%
Grams
1A.6
*
A. 5
1A.3
Additioaal
Information
QC-28-1
Reextract-5/f
Blind-S.ffl
CT>
^Dilution made and discarded
-------
Appendix F
Illustrations of the spiking solution, gas chromatograph standards,
temperature and flow parameters, and selected chromatograms for standards
used in the National Human Milk Study are included in this appendix.
117
-------
Appendix F
PESTICIDE SPIKING SOLUTION USED IN HUJ1AN MILK STUDY
Ng/ml
Dieldrin 40
Oxychlordane 40
Heptachlor 40
Solution made in acetone and 1.0 ml used to spike human milk
samples using 10% ration (sample/spike)
Mixture No. 1 (1:100)
Dieldrin 0.1 ml of 1 mg/ml Dil. up 0.01 mg/ml
Oxychlordane " " to 10 ml " "
Heptachlor
Mixture No. 2
Mixture No. 1 8 2.0 ml Dil. up 0.002 mg/ml of each
to'10 ml
Spiking Solution * 0.002 mg/ml ±^-> °-°000
Mixture No. 2 1:50 Dieldrin 40 ng/ml
Oxychlordane " "
Heptachlor " "
118
-------
Appendix F
GAS CHROMATOGRAPH STANDARDS USED IN HUMAN MILK STUDY
E.G. 1 Pg/yl
a-BHC 4 1
B-BHC 20 5
Aldrln 8 2
Oxychlordane 8 2
Dicldrin 16 4
o.p'-DDT 40 10
p,p'-DDT 40 10
E.G. 2
Bexachlorobenzene 4 1
Lindane 8 2
Heptachlor 8 2
'Aldrln 8 2
Heptachlor Epox. 8 2
p,p'-DDE 20 5
p,p'-DDD 40 . 10
E.G. 4
Chlordane. 50
'indrin 10
E.G. 5
Aldrin 8
o.p'-DDE 10
o,p'-DDD 20
Mirex 50
119
-------
Appendix F
*
- ft f* ' ... '.
Ut l/t
TEPERATURE !& FLOW PARAMETERS
; . / . . ;. . .
ELECTRON Capture v
UNIT NO A . , , . :
fftplumn M°nit^ O v £ / 0
Temp, c - : -" ~'-/~jt
|plet««c.5 Column/" .
.Detector 9 ( 7 Transfep^O
". i Carrier. N 2 ~j". " .
" A^ ' '
Phart ^nf*pH * *^ : in/min.
pf n C "' -5 ~*^ ' "Pol- Vo'ltsilMLZ
V FPD
I--.' :
. PJ . .
InlPt
Detector
Carrier!
Criart Speed
or Coulson -
..
... C\!_.
<"!n!i imn
, -Transfer
J ' Hydrogen
. "Air
ml mm.
120
-------
CHRCMATOGRAM- ,
ATICN
'. . . : . jStd. or
r:-7uV5bfli7eTrs5R?'p"l6i"
r^
final Ex. Vol.
O 'l^^-T1 I '' N: TIT" 7(0 ,'r
..'.'. DIL:
._.',".: ..""T-Date:
.iElution (rac
- "**"""""''" *"W or -
' r:r i
f
-------
j -^i-i^'uT-Li. rjLY-~jiL_;L.j.;ii^/^ jL|i~.:.;_n|.r."_Lr.;.:i.'!..{_".-.'.' !..r.'"/..| _'.i " ~ ~
.- Sanplc
'"* -
7-;-Final £::rvc!.i^inr
z_:::T;:::::irp._::::;_,-""/j:.'::,.:^ . .- '. :
i J.T.TTTOI '~rr"j"~.~"Ni.~.~~~"'.".' "w"~
. . I :
'.~" r*~ r~
Of- DOT
.!."..'.". .... ".:..." .' i ".", _r .1." ,
f=>" PP-DDT
...... / . i -
-------
Appendix F
0)
G. C.
TEMPERATURE & FLOW PARAMETERS
KPD or Coulson
' / /
ELECTRON Capture
UNIT NO.
Flow,
Carrier' N 2
' /) 5 '
Chart Speed f U' "in/min.
'R r; r. b V> pni:vn»sj^L
: // I A:
Attenuation.
o
SO
Detector.
i
Carrier
Transfer
: Hydrogen
Chart Speed,
-------
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i 1
i .... * .-,. j
! * - *
£ ' 01
1 " *» > - * *
.*
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i *
.'._' !-_._.. i ' "
1 '
.
' 1 ' .
1 '
"~J I ' ' - " " ' ' 1 -- -- i
. 7Tl=--> - f^ P- t>t>b
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i
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-------
Appendix G
The support of Che La Leche League International was .obtained
in order that members of the society could be contacted to lend their
assistance in retrieving milk samples from nursing mothers when
nursing help was not available. The League leaders were acquainted
with the study by the epidemiologists and given the same instructions as
the nurses In the collection, storage, and shipment of samples. The
League leaders were ouly allowed to collect milk samples from mother.;
giving birth in the selected hospitals; they were cot allowed to collect
samples from their membership in general.
126
-------
Appendix G
'!>/ Jtiwuyii
n ..
Slit
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
MRS. CLEMENT TOMPSON
MRS.JOHN FROEHLICN
EixtnntSKiilKT
MRS. ROBERT WAGNER
MRS.CHARLES CAHILL
MRS. FRANK COUNTRYMAN
MRS. STANLEY KAHBL
MRS. THOMAS Kt'RWIN
MRS. JOSEPH KRAMER. JR.
MRS. WILLIAM L:;NON
MRS. WILLIAM TORGUS
MRS. GREGORY WHITE
t i«»lm vmhrn.
PROFESSIONAL ADVISORY SOAR3
R. M. APPLEBAUM. M.O.
\llMM. I h*»l.
IHWIN M. ARIAS. M.O.
MAXBARTLETT. M.O.
PAUL A. OUSAM. M.O.
( MM MNJII, t MMII
L. JOSEPH BUTTERFIELO. M.O.
FRANK W. COUNTRYMAN. M.O.
nOOERTrARBER.M.D.
LAWRENCE M. GARTNER. M.O.
JE ROME GLASER. M.D.
R. CGOtOECKE.0.0.
MORRIS COLO. M.D.
I rflMWHk. to*MtNM*w
JAMES GOOD. M.O.
P&ULGVORGV.M.O.
LEE FORREST HILL. M.O.
GERTRUDE T. HUNTER. M.O.
to jUtMtit..*. ll.l.
E3ITH JACKSON. Mj>.
IK«I«V, « -^^JM-'
ROBERT JACKSON. M.O.
* .H«(nH... Mi.«H.n
DERRICKS. JELLIFFE. M.O.
l.n \NOM-vt f»tl.««»tj
E. nOBOINS KIUBALL. M.D.
noof i:r s. f.'.fNDElSOMN.M.O.
I «»... .I|MM
FIIIIS MUER. M.D.
t»*Mlf. I t^NJI^I
JAKES CLARK MOLONEY. M.O.
(. I*»»
ERNEST M SOLOMON. M.O.
U**tMtal r4tk. M-*M\
MAOK TWMAN M.O.
l*» u.^^%. ^-.
PIERRE VSi-iAv;M.O.
n>n.»i».
GRECORV WHITE. M.O.
I tt«* tM> f «* . «»«
. WMITTLISTONE.D.U.
«M t. w" M.
q? / (/?
oZ/cc/te <^&eaa//,e
9616 Minneapolis Avenue Franklin Par^. Illinoij 60 HI
Ttlepbont: 312-455-7730
Hay 21, 1975
Eldon P. Savage, Ph.D., Director
Colorado Epidemlblogic Pesticide'
Studies Center
Institute of Rural Environmental Health
Spruce Hall, Colorado State University
Fort Collins. Colorado 80521
RECEIVED
WAY 2.". ;s?5
Community PeS!;:;:;3 S;:;'
Re: Study of the levels of chlori-
nated hydrocarbon insecticides
in human milk.
Dear Dr. Savage,
Your study has been cleared by our Research Committee
for League participation. A copy of La Leche League Inter-
national's pplicy regarding participation in research projects
is enclosed.
We will need a list of the states in which you plan to
test for the insecticides, so that ve may inform the League
Area Co-ordinators of those states of the study. Their names
will then be sent to you so you may have a League contact in
each sampling area. If it is available, a breakdown of the
specific towns involved would also be very helpful to us and
to the Area Co-ordinators.
Variables which may affect the results of such pesticide
studies are listed below for your interest and your information.
1. If the milk sample is a fore or hind one (Kon and
Cowie, 1961) it may affect the results as the latter has a
higher fat content. However, Wilson et al. (1973) did not
find that it made any difference.
2. It has been suggested r.hat if plasr.ic containers are
used to collect the milk they should preferably be made of food
grade materials in order to avoid the possibility of lear.hing
of plasticizers (Silverman, 1971). Wilson et al. (1973) who used
polyethylene bags, tested the lilk and again found no difference.
3. Kroger (1972), in his study, found that mothers
nursing their first children had higher levels of DDT in
their milk. Related 'to' it, Wilson found that the older the
mother, the less contaminant was found in hor breast.cilk.
127
-------
Appendix G
Eldon P. Savage, Ph.D. May 21, 1975
Colorado State University page 2
La Leche League is always glad to cooperate in research that relates to
human milk. We look forward to hearing from you concerning the additional
information we need.
Sincerely,
Edwina Froehlich
Enc.
EF/ch
REFERENCES
Kon, S.K,, and Cowie, A.T. Milk: The Mammary Gland and its Secretion. Vol. II.
(New York: Academic Press, 1961).
* * v
Kroger, M. "InsecticdLda Residues in Human Milk." J. Pcd. 80:401-405, March 1972.
Silverman, W.A. "Hunan Milk Baling Practices." Pediatrics 47; 456-459. Feb. 1971.
Wilson, D.J., Locker, D.J., Rltzen, C.A. , Watson, J.T. , and Schaffner, W.
"DDT Concentrations in Human Milk." Am. J. Pis. Child. 125:314-817, 1973.
128
-------
Appendix H
The following questionnaire was used to obtain additional information
from the mothers in the quality control portion of the study. Each of
the 102 mothers was contacted by telephone and asked the following in-
formation.
129
-------
Appendix H
NATIONAL STUDY TO DETERMINE LEVELS OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS IN HUMAN MILK
PESTICIDE USAGE SURVEY
NAME
ADDRESS
SAMPLE NO.
COMMUNITY
HOSPITAL
TELEPHONE NUMBER
AGE
Pesticide Usage Questions:
A, Do you or any members of your household use pesticides? Yes Q No f~|
3. Are any protective or precautionary measures observed during application
of pesticides (i.e., protective clothing, restriction of humans or
animals into treated areas)? Yes |[ No |[
C. Where are the areas of your pesticide usage?
1. Household 2. Farm
a. Inside
b. Yard
c. Trees
c. Garden
e. Pets
a. Crops
b. Pasture
c. Building, pens
d. Livestock
e. Fence rows
f. Seed treating
D. 2o you eat vegetables out of your own- garden? Yes f"~] No | [
1. If. yes, how many months out of the year? '
E. Has a commercial applicator ever treated your premises for pests? Yes}[ No|[
F. If so, when, for what reason, and what type of brand of chemical was used?
Date
Chemical
Why
G. What are the trade names of the 3 pesticides most often used by household?
H. Where are all your pesticides stored?
1. Kitchen cabinet
2. Back porch
3. Basement
4. Garage
5. Barn
6. Other
I. Are pesticides stored under lock and key? Yes f~[ No | f
J. Are the pesticides stored in original containers with warning labels
attached? Yes Q No Q .
130
-------
Appendix H
Sample No.
K. Ethnic background:.
1. Anglo
2. Negro
3. Oriental
4. American Indian
5. Mexican American
6. Other
L. Have you ever lived near any pesticide plants?
1. If yes, what type?
Yes
No D
2. How long have you lived by the pesticide plant?
M. Do you visit with anyone who uses pesticides? Yes I""} No.
§
N. Smoking Habits
Has never smoked
Smoke now
Cigarettes only
Amount-packs per day
Less than %
Jj _ 1
1-2
Cigarettes and other
Pipe only, cigars only
or pipe and cigars
Used to smoke
-Months _____ Years
0. Do you use butter or margarine? Butter
P.~ How many children were breast fed?
1. How long-were they breast fed?
B
Margarine
Both
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Mobility (hou
Days
Weeks
Months
Years
sehold head)
A. Occupation of household head?
B. How long has household head held present Job?
1. Less than 1 year
2. 1-2 years
3. 3-5 vears
4. 6-10 years
5. Over 10 years
C. What did household head do prior to this job?
Mobility (Mother)
D. Where were you born? State
County
131
-------
Appendix H Sample No.
E. List all residences for the past 10 years beginning with the present:
1. State County
Months Years
2. State County_
Months Years
3. State County_
Months Years
State County_
Months Tears
5. State Count y_
Months Years
6. Stats Couiity_
Months Years
F. Your father's occupation?_
G. Highest grade lavel attained by mother?_
H. Highest grade level attained by mother's father? ' .
* How many errors were made on the original information card?
132
-------
Appendix I
Map Illustiations
Figure 1 is a map of the United States indicating the actual sampling
sites. Each dot represents a hospital and a cluster of dots represents
several hospitals sampled in the same city. Figure 2 indicates the
total number of samples collected per state.
133
-------
Figure 1-1
Sampling Sites for Hi'»nan Milk Study 1975
L. V-. .O-.TI
: * *^H ' ..\"^
.1 ^J l
;s
I__J Alaska
I Hawaii
-------
Figure 1-2
Number of Samples Analyzed from Each State
National Study of Pesticide Residues In Human Milk, 1975
LJ
01
ALASKA 8
HAWAII 6
-------
Appendix j
Ql
Dieldrin
I
\j
CC12
Cl
Cl
H
Cl
A. Product Description
Chemical Naae; l,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-exp_-6,7-epoxy-l,4,4a,5,6,7,8, a-
octahydro-1', 4-endo, exo-5,8 diiaethano-naphthalene.
Common Names: Dieldrin, dieldrine, KEOD.
Trade*Names; Alvit, Dieldrite, Octalox, Penoram D-31.
Pesticide Class: Broad spectrum insecticide; chlorinated hydrocarbons.
History; Developed in the laboratories of Julius Hyman and Co. and
^ first described in 1948 by C.W. Reams, et al., J. .Econ. Ent..', 42_,
127, 1949; U.S. Pat. 2,*676,1S1.
Physical Properties; Recryst. greater than 99% purity; white cryst.
odorless solid, mp 175-176° C; d 1.75; vp 7.78 x 10~7 mm at 25° C.
Technical: buff to light brown flakes, setting point not below
95 C. Non-inflammable.
Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in mineral oils; moderately
soluble in acetone; soluble in aromatic solvents.
Chemical Properties; The above planar formula yields eight steric
isomers; dieldrin is though to be the exo-epoxide of the endo-exo-
isomer illustrated above.
Stable to alkali, mild acids and to light; no reaction with Grignard
reagent, and the epoxide group is unusally stable though reacting
with anhydrous hydrogen bromide to give the bromohydrin. Compatible
with common pesticides.
136
-------
Appendix J
Biological Properties; Of high contact and stomach toxicity to most
insects, highly persistent and effective in the control of many
crop pests at rates of the order of 4-8 oz/acre. Non-phototoxic;
non-systemic.
Acute mammalian toxicity by ingestion low (LD 50 for rats 100 mg/kg)
when compared to high dermal toxicity (Lehman, A.J., Bull. Assoc.
Food Dru3. Cri. U.S.. 14. 82, 1950). Princi, F. and Spurbeck, G.U.
(Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occupt. Med. 3^ 64, 1951) .quoted LD 50 in single
oral dose tc dogs 65-95 mg/kg and reported no observable chronic
injury to workers engaged in its manufacture. Dutra, F. (U.S.
Food Drug Admin., Residue Tolerance Hearings, Exh. 1215, 1281,
Washington, 1950) reported that quantities greater than 50 ppm in
th> diet of rats produced degenerative changes in the liver,
changes not observed with diets' containing 25 ppm. Chronic toxicity
t
shown in rabbits to which dieldrin was applied externally over a
week in amounts equivalent to 70 mg/kg but no observable effect
at 30 mg/kg; toxic symptoms in rabbits fed at 60 mg/kg level.
(Bundran, J., et al., Proc. Soc. Exptl. Eiol. Med., 22., 23&» 1952).
Threshhold limit value (Am. Conf. Gov. Ind. Hyg.t 1959) 0.25 mg/M3.
LD50 dieldrin metabolites 1205 mg/kg; Korte, F., et al., Life Sci.,
4_, 2017, 1965.
B. Manufacture and Formulations
Mcnufactv.rer; Shell Chemical Company
Manufacture; By the oxidation of aldrin with peracetic or perbenzoic
acid. .
Formulation: Emulsifiable concentrate: 2 Ib/Imp gal (Canada, 1955);
wettable powder 50%; dusts, regular, 2%. With certain carriers
137
-------
Appendix J
addition of urea (to 5% of carrier) recommended, see Handbook of
Aldrin, Dieldrin and Endrin Formulation, Shell Chem Corp, T>ec,', 1954.
C. Use Patterns
General: Dieldrin is a cyclodiene compound in the chlorinated"hydrocarbon
class insecticides. It is one of the most persistant chemicals ever
known. It is a broad soectrum insecticide that can be used as a
household and public health insecticide.
Action: Broad-spectrum insecticide; contact and stomach poison that does
not provide a quick kill but does offer excellent residual activity.
Stimulates central nervous systen- poison. Exact mode of action is
not known.
« ' »
Target Crops: Apples, apricots, bananas, barley, beans, blueberries,
blackeyed peas, broccoli, brussel sprouts, bush and vine fruit,
cabbage', carrots,- cauliflower, cherries, citrur fruits, corn, cotton,
" - ""
cowpeas, .cucumbersi deciduous fruits and nuts, eggplant, grain, ''
horseradish, lettuce, oulons, parsnips, peppers, pimentos, potatoes,
radishes, ^o.ghun, soybeans, squash (summer), aueet potatoes,
tobacco, tomatoes, asparagus, garlic, leeks, shallots.
Target Insects; Soil insects, cotton pasts, household and public health
insects, thrips, ants, white-fringed beetles, termites, cutworms,
crickets, armywonus, grasshoppers, grubs, plant bugs.
Application; Soil treatment (most inrjcrtant),'foliar application, seed
treatment, indoor residual surface application and spot or band
treatment. Soil applications, predominantly broadcast, animal
dusts or sprays.
Rate of Application; Soil treatment: .25 Ib Al/acre up to 5 Ib Al/acre
Seed treatment: '2.0 oz/bu seed.
138
-------
Appendix J
Foliar application: 3.0 Ib Al/acre (spray)
0.75 Ib Al/acre (dust)
Indoor applications: 2.0% AI (lacquer)
2..0Z-AI (la water for spray)
i
Use on animals: 0.003 Ibs/head (dust)
Frequency; Against woil insects on crops: One application per season.
Other uses: one or more treatments per year, as required.
Time of application; Agricultural uses: Mostly spring, at planting
time.
D. Environmental Impact Potential
Mammalian Toxlcity; In acute toxicity tests, dieldrin is highly toxic to
laboratory animals by the oral, dermal and inhalation routes. It
is mildly irritating to the eyes and to the skin.
Nontarget. Organisms: Dieldrin is highly toxic to fishes, lower aquatic
organisms, birds, wild mammals, and to soil insects. It is
relatively nontoxic 1:0 other soil organisms. Dieldrin is also
highly toxic to bees and beneficial insects (predators and parasites)
on direct contact, but this is not a problem in its predominant use
as a soil insecticide.
139
-------
A. Product Description
Mol. wt. 373.3
Chemical Namei l,4,5,6,7,8-Heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7,-raethano-
indane
Common Names; heptachlor, heptachlore (France)
Trade Names; Drinox H-34, Heptanul
Pesticide Class; Insecticide; chlorinated hydrocarbon*
History! First isolated from technical chlordane.
Physical Properties; Pure.: white crystalline solid with mild camphor
odor; mp 95-96°C.
The technical prodi :t contains about 72% heptachlor and 28% of related
compounds; a soft vnxy solid, melting range 46-74°C; d? 1.57-1.59;
viscosity 50-75 cetitipoises at 90°C. Vapor pressure (estimated) 0.0004
ran Hg at 25°C. Practically insoluble in water, soluble in ethyl alcohol
(4.5 g/1-00 ml) and in kerosene (18.9 g/100 ml). '
,
Chemical Properties:- Stable to light, moisture, air and to coderate hear.
Not readily dehydrochlorinated (Rogoff, W.M. and Hetcalf, R.L.,
J. Econ. Ent. 44; 910, 1951.). Compatible with most commonly-used
pesticides and-fertilizers. Susceptible to epoxidation.
Biological Properties; Strong insecticidal properties by injection or
contact; some fumigant action (Rogoff and Metcalf., loc. cit.). Acute
oral LD50 to rats, 130-135 mg/Kg; chronic toxicity probably somewhat
higher than chlordane; rabbits subjected to 6 hours a day contact
with 500 mg died after seven such periods, but no effect after
53 such exposures to 100 mg. Skin treatment of rats daily for 12 days
with 10 mg. heptachlor in xylene/kg caused toxic symptoms after 12 days;
similar treatment with 40 tag/kg chlordane gave toxic symptoms after
28 applications. Acute oral LD50 for male rats 100 mg/kg, for female
rats 162 mg/kg; acute dermal LDso for male rats 195 mg/kg, for female
rats 2,'jO mg/kg.
Epoxidation which appears to be an important biological reaction, c.f.,
aldrin ana dieldrin, was first observed in dogs and rats by Davidow, B.
and Radomski, J.L., J. Phanaacol. Exptl. Therap. 107_:259-266, 1953.
B. Manufacture and Formulations
. Manufacturer; Veliscol Chemical Corporation, Marshall, Illinois.
140
-------
Appendix J
Manufacture: (a) By the action of sulphuryl chloride.on chlordane in
the presence of benzoyl peroxide (Brit. Pat. 618,432). (b) By the
chlorination of chlordane in the presence of fuller's earth in the
dark (U.S. Pat. 2,576,666).
Formulationsr 25Z wettable powders; emulsifiable concentrate (usually
2 Ib. per gallon); 25% dusts; oil solutions; granules.
Under certain conditions formulation on active clays may lead to
slov decomposition with loss of insecticidal activity, a reaction
prevented by the addition of a deactivator. (Mahira, M. A. et al.,.
J. Agr. Food Chem. 4;1038, 1957).
C. Use Patterns
General; Heptachlor is used extensively against soil and plant insects.
It is one of the more toxic of the chlorinated hydrocarbon group,
and, like the others of the group, is absorbed from all body
surfaces. It is effective against wireworms, root worms, white
grubs as well as turf insects and termites.
Action; Broad-spectrum insecticide; contactv inhalation, and stomach
poison. Stimulates Che central nervous system. Exact mode cf action
not known. Mo systemic action on planes.
Target crops; Barley, beans, cabbage, corn, lettuce, oats, peppers,
raspberry, rutabagas, rye, sorghum, tomatoes, wheat, lawns and turf.
Target pescs: White grubs, cutworms, wireworms, Japanese beetle larvae,
other beetle larvae, other soil insects; termites; grasshoppers; ants.
Application; Soil treatment (most important); seed treatment; bait
application (minor). Soil applications by ground equipment, predomi-
nantly broadcast. .
Rate of Application; Soil treatment: 2.0-5.0 Ibs. Al/acre. May be as low as
0.25 Ibs. Al/acre for treatment of cabbage.
Seed treatment: 2.0 oz. AI/bushel of seed.
Bait: 4 oz. AI/50 Ibs. of bran/acre.
Frequency: Against soil insects on crops: one application per season.
Seed treatment: one treatment per year.
Time of Application; Agricultural uses: mostly spring at planting time.
Use against termites, lawu, garden insects during warmer months of
the year.
D. Alternatives
On: Barley: chlordane, disulfoton, trichlorfon, methoxychlor
Beans;, chlordane, ethion, methoxychlor
Cabbage: chlordane, disulfoton, trichlorfon, Dyfonate, methoxychlor
Corn: chlordane, disulfoton, trichlorfon, Dyfonate, methcxychlor
Lettuce: chlordane, disulfoton, trichlorfon, methoxychlor
141
-------
Appendix J
Oats-: chlordane, disuJfoton, trlchlorfon, methoxychlor
Peppers: carbofuran, chlordane, trichlorfon, ethion, methoxychlor
Raspberries: chlordane, disulfoton, methoxychlor
Rutabagas: chlordane, methoxychlor
Rye: chlordane, raethoxychloi
Sorghum: chlordane, disulfoton, ethion, oiethoxychlor, carbcfuran
Tomatoes: chlordane, disulfoton, trichlorfon, ethion, methoxychlor
Wheat: chlordane, disulfoton, trichlorfon, methoxychlor
Tomatoes: chlordane
E. Environmental Impact Potential
Mammalian Toxicity: Heptachlor is moderately toxic to laboratory animals
in acute toxicity tests via the oral, dermal and inhalation routes.
It is moderately irritating to the skin and the respiratory tract.
Emulsifiable concentration formulations of heptachlor require the
signal word "Warning" on the label. Prolonged exposure to subacute
concentrations of heptachlor may produce increasingly severe toxic
effects.
Nontarget brganisms; Heptachlor is highly toxic to fishes and lower
aquatic organisms. It is highly toxic to birds, -roderatelv toxic
to wild mammals, highly toxic to soil insects, and moderataly toxic
to some soil bacteria and to earthworus. Heptachlor is highly toxic
to bees and to beneficial insects (parasites and predators) or.
direct contact, but this does not take place in its predominant uses
where it is applied.to the soil. .
142
-------
Appendix J
Heptachlor Epoxide
Heptachlor epoxide, l,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-2,3-epoxy-2,3,3a,4,7,-
7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoindene,
Cl ftCl
CH
Cl
CC12
CH
CH
Cl
Is an oxidation produce of heptachlor. Heptachlor epoxide is found on '
foliage and in soil where heptachlor has been applied and it is also
found in fatty tissues of animals that were initially exposed to heptachlor.
Heptachlor epoxide is much more toxic than the parent compound. A
single oral dose as little as 2.5 rag/kg has produced poisoning in young
dairy calves. Daily dos-is-fcr IS days of 1 mg/kg also produced poisoning
in calves (4).
Because heptachlor epoxide is a product of heptachlor,' symptoms
are the same. It is a central nervous system stimulant. Symptoms of
acute heptachlor poisoning in man are tremors, ataxia, convulsions, and
in severe poisonings renal damage, respiratory failure and sometimes
death. In animals symptoms begin with hypertension, disorientation,
convulsions, comas, and sometimes death. Because the exact mechanism
for poisoning is not known, treatment with specific antidotes is not
available. Instead the poisonings are treated with narcotics or anesthetic
agents such as chloral hydrate or the barbiturates, phenobarbital and
pentobarbital. . .
143
-------
Appendix J
CC1
C1C ( \\ CHC1
Chlordane CCl^ ' PH.Cl.
iu o o
CHC1
Mol. wt. 409.8
uui iiti2
A. Product Description
Chemical Name: 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-
methanoindane
Common Names; Chlordane, chlordan
Trade Names; . Aspon, Belt, Chlor Kil, Corodane, Kypchlor, Octachlor,
Ortho-Klor, Synklor, Topiclor 20, Veliscol 1068.
Pesticide Class; Broad spectrum insecticide; chlorinated hydrocarbon.
History: Use as insecticide first described by Kearns, C.W. et al.,
J. Eeon. Ent.. 38:661, 1945; Brit. Pat. 618,432.
25
Physical Properties; Technical: viscous amber-colored liquid; £
1.59-1.63; n^> 1.56-1.57; viscosity 75-120 centistokes at 130°F;
insoluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents, including
petroleum hydrocarbons. Refined product has vapor pressure
1 x 10~5 mm Hg 'at 25°C.
Chemical Properties; The chromatographic examination of technical
chlordane by March, R.B. (J. Econ. Ent.. 45_":452, 1952) yielded :
heptachlor, chlordane, and two isomeric chlordanes; one of mp
104.5-106°C which, being readily dehydrochlorinated by alkali,
is thought to be the cis-isomer; the othar, of mp 106.5-108"C
resistant to dehydrochlorination is thought to be the trans-isomer.
Technical chlordane consists of 60-752 of n- and S-thlordanes
with 25-402 of related compounds. The commercial product known as
f-chlordane appears to be substantially the earlier a-chlordane.
Technical chlordane consists of 60-752 of isomers of chlordane and
25-402 related compounds iacluding two isomers of heptachlor and
one each of enneachlor- and decachloro-dicyclopentadiene.
Riemschneider, R., Wld. Rev. Pest Control, £:29, 1963.
Biological Properties: A persistent stomach and contact poison to most
species of insects; more volatile than DDT but shows marked residual
toxicity (Hamman, R.E., J. Econ. Ent.. 4_1^516, 1948). Non-systemic
and non~phytotozic at insecticidal concentrations. Relative
insecticidal activity to houseflies-given by Cristol, S.J. (Adv.'
Chem. Sec. 1, p.'184, 1950). Other comparative toxicities are cited
by Metcalf, R.L., Organic Insecticides, p. 234, 1955.
Of low acute toxicity to marmals: oral LDso to rats 457-590 mg/Kg;
the high vapor toxicity to mice reported by Fringe, H. and O'Tousa,
J.E. (Science, 111:658, 1950) attributed by Ingle, L. (Science, 118:213,
1953) to presence of unreacted hexochlorocyclopentadiene, reduced
144
-------
Appendix J
in insignificant amounts in later material. Rats fed for 104 weeks on
diet containing 150 ppra. f-chlordans suffered no higher mortality than
controls but histopathological changes in liver apparent. Threshold
limit (Am. Conf. Gov. Ind. Hyg., 1959): 2 tng/M3.
B. Manufacture and Formulations
Manufacturer: Velsicol Chemical Corporation. Marshall, Illinois.
Manufacture; Hexachlorocyclopentadiene by chlorination of pentanes,
(U.S. Pat. 2,509,.160), or by action of sodium hydrochlorite on
cyclopentadiene, (U.S. Pat. 2,606,910) is condensed into cyclo-
pentadiene co product C,nReCl,, (chlordene) which is further
chlorinated. 10 6 16
Formulations; In kerosene sol. 22 and 202; emulsifiable concentrate
50Z and 70Z by wt.: 2,4, or 8 lb/gal.; 5, 6, and 10Z dusts; 33 1/3,
25, 20, 10, and 5% granules; 25 and 40Z wettable powders.
C. Use Patterns
General; Technical chloriar.e consists of a heavily chlorinated mixture
of isomers. It wa* the first cyclodiene chemical to be developed for
insect control and has been in commercial use for more than 20 years.
It is a versatile, broad-spectrxan' insecticide. Its use volume
recently experienced a renewed increase. It is claimed that cHlordane
residues are somewhat less persistent in the environment than those
of, for instance, DDT, aldrln or dieldrin.
t "*"
Nonagricultural uses accounted for an estimated 802 of total U.S.
consumption of cblordaae in 1972.
o
Action; Broad-spectrum insecticide; contact, inhalation and stomach poison.
Stimulates the central nervous system. Exact nods of action is not
known. So systemic action on plants.
Target Crops: Corn, apples, apricots, cherries, peaches, pears, plums,
barley, flax, oats, rye, sorghum, sugar beets, wheat, lettuce, onions,
peas, peppers, potatoes, puarpkins, radishes, raspberries, strawberries,
tomatoes, turnips, asparagus, beans, beets, broccoli, cabbage,
cantaloupe, cauliflower, celery, cucuabers, spinach, squash, sweet
potatoes, ornamentals, shade trees, livestock.
'
Target Insects: White grubs, cutworms, wlreworms, Japanese beetle larvae,
other beetle larvae, other soil insects; teraites; grasshoppers; ants;
some foliar insects; household insects; stored products insects,
livestock insects. Resistance of target insects in some areas.
Application; Soil treatment (most important); some foliar applications;
bales; seed treatment (small); indocr spray applications. Soil
applications by ground equipment, predominantly broadcast. Livestock
dips or sprays.
145
-------
Appendix J ^_^
I Reproduced from
| best available copy.
_Rate of Application: Soil treatment: 2-5 Ib Al/acre, u? to 10 Ib. Al/acre
tor some uses.
Seed Treatment: 2'02. Al/bushel seed.
Foliar Treatment: 1-3 Ib Al/acre o.r llb.AI/100 gal.
Termite Control: 1% AI in water or oil.
Bait: ' 1 Ib Al/acre.
Indoor Applications: 2-3% AI sprays, 5-67. AI dusts.
Use on animals: 2-4 Ib AI/100 gal.
Frequency; Against soil insects on crops: One application per season.
Other uses: one or more treatments per year, as required.
Time of Application; Agricultural uses: Mostly spring at planting time.
Use .against termites, lawn, garden and household insects during
warmer months of the year. Against animal insects: throughout
the year is required.
D. Alternatives**
On: Apples: etnion, methoxychlor
Apricots: etnion, methoxychlor
Asparagus: Dyfonate, methoxychlor
Barley: disulfoton, trichlorfon, heptachlor, methoxychlor
Beans: , etnion, meshoxychlor
Beets: Dyfonate, trichlorfon, methoxychlor
. Broccoli: disulfoton, Dyfonate, methoxychlor
Cabbage: disulSocpn,, trichlorfon, Dyfonate, heptachlor, methoxychlor
. Cantaloupes': methoxychlor . ' . ;
Carrots: disulfoton, trichlorfon, methoxychlor
Cauliflower: disulfoton, trichlorfon, Dyfonate, methoxychlor
*Celery; none
Cherries: ethion, methoxychlor
Corn: disulfoton, trichlorfon,. Dyfonate, heptachlor, methoxychlor
Corn (pop & sweet): Dasanit
Cucumbers: ethion, methoxychlor
*Cucurbits: none
Flax: trichlorfon
*Leeks: none
Lettuce: disulfoton, trichlorfon, heptachlor, methcxychlor
Melons: echion, methoxychlor
Oats: disulfoton, trichlorfon, heptachlor, methoxychlor
Onions: disulfoton, ethiou
Onions (dry.bulb): Dasanit, echion, Dyfonate
*Parsnips: None
Peaches: disulfoton, ethion, nethoxychlor
Peas: disulfoton, ethion, methoxychlor
Peppers: carbofuran, trichlorfon, ethion, heptachlor, methoxychlor
Plums: ethion, m&thoxychlor
Potatoes: disulfoton, Dasanit, Dyfonate, methoxychlor, carbofuran
Pumpkins: trichlorfon, methoxychlor '
. Radishes: Dyfonate, aethoxychlor
146
-------
Appendix J
Raspberries: disulfoton, heptachlor, methoxychlor
Rutabagas: heptachlor, methoxychlor
Rye: heptachlor, methoxychlor
^Shallots: none
Sorghum: disulfocon, ethion, heptachlor, methoxychlor, carbofuran
Spinach: disulfoton, methoxychlor
Squash: ethion, methoxychlor
Strawberries: disulfoton, ethion, Dyfonate, methoxychlor
Sugar Beets: disulfoton, Dasanit, trichlorfon, Dyfonate, carbofuran
Sweetpotatoes: Dasanit, Dyfonate, methoxychlor
*Swiss chard: none
Tomatoes:. disulfoton, trichlorfon, ethion, heptachlor, methoxychlor
Turnips: .disulfoton, methoxychlor
Wheat: disulfoton, trichlorfon,.heptachlor, methoxychlor
Barns: trichlorfon
Fens (animal): trichlorfon, methoxychlor
*Storage Bins, Sacks, Crates, etc.: none
*Indicates crop or other target areas that have no registered substitute
for chlordane included in the list of 11 possible substitute chemicals.
**0nly those 13 chemicals under study are reported as possible substitutes.
E. Environmental Impact Potential
Mammal-ta^ Toxieitv: Chlordane is moderately toxic to laboratory
animals.isr acute toxicity.tests via the oral, dermal and
inhalation routes. It is moderately irritating to the eyes,
and slightly irritating to the skin and the respiratory
trace. Emulsifiable concentrate formulations of chlordane
require the signal word "Warning" on the label, granular and dust
of lower concentration require the signal word "Caution."
Prolonged exposure to sub-acute concentrations of chlordane may
produce Increasingly severe toxic effects.
Nontarget Organisms; Chlordane is highly toxic to fishes and lower
aquatic organisms. It is slightly toxic to birds, moderately
toxic to wild mammals, highly toxic to soil insects, and
moderately toxic to some soil bacteria and to earthworms.
Chlordane is highly toxic to bees and to beneficial insects
(parasites and predators) on direct contact, but this does not
take place in its predominant uses where it is applied to
the soil or indoors.
147
-------
Appendix J
Oxychlordane
Oxychlordane, 1-exo, 2-endo, 4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-2,3-exo-epoxy-
2,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoendene,
4
is a metabolite that accumulates in the tissue of animals that have been
exposed to technical chlordane. It is formed from both of the principle
octachloro._isomers (cis, trans) of technical chlordane.
In a study conducted by Street and Blau, .oxychlordane accumulation
in rat adipose tissue was shown to exceed that of the parent chlordane
isomers for both sexes. They, therefore, concluded that oxychlordane
is a major terminal chlordane.residue in rats and other mammalian
species ( 1).
Because of the structural similarities between oxychlordane and
* * ' *
the other chlorinated cyclodiene epoxides, it was thought the metabolite
would be mojre toxic. Street and Blare found that this was hot true (1).
A study done by Dorough and Hemken showed that cows fed diets
containing high purity chlordane ware positive for oxychlordane in their
milk fat when analyzed (2 ).
Oxychlordane residues were also fo.und in human adipose tissue by
Biros and Enos (3 ). Of the 27 human adipose tissues sampled, 77.8%
contained oxychlordane with levels that ranged from 0.03 to 0.4 ppm
and averaged 0.14 ppm.
148
-------
Appendix J
nirex
Mirex, Dodecachlorooctahydro-l,3,3-methano-2H-cyclobuta (cd) per.talene,
ci. C1-r ci
is a chlorinated cyclodiene compound. It is a white crystalline, non-
volitile and odorless solid with a nelting point of 485° C. It is
practically insoluble in water and is partially soluble in -iioxane, xylene,
and benzene.
Mirex is a stomach insecticide used in the control of the imported
f ire mt in the southeastern part of the United States. In 1961, Allied
Cheaical Company monitored for Mirex in whole milk and milk fat in a snail
herd of cattle grazing .on pastures treated with Mirex. It was found that
;
' the whole milk contained .002 to .007 ppm,'and .03* to .13 ppm of Mirex was
found in the milk fat (5, 6 ) . This data is in doubt though because
these same levels were found in pretreatment samples and in untreated check
animal's milk.
Because of the ability of cows to readily concentrate other chlorinated
hydrocarbons in their milk, the inability to monitor for Mirex in milk has
been the concern of four researchers (7 ). Samples of cow's milk were
collected from various dairy farms and processing plants in areas where
the cattle grazed on pastures which had received two or more treatments of
Mirex bait. A total of 66 were collected and analyzed out of 5 south-
eastern states. Six milk samples were from untreated areas and were used
as controls. None of the 60 samples analyzed had Mirex residues at the
level of detection, 0.3 ppb. There were some that had questionable peaks
at the retention tine for Mirex but none of these could be confirmed.
149
-------
Appendix J
Mirex levels can, however, be detected in the fat fron beef catule.
A study was done by Ford, Hawthorne and Markin in Mississippi and Georgia
in 1971 to determine these levels. Seventy-seven fat samples were analyzed
and 67 of them came out positive for Mirex. The levels ranged from .001 j
to .125 ppra, with an average residue level of .025 ppra. As a control, 69
fat samples were analyzed from areas that were not treated with Mirex.
Mirex residues were not found in these samples (8).
150
-------
Appendix J
SELECTED REFERENCES
1. Street, J.C., S.E. Blau. Oxychlordane: Accumulation in rat
adipose tissue on feeding chlordane isomers or technical
chlordane. Agre and Food Chem. 20 (2): 393, 1972.
2. Dorough, H.W., R.W. Hemken. Chlordane residues in milk and fat
of. cows fed HCS 3260 (high purity chlordane) in the diet. Bull.
Env. Contain. Tex. 10 (4): 208-216, 1973.
3. ?iros, F.J., H.F. Enos. Oxychlordane residues in human adipose
tissue. Bull.. Env... Contam. Tox. 10 (5): 257-260, 1973.
4. Radeleff, R.O. 1970. Veterinary Toxicology. Lea and Febiger.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
5. Anon. Allied Chemical Co. Petition' for Registration of,Mirax.
Section-D. Residues. 1964.
6. Lofgren, C.S., F.J. Bartlett, C.E. Stringer, Jr., and W.A. Banks.
1964. J. Econ. Entomol. 57, 695.
7. Hawthorne, J.C., J.H. Ford, C.E. Loftis, and G.P. Markin. 1974.
Mirex in milk from southeastern United States. Bull. Env. Contam.
Tox. U (3): 238-240.
8. Ford, J.H., J.C. Hawthorne, and G.P. Markin. 1973. Residues of
nirex, and certain other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in
beef fat - 1971. Pest. Mont. J. 7 (2): 87-89.
9. Von Rumker, R., E.W. Lawless, and A.?. Meiners. 1974. Production,
Distribution, Use and Environmental Impact Potential of Selected
Pesticides, Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Water and
Hazardous Materials, Environmental Protection Agency.
10. Spencer, E.Y. 1968. Guide to the Chemical Used in Crop Protection.
Canada Department of Agriculture, Publication 1093, 5th edition.
11. Environmental Protection Agency, Compendium of Registered Pesticides.
12. Ccsarett, L.J. ed., and J. Dot ill, ed. Toxicology, The Basic
Science of Poisonings. MacMillan Pub. Co., Inc. 1975.
151
-------
SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT TO THE
NATIONAL STUDY TO DETERMINE-LEVELS
OF CHLORINATED HYDROCARDON
INSECTICIDES IN HUMAN MILK
1975-1976
-------
TITLE OF STUDY:
Supplementary Report to the National Study to
Determine Levels of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon
Insecticides in Human Milk
CONTRACT NUMBER:
68-01-3190
DATE SUBMITTED:
July 1977
PRIMARY CONTRACTOR:
Colorado State University
PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Eldon P. Savage
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Eldon P. Savage
Credit Line and Disclaimer
Conclusions are subject to change on the basis of additional information
and evidence. Information contained herein is not to be reprinted or
published without; written permission of the Environmental Protection
Agency. The views expressed herein are those of the investigators and
do not necessarily reflect the official viewpoint of the Environmental
Protection Agency. These investigations were supported through a
contract with the Epidemiologic Studies Program, Human Effects Monitoring
Branch, Technical Services Division of the Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C. 20460.
-------
PREFACE
This study was conducted by the Epidenriologic Pesticide Studies
Center of Colorado State University in cooperation with the Medical
University of South Carolina, Mississippi State University, Michigan
State Department of Health, and Utah State Department of Health; under
contract number 68-01-3190, with the Epidemiologic Studies Programs,
Office of Pesticides Programs, Technical Service Division, and the
Environmental Protection Agency. The project staff included the
following personnel:
Colorado State
University
Or. Eldon Savage
Dr. Thomas Keefe
Dr. Janet Osteryoung
Mr. William Wheeler
Mr. John Conley
Ms. Sandra Ford
Ms. Beth Lance
Mr. Gene Johnson
Mr. Randy Taylor
Mr. Lawrence Mounce
Mr. 'John Tessari
Mr. David Spencer
Ms. Loretta Munsell
Ms. Virginia Boyes
Ms. Elizabeth Alt
Mr. Fred Applehans
Mr. Rick Bates
Mississippi
State University
Dr. Ben Barrentine
Mr. Jimmie Cain
*
Dr. Robert D. Arthur
Ms. Jane Dollar
Ms. Dianne Jones
Ms. Kathy Esher
Mr. Bruce Brackin
Ms. Rai Barnett'
Utah Stata
Department of Health
Dr. Donald Hilden
Dr. Mel Tortatowski
Dr. Harvey Meachan
Mr. Lynn Thomas
Mr. Gerald Ripley
Mr. Bert Westover
Michigan State
Department of Health
Mr. David Dietel
Mr. Adrian Oudbier
Mr. Robert L. Welch
Mr. Edwin Perry
Ms. Ruth Lawrence
Ms. Betty Strauss .
Ms. Mary Pierce
>*
Medical University
of South Carolina
Dr. Samuel Sandifer
Mr. Jim Colcolough
Ms. Ellen Lee
Ms. Juanita Jaques
Mr. Ronald Hamilton
Ms. Thana Rhea Thorpe
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The assistance of hospital administrators, hsad nurses, and members
of the La Leche League is greatly appreciated. We are also grateful to
t
the numerous individuals who provided information on the hospital births
and locations and the women who were nursing infants. Also, we would
like to thank the Project Officers of the Environmental Protection Agency,
Dr. C. Wesley Miller of Colorado, Dr. Dale Parrish of Iowa, and Dr. John
Kliewer of South Carol'ina. Dr. Robert Duncan of the Medical University
of South Carolina provided consultation on statistical design and
analysis; Dr. Jack Griffith of EPA Epidemiologic Studies Programs in
Washington, D.C. provided guidance to the program.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii
LIST OF FIGURES ^
LIST OF TABLES v
OBJECTIVE 1
PLAN OF STUDY 1
QUALITY CONTROL OF FIELD EPIDEMIOLOGY. . . 3
SAMPLE ANALYSIS. 4
RESULTS ' 5
REFERENCES 63
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Geographic Regions. . . 2
IV
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1
. Z
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
.
15
16
17
The Number and Percent of Study Participants by U.S. Region
and Age
The Number and Percent of Study Participants by U.S. Region
and Race
The Number and Percent of Study Participants by U.S. Region
and Mother's Occupation
P,P'-ODT Levels in PPB in Milk of Nursing Mothers on a Fat
Adjusted Basis . .
O.P-DDT Levels in PPB in Milk of dursing Mothers on a Fat
Adjusted Basis
P,P'-DDE Levels in PPB in Milk of Nursing Mothers on a Fat
, Adjusted Basis
o-BHC Levels in PPB in Milk"~of Nursing Mothers on a Fat
Adjusted Basis
B-BHC Levels in PPB in Milk of Nursing Mothers. on- a Fat
Adjusted Basis- * ......
Y-BHC Levels in PPB in Milk of Nursing Mothers on a Fat
Adjusted Basis
HCB Levels in PPB in Milk of Nursing Mothers on a Fat
Adjusted Basis
TNC Levels in PPB in Milk of Nursing Mothers on a Fat
Adjusted Basis
Fat Adjusted P,P'-DDT Levels in Human Milk By Geographic
Area
Fat Adjusted O.P-DDT Levels in Human Milk by Geographic
Area
Fat Adjusted P,P'-DDE Levels in Human Milk by Geographic
Area
Fat Adjusted o-BKC Levels in Human Milk by Geographical
Area
Fat Adjusted e-BHC Levels' in Human Milk by Geographic
Region .
Fat Adjusted y-BHC Levels in Human Milk by Geographic
Region .
Pagi
6
7
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
20
21
22
23
24
-------
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Tabjk
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31 '
32
33
Fat Adjusted HCB Levels in Human Milk by Geographic
Region
Fat Adjusted TNC Levels in Hutan Milk by Geographic
Region
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted P.P'-DDT Levels by
Geographical Area
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted O.P-DDT Levels by
Geographical Area
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted P.P'-DDE Levels by
Geographical Area.
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted a-BHC Levels by
Geographical Area
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted e-BHC Levels by
Geographical Area
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted y-BHC Levels by
Geographical Area. ..-..' '. .
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted HCB Levels by
Geographical Area .....'..
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted TNC Levels by
Geographical Area
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted P.P'-DDT Levels by
Urban-Rural Areas '
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted 0,P-DOT Levels by
Urban-Rural Areas
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted P,P'-DDE Levels by
Urban-Rural Areas
.Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted a-BHC Levels by
Urban-Rural Areas
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted &-BHC Levels by
Urban-Rural Areas .
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted y-BHC Levels by
Urban-Rural Areas
Page
25
26
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
37
38
39
40
41
42
vi
-------
LIST OF TAS1ES (Continued}
Table
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted HBC Levels by
Urban-Rural Areas
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted TNC Levels by
Urban-Rural Areas
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels P,P'-DDT
Levels by Race
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels O.P-DDT
Levels by Race
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels P,P'-DDE
Levels by Race
Percent Distribution 'of Fat Adjusted Levels o-BHC
Levels by Race
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels S-BHC
Levels by Race
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels y-SHC
Levels -by Race *
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels HCB
Levels by Race
Percent Distribution of Fat Adjusted Levels TNC
Levels by Race . .
P.P'-DDT Levels in Milk of Nursing Mothers by Number of
Siblings Previously Breastfed
0,P-DDT Levels in Milk of Nursing Mothers by Number of
Siblings Previously Breastfed
P.P'-DDE Levels in Milk of Nursing Mothers by Number of
Siblings Previously Breastfed
a-BHC Levels in Milk of Nursing Mothers by Number of
Siblings Previously Breastfed
B-BHC Levels in Milk of Nursing Mothers by Number of
Siblings Previously Breastfed
Y-BHC Levels in Milk of Nursing Mothers by Number of
Siblings Previously Breastfed
Page
43
44
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
55
56
57
58
59
60
vii
-------
LIST OF TABLES (.Continued)
Table Page
50 HCB Levels in Milk of Nursing Mothers by Number of
Siblings Previously Breastfed 61
51 TNC Levels in Milk of Nursing Mothers by Number of
Siblings Previously Breastfed 62
vi i i
-------
Supplementary Report to the National Human Milk Study
1975-1S76
-------
Objective
Tho objective of this study was to estimate the distribution of
selected organochlorine pesticide levels in human milk among nursing
mothers giving birth in general care hospitals in the United States. The
compounds reported in this study Include p,p'-DDT, o,p-DDT, p.p'-DDE,
a-BHC, 6-BHC, Y-BHC, HCB, and TNC.
Since the milk used in this study was originally collected and analyzed
for the National Study to Determine Levels of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insect-
icides in Human Milk, that report should be referred to for detailed infor-
mation on the plan of study, the field epidemiology, sample analysis, and
quality control.
Plan of Study
Hospitals were the primary sampling unit since it was impossible to
develop a continuously updated list of nursing mothers. Tho population
sampled consisted of approximately 783 hospitals which had nursery
facilities. These hospitals were randomly selected from the list of
approximately 7,000 general hospitals according to the protocol for "The
National Study of Hospital Admitted Pesticide Poisonings" (7). Each
general hospital was classified according to pesticide usage levels
(geographic area), stf.te, and ycographic region. Hospitals wera then
selected from each of th°se strata and ranked according to the number of
births per year. The samples were then allocated on the number of births
in 1973 proportionally to each chosen hospital. The states within each
geographic area are depicted in Figure 1.
After a hospital was selected, the administrator and/or chief of
staff was contacted and the number of women to be included in the study
was "discussed. If the field epidemiologist did nor collect the samples,
t ^» «-*
'.£.'00 <
-------
Figure 1.
Geographic Regions
-------
a hospital nurse or La Leche League leader was recruited and trained to
follow up on sample collection and subsequent shipment of the samples to
the laboratory for analysis.
The field epidemiologist nurse, or La Leche League leader selected the
nursing mother, instructed her in the procedure to be followed for milk
collection, and completed the data information card. The data can4
included name-age-occupation-race of each study participant, number of
siblings, occupation, and highest school year completed by household head.
In addition, information was collected to determine if anyone living in
the household was employed by a pesticide related 'industry.
In case a hospital administrator refused to cooperate, an effort was
made to contact several local doctors to obtain names of nursing mothers
who had recently delivered in the selected hospitals. Another approach
was to contact the La Leche League to <»termine nursing women who had
delivered in the target hospital.
Once the required number of nursing mothers was obtained, the
hospital was assumed contacted. If local doctors did not cooperate, a La
Leche League was not present in the area, or members of the League did
not use the target hospital for delivery, a substitute hospital (or
hospitals) was selected. Substitutions also were made when the number of
mothers nursing was too small, thereby requiring a prohibitive period of
time to obtain the required sample size.
Quality Control of Field Epidemiology
The quality control of the study was initiated by two training courses;
one for the field epidemiologists and one for the participating chemists.
To evaluate the quality of the field work performed by the field
contact person, 10 percent of the participants were rechecked by telephone.
-------
Rechecking served to monitor the thoroughness of the field staff in
obtaining pertinent data from the study participants. The verification of
data was extremeiy important since the hospital nurses or La Lcche League
leaders who participated in the stuoy had received on-site training orovided
by the field epidemiologist.
Sample Analysis
Milk samples were manually expressed by participants into small glass
bottles equipped with plastic screw caps and teflon liners. The filled
bottles were kept frozen until time of extraction.
Analytical standards for the chlorinated pesticides were obtained
from the pesticide repository of the United States Environmental Protection
Agency Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Solvents were
redistilled in glass prior to use. The evaluation, storage, activation,
and use of Fierisi 1 followed the recommended procedures described in the
"Manual of Analytical Methods" (8).
The extraction procedure used was a modification of those described
by Guiffrida e£ al_. (9) and Curley and Kimbrough (10). The procedure
consists of three parts: 1) isolating the fat from the milk, 2) extracting
the chlorinated hydrocarbons from the fat, and 3) cleaning up the extract.
Calculations were also made to determine lipid content of the milk samples.
The specific details of the analytical methods are provided in the original
report (6).
The sensitivity limits for the Human Milk Study were: p,p'-DOT, 1 ppb;
o.p-DDT, 1 ppb; p.p'-DDE, 1 ppb; a-BHC, 1 ppb; e-EHC, 1 ppb; Y-BHC, 1 ppb;
HCB, 1 ppb; and TNC, 1 ppb.
This report is the second of two reports on estimating the distribution
of selected organochlorine pesticide levels in human milk among nursing
-------
mothers giving birth in general care hospitals in the United States.
Organochlorine compounds included in the first study were chlordane,
dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, Mirex, and oxychlordane. This report
includes p.p'-DDT, o,p-DDT, p.p'-DDE, a-BHC, 6-BHC, y-BHC, HCB and INC.
Since the detailed methodology, project plan, field epidemiology, and
quality control were included in the first report, these details will
not be repeated in this report.
Results:
Results of analysis of p.p-DDT, o,p-DDT, p,p'-DDE, a-BHC, 6-8HC,
Y-BHC, HCB and TNC are reported in this study. A total of 1436 samples
were collected and analyzed nationwide.
The composition of the sample of mothers by region and age, race
and occupation is given in Tables 1,2, and 3 respectively. The percentages
given represent the proportion of mothers in a region in a given classifi-
cation. For example, of the 233 mothers sampled in Region A (northeast),
40 or 17.2 percent were between 20-24 years old, 5 or 2.1 percent were
black and 146 or 62.7 percent were housewives.
-------
Table 1. THE NUMBER AND PERCENT OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS BY U.S. REGION AND AGE
Human Milk Study 1975
Region
A (NE)
N
Z
B (SE)
N
Z
C (Midwest)
N
Z
D (SW)
N
X
E (NW)
N
Z
Total
Aee
Un-
coded
1
0.4
1
0.3
2
. 0.5
2
0.5
4
2.7
10
15-19
6
2.6
20
7.0
23
6.1
16
4.1
10
6.7
75
20-24
40
17.2
85
29.5
132
34.9
99
25.5
54
36.2
410
25-29
103
44.2
120
41.7
163
43.1
162
41.8
58
38.9
606
30-34
61
26.2
49
17.0
47
12.5
89
22.9
19
12.8
265
35+
22
9.4
13
4.5
11
2.9
20
5.2
4
Total
233
100.0
288
100.0
378
100.0
388
100.0
H9 i
2.7 100.0 =
i
70 1436
-------
Table 2. THE NUMBER AND PERCENT OF STUDY PARTICIPANTS BY U.S. REGION
AND RACE
Hunan Milk Study 1975
Region
A (NE)
N
Z
B (SE)
N
Z
C (Midwest)
N
%
D (SW)
N
Z
E (NW)
N
Z
Total
Race
White
212
91.0
247
85.8
326
86.2
310
79.9
115
77.2
1210
Black
5
2.1
21
7.3
3
0.8
4
1.0
4
2.7
37
Am.
Indian
0
0
2
0.7
2
0.5
5
1.3
8
5.4
17
Mexican
Am.
0
0
1
0.3
1
0.3
36
9.3
4
2.7
42
Other *
16
6.9
17
5.9
46
12.2
33
8.5
18
12.0
Total
233
100.0
288
100.0
378
1CO.O
388
100.0
149
100.0
130 1436
Other includes unknown as well as other races.
-------
Table 3. THE NUMBER AND PERCENT 0? STUDY PARTICIPANTS BY U.S. REGIOH AND
MOTHER'S OCCUPATION
Huoaa Milk Study 1975
Region
A (NE)
N
Z
B (SE)
N
Z
C (Midwest)
N
Z - ' .. :
D (SW)
N
Z
E (NW)
N
Z
Total
Occupation
Unknown
1
0.4
C
0
2
0.5
5
1.3
2
1.3
10
Profes-
Laborer sional
5
2.
15
5.
17
4.
8
2.
5
3.
50
81
1 34.8
55
2 19.1
101
5 26.7
106
1 27.3
35-
4 23.5
378
House-
wife
146
62.7
218
75.7
258
68.3
269
69.3
107
71.8
Total
233
100.0
288
100.0
378
100.0
388
100.0
100.0
998 1436
A t.
-------
Tables 4-11 illustrate the number of positive samples, the range, and
the mean levels of eight compounds on a fat adjusted basis. These samples
are also broken down by geographic area. For example, Table 4 shows there
were 231 samples positive for p.p'-DDT in the Northeast. The range for
that geographic area was 46.429 - 3500.00 and the mean value was 468.202.
The range for all positive samples for p.p'-DDT was from 28.871 to 34639.286.
." >>,.::
JL./JL.'
-------
Table 4
P.P'-DDT LEVELS IN PPB IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS
ON A FAT ADJUSTED BASIS
Five United States Geographical Areas
Human Milk Study 1975
Fat
Number Samples
Geograohical Area Positive
Northeast
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Northwest
N *
N =
N
K »
N =
231
284
377
385
148
46
59
42
43
28
Adjusted Samples
Range
.429
.935
.553
.785
.871
- 35UO.
000
- 16840.106
- 7063.
- 34639
- 2855-
636 ,
.286
340
Mean
468
606
469
704
396
.202
.915
.732
.757
.039
N, range, and mean include only samples with levels above the
sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
JL * t*» r-
TO
-------
Table 5
O.P-DDT LEVELS IN P?B IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS
ON A FAT ADJUSTED BASIS
Five United States Geographical Areas
Human Milk Study 1975
Fat Adjusted Samples
Number Samples
Geographical Area Positive Range
Northeast
Southeast .
Midwest
Southwest
Northwest
N =
N =
N =
N =
N =
84
82
239
83
28
55.102
10.031
24.691
20.040
20.000
- 2000.000
- 1430.079
- 1428.571
- 1120.000
- 6333.333
Mean
254.402
138.623
173.636
187.416
314.600
N, range, and mean include only samples with levels above the
sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
11
-------
Table 6
P.P'-DDE LEVELS IN PPB IN MILK Or NURSING MOTHERS
ON A FAT ADJUSTED BASIS
Five United States Geographical Areas
Human Milk Study 1975
Fat Adjusted Scaiples
N uir.be r Samples
Geographical Area Positive
Northeast
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Northwest
N
N
N
N
N
= 233
= 282
= 378
= 387
<= 148
204.
125.
162.
129.
203.
Range
777
000
037
341
145
- 10115.
- 147700
- 30945.
- 214166
- 11068.
385
.000
455
.667
847
Mean
2262.
4277.
2305.
E293.
2500.
365
889
261
102
185
N, range, and mean Include only samples with levels above the
sensitivity level, i ppb.
12
-------
Table 7
o-BHC LEVELS IN PPB IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS
ON A FAT ADJUSTED BASIS
Five United States Geographical Areas
Human Milk Study 1975
Fat Adjusted Samples
Geographical Area
Northeast
Southeast -
Midwest
Southwest
Northwest
Number Samples
Positive
N = 4
N = 3
N = 0
N » 3
N = 0
57.143
30-017
0.000
19.973
0.000
Range
- 104.412
- 60.000
- 0.000
- 59.960
- 0.000
Mean
79.567
48.359
0.000
33.311
0.000
N, range, and mean include er.ly samples with levels above the
sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
13
-------
Table 8
B-BHC LEVELS IN PPB IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS
ON A FAT ADJUSTED BASIS
Five United States Geographical Areas
Human Milk Study 1975
Fat
Number Samples
Geographical Area Positive
Northeast
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Northwest
N *
N =
N *
N =
N =
187
242
247
350
121
16.
19.
35.
22.
19.
Adjusted Samples
Range
399
946
038
599
963
- 1000
- 1610
- 1333
- 9216
- 1192
.000
.000
.333
.667
.275
Mean
147.
211.
157.
258.
140.
152
910
112
502
756
N, range, and mean include only samples with levels above the
sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
14
-------
Table 9
Y-BHC LEVELS IN PPB IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS
ON A FAT ADJUSTED BASIS
Five United States Geographical Areas
Human Milk Study 1975
Fat Adjusted Samples
Number Samples
Geographical Area Positive
Northeast
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Northwest
N
N
N
N
N
- 0
= 14
= 2
= 7
= 0
Range
0.000
10.031
49. 584
29.956
0.000
-" 0.000
- 59.959
- 185.806
- 247.244
- 0.000
Mean
0.000
25.751
117.895
102.432
0.000
N, range, and mean include only samples with levels above the
sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
15
-------
Table 10
HCB LEVELS IN PPB IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS
ON A FAT ADJUSTED BASIS
Five United States Geographical Areas
Human M1lk Study 1975
Fat Adjusted Samples
Geographical Area
Northeast
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Northwest
Number Samples
Positive
N = 79
N = 125
N = 140
N - 226
N = 93
Range
10.567 - 181.818
14.366 - 590.244
15.584 - 1444.444
15.782 - 915.789
13.620 - 648.069
Mean
49.186
56.156
100.791
87.359
71.525
N, range, and mean include only samples with levels above the
sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
16
-------
Table 11
TNC LEVELS IN PPB IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS
ON A FAT ADJUSTED BASIS
Five United States Geographical Areas
Human Milk Study
!
Fat Adjusted Samples
Number Samples
Geographical Areas Positive Range
Northeast
Southeast
Midwest
Southwest
Northwest
N
N
' N
N
N
= 152
= 233
= 244
= 294
« 84
19.231 -
18.333 -
15.068 -
22.838 -
13.704 -
514.815
1060.294
454.545
912.057
535-130
Mean
79.238
112.307
83.658
102.073
69.057
Nr range, and mean include only samples with levels above the
sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
17
-------
In Tables 12-19, the fat adjusted levels of the eight compounds are
broken down by geographic area. Within each of the areas, the compounds
are broken Into eight Intervals; below detection, 1-50 ppb, 51-75 ppb,
76-100 ppb, 101-150 ppb, 151-250 ppb, 251*500 ppb, and >500 ppb. Within
each of these Intervals, the number of positive samples, the means and
standard deviations are given. The zero and trace values are combined
1n this set of tables and the mean and the standard deviation are computed
\
for only the positive samples. Table 12, for example, shows that there
were 107 samples analyzed from the Northeast with values between 251-500 ppb
of p,p'-DDT. The mean for that group of samples was 359.747 and the
standard deviation was 65.445.
is
-------
Table 12
FAT ADJUSTED P.P'-DDT LEVELS IN HUMAN MILK BY GEOGRAPHIC AREA
Human Milk Study 1975
LEVEL
Below
Detection
1-50 ppb
51-75 ppb
76-100 ppb
101-150 ppb
151-250 ppb
251-500 ppb
>500 ppb
Totals
n
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
*x
*S.D.
North-
east
2
1
46.429
0
0
0
0
2
92.996
2.191
14
128.717
17.947
36
207.751
25.057
107
359.747
65.445
71
847.158
473.141
233
468.202
373.702
South-
east
4
0
0
0
1
59.935
0
1
88.333
0
20
124.861
13.205
52
205.464
29.381
127
351.440
67.914
83
1378.331.
2169.671
288
606.915
1272.040
REGION
Midwest
1
1
42.553
0
0
0
0
4
91.882
4.316
15
121.985
16.107
70
213.353
29.730
186
363.618
72.521
101
913.680
757.053
378
469.732
482.458
South-
west
3
3
45.007
1.601
4
64.455
5.935
7
89.812
8.776
31
130.363
15.119
81
198.386
26.236
154
359.474
72.076
105
1855.622
3822.897
388
704.757
2113.197
North-
west
1
1
28.871
0
1
70.149
0
2
89.309
13.166
9
136.523
11.241
34
204.496
26.000
74
364.747
76.875
27
857.901
498.382
149
396.039
319.732
Total
11
6
42.146
6.700
6
64.651
5.627
16
90.572
6.962
89
128.079
15.290
273
205.568
27.983
648
359.736
70.850
387
1252.804
2305.849
1436
552.669
1277.778
* .
x and S.D. are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
19
-------
Table 13
FAT ADJUSTED O.P-DDT LEVELS IN HUMAN MILK BY GEOGRAPHIC AREA
Human Milk Study 1975
LEVEL
Below
Detection
1-50 ppb
51-75 ppb
76-100 ppb
101-150 ppb
151-250 ?ob
251-500 ppb
>500 ppb
Totals
n
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
*x
*S.D.
North-
east
149
0
0
0
6
64.593
8.490
6
91.598
7.348
21
125.708
13.975
22
191.829
27.282
24
334.116
66.854
5
1110.754
576.458
233
254.402
270.664
South-
east
206
32
35.673
10.423
15
61.069
8.045
10
84.618
6.861
4
116.255
7.571
9
208.929
25.732
9
347.319
83.613
3
995.860
463.666
288
138.623
210.805
REGION
Midwest
139
11
40.274
7.975
27
62.602
6.000
38
90.748
7.737
65
122.682
12.484
61
192.842
29.075
29
337.405
72.865
8
799.362
302.982
378
173.636
155.388
South-
west
305
11
31.063
7.418
7
64.512
8.041
7
89.810
6.829
14
138.730
11.180
28
193.694
26.089
13
349.132
76.077
3
743.088
326.416
388
187.416
157.947
North-
west
121
11
38.185
8.735
4
63.154
4.789
3
89.995
10.00
4
125.003
12.923
4
189.089
25.127
1
276.471
0
1
6333.333
0
149
314.600
1181.360
Total
920
65
36.097
9.554
59
62.679
6.879
64
89.732
7.674
108
125.198
13.492
124
193.901
27.675
76
338.804
71.501
20
1174.942
1277.923
1436
191.086
330.394
* - x and S.D. are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
20
-------
Table 14
FAT ADJUSTED P,P'-DDE LEVELS IN HUMAN MILK BY GEOGRAPHIC AREA
Human Milk Study 1975
LEVEL
Below
Detection
1-50 ppb
51-75 ppb
76-100 ppb
101-150 ppb
151-250 ppb
251-500 ppb
>500 ppb
Totals
n
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D,
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
*x
*S.D.
North-
east
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
204.777
0
11
3S7.099
62.103
221
2366.009
1555.756
233
2262 . 3.65
1579.286
South-
east
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
125.000
0
0
0
0
2
404.412
122.704
285
4319.643
10357.459
288
4277.889
10311.257
REGION
Midwest
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
0
0
2
185.670
33.422
11
372.499
70.725
365
2375.123
2396.612
378
2305.261
2383.984
South-
west
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
129.341
0
1
167.500
0
5
373.942
90.107
380
5384.905
12629.493
388
5293.102
12532.777
North-
west
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
214.003
15.356
1
275.204
0
145
2547.063
1826.220
149
2500.185
1836.838
Total
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
127.171
3.070
6
195.271
24.902
30
369.644
71.369
1396
3607.804
8313.965
1436
3520.927
8219.902
* - x and S.D. are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
21
-------
Table 15
FAT ADJUSTED a-BHC LEVELS IN HUMAN MILK BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
Human Milk Study 1975
REGION
LEVEL
Below
Detection
1-50 ppb
51-75 ppb
76-100 ppb
101-150 ppb
151-250 ppb
251-500 ppb
>500 ppb
Totals
n
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
*x
*S.D.
North-
east
229
0
0
0
2
65.033
11.158
1
83.792
0
1
1C4.412
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
233
79.567
19.850
South-
east
285
1
30.017
0
2
57.530
3.493
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
288
48.359
16.076
Midwest
378
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
378
0
0
South-
west
385
2
19.987
.019
1
59.960
0
0
0
. 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
388
33.311
23.078
North-
west Total
149
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
149
0
0
1426
3
23.330
5.791
5
61.017
6.972
1
83.792
0
1
104.412
0
0
0
0
j
0
0
0
0
0
0
1436
56.328
27.293
* -
x and S.D. are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
22
-------
Table 16
FAT ADJUSTED B-BHC LEVELS IN HUMAN MILK BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION
Human Milk Study 1975
LEVEL
Belorf
Detection
1-50 ppb
51-75 ppb
76-100 ppb
101-150 ppb
151-250 ppb
251-500 ppb
>500 ppb
Totals
n
n
X
S.D.
2
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
V
f..D.
North-
east
46
10
37.762
11.361
35
63.09G
8.083
36
87.821
7.635
46
127.197
H.280
38
180.116
28.930
17
336.235
69.814
5
671.705
197.376
233
147.152
123.049
South-
east
46
12
38,324
10.297
27
60.030
8.532
33
89.602
6.804
38
130.984
13.102
67
198.025
26.582
49
342.111
70.500
16
702.265
295.928
288
211.910
182.506
REGION
Midwest
31
16
43.749
4.716
49
62.267
6.759
73
88.410
7.817
99
123.360
14.807
72
193.521
T:9.602
29
334.007
74.177
9
942.280
259.153
378
157.112
156.155
South-
west
38
27
40.185
6.604
33
62.998
7.686
33
87.372
8.145
67
122.693
14.611
95
188.910
28.711
70
343.391
72.450
25
1368.977
1806.479
388
258.502
574.839
North-
west
28
15
39.384
9.547
24
64.366
6.822
23
86.174
7.470
31
126.734
14.098
18
190.215
28.051
7
357.963
70.990
3
1018.544
193.501
149
140.756
162.857
Total
189
80
40.166
8.256
168
62.524
7.558
198
88.059
7.627
281
12S.232
14.559
290
191.089
28.780
172
341.330
71.218
58
1040.610
1226.165
1436
193.123
335.853
- x and S.D. are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
-------
Table 17
FAT ADJUSTED y-BHC LEVELS IN HUMAN KIK BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION
Human Milk Study 1975
LEVEL
Below
Detection
1-50 ppb
51-75 ppb
76-100 ppb
101-150 ppb
151-250 ppb
251-500 ppb
>50C ppb
Totals
n
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
*x
*S.D.
North-
east
233
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
233
0
0
South-
east
274
13
23.122
7.605
1
59.939
0
0
0
0
. 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
288
25.751
12.256
REGION
Midwest
376
1
49.585
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
185.807
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
378
117.695
96.323
South-
west
381
2
29.970
0.020
2
61.516
2.322
0
0
0
1
12C.144
0
2
206.955
56.977
0
0
0
0
0
0
388
102.432
80.896
North-
west
149
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
C
0
149
0
0
Total
1413
16
25.632
9.617
3
60.990
1.877
0
0
0
1
120.144
0
3
199. 9C6
42.098
0
0
0
0
0
0
1436
57.081
62.517
* -
x and S.D. are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1
24
-------
Table 18
FAT ADJUSTED HCB LEVELS IN HUMAN MILK BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION
Human Milk Study 1975
LEVEL
Below
Detection
1-5C ;,pb
51-75 ppb
76-100 ppb
101-150 ppb
151-250 ppb
251-500 ppb
>500 ppb
Totals
n
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
North-
east
154
55
32.934
10.046
15
60.138
7.255
3
86.474
12.041
4
137.151
19.784
2
181.385
0.612
0
0
0
0
0
0
233
49.186
34.731
South-
east
163
86
33.749
9.144
23
58.342
8.402
6
89.573
8.329
3
124.632
5.889
5
201.401
25.121
1
266.667
0
1
590.244
0
288
56.156
64.176
REGION
Midwest
238
82
35.474
8.481
27
59.238
6.227
7
87.232
9.341
8
120.180
17.820
6
186.777
26.439
4
353.607
77.702
6
915.875
410.287
378
100.791
199.997
South-
west
162
82
35.645
8.370
65
61.720
7.104
37
86.894
8.136
25
123.874
12.847
5
202.406
26.462
9
350.784
75.300
3
813.491
89.212
388
87.859
108.480
Ncrth-
west
56
51
34.212
9.056
18
63.044
7.960
10
90.102
8.652
8
123.264
20.891
4
186.019
36.992
1
492.910
0
1
648.069
0
149
71.525
85.502
Total
773
356
34.523
8.965
148
60.753
7.359
63
87.676
8.353
48
124.310
15.500
22
193.025
26.203
15
355.404
80.651
11
834.004
315.129
1436
77.713
121.102
- x and S.D. are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
25
-------
Table 19
FAT ADJUSTED TNC LEVELS If! HUMAN MILK BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION
Hunan Milk Study 1975
LEVEL
Below
Detection
1-50 ppb
51-75 ppb
76-100 ppb
101-150 ppb
151-250 ppb
251-500 ppb
>500 ppb
Totals
n
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
X
S.D.
n
*x
*S.D.
North-
east
81
45
39.527
7.831
54
61.526
7.511
24
89.199
8.651
19
117.548
12.754
6
183.049
25.509
3
318.578
55.065
1
514.815
0
233
79.238
61.119
South-
east
55
38
37.933
6.844
56
62.189
7.805
54
88.149
7.558
38
126.187
13.601
32
179.520
26.554
12
311.151
54.904
3
735.524
281.281
288
112.307
101.764
REGION
Midwest
134
69
39.024
7.741
73
62.581
7.256
45
87.823
7.388
32
121.986
13.584
20
185.512
27.218
5
317.140
78.510
0
0
0
37S
83.658
55.646
South-
west
94
57
38.151
7.610
82
62.796
7.561
58
89.873
7.374
57
119.193
15.309
27
189.389
26.218
10
329.190
55.917
3
757.820
158.845
388
102.073
92.685
North-
west
65
40
36.622
8.989
24
61.042
7.467
9
86.970
5.359
8
121.287
14.306
0
0
0
2
291.384
38.06
1
535.130
0
149
69.057
68.724
Total
429
249
38.363
7.809
289
62.241
7.486
190
88.675
7.504
154
121.405
14.346
85
134 352
26.390
32
317.135
55.858
8
691.247
201.203
1436
93.778
82.438
* -
x and S.D. are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
138 <
26
-------
Tables 20-27 depict the percentage distribution of the fat adjusted
levels of the eight compounds hy the fiye geographic areas. The levels
are also broken down into nine groups by the pesticide level in ppb. In
Table 20, for example, 0.3 percent of the samples were zero for p.p'-DDT
In the Southeast; 1.1 percent of the saraplas in the Southeast had trace
values for p,p'-DDT giving a cumulative percent of 1.4.
27
-------
CO
o
A
Table 20
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED P,P'-DDT LEVELS BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
N " 1436
Human M1lk Study 1975
fsj
oo
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
' A (NE)
%
0.9
0
0.4
0
0.9
6.0
15.5
45.9
30.4
Cum %
0.9
0.9
1.3
1.3
2.2
8.2
23.7
69.6
100.0
B (SE)
«
0.3
1.1
0
0.3
0.3
6.9
18.1
44.1
28.9
Cum %
0.3
1.4
1.4
1.7
2.0
8.9
27.0
71.1
100.0
C (Midwest)
%
0.3
0
0.3
0
1.1
4.0
18.5
49.2
26.6
Cum %
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
1.7
5.7
24.2
73.4
100.0
D (SW)
%
0.3
0.5
0.8
1.0
1.8*
8.0
20.9
39.7
27.0
Cum %
0.3
0.8
1.6
2.6
4.4
12.4
33.3
73.0
100.0
E (NW)
%
0.7
0
0.7
0.7
1.3
6.0
22.8
49.7
18.1
Cum %
0.7
0.7
1.4
2.1
3.4
9.4
32.2
81.9
100.0
-------
Table 21
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED O.P-DDT LEVELS BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
N = 1436
Human Milk Study 1975
ro
10
Level s
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
A (NE)~
%
63.9
0
0
2.6
2.6
9.0
9.4
10.3
2.2
Cum %
63.9
63.9
63.9
66.5
69.1
78.1
87.5
97.8
100.0
B (SE)
«
58.7
12.8
11.1
5.2
3.5
1.4
3.1
3.1
1.1
Cum %
58.7
71.5
82.6
87.8
91.3
92.7
95.8
98.5
100.0
C (Midwest)
%
36.0
0.8
2.9
7.1
10.1
17.2
16.1
7.7
2.1
Cum %
36. C
36.8
39.7
46.8
56.9
74.1
90.2
97.9
100.0
D (SW)
%
72.9
5.7
2.8
1.8
1.8
3.6
7.2
3.4
0.8
Cum %
72.9
78.6
81.4
83.2
85.0
88.6
95.8
39.2
100.0
E (NW)
*
78.5
2.7
7.4
2.7
2.0
2.7
2.7
0.7
0.6
Cum %
78.5
81.2
88.6
91.3
93.3
96.0
98.7
99.4
100.0
A
-------
K::
A'
Table 22
PERCFNT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED P,P'-DDE LEVELS BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
N 1436
Human Milk Study 1975
U)
o
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
A
X
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.4
4.7
94.9
(NE)
Cum %
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.4
5.1
100.0
B
%
0
0
0
0
0
0.3
0
0.7
99.0
(SE)
Cum %
0
0
0
0
0
0.3
0.3
1.0
100.0
C
%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
96
(Midwest)
Cum %
0
0
0
0
0
0
.5 0.5
.9 3.4
.6 100.0
D
%
0.3
0
0
0
0
0.3
0.3
1.3
97.8
(SW)
Cum %
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.9
2.2
100.0
E
%
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
1.3
0.7
97.3
(NU)
Cum %
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
2.0
2.7
100.0
-------
Table 23
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED a-BHC LEVELS BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
N = 1436
Human Milk Study 1975
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
A (NE)
*
97.0
1.3
0
0.9
0.4
0.4
0
0
0
Cum *
97.0
98.3
98.3
99.2
99.6
1CO.O
100.0
100.0
100.0
B (SE)
*"
49.7
49.3
0.3
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
Cum %
49.7
99.0
99.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
C (Midwest}
*
99.7
0.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cum %
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
D (SW)
*
85.6
12.6
0.5
0.3
0
0
0
0
0
Cum %
86.6
99.2
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
£ (NW)
%
83.2
16.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cum %
83.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
C3
A
-------
Table 24
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED 0-BMC LEVELS BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
N = 1436
Human Milk Study 1975
CO
IN}
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
A (NE)
%
8.2
11.6
4.3
15.0
15.5
19.7
16.3
7.3
2.1
Cum %
8.2
19.8
24.1
39.1
54.6
74.3
90.6
97.9
100.0
B (SE)
*
10.4
5.6
4.2
9.4
11.4
13.2
23.3
17.0
5.5
Cum %
10.4
16.0
20.2
29.6
41.0
54.2
77.5
94.5
100.0
C (Midwest)
%
3.4
4.8
4.2
13.0
19.3
26.2
19.0
7.7
2.4
Cum %
3.4
8.2
12.4
25.4
44.7
70.9
89.9
97.6
100.0
D (SW)
%
2.3
7.5
7.0
8.5
8.5
17.3
24.5
18.0
6.4
Cum 2
2.3
9.8
16.8
25.3
33.8
51.1
75.6
93.6
100.0
E (NW)
%
11.4
7.4
10.1
16.1
15.4
20.8
12.1
4.7
2.0
Cum %
11.4
18.8
28.9
45.0
60.4
81.2
f.3.3
98.0
100.0
-------
Table 25
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED y-BHC LEVELS BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
H - 1436
Human Milk Study 1975
U)
OJ
p-
CS-
C/1
A
Levels
1n PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
A
%
99.6
0.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(NE)
Cum %
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
B
%
50.0
45.1
4.5
0.4
0
0
0
0
0
(SE)
Cum %
50.0
95.1
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
C
%
97
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(Midwest)
Cum %
.9 97.9
.6 99.5
.3 99.8
99.8
99.8
99.8
.2 100.0
100.0
100.0
D
%
89.9
8.2
0.5
0.5
0
0.3
0.6
0
0
(SW)
Cum %
89.9
98.1
98.6
99.1
99.1
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
E
%
79.9
20.1
0
0
0
0
, 0
0
0
(NW)
Cum %
79.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
-------
K-
CO :
CT;
A
Table 26
PERCENT DLVRTUUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED MCB LF.VELS BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
N = 1436
Human M1lk Study 1975
Levels
in PPB ;
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
A (HE)
%
0
66.1
23.6
6.4
1.3
1.7
0.9
0
0
Cum
0
66.
89.
96.
97.
99.
100.
100.
100.
%
)
7
1
4
1
0
0
0
B (SE)
%
4.5
52.1
29.9
8.0
2.1
1.0
1.7
0.3
0.4
Cum %
4.5
56.6
86.5
94.5
96.6
97.6
99.3
99.6
100.0
C (Midwest)
%
7.7
55.3
21.7
7.1
1.9
2.1
1.6
1.1
1.5
Cum %
7.7
63.0
84.7
91.8
93.7
95.8
97.4
98.5
100.0
D (SW)
%
4.1
37.6
21.1
16.8
9.5
6.4
1.3
2.3
0.9
Cum %
4.1
41.7
62.8
79.6
89.1
95.5
96.8
99.1
100.0
E (NW)
%
11.4
26.2
34.2
12.1
6.7
5.4
2.7
0.7
0.6
Cum %
11.4
37.6
71.8
89.9
90.6
96.0
98.7
99.4
100.0
-------
Table 27
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED TNC LEVELS BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
N = 1436
Human Milk Study 1975
Levels
1n PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
10!-150
151-250
251-500
>500
A (NE)
* '
2.6
32.2
19.3
23.2
10.3
8.2
2.6
1.3
0.3
Cum °i
2.6
34.8
54.1
77.3
87.6
95.8
98.4
99.7
100.0
B (SE)
*
7.6
11.5
13.2
19.4
18.8
13.2
11.1
4.2
1.0
Cum
7.
19.
32.
51.
70.
83.
94.
99.
100.
%
6
1
3
7
5
7
8
0
0
C (Midwest)
*
5.6
29.9
18.3
19.3
11.9
8.5
5.3
1.2
0
Cum %
5.6
35.5
53.8
73.1
85.0
93.5
98.8
1CO.O
100.0
D (sy)
*
4.9
19.3
14.7
21.1
14.9
14.7
7.0
2.6
0.8
Cum %
4.9
24.2
38.9
60.0
74.9
89.6
96.6
99.2
100.0
E (NW)
.*
18.1
25.5
26.8
16.1
6.0
5.4
0
1.3
0.8
Cum %
18.1
43.6
70.4
86.5
92.5
97.9
97.9
99.2
100.0
K-
-------
Tables 28-35 show the percentage distribution of the eight compounds
for urban and rural areas. The compounds are also broken down Into nine
groups by the pesticide level. Since thirty^six of the participants 1n
the study didn't respond to the urbannr^ral question, they were not Included
in this tabulation. According to Table 28, 44,4 percent of the samples
taken in the urban area had fat adjusted levels of p,p'-DDT between
251-500 ppb, while 50.5 percent of the samples taken in the rural area
had fat adjusted levels of p.p'-DDT between 251-500 ppb.
13S<
36
-------
Table 28
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED P.P'-DDT LEVELS
BY URBAN-RURAL AREAS. N 1400*
Human M1lk Study 1975
Level s
1n PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
%
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.5
1.3
5.9
19.8
44.4
26.9
Urban
Cum %
0.5
0.8
1.2
1.7
3.0
8.9
23.7
73.1
100.0
Rural
%
0
0
0.5
0
0
0.3
15.0
50.5
25.7
Cum %
0
0
0.5
0.5
0.5
8.8
23.8
74.3
100.0
*Urban-rura1 classification not coded for 36
participants.
37
-------
Table 29
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED O.P-DDT LEVELS
BY URBAN-RURAL AREAS. N =» 1400*
Human Milk Study 1975
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Urban
%
61.2
4.5
3.9
3.9
3.9
7.7
8.2
5.4
1.3
Cum %
61.2
65.7
69.6
73.5
77.4
35.1
93.3
98.7
100.0
Rural
%
52.4
3.4
7.8
5.3
7.8
7.8
9.7
4.4
1.4
Cum %
52.4
55.8.
63.6
68.9
76.7
84.5
94.2
98.6
100.0
*Urban-rural classification not coded for 36
participants.
38
-------
Table 30
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED P,P'-DD£ LEVELS
BY URBAN-RURAL AREAS. N = 1400*
Human Milk Study 1975
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
%
0.
0
0
0
0
0.
0.
2.
96.
Urban
Cum %
2 0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
2 0.4
5 0.9
1 3.1
9 100.0
%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.
99.
Rural
Cum %
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 1.0
0 100.0
*Urban-rural classification not coded for 36
participants.
| -V
39
-------
Table 31
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED a-BHC LEVELS
BY URBAN-RURAL AREAS. N » 1400*
Human M1lk Study 1975
Levels
1n PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Urban
%
84.8
14.6
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
0
0
0
Cum %
84.8
99.4
99.5
95. 8
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
%
81.
18.
1.
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rural
Cum %
0 81. C
0 99.0
0 100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
*Urban-Rural classification not coded for 36
participants.
40
-------
Table 32
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED e-SHC LEVELS
BY URBAN-RURAL AREAS. N = 1400*
Human M11k Study 1975
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Urban
%
5.9
7.6
4.8
11.6
14.2
19.3
20.5
12.2
3.9
Cum %
5.9
13.5
18.3
29.9.
44.1
63.4
33.9
96.1
100.0
Rural
%
7.8
2.9
9.2
13.6
12.6
21.4
18.9
9.7
3.9
Cum %
7.8
10.7
19.9
33.5
46.1
67.5
86.4
96.1
100.0
*Urban-rural classification not coded for 36
participants.
41
-------
Table 33
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED Y-BHC LEVELS
BY URBAN-RURAL AREAS. N = 1400*
Human Milk Study 1975
Level s
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Urban
%
85.5
13.0
1.0
0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0
0
Cum %
85.5
98.5
99.5
99.7
99.7
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
o>
a
79
18
i
0
0
0
0
0
0
Rural
Cum %
.6 79.6
.5 98.1
.9 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
*Urban-rural classification not coded for 36
. participants.
42
-------
Table 34
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED HBC LEVELS
BY URBAN-RURAL AREAS. N = 1400*
Human Milk Study 1975
Levels
1n PP
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500 .
>500
Urban
%
4.7
48.9
24.0
10.6
4.7
3.5
1.6
1.0
Cum %
4.7
53.6
77.6
88.2
92.9
96.4
98.0
99.0
1.0 100.0
Rural
%
7.8
48.5
29.1
8.3
1.5
2.4
1.4
1.0
0
Cum %
7.8
56.3
85.4
93.7
95.2
97.6
99.0
100.0
100.0
*Urban-rural classification not coded for 36
participants.
43
-------
Table 35
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED TNC LEVELS
BY URBAN-RURAL AREAS. N = 1400*
Human Milk Study 1975
Levels
1n PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Urban
%
6.0
23.1
. 16.9
21.2
13.1
10.7
. 6.2
2.3
0.5
Cum %
6.0
29.1
46.0
67.2
80.3
91.0
97.2
99.5
100.0
Rural
%
10.7
23.3
18.9
15.5
14.6
10.2
3.9
1.9
1.0
Cum %
10.7
34.0
52.9
68.4
83.0
93.2
97.1
S9.0
100.0
^Urban-rural classification not coded for 36
participants.
44
-------
Tables 36-43 show the distribution of the fat adjusted levels of the
eight compounds for each race. The largest number of samples (1210) were
given by white women followed by Hexican Americans (42), Blacks (37), and
American Indians (17). The column labeled "Other" includes all other
races as well as any mothers that didn't give their race. Table 36, for
example, show that 46.8 percent of the white mothers had levels of p,p'-DDT
between 251-500 ppb while only 21.6 percent of the black mothers were in
this category.
45
-------
Table 36
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED LEVELS P.P'-DDT LEVELS BY RACE. N *= 1436
Human Mi*k Study 1975
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Whi ts
N=1210
%
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.5
1.1
6.8
20.0
46.8
23.6
Cum %
0.5
0.7
1.2
1.7
2.8
9.6
29.6
76.4
100.0
%
0
0
0
0
0
0
13
21
64
Black
N=37
Cum %
0
0
0
0
0
0
.5 13.5
.6 35.1
.9 100.0
Mexican
N-42
%
0
0
0
0
0
2.4
4.8
19.0
73.8
Am.
Cum %
0
0
0
0
0
2.4
7.2
26.2
100.0
Am
%
0
5
0
0
0
0
17
35
41
. Indian
N=17
Cum
0
.9 5.
5.
5.
5.
5.
.6 23.
.3 58.
Other*
N=130
%
9
9
9
9
9
5
8
.2 100.0
%
0
0.8
0
0
2.3
4.6
16.2
46.1
30.0
Cum %
0
0.8
0.8
0.8
3.1
7.7
23.9
70.0
100.0
* Other includes unknown as well as other races.
-------
Table 37
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED LEVELS O.P-DDT LEVELS BY RACE. N = 1436
Human Milk Study 1975
Levels
1n PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
* Other
O
/V
White
N=1210
%
60.9
5.0
4.2
3.6
4.3
7.1
7.9
5.5
1.5
Includes
Cum
60.
65.
70.
73.
78.
85.
93.
98.
100.
%
9
9
1
7
0
1
0
5
0
unknown as
Black
N=37
*
37.8
0
13.5
18.9
10.8
2.7
5.4
5.4
5.5
well as
Cum %
37.8
37.8
51.3
70.2
81.0
83.7
89.1
94.5
100.0
other
Mexican Am.
N=42
%
76.2
2.4
2.4
4.8
0
7.1
7.1
0
0
races.
Cum %
76.2
78.6
81.0
85.8
85.8
92.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
Am. Indian
N=17
*
88.2
0
0
0
5.9
0
5.9
0
0
Cum %
88.2
88.2
88.2
88.2
94.1
94.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
Other*
N=130
*
43.1
3.1
6.2
5.4
5.4
13.8
16.9
6.1
0
Cum %
43.1
46.2
52.4
57.8
63.2
77.0
93.9
100.0
100.0
-------
A
Table 38
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED LEVELS P.P'-ODE LEVELS BY RACE. N => 1436
Human Milk Study 1975
-fel
CD
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
White
N=1210
%
0.2
0
0
0
0
0.2
0.5
2.1
Cum %
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.9
3.1
96.9 100.0
%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
Black
N=37
Cum %
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0 100.0
Mexican
N=42
%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100.0
Am.
Cum %
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100.0
Am
%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
. Indian
NM?
Cum %
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0 100.0
Other*
N=130
%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.5
98.5
Cum %
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.5
100.0
* Other includes unknov/n as well as other races.
-------
Table 39
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED LEVELS a-BHC LEVELS BY RACE. N = 1436
Human Milk Study 1975
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
White
N=1210
%
83.6
15.6
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.1
0
0
0
Cum %
83.6
99.2
99.4
99.8
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Black
N=37
%
45.9
54.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cum %
45.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Mexican Am.
N=42
%
95.2
2.4
2.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cum 2
95.2
97.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
10G.O
100.0
Am. Indian
N=17
%
100.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cum %
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1CO.O
100.0
Other*
N=130
%
92.3
7.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cum %
92.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
* Other Includes unknown as well as other races.
A'
-------
Table 40
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED LEVELS B-BHC LEVELS BY RACE. N « 1436
Human ililk Study 1975
S
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
White
N=1210
%
6.6
7.4
5.5
11.8
13.8
20.2
20.2
11.2
3.3
Cum %
6.6
14.0
19.5
31.3
45.1
65.3
85.5
96.7
100.0
Black
N=37
%
8.1
2.7
10.8
10.8
16.2
16.2
18.9
10.8
5.5
Cum %
8.1
10.8
21.6
32.4
48.6
64.8
03.7
94.5
100.0
Mexican Am.
N=42
%
2.4
7.1
2.4
7.1
2.4
9.5
14.3
35.7
19.1
Cum %
2.4
9.5
11.9
19.0
21.4
30.9
45.2
80.9
100.0
Am. Indian
N=17
%
11.8
5.9
5.9
5.9
23.5
17.6
23.5
5.9
0,0
Cum %
11.8
17.7
23.5
29.5
53.0
70.6
94.1
1CO.O
100.0
Other*
N=130
%
1.5
5.4
6.2
13.1
15.4
18.5
22.3
12.3
5.3
Com %
1.5
6.9
13.1
26.2
41.6
60.1
82.4
94.7
100.0
* Other includes unknown as well as other races.
-------
Table 41
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED LEVELS Y-BHC LEVELS BY RACE. N « K36
Human Milk Study 1975
Levels
1n PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
White
N=1210
*
84.1
14.5
0.8
0.2
0
0.1
0.3
0
0
Cum %
84.1
98.6
99.4
99.6
99.6
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
Black
N=37
«.
45.9
40.5
13.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cum %
45.9
86.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Mexican Am.
N=42
%
97.6
2.4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cum %
97.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Am. Indian
N=17
%
100.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cum %
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Other*
N=130
*
93.1
6.1
0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cum X
93.1
99.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
* Other Includes unknown as well as other races.
tj
C5
A
-------
Table 42
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED LEVELS HCB LEVELS BY RACE. N = 1436
Human M1lk Study 1975
in
r\>
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-JOO
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
White
N=1210
%
5.5
48.4
25.2
10.3
4.0
3.4
1.3
1.2
0.7
Cum %
5.5
53.9
79.1
89.4
:93.4
96.8
98.1
99.3
100 0
Black
N=37
%
2.7
37.8
45.9
10.8
2.8
0
0
0
0
Cum %
2.7
40.5
86.4
97.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Mexican Am.
N=42
a
K
2.4
50.0
!6.7
14.3
7.1
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.3
Cum %
2.4
52.4
69.1
83.4
90.5
92.9
95.3
97. /
100.0
Am. Indian
N=17
%
5.9
23.5
11.8
17.6
23.5
11.8
5.9
0
0
Cum % '
5.9
29.4
41.2
58.8
82.3
94.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
Other*
N=130
%
3.8
56.2
19.2
7.7
5.4
3.1
3.1
0
1.5
Cum %
3.8
60.0
79.2
86.9
92.3
95.4
98.5
98.5
100.0
* Other includes unknown as well as other races.
-------
m
CO
Table 43
PERCENT DISTRIBUTION OF FAT ADJUSTED LEVELS TNC LEVELS BY RACE. N = 1436
Human Milk Study 1975
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
White
N=1210
%
7.1
??.8
18.3
20.7
12.7
10.0
5.6
2.2
0.6
Cum %
7.1
29.9
48.2
68.9
81.6
91.6
97.2
99.4
100.0
Black
N=37
%
0
8.1
5.4
18.9
27.0
21.6
16.2
2.8
0
Cum %
0
8.1
13.5
3?.. 4
59.4
81.0
97.2
100.0
100.0
Mexican
N=42
' %
4.0
31.0
4.8
7.1
2.4
19.0
19.0
7.1
4,8
Am.
Cum %
4.8 .
35.8
40.6
47.7
50.1
69.1
88.1
95.2
100.0
Am.
N
%
11.8
23.5
11.8
17.6
17.6
17.7
0
0
0
Indian
=17
Cum %
11.8
35.3
47.1
64.7
82.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Other*
N=130
% Cum %
3.8 3.8
29.2 33.0
16.2 49.2
19.2 68.4
16.9 85.3
10.8 96.1
3.1 99.2
0.8 100.0
0 100.0
* Other includes unknown as well as other races.
C-i
A
-------
The number, the mean, and the standard deviation for the eight
compounds by the number of children previously breastfed are given in
Tables 44-51. Although the samples are broken down into eight groups by
pesticide level, the means and standard deviations are computed only for
samples with pesticide levels above the sensitivity limit for each compound.
Table 44, for example, shows that in the group of mothers who had previously
nursed only one child, 211 of the mothers had pesticide levels between
251-500 ppb. The mean for that same group was 367.017 and the standard
deviation was 74.991.
54
-------
Table 44
P.P'-DDT LEVELS IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS BY NUMBER OF SIBLINGS PREVIOUSLY BREASTFED, N
Fat Adjusted Levels
Human Milk Study 1975
1436
en
in
P.P'-DDT
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76^100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Column
Total
Number of Siblings Previously Breastfed
0
N= 1
N= 1
X= 42.553
N= 1
SD= 0
X= 0
N= 0
SD= 0
X= 91.994
N= 7
SD= 6.725
X-= 130.144
N= 35
SD= 14.719
X= 202.906
N= 102
SD= 28.314
X= 357.116
N= 317
SD= 70.567
X=1389.721
N= 200
SD= 3032. 283
*X= 630.042
N= 662
*SD=1739.537
1
2
2
40.036
3
9.744
66.220
2
8.797
90.794
6
8.040
127.100
31
16.791
206.252
95
29.272
367.017
211
74.991
963.991
111
750.008
454.826
459
477.331
2
1
0
45.107
2
1.869
65.014
2
7.263
0
0
0
127. 448
15
15.202
208.850
52
25.594
355.101
78
62.965
1211. 4P.O
44
1428.579
487.022
193
788.123
3
1
2
0
0
0
62.717
2
3.935
86.812
3
6.145
124.618
4
14.950
204.334
13
28.924
346.713
28
61.122
1358.911
18
1379.496
554.545
68
853.371
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
118.686
2
12.396
220.231
5
27.058
351.704
11
75.086
821.845
6
473.065
422.431
' 24
334.896
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
140.000
1
0
212.526
3
28.851
413.075
2
67.177
0
0
0
267.288
6
121.560
6
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
184.301
1
0
0
0
0
3812.390
3
917.397
2905.367
4
1962.609
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
116.279
1
0
205.128
1
0
361.860
1
0
733.610
2
36.218
430.098
5
291.248
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1890.219
2
1357.566
1890.219
2
1357.566
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
184.960
1
0
0
0
0
516.241
1
0
350.601
2
234.251
Row
Total
8
5
42.146
6
6.700
64.651
6
5.626
90.572
16
6.962
128.079
89
15.290
205.568
273
27.983
359.736
648
70.850
1252.803
387
2305.849
552.669
1435
1277.778
;JT * - X and SD are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
^ v
A ' .
-------
Table 45
O.P-DDT LEVELS IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS BY NUMBER OF SIBLINGS PREVIOUSLY BREASTFED. N » 1436
Fat Adjusted Levels
Human Milk Study 1975
O.P-DDT
Level:.
1n PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Col umn
Total
Number of Siblings Previously Breastfed
0
N= 415
N= 30
X= 37.094
N= 30
SD= 9.130
X= 63.274
N= 33
SX= 6.369
X= 89.305
N= 17
SX= 7.929
X= 123.229
N= 46
SX= 13.699
X= 189.096
N= 49
SD= 27.410
X= 356.010
N= 33
SD= 75.265
X=1548.081
N= 11
50=1651.503
*X= 221.144
N= 219
*SD= 479.389
1
278
23
35.687
19
9.408
63.818
10
7.459
93.119
16
' T. 356
126.343
33
12.114
201.002
44
27.316
326.134
33
67.064
759.320
7
222.817
2
101
11
35.370
11
10.848
61.019
11
7.143
87.236
15
7.947
128.272 '
18
13.873
191.829
20
24.813
341.188
7
75.003
0
0
0
196.896 132.959
162 82
162.571 87.317
3
36
2
32.101
3
7.636
55.556
1
0
92.576
9
6.837
125.540
6
16.408
190.672
11
32.882
279.167
2
5.893
600.000
1
0
151.334
33
104.669
4
15
0
20.040
1
0
62.440
2
10.812
85.869
3
1.338
135.714
2
10.102
0
0
0
291.667
1
0
0
0
0
107.291
9
78.139
5
1
0
50.000
1
0
0
0
0
87.667
2
6.128
123.726
2
22.087
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
94.557
5
32.815
6
2
0
0
0
0
50.093
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
554.717
1
0
302.405
2
356.823
7
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
80.000
1
0
102.564
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
91.28?
2
15.95G
8
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
80.130
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
SO. 130
1
0
10
1
0.
0
0
0
70.070
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
70.070
1
0
ROW
Total
854
66
36.097
65
9.554
62.679
59
6.879
89.732
64
7.674
125.198
108
13.492
193.901
124
27.676
33S.804
76
71.501
1174.942
20
1277.923
191.086
1436
330.394
* - X and SO are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
-------
Table 46
P.P'-DDE LEVELS IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS BY NUMBER OF SIBLINGS PREVIOUSLY BREASTFED. N
Fat Adjusted Levels
Human Milk Study 1975
1436
P.P'-DDE
Levels
In PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Col umn
Total
- Number of Siblings Previously Breastfed
N=
N=
X=
N=
SD=
X=
N=
SD=
X"
X= 125
N=
S0=
X=
N=
SD=
X= 388
N=
SD= 55
X=3942
N=
50^9824
*X=3888
N=
*SO^-9759
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.000
1
0
0
0
0
.444
9
.968
.045
653
.479
.049
663
.774
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
129.341
1
C
214.003
2
15.356
332.543
13
69.296
3056.868
446
3182.305
2961.566
462
3165.947
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
162.037
1
0
433.454
4
44.320
29S0.319
189
5200.377
2923.021
194
5149.342
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
186.139
2
26.359
406.265
3
86.738
5378.994
66
18355.328
5022.601
71
17735.674
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
317.647
1
0
25?7.976
23
2772.827
2435.879
24
2749.154
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2360.759
6
1901.277
2360.759
6
1901.277
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16172.115
4
13253.595
16172.115
4
13253.595
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0
0
0
0
209.302
1
0
0
0
0
4899.394
5
4909.925
4117.712
6
4790.830
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6174.922
2
3090.075
6174.922
2
3090.075
10 Row
10 Total
G 2
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 127.171
0 2
0 3.070
0 195.271
0 6
0 24.902
0 369.644
0 30
0 71.369
2474.401 3607.804
2 1396
2035.790 8313.965
2474.401 3520.927
2 1436
2035.790 8219.902
c/>
A
* -
X and SO are computed only for levels above the senstivitly level, 1 ppb.
-------
to
N
f **
V-'
A
Table 47
a-BHC LEVELS IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS BY NUMBER OF SIBLINGS PREVIOUSLY LREASThED. N = 1436
Fat Adjusted Levels
Human M1lk Study 1975
in
00
a-BHC
Levels
1n PPB
0
Trace
1-50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
1 51-250
251-500
>500
Column
Total
Number of Siblings Previously Breastfed
N=
N=
X=
N=
SD=
x=
N=
SD=
X=
N=
X=
N=
SD=
y
N=
SD=
X=
N=
X=
N=
*X
*SD=
0
557
102
30.017
1
0
61.271
4
8.023
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
55.020
C64
15.610
1
387
73
19.973
1
0
60.000
1
0
83.792
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
. 0
54.589
463
32.252
2
159
33
20.000
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
104.412
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
&
0
0
0
62.206
194
59.68JJ
3
66
5
0
0
f 0
o ;
0 -
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
71
0
4
21
3
0
0
0
0
d
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
,°.* *
5
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
J
6
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
7
6
0
0
0
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
8
1
1
0
0
n
0
0
n
0
0
n
0
0
o
0
0
n
0
0
n
0
0
n
0
2
0
10
2
0
0
0
o
0
0
Q
0
0
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
Row
Total
1205
220
23.330
3
b.791
61.017
c
6.972
83.792
1
0
104.412
1
0
0
0
n
0
0
n
0
0
0
56.328
1436
27.293
* - X and SD are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
-------
table 48
B-BHC LEVELS IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS BY NUMBER OF SIBLINGS PREVIOUSLY BREASTFED.
Fat Adjusted Levels
Human KiVk Study 1975
N ° 1436
6-BHC
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
i 51- 75
76-100
1C1-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Column
k. Total
Number of Siblings Previously Breastfed
0
N= 38
N= 38
X= 39.591
N= 28
SD= 6.630
X= 62.987
N= 69
SD= 7,804
X= 89.477
N= 89
SD= 7.693
X= 125.128
N= 126
SD= 14.614
X= 190. £63
N= 1«
SD= 27.527
X= 340.315
N= 102 .
SD= 68.849
X=1197.399
N= 29
50=1616.759
*X= 214.715
N= 664
*SD= 429.665
1
23
36
40.557
29
9.444
62.136
55
7.314
86.782
58
7.552
124.327
102
14.620
J -31.985
96
29.158
336.398
47
74.095
964.157
17
759.114
180.545
463
240.700
2
18
18
38.275
13
9.492
62.822
26
7.322
88.641
26
7.623
127.544
37
13.591
190.768
31
31.331
345.653
17
72.535
785.560
8
417.745
172.336
194
190.157
3
6
6
42.275
7
8.043
60.514
7
6'. 484
86.932
17
5.849
128.180
8
. 15.014
190.699
12
38.237
384.967
6
88.132
932.353
2
470.018
164.164
71
188.037
4
2
3
50.000
1
0
60.571
7
9.454
81.610
5
9.185
129.417
4
19.205
166.667
1
0
0
0
0
51)0.862.
1
0
111.434
24
111.990
5
0
0
0
0
0
68.130
2
8.302
86.667
2
4.714
128.644
2
29.042
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
94.480
6
30.919
6
0
0
0
0
0
52.473
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
207.774
2
39.704
0
0
0
540.074
1
0
252.024
. 4
206.790
7
1
0
46.512
1
0
70.698
1
0
76.923
1
0
117.731
1
0
164.000
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
95.173
6
46.222
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
105.505
1
0
210.098
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
157.801
2
73.960
10
0
0
38.560
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
195.128
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
116.844
2
110.710
Row
Total
88
101
40.166
80
8.256
62.524
168
7.558
88.069
198
7.627
125.232
281
14.559
191.089
290
28.780
341.330
172
71.218
1040.610
58
1226. 16fi
193.123
1436
335.853
[" * - X and SO are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
-------
Table 49
o»
o
c-j
'A'1
Y-BCH
Levels
1n PPB
0
Trace
I-'. 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Col umn
Total
Y-BHC LEVELS IN MILK Or NURSING MOTHERS BY NUMBER OF SIBLINGS PREVIOUSLY BREASTFED. N «= 1436
Fat Adjusted Levels
Human Milk Study 1975
Number of Siblings Previously Breastfed
N=
N=
N=
SD=
X=
N=
SD=
X=
N=
SD=
X=
N=
SD=
X=
N=
SD=
X=
N=
SD=
X=
SD=
*X=
N=
*SD=
0
559
94
23.051
10
8.342
59.675
1
0
0
0
C
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26.398
664
13.635
1
389
64
31.913
5
10.793
61.548
2
2.276
0
0
0
0
0
0
199.906
3
42.098
0
0
0
0
C
0
88.238
463
80.769
2
163
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
120.144
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
120.144
194
0
3
67
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
71 .
0
4
21
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
ft
0
0
0
24
0
5
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
6
1
2
20.037
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20.037
4
0
7
6
0
0
0
n
0
0
n
0
0
G
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
8
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
10
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
n
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
n
0
0
n
poo
0
2
0
Row
Total
1214
199
25.632
16
9.617
60.990
3
1.877
120.144
1
0
199.906
3
42.098
0
0
n
0
0
n
57.084
1436
62.517
* _
X and SO are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 p-pb.
-------
Table 50
HCB LEVELS IN MILK OF NURSING MOTHERS BY NUMBER OF SIBLINGS PREVIOUSLY BREASTFED.
Fat Adjusted Levels
Human Milk Study 1975
N = 1436
HCB
Levels
in PPB
"0
Trace
1- 50
oj 51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
V-' Column
$ Total
A
Number of Siblings Previously Breastfed
0
N= 34
N= 304
X= 35.238
N= 158
SD= 8.994
X 60.277
N= 82
SD= 7.264
X= 88.507
N= 34
S0= 8.219
X= 125.225
N= 26
SD= 15.984
X= 196.029
N= 13
SD= 25.012
X= 324.435
N= 7
SD= 56.659
X= 914.011
N= 6
S0= 405.392
*X= 83.064
N= 564
*SD- 136.346
1
20
235
34.667
123
9.020
61.268
45
7.602
87.180
13
7.967
125.932
11
15.509
193.278
6
33.688
399.051
7
85.518
631.746
3
27.497
73.980
463
99.623
2
13
97
33.241
50
8.587
60.901
13
7.320
85.305
8
8.567
122.628
8
16.112
173.251
2
18.323
266.667
1
0
897.368
2
26.051
77.680
194
135.522
3
5
40
31.804
17
9.758
58.309
2
10.346
83.097
5
9.687
122.176
2
5.435
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50.659
71
30.781
4
2
14
30.172
4
9.985
64.271
4
5.978
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
'0>
47.222
24
19.755
5
0
3
32.787
1
0
53.606
1
0
100.000
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
62.131
6
34.408
6
0
1
30.056
1
0
0
0
0
84.906
1
0
100.430
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
71.797
4
36.973
7
1
3
0
0
72.69?
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
192.000
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
132.348
6
84.361
8
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
98.165
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
98.165
2
0
10
0
0
36.281
2
8.653
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
36.281
2
3.653
Row
Total
75
698
34.523
356
8.965
60.753
148
7.359
87.676
63
8.353
124.310
48
15.500
193.025
22
26.203
355.404
15
80.651
834.004
11
315.129
77.713
' 1436
121.102
* - X and SD are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
-------
o>
ro
n
zo
£
A
TNC
Levels
in PPB
0
Trace
1- 50
51- 75
76-100
101-150
151-250
251-500
>500
Column
Total
Table 51
TNC LEVELS IN MILK Of NURSING MOTHERS BY NUMBER OF SIBLINGS PREVIOUSLY BREASTFED. N « 1436
Fat Adjusted Levels
i. . Human M1lk Study 1975
Number of Siblings Previously Breastfed
0
N= 38
N= 133
X= 38.500
H= 114
SD= 8.063
X= 62.848
N= 135
SD= 6.991
X- 89.072
N* 92
SD= 7.629
X= 120.491
N= 76
SD= 14.794
X= 186.697
N= .53
SD= 25.705
X= 331.430
N= 14
SD= 66.422
X= 724.000
N= 3
SD= 291.974
*X= 96.370
N= 664
*SD= 02.004
1
29
106
38.634
78
7.46?
C1.173
96
7.539
88.744
67
7.442
122.163
52
13.333
183.530
22
29.433
305.960
11
40.942
640.741
2
178.086
91.064
463
72.952
2
19
53
38.036
37
8.000
62.243
32
3.019
88.133
21
7.411
123.633
19
15.782
166.840
7
17.897
313.671
5
62.915
594.737
1
0
89.589
194
77.138
3
4
26
37.395
11
7.273
64.040
15
9.077
87.947
7
7.653
122.110
5
17.356
203.616
2
18.456
268.212
1
0
0
0
0
79.843
71
50.661
4
2
5
36.471
6
10.954 .
63.121
8
8.840
77.913
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
307.759
1
0
569.697
1
0
98.774
24
137.041
5
1
2
36.066
1
0
52.000
1
0
83.333
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
57.133
6
24.048
6
0
1
36.989
1
0
6S.944
1
0
0
0
0
115.094
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
74.009
4
39.211
7
2
2
0
0
0
51.282
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
912.057
1
0
181.669
6
608.660
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
80.130
1
0
111.927
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
96.028
2
22.483
10
0
0
39.200
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
162.181
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100.691
2
86.961
Row
Total
95
334
38.363
249
7.805;
62.241
289
7.486
88.675
193
7.504
121.405
154
14.346
184.352
85
26.390
317.185
32
' 55.858
691.247
8
201.203
93.778
1436
82.438
* - X and SD are computed only for levels above the sensitivity level, 1 ppb.
-------
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r>
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63
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