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THE RISK SCREENING GUIDE
Prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
Prepared by:
Eastern Research Group, Inc.
6 Whittemore Street
Arlington, MA 02174
September 1, 1988
Interim Final
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\ UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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EVALUATION FORM
for
INTERIM FINAL RISK SCREENING GUIDE (the Guide)
1. Name:
2. Expertise (e.g., chemist, toxicologist, environmental scientist, chemical
engineer, health educator):
2. Title:
3. Address:
4. Telephone Number:
5. Date received the Guide:
6. Date completed this form:
7. Between these two dates how much total staff time, or Full Time
Equivalents (FTE), was spent working on Section 313 issues? (For
example, 0.1 FTE is a person or people working the total equivalent of
1/10 of a person's time between the dates you listed in questions 5
and 6.)
A. 0.1 FTE B. 0.1-1 FTE C. 1.1-3 FTE D. Greater than 3 FTE
8. Approximately how many phone calls or other inquiries related to
potential health or ecological impacts of 313 emissions were your staff
(all FTEs recorded in question 7) involved in answering?
A. None B. Less than 10 C. 10 to 50 D. More than 50
9. Did you attempt to use Section 313 emissions data to
identify and prioritize problem facility emissions?
A. Yes B. No
10. Did you use/consult the Guide?
A. Never B. Seldom C. Often
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11. In general, did you find the Guide (circle any of the
descriptions below which are appropriate):
A. Too simple.
C. Well-organized.
E. Consistent with screening
approaches I use in
other programs.
G. Other (explain):
B. Too technical.
D. Hard to find what
I needed.
F. Inconsistent with
approaches I use to
screen data of similar
quality and type.
12. For each section of the Guide, indicate by a designation
of high (H), medium (M) or low (L), its utility to you
and how you would suggest improving it.
I -
II
III
IV -
Background
- Elements of
Risk Screening
- Responding to
Questions
Qualitative Risk
Screening: A System
for Prioritizing
the Data
Usefulness
(H,M,L)
Improvements
(please attach
additional pages)
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13.
For each appendix in the Guide, indicate by a designation
of high (H), medium (M) or low (L), its utility to you
and how you would suggest improving it.
A. Contacts
B; Toxic Chemical Release
Inventory Reporting Form
C. Release Guidance
D. Hazardous Substance
Fact Sheet
E. Federal Laws
F. Reportable Quantities (RQS)
and Data for 313 Chemicals
that are CERCLA Hazardous
G. Systems and Models for
Evaluating Risk Assessments
on Environmental Pollutants
H. Acronyms and Glossary
Usefulness
(H,M,L)
Improvements
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I. Technical and Risk Communi-
cations Bibliographies
ATTACHMENT A - EPA Roadmap to
Information on Section 313 Chemicals
Usefulness
(H,M,L)
Improvements
14. Are there other individuals/organizations which you think
might find the Guide useful? Who?/Which?
Name
Address
(individual, organization, etc.) (street, city, state, zip code)
15. Would you like to receive updates of the Guide?
A. Yes B. No
16. Additional comments:
THANK YOU FOR YOUR HELP.
Please return this evaluation form
to David Klauder, TS-778, U.S. EPA,
401 M St., S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460
before November 15, 1988.
2102Q
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TABLE OP CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION i
A New Age In Reporting ii
A Two-Fold Purpose . iii
A Map to the Manual iii
SECTION 1 BACKGROUND 1-1
What Is The Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know
Act (Title III)? 1-1
What Is Meant by Release? 1-1
What Information Will Be Reported? 1-2
What Is the Quality of Section 313 Data? 1-6
How Can the Data Be Used? 1-7
How Will the Release Data Be Made Available? 1-7
SECTION II ELEMENTS OF RISK SCREENING 2-1
What is Risk Screening? 2-1
What Are the Differences Between Risk Screening, Risk Assessment
And Risk Analysis? 2-2
What Is the Difference Between Qualitative and Quantitative 2-3
Expressions of Risk?
Individual versus Population Risks 2-3
The Two Key Elements of Risk 2-4
What Are the Differences Between Environmental Concentration, 2-5
Exposure, and Dose?
What Is the Difference Between Release and Exposure? 2-8
Why Must Both Exposure and Toxicological Potency
Be Known to Estimate Risk? 2-8
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TABLE OP CONTENTS (CONT.)
Page
SECTION III RESPONDING TO QUESTIONS 3-1
. What Can You Do to Prepare for Response? 3-1
What Questions Will Be Asked, and Who Will Ask Them? 3-7
How Can These Questions Be Answered? 3-8
Sample Question 3-8
Responding to Questions Concerning Actual Risk 3-8
Responding to Risk Management Questions 3-13
Follow-up Activities 3-15
SECTION IV QUALITATIVE RISK SCREENING; A SYSTEM FOR PRIORITIZING 4-1
THE DATA
An Overview of the System 4-1
Background on Ranking Relative Toxicological Potency 4-1
Factors to Consider in Evaluating Exposure Potential 4-3
Using the Risk Screening System 4-5
Other Factors to Consider 4-8
After Prioritization - Then What? 4-8
The Risk Screening Procedure 4-9
The Questionnaire for Qualitative Risk Screening 4-11
Facility Risk Screening Worksheet 4-19
APPENDIX A CONTACTS
APPENDIX B TOXIC CHEMICAL RELEASE INVENTORY REPORTING FORM
APPENDIX C RELEASE GUIDANCE
APPENDIX D HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE FACT SHEET
APPENDIX E FEDERAL LAWS
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT.)
APPENDIX F REPORTABLE QUANTITIES (RQS) AND DATA FOR SECTION 313 CHEMICALS
THAT ARE CERCLA HAZARDOUS
APPENDIX G SYSTEMS AND MODELS FOR EVALPATING RISK ASSESSMENTS ON
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
APPENDIX H ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY
APPENDIX I TECHNICAL AND RISK COMMUNICATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHIES
ATTACHMENT A EPA ROADMAP TO INFORMATION ON SECTION 313 CHEMICALS
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INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the American public has become increasingly aware of and
concerned about the risks associated with exposure to toxic industrial
chemicals. This awareness is reflected in the environmental legislation
enacted by Congress and particularly in the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III, also known as the Emergency Planning and
Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA). Under Section 313 of Title III,
businesses must submit annual reports for each toxic chemical manufactured,
imported, processed, or used at the facility, as prescribed in the reporting
rule.*
Under this reporting rule, facilities must account for the total aggregate
releases to the environment for the calendar year of each toxic chemical
listed under Section 313. Releases to the environment include:
• Releases to air.
• Discharges to surface waters.
• Releases to land and underground injection wells.
Many people will want to know the potential health and environmental
significance of the chemical releases reported under Section 313. Citizens
will also want to know what is being done to control these releases at the
local, State, and Federal level. They may demand to know why any chemical
deemed 'toxic* is being released at all. As a health or environmental
official, you probably are already well-versed in evaluating risk and/or in
helping members of the public understand and deal with toxic- chemicals.
However, the Section 313 release data present new challenges for all of us.
The purpose of this guide is to describe some of these challenges and to
suggest ways of approaching them.
*Final rule published in the Federal Register, Feb. 16, 1988, Vol. 53,
p. 4500. This risk screening guide should not be used in lieu of Federal
Register documents or the Code of Federal Registry for purposes of compliance.
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A New Age.in Reporting
Many industries now report release data to the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and the States under the Clean Air Act, the Clean
Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and other statutes.
However, under Section 313, a facility must report releases of a chemical to
all media (land, air, and water). Additionally, the Section 313 reporting
represents a major step forward in collecting data on air releases. The Clean
Air Act requires reporting on criteria pollutants* only; prior to Section 313
reporting, most air releases were not reported anywhere.
Section 313 reporting can be viewed as a new beginning in environmental
awareness for both the government and the public. The reporting represents
the first systematic way of gathering information about the release of toxic
chemicals in or near communities and of making these data readily available to
the public. Because the reporting is new for everyone - localities, States,
the Federal government, manufacturers, processors, users, and the public -
there will be some initial difficulties in understanding and using the data.
During the first years of reporting, the release data are expected to be
limited in type and quality. Not everyone who is obligated to report will do
so. The data will be summary data, reported in units of pounds per year. No
information on frequency, duration, or peak release is required, and therefore
this information will not be reported. Further, the data will often be
estimates rather than measurements of releases, and may be inaccurate due to
misunderstandings or errors in calculation. Some of the estimates may be off
by as much as an order of magnitude or more.
Nevertheless, health and environmental officials like yourself will have
access to an unprecedented amount of information concerning the release of
toxic chemicals into the environment. The Section 313 data will be an
important supplement to existing programs, and they should greatly assist in
* See Glossary for a definition of this term.
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giving you a broad picture on release of toxic chemicals into the environment
since releases to all media (air, water, land) will be reported under a single
Act for the first time.
A Two-Fold Purpose
The information reported under Section 313 is likely to spur many
questions about its use and interpretation - both within your organization and
from concerned citizens. This guide suggests steps you can take to answer two
key issues of concern:
• How can you respond effectively to health and ecological inquiries from
the public?
• How can the releases of greatest potential concern from a public health
or environmental standpoint be identified from the thousands of forms
submitted so that these critical cases can be further investigated?
Concerning the first issue, this manual offers guidance in responding to
risk-related questions that the public will likely ask when the data are made
available (e.g., How dangerous for my health are these specific releases?).
General strategies for handling inquiries, tracking phone calls, assembling
resources, and disseminating information are presented.
To address the second issue, the guide describes an approach for using
Section 313 data as a supplement to your organization's current programs to
set priorities for follow-up data collection. While you want to be responsive
to every site that poses a potential problem and every question from a
concerned citizen, it would be impossible to treat them all equally.
Therefore, this guide presents an approach to prioritizing those chemicals or
sites that appear to pose the most immediate or serious concerns.
A Map to the Manual
The guide is divided into five sections:
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Section I presents general background information on Title III or EPCRA,
and a specific discussion of Section 313, including type, quality, and
availability of the release data that will be reported.
Section II defines risk-related concepts and terms relevant to Title III
and Section 313, including risk screening - the subject of this guide.
Section III presents strategies for answering risk-related questions
from the public. This section suggests what you can do to prepare for
response, how to handle calls as they come, and how to set up a system for
efficiently responding to queries.
Section IV presents a risk screening system for use in your
organization. This system can help you evaluate potential risks and identify
sites that may pose the greatest problems. This section discusses why this
approach is suggested, what its essential elements are, and how to use it.
The appendices to this guide compose a directory of resources that should
be of value to you in using and interpreting Section 313 data, and in
communicating with the public about them. These appendices are referenced
frequently in the guide and consist of the following:
• Appendix A - Contacts. A designated contact for each EPA Region and
State is listed.
• Appendix B - Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Form. This is the
reporting form industries will submit to EPA and the States. A blank
reporting form and instructions for completing it are included here, as
well as a description of information reported on the form relevant to
risk screening.
• Appendix C - Release Guidance. Estimations of likely rates of
release and release patterns (based on generic industry data) for
certain chemical uses are provided in this guidance.
• Appendix D - Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet. The New Jersey
Department of Health has developed fact sheets on many Section 313
chemicals. A sample fact sheet and summary description are provided
here. Fact sheets are available from the Region and State Section 313
contacts listed in Appendix A.
• Appendix E - Federal Laws. Brief summaries of several Federal laws
are provided in this appendix.
• Appendix F - Reportable Quantities (RQs) and Data for Section 313
Chemicals that Are CERCLA Hazardous. RQs that are available for
Section 313 chemicals and chemical categories are listed here.
Included are RQs for aquatic toxicity, acute mammalian toxicity,
chronic toxicity, and potential carcinogenicity.
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• Appendix G - Systems and Models for Risk Assessments on Environmental
Pollutants. The risk assessment models provided here can be used as a
guide to the kind of information you'll want to collect at a site to
perform a risk assessment. The data input elements required for each
method are listed.
• Appendix H - Acronyms and Glossary. Key terms and acronyms used in
this guide are defined.
• Appendix I - Technical and Risk Communications Bibliographies. This
appendix lists many important resources for additional information on
risk assessment, risk communication, and risk management.
Attachment A is the hard copy version of •Roadmaps," a Section 313
chemical information directory. A Roadmaps software package has also been
developed. Roadmaps can point you to a number of data bases and documents
containing information on health and ecological effects of Section 313
chemicals. It also contains information on Federal and State regulatory
levels for these chemicals, as well as State contacts for various media
(e.g., air, water) programs.
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SECTION I - BACKGROUND
What Is The Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (Title III)?
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA) of the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) became law in 1986.
Commonly known as "Title III," EPCRA establishes requirements for:
• Federal, State, and local governments and industry regarding emergency
planning.
• Community right-to-know reporting on hazardous and toxic chemicals.
There are four major parts to EPCRA: emergency response planning
(Sections 301 to 303); emergency notification (Section 304); on-site
inventories (Sections 311, 312); and toxic chemical release reporting
(Section 313). Only the toxic chemical release reporting section, the focus
of this guide, is described below. Information on other parts of EPCRA are
contained in the "Title III Pact Sheet - Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know," available through your EPA Region or State Section 313 contact
(Appendix A).
What Is Meant by Release?
A release is any spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying,
discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the
environment (including the abandonment or discarding of barrels, containers,
and other closed receptacles) of any toxic chemical.
For the purpose of this guidance, two types of releases need to be defined:
• "Burst" releases are typically accidental, rapid releases of short
duration.
• Routine releases are those occurring during the conduct of normal
operation at the facility, and are typically longer in duration than
"bursts."
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The guidance presented in this guide is applicable to releases that are
longer in term than bursts, and for which there are limited release data. A
separate guide, the Technical Guide for Hazard Analysis*, has been prepared
for burst releases of the extremely hazardous substances (EHSs) listed under
Section 302 of Title III. Burst releases of EHSs should be addressed using
the Technical Guide for Hazard Analysis. Routine releases should be addressed
using this risk screening guide.
Under Section 313, the releases reported by facilities will include both
routine and burst releases. A reported release may have occurred over the
course of a year, or on a single day. It may be a combination of burst and
routine releases. Because facilities are not required to indicate the
frequency, duration, or peak release rate of the release, it will be
impossible to know from the reporting form alone whether a release was
accidental or routine, short- or long-term, or both. For Section 313
chemicals that are also Title III, Section 304 (emergency notification)
chemicals, you could cross-check a Section 313 release with Section 304
reporting (emergency notification) to determine if any part of the release was
accidental.
What Information Will Be Reported?
Under Section 313, certain manufacturers (Exhibit 1) are required to
submit reports each year on the amounts of toxic chemicals their facilities
store, use, and release into the environment, including publicly owned
treatment works, landfills, and off-site disposal. The reports must be sent
to both the EPA and the State's designated agency. A sample Toxic Chemical
Release Inventory Reporting Form (Form R) is provided in Appendix B. The
first annual report (for the calendar year 1987) was due to EPA and the
designated State agencies on July 1, 1988.
Section 313 requires reporting of the following chemical releases:
*See Bibliography for a complete citation.
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EXHIBIT 1. WHO MUST REPORT?*
Plants, factories, or other facilities that:
• Employ 10 or more full-time individuals.
• Manufacture, import, or process any of the Section 313 listed chemicals
in amounts greater than:
- 75,000 pounds in 1987.
- 50,000 pounds in 1988.
- 25,000 pounds in 1989 and subsequent years.
• Dse any listed chemical in any other way (other than manufacture,
import or process - e.g., using trichloroethylene to degrease tools) in
amounts greater than:
- 10,000 pounds in 1987 and subsequent years.
• Are classified in the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes
20 through 39:
SIC Industry Group
20 Food
21 Tobacco
22 Textiles
23 Apparel
24 Lumber and wood
25 Furniture
26 Paper
27 Printing and publishing
28 Chemicals
29 Petroleum and coal
30 Rubber and plastics
31 Leather
32 Stone, clay, and glass
33 Primary metals
34 Fabricated metals
35 Machinery (excluding electrical)
36 Electrical and electronic equipment
37 Transportation equipment
38 Instruments
39 Miscellaneous manufacturing
*See Federal Register, Vol. 53, No. 30, Feb. 16, 1988, p. 4500. This risk
screening manual should not be used in lieu of Federal Register documents or
the Code of Federal Registry for purposes of compliance.
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• To the air from fugitive or nonpoint sources. (Fugitive releases are
those that are not released through stacks, vents, or any other
confined air stream.)
• To the air from stack or point sources.
• To the water directly discharged to a receiving stream.
• In wastes that are injected underground.
• To land on site (including landfills, surface impoundments, or
landspreading).
• To water discharged to a publicly owned treatment works (POTW).
• In other wastes transferred offsite for treatment or disposal.
The quantities reported reflect the amounts of chemical released after any
onsite treatment and are specific to the chemical or chemical category subject
to reporting. Releases of the chemical to the environment are given in pounds
per year. The release quantities represent the total amount of the chemical
released from all possible sources for each medium. For example, for water
sources, releases estimated separately from process outfalls, pollution
control devices, and washing from containers are added and entered under
•Discharges to Water." Some sources of chemical wastes are listed in
Exhibit 2.
Under Section 313, over 300 toxic chemicals and chemical categories are
subject to reporting (a listing of these chemicals is provided in "Roadmaps,"
Attachment A). Section 313 also requires reporting of listed chemicals and/or
chemical categories that are components of mixtures. The company may use the
name of the mixture or the trade name product instead of the chemical's actual
name only if the specific identity of the chemicals in the mixture are not
known.
Companies can claim a chemical's identity as a trade secret, but they must
substantiate such a claim. A $25,000 fine for frivolous trade secret claims
has been established under Title III. if a firm claims a chemical is a trade
secret, it must provide a generic name for that chemical, and that name must
be descriptive of the chemical structure. Companies may withhold only the
specific chemical identity of the compound - including chemical name and
Chemical Abstract Services (CAS) number.
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EXHIBIT 2. SOURCES OP WASTES*
When estimating releases of a chemical, industries must consider all
sources of wastes. Sources of waste include, but are not limited to;
Fugitive or non-point air sources
• Equipment leaks from pumps, valves and/or flanges
• Building ventilation systems
• Evaporative losses from surface impoundments
Stack or point air sources
• Vents from reactors and other process vessels
• Storage tank vents
• Stacks or vents from pollution control equipment
Water sources
• Process outfalls
• Washings from vessels, containers, etc.
• Pollution control devices
• Stormwater runoff (if applicable)
Solids, slurries, and non-aqueous sources
Filter cakes
Spent catalysts
Pollution control wastes (such as absorber sludges) and/or wastewater
treatment sludges
Spent catalysts
Vessel or tank residues
Spills and sweepings
Spent solvents
By-products
*Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1978a. Estimating Releases
and Waste Treatment Efficiencies for the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory
Form, EPA 560/4-88-002. U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances,
Washington, DC.
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What Is the Quality of Section 313 Data?
Much of the data provided by industries will be based on engineering
estimates, not on actual measurements of release. If monitoring data are
readily available, industries must use that data to calculate releases.
However, no additional monitoring or measurements are required. Furthermore,
no information on rates of release (such as duration, frequency of release, or
peak release) is currently required. This missing information will
significantly decrease the level of certainty in most risk assessments. In
addition, omissions, misunderstandings, and inaccuracies may occur in
reporting - especially in the first years. Some smaller companies may not
even be aware they are required to report under this new law.
KEY POINT: During the first years of reporting, Section 313 data when
taken alone are expected to be of limited quality and type for assessing
risk because of the lack of information on rates of release and
uncertainties associated with release estimates.
EPA expects the quality of data to improve in subsequent years as
industries become familiar with the reporting form and the reporting
requirements. In addition, it is hoped that in subsequent years, the quality
of the data reported will further improve through a program of outreach,
technical audits, facility inspections, and enforcement. EPA plans to modify
the reporting requirements in the future to obtain additional release
information. Also, EPA plans to check the reports for obvious errors, and get
them corrected promptly.
In the interim, it may be possible to estimate likely rates of release and
release patterns based on generic industry data. Appendix C provides some
guidance on this type of information. Additional information on estimation
techniques is provided in EPA's Estimating Releases and Waste Treatment
Efficiencies for the Toxic Chemical Release Form.*
*A complete citation is provided in the Bibliography.
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How Can the Data Be Used?
Two immediate uses of the Section 313 data are: 1) responding to health
and ecological inquiries from the public; and 2) identifying and prioritizing
problem releases. These uses are addressed in this guide. The Section 313
data may also be used to:
• Determine what chemicals to monitor and where to monitor. In some
situations, the release data may be used to tell what chemicals should
be monitored in the environment and, perhaps, where a monitoring
station should be located.
• Help develop control strategies. The data may be useful in helping to
develop general multimedia toxic control strategies and assessments, as
well as strategies to control "hot spots.'
• Verify permit information. The information provided on the release
form can be cross-checked with permit applications, and discrepancies
investigated.
• Enforce compliance with the law, onpermitted facilities, illegal
releases, and unauthorized disposal activities may be identified
through Section 313 reporting. Enforcement activities within a
geographic area or for specific industries may also be targeted.
• Reduce waste at the source. Facilities that need to employ available
source reduction technologies can be identified, and priorities for
developing new technologies can be set.
These applications of the Section 313 data are beyond the scope of this
guide; however, the risk screening system described in Section IV for
prioritizing releases may be useful as an initial step in these other
applications.
How Will the Release Data Be Made Available?
EPA is mandated to establish and maintain a national toxic chemical
release inventory (TRI) of Section 313 data. The EPA is required to make this
inventory accessible by computer telecommunications and other means to any
person on a cost-reimbursable basis. To meet this mandate:
• EPA will create the inventory by entering the submitted data into an
EPA computer. States and local agencies will be able to access this
computer directly.
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• The inventory will be made available to the general public on the
National Library of Medicine's (NLM) TOXNET System in the spring of
1989. The public data base will be easy to use, and will have
complementary toxicological and health and safety data files available
with it.
• "Other means" of accessing TRI data are planned for 1989. Some
alternatives under consideration are microfiche and compact disk
(cd-rora).
States and localities will have the option of accessing the internal EPA
computer rather than the NLM computer. The internal data base will use BPA's
standard data base management system, ADABAS, and the NATURAL programming
language. Consequently, it will not be as "user-friendly" as the NLM
computer. Specific information about accessing both these computers will be
made available as the time of their availability approaches.
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SECTION II - ELEMENTS OP RISK SCREENING
Each year, EPA and the States will receive thousands of Toxic Chemical
Release Inventory Reporting Forms. Pew organizations will have the resources
to treat the reported releases equally. To make decisions about how best to
apply their limited resources, organizations responsible for handling Section
313 data must develop some system, however crude, for screening and
prioritizing the information. There is at least one criterion r- potential
risk to public health or the environment - that most organizations may wish to
include as a screening criterion.
Section IV of this manual describes one approach to evaluating risk - risk
screening. This section of the manual introduces this concept and compares it
to two related processes: risk assessment and risk analysis. Additional risk
concepts and key terms are also described to provide background for
understanding the information presented in the following sections of this
manual.
What Is Risk Screening?
Risk screening, in the context of Section 313 of SARA, is a type of risk
assessment used when data are limited. The process results in a qualitative
expression of risk (e.g., high, medium, low). Risk screening is useful for
establishing risk-based priorities and information needs for follow-up
chemical- or site-specific risk assessment activities. Although the risk
screening process relies on general risk assessment principles, the data input
requirements are less demanding than those for risk assessment.
KEY POINT: Risk screening results in less definitive expressions of
risk (i.e., relative risk rankings) than those derived from the risk
assessment process (i.e., estimates of actual risk).
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What Are the Differences Between Risk Screening, Risk Assessment, and Risk
Analysis?
Risk assessment is the process of estimating the probability of occurrence
of adverse health or ecological effects. A chemical- or site-specific risk
assessment has two major components:* (1) the estimation of the probability
of exposure(s) resulting from reported releases, and (2) the estimation of the
probability that adverse effects will result from the exposure(s).
Risk analysis, in the context of Section 302 of SARA, is the third of a
three-step hazards analysis process for emergency planning.** Risk analysis
requires an estimation of both the likelihood of occurrence of an accidental
chemical release (unique to this process) as well as the subsequent potential
for exposure (with emphasis on human exposure to extremely hazardous
substances). In risk analysis, the major focus of the estimation of the
"consequences* of exposure (i.e., the component analagous to step (2) under
risk assessment above) is on the characterization of the potential magnitude
of specific adverse effects, i.e., death or irreversible toxicity, in the
community bordering sites where accidental release(s) could occur.
Like risk screening under Section 313, risk analysis is a flexible,
judgmental exercise that results in qualitative risk statements. In addition,
the responsibility for appropriately weighting each of the components under
both risk analysis and risk screening is left to the affected community and
its elected, appointed, or volunteer officials.
*Risk assessment in the Federal government is divided into four major steps:
hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk
assessment. For purposes of this guidance, hazard identification and
dose-response assessment have been combined.
**See Technical Guidance for Hazards Analysis. A complete citation is
provided in the Bibliography.
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What Is the Difference Between Qualitative and Quantitative Expressions
of Risk?
Risk may be described qualitatively or quantitatively. Qualitative risk
evaluations may be based on limited data and/or data estimates, and therefore
lack precision. However, qualitative expressions of risk are often the best
way to develop an understanding of the interrelationships among factors
important to the assessment of risk. The qualitative approach describes risks
in relation to other risks, i.e., in terms of relative probability of harm.
Descriptive terms (e.g., high, low, or trivial) may be used to categorize the
risk. Comparisons may also be used. For example, "The release of chemical A
from facility X appears to pose a greater concern to local public health than
most other releases reported in the area." Qualitative expressions of risk
should be accompanied by a characterization of the nature of uncertainties.
Quantitative expressions of risk imply a far greater accuracy and
certainty of knowledge than qualitative expressions. However, quantitative
expressions of risk should be presented with caution. The results of a
quantitative assessment can be misused if greater precision and/or accuracy is
assigned to the result than the input data warrant. Quantitative expressions
of risk can be presented if and only if the data are of sufficient quality,
quantity, and type. Section 313 release data, when taken alone, should not be
used in risk assessments that result in quantitative expressions of risk. The
quantitative approach describes risks in numerical terms. For example, "The
presence of chemical A in the environment at concentration B is expected to
cause one additional case of lung cancer per 100,000 exposed individuals." A
characterization of the nature and potential magnitude of uncertainties should
always accompany quantitative expressions of risk.
Individual Versus Population Risks
Risks can be estimated for both individuals and populations. Individual
risks are most often estimated first. Groups of individuals (subpopulations)
exposed to similar concentrations of the same chemical(s) are considered to
have similar risks. The risks to subpopulations considered to
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be more susceptible than average (e.g., children, pregnant women, sick people,
and elderly people) are determined separately.
The excess incidence of an adverse effect (e.g., cases of respiratory
distress, cancer) in a population can be quantitatively estimated by
multiplying the probability of effect (the individual or subpopulation risks)
by the number of individuals in that subpopulation. The total aggregate
population incidence of adverse effects is the sum of all these products.
Qualitatively, the estimated excess incidence of adverse effects will increase
as the sizes of the exposed population increases.
The risk-related level of concern for releases of toxic chemicals should
be based on both individual and aggregate population risks. For example,
situations with very high individual risks may be of concern even though the
estimated number of exposed individuals is very low, and the aggregate risk is
therefore low. Similarly, large populations exposed to relatively low
individual risks may prompt concern because the aggregate impact would be
significant.
The Two Key Elements of Risk
The risk screening and assessment processes involve characterizing the
toxicological potency of a substance and the potential exposures to target
individuals or populations. If the toxicological potency and exposures are
known, the risk can be assessed.
Toxicological potency information describes the toxicity of a chemical.
It is chemical-specific and, therefore, does not depend on exposure data.
Evaluating the toxicological potency of a chemical involves collecting and
evaluating data on:
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• The nature of adverse health or ecological effects that may be produced
by a chemical (Exhibits 3 and 4 list the adverse health and ecological
effects identified under Section 313).
• The exposures at which those effects occur, i.e., exposure
(dose)-response relationships.
Toxicological potency may be expressed as the magnitude of the adverse effect
per unit of exposure.
Exposure is the amount of chemical that comes into contact with an
individual or population during a given period of time. It depends on many
site-specific factors (e.g., how and where the chemical was released; the
transport and fate of the chemical in the environment; the behavior of the
potentially exposed population). Ideally, exposure is measured at the point
of contact between the chemical and the individual or population, either
directly (e.g., personal monitoring) or indirectly (e.g., amounts of chemicals
in body fluids or tissues). Opportunities to measure the actual exposure are
rare, however. Generally, exposure must be estimated from information on the
levels of a chemical in the environment. Measured environmental
concentrations will result in more accurate estimates of exposure than
estimated environmental concentrations derived from release data (e.g.,
Section 313 data) using environmental transport and fate models. Obviously,
the further one must extrapolate from data on the amount or concentration of a
chemical in the environment to the point of potential exposure, the greater
the uncertainty in the estimate of exposure.
What Are the Differences Between Environmental Concentration, Exposure, and
Dose?
The concentration of a chemical in the environment is one of two
components of exposure. The second component is the amount of the
environmental media in contact with the exposed individual per unit of time.
In the absence of data on the behavior patterns of each exposed individual,
standard assumptions are used for this second component of dose. These
assumptions, called exposure constants, account for the amount of water or
other environmental media (e.g., air, soil, food) a typical person takes in
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EXHIBIT 3. HUNAN HEALTH EFFECTS OF CONCERN AS IDENTIFIED UNDER SECTION 313
• Carcinogenicity. The property or quality of being able to cause tumor
formation in any tissue.
• Heritable gene and chromosome mutations. Events that occur in germ
cells. These include deficiencies, duplications, insertions,
inversions, and translocations of chromosomes, as well as gains or
losses of whole chromosomes.
• Neurotoxicity. Any adverse effect on the structure or function of the
central and/or peripheral nervous system related to exposure to a
chemical substance.
• Reproductive and developmental toxic effects (teratogenicity).
Reproductive toxic effects are adverse effects on male or female
reproductive ability, while developmental toxic effects are any adverse
effects on the developing organism, including death, structural
abnormalities, altered growth, and functional deficits such as learning
disorders. Developmental toxicity also includes teratogenic effects,
which are permanent structural defects that may adversely affect
development or survival of the developing organism.
• Other chronic effects. Any adverse effects other than cancer that are
observed from long-term repeated exposure to a chemical.
• Adverse acute effects. Adverse effects are any deleterious effects
suffered by an organism, while acute effects occur rapidly as a result
of short-term exposure to a high concentration of a chemical. For TRI
listing, both lethal and nonlethal effects (such as eye and respiratory
irritation) may be considered significant adverse acute effects. These
effects occur outside the facility as a result of continuous or
frequently recurring releases.
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EXHIBIT 4. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF CONCERN AS IDENTIFIED UNDER SECTION 313
• Environmental toxicity. EPA has identified several indicators of
toxicity. These include aquatic LC5Q, mammalian or avian LD$Q, and
avian 5-day dietary LCso for acute effects. Chronic maximum
acceptable toxicant concentrations (MATCs) can be considered for
aquatic organisms (or cases where some dietary concentration is
involved). For avian and mammalian toxicity tests, dosing by gavage is
frequently employed, and the NOEL (No-Observed-Effect Level) is used.
• Toxicity and persistence. EPA is especially concerned about chemical
persistence in cases where toxicity concerns are based on chronic
toxicity data.
• Toxicity and bioaccumulation. Bioaccumulation can be considered by
evaluating measured bioconcentration factors (BCFs). in the absence of
BCF data, the octanol-water partition coefficient (log P) may be used
to estimate a BCF figure. Estimated log P data may be used in the
absence of log P data.
• Any significant adverse effect on the environment. As defined under
the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) 8(e) policy statement, any
significant adverse effect means "any ecologically significant change
in species interrelationships, such as changes in species behavior,
growth, or survival that in turn adversely affect the behavior, growth
or survival of other species."
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per day. For example, it has been determined that an average adult person
drinks about 2 L of water per day. Therefore, the exposure of an individual
to a concentration of 100 ug/L of Chemical X in his or her drinking water is
estimated to be about 200 ug/day (100 ug/L x 2 L/day).
Dose is the amount of a chemical that is absorbed by the body. In the
above example, if 10% of Chemical X were known or assumed to be absorbed, the
estimated dose would be about 20 ug/day.
What Is the Difference Between Release and Exposure?
KEY POINT: The release of a toxic substance does not automatically
result in exposure.
For exposure to occur, the substance must first travel from the facility
to people, animals, or other organisms of concern. Many factors influence
whether a chemical reaches a target organism and in what concentration.
Chemicals may, for instance, rapidly break down once they are released. They
may be diluted if they are discharged into air or water. They may bind to
soils and may not be easily released. These factors must be evaluated before
exposure can be estimated from release data.
Why Must Both Exposure and Toxicological Potency Be Known to Estimate Risk?
KEY POINT: Exposure to a toxic substance does not automatically result
in toxicity.
Risk is a measure (qualitative or quantitative) of how close measured or
estimated exposures are to those known to cause toxic effects. Obviously, the
lower the exposure, the less the risk. Exposures to organisms of concern may
be below levels required to cause toxic effects or below unacceptable risk
levels. After potential risks or relative risks are assessed, a determination
must be made as to the "acceptability" of the risk. Although not the subject
of this manual, a few references on this subject have been included in the
Technical Bibliography.
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SECTION III - RESPONDING TO QUESTIONS
Responding to people's questions and concerns about the Section 313
chemical releases will not be an easy task. Communicating information on life
and health issues is never simple, for these subjects evoke strong emotions.
Your job is made more difficult because the data, at least in the first years
of reporting, will be limited. In addition, while data may be available for
each listed chemical, little or no data will be available on the impact of
exposure to more than one release or to chemical mixtures. This section of
the guide provides general strategies for preparation, information gathering
and dissemination, and response. General references for risk communication
are listed in Appendix I.
What Can You Do to Prepare for Response?
There are several steps you can take and resources you can assemble to
prepare yourself for responding to Section 313 questions. Exhibit 5 is an
"Action Checklist" designed to help you prepare for responding to questions.
This checklist consists of three parts: 1) answering questions, 2) assembling
information; and 3) disseminating information. The checklist was designed to
help you test your agency's preparedness, and to identify ways to make your
response efforts as efficient as possible.
The designated Section 313 State agencies will have different methods for
handling queries. Some may opt to centralize all queries. Others may refer
calls to various State media offices, State or local health departments, etc.
Since most questions are likely to be local in scope, a system for referring
these calls to the appropriate local agencies and/or officials would be
valuable. The "Action Checklist" suggests some strategies for handling calls
as they come in, such as establishing an intra-State/Regional or local network,
The strategy should include a system for recording information regarding
calls. You might create a special form for this purpose. The information
could also be computerized. In either case, you'll want to record basic
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EXHIBIT 5 - ACTION CHECKLIST
ANSWERING QUESTIONS
1. How will you handle the calls as they come in? Will you:
• Designate one or more people to answer the questions?
• Prepare a guide instructing secretaries and others who generally answer
the phones on how and where to forward Section 313 related calls.
• Establish an intra-State/Regional or local network to handle questions
you will he getting?
• Supply written responses to Inquiries? If so, what will you provide?
• Suggest callers follow up inquiries with a letter detailing their
concerns?
2. If you intend to designate people to answer questions, do you know who
within the Region, State, or locality are the contact points for answering
specific questions related to:
• Health and/or environmental effects?
• Exposure and risk assessment?
• Air, solid waste, ambient water, and drinking water questions?
• Standards and regulations?
3. How will you document calls as they come in? Will you:
• Create a form that responders can use to record essential information
on each call?
• Create a system that enables you to track how many calls were received
per facility?
• Periodically review these files to ascertain the level and nature of
public concern?
4. If a serious problem is apparent:
• Do you know what action your agency can or will take?
• Can you communicate this to the public?
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EXHIBIT 5 - ACTION CHECKLIST (con't)
ASSEMBLING INFORMATION
1. Have you assembled the appropriate materials that may be needed to answer
the questions?
• Are copies of the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Form
readily accessible? A sample Form is provided in Appendix B.
• Will you have access to the TRI data base (when it becomes available)
or the data on the data base?
• Can you access the EPA "Roadmaps" data base that has been developed?
Attachment A is a hard copy version of "Roadmaps."
• Do you have information related to the health and/or environmental
effects of the TRI chemicals, e.g., EPA Hazardous Substance Fact Sheets
(Appendix D); Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registery (ATSDR)
Toxicological Profiles*; printouts from EPA's Integrated Risk
Information System (IRIS), and Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program
(CEPP) Profiles?**
• Do you have a listing of certified toxicologists in the area who are
willing to assist in responding to citizens' health questions?
• Do you know the status of Federal regulations on the Section 313
chemicals? See Appendix E for brief descriptions of several Federal
laws.
• Do you know how your state regulates the Section 313 chemicals?
*Under SARA, Section 110, ATSDR and EPA are required to develop toxicological
profiles on a specified number of hazardous substances commonly found at
facilities on the Superfund National Priorities List (NPL) and which pose the
most significant potential threat to human health. Some of these profiles
have been completed on Section 313 chemicals and are available through ATSDR.
**IRIS is an on-line data base that contains the latest information about EPA
health assessments and regulatory decisions on over 260 chemicals. It has
been designed especially for Federal, State, and local environmental health
agencies. CEPP Profiles contain information for chemicals on the EPA list of
Extremely Hazardous Substances, such as acute hazard information, chemical
properties, and emergency handling techniques. Descriptions of IRIS and CEPP
Profiles are provided in the hard copy version of "Roadmaps" (Attachment A).
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EXHIBIT 5 - ACTION CHECKLIST (con't)
• Do you have access to data from State media programs (e.g., air toxics
or water releases)? These programs can provide information on
regulation and compliance. They may also have monitoring data and/or
environmental fate and transport information on specific chemicals.
State programs may also be able to tell you if a chemical has a state
air or water standard, and if a particular release is permitted, in
this way, toxic chemicals released into the environment without permit
restrictions or standards can be identified. State programs may also
be aware of a permitted company's compliance record. Contacts for
State media programs are provided in "Roadmaps" (Attachment A).
• Have you collected maps containing site-specific information, such as
facility locations, meteorological, topological, hydrological, and
demographic information (including sensitive population locations) in
your geographic area that are important to exposure evaluations?
• Have you contacted local groups or associations, e.g., libraries,
weather services, Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs), in your
geographic area of responsibility to determine their willingness to
provide site-specific information?
• If you answered no to any of the above questions, do you know where to
get the information?
2. Will you read local newspaper articles to prepare responses to anticipated
questions?
3. Do you want to prepare summary data of the Toxic Chemical Release
Inventory Reporting Forms? If so, will you do it by: state county
zip code industry?
DISSEMINATING INFORMATION
1. Have you made plans to distribute the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory
Reporting Forms to the public? Will you distribute summary data of these
Forms?
2. Do you have plans to publicize your phone number?
3. Do you have summary information that you can give to the public concerning:
• The community right-to-know program? (Title III Fact Sheets and
Right-to-Know Brochures are available from the State and EPA Regional
Section 313 contacts listed in Appendix A.)
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EXHIBIT 5 - ACTION CHECKLIST (con't)
• Health and environmental effects? (EPA has distributed chemical fact
sheets based on New Jersey fact sheets to State and EPA Regional
Section 313 contacts. A sample fact sheet is provided in Appendix D;
contacts are listed in Appendix A.)
• Access to the TRI data?
4. Do other programs in your State or locality know (have) what you have in
terms of materials you have assembled?
5. Will you be developing communication channels for sharing call information
between States and localities? If so, how will you publicize this
information?
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information about.the caller and the request as well as your responses or
action:
Call Log-in
• Caller's name (check your organization's policy regarding your abiltiy
to keep callers' requests and queries confidential).
• Address.
• Telephone number.
• Date and time of call.
Nature of Call
• Facility(s) of concern.
• Chemical(s) of concern.
• Caller's specific concerns.
• Reasons for concern.
• Source of the caller's information.
• Other information about caller's problem.
Response
• Nature of verbal response provided.
• Documents sent.
• Other follow-up actions taken.
• Suggestions for further follow-up/response.
The checklist also suggests that you periodically review the call information
to monitor the level and nature of public concern. This will be useful in
identifying releases, facilities, and communities that may require follow-up
activities (see Follow-up Activities later in this section).
Assembling information that can help you answer questions is another
important part of preparation. The 'Action Checklist" lists key resources,
including documents and data bases. Finally, the checklist asks you to
consider what information you will distribute to the public, how you will
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distribute it, and what resources and information could be shared with other
programs and agencies.
What Questions Will Be Asked, and Who Will Ask Them?
The questions that are likely to be asked of you will come from citizens,
workers, local and national environmental groups, realtors, health
professionals, lawyers, industry, and others. They will take the form of
phone calls, letters, and questions at public meetings. A steering committee
of Federal, State, and local government representatives that helped develop
this document identified several questions likely to be asked about the
Section 313 data. These questions fall into two main categories: 1) risk
assessment and 2) risk management:
Risk Assessment Questions
• Am I exposed?
• To how much of Chemical X am I exposed?
• Will I/my child get sick (e.g., die, get cancer)?
• Is my present sickness (or that of my child or my community) the result
of past exposures to toxic chemicals?
• How can I be sure if Chemical X caused this effect(s)?
• What if I am exposed to more than one chemical?
• Is the decline of the fish population in Lake X a result of these
releases?
• Can I eat the fish from this lake?
Risk Management Questions
• What is being done to control releases?
• Is the chemical regulated? If not, why not?
• How can I get more information about these releases?
• What can I do to get the release of a particular chemical reduced?
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How Can These Questions Be Answered?
The response to each question will vary depending on such factors as:
• The quality and type of data available.
• The level of knowledge of the questioner.
• The time and resources available to answer the question.
Obviously, if sufficient data have been gathered to estimate exposure, a
more specific answer can be given than if only data from the Section 313
reporting form are available. Depending on what understanding the questioner
has of basic risk assessment issues, the response will also vary in terms of
the terminology used and the depth of the response. Finally, you may be able
to answer a question more thoroughly at a community meeting, for instance,
where you have an hour to speak than you could in an over-the-phone response.
Sample Question
Hi. This is Charlie Citizen from Town of Concern, Indiana. I live two
miles from the No Name Company, and I just read in the newspaper that the
company is dumping 10,000 pounds of Chemical X into the air over the
course of a year, and the newspaper also says it causes cancer. I want to
know if this exposure is going to affect me and my family, and what you're
going to do about this?
Charlie Citizen is really asking two questions: 1) Am I at risk? and
2) What is your agency doing to control/stop/regulate the release? The first
question is asking for an estimate of actual risk - the goal of risk
assessment; the second question is asking that a risk management decision be
made (or communicated, if such a decision has already been made).
Responding to Questions Concerning Actual Risk
Attempting to answer questions that ask for estimates of actual risk will
be very difficult given the limited type and quality of data that will be
provided on the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Form (Form R). You
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could take the following three-step approach:
1. Determine what information is needed to answer the question.
2. Determine what information is readily available.
3. Decide what you can tell the questioner.
Step One; Determine What Information Is Needed to Answer the Question
To determine actual risk, you need to perform a risk assessment. To do a
risk assessment, you need to know the toxicological potency of Chemical X.
This means you need to collect and evaluate data on the adverse health or
ecological effects that may be produced by Chemical X and the doses at which
those effects occur.
You also need to know the exposure, or amount of chemical with which
Charlie Citizen is in contact. To determine this, you need to collect and
assess site-specific information - ideally personal monitoring or measurement
of the amount of Chemical X in Charlie Citizen's body fluids or tissues.
Alternatively, if concentrations of Chemical X in the environment are known,
you could estimate exposure by using exposure models (appended to some
environmental transport and fate models, e.g., GEMS, see Appendix G). If only
release data are available, environmental concentrations and exposure must be
estimated (see Appendix G). Quantitative estimates of exposure from Section
313 emissions data, without information on rates of release and a clear
understanding of the quality of the data, will seldom be of sufficient
certainty to be meaningful. At a minimum, contact with the chemical company
will be necessary to obtain this type of information.
Step Two: Determine What Information Is Readily Available
Information on the toxicological potency of Chemical X is likely to be
available for many section 313 chemicals. Roadmaps (Attachment A) identifies
several sources of potency information, if you have taken the preparatory
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steps outlined in the Action Checklist (Exhibit 5), you will have additional
resources oh hand such as the EPA Hazardous Substances Fact Sheets, ATSDR
Profiles, and the "Roadmaps" data base which can point you to documents and
data bases with health and/or ecological effects information. The reporting
company may also be an important source of information.
As for determining exposure, you know from Charlie Citizen that the amount
of Chemical X being released to the air is 10,000 pounds annually. You can
verify this information by consulting the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory
Reporting Form submitted by the company for this release. Charlie Citizen has
also told you that the exposure point is two miles from the facility. What
you don't know is Charlie Citizen's actual exposure to Chemical X, or the
duration of this exposure. To make these determinations, you will need to
collect site-specific data. Some questions you might ask the Technical
Contact designated on the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting form are
listed in Exhibit 6. More information on the type of data you'll want to
collect for risk screening and risk assessment is presented in Section IV.
Step Three; Decide What You Can Tell the Questioner
You should tell Charlie Citizen that you can't answer his question with
the information you have. You may need to explain what risk assessment is,
why you need to do this process to answer his question, and why you don't feel
comfortable doing risk assessment with just the Section 313 data. You may also
want to explain to Charlie Citizen that there are good reasons to question the
accuracy of the reported data and what you are doing (if anything) to get
better data.
Charlie Citizen can also participate in answering his own question or in
taking action to reduce the perceived risks. Citizens' participation is
important and should be encouraged. You can tell callers how they can help
collect information to answer their own questions, especially if these
questions relate to potential exposure. This can be done by referring callers
to potential sources of information and carefully explaining what they might
realistically attempt to do (Exhibit 7). Citizens should be encouraged
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EXHIBIT 6 - QUESTIONS TO ASK A COMPANY'S TECHNICAL CONTACT
1. Does the total quantity of the release reported include any accidental
releases? If so:
• When did they happen?
• How much of Chemical X was released?
• How likely is it for such a release to happen again?
2. What is the frequency of any routine release(s)?
3. What is the duration of any routine release(s)?
4. When and what is the peak release?
5. How long have there been releases of Chemical X?
6. Do reported releases reflect past release levels?
7. Is the release pattern of Chemical X expected to change in the future?
8. If the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Form lists a mixture or
chemical compound, what substances might be expected to be present in the
mixture or compound, and in what quantities?
9. Is the company employing best practicable technology (BPT) or best
available technology (BAT)? What are they?
10. Has the company done any monitoring? If so, is this information
available? What sampling and analytical methods were used?
11. Has the company attempted to model potential exposures from release or
monitoring data? If so, what models and assumptions were used?
12. Is any toxicological information available on Chemical X?
13. Is any information available on potential fate and transport of Chemical
X?
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EXHIBIT 7 - SUGGESTIONS FOR CITIZEN ACTION
Here are some actions the public might take to voice its concerns (you
might have additional ideas or contacts to which you can point concerned
citizens):
• Contact the company. Most companies are concerned about their public
image and may be more than happy to establish a meaningful liaison with
a concerned citizen or citizens' group. Call or write the public
contact designated on the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting
Form.
• Obtain more information. Potential sources for information include:
- The chemical company itself.
- Local libraries (may be able to provide the citizen with a list of
references).
- State or local health and environmental protection departments.
- Medical and public health schools.
- Hotlines, clearinghouses/ and support centers (such as the TSCA
Assistance Office at (202) 554-1411 or for the hearing impaired, TDD
(202) 554-0551).
- The Environmental Protection Agency (Regional offices).
• Write a follow-up letter. Citizens can write to:
- The designated Region or Section 313 State contact.
- Local government officials such as the Mayor, town council members,
or selectmen.
- The Environmental Protection Agency (Federal, Regional, and State
offices).
- Congressmen.
- The reporting company.
- Local and national environmental groups.
• Investigate control technologies. Citizens can find out what the
state-of-the-art control technology is for a particular industry, and
compare it to what the facility is using. Citizens can contact their
EPA Region or State Section 313 contact for information on
state-of-the-art control technologies.
• Contact the family physician to discuss medical concerns.
• Identify other concerned citizens. Citizens may find it fruitful to
work together in performing the activities listed above. The Local
Emergency Planning Committee may be a good starting place for
networking with other citizens.
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to work in a spirit of cooperation and communication with the various groups
they come in contact with in achieving their goals.
Finally, you could offer to send Charlie Citizen additional information
about Title III and the potential health and environmental effects associated
with the chemical(s) reported to be released from the No-Name Company. Title
III Pact Sheets, Right-to-Known Brochures, and Chemical Pact Sheets are
available from the State and EPA Regional Section 313 contacts listed in
Appendix A. To facilitate information dissemination, you might send callers a
"request for more information" form. A sample form is provided in Exhibit 8.
Your State or locality may wish to modify this form or create your own
materials (if you haven't already) to best suit your needs. For example, a
list of the type of materials or information your agency can typically provide
would be a useful adjunct to the form.
Responding to Risk Management Questions
Charlie Citizen also wants to know what is being done about regulating or
controlling the release. You can find out what Federal and State regulations
apply to the chemical through State and Regional contacts, Roadmaps, and other
sources.
If the chemical is regulated, say so. To address why a chemical is not
regulated, you need to be familiar with State and Federal regulatory programs
and legal constraints, as well as factors that are considered in regulatory
control and decision-making. You might review a chemical's regulatory history
to determine whether regulation was considered in the past. Emphasize to
Charlie Citizen that this is the first time any government agency at any level
- local, State, or Federal - has had access to these data. The government is
assessing data to determine the extent of possible risk and will be taking
action, as appropriate, under existing legislative mandates.
If a facility is in compliance with laws and standards covering
Chemical X, you should explain how the standards were set. Explain to Charlie
Citizen the extent to which potential health effects of Chemical X were
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EXHIBIT 8 - REQUEST FOR MORE INFORMATION*
Please send me more information on the following facility or chemical. (I
have attached sheets for other facilities/chemicals that interest me.)
Facility/chemical name:
My Address Is:
City:
County:
Telephone No.:
I am interested in the potential uses of the hazardous substance data
collected under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-To-Know law.
Specifically, the reason that I am requesting information is:
• I am an elected official in my town and I want to start planning for
hazardous materials emergencies.
• I am a firefighter and this information will help me take appropriate
precautions when dealing with an emergency situation.
• I want to be sure that my community has an appropriate plan to handle a
hazardous materials incident.
• I want to discuss possible hazardous material exposure with my
physician.
• I am curious about the releases of toxic chemicals into the environment.
• Other ; .
• I want to use my RIGHT TO KNOW!
*Adapted from the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection's Bureau
of Hazardous Substances Information Community Right-to-Know Fact Sheets.
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considered in setting the standards - and the extent to which the laws require
such considerations. Finally, let Charlie Citizen know that States and the
Federal government intend to evaluate the Section 313 data to determine the
adequacy of existing regulations and standards.
Follow-up Activities
This section has described short-term response to citizens' queries.
Depending on your organization's resources and priorities, you may also wish
to flag certain queries for follow-up. These queries can be identified in
several ways:
• Information provided by a caller may suggest that a situation deserves
further follow-up.
• Periodic and systematic review of the call logs will help identify
releases, facilities, or communities for which there have been
unusually high levels of concern.
• The risk screening described in Section IV will help identify releases
and facilities that should receive a higher priority for follow-up from
a public health and environmental standpoint.
Long-term follow-up may take several forms:
• Public meetings. These will enable direct communication between your
agency and concerned parties. Such communication is particularly
important in communities that have voiced a high level of concern.
• Information gathering. Any information that enables you to put
potential exposures into perspective will be useful in responding to
citizens' concerns. For example, if you receive many calls about a
particular chemical, you could obtain information about ongoing
exposures to that same chemical that have not caused harm and that have
been accepted by the community or nearby communities (if such
information is available).
• Follow-up letters. If you do obtain more information of relevance to
an original call, send it to the citizen or citizens who called.
Your organization should consider the various options and determine how and
when to exercise them.
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SECTION IV - QUALITITIVE RISK SCREENING:
A SYSTEM FOR PRIORITIZING THE DATA
This section of the guide suggests a screening system for using the
Section 313 data to set priorities for follow-up activities and to determine
the additional data that would be most useful for such evaluations. The
system is consistent with EPA's understanding of the type and expected quality
of the Section 313 data and readily available supplementary data. Also, the
system is intended to be flexible, and each organization should use judgment
in applying and interpreting it.
An Overview of the System
This screening system follows the basic risk assessment steps. By
considering available information on (1) toxicological potency in conjunction
with general indicators of (2) exposure, you will gain useful insights into
the potential public health and ecological risks of certain releases. These
insights may help you determine whether releases should receive a high,
medium, or low priority for further investigation.
Background on Ranking Relative Toxicological Potency
For risk assessment, the toxicological potency of a chemical is assessed
by assembling original toxicological data or reviews of such data. For risk
screening purposes on Section 313 data, this is unnecessary. Given the
uncertainties in the data available for exposure evaluation, the relative
toxicological potency of the chemicals (rather than the actual toxicological
potency) is all that is needed.
Several systems are available for ranking relative toxicological potency.
One such system is the Reportable Quantities (RQs) developed under the
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980
(CERCLA). The RQ for a substance is the level at or above which a release of
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that substance must be reported to the National Response Center (NRC), the
State Emergency Response Commission, and the Local Emergency Planning
Committee. There are five levels of RQs: 1, 10, 100, 1,000, and 5,000
pounds. An RQ is assigned to a chemical based on a consideration of the
chemical's intrinsic chemical, physical, and toxicological properties. The
lower an RQ, the higher the relative toxicological potential of the chemical.
Thus, RQs can be used as crude indicators of a chemical's overall relative
potential to cause toxicological and/or ecological effects at a given exposure
level.
In assigning an overall RQ for a substance, up to six individual RQs are
calculated separately for aquatic toxicity, acute mammalian toxicity, chronic
toxicity, potential carcinogenicity, reactivity, and ignitability. Pour of
these are based on health or ecological effects (aquatic toxicity, acute
mammalian toxicity, chronic toxicity, and potential carcinogenicity) and are,
therefore, appropriate as a basis for assigning relative toxicological potency
to Section 313 chemicals.
RQs appear to be an appropriate hazard ranking system for Section 313
chemicals for the following reasons:
• The RQ score considers type of effects, severity of effects, and
dose-response for the endpoints of concern under Section 313.
• The RQ score is based on data in primary literature sources.
• Data evaluation under the RQ system is consistent with EPA's risk
assessment guidelines.*
• RQs have been peer-reviewed and endorsed by the EPA.
• RQs have been developed for more than two-thirds of the Section 313
chemicals.
Appendix F lists the aquatic toxicity, acute mammalian toxicity, chronic
toxicity, and potential carcinogenicity RQS. Toxicity data (e.g., acute
*See Bibliography for complete citations.
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inhalation LC s) assigned to Section 313 chemicals that can be used to rank
chemicals according to their potential to cause these effects are also
presented. RQs for hazardous substances that are members of the 20 toxic
chemical categories listed under Section 313 are listed as well. Additional
information on assigning RQs is provided in Exhibit 9.
Factors to Consider in Evaluating Exposure Potential
Potential exposure is evaluated for each medium based on consideration of
many variables. For the purposes of qualitative risk screening, several
factors can be considered as general indicators of potential exposure:
• Quantity of Substance Released - The greater the quantity released, the
greater the potential for exposure.
• Transport Mechanisms - The closer the proximity of the release to an
available transport medium that can convey the chemical to a
population, the greater the potential for exposure. For example, a
release directly to air or a waterway offers greater exposure potential
than a release to a lined impoundment located far from any sources of
ground water. Meteorological, topological, and hydrogeological
conditions will affect the transport of the chemical, and therefore
must be considered.
- For air exposures, the individuals and populations exposed to the
highest concentrations will generally be located downwind and nearest
to the source of the release (dependent upon emission stack height).
- For ground water, in general, nearby wells will have higher chemical
concentrations than distant wells, and wells in the direction of
ground-water flow will have higher chemical concentrations.
- For surface water, the significant exposure points depend on
downstream uses of the water. Downstream use includes drinking,
cooking, bathing, water contact sports, agricultural livestock
watering, and industrial use. Discharges of volatile chemicals to
water can also become significant sources of air pollution, and
affect target populations in this way.
- For soil, individuals and populations in nearby areas will be more
likely to be exposed than those at a greater distance. A toxic
chemical may also be taken up by plants or grazing animals and
subsequently be ingested by humans. Soil may also be a significant
exposure pathway for children with a tendency to eat dirt. In some
circumstances, contaminated soil can also become airborne and be
carried significant distances.
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EXHIBIT 9 - DSXNG RQS IN THE RISK SCREENING SYSTEM
Assigning the appropriate RQ to a Section 313 chemical will depend upon
your understanding of the target populations/organisms of concern and the
reported chemicals' likely release rates. Choosing the lowest RQ in the
examples below will give you conservative results for risk screening.
• If you are concerned about health and ecological effects, select the
lowest RQ value from among the four RQs for that chemical: aquatic
toxicity, acute mammalian toxicity, chronic toxicity, and potential
carcinogenicity.
• If you are concerned about aquatic effects only, select the aquatic
toxicity RQ.
• If you are concerned about human health effects only, select the
lowest RQ from among the three human health values.
• If you are concerned only about human health effects and if release
data indicate a frequent or relatively continuous release that implies
relatively long-term exposure, use the lower of the potential
carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity RQs.
Other guidelines apply to mixtures or trade secret substances for which
generic names have been given; to chemical categories; and to chemicals for
which no RQ has been assigned.
• Generic names. If you can ascertain from the generic name the types
of chemicals that might be components of the substance, you can select
from among the most toxic of these chemicals for risk screening. If,
however, you can't make such a determination, consult with .the
facility to collect sufficient information to put boundaries on the
potential toxicity of the substance.
• Chemical categories. Some chemicals that make up the 20 categories
listed under Section 313 have RQs. Select the most toxic of the
chemicals listed in the category that exhibits the same properties
(e.g., physical state) as the compound of concern. Absent any
information on the toxicity of the reported compound, you should
generally use the most toxic chemical listed in the category for
conservative risk sceeening.
* No RQ. if a chemical does not have an RQ, you can assign a relatively
toxic RQ (i.e., 10 or 100) to the chemical for the purposes of
screening. Again, assuming relatively high toxicity will result in
the most conservative screening.
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• Chemical Fate - Various characteristics of the chemical will affect its
duration and where it will finally reside in the environment. These
characteristics include:
- Stability - The more stable and persistent a chemical is in the
environment, the greater the potential for exposure.
- Mobility - The more mobile a substance, the more widespread the
potential for exposure, but the lower the likely exposure
concentrations.
- Media affinity - Media affinity refers to the tendency of the
chemical to move from the media into which it was discharged to
another media. For instance, if a chemical has affinity for water
and is released into water, it is unlikely to move from that media to
another. On the other hand, a volatile chemical released into water,
is likely to move into another medium, such as air.
• Population Characteristics - Characteristics of the target population
or environment can influence exposure. These include:
- Density. The more dense the nearby population, the greater the
number of people that may be exposed.
- Sensitive Populations or Sensitive Environments.* Certain
populations or environments may be more susceptible than average to
exposure. Reviewing information on the site area can indicate
whether sensitive populations or environments are present.
• Individual or Population Behavior - Population behaviors (e.g., eating
habits, recreational activities of humans) will affect exposure. For
example, if a given pollutant concentrates in fish tissue, the amount
of fish consumed by the potentially exposed population is a critical
factor affecting exposure.
The potential for exposure is estimated, based on the available data, by
filling out a questionnaire provided at the end of this section. The
questionnaire is described in more detail below.
Using the Risk Screening System
The risk screening system presented in this guide consists of three parts:
*See Glossary for definitions of these two terms.
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• The Risk Screening Procedure.
• The Questionnaire for Qualitative Screening.
• The Facility Risk Screening Worksheet.
The risk screening procedure requires the user to address the questions in
the questionnaire in the order prescribed and to record results on copies of
the facility worksheet. All three items are used concurrently in performing
the risk screening, and you will work back and forth among them. The three
parts are described in more detail below.
Sources of information useful for risk screening are listed in Exhibit 10
at the end of this section. The more reliable information you access in
responding the questions, the greater the confidence you can have in the
results of the screen.
The Risk Screening Procedure
The screening procedure provides a logical process for considering the
many variables associated with a determination of potential risks at a
facility or site. It describes how to screen potential risks among multiple
facilities each releasing several chemicals into different environmental media
(air, water, and land/ground water). The same approach may be used to
determine relative risks among chemicals at a specific facility.
There are essentially four steps to the procedure:
• Perform a preliminary assessment to determine plausible routes of
exposure and the target organisms of concern.
• Assess toxicological potency, using the RQ system described earlier.
• Perform exposure ranking.
- Rank release quantities for each chemical.
- Consider further the magnitude of potential exposures for each
plausible route of exposure.
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• Rank facilities or geographic areas based on relative risk. Chemicals
and facilities can be ranked according to potential risks to humans or
ecological organisms from releases into each environmental media. At
the risk screening stage, an overall risk ranking for a specific
chemical or facility cannot be determined where multiple routes of
exposure are likely.
The Questionnaire for Qualitative Screening
The questionnaire requires the user to draw qualitative conclusions in
response to a series of questions, e.g., to judge whether releases are "high,
medium, or low,* or whether people are "close to or far from" the release
site. The questionnaire is meant to be flexible enough to serve the interest
and needs of a diversity of users in all parts of the country. Therefore,
quantitative limits on these terms are not provided (with a couple of
exceptions which are presented for illustrative purposes) since quantitative
perceptions of "high" or "close to" will differ among site locations, areas of
the country, program emphasis, etc.
Since answering the questions may involve making estimates, the risk
screening procedure is best performed by two to four individuals who can reach
consensus on what estimates are appropriate. Also, for consistency within
your own program, you may want to consider establishing quantitative ranges or
limits for each of the qualitative terms in the answers to the questions which
will meet your program objectives and the community interests.
The Facility Risk Screening Worksheet
The results of the screening procedure are recorded on copies of this
worksheet. A sample worksheet is provided at the end of the questionnaire.
You'll want to make several copies of this worksheet since one worksheet must
be filled out for each individual or population of concern for which there is
a plausible exposure route.
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Other Factors to Consider
The risk screening system presented in this guide is based solely on
considerations of risk to public health and the environment. In your decision
on the type and extent of follow-up activities of a facility or geographic
area, you may wish to consider other non-risk factors, e.g., permitting,
public concern, control technologies, economics, and politics.
Before applying this risk screening system, organizations may wish to
determine whether the release is permitted and meets the permit requirements.
Releases from permitted facilities in compliance with the permit(s) may be
less likely to pose a concern than an unpermitted release or one in violation
of a permit. Organizations may also want to be responsive to the level of
public concern about an area, facility, or individual release. Such concern
may be an important indicator of a situation requiring some follow up, both
from a public health/environmental and a political standpoint. If a facility
is already using best practicable technology (BPT) or best available
technology (BAT), it may not be able to reduce the level of releases any
further without tradeoffs. Budgetary restraints and political factors will
also be important considerations.
After Prioritization - Then What?
After narrowing down specific emissions or sites that appear to require
further investigation, the risk assessment models provided in Appendix G can
be used as a guide to the kind of information you'll want to collect to
perform risk assessment. The appendix includes a description of data input
elements required in each method. These input elements, along with
information on data gaps identified in completing the Questionnaire for
Qualitative Screening, can help you decide what information needs to be
collected and/or data generated to determine actual risk.
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THE RISK SCREENING PROCEDURE
1. Preliminary Exposure Route and Target Organism Screen
• Run a quick first pass through the "Plausible Routes of Exposure"
section of the questionnaire to determine plausible routes of exposure
to humans and ecological organisms. For example, if there are no
drinking water intakes and no swimming or fishing in the vicinity (say,
10 Km) of a water discharge, then exposure potential to humans via
surface water is low. (See note on distance in the questionnaire on
page 4-13.)
• Drop exposure routes determined to be implausible. These routes should
be further evaluated during risk assessment, if determined necessary.
• Pill out the "Site, Media, and Organisms of Concern" lines of the
"Facility Risk Screening Worksheet." (NOTE: You need to fill out a
separate worksheet for each media and each organism of concern.)
2. Assess Toxicological Potency
• Look up and record the lowest RQ values of each chemical released into
an environmental media for which there is a worksheet. See Exhibit 9
for guidance in assigning RQ values.
• Complete the "Toxicological Potency" section in the Questionnaire.
• Enter the chemicals assigned "high" and "medium" toxicological
potencies in the appropriate sections on the facility worksheets under
"Chemical Name." (Do not list chemicals assigned "low" toxicological
potency.)
3. Determine Exposure Potential
Release Quantities
• Group facilities where emissions are close together (e.g., emission
stacks or discharge pipes that are within perhaps 1 Km of each
other)unless there are reasons not to do so (e.g., residences or
recreational areas in between discharge locations). See note on
distance in the questionnaire on page 4-12.
• Add releases of chemicals in common among grouped facilities as though
releases occurred from one site. Consider combining releases for any
chemicals that are known to cause toxic effects by the same or similar
mechanisms of action, or that have a common site of toxicity, (e.g.,
liver, lung). If the toxic effects of a chemical are not known, make a
note to look up this information during the follow-up risk assessment,
if determined necessary.
• Complete the "Quantity of Release" portion of the questionnaire.
• Fill in the "Release Quantity" columns in the "Facility Risk Screening
Worksheet." ~
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- Do not list "low" release quantities of "high" toxicological potency
chemicals unless they are determined to be persistent.
- List "medium" release quantities of "medium" toxicological potency
chemicals only if they are determined to be persistent.
- Do not list "medium" toxicological potency/'low" release chemicals.
- At this point, low and possibly some medium risk chemicals have been
screened out.
Plausible Routes of Exposure
• Complete the "Plausible Routes of Exposure" section of the
questionnaire for each chemical on each facility worksheet.
• For each chemical, assign and record under "Plausible Route" a "high"
or "medium" ("lows" have been dropped in Step One) likelihood of
exposure and level of confidence in each estimate
4. Rank Relative Risks
• Add any chemicals to the facility worksheet which were screened out
using the above criteria, but for which you have reason to consider the
need for further evaluation (e.g., metal compounds or other highly
persistent chemicals, release points very close to exposure points,
chemicals receiving public attention in your area).*
• If further ranking of chemicals on the facility worksheets is needed,
the chemicals that scored "high" in all three columns ("Toxicological
Potency," "Release Quantity," and "Plausible Route") should be ranked
at the top of the risk list. Those that scored "high" in two of the
three columns should be listed next, and those that scored "high" for
only one of the three columns should be grouped at the bottom of the
list.
• Compare worksheets for each organism of concern and media of interest
in order to rank facilities according to their relative risks.
• Collect information necessary to increase the certainty in estimates of
toxicological potency, release quantities, or plausible routes assigned
a "low" or, in some cases, a "medium" level of confidence, before
making a decision about the need for and focus of a chemical or site
specific risk assessment. (See Exhibit 10 for useful sources of
information.)
*To conserve limited resources, keep the number of chemicals requiring
follow-up risk assessment to a minimum. If a preliminary risk assessment is
necessary on the chemicals you select from the facility worksheets, it should
indicate the need to further expand the scope of the assessment to include
additional chemicals dropped during risk screening. If, in the preliminary
quantitative risk assessment, risks associated with your high chemical risk
candidates are determined to be low, there is no need to further refine the
risk assessment by addressing chemicals of lower risk potential.
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THE QUESTIONNAIRE FOR QUALITATIVE RISK SCREENING
Instructions;
Circle the appropriate response. If you do not have enough information to
answer the question, circle "insufficient data.'
To the left of each question is a place to rank your confidence in your
answer. To address your confidence in toxicological potency, circle H if the
exact identity of chemical and its RQ are known. Circle M or L if there is
doubt about the chemical's identity (e.g., chemical is identified by generic
name or chemical category), or if no RQ has been assigned to the chemical.
For quantity of release, your confidence will be higher if you know that
actual monitoring data were used to derive the estimate given on Form R and
that the monitoring data were of high quality, or if specific estimates rather
than ranges of releases are reported. For exposure, circle H when your answer
is based on documented evidence and/or high quality data. Circle M or L if
you have some uncertainty about the available information and your response.
TOXICOLOGICAL POTENCY
1. Is the appropriate RQ for the chemical:
Confidence 5,000 A. Low
R M L 100 to 1,000 B. Medium
1 to 10 C. High
[NOTE: These ranges are provided only for example prior to the first data sub-
missions. You should define your own ranges of "high," "medium," and "low."]
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL - AIR
QOANTITY OF RELEASE
1. Is the total quantity of release (both fugitive and stack emissions):
Confidence Less than 5,000 Ibs/year A. Low
H H L 5,000 - 50,000 Ibs/year B. Medium
Greater than 50,000 Ibs/year ...... C. High
[NOTE: The quantity figures are provided only for example prior to the first
data submissions. You should define your own categories here based on an
analysis of the actual quantities emitted. For example, the three categories
could be defined so that each category will contain approximately one third of
the emissions reported.]
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PLAUSIBLE ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
1. Confidence
H M L
Is the site of release known?
Exactly
(latitude and
and longitude
coordinates of
discharge site
known)
Nearly C. Approximately D. Not at all
(facility (facility
street zip code
address known)
known)
[NOTE: If the answer is "D - not at all,' there are insufficient data to
screen potential risks resulting from air emissions.]
2. Confidence
H M L
Is there a population center or sensitive environment
(see Glossary for definitions of these terms):
A. Relatively
close to
the release
point
B. Somewhere C. Very D. Insufficient
in between far from data
A and C the release
point
3. Confidence
H M L
Is the population center or sensitive environment downwind
of the release:
A. Often or
always
B. Sometimes
C. Never
D. Insufficient
data
[NOTE: The determination of "close" or "far" depends upon consideration of
site-specific factors such as meteorology, topography, and chemical release
height. In general, the higher the average wind speed in the direction of
target organisms, the more direct the pathway from the point of release to
target organisms (e.g., no intervening mountain ranges or the target organisms
are not located in a valley over which the chemical plume may pass without
falling), and the higher the stack from which the chemical is discharged, the
further the chemical plume is likely to travel, 'and, in most instances, the
"closer" the population center or sensitive environment should be considered
to the release point. As a general guideline, "close" may vary from meters up
to a kilometer and distances in excess of 10 kilometers will almost always be
"far." In addition, the physical and chemical properties of a chemical may
factor into a determination of what is "close" and "far." Chemicals that are
solids, liquids, or adsorbent gases under ambient environmental conditions
will tend to fall to the ground closer to the point of release than inert
gases. ]
4. Confidence
H H L
Do environmental fate data indicate that the chemical is
persistent in air (i.e., not likely to be degraded or
otherwise removed from the air before the chemical plume
reaches population centers or sensitive environments)?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Insufficient data
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5. Confidence If ambient air monitoring data are available, was the point of
H M L monitoring:
A. Very close B. In between C. Very close D. Insufficient
to the point the release to the data
of potential and exposure release
exposure point
[See NOTE above.]
6. Confidence If A or B, can the presence of the chemical at the monitoring
H M L point be reasonably linked to the release?
A. Yes B. No C. Insufficient data
7. Confidence If standards or other threshold limits are available for the
H M L chemical in air, do the monitoring data indicate that levels
of the chemical in ambient air were generally:
A. Above or B. Below the C. Insufficient
around limit data
the limit
CONSIDERING THE ABOVE FACTORS AND THEIR RELATIVE IMPORTANCE, would you say
that the potential for exposure of the individual, population, or ecosystem
to the emitted chemical is:
A. Low
B. Medium
C. High
D. Insufficient data
OVERALL CONFIDENCE
Considering the quantity and the quality of the available data, is your
confidence in this data:
A. Low
B. Medium
C. High
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL - GROUND WATER/LAND
QUANTITY OF RELEASE
Is the quantity of release to land (including underground injection):
Confidence Less than 5,000 Ibs/year .......... A. Low
H M L 5,000 - 50,000 Ibs/year ........... B. Medium
Greater than 50,000 Ibs/year C. High
INOTE: The quantity figures are provided only for example prior to the first
data submissions. You should define your own categories here based on an
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analysis of the actual quantities emitted. For example, the three categories
could be defined so that each category contains exactly one third of the
emissions reported.]
PLAUSIBLE ROUTES OP EXPOSURE
1. Confidence Is the disposal site known?
H N L
A. Exactly B. Nearly C. Approximately D. Not at all
(latitude and (facility (facility
and longitude street zip code
coordinates of address known)
disposal site known)
known)
[NOTE: If the answer is "D - not at all,' there are insufficient data to
screen potential risks resulting from ground water/land disposal.]
2. Confidence How likely is it that contamination will travel to a point of
H M L actual or potential use?
A. Fairly B. Somewhere C. Very D. Insufficient
likely in between unlikely data
A and C '•;
3. Confidence Are there streams or other surface water bodies near the area
H M L that the chemical is likely to enter - considering local
weather conditions (e.g., high rainfall), topographical
conditions (e.g., ground slope), and any environmental fate
data available on the chemical (e.g., potential to evaporate)?
A. Yes B. No C. Insufficient data
[If the answer is "yes," also complete the section on surface water.]
4. Confidence Is there a potable ground-water (i.e., Class I or II) aquifer
H M L (see Glossary for definitions of terms) in the release area?
A. Yes . B. No C. Insufficient data
[If the answer is "no" or "insufficient data," skip to surface water.]
5. Confidence If yes, considering the local geology (including soil
H M L porosity and depth to the aquifer) and environmental fate of
the chemical in soil (e.g., hydrolysis, adsorption, water
solubility), how likely is it that the chemical may reach the
aquifer?
A. Fairly B. Somewhere in C. Very D. Insufficient
likely between A and C unlikely data
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6. Confidence Are any high-priority ground waters endangered (i.e., Class I
H M L ground waters, well head protection areas, or other designated
high priority areas)?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Insufficient data
7. Confidence Are public or private wells endangered in the immediate area
H M L or along the likely flow path?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Insufficient data
8. Confidence Do monitoring data show that the chemical is present in
H M L ground water or drinking water from the ground-water source:
a. Beneath the facility near the point of release?
A. Yes B. No C. Insufficient data
b. At the edge of the facility?
A. Yes B. No C. Insufficient data
c. At a currently used well?
A. Yes B. No C. Insufficient data
9. Confidence At any of the above locations, can the presence of the
B M L chemical at the monitoring point be reasonably linked to the
release?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Insufficient data
10. Confidence If drinking water standards or similar threshold limits are
H M L available for the chemical in drinking water at any of the
above locations, do the monitoring data indicate that levels
of the chemical in the water were generally:
A. Above
or around
the limit
B. Below
the limit
C. Insufficient
data
CONSIDERING THE ABOVE FACTORS AND THEIR RELATIVE IMPORTANCE, would you say
that the potential for exposure of the individual, population, or ecosystem to
the emitted chemical is:
A. Low
B. Medium
C. High
D. Insufficient data
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OVERALL CONFIDENCE
Considering the quantity and quality of the available data/ is your confidence
in this data:
A. Low
B. Medium
C. High
EXPOSURE POTENTIAL - SURFACE WATER
QUANTITY OF RELEASE
1. Is the quantity of release for discharges to surface water:
Confidence Less than 5,000 Ibs/year A. Low
H M L 5,000 - 50,000 Ibs/year B. Medium
Greater than 50,000 Ibs/year C. High
[NOTE: The quantity figures are provided only for example prior to the first
data submissions. You should define your own categories here based on an
analysis of the actual quantities emitted. For example, the three categories
could be defined so that each category contains exactly one third of the
emissions reported.]
PLAUSIBLE ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
1. Confidence Is the site of release known?
H M L
A. Exactly B. Nearly C. Approximately D. Not at all
(latitude and (facility (facility
and longitude street zip code
coordinates of address known)
discharge site known)
known)
[NOTE: If the answer is "D - not at all," there are insufficient data to
screen potential risks resulting from surface water.]
2. Confidence Is a drinking water intake located downstream of the point of
H M L entry of the chemical into the surface water?
A. Yes B. No C. Insufficient data
3. Confidence Do people swim or boat in the water body into which the
H M L chemical is emitted?
A. Yes B. No C. Insufficient data
4. Confidence Are fish harvested from the water body for human consumption?
H M L
A. Yes B. No C. Insufficient data
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5. Confidence
H M L
If so, does the chemical bioaccumulate in these species?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Insufficient data
6. Confidence
H M L
Are there any ecologically valuable fish in the water body
into which the chemical is emitted?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Insufficient data
7. Confidence
H M L
If the answer is "yes" to any of questions 1 through 5 above,
is the location of potential exposure:
A. Very close
to the
the release?
B. Somewhere
in between
A and C?
C. Par from
release?
D. Insufficient
data
[NOTE: The determination of "close or "far" depends upon consideration of
site-specific factors such as surface water volume and flow rate, and distance
from the chemical release point. In general, the smaller the stream or river,
the faster the flow rate, and the more direct the pathway from the point of
release to target organisms (e.g., on the same side of the river as a drinking
water intake or recreational area, or near spawning areas in shallow, quiet
areas of the water body), the "closer" the location of potential exposure
should be considered to the release point. In addition, the physical and
chemical properties of a chemical may factor into a determination of what is
•close" and "far." Chemicals that are soluble and persistent in water will
migrate further downstream than those that are volatile or insoluble and
degrade in water.]
8. Confidence
H M L
Do environmental data indicate that the chemical is
persistent in water (i.e., not likely to be degraded or
otherwise removed from the water)?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Insufficient data
9. Confidence
H M L
If yes, do environmental fate data (e.g., log octanol/water
partition coefficient) indicate that the chemical is more
likely to be associated with suspended particulates and
sediments?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Insufficient data
[NOTE; Adsorption to particles and sediments would tend to reduce potential
exposures in drinking water, and increase exposures to "bottom-feeding"
aquatic organisms. Exposures during water contact recreational activities
would depend upon the turbidity in the area of these activities.]
10. Confidence
H M L
Are monitoring data available that record the levels of the
chemical in ambient water, drinking water, or in fish?
A. Yes
B. No
C. Insufficient data
4-17
-------
11* Confidence If yes, can the presence of the chemical be reasonably linked
H M L to the release?
A. Yes B. No C. Insufficient data
12. Confidence If standards or similar threshold limits are available for the
H M L chemical in ambient water, drinking water, or fish, do the
monitoring data indicate that the levels of the chemical were
generally:
A. Above B. Below C. Insufficient
or around the limit data
the limit
CONSIDERING THE ABOVE FACTORS AND THEIR RELATIVE IMPORTANCE, would you say
that the potential for exposure of individual, population, or ecosystem to the
emitted chemical is:
A. Low
B. Medium
C. High
D. Insufficient data
OVERALL CONFIDENCE
Considering the quantity and the quality of the available data, is your
confidence in this data:
A. Low
B. Medium
C. High
4-18
-------
FACILITY RISK SCREENING WORKSHEET
Site:
Media (Air, Surface Water, Land/Ground Water):
Organisms of Concern (Human, Ecological/Aquatic or Ecological/Terrestrial):
HIGH TOXICOLOGICAL POTENCY CHEMICALS
Chemical Name ( )* Release Quantity ( )2 Plausible Route ( )3
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
MEDIUM TOXICOLOGICAL POTENCY CHEMICALS
Chemical Name' ( ) Release Quantity ( '_)* Plausible Route ( )
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1Level of confidence (H, M, or L) in the toxicological potency is
indicated within the parenthesis. (Onder "Chemical Name", chemicals with RQ
values are given an "H". The level of confidence in the toxicological potency
for chemicals without RQ values should reflect the confidence in the
estimation technique).
2Low release quantity chemicals are listed only if determined to be
persistent.
3If "Plausible Route" is determined to be "Low" then potential risk is
low for this media and organism. Therefore, a worksheet is not necessary.
^Medium release quantity chemicals are listed only if determined to be
persistent. Low release quantity chemicals are not listed.
4-19
-------
EXHIBIT 10
VHEBB TO GO FOB IRFOBMATION
INFORMATION USEFUL
FOR RISK SCREENING
TOXIC
CHEMICAL
RELEASE
INVENTORY
REPORTING
FORM ROAD-
(FORM R) MAPS
HAZAR-
DOUS
SUB-
STANCE
FACT
SHEET
ATSDR
TOXI CO-
LOGICAL
PRO-
FILES;
CEPP
PRO-
FILES;
IRIS
ENVIRON-
MENTAL
TRANS-
PORT
AND
FATE
DATA
BASES
EXPOSURE
ANALYSIS
SYSTEMS
GEO-
GRAPHIC
INFOR-
MATION
SYSTEMS
THE RE-
PORTING
COMPANY
STATE
AND
FEDERAL
MEDIA
PRO-
GRAMS
OTHER
Toxicologlcal Potency
Physical state of compound
(I.e.. solid, liquid, or
gas)
Chemical toxlcity (e.g.,
type and nature of
effects, dose-response
data)
Relative hazard Indicators
(e.g.. RQs)
Chemical Interactions
Exposure
Source and quantity of
release
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
•
X
X
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
X
X
X
• Appendix P
-------
EXHIBIT 10
WHERE TO 00 FOE INTOHMATIOH
INFORMATION USEFUL
FOR RISK SCREENING
TOXIC
CHEMICAL
RELEASE
INVENTORY
REPORTING
FORM ROAD-
(FORM R) MAPS
HAZAR-
DOUS
SUB-
STANCE
FACT
SHEET
ATSDR
TOXI CO-
LOGICAL
PRO-
FILES;
CEPP
PRO-
FILES;
IRIS
ENVIRON-
MENTAL
TRANS-
PORT
AND
FATE
DATA
BASES
EXPOSURE
ANALYSIS
SYSTEMS
GEO-
GRAPHIC
INFOR-
MATION
SYSTEMS
THE RE-
PORTING
COMPANY
STATE
AND
FEDERAL
MEDIA
PRO-
GRAMS
OTHER
Quality of release data
Media Into which chemical
la released
Transport mechanisms
(e.g., meteorological,
topologlcal, and
hydrologlcal)
X
'
'
'
X
X
.
•
X
X
X
X
•
X
X
• Appendix C
• EPA* a guidance on
estimation techniques
(aee Bibliography)
• EPA will be working to
Improve data quality
through audits.
Inspections, etc.
•
• Airport, National
Weather Service, NOAA,
military bases,
TV/radio
• Size vicinity and land
use maps
• Aerial photos
• State university
environmental studies,
health sciences, and
meteorological
departments
• Poison center
• LEPCs
-------
EXHIBIT 10
WHERE TO 00 FOR INFORMATION
INFORMATION USEFUL
FOR RISK SCREENING
TOXIC
CHEMICAL
RELEASE
INVENTORY
RETORTING
FORM ROAD-
(FORM R) MAPS
HAZAR-
DOUS
SUB-
STANCE
FACT
SHEET
ATSDR
TOXI CO-
LOGICAL
PRO-
FILES;
CEPP
PRO-
FILES;
IRIS
ENVIRON-
MENTAL
TRANS-
PORT
AND
FATE
DATA
BASES
EXPOSURE
ANALYSIS
SYSTEMS
GEO-
GRAPHIC
INFOR- THE RE-
MATION PORTING
SYSTEMS COMPANY
STATE
AND
FEDERAL
MEDIA
PRO-
GRAMS
OTHER
Chemical fate
Potentially exposed
populations (Including
sensitive subpopulatlons)
Behavior patterns of
exposed populations
X
-
X
'
X
X
X
X
X
.
X
X
X
•
.
-
• State university
environmental studies
departments
• Census data
• Population density naps
• Aerial photos
• Site vicinity and land
use maps
• AAA maps
• Sierra Club
• Red Cross
• LEPCs
• Individuals
• Land use maps
• Aerial photos
• LEPCs
I
N>
Is}
-------
NOTES TO EXHIBIT 10
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Fora (Form R). This is the reporting form industries will submit to EPA and the states. A blank reporting form
is provided In Appendix B.
Roadmaps. This is a Section 313 chemical information directory. Roadmaps can point you to a number of data bases snd documents containing information on
health and ecological effects, as well as environmental transport and fate of Section 313 chemicals. It also contains Information on Federal and State
regulatory levels for these chemicals, as well as State contacts for various media (i.e., air, water, etc.) programs. A hard-copy version Is provided in
Attachment A. An on-line version is also available.
Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet. The New Jersey Department of Health has developed fact sheets on many Section 313 chemicals. A sample fact sheet is
provided In Appendix D.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Dlsesse Registry (ATSDR) Profiles. Under SARA Section 110, ATSDR and EPA are required to develop toxlcologlcal profiles on
a specified number of hazardous substances commonly found at facilities on the Superfund National Priorities List and which pose the most significant
potential threat to human health. The Profiles contain varied information, including chemical and physical properties; health effects; toxlclty;
environmental fate and potential for human exposure; and regulatory status. Profiles have been completed for the following Section 313 chemicals:
chloroform; benzene; vinyl chloride (monomer); dlchloromethane (methylene chloride); N-nitrosodlphenylamlne; 1.4-dlchlorobenzene; dl(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
(DEHP); tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene); lead; nickel; arsenic; cadmium; and chromium. A description of the Profiles Is provided in Roadmaps
(Attachment A).
CEPP Profiles. These Profiles contain information for chemicals on the EPA list of EHSs, such as acute hazard Information, chemical properties, and
emergency handling techniques. A description of the Profiles Is provided in Roadmaps (Attachment A).
IRIS. IRIS is an on-line data base that contains the latest information about Agency conclusions on toxicologlcal potencies, health assessments, and
regulatory decisions on over 260 chemicals (about 85 Section 313 chemicals). It has been designed specifically for Federal, State, and local environmental
health agencies. A description of IRIS is provided in Roadmaps (Attachment A).
Environmental Transport snd Fate Data Bases. Descriptions of useful environmental transport and fate data bases are provided In Roadmaps (Attachment A).
Among these are Envirofate and the Hazardous Substances Data Bank
Exposure Analysis snd Systems. These systems provide access to data and models used in estimating chemical fate, exposed populations, and aggregate
exposure. EPA has developed several exposure analysis systems, including the Graphical Exposure Modeling System (PC-GEMS); the Computer-Assisted Management
Emergency Operatlona (CAMEO); and the Emergency Information System/Chemical (EIS/C). These systems run on PCs and provide access to data management and
analysis tools. PC-GEMS includes data on selected environmental characteristics (primarily meteorology and atreams) and population; models for predicting
concentrations In sir, water, soil, and ground water; and mapping and graphics capabilities. CAMEO, which currently runs on a Macintosh, was designed for
first responders to chemical spills and emergency planners. A number of local governments have used CAMEO to load and manage Information on chemicals in
their cities' facilities, and display this Information together with locally-entered data on populations, schools, and hospitals. CAMEO contains two
splll-scensrlo models, and can display extents of estimated plumes. EIS/C, also primarily an emergency planning system, records chemical, facility,
transportation, vulnerable population, and other Information. Check with the contacts listed in Appendix A about the availability of these systems. See
also Appendix G for a more complete description of PC-GEMS.
Geographic Information Systems (CIS). CIS are computer mapping and analysis systems that can store and combined multiple "layers" of Information (e.g.,
oeteorologlc, geologic, hvdrologlc, demographic, land use data). Most CIS run on mainframe systems, and are used for land use planning, although others
which are oriented toward environmental analysis have been recently Implemented in EPA regions and several states. Check with your State and/or Regional
Section 313 contacts for more Information.
-------
NOTES TO EXHIBIT 10 (cont.)
The Reporting Company. The reporting company can provide supplementary release Information. It may also be able to provide monitoring, toxlcologlcal, and
transport and fate data. Some facilities may also be willing to provide permitting history and files containing Information on regulatory compliance.
Technical and public contacts have been designated for each facility and these contacts are listed on Form R.
State and Federal Media Programs. These programs can provide Information on regulation and compliance. They may also have monitoring data and/or
environmental transport and face data. State programs can tell you If there are State standards for Section 313 chemicals, and If a particular release Is
permitted. They may also be aware of a permitted facility's compliance record. Contacts for State media programs are provided In Roadmaps (Attachment A).
Other. Various resources are also available, as Indicated. These include Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs), which have been established across
the country under Sections 301 to 303 of Title III. Although LEPCs are not designated to receive Section 313 data, they may have Information about
facilities, chemicals, and geographic areas of Interest to you. Land use maps from the U.S. Geological Survey (USCS) National Cartographic Information
Center (NCIC) will also be useful, and can be accessed through the National NCIC In Reston, Virginia, as well as USGS Regional offices. Aerial photos can
indicate the chronology of changes in an area's land use and identify indicators of contamination (such as changes In soil conditions and vegetation), as
well as patterns of dispersion, and a general idea of site environs. Aerial photos are also archived at USGS. Ask your EPA Region or State Section 313
contact'how to access the appropriate LEPC or nearest USGS Regional office. The U.S. Department of Agriculture may also be able to provide photographs.
Additionally, many municipalities periodically conduct aerial surveys, so consult with local authorities.
I
to
-------
APPBHDIX A
CONTACTS
-------
STATE CONTACTS
The names in this directory were provided to the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) by each state. This list should point you to the appropriate
agency within a state that will provide information related to the Toxic
Release Inventory. A limited number of states were unable to provide a
contact point in time to include their names in this directory. In those
cases, EPA has listed the name of the Toxic Release Inventory State Designated
Agency with the notation, "To obtain copies of the form* contact:".
In addition to the state listings, EPA regional contact points are
provided. Any request for changes to contact list should be made to the EPA
regional contact.
A-l
-------
TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY STATE CONTACTS
Alabama
Alaska
Mr. Lloyd G. Linn, Jr.
Alabama Department of Environmental Management
1751 Federal Drive
Montgomery, AL 36109
(205) 271-7940
To obtain copies of the form, contact:
Ms. Amy Kyle
Alaska Emergency Response Commission
Department of Environmental Conservation
P.O. Box 0
Juneau, AK 99811-1800
(907) 465-2600
American Samoa
Arizona
Mr. Pati Paiai, Director,
American Samoa Environmental Protection Agency
Office of the Governor
Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799
(684) 633-2682
Art Blech
Arizona Department of Environmental Quality
2005 North Central Avenue
Room 400
Phoenix, AZ 85004
(602) 257-2395
Arkansas
Section 313, Multi-Media, Water Pollution,
Hazardous Waste and Pesticide Issues:
Mr. John Ward
Department of Pollution Control and Ecology
8001 National Drive
Little Rock, AR 72209
(501) 562-7444
Health and Toxicology Issues:
Mary Coleman, Ph.D.
Arkansas Department of Health
Division of Health Maintenance
4815 West Markum
Little Rock, AR 72205-3867
(501) 661-2665
Air Media Issues:
Mr. Mike Porta
Department of Pollution Control and Ecology
P.O. Box 9583
Little Rock, AR 72219
(501) 562-7444
A-2
-------
California
Colorado
Section 313 and Multi-Media Issues:
Mr. Charles Shulock, Assistant to the Secretary
California Environmental Affairs Agency
Sacramento, CA 95812
(916) 324-8124
Health and Toxicology Issues:1
Tox - Information Hotline
(800) 233-3360
*Will respond to requests regarding health effects
of specific chemicals. Inquiries related to actual
health problems should be referred to local health
officers (Appendix A-l).
Air Media Issues:
Mr. Robert Barham, Chief
Toxic Air Contaminant Identification Branch
California Air Resources Board
P.O. Box 2815
Sacramento, CA 95812
(916) 322-7072
Water Pollution Issues:
Mr. Dave Cohen, Chief, Investigation Branch
Division of Water Quality
State Water Resources Control Board
901 P Street
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 322-8401
Hazardous Waste Issues:
Department of Health Services
Toxic Substances Control Division
P.O. Box 942732
Sacramento, CA 94232-7320
(916) 324-1781
Solid (Non-Hazardous) Waste Issues:
Mr. Bernard Vlach, Chief, Enforcement Division
California Waste Management Board
1020 Ninth Street, Suite 300
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 322-6172
Pam Barley
Colorado Department of Health
Division of Hazardous Materials and Waste Management
4210 East llth Avenue
Denver, CO 80220
(303) 331-4858
A-3
-------
Commonwealth
of the Northern
Mariana Islands
Connecticut
Russell Meecham, III
Chief, Division of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 1304
Saipan, Commonwealth of the
Northern Mariana Islands 96950
(670) 234-6984
Section 313 and Air Quality Issues:
Mr. Leonard Bruckman
Department of Environmental Protection
Air Compliance Unit
State Office Building
165 Capitol Avenue
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 566-4030
Health and Toxicology Issues:
Laurie Gokey
Acting Chief, Toxic Hazards Section
Department of Health Services
150 Washington St.
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 566-8167
Hater Pollution Issues:
Michael Harder
Department of Environmental Protection
Hater Compliance Unit
122 Washington St.
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 566-3245
Drinking Water Issues:
Paul Schur
Water Supplies Section
Department of Health
150 Washington St.
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 566-3186
Pesticide, Hazardous and Solid Waste Issues:
Charlie Ziemenski
Department of Environmental Protection
Oil Chemicals Spill Section
165 Capitol Avenue
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 566-4633
A-4
-------
Delaware Section 313 Issues:
June MacArtor, Deputy Director
Division of Air & Waste Management
Delaware Department of Natural Resources and
Environmental Control (DNREC)
Richardson & Robbins Building
89 Kings Highway
P.O. Box 1401
Dover, DE 19903
(302) 736-5071
Health and Toxicology Issues:
Larry Krone, Ph.D.
Bureau of Environmental Health
Division of Public Health
Department of Health and Social Services
Robbins Building
802 Silver Lake Blvd.
Dover, DE 19901
(302) 736-4731
Air Media Issues:
Robert French
Division of Air & Waste Management
DNREC
Richardson & Robbins Building
89 Kings Highway
P.O. Box 1401
Dover, DE 19903
(302) 736-4791
Water Pollution Issues:
R. Wayne Ashbee, Director
Division of Water Resources
DNREC
89 Kings Highway
P.O. Box 1401
Dover, DE 19903
(302) 736-4860
Hazardous Waste Issues:
Gary Molchan
Waste Management Section
Division of Air and Waste Management
DNREC
Richardson and Robbins Building
P.O. Box 1401
89 Kings Highway
Dover, DE 19903
(302) 763-4781
A-5
-------
Delaware (Cont)
District of
Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Guam
Hawaii
Pesticides Issues:
Mr. Grier Stayton
DE Department of Agriculture
2320 S. Dupont Highway
Dover, DE 19901
(302) 736-4817
All Title III Issues (Emergency Information):
Clarke Jester
Division of Emergency Response
Delaware Department of Public Safety
Office of Emergency Preparedness
P.O. Box 527
Dover, DE 19901
(302) 834-4531
A. Padmanabha, Director
Environmental Control Division
Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs
613 G Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20009
(202) 783-3180
Ms. Lindsay Gager
Florida Department of Community Affairs
Division of Emergency Management
2740 Centerview Drive
Tallahassee, PL 32399
(904) 487-4915
Mr. Jimmy Kirkland
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
205 Butler Street, S.E.
Suite 1166
Floyd Towers East
Atlanta, GA 30334
(404) 656-6905
Charles P. Crisostomo
Administrator, Guam Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 2999
Agana, GU 96910
(617) 646-8863
Mark Ingoglia
Emergency Response Coordinator
Hawaii Department of Health
Hazard Evaluation Emergency Response Program
P.O. Box 3378
Honolulu, HI 96801-9984
(808) 548-2076
A-6
-------
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Jennie Records
Idaho Emergency Response Commission
Division of Environment
Statehouse
Boise, ID 83720
(208) 334-5888
Mr. Will Flower
Public Information Officer 18
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 19276
2200 Churchill Road
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
(217) 782-5562
Mr. Skip Powers, Staff Director
Indiana Emergency Response Commission
Indiana Department of Environmental Management
Management Office of Emergency Response
5500 West Bradbury Avenue
Indianapolis, IN 46241
(317) 243-5123
To obtain copies of the form contact.
Mr. Peter Hamlin
Chief, Air Quality and Solid Waste
Department of Natural Resources
Des Moines, IA 50319
(515) 281-8852
Karl Birns
Right-to-Know Program
Kansas Department of Health and Environment
Building 728, Forbes Field
Topeka, KS 66620
(913) 296-1690
Mr. Bill Burger
Department of Environmental Protection
18 Reilly Road
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502) 564-2150
Section 313, Multi-Media Issues:
Mr. Bruce Hammatt
Emergency Response Coordinator
Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Water Resources
P.O. Box 44091
Baton Rouge, LA 70804-4091
(504) 342-6363
A-7
-------
Louisiana (Cont)
Maine
Health and Toxicology Issues:
Ruddle Clarkson, Ph.D.
Department of Health
P.O. Box 60630, Room 513
New Orleans, LA 70160
(504) 568-5051
Air Media Issues:
Atly Brasher
Department of Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 44096
Baton Rouge, LA 70804-4091
(504) 342-1220
Water Pollution Issues:
Mr. Roger Hartzog
Department of Environmental Quality
Office of Water Resources
P.O. Box 44091
Baton Rouge, LA .70804-4091
(504) 342-6363
Hazardous Waste Issues:
Mr. Jim Brent
Department of Environmental Quality
Inactive and Abandoned Sites Division
P.O. Box 44307
Baton Rouge, LA 70804-4307
(504) 342-8925
Section 313 Issues:
David Brown, Director
Maine Emergency Management Agency
State Office Building
Station 72
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 289-4080
Health, Toxicology, and Drinking Water Issues:
Donald Hoxie
Department of Health
Division of Health Engineering
State Office Building
Station 10
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 289-3826
Air Media Issues:
Dennis Reschl
Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Air Quality Control
State Office Building
Station 17
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 289-2437
A-8
-------
Maine (Cont)
Maryland
Massachusetts
Water Pollution Issues:
Stephen Groves
Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Water Quality Control
State Office Building
Station 17
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 289-3901
Hazardous and Solid Waste Issues:
Alan Prysunka
Department of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Oil and Hazardous Materials
State Office Building
Station 17
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 289-2651
Ms. Pam Phillips
Maryland Department of the Environment
Toxics, Environment, Science and Health
201 W. Preston Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
(301) 225-5790
Section 313 Issues:
Arnold Sapenter
Department of Environmental Quality Engineering (DEQE)
One Winter Street, 9th Floor
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 556-1029
Health and Toxicology Issues:
Carol Rowan-West
Director of Research and Standards
DEQE
One Winter Street, 10th Floor
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5510
Air Media Issues:
Barbara Kwetz
DEQE
One Winter Street, 8th Floor
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5593
Water Pollution Issues:
Thomas McMahon, Director
Division of Water Pollution Control
DEQE
One Winter Street, 7th Floor
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5646
A-9
-------
Massachusetts (Cont)
Michigan
Drinking Water Issues:
Patricia Deese
Division of Water Supply
DEQE
One Winter Street, 9th Floor
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5770
Hazardous Waste Issues:
William Cass
Division of Hazardous Waste
DEQE, 5th Floor
One Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5589
Solid Waste Issues:
Jim Miller
DEQE
One Winter Street
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 292-5561
Pesticide Issues:
Jeffery Carlson
Department of Food and Agriculture
21st Floor
100 Cambridge Street
Boston, MA 02202
(617) 727-7712
Section 313 Issues:
Mr. David Warner
Environmental Response Division
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 373-8451
Health and Toxicology Issues:
Michigan Department of Public Health
Toxics Hotline
Lansing, MI
1-800-MI-TOXIC
or
Michigan State University
Center for Environmental Toxicology
(517) 353-0008
A-10
-------
Minnesota
Mississippi
Michigan (Cent)
Air Media Issues:
Kathy Simon (Toxicology)
or
Robert Teoh (Standards)
Air Quality Division
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 373-7023
Water Pollution Issues:
Gary Hurlburt (Toxicology)
or
Jim Grant (Standards)
Surface Water Quality Division
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 373-2190
Hazardous Waste Issues:
Kim Paksi (Toxicology)
(517) 373-5895
or
Steve Sliver (Standards)
(517) 373-1976
Waste Management Division
Michigan Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing, MI 48909
(517) 373-5895
Pesticide Issues:
Dr. David Wade
Departmentfof Agriculture
(517) 373-1087
Ms. Jean Small-Johnson
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
520 LaFayette Road
St. Paul, MN 55155
(612) 296-7287
Mr. Bill Austin
Mississippi Emergency Management Agency
1410 Riverside Drive
Jackson, MS 39202
(601) 352-9100
A-ll
-------
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
Mr. Dean Martin
Missouri Emergency Response Commission
P.O. Box 3133
Jefferson City, MO 65102
(314) 751-7929
Tom Elleroff
Montana Department of Health and Environmental Sciences
Cogswell Building, A-107
Helena, MT 59620
(406) 444-3948
Mr. Craig Bagstad
Technical Services Section
Nebraska Department of Environmental Control
P.O. Box 98922
Lincoln, NE 68509-8922
(402) 471-4230
Bob King, Director
Division of Emergency Management
2525 South Carson
Carson City, NV 89710
(702) 885-4240
Section 313 Issues:
Lee Kimball
Office of Emergency Management
107 Pleasant Street
Concord, NH 03301
(603) 271-2231
Health and Toxicology Issues:
Dr. Brain Strohm
Director's Office
Division of Public Health Services
Health & Welfare Building
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301
(603) 271-4664
Air Media Issues:
Dennis Lunderville
Air Resources Division
64 North Main Street
Concord, NH 03301
(603) 271-1370
Water Pollution and Drinking Water Issues:
Russel Nylander
Division of Environmental Services
Water Supply and Pollution Control Division
Health & Welfare Building
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301
(603) 271-3503
A-12
-------
Hew Hampshire (cont.)
New Jersey
New Mexico
Hazardous and Solid Waste Issues:
John Minichiello
Division of Environmental Services
Hazardous Waste Bureau
Health & Welfare Building
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03301
(603) 272-2942
Pesticide Issues:
Stephen Taylor
New Hampshire Department of Agriculture
Caller Box 2042
Concord, NH 03302-2042
(603) 271-3550
Jill Lipoti, Ph.D.
New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Environmental Quality—CN-405
401 East State Street
Trenton, NJ 08625
(609) 292-6714
Section 313, Multi-Media, Air Media,
and Pesticides Issues:
Mr. Sam Larcombe
State Emergency Response Commission
4491 Cerrillos Road
Sante Fe, NM 97504-1628
(505) 827-9222
Health and Toxicology Issues:
Mr. Harry Hull
State Department of Health and Environment
Epidemiology Bureau
P.O. Box 968
Sante Fe, MM 87504-0968
(505) 827-0006
Air Media Issues:
Cubia Clayton
Air Quality Bureau Chief
New Mexico Environmental Improvements Division P.O.
Box 968
Santa Fe, NM 87504-0968
(505) 827-0042
Water Pollution Issues:
Mr. Richard Mitzelfelt, Deputy Director
Department of Health and Environment
Water Management Bureau
P.O. Box 968
Sante Fe, NM 87504-0968
(505) 827-2919
A-13
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Mew Mexico (cont.)
Mew York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Hazardous Waste Issues:
Mr. Jack Ellvinger
Environmental Improvement Division
Hazardous Waste Bureau
P.O. Box 968
Sante Fe, NM 97504-0968
(505) 827-2925
William Miner
New York Department of Environmental Conservation
Bureau of Emergency Operations
50 Wolf Road
Albany, NY 12233
(518) 457-4107
Vance E. Ree
North Carolina Division of Emergency Management
116 West Jones Street
Raleigh, NC 27603-1335
(919) 733-3867
Dean Monteith
North Dakota State Department of Health and
Consolidated Laboratories
P.O. Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520
(701) 224-2374
Ms. Cindy Sferra
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 1049
1800 WaterMark Drive
Columbus, OH 43266-0149
(614) 644-2286
Section 313, Multi-Media, Water Pollution,
Hazardous Waste and Pesticide Issues:
Mr. Jack Muse
Hazardous Materials Planning Coordinator
Oklahoma Civil Defense Division
P.O. Box 53365
Oklahoma City, OK 73152
(405) 521-2481
Health and Toxicology Issues:
Nancy Coleman, Ph.D.
Oklahoma State Department of Health
Air Quality Service
P.O. Box 53551
Oklahoma City, OK 73152
(405) 271-5220
A-14
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Oklahoma (cont.)
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Air Media Issues:
Mr. Dennis Doughty
Oklahoma State Department of Health
Air Quality Service
P.O. Box 53551
Oklahoma City, OK 73152
(405) 271-5220
To obtain copies of the form, contact:
Mr. Dennis Walthall
Oregon State Fire Marshal
Hazardous Materials Section
3000 N.E. Market
Salem, OR 97310
(503) 378-2885
Fred Osman
Bureau of Air Quality Control
Division of Technical Services and Monitoring
P.O. Box 2063
Harrisburg, PA 17120
(717) 787-5027
Mr. Juan Merced Mateo
Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board
Emergency Response Section
P.O. Box 11488
Santurce, PR 00910
(809) 725-5140
Martha Delany
Department of Environmental Management
Division of Air and Hazardous Materials
204 Cannon Building
75 Davis Street
Providence, RI 02908
1401) 277-2808
Mr. Ron Kinney
Department of Health and Environmental Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia, SC 29201
(803) 734-5200
Robin Livermore
South Dakota Department of Water and Natural Resources
Joe Foss Building
523 East Capitol
Pierre, SD 57501
(605) 773-3153
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Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Department of Health and Environment
701 Broadway
Nashville, TN 37219
(615) 741-6287
Section 313 Issues:
Mr. David Barker
Emergency Response Dnit
Texas Water Commission
P.O. Box 1307, Capitol Station
Austin, TX 78711
(512) 463-8527
Health and Toxicology, Multi-Media, Water
Pollution, Hazardous Waste and Pesticide Issues:
Pricilla Seymour, Ph.D.
Texas Water Commission
P.O. Box 13087, Capitol Station
Austin, TX 78711
(512) 463-8527
Air Issues:
Mr. Jim Meyers
Texas Air Control Board
6330 Highway 290 East
Austin, TX 78723
(512) 451-5711;
Neil Taylor
Utah Department of Health
Division of Environmental Health
P.O. Box 16690
288 North 1460 West
Salt Lake City, DT 84116-0690
(801) 538-6121
Section 313 Issues:
Ray McCandless
Director, Occupational Health
Administration Building
10 Baldwin Street
Montpelier, VT 05602
(802) 828-2886
Health and Toxicology Issues:
William Bress
Department of Health
Laboratory
115 Colchester Avenue
P.O. Box 70
Burlington, VT 05402
(802) 863-7558
A-16
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Vermont (Cont) Air Media Issues:
Harold Garabedian
Department of Environmental Conservation
Air Pollution Control Division
103 South Main Street
Building 3 South
Waterbury, VT 05676
(802) 244-8731
Water Pollution Issues:
David Clough
Department of Environmental Conservation
Water Quality Division
103 South Main Street
Building 10 North
Waterbury, VT 05676
(802) 244-6951
Drinking Water Issues:
Kenneth Stone
Department of Health
P.O. 70
60 Main Street
Burlington, VT 05402
(802) 863-7223
Hazardous Waste Issues:
John Malter
Waste Management Division
West Building
103 South Main Street
Waterbury, VT 05676
(802) 244-8702
Solid Waste Issues:
Ed Leonard
Waste Management Division
West Building
103 South Main Street
Waterbury, VT 05676
(802) 244-8702
Pesticide Issues:
Phillip Benedict
Department of Agriculture
116 State Street
Montpelier, VT 05602
(802) 828-2420
A-17
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Virginia
All Title III and Section 313 Issues:
Mr. Wayne T. Halbeleib
Department of Waste Management
James Monroe Building
101 North 14 Street
Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 225-2667
Health and Toxicology Issues:
Dr. C.M.G. Buttery, Commissioner
Virginia Department of Health
109 Governor Street
James Madison Building
Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 786-3561
Multi-Media, Hazardous Waste and Pesticide Issues:
Ms. Cynthia V. Bailey, Executive Director
Virginia Department of Waste Management
101 North 14th Street, llth Floor
Richmond, VA 21219
(804) 225-2667
Air Media Issues:
Richard Cook, Executive Director
Virginia Air Pollution Control Board
9th Street Office Building
Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 936-9035
Water Pollution Issues:
Mr. Richard Burton, Executive Director
Virginia Water Pollution Control Board
211 North Hamilton Street
Richmond, VA 23230
(804) 367-6384
Virgin Islands
Washington
Alan D. Smith, Commissioner
Department of Planning and Natural Resources
179 Altona and Welgunst
St. Thomas, VI 00800
(809) 774-3320
Ms. Rebecca Voerman
Washington State Department of Ecology
MS PV-11
Olympia, WA 98504-8711
(800) 633-7585
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West Virginia Mr. William Pinnell
Office of Environmental Health Services
West Virginia Department of Health
1800 East Washington St., Room 507
Charleston, WV 25305
(304) 348-2981
Wisconsin Bureau of Technical Services
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 7865
Madison, WI 53707
(608) 266-0531
Wyoming Ed Usui, Executive Secretary
State Emergency Response Commission
Wyoming Emergency Management Agency
5500 Bishop Blvd.
Cheyenne, WY 82009
(307) 777-7566
A-19
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EPA REGIONAL TOXIC RELEASE INVENTORY PUBLIC CONTACT POINTS
EPA Region 1
JFK Federal Building
Boston, MA 02203
Section 313 Issues:
Ann Walsh
Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Branch
FTS 835-3230
(617) 565-3230
Health and Toxicology Issues:
Sally Edwards
Program, Planning and Coordination
Branch
FTS 835-2993
(617) 565-3276
Air Media Issues:
Norm Anderson
Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Branch
FTS 835-3232
(617) 565-3232
Water Pollution Issues:
Eric Hall
Water Quality Branch
FTS 835-3620
(617) 565-3533
Hazardous and Solid Waste Issues:
Art Wing
Connecticut Waste Management Branch
FTS 833-1655
(617) 873-9655
Drinking Water Issues:
Pi-Yun Tsai
Water Supply Branch
FTS 835-3276
(617) 565-3230
Pesticide Issues:
Harold Kazmaier
Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Branch
FTS 835-3276
(617) 565-3276
EPA Region 2
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
Section 313 Issues:
Nora Lopez
Pesticides and Toxics Branch
USEPA Region 2
Woodbridge Avenue, Building 209
Edison, NJ 08837
FTS 340-6890
(201) 906-6890
or
Kim Helper
Office of External Program
USEPA Region 2
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
FTS 264-2515
(212) 264-2515
EPA Region 3
841 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Section 313 Issues:
Kurt Eisner
Toxics and Pesticides Branch
FTS 597-1260
(215) 597-1260
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EPA Region 4
345 Courtland Street, NE
Atlanta, GA 30365
Section 313 Issues:
Melvin Russel
Toxics and Pesticides Branch
FTS 257-5053
(404) 347-5053
EPA Region 5
536 S. Clark Street
Chicago, IL 60605
Section 313 Issues:
Dennis Wesolowski
Pesticides and Toxics Branch
FTS 353-5907
(312) 353-5907
EPA Region 6
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
Section 313, Health and Toxicology
Issues:
Gerald Carney
Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Branch
FTS 255-7244
(214) 655-7244
Air Media Issues:
Jill Lyons
Air Programs Branch
FTS 255-7208
(214) 655-7208
Water Pollution Issues:
Jack Ferguson
Permits Branch
FTS 255-7190
(214) 655-7190
Drinking Water Issues:
Ed Jeffrey, Ph.D
Water Supply Branch
FTS 255-7155
(214) 655-7155
Public Affairs:
Karen Brown
External Affairs
FTS 255-2200
(214) 655-2200
EPA Region 7
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
Section 313 Issues:
Ed Vest
Congressional and Inter-
governmental Liaison
FTS 757-2806
(913) 236-2806
EPA Region 8
999 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202-2405
Section 313 Issues:
Dianne Groh
Gene Johnson (Alternate)
Paul Grim (Alternate)
Toxic Substances Branch
FTS 564-1730
(303) 293-1730
Health and Toxicology Issues:
Dr. Suzanne Wuerthele
Toxic Substances Branch
FTS 564-1730
(303) 293-1730
Multi-Media Issues:
Dianne Groh
Toxic Substances Branch
FTS 564-1730
(303) 293-1730
Air Media Issues:
Katie Lunsford
FTS 564-1814
(303) 293-1814
Drinking Water Issues:
Pat Crotty
FTS 564-1408
(303) 293-1408
A-21
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Region 8 (cont.)
Water Pollution Issues:
Industrial Discharges:
Pat Godsil
PTS 564-1623
(303) 293-1623
Municipal discharges:
Jim Brooks
FTS 564-1549
(303) 293-1549
Surface Water Quality:
Dale Vodehnal
FTS 564-1565
(303) 293-1565
or
Toney Ott (Alternate)
FTS 564-1574
(303) 293-1574
Section 304(1) Water Toxics:
Bruch Zander
FTS 564-1580
(303) 293-1580
Ground Water Issues:
Dick Long
FTS 564-1796
(303) 293-1796
Hazardous Waste Issues:
Colorado and Montana:
Judy Wong
FTS 564-1798
(303) 293-1798
or
Marcella Devargas (Alternate)
FTS 564-1825
(303) 293-1825
Utah and North Dakota:
Larry Wapensky
FTS 564-1500
(303) 293-1500
or
Mel Poundstone (Alternate)
FTS 564-1704
(303) 293-1704
Wyoming and South Dakota:
Terry Anderson
FTS 564-1790
(303) 293-1790
Randy Lamdin (Alternate for SD)
FTS 564-1797
(303) 293-1797
Bob Stone (Alternate for WY)
FTS 382-5477
(307) 261-5477
Disposal of Small Quantities of
Hazardous Waste:
Jon Minkoff
FTS 565-1676
(303) 293-1676
Underground Storage Tanks
Terry Bahrych
FTS 565-1484
(303) 293-1484
Analytical Methods and Laboratory
Issues:
Marvin Frye
Building 53
Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO
(303) 236-1484
STORET/SAROAD/GIS
Larry Svoboda
(303) 236-5097
EPA Region 9
215 Fremont Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
Section 313 Issues:
Kathleen Goforth
Pesticides and Toxics Branch
FTS 454-7280
(415) 974-7280
Health and Toxicology Issues:
Gerry Hiatt
Office of Health and Emergency
Planning
FTS 454-0579
(415) 974-0579
A-22
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EPA Region 9 (cont.)
Air Media Issues:
Kathy Diehl
Air Toxics Office
FTS 454-8381
(415) 974-8381
Water Pollution Issues:
Bill Pierce
Permits Branch
FTS 454-8110
(415) 974-8110
Hazardous Waste Issues:
RCRA Information Line
FTS 454-7473
(415) 974-7473
Operated 1-4 PM PST
Pesticides Issues:
Nancy Frost
Pesticides Branch
FTS 454-8366
(415) 974-8366
EPA Region 10
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
Section 313 Issues:
Phil Wong
Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Branch
FTS 399-4016
(206) 442-4016
Title III Issues:
Gordon Goff
Superfund Branch
PTS 399-4349
(206) 442-4349
Health and Toxicology Issues:
Pat Cirone
Technical Support Branch
FTS 399-1597
(206) 442-1597
Multi-Media Issues:
Gill Haselberger
Pesticides and Toxic Substances
-Branch
FTS 399-1094
(206) 442-1094
Air Media Issues:
Elizabeth Waddell
Air Programs Branch
FTS 399-8578
(206) 442-8578
Drinking Water Issues:
Larry Worley
Drinking Water Branch
FTS 399-1893
(206) 442-1893
Water Permits Issues:
Jeannine Brown
Water Permits and Compliance
Branch
FTS 399-1214
(206) 442-1214
Hazardous Waste Issues:
Mike Gearheard
Waste Management Branch
FTS 399-2777
(206) 442-2777
Pesticide Issues:
Chuck Shenk
Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Branch
FTS 399-1270
(206) 442-1270
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APPENDIX A-l
CALIFORNIA HEALTH OFFICERS DIRECTORY
ALANEDA COUNTY
Carl. L. Smith, M.D.
499 5th Street
Oakland, CA 94607
(415) 268-2727
ALPINE COUNTY
Gregory J. Hayes, M.D.
P.O. Box 306
Markleeville, CA 96120
(916) 694-2146
AMADOR COUNTY
James McClenahan, M.D.
108 Court Street
Jackson, CA 95642
(209) 223-6407
BERKELEY CITY
Carmen Nevarez, M.D.
2180 Milvia Street, 3rd
Berkeley, CA 94704
(415) 644-6421
BUTTS COUNTY
Chester L. Ward, M.D.
18 County Center Drive
Suite B
Oroville, CA 95965
(916) 538-7581
CALAVERQS COUNTY
Robert Marshall, M.D.
Government Center
San Andreas, CA 95249
(209) 754-6465
COLUSA COUNTY
John R. Heckman, M.D.
251 East Webster Street
Collusa, CA 95932
(916) 458-5177
CONTRA COSTA COUNTY
William B. Walker, M.D.
2500 Alhambra Avenue
Martinez, CA 94553-3191
(415) 646-4416
PI.
April 1988
DEL NORTB COUNTY-See
Humboldt-Del Norte
EL DORADO COUNTY
Curtiss E. Weidmer, M.D.
931 Spring Street
Placerville, CA 95667
(916) 626-2131
FRESNO COUNTY
Donn R. Cobb, M.D.
P.O. Box 11867
Fresno, CA 93775
(209) 445-3200
GLENN COUNTY
Robert Zadra, M.D.
240 North Villa Avenue
Willows, CA 95988
(916) 934-5418
HUMBOLDT-DEL NORTE
Paul Anderson, M.D.
529 I Street
Eureka, CA 95501
(707) 445-6200
IMPERIAL COUNTY
L. Lee Cottrell, M.D.
El Centre, CA 92243
(619) 339-4429
INYO COUNTY
John H. Eaton, M.D.
P.O. Drawer H
Independence, CA 93526
(619) 878-2411
KERN COUNTY
Leon M. Hebertson, M.D.
1700 Flower Street
Bakerfield, CA 93305-4198
(805) 861-2231
KINGS COUNTY
Sheldon Minkin, M.D.
330 Campus Drive
Hanford, CA 93230
(209) 584-1401
LAKE COUNTY
Peter Stanley, M.D.
922 Bevins Court
Lakeport, CA 95453
(707) 263-2241
LASSEN COUNTY
Ken Korver, M.D.
555 Hospital Lane
Susanville, CA 96130
(916) 257-8311
Ext. 108
LONG BEACH CITY
Rugmini Shah, M.D.
P.O. Box 6157
Long Beach, CA 90806
(213) 427-7421
Ext. 248
LOS ANGELES COUNTY
Robert Gates
313 North Figueroa St.
Los Angeles, CA 90012
(213) 974-8101
MADERA COUNTY
C. Dean McClure, M.D.
14215 Road 28
Madera, CA 93638
(209) 675-7893
Ext. 280
MARIN COUNTY
Theodore Hiatt, M.D.
Marin County Civic
Center, Room 280
San Rafael, CA 94903
(415) 499-6879
MARIPOSA COUNTY
Avery E. Sturm, M.D.
P.O. Box 5
Marifposa, CA 95338
(209) 966-3689
A-2 4
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APPENDIX A-l (Cont.)
MENDOCINO COUNTY
Craig McMillan, M.D.
Courthouse
Ukiah, CA 95482
(707) 463-4134
MERCED COUNTY
Richard Welch, M.D.
P.O. Box 471
Merced, CA 95341
(240 East 15th Ave)
(209) 385-7421
MODOC COUNTRY
Ed R. Richert, M.D.
139 West Henderson St.
Alturas, CA 96101
(916) 233-4517
MONO COUNTY
John Eaton, M.D.
P.O. Box 476
Bridgeport, CA 93517
(619) 932-7485
MONTEREY COUNTY
Robert J. Melton, M.D.
1270 Natividad Road
Salinas, CA 93906
(408) 755-4525
NAPA COUNTY
Robert S. Hill, M.D.
P.O. Box 749
Napa, CA 94559
(2281 Elm Street)
(707) 253-4461
NEVADA COUNTY
Jerry J. Zarriello, M.D.
HEW Complex
10433 Willow Valley Road
Nevada City, CA 95959
(916) 265-1450
ORANGE COUNTY
Rex Ehling, M.D.
P.O. Box 355
Santa Ana, CA 92702
(714) 834-3155
PASADENA CITY
Gene Stevenson, M.D.
Interim
100 North Garfield Ave.
Room 104
Pasadena, CA 91109
(818) 405-4388
A-25
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APPENDIX B
TOXIC CHEMICAL RELEASE INVENTORY REPORTING PORN
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APPENDIX B - TOXIC CHEMICAL RELEASE INVENTORY REPORTING FORM
A facility must submit a separate Toxic Chemical Release Inventory
Reporting Form (hereafter referred to as Form R) for each chemical listed
under Section 313. A copy of Form R is attached. Information on Form R that
you should be aware of if you are responding to questions from the public or
conducting risk screening is found in Parts I and III of the form:
PART I
3.1* Facility Name and Address. A facility's name and/or location may be
used to access the TRI data base. The specific location of a facility
can also be used to access geographic data bases, which may contain
information useful for assessing exposure (e.g., meteorological and
demographic data).
3.3 Technical Contact. This individual has been designated by the
reporting company to respond to questions from EPA or State officials
about information on the Form. This individual may also be able to
supply additional information not reported on the Form (e.g., frequency
and concentration of the release). The technical contact should not be
contacted by the public.
3.4 Public Contact. This person has been designated by the reporting
company to answer questions from the public. You can refer citizens
who have questions regarding Form R to this person.
3.5 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Code.* The SIC code system
established by the U.S. Commerce Department classifies business
"establishments." Establishments are defined as distinct and separate
economic activities that are performed at a single physical location.
Businesses may report separately on the activities involving a toxic
chemical at each establishment, or group of establishments, rather than
submitting a single Form for that chemical for the entire facility. A
box must be checked that indicates whether the report contains
information about a chemical for an entire facility or for only part of
a facility. Facilities that conduct manufacturing operations included
in codes 20 through 39 are subject to reporting under Section 313. SIC
codes may be used to access the TRI data base.
*These numbers correspond to numbers used on Form R to categorize the
information.
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3.6 Latitude and Longitude. This information may be used to access
geographic data bases. All facilities must provide latitude and
longitude information for the calendar year 1988, and subsequent
years. This information was not mandatory for 1987.
3.7 Dun and Bradstreet Number. This is a unique identifying number
assigned by the Dun and Bradstreet financial firm to facilities and/or
establishments within facilities. The Dun and Bradstreet number can be
used to establish a facility's exact location so as to access
geographic data bases.
3.8 EPA Identification Number assigned under the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA). The EPA I.D. number is a 12-digit number assigned
to facilities covered by RCRA hazardous waste regulations.
3.9 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit
Number(s) assigned under Title IV of the Clean Water Act (CWA). NPDES
permits are the key to enforcing effluent limitations and water quality
standards of the Act. Every point source discharger must obtain a
permit from either EPA or an authorized State. Generally, facilities
and large cities are required to obtain a permit by 1991. Small cities
have until February, 1992. Under these permits, dischargers are
subject to both technology-based treatment requirements and, where
necessary to protect a designated use, controls based on water quality
standards.
3.11 Underground Injection Well Code (UIC) Identification Number assigned
under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). (Brief descriptions of SDWA
and other Federal laws are provided in Appendix E.)
[NOTE: The numbers provided in 3.8, 3.9, and 3.11 can help agencies
investigate regulation for a particular facility. Toxic chemicals released
into the environment without permit restrictions or standards can be
identified. The information provided on Form R can also be cross-checked with
permit applications. Additional information useful for risk screening that is
not reported under Section 313 may be found on these permits.]
PART II
No information useful for risk screening.
*For more information on SIC codes, consult Standard Industrial Classification
Manual 1987, available from National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161. Phone: (703) 487-4650.
B-2
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PART III
1.2 Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Number. This number identifies the
chemical released. You can use it to access the TRI data base, the
"Roadmaps" Directory (Attachment A), and many health effects data bases.
1.3 Chemical or Chemical Category Name. Like the CAS number, the
chemical's name can be used to access many resources that provide
information on the chemical, including the TRI data base, the Roadmaps
Directory (Attachment A), the EPA Hazardous Substance Fact Sheets
(Appendix D), and chemical data bases. If a chemical category name is
given, you will not know exactly which chemical is being released.
However, you may be able to obtain information about the potency
characteristics of some chemicals included within the category.
1.4 Generic Chemical Name. If the reporting company claims the released
chemical is a trade secret, the CAS number and chemical name will not
be provided. Instead, the reporting company will provide a generic
chemical name that is descriptive of the chemical structure. Since you
do not know the chemical's exact identity, you will not be able to
determine its effects and potency. However, you may be able to
identify related chemicals that may have similar characteristics.
2 Mixture Component Identity.* If the chemical is part of a mixture, the
reporting company is allowed to identify it using a generic chemical
name. As in 1.4 above, this will hamper your ability to characterize
the effects and toxicological potency of the chemical. Mixtures also
present additional difficulties in assessing health or ecological
risks. Unlike a single chemical, mixtures may or may not exhibit
distinct toxic effects or effects characteristic of individual mixture
components. Additionally, not all the components of a mixture may be
known, and toxicologic data on the known components may be scarce.
3 Activities and Uses of the Chemical at the Facility. For certain
chemical uses, it may be possible to estimate the likely rates of
release, release patterns, and background exposures based on generic
industry data (see Appendix C).
5A Releases of the Chemical to the Environment. This part of the Form
tells you (1) how much of the chemical is being released each year, and
(2) into what media. Releases are reported in units of pounds per year
as a range or a single number, depending on the total quantity
released. Five categories of releases are reported: 1) fugitive or
non-point air emissions; 2) stack or point air emissions; 3) discharges
to water (any surface water bodies or streams into which the chemical
is directly discharged must be reported, and this information is found
in Part I of the Form, 3.10); 4) underground injection; and 5) releases
to land. The total release reported for each of these categories
includes routine releases and any accidental releases.
*Guidance on assessing the health and ecological risks of chemical mixtures is
provided in the Federal Register, September 24, 1986, Vol. 51. pp.
34014-34025.
B-3
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5B Basis of Estimate.* Most Section 313 release data will be estimates
rather than measurements of releases. Facilities must consider all
possible sources of release in making their calculations. This is
complex if the chemical is made or used in multiple processes.
Estimation techniques also vary in complexity and reliability.
Accordingly, so will the accuracy of the estimates generated. In some
cases, it may be possible for an estimate to be off by as much as an
order of magnitude or more. There are four methods that facilities may
use in calculating release estimates:
- Monitoring data. Monitoring data must be used if accurate and
readily available. Section 313 does not require facilities to
perform additional monitoring, but if data have been collected at a
facility in accordance with other laws or as part of routine facility
operations, these data must be used, to the extent possible, in
estimating releases.
- Mass balance. This method can be used for estimating releases when
monitoring data are not available and when input and output streams
are quantified. Mass balance can be performed around entire
processes or pieces of process equipment. The mass of material
leaving a vessel equals the mass entering. If input and output
streams are known (based on measured values), a wastestream can be
calculated as the difference between input and product (any
accumulation/depletion of the chemical in the equipment must also be
accounted for).
- Published emission factors. Commonly used for estimating air
emissions, emission factors may be based on the average measured
emissions at several facilities in the same industry.
- Other approaches. Other approaches, such as engineering calculations
(e.g., estimating volatilization or solubility using published
mathematical formulas), can also be used.
Facilities may use more than one of these estimation techniques to
obtain a single release estimate. However, Form R simply asks for the
principal method used to derive an estimate. If, for example, 40% of
the stack emissions of the reported substance were derived using
monitoring data, 30% by mass balance, and 30% by emission factors,
monitoring would be the principal method and it would be entered on the
Form. Some understanding of how facilities derive releases and which
approaches are most effective for each type of release (i.e., likely to
yield the most accurate estimates) is useful to assessing the accuracy
of the reported data.
*For more information on estimation techniques and their relative
effectiveness, see EPA's Estimating Releases and Waste Treatment Efficiencies
for the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Form (a complete citation is provided
in the Bibliography.)
B-4
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(Important: Type or print; read instructions before completing form.)
Form Approved OMB No.: 2070-0093
Approval Expires :
Page 1 of 5
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
-------
(Important: Type or print; read instructions before completing form.)
Page 2 of 5
(This space for EPA use only. )
EPA FORM R
PART II. OFF-SITE LOCATIONS TO WHICH TOXIC
CHEMICALS ARE TRANSFERRED IN WASTES
1. PUBLICLY OWNED TREATMENT WORKS (POTW)
Facility Name
Street Address
City
State
County
Zip
1 1 1 1 l-l 1 1 1
2. OTHER OFF-SITE LOCATIONS - Number these locations sequentially on this and any additional page of this form you use.
| | Other off-site location
EPA Identification Number (RCRA ID. No. ) |
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Facility Name
Street Address
City
State
County
Zip
Is location under control of reporting facility or parent company?
Yes No
| 1 Other off-site location
EPA Identification Number (RCRA ID. No. ) ,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Facility Name
Street Address
City
State
County
Zip
1 1 1 1 l-l 1 II
Is location under control of reporting facility or parent company? | [ | |
Yes No
1 [ Other off-site location
EPA Identification Number (RCRA ID. No. ) |
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Facility Name
Street Address
City
State
County
Zip
1 1 1 1 l-l 1 1 1
Is location under control of reporting facility or parent company? Ill 1
Yes No
1 Check If additional pages of Part II are attached.
EPA Form 9350-1(1-88)
B-6
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(Important: Type or print; read instructions before completing form.)
Page 3 of 5
(This space for EPA use only. )
EPA FORM R
PART III. CHEMICAL SPECIFIC INFORMATION
1. CHEMICAL IDENTITY
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.
1 | Trade Secret (Provide a generic name in 1.4 below. Attach substantiation form to this submission.)
CAS #
1 -| "II (Use 'eading zeros if CAS number does not fill space provided.)
Chemical or Chemical Category Name
Generic Chemical Name (Complete only If 1 . 1 Is checked. )
MIXTURE COMPONENT IDENTITY (Do not complete this section if you have completed Section 1.)
Generic Chemical Name Provided by Supplier (Limit the name to a maximum of 70 characters (e.g.. numbers, letters, spaces, punctuation)).
3. ACTIVITIES AND
3.1
3.2
3.3
Manufacture:
Process:
USES OF THE CHEMICAL AT THE FACILITY (Check all that apply.)
a.l I Produce b. 1 1 Import c.l 1 For on-site
1 — 1 1 — 1 K 1 — 1 use/processing
d' D distribution e. Q As a byproduct f . Q As an Impurity
a.l 1 As a reactant b. 1 1 As a formulation c 1 1 As an article
1 — 1 1 — 'component 1 — 1 component
d. | J Repackaging only
Otherwise Used: a.| [processing aid ^. 1 | As a manufacturing aid c.| | Ancillary or other use
4. MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF THE CHEMICAL ON SITE AT ANY TIME DURING THE CALENDAR YEAR
1 | | (enter code)
S. RELEASES OF THE CHEMICAL TO THE ENVIRONMENT
You may report releases of less than
1 ,000 Ibs. by checking ranges under A.1 .
5.1 Fugitive or non-point air emissions
5.2 Stack or point air emissions
5.3 Discharges to water 5.3.1 Q
(Enter letter code from Part I
Section 3. 10 for streams(s). ) i— i
5.3.2 1 I
5.3.3 Q]
5.4 Underground Injection
5.5 Releases to land
5 5 ! | 1 1 J (enter code)
5.5.2 L 1 1 I (enter co
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EPA FORM K, Part III (Continued)
Page 4 of 5
6. TRANSFERS OF THE CHEMICAL IN WASTE TO OFF-SITE LOCATIONS
You may report transfers
ot less than 1.000 Ibs. by checking
ranges under A. 1.
6 . 1 Discharge to POTW
_ . Other off-site location i 1
6.2 (Enter block number
from Part II, Section 2. ) ' 1
6.3 Other off-site location I 1
(Enter block number
from Part II, Section 2. ) < '
6.4 Other off-site location I 1
(Enter block number
from Part II, Section 2. ) ' '
A. Total Transfers
(Ibs/yr)
A.1
Reporting Ranges
0 1-489 500-999
A. 2
Enter
Estimate
B. Basis of Estimate
(enter code)
6.1b I I
6.2b I — 1
6.3b Q
6.4b Q]
C. Type of Treatment/
Disposal (enter code)
6.2c
6.3c
6.4c
| | (Check If additional Information Is provided on Part IV-Supplemental Information)
EPA Form 9350-1 (1-88)
B-8
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(Important: Type or print; read instructions before completing form.)
Page 5 of 5
EPA FORM R
PART IV. SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
Use this section If you need additional space for answers to questions In Parts I and III.
Number or letter this information sequentially from prior sections (e.g., D,E, F, or 5.54, 5.55).
(This space for EPA use only.)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON FACILITY IDENTIFICATION (Part 1 - Section 3)
3.5
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
SIC Code
1 1 1
1 1 1
Dun & Bradstreet Number(s)
1 l-l 1 1 1 -1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 l-l 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1
EPA Identification Number(s) RCRA I.D. No.)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
NPDES Permit
1 1 1
Number (s)
1 1 1
Name of Receiving Stream(s)
1
or Water Body(s)
1 III 1 1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON RELEASES TO LAND ( Part
Releases to Land
5.5
5.5
5.5
1
...
1
1 1-
1 1 <
1 1"
snter code)
anter code)
inter code)
III - Section 5.5)
A. Total Release _
(Ibs/yr) B-
5.5_
5.5
5.5_
a
<
a
a
A.1 A. 2 (
Reporting Ranges Enter
o 1-499 soo-999 • Estimate
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON OFF-SITE TRANSFER ( Part
6 • Discharge to POTW
Other off-site location i 1
6 . (Enter block number
from Part II, Section 2. ) 1 1
Other off-site location I 1
6. (Enter block number
from Part II, Section 2.) 1 '
6. a
6.
a
6. a
Basis of
Estimate
enter code)
5.5 b Q
5.5 b 1
]
5.5 b [~]
III - Section 6)
A. Total Transfers
(Ibs/yr)
A.1
Reporting Ranges .
0 1-499 500-999
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON WASTE TREATMENT (Part
A. General Wastestream
(enter code)
7. a
7. a
n
n
7. a 1 1
7. a
7. a
n
u
B.
7. b
7. b
7. b
7. b
7. b
Treatment
Method
(enter code)
A. 2
Enter
Estimate
B. Basis of C
Estimate
(enter code)
. Type of Treatment/
Disposal (enter code)
6— "D
6. b LJ 6. c.
6. b D 6-_ c-
II - Section 7)
C. Range of
Influent
Concentration
(enter code)
7. c n
7. c n
7. c n
7. c n
7._c n
D. Sequential
Treatment?
(check if
applicable)
7. d n
7. d n
7. d n
7. d n
7. d \_\
E. Treatment
Efficiency
Estimate
7. e %
7. e %
7. e %
7. e %
7. e %
F.
7. f
7. f
7. f
7. f
7. f
Based on
Operating
Data?
Yes No
n
n
n
n
n
n
n n
n
n
EPA Form 9350-1 (1-88)
B-9
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b. Instructions.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING EPA FORM R,
THE TOXIC CHEMICAL RELEASE REPORTING FORM
GENERAL INFORMATION
A complete report Form R must be submitted for each
toxic chemical manufactured, processed, or otherwise used
at each covered facility as prescribed in the reporting
rule in 40 CFR Part 372. These instructions supplement
and elaborate on the requirements in the reporting rule.
Together with the reporting rule, they constitute the
reporting requirements; you should read both before
attempting to complete Form R. All references in these
instructions are to sections in the reporting rule unless
otherwise indicated.
The Toxic Chemical Release Reporting Form, EPA Form R,
consists of four parts:
- Part I, Facility Identification Information;
- Part II, Off-Site Locations to Which Toxic
Chemicals are Transferred in Wastes;
- Part III, Chemical Specific Information; and
- Part IV, Supplemental Information.
Form R is designed so that a majority of the information
required in Part I and all of the information required in
Part II should be the same for each chemical reported by
your facility. If the information in Parts I and II are
identical for two or more chemicals, you may submit
photostatic copies of those parts for those chemicals as
long as each Part I has an original signature on the
certification statement. Part III must be completed
separately for each chemical. Part IV provides additional
space, if needed, to complete the information required by
the preceding sections of the form.
A complete report for any listed toxic chemical that is
not claimed trade secret consists of the following
completed parts:
- Part I with an' original signature on the
certification statement (Section 2);
- Part II;
- Part III (Section 8 is optional); and
- If applicable, Part IV.
A complete report for a toxic chemical claimed trade
secret includes all of the above items plus the following:
- A completed trade secret substantiation form;
- A "sanitized" version of the report in which the
chemical identity items (Part III, Sections 1.2 and 1.3)
have been left blank but in which a generic chemical
name has been supplied (Part III, Section 1.4); and
- A "sanitized" version of the trade secret substantiation
form.
WHEN THE REPORT MUST BE
SUBMITTED
The report for any calendar year must be submitted on or
before July 1 of the following year (e.g., the report for
calendar year 1987, January through December, must be
submitted on or before July 1, 1988).
WHERE TO SEND THE REPORT
Submit reports, including reports containing trade secret
claims (i.e., sanitized) to:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
P.O. Box 70266
Washington, D.C. 20024-0266
Attn: Toxic Chemical Release Inventory
In addition, you must send a copy of the report to the
State (State of the U.S., the District of Columbia, the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa,
the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Northern Mariana Islands,
and any other territory or possession over which the
U.S. has jurisdiction) in which the facility is located.
States will provide addresses where the copies of the
reports are to be sent. Copies of the report sent to the
State should be the "sanitized." non-trade-secret version
of the report, unless the State specifically requests
otherwise. For additional information, refer to the
discussion of trade secret/confidentiality claims in the
instructions for completing Part HI, Section 1, of the
form.
HOW TO OBTAIN FORMS AND OTHER
INFORMATION
Additional copies of EPA Form R and related guidance
documents may be obtained from:
Emergency Planning and Community Right-
to-Know Hotline
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
WH-562A
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(800) 635-0202
(202) 479-2449 (Washington D.C. and Alaska)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING
SPECIFIC SECTIONS OF EPA FORM R
The following are specific instructions for completing
each section of EPA Form R. The number designations
of the parts and sections of these instructions
correspond to those in Form R unless otherwise
indicated.
PART I. FACILITY IDENTIFICATION
INFORMATION
1.1 Does This, Report Contain Trade Secret
Information?
You must answer this question only after you have
completed the rest of the report. The specific identity
of the toxic chemical being reported in Part III, Sections
1.2 and 1.3 may be designated as trade secret. If you
are making a trade secret claim, answer by marking the
"yes" box and proceed to Section 1.2. (See Part III,
Section 1, of these instructions for specific instructions
on trade secrecy claims.) If the answer is no, proceed
to Section 1.3.
1.2 Is This a Sanitized Copy?
You must answer this question only after you have
completed the rest of the report. Answer yes if this
copy of the report is the public "sanitized" version of a
report where the chemical identity is claimed trade
secret in Part III, Section 1.4 of the report. Otherwise,
answer no.
B-10
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1.3 Reporting Year
3.4 Public Contact
In Section 1.3, you must enter the year to which the
reported information applies, not the year in which you
are submitting the report.
2. Certification
The certification statement must be signed by the owner
or operator, or a senior official with management
responsibility for the person (or persons) completing the
form. The owner, operator, or official must certify the
accuracy and completeness of the information reported on
the form by signing and dating the certification statement.
Each report must contain an original signature. Print or
type the name and title of the person who signs the
statement in the space provided. This certification
statement applies to all the information supplied on the
form and should be signed only after the form has been
completed.
3. Facility Identification
3.1 Facility Name and Location
You must enter the name of your facility (plant site name
or appropriate facility designation), street address, city,
county, state, and zip code in the space provided. You
may not use a post office box number for this location
information. The address provided should be the location
where the chemicals are manufactured, processed, or
otherwise used.
3.2 Full or Partial Facility Indication
You must indicate whether your report is for the covered
facility as a whole or for part of a covered facility.
Check box a. if the report contains information about a
chemical for an entire covered facility. Check box b. if
the report contains information about a chemical but for
only part of a covered facility.
The SIC code system classifies business "establishments,"
which are defined as "distinct and separate economic
activities [which] are performed at a single physical
location." Under section S72.30(c) of the reporting rule,
you may choose to submit a separate Form R for each
establishment, or for groups of establishments, in your
covered facility. This allows you the option of reporting
separately on the activities involving a toxic chemical at
each establishment, or group of establishments (e.g., part
of a covered facility), rather than submitting a single
Form R for that chemical for the entire facility. You
may do this provided that all releases of the toxic
chemical from the entire covered facility are reported.
However, if an establishment or group of establishments
does not manufacture, process, otherwise use, or release a
toxic chemical, then you do not have to submit a report
on that chemical from that establishment or group of
establishments.
3.3 Technical Contact
You must enter the name and telephone number (including
area code) of a technical representative whom EPA or
State officials may contact for clarification of the
information reported on the form. This person does not
have to be the person who prepares the report or signs
the certification statement. However, this person must
have detailed knowledge of the report to be able to
respond to questions.
You must enter the name and telephone number of a
person who can respond to questions from the public
about the report. If you choose to designate the same
person as both the technical and the public contact,
enter "same as 3.3" in this space. If no public contact is
designated in Section 3.4, EPA will treat the technical
contact as the public contact.
3.5 Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) Code
You must enter the appropriate 4-digit primary Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) code for your facility. If
the report covers more than one establishment, enter the
primary 4 digit SIC code for each establishment. You
are only required to enter SIC codes for establishments
within the facility that fall within SIC codes 20 through
39 as identified in section 372.22 of the reporting rule.
Use the Supplemental Information sheet (Part IV) if you
need to enter more than three SIC codes.
3.6 Latitude and Longitude
Enter the latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates of your
facility. You must supply the latitude and longitude for
calendar year 1987 reports if the information is readily
available to you. Sources of these data include EPA
permits (e.g., NPDES permits), county property records,
facility blueprints, and site plans. If these geographic
coordinates are not readily available to you for calendar
year 1987 reports, enter not applicable [N/A]. All
facilities are required to provide this information in
reports submitted for the calendar year 1988 and
subsequent years. Use leading place holding zeros.
3.7 Facility Dun and Bradstreet Number
You must enter the number assigned by Dun and
Bradstreet for your facility or each establishment within
your facility. This may be available from your facility's
financial office. If none of your establishments have
been assigned Dun and Bradstreet Numbers, indicate this
in Section 3.7 by entering not applicable [N/A] in box a.
If only some of your establishments have been assigned
Dun and Bradstreet numbers, indicate this in Section 3.7
by entering those numbers. Use leading place holding
zeros) For more than two establishments, use the
Supplemental Information sheet (Part IV).
3.8 EPA Identification Number
If your facility has been assigned EPA Identification
Numbers, you must enter those numbers. The EPA I.D.
Number is a 12-digit number assigned to facilities
covered by hazardous waste regulations under the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
Facilities not covered by RCRA are not likely to have an
assigned EPA I.D. Number. If your facility does not have
an EPA I.D. Number, enter not applicable [N/A] in box a.
If your facility has more than two numbers, use the
Supplemental Information sheet (Part IV). Use leading
place holding zeros.
3.9 NPDES Permit Numbers
You must enter the numbers of any permits your facility
holds under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES). This 9-digit permit number is assigned
to your facility by EPA or the State under the authority
B-ll
-------
of the Clean Water Act. If your facility has more than
two permits, use the Supplemental Information sheet (Part
IV). Use leading place holding zeros. If your facility
does not have a permit, enter not applicable [N/A] in box
3.10 Name of Receiving Stream or Water
Body
You must enter the name of each surface water body or
receiving stream to which chemicals being reported are
directly discharged. Report the name of each receiving
stream or water body as it appears on the NPDES permit
for the facility. Enter not applicable [N/A] to any
unneeded spaces. If your facility discharges the toxic
chemical to more than three receiving streams or water
bodies, use the Supplemental Information sheet (Part IV).
3.11 Underground Injection Well Code
(UIC) Identification Number
If your facility has a permit to inject chemical-
containing waste which includes any toxic chemical being
reported into Class 1 deep wells, you must enter the
Underground Injection Control (UIC) 12-digit identification
number assigned by EPA or by the State under the
authority of the Safe Drinking Water Act. If your facility
does not hold such a permit, enter not applicable [N/A] in
this space.
4. Parent Company Information
You must provide information on your parent company.
For purposes of this form, parent company is defined as a
company which directly owns at least 50 percent of the
voting stock of another company.
4.1 Name of Parent Company
You must enter the name of the corporation or other
business entity that is your parent company. If you have
no parent company, enter not applicable [N/A].
4.2 Parent Company's Dun & Bradstreet
Number
If applicable, you must enter the Dun and Bradstreet
Number for your parent company. The number may be
obtained from the treasurer or financial officer of the
company. If your parent company does not have a Dun
and Bradstreet number, enter not applicable [N/A]. Use
leading place holding zeros.
PART II. OFF-SITE LOCATIONS TO
WHICH TOXIC CHEMICALS ARE
TRANSFERRED IN WASTES
This section requires a listing of all off-site locations to
which you transfer wastes containing the toxic chemical.
The information that you enter in this section relates to
data to be reported in Part III, Section 6, of the form.
List only publicly owned treatment works (POTW) and
treatment or disposal facilities. Do not list locations to
which products containing the toxic chemical are shipped
for sale or distribution in commerce or for further use.
Also, do not list locations to which wastes containing the
chemical are sold or sent for recovery, recycling, or reuse
of the toxic chemical.
1. Publicly Owned Treatment Works
(POTW)
You must enter the name and address of the POTW to
which your facility discharges wastewater containing any
toxic chemical you are reporting. If you do not discharge
vj.-_, -•'..••'•,-u, ..... .,'•;< .•••.>• ?-'',--r~ t, (rpnrv
•;•>•<-•-. ... . ' !>, ^-^-•'..ky
wastewater containing, reported'Atoxic chemicals to a
POTW£Lenter ^npt'.;aj>p,licable [N/A]. If you discharge
wastewater ''containing 'toxic chemicals to more than one
POTW, use additional copies of Part II. •
2. Other Of f-Site Locations
In the block next to the heading "Other off-site
location," enter a number. For the first such off-site
location enter "1" in the block. Continue numbering the
off-site locations in ascending order. This is the block
number required by Part III, Section 6. If your facility
transfers the toxic chemical to more than three off-site
locations, use additional copies of Part II and continue
numbering these locations in ascending order.
In the spaces provided, you must enter the name and
address of each location (other than POTWs) to which
you ship or transfer wastes containing the toxic
chemical. Also enter the RCRA I.D. Number (EPA I.D.
Number) for each such location, if known to you. Such
information may be found on the Uniform Hazardous
Waste Manifest which is required by RCRA regulations.
You must also indicate in the space provided whether the
location is owned or controlled by your facility or your
parent company.
PART III. CHEMICAL SPECIFIC
INFORMATION
1.1 Trade Secret Block
If you are claiming chemical identity as a trade secret,
you must mark the trade secret claim box in Section 1.1.
In addition, you must attach a completed trade secret
substantiation form to the report, as set forth in the
trade secret rule in 40 CFR Part 350. When the
chemical identity is claimed trade secret, you must also
provide a generic name in Section 1.4.
Note: If you complete and submit your Toxic Chemical
Release Inventory Reporting Form before the trade secret
rule is in effect, you are still required to substantiate
your claim that the specific chemical identity is a trade
secret. Accordingly, you should follow the provisions of
the proposed trade secret rule and use the proposed
trade secret substantiation form which appeared isi the
FEDERAL REGISTER of October 16, 1987 (52FR 38312-
38377).
1.2 CAS Registry Number
You must enter the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
registry number that appears in section 372.65 of the
reporting rule for the chemical being reported. Use
leading place holding zeros. If you are reporting one of
the chemical categories in section 372.65 of the rule
(e.g., copper compounds), enter [N/A] in the CAS number
space. CAS numbers are cross-referenced with an
alphabetical list of trade names and chemical names in
section 372.65 of the rule.
1.3 Chemical or Chemical Category Name
You must enter in the space provided the name of the
chemical or chemical category as it is listed in section
372.65 of the reporting rule. Only use names listed in
section 372.65.
1.4 Generic Chemical Name
You must complete Section 1.4 if you are claiming the
specific chemical identity of the toxic chemical as a
trade secret and have marked the trade secret block in
B-12
-------
Section 1.1. The generic chemical name must be
descriptive of the chemical structure. You must limit the
generic name to seventy characters (e.g., numbers, letters,
spaces, punctuation) or less.
2. Mixture Component Identity
Use this section to report a mixture component that you
know exceeds a threshold. Do not complete this section
if you have completed Section 1 of Part III.
You may have received a mixture or trade name product
from another person which you were told contains a
section 313 toxic chemical, but that person did not tell
you the specific chemical name or CAS number of the
toxic chemical. The person may have given you a generic
chemical name and the percentage composition of the
toxic chemical in the mixture or trade name product under
section 372.45 of the reporting rule. If you determine
that you have imported, processed, or otherwise used the
toxic chemical in the mixture or trade name product in
excess of an applicable threshold, you must enter the
generic chemical name given to you by your supplier in
Section 2. If your supplier did not give you a generic
chemical name, you must enter the name by .which the
supplier identified the chemical to you. (In some cases,
this may be the same as the name of the mixture or trade
name product.)
For example, your facility uses 20,000 pounds of a solvent
which your supplier has told you contains eighty percent
"chlorocyclocarbon," his generic name for a chemical
subject to reporting under section 313. You therefore
know that you have exceeded the use threshold for this
toxic chemical. You would enter the name
"chloroeycloearbon," in the space provided in Section 2.
3. Activities and Uses of the Chemical at
the Facility
This section requires an indication of whether the
chemical is manufactured (including imported), processed,
or otherwise used at the facility for which the form is
being filed and the general nature of such activities and
uses at the facility during the calendar year. Report
activities that take place only at your facility, not
activities that take place at other facilities involving your
products. You must mark all of the appropriate blocks in
this Section that apply to the activities at your facility.
Refer to the definitions of "manufacture," "process," and
"otherwise used" in section 372.3 of the reporting rule for
explanations supplementing those provided below.
3.1 Manufacture
a. Produce.
A chemical included in this category is produced at the
facility.
b. Import.
A chemical included in this category is imported to the
facility.
c. For on-site use/processing.
A chemical included in this category is manufactured and
then further processed or otherwise used at the same
facility.
d. For sale/distribution.
A chemical in this category is manufactured specifically
for sale or distribution outside the manufacturing facility.
e. As a byproduct.
A chemical in this category is produced coincidentally
during the production, processing, use, or disposal of
another chemical substance or mixture, and following its
production, is separated from that other chemical
substance or mixture.
f. As an impurity.
A chemical in this category is produced coincidentally
with another chemical substance, and is processed, used,
or distributed with it.
3.2 Process (incorporative-type activities)
a. As reactant.
A natural or synthetic chemical used in chemical
reactions for the manufacture of another chemical
substance or of a product. Includes, but is not limited
to, feedstocks, raw materials, intermediates, and
initiators.
b. As a formulation component.
A chemical added to a product or product mixture prior
to further distribution of the product that aids the
performance of the product in its use. Examples include,
but are not limited to, additives, dyes, reaction diluents,
initiators, solvents, inhibitors, emulsifiers, surfactants,
lubricants, flame retardants, and rheological modifiers.
c. As an article component.
A chemical substance that becomes an integral component
of an article distributed for industrial, trade, or
consumer use.
d. Repackaging only.
Processing or preparation of a chemical or product
mixture for distribution in commerce in a different form,
state, or quantity.
3.3 Otherwise Used (non-incorporative-type
activities)
a. As a chemical processing aid.
A chemical that is added to a reaction mixture to aid in
the manufacture or synthesis of another chemical
substance but does not intentionally remain in or become
part of the product or product mixture. Examples of
such chemicals include, but are not limited to, process
solvents, catalysts, inhibitors, initiators, reaction
terminators, and solution buffers.
b. As a manufacturing aid.
A chemical whose function is to aid the manufacturing
process but does not become part of the resulting
product. Examples include, but are not limited to,
lubricants, metalworking fluids, coolants, refrigerants,
and hydraulic fluids.
c. Ancillary or other use.
A chemical in this category is used at a facility for
purposes other than as a chemical processing aid or
manufacturing aid as described above. Includes, but is
not limited to, cleaners, degreasers, lubricants, and fuels.
4. Maximum Amount of the Chemical On
Site at Any Time During the
Calendar Year
You must insert the appropriate code (see below) that
indicates the maximum quantity of the chemical (in
storage tanks, process vessels, on-site shipping
containers, etc.) at your facility at any time during the
calendar year. If the chemical was present at several
locations within your facility, use the maximum total
amount present at the entire facility at any one time.
B-13
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Range Code
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
Weight Range in Pounds
From... To....
0
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
50,000,000
100,000,000
500,000,000
1 billion
99
999
9,999
99,999
999,999
9,999,999
49,999,999
99,999,999
499,999,999
999,999,999
more than 1 billion
5.4 Underground injection
You must enter the total annual amount of the chemical
that was injected into wells, including Class I and other
types, at the facility.
5.5 Releases to land
You must report quantities of the chemical that were
landfilled, impounded, or otherwise disposed of at the
facility. Do not report land disposal at off-site locations
in this section. You must enter the appropriate disposal
code from the following list:
If the toxic chemical was present at your facility as part
of a. mixture or trade name product, to determine the
maximum quantity of the chemical present at the facility
you must calculate only the weight of the toxic chemical,
not the weight of the entire mixture or trade name
product. See section 372.30(b) of the reporting rule for
further information on how to calculate the weight of the
chemical in the mixture or trade name product.
5. Releases of the Chemical to the
Environment
In Section 5 you must account for the total aggregate
releases of the toxic chemical from your facility to the
environment for the calendar year. Releases to the
environment include emissions to the air, discharges to
surface waters, and releases to land and underground
injection wells.
All air releases of the chemical from the facility must be
covered. In case of doubt about whether an air release is
a point or non-point release, it is important that the
release be included as one or the other rather than
omitted. Do not enter information on individual emission
points or releases. Enter only the total release.
5.1 Fugitive or non-point air emissions.
These are releases to the air that are not released
through stacks, vents, ducts, pipes, or any other confined
air stream. You must include (1) fugitive equipment leaks
from valves, pump seals, flanges, compressors, sampling
connections, open-ended lines, etc.; (2) evaporative losses
from surface impoundments; (3) releases from building
ventilation systems; and (4) any other fugitive or
non-point air emissions.
5.2 Stack or point air emissions.
These are releases to the air that are through stacks,
vents, ducts, pipes, or other confined air streams. You
must include storage tank emissions. Air releases from
control equipment would generally fall in this category.
5.3 Discharges to water
You must enter the applicable letter code for the
receiving stream or water body from Section 3.10 of Part
I of the form. Also, you must enter the total annual
amount of the chemical released from all discharge points
at the facility to each receiving stream or water body.
You must include process outfalls such as pipes and open
trenches, releases from on-site wastewater treatment
systems, and the contribution from stormwater runoff if
applicable (see instructions for column C below). Do not
include "indirect" discharges to surface waters such as to
a POTW or off-site wastewater treatment facility. These
must be reported in Section 6.
Disposal Codes
D02 Landfill
DOS Land Treatment/Application/Farming
DOS Surface Impoundment (to be closed as a
Landfill)
D99 Other Disposal
Three lines are provided in this section of the form to
accommodate various types of land disposal.
For the purpose of this form, a surface impoundment is
considered "final disposal." Quantities of the chemical
released to surface impoundments that are used merely as
part of a wastewater treatment process generally must
not be reported in this section of the form. However, if
the impoundment accumulates sludges containing the
chemical, you must include an estimate in this section
unless the sludges are removed and otherwise disposed of
(in which case they should be reported under the
appropriate section of the form). For the purposes of
this reporting, storage tanks are not considered to be a
type of disposal and are not to be reported in this
section of the form.
A. Total Release
Only releases of the toxic chemical to the environment
for the calendar year are to be reported in this section
of the form. The total releases from your facility do
not include transfers or shipments of the chemical from
your facility for sale or distribution in commerce or of
wastes to other facilities for treatment or disposal (see
Section 6.1). Both routine releases, such as fugitive air
emissions, and accidental or non-routine releases, such as
chemical spills, must be included in your estimate of the
quantity released.
A.I Reporting Ranges
For reports submitted for calendar years 1987, 1988, and
1989 only, you may take advantage of range reporting for
releases that are less than 1,000 pounds for the year to
an environmental medium. You may mark one of the
three boxes, 0, 1-499, or 500-999, corresponding to
releases of the chemical to any environmental medium
(i.e., any line item); however, you do not have to use
these range check boxes. You have the option of
providing a specific figure in column A.2 as described
below.
For releases of 1,000 pounds or more for the year to any
medium, you must provide an estimate in pounds per year
in column A.2. Any estimate provided in column A.2 is
required to be accurate to no more than two significant
figures. Beginning with reports for calendar year 1990,
you may not use ranges to report; you must report in
column A.2.
B-14
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A.2 Enter Estimates
You must provide your estimates of releases in pounds for
the year in column A.2. This estimate is required to be
accurate to no more than two significant figures.
Calculating Releases
To provide the release information required in both
Sections A.I and A.2 in this section of the form, you must
use all readily available data (including relevant
monitoring data and emissions measurements) collected at
your facility pursuant to other provisions of law or as
part of routine plant operations, to the extent you have it
for the toxic chemical.
When relevant monitoring data or emission measurements
are not readily available, reasonable estimates of the
amounts released must be made using published emission
factors, material balance calculations, or engineering
calculations. You may not use emission factors or
calculations to estimate releases if more accurate data are
available.
No additional monitoring or measurement of the quantities
or concentrations of any toxic chemical released into the
environment, or of the frequency of such releases, is
required for the purpose of completing this form, beyond
that which is required under other provisions of law or
regulation or as part of routine plant operations.
You must estimate as accurately as possible the quantity
in pounds of the chemical or chemical category that is
released annually to each environmental medium. Do not
include the quantity of components of a waste stream
other than the toxic chemical in this estimate.
If the toxic chemical was present at your facility as part
of a mixture or trade name product, you must calculate
the releases of the chemical only. Do not include releases
of the other components of the mixture or trade name
product. If you only know about or are only able to
estimate the releases of the mixture or trade name
product as a whole, you must assume that the toxic
chemical is released in proportion to its concentration in
the mixture or trade name product. See section S72.SO(b)
of the reporting rule for further information on how to
calculate the concentration and weight of the chemical in
the mixture or trade name product.
If you are reporting a chemical category listed in section
372.65(c) of the reporting rule rather than a specific
chemical, you must combine the release data for all
chemicals in the listed chemical category (e.g., all glycol
ethers or all chlorophenols) and report the aggregate
amount for that chemical category. Do not report
releases of each individual chemical in that category
separately. For example, if your facility releases 3,000
pounds per year of 2-chlorophenol, 4,000 pounds per year
of S-chlorophenol, and 4,000 pounds per year of
4-chlorophenol, you should report that your facility
releases 11,000 pounds per year of chlorophenols. (Other
than for listed chemical categories in section 372.65(c) of
the rule, each form must report for an individual
chemical.
Listed chemicals with the qualifier "solution," such as
sodium sulfate, in concentrations of 1 percent (or 0.1
percent in the case of a carcinogen) or greater, must be
factored into threshold and release calculations, because
threshold and release amounts relate to the amount of
chemical in solution, not the amount of solution.
For metal compound categories (e.g., chromium
compounds), report releases of only the parent metal.
For example, a user of various inorganic chromium salts
would report the total chromium released in each waste
type regardless of the chemical form (e.g., as the original
salts, chromium ion, oxide, etc.), and exclude any
contribution to mass made by other species in the
molecule.
B. Basis of Estimate
For each release estimate you are required to indicate
the principal method by which the quantity was derived.
Enter the letter code to identify the method which
applies to the largest portion of the total estimated
quantity.
For example, if 40 percent of stack emissions of the
reported substance were derived using monitoring data,
30 percent by mass balance, and 30 percent by emission
factors, you would enter the code letter "M" for
monitoring. The codes are as follows:
M - Based on monitoring data or measurements for the
toxic chemical as released to the environment
and/or off-site facility.
C - Based on mass balance calculations, such as
calculation of the amount of the toxic chemical in
streams entering and leaving process equipment.
E - Based on published emission factors, such as those
relating release quantity to throughput or
equipment type (e.g., air emissions factors)
O - Based on other approaches such as engineering
calculations (e.g., estimating volatilization or
solubility using published mathematical formulas)
or best engineering judgment. This would include
applying an estimated removal efficiency to a
wastestream even if the composition of stream
before treatment was fully characterized by
monitoring data.
If the monitoring data, mass balance, or emission factor
used to estimate the release is not specific to the toxic
chemical, the estimate should be reported as based on
engineering calculations or judgment.
C. Percent From Stormwater
This column only relates to Section 5.3 - Discharges to
Water. The quantity of the chemical released to any
receiving stream or water body in each box in column A
must include the amount contributed by Stormwater
runoff from the facility which contains the chemical. In
addition, the percentage of the total quantity (by weight)
of the chemical contributed by Stormwater must be
entered in column C. If your facility has monitoring
data on the .chemical and an estimate of flow rate, you
must use this data to determine percent Stormwater.
If your facility does not have periodic measurements of
Stormwater releases of the chemical but has submitted
chemical specific monitoring data in permit applications,
then these data must be used to calculate the percent
contribution from Stormwater. Flow rate data can be
estimated by multiplying the annual amount of rainfall
times the land area times the runoff coefficient. The
runoff coefficient represents the fraction of rainfall that
does not infiltrate into the ground but runs off as
Stormwater. The runoff coefficient is directly related to
the land uses located in the drainage area and ranges
from 0.5-0.8 for light industrial areas and 0.6-0.9 for
heavy industrial areas. Site specific determinations can
B-15
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be calculated using the following formula:
(1 x fractional paved or roofed area) + (0.2 x fractional
grass area) + (0.3 x fractional graveled area) = site runoff
coefficient
If you have monitored stormwater but did not detect the
chemical, enter zero (0) in this space. If your facility
has no stormwater monitoring data for the of the
chemical, enter no data [N/D] in this space on the form.
6. Transfers of the Chemical in Waste to
Of f-Site Locations
You must report in this section the total annual quantity
of the chemical sent to any of the off-site disposal,
treatment, or storage facilities for which you have
provided an address in Part II.
Line 6.1 is for transfers to a POTW. Lines 6.2 through
6.4 are provided for transfers to other off-site locations,
including privately owned wastewater treatment facilities.
Enter, from Section 2 of Part II, the block number that
corresponds to the off-site location to which you
transferred waste containing the chemical. If you need
additional space (i.e., you ship waste to more than three
off-site locations), check the box at the bottom of
Section 6 and use the Supplemental Information sheet
(Part IV).
A. Total Transferred
You must follow the instructions for providing estimates
as presented in the instructions for column A of Section 6
above. You must enter the amount in pounds of only the
toxic chemical that is being transferred; do not enter the
total poundage of wastes, including mixtures or trade
name products containing the chemical. As with Section
5, you may report in ranges only for calendar years 1987,
1988, and 1989. *
B. Basis of Estimate
You must identify the basis for your estimate. Follow the
instructions and use the same codes as presented in the
instructions for column B of Section 5.
C. Type of Treatment/Disposal
You must enter one of the following codes to identify the
type of treatment or disposal method used by the off-site
location for the chemical being reported. You may have
this information in your copy of EPA Form SO, Item S of
the Annual/Biennial Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage,
and Disposal Report (RCRA). Applicable codes for this
section are as follows:
M10 Storage Only
M20 Reuse as Fuel/Fuel Blending
M40 Solidification/Stabilization
M50 Incineration/Thermal Treatment
M61 Wastewater Treatment (Excluding POTW)
M69 Other Treatment
M71 Underground Injection
M72 Landfill/Disposal Surface Impoundment
M73 Land Treatment
M79 Other Land Disposal
M90 Other Off-Site Management
M91 Transfer to Waste Broker
M99 Unknown
7. Waste Treatment Methods and Efficiency
In Section 7, you must provide the following information
related to the chemical whose releases are being
reported: (A) the general wastestream types containing
the chemical being reported; (B) the waste treatment
methods (if any) used on all wastestreams containing the
chemical; (C) the range of concentrations of the chemical
in the influent to the treatment. method (D) whether
sequential treatment is used; (E) the efficiency or
effectiveness of each treatment method in removing the
chemical; and (F) whether the treatment efficiency figure
was based on actual operating data. You must use a
separate line in Section 7 for each treatment method
used on a wastestream. This section is to be used to
report only treatment of wastestreams at your facility,
not treatment off-site.
A. General Wastestream
For each waste treatment method report you must
indicate the type of wastestream containing the chemical
that is treated. Enter the letter code that corresponds
to the general wastestream type:
A = Gaseous (including gases, vapors, airborne
particulates)
W = Wastewater (aqueous waste)
L = Liquid waste (non-aqueous waste)
S = Solid waste (including sludges and slurries)
If a waste is a mixture of water and organic liquid, you
must report it under wastewater unless the organic
content exceeds 50 percent. Slurries and sludges
containing water must be reported as solid waste if they
contain appreciable amounts of dissolved solids, or solids
that may settle, such that the viscosity or density of the
waste is considerably different from that of process
wastewater.
B. Treatment Method
Codes for treatment methods are included in Table I of
these instructions. You must enter the code for each
treatment method used on a wastestream containing the
toxic chemical, regardless of whether this treatment
method actually removes the specific chemical.
Treatment methods must be reported by type of waste
being treated (i.e., gaseous wastes, aqueous wastes, liquid
non-aqueous wastes, and solids).
Wastestreams containing the chemical may have a single
source or may be aggregates of many sources. For
example, process water from several pieces of equipment
at your facility may be combined prior to treatment.
Report treatment methods that apply to the aggregate
wastestream as well as treatment methods that apply to
individual wastestreams. If your facility treats various
wastewater streams containing the chemical in different
ways, the different treatment methods must each be
listed separately.
Your facility may have several pieces of equipment
performing a similar service. It is not necessary to
enter four lines of data to cover four scrubber units, for
example, if all four are treating wastes of similar
character (e.g., sulfuric acid mist emissions), have similar
influent concentrations, and have similar removal
efficiencies. If, however, any of these parameters differ
from one unit to the next, each scrubber must be listed
separately..
C. Range of Influent Concentration
The form requires an indication of the range of
concentration of the toxic chemical in the wastestream
(i.e., the influent) as it typically enters the treatment
equipment. You must enter in the space provided one of
B-16
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the following code numbers corresponding to the
concentration of the chemical in the influent:
1 = Greater than 1 percent
2 = 100 parts per million (0.01 percent) to 1 percent
(10,000 parts per million)
3 = 1 part per million to 100 parts per million
4=1 part per billion to 1 part per million
5 = Less than 1 part per billion
Note that parts per million (ppm) is milligrams/kilogram
(mass/mass) for solids and liquids; cubic centimeters/cubic
meter (volume/volume) for gases; milligrams/liter for
solutions or dispersions of the chemical in water; and
milligrams of chemical/kilogram of air for participates in
air. If you have participate concentrations (at standard
temperature and pressure) as grains/cubic foot of air,
multiply by 1766.6 to convert to parts per million: if in
mg/m , multiply by 0.773 to obtain ppm. (Note: Factors
are for standard conditions of O°C (S2°F) and 760 mmHg
atmospheric pressure).
D. Sequential Treatment?
You may use various treatment steps in a sequence but
only be able to estimate the treatment efficiency of the
overall treatment process. If this is the case, you must
enter codes for all of the treatment steps in the process.
You must check the column D "sequential treatment?" box
for all of these steps in the same sequence. With respect
to information that must be supplied in columns C and E,
you must provide the range of influent concentrations
(column C) in connection with the first step of the
sequential treatment. Then provide the treatment
efficiency (column E) in connection with the last step in
the treatment. You do not need to complete C or E for
any intermediate step in the sequence.
E. Treatment Efficiency Estimate
In the space provided, you must enter the number that
indicates the percentage of the toxic chemical that is
removed from the wastestream. The treatment efficiency
(expressed as percent removal) represents any destruction,
biological degradation, chemical conversion, or physical
removal of the chemical from the wastestream being
treated. This efficiency must represent the mass or
weight percentage of chemical destroyed or removed, not
just changes in volume or concentration of the chemical
or the wastestream. The efficiency indicated for a
treatment method must refer only to the percent
conversion or removal of the listed toxic chemical from
the wastestream, not the percent conversion or removal of
other wastestream constituents (alone or together with the
listed chemical), and not the general efficiency of the
method for any wastestream.
For some treatments, the percent removal will represent
removal by several mechanisms, as in secondary
wastewater treatment, where a chemical may evaporate, be
biodegraded, or be physically removed in the sludge.
Percent removal must be calculated as follows:
(I-E) x 100
I
where 1 = mass of the chemical in the influent
wastestream and E = mass of the chemical in the effluent
wastestream.
The mass or weight of chemical in the wastestream being
treated must be calculated by multiplying the
concentration (by weight) of the chemical in the
wastestream times the flow rate. When calculating or
estimating percent removal efficiency for various
wastestreams, the percent removal must compare the
gaseous effluent from treatment to the gaseous influent,
the aqueous effluent from treatment to the aqueous
influent, and similarly for organic liquid and solid waste.
However, some treatment methods may not result in a
comparable form of effluent wastestream. Examples are
incineration or solidification of wastewater. In these
cases, the percent removal of the chemical from the
influent wastestream would be reported as 100 percent
because the wastestream does not exist in a comparable
form after treatment.
Some of the treatments listed in Table I do not destroy,
chemically convert, or physically remove the chemical
from its wastestream. Some examples include fuel
blending and evaporation. For these treatment methods,
an efficiency of zero must be reported.
For metal compounds, the reportable concentration and
treatment efficiency must be calculated based on the
weight of the parent metal and not the weight of the
metal compounds. Metals are not destroyed but can only
be physically removed or chemically converted from one
form into another. The treatment efficiency reported
must only represent physical removal of the parent metal
from the wastestream, not the percent chemical
conversion of the metal compound. If a listed treatment
method converts but does not remove a metal (e.g.,
chromium reduction), the method must be reported, but
the treatment efficiency must be reported as zero.
All data available at your facility must be utilized to
calculate treatment efficiency and influent chemical
concentration. You are not required to collect any new
data for the purposes of this reporting requirement. If
data are lacking, estimates must be made using best
engineering judgment or other methods.
F. Based on Operating Data?
This column requires you to indicate "Yes" or "No" to
whether the treatment efficiency estimate is based on
actual operating data. For example, you would check
"Yes" if the estimate is based on monitoring of influent
and effluent wastes under typical operating conditions.
If the efficiency estimate is based on published data for
similar processes or on equipment supplier's literature, or
if you otherwise estimated either the influent or effluent
waste comparison or the flow rate, you must check "No."
8. Optional Information on Waste
Minimization
Information provided in Part III, Section 8, of the form
is optional. This section allows you to identify waste
minimization efforts relating to the reported toxic
chemical that may not have been reflected in your
responses to previous sections of the form.
A. Type of modification
Enter one code from the following list that best
describes the type of waste minimization activity:
Ml - Recycling/reuse on-site.
M2 - Recycling/reuse off-site.
MS - Equipment/technology modifications.
M4 - Process procedure modifications.
M5 - Reformulation/redesign of product.
M6 - Substitution of raw materials.
M7 - Improved housekeeping training, inventory
control.
MS - Other waste minimization technique.
B-17
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B. Quantity of the chemical in the
wasiestream prior to treatment/
disposal
Enter the pounds of the toxic chemical in wastes in the
reporting year and the pounds in wastes in the year prior
to implementing waste minimization (the "base year").
Alternatively, to protect confidential information, you may
wish to enter only the percentage by which the weight of
the chemical in the wastes has changed. This figure
(percentage) may be calculated using the following
formula:
toxic chemical in wastes in reporting year -
toxic chemical in wastes in prior year
toxic chemical in wastes in prior year.
xlOO
The resulting figure may be either negative or positive.
C. Index
Enter the ratio of reporting-year production to production
in the base year. This index should be calculated to most
closely reflect activities involving the chemical. Examples
of acceptable indices include:
- Chemical produced in 1987/chemical produced in 1986.
- Paint produced in 1987/paint produced in 1986.
- Appliances coated in 1987/appliances coated in 1986.
- Square feet of solar collector fabricated in
1987/square feet of solar collector fabricated in 1986.
- Value of sales in 1987/value of sales in 1986.
For example, a company manufactures 200,000 pounds of
a chemical in 1986 and 250,000 pounds of the same
chemical in 1987. The index figure to report would be
1.3 (1.26 rounded). The index provides a means for users
of the data to distinguish the effects of changes in
business activity from the effects specifically of waste
minimization efforts. It is not necessary to indicate the
units on which the index is based.
D. Reason for action
Finally, enter the codes from the following list that best
describe the reason for initiating the waste minimization
effort:
Rl - Regulatory requirement for the waste.
R2 - Reduction of treatment/disposal costs.
R3 - Other process cost reduction.
R4 - Self-initiated program.
R5 - Other (e.g., discontinuation of product,
occupational safety, etc.).
B-18
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10
TABLE I
TREATMENT CODES
AIR EMISSIONS TREATMENT
AOl Flare
A02 Condenser
A03 Scrubber
A04 Absorber
A05 Electrostatic Precipitator
A06 Mechanical Separation
A07 Other Air Emission Treatment
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Bll Biological Treatment — Aerobic
B21 Biological Treatment — Anaerobic
B31 Biological Treatment — Facultative
B99 Biological Treatment — Other
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
COl Chemical Precipitation -- Lime or Sodium
Hydroxide
C02 Chemical Precipitation — Sulfide
C09 Chemical Precipitation — Other
Cll Neutralization
C21 Chromium Reduction
C31 Complexed Metals Treatment (other than pH
Adjustment)
C41 Cyanide Oxidation — Alkaline Chlorination
C42 Cyanide Oxidation — Electrochemical
C43 Cyanide Oxidation — Other
C44 General Oxidation (including Disinfection) —
Chlorination
C45 General Oxidation (including Disinfection) —
Ozonation
C46 General Oxidation (including Disinfection) —
Ozonation
C99 Other Chemical Treatment
INCINERATION/THERMAL TREATMENT
FOl Liquid Injection
Fll Rotary Kiln with Liquid Injection Unit
F19 Other Rotary Kiln
F31 Two Stage
F41 Fixed Hearth
F42 Multiple Hearth
F51 Fluidized Bed
F61 Infra-Red
F71 Fume/Vapor
F81 Pyrolytic Destructor
F82 Wet Air Oxidation
F83 Thermal Drying/Dewatering
F99 Other Incineration/Thermal Treatment
SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION
GOl Cement Processes (including Silicates)
G09 Other Pozzolonic Processes (including Silicates)
Gil Asphaltic Processes
G21 Thermoplastic Techniques
G99 Other Solidification Processes
PHYSICAL TREATMENT
POl Equalization
P09 Other Blending
Pll Settling/Clarification
P12 Filtration
PIS Sludge Dewatering (non-thermal)
P14 Air Flotation
P15 Oil Skimming
P16 Emulsion Breaking — Thermal
PIT Emulsion Breaking — Chemical
P18 Emulsion Breaking — Other
P19 Other Liquid Phase Separation
P21 Adsorption — Carbon
P22 Adsorption — Ion Exchange (other than for
recovery/reuse)
P23 Adsorption -- Resin
P29 Adsorption — Other
P31 Reverse Osmosis (other than for recovery /reuse)
P41 Stripping — Air
P42 Stripping — Steam
P49 Stripping — Other
P61 Acid Leaching (other than for recovery/reuse)
P61 'Solvent Extraction (other than recovery /reuse)
P99 Other Physical Treatment
RECOVERY/REUSE
ROl Reuse as Fuel — Industrial Kiln
R02 Reuse as Fuel — Industrial Furnace
R03 Reuse as Fuel — Boiler
R04 Reuse as Fuel — Fuel Blending
R09 Reuse as Fuel — Other
Rll Solvents/Organics Recovery — Batch Still
Distillation
R12 Solvents/Organics Recovery — Thin-Film
Evaporation
R13 Solvents/Organics Recovery — Fractionation
R14 Solvents/Organics Recovery — Solvent
Extraction
R19 Solvents/Organics Recovery — Other
R21 Metals Recovery — Electrolytic
R22 Metals Recovery — Ion Exchange
R23 Metals Recovery — Acid Leaching
R24 Metals Recovery — Reverse Osmosis
R26 Metals Recovery — Solvent Extraction
R29 Metals Recovery — Other
R99 Other Reuse or Recovery
B-19
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APPENDIX C
RELEASE GUIDANCE
-------
APPENDIX C - RELEASE GUIDANCE
The matrices in this appendix present information on air releases,
wastewater releases, solid and nonaqueous liquid releases, and occupational
exposures. The information provided includes:
• Types of releases.
• Release frequency.
• Controls in use.
• Release estimation method.
Additional offsite and onsite information is provided for solid and nonaqueous
liquid releases. The occupational exposure matrices contain information on
types of exposure, exposure frequency, and controls in use. A listing of the
chemicals in each subcategory (and a description of each chemical) is provided
at the bottom of each matrix. The information provided in these matrices is
currently in draft stage and under review at the Agency.
C-l
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PEI Associates, Ire
RREASE INFORMATION - ADHESIVE USES
e/n/88
Subcategory
Solvent-based
adhesive
Water-based
adhesive
Air releases
Types ol
releases
Evaporation
from mixing
tank during
adhesive
formation
Storage
{breathing
losses)
Transfer
Evaporation
djring
adhesive
application
None
Release
frequency
Intermittent
Continuous
Roulne
Continuous
N/A
Controls In use
Enclosed system,
condenser, scrubber
Unknown
Unknown
Condenser
Norn
Release
estimation
method
1) Engineering
estimate
2) Monitoring
data
Engteerhg
estimate
Engineering
estimate
using EPA/
API methods
Mass balance
based on
usage ol tie
chemical
N/A
Wastewater releases
Types ol
releases
Process
upsets,
spils
None
None
Spils
Cleaning of
mixing tank
Cleaning of
adhesive
application
eoripmant
Release
frequency
Sporadic
N/A
N/A
Sporadic
Intermittent
Sporadic
Controls In use
More
None
None
None
None
Nora
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
N/A
N/A
Engineering
estimate
Engteerhg
estimate
Engheertng
estimate
Sold and nonaqueous liqud releases
Onsiteland
release
None
None
None
None
None
Nora
Oftslte
transfer
Disposal of
residue in
drums,
rrixlng
tanks
None
None
None
None
None
Release or
transfer
frequency
Sporadic
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Onslte
treatment methods
None
None
None
None
None
None
Release
estimation
method
Engheerhg
estimate
based on
plant
Disposal
records
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Occupational exposures
Types ol
exposures
Samping
Maintenance
Production
Nora
Transfer
operation
Production
Maintenance
Cleaning of
tank
Production
Maintenance
Exposure
frequency
Routine
intermittent
Continuous
N/A
Route
Continuous
Sporadic
Intermittent
Continuous
Sporadic
Controls in use
None
Personal protective
equipment
Enclosure, local exhaust
ventilation
None
Personal protective
equipment
General ventilation.
local exhaust
ventilation
Personal protective
equipment
Personal protective
equipment
General ventilation
Personal protective
equipment
Subcategory
So/vent-based
adhesive
Water-based
adhesive
Chemical
Butyl acrylate
Butyl benzyl phthalate
dimethyl sutlate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl Isobutyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Toluene
Totuene-2,4-dlsocyanate
1,1,1-TrichJoroethane
Ethyl acrylate
Maiarrire
Comment
Used h solvent-based adhestves
Used as an additive In the packadng Industry
Polyurethane aoneslve component
Solvent In adheslves
Solvent In adhesives
Dental adhesive, bone cement
Solvent for adheslves
Sealant
MteceOaneous solvent adhesive uses
Water emulsion vehicle in adhesives
Used In adheslves, reskis lor gluing lumber, plywood
-------
PEI Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS
8/11/88
Subcategory
Agricultural
chemical
Consumptive
Intermediate In
agricultural
cherried
manufacture
Air releases
Types of
releases
Process
vents
Storage
vents
Transfer
losses
Fugitive
Releases
during
application
Process
vents
Storage
vents
Transfer
losses
Fugitive
Release
frequency
Intermittent
Continuous
Rouble
Continuous
Continuous
Intermittent
Continuous
Routne
Continuous
Controls In use
Scrubber, adsorption.
absorption, Incineration
Scrubber
Unknown
tnspecion/maMenanca
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
. Unknown
Inspection/maintenance
Release
estimation
method
Engteering
estimate
Engreering
estimate
using EPA/
API methods
Engineering
estimate
using EPA/
API methods
Errission
factor with
some com-
position, leak-
ate, compon-
ent count
measurement
Engreofng
estimate
based on
volatility of
fhelquU
product or
percent
participates
remaining
arborne
Engineering
estimate
Engheertng
estimate
using EPA/
API methods
EnghMring
estimate
using EPA/
API methods
Emission
factor with
some com-
position, leak-
rate, compon-
ent count
measurement
Wastewater releases
Types of
releases
Process
wastewater
Run-off
Process
upsets,
spls
Release
frequency
Continuous
Intermittent
Sporadic
Controls In use
Neutralization, km
exchange, lagoons,
aeration
None
Unknown
Release
estimation
metiiod
1) Monitoring
data
2)Engjneering
estimate
Engineering
estimate
Enrjreertng
estimate
based on
plant records
on upsets and
spfis
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Onsiteland
release
None
Releases
during
application
None
Offslte
transfer
Disposal of
still
bottoms,
off-spec
product,
sdids from
lagoon
''
None
Disposal of
^bottoms
end
off-spec
products
Release or
transfer
frequency
Routine
Continuous
Sporadic
Onsite
teatment methods
Recovery of metals
None
Unknown
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
from plant
Disposal
records
Mass balance
based on
usage and
quantity
released to
other sources
1) Engineering
estimate
2) Mass
balance
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Handing of
agriculture
chemicals
Exposure
dulng
application
Handing of
chemical
prior to
consumption
-
Exposure
frequency
Routine
Routine
Intermittent
Controls in use
Local exhaust
ventilation, personal
protective equipment
Personal protective
equipment (gloves)
Closed-loop transfer,
personal protective
equipment
o
CJ
-------
PEJ Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION -AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS
8/11/88
Subcalegory
Agricultural
chemical
Consumptive
tntermeolate in
agricultural
cherrical
manufacture
Cherrical
Ammonium nifrate (solution}
Ammorium sUlate (solution)
QuWozene
Ammonia
Bromomethano
Chloromefhane
Maleic anhydride
2-Methoxyethano)
Nitric add
Phosphoric add
Sulturicadd
Comment
Dlrecl fertizer application
Nitrogen fertffizer
Seed oYesshg agent
Fertilizer and lerffliier Intermedate
MsoaOaraous uses such as Intermedate for manufacture of agricultural chemicals
ProducJon ol agrlcutural cherricais
Oenvafive for agriculural cherricais
Plant growlh regulator raw material
Ammonium nitrate fertilizer
Manufacture of wet process H2P04 lor phosphate fertilizers
Manufacture of wet process H2P04 tor phosphate fertilizers
o
-------
PH Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION - CATALYST USES
8/11/88
Subcategory
Gat
UquU
SoU
Air releases
Types ol
releases
Storage and
harxfng
tosses
Hardng
losses prior
toaddfen
to reaction
vessel or
Artig
reclamation
ol catalyst
Loscol
catalyst
OJring
catalyst
regeneration
0 9, by
oxidation)
Release
frequency
Confcuous
InternMeni
Rouble
Contois in use
hi&pociorVrfldintendnce
Closed -loop ranster
Paniculate cotitiub
such as scrubber
Release
estimation
rnetwd
Ergneering
estimate
using EPA/
API method
Ergroering
esfmale
using EPA/
APImedod
En^Bering
estmate
Wastewater releases
Types ol
releases
Nore
None
None
Release
tequency
N/A
N/A
N/A
Contois Bi use
None
None
None
ostfmatton
tnotiod
N/A
N/A
N/A
Sold and nonaqueous Iqud releases
Onstteland
mease
Ncne
None
Ncne
Otlslte
transler
None
Disposal
of spent
catalyst
Disposal
of spent
catalyst
Release or
transfer
frequency
N/A
Intermittent
Intermittent
Onslle
teatment methods
None
Redamaton of cataJyst
Regtneralon of catalyst
Release
estimation
mettiod
N/A
Endneedng
Bstimate ton
plani records
EngVieBring
3sttmate ton
plant records
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Lea*
Handing of
catalyst
prior to or
alter use
Harding of
catalyst
Exposure
frequency
Sporadic
Intermittent
ntermittent
Controls fri use
None
Personal protective
sqUpment
Personal protective
equipment
?
1/1
Subcategory
Gas
UqJd
Sold
Cherrkal
Crdoromeihane
Acstoritrile
AOyl chloride
1,2-DichVxopropane
Titanium tetrachloride
Alumnumoride
Ethytene Mourea
Osmium tetroxlde
Comment
Catalyst solvent used In tie manufacture ol butyl rubber
Used ti catalyst and metal complex catalysts
Used fri resin catalysts
Catalyst reclamation
Catalyst used for organic synthesis
Used in rriscelaneous catalysts
Accelerator for epicrdorohyclrin
Used as an oxidant fri catatytc oxkJalon
-------
Pa Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION - CHEMICAL PROCESSING SOLVENTS
8/11/88
Subcatogory
Processing so^ert
Air releases
Types ol
releases
Release
during
separation
ol solvent
from product
Release
frequency
Continuous
Controls In use
Process enclosure,
condenser, carbon
adsorber, dare
Release
estimation
method
Mass balance
based on
usage toss
releases
by other
sources
Wastewater releases
Types ol
releases
Process
upset,
spils
Release
frequency
Sporaofc
Controls In use
Aeraton, biological
treatment ol
wastewater
Release
estimation
method
Eogfrwring
estimate
from plant
records ol
upsets, and
spite
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Onslteland
release
None
Oflslte
transfer
Waste
solvent
Release or
transfer
frequency
Intermittent
Onslte
treatment methods
Solvent reclamation
Release
estimation
method
Engjneerhg
estimate
from plant
Disposal
records
Occupational exposures
Types ol
exposures
Inhalation
and dermal
exposure
Exposure
frequency
Routine
Controls In use
Local exhaust
ventilation, personal
protective equipment
Subcalegory
Chemical
Comment
Processing solvent
?
Acetone
Acetoritrile
astJxNoro-l-methylelhyl) ether
Hs{2-cWoroelnyi) ether
ten-Butyl alcohol
Chtorobenzene
Cydohexane
1,2-Hchtorob9nzene
t^-nchtoroethylene
Elhylrjenzene
Freon113
Hexacttoronaphthalene
(sopropyl alcohol
Melhanol
Methyl isobutylketone
Mettiytenebrorride
2-Nitropropane
1,2.4-Trlchlorobertzene
1,1,2-TrtcHoroethane
TrichJaoethylene
Solvent tor ceBUose acetate
Solvent lor distillation of butadiene
Solvents for fats, waxes, etc.
Solvents tor fats, waxes, etc
Chemical solvent
TDI processing solvent
Solvent uses
TDI processing solvent and other solvent uses
Extraction solvent
Solvent applications
Inert solvent
Solvent
General solvent
Solvent
Solvent tor exfracflon
Solvent
Industrial solvent
Solvent In (OCN)3 production
Solvent In manufacture of chlorinated rubbers
Industrial solvent
-------
PB Associates, he.
RELEASE INFORMATION • CLEANING/DECREASING SOLVENTS
8/11/88
Subcategory
Metal degreasing
Textile clearing
Air releases
Types ol
releases
Liquid drag
out
Evaporator)
from
deagreaser
Dryer vent
d/dDua
rugiuve
Release
frequency
Routne
Continuous
Continuous
p,w.tf(_tfwic
uornnjous
Contois In use
Drain rack, Increased
drafttime
Raked freeboard.
Id, refrigerated
condensers, carbon
adsorbtion
Carbon adsorber,
refrigerated condenser
InspfctoVnidfilenance
Release
estimation
method
1) En0neerlng
estimate
2) Emission
factor
1) Engineering
estimate
2) Emission
(actor
1)Mass
balance
based on
chemical
usage
2)Errtsslon
factor
Cnfed/vt
crnssHn
(actor
Wastewater releases
Types ol
releases
Water con-
densate from
refrigerated
condgnsar
released to
sewer
Water con-
densatefrom
refrigerated
condenser
released to
sewer
Release
frequency
Routne
Routne
Controls in uso
None
None
Release
estimation
malhod
Engineering
estimate
Engineering
estmate
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Onstleland
release
Nona
None
Oftsite
transfer
Spent
solvent
dsposal
Disposal ol
filter
canister or
date ma-
ceouseanri
filter
material
Release or
transfer
frequency
Internment
Intermittent
Onsite
freatmenl methods
Solvent reclamation
Nona
Release
estimation
method
Engheertng
estimate
based on
plant
dsposal
records
Engineering
estimate
based on
plant
disposal
records
Occupational exposures
Types ol
exposures
Harding ol
solvent and
parts to be
cleaned
Leaks In
washer or
dryer
Handling ol
deaned
dolhes
Spotting ol
domes
Exposure
frequency
Routine
Continuous
Routine
Intermittent
Controls in use
Refrigerated condensers,
local exhaust
ventilation, personal
protective equipment
Inspector/maintenance
None
Local exhaust
ventilation
Subcategory
Meta) dec/easing
Textile clearing
Cherried
Cttorobanzene
Chloroform
Cresoi (nixed Isomers)
Ocrloromethane
M-Dioxane
Reon113
TeuacNoroethylene
Nitrolofriacetic add
Sodum hydroxide (sotuton)
Thlourea
1.1,1-TrtcNofoethane
Trichloroelhylene
Hsp-crdoro-l-metiyletiyl) ether
Freon113
Tetrachloroethylene
Comment
Decreasing solvent
Degreasing solvent
deanfrig compound corrponnet
Vapor degreaslng and cold degreaslng solvent
SlaUfcer In chlorinated dealing sotvems
Decreasing solvent
Degreaslng solvert
Metal deaning (plating) solvent
Metal degreasing
Silver tarnish remover
Vapor degreaslng and cold degreasing solvent
Vapor degreaslng and cold degreaslng solvent
Spotting and clearing solutions
Dry dealing solvent
Dry deaning solvent
-------
PE) Associates, toe
RELEASE INFORMATION • COATING AND PRINTING USES
a/1 I/as
Subcategory
Solvent In irks
Solvent In coalings
Solid in inks
Air releases
Types ol
releases
Evaporation
during**
formulation
Evaporation
during drying
and curing ol
irks
Evaporation
during
coaling
formulation
Evaporation
during drying
and curing
ol coalings
Ncne
Release
frequency
Continuous
Continuous
Continuous
Continuous
N/A
Contois in use
Ud on mixing tank
Vapor recovery, carbon
adsorption. Incineration
Ud on nixing tar*
In factory application •
vapor recovery, carbon
adsorption, incineration
Non-factory application •
no controls
N/A
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
based en
solvent losses
during
formulation
entering
estimate
based on Irk
usage, com-
position and
control
efficiency
Engheoring
estimate
based on
solvent losses
(faring
formulation
Factory
application-
ergneering
estimate
based on
usage, com-
position and
control
efficiency
Non-factory
application:
D3S60 on
100% usage
N/A
Wastewaer releases
Types of
releases
For water-
based Inks
only here Is
potential
lor release
during tank
clearing
For water-
based Inks
orty there is
potential
lor release
during press
cleanup
For water-
based
coalings only
tore Is
potential for
release
during tank
clearing
For water-
sctube
coalings only
there Is
potential
for release
during
application
equlpmenl
cleanup
For water-
based Inks
only (here is
potential
for release
during press
equipment
cleanup
Release
frequency
Intermittent
Rouine
Intermittent
Rouine
Rouine
Controls In use
None
None
None
None
None
Release
estimation
method
Endneoring
estimate
Engineering
estimate
Engheering
estimate
Engineering
estimate
Engineering
estimate
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Onsiteland
release
None
None
None
Ncne
None
Oflsite
transfer
Disposal
of off-spec
ink
Waste
solvent
from press
deaning
Disposal
of off-spec
coating
Waste
solvent
from
deaning of
application
equipment
Figment In
waste
solvent
from
clearing ol
press or
application
equipmera
Release or
transfer
frequency
Sporadic
Intermittent
Sporadic
Intermittent
Intermittent
Onsite
treatment methods
None
Solvent recovery
None
Solvent recovery
None
Release
estimation
method
Plant
Disposal
records
Plant
Disposal
records
Plant
djsposaf
records
Plant
Disposal
records
Plant
Disposal
records
Occupational exposures
Types ol
exposures
Tank
deanrtgand
maintenance
Press
operator
Press
cleaning and
maintenance
Tank
deaning and
maintenance
Coating
application
Equipment
clearing
Ink
application
Exposure
frequency
Intermittent
Continuous
Routine
Intermittent
Continuous
Routine
Continuous
Controls In use
General ventilation,
personal protective
equipment
General ventilation
General ventilation,
personal protective
equipment
General ventilation,
personal protective
equipment
Paint spray booth,
other local exhaust
ventilation, personal
protective equipment
Paint spray booth,
other local exhaust
ventilation, personal
protective equipment
Personal protective
equipment
n
i
CD
-------
PEI Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION - COATING AND PRINTING USES
8/11/88
Subcategory
Solid In coalings
Air releases
Types ol
releases
None
Release
frequency
N/A
Contois In use
N/A
Release
estimation
method
N/A
Wastewater releases
Types ol
releases
For water-
based
coatings
only there is
potential
tor release
during
application
equipment
cleanup
Release
frequency
Roulne
Contois In use
None
Release
estimation
method
Engheerhg
estimate
Sold and nonaqjeous kqud releases
Onsttetond
release
None
Ollsite
transfer
Hgmentln
watte
solvent
bom
cleaning ol
appfodon
equipment
Release or
transfer
frequency
ntorRiittonl
Onslte
freatment methods
None
Release
estimation
method
Plant
dsposal
records
Occupational exposures
Types ol
exposures
Coating
application
Exposure
frequency
Continuous
Controls in use
Personal protective
equipment
Subcategory
Solvent In inks
Solvent In coatings
Solid in inks
SoDd In coatings
Cherrical
Oibutyl phfhalate
2-Ethoxyethanol
2-Methoxyethanol
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Acetone
Acetonltlle
Butyl acrylate
n- Butyl alcohol
Cresol (rrixed Isomers)
o-Cresol
}-Cresol
M-Oioxane
2-Ethoxyethanol
Ethyl acrylate
Ethyl acrylate
teopropyl alcohol
2-Methoxyetnano)
Methyl acrylate
Mathyl ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
Toluene-2,4-d6socyanata
Xylene
McHefs ketone
Titanium doxide
Toluene
Acetarride
Arurrinum (tume or dust)
Trlarium dnxide
Toluene
2.4,5-TricNofOphenol
Comment
Printing ink Ingredtont
Used in inks
Used in inks
Printing inkssolvent
Solvent lor Inks
Sorvent In coatings
Mscelaneous uses In coating compounds
Used in coatings and inks
Solvent in coatings formulations
Wire enamel solvent
Wire enamel solvent
Wire enamel solvent
Solvent fri paints, etc.
Used In coatings
Used In inks
Used r coatings
Solvent to coatings
Used h coatings
Jsed t\ coalings
Coatings solvent
Solvent tor coalings
Protective coatings
Used In coalings
Solvent in paints and coa&iys
InrtlaJors In UV -cured Inks
Whitener and opadfier tor Inks
Solvent lor inks
Antacid and plasSdzer In coatings (lacquers)
Used in paints
Whitener and opacfler tor coalings, paper, and paperboard
Sohent for coalings
Anfi-rriaobial agent in paint
n
VO
-------
PEI Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • CONSUMPTIVE INTERMEDIATES
a/ii/88
Subcategory
Gas
Ijqud
Sold
Air releases
Types of
releases
Process
vents
Storage
pressure
rebel vents
Fugifrve
emissions
Process
vents
Transfer
tosses
Fugitive
emissions
Duslng
during
material
transfer
Release
frequency
Intermittent
Sporadc
Confnuous
ntermlttenl
Route
Continuous
Intermittent
Controls In use
Scrubber, Bare
Nora
tnspectfonftniifltutdnco
Scrubber, condenser
CtoseoXoop ransler.
vapor recovery for
volatile liquids only
Inspection/maintenance
tor volatile Squids only
Fabric filter
Release
estimation
method
Engneemg
estimate
Engtneerhg
estimate
Errissta)
lactor with
sons
composition/
leak rate/
count
measurement
1) Engneemg
estimate
2)Monttoring
data
3) Emission
factor
1) Engineering
estimate
using EPA/
API method
JJErrission
lactor
1)Errisslon
factor with
some
composition/
leak rate/
component
count
measurement
Engineering
estimate
Wastewater releases
Types of
releases
Nonelkery;
It product ts
gasdssolved
In water,
spite could
be released
to water
Process
upset, spBs
KsoBdki
water
solution.
spils could be
released to
sewer
Release
frequency
Sporadc
Sporadc
Sporadc
Controls In use
None; aeration used for
treatment of otter
che rricars would also
remove tie gases; for
acids, neutralization ts
also used
Surface Impound men! or
lagoon wit) biological
treatment, aeration,
orPOTW
Now
Release
estimation
metiod
Plan records
ol spas of
gas In water
solutions
Engineering
estimate
based on
plant records
of upsets
andspDs
EngHeerhg
estimate
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Onsiteland
release
Nora
Nora
None
Ollslte
transfer
None
Disposal
olstffl
bottoms.
off-spec
product
Disposal of
unreacted
waste
Release or
transfer
frequency
N/A
Sporadc
Sporadc
Onslte
•eatment methods
Nora
Solvent recovery.
hcineraion
Nora
Release
estimation
method
N/A
Engneering
estimate
from plant
dsposal
records
Engneering
estimate
from plant
dsposal
records
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Sampfng
Maintenance
Transfer
operations
Maintenance
Ousting
during
material
transfer
Exposure
frequency
Rouflne
Intermittent
Routine
ntermittenl
Intermittent
Controls in use
Closed-loop sampfng
Personal protective
equipment
Closed-loop tansfer,
personal protective
equipment
Personal protective
equipment
Local exhaust
ventilation, personal
protective equipment
(gloves)
o
M
O
-------
PEI Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • CONSUMPTIVE INTERMEDIATES
8/11/88
SubcaiBgory
Comment
Gas
Uqutd
O
I
Ammonia
Cartoonyl sUlkte
Chlorine
Chloromelhane
Diazomeihane
Elhylene
Ethylene oxide
-fydrogen fluoride
Ftopylene
Propylene oxide
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Acroleln
Acryloritrile
Altyl chtoride
Aniline
o-ArtsidhehydrocNoride
o-Arisidne
Bercal chloride
Benzene
BenzoylcNorkle
Bis (2-cHoro-l-melhyleihyl) ether
rv Butyl alcohol
sec-Butyl alcohol
ten-Butyl alcohol
1,2-Butylone oxide
Butyraldenyde
Carbon dsulflde
Carbon tetracHoride
Chtorotenzene
Chloroform
Chloromefhyl methyl ether
Cresol (nixed Isomers)
o-Cresol
Cumene
Cumene hydroperoxlde
Cydohexane
V-Oibromoethane
1,3-Dchtaobenzene
1,2-acrtoroetiane
1,2-Oicntoroelnytene
1,2-Dichloropropane
U-Hchtoropropylene
Dielhyl sutfate
Dimethyl sullate
N.N-Hrr»lhyianiline
EpicNorohydrln
2-Ethoxyethanol
Elhylbenzene
Formaldehyde
He xacttorocy do pentad ene
pentadiene
Hydrogen cyanide
tsopropy] alcohol
Methanol
Methyl acrylate
Polymer, explosive, and animal feed Intermediate
Herbicide Intermediate
Chemical Intermediate
Production ot methyl cellulose, quaternary amines, tetramelhyl lead
Synthesis of pyrazolines » methyl alkyt suflates and alkykaton reactions of hydroperoxldes
Manulactuing of elnylene oxide, elhylene dlchlorlde, etc.
Manufacturing of ethylene ojycd, etiandarrines, etc
Manufacturing of fluorocarbon, fluoride, and ahjninum fluoride products
Manufacturing of aovlonitrile, propylene oxide, cumene, etc.
Manufacturing of propylene gtycol, ojycol ethers, dl propylene gfycd, and isopropanolarrines
Intermediate for a variety of chemicals
Intermediate lor Bisphencl A. MIBK, etc.
Intermediate tor a variety ot chemicals
Intermediate for adiponitrile and acrylairtde
Medical, polymer, and agricultural Intermediate
Production of MDI. rubber processing cherricals
Intermeolate tor gjalacoi
Intermediate for guaJacol
Benzaldehyde intermediate
Cherrtcd htermediate
Variety of Intermediate uses
Intermediate for other biphenots
Variety of Intermediate uses
Variety ot Intermediate uses
Rubber and cosmetic Intermediate
Polymer intermediate
Variety of uses
Polymer and chemical IntermedUte
Production of Fluorocarbon 11 and 12. efhylene dlchloride, perchioroethylene
Variety of Intermediate uses
Fluorocarbon 22. ethylene dchtoride production
Ion exchange resin Intermediate
Cresyllc add production
Variety of uses
Polymer and chemical Intermediate
Phenol and acetone intermediate
Nylon intermediate
Intermediate in plant growth regulator
rrvChtorophenol Intermediate, Intermediate In the production of Isocyanates .
Ethyl chloride production, production of chlorinated solvents, vinyldene chloride, etc
Chlorinated etiylene Intermediate
Intermediate for chlorinated solvents
D-D mixture (poison) Interrmdate
AlXylarjon reaction intermediate
Aftylatlng agent to produce methyl derivatives o! tNols, etc.
Synthesis ol vanillin, and used in alkyarjng agents
Glycerine manufacturing
Organic synthesis
Styrene monomer Intermediate
Production of hexamethylene-trlamlne, pentaerythrltol, 1,4-butadene, trlmetnylpropane,
phthallc anhydride, solid urea, acetylene chemicals, MDI, etc.
Flame retardant. Insect, and resin Intermediate
resin intermediate
Manufacturing of adiponitrile, methyl methacrylata, etc.
Manutacturing of acetone, etc.
Manufacturing of tormaldehyde, meihyi and butyl ethers, acetic add, chloromelhanes, etc.
Film and polymer Intermediate
-------
PB Assodates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORUATIOH - CONSUMPTIVE INTERMEDIATES
a/n/88
Sufacaiegofy
Comment
UqufcJ
SoU
O
Ntrobenzene
Phosgene
Prodonatdehyoe
Pyrldine
Safrole
Sodum hydroxide (solution)
Sodium hydroxide (solution)
Styrene oxide
Tetrachloroethylene
Titanium tetrachloride
Toluene
1,1,2-Trichlofoemane
1,2.4-Trimelhyibenzene
Vinyl acetate
Vinylidenechtorlde
Xylene (mixed Isomers)
nvXylene
o-Xytere
p-Xyteno
2,6-Xyfdne
Acetamlde
Aluminum oxide
Benzairide
Sphenyl
Caldum cyanarride
Catechol
Chloroacellcadd
mCresol
p-Cresd
4,41-aairtnodphenYl ether
fJamlnototuene (rrixed bomers)
1,4-Dkhlorobenzerie
LM^henytiydrazlne
Hexacnlorobenzene
4.4'-teopropyfdenedpienol
Matefe anhydride
4.4'-fctelhylenedanfflne
Molybdenum trloxide
Naphthalene
5-Klro-o-antidne
4-Nitrophenol
>Mlroso(iphenylarr*ie
OctachloronapMialena
Osmium tstroxide
Prenol
Phosphorus (yellow or white)
Rote add
Oinone
2,4,5-Tritftoophenol
Derivative of aniline
Toluene dttsocyanate production, metylene disocyanate produdon
Manulacturing ol propkric add
Manufacturing ol piperldine, quaternary salts, etc.
UanufacUlng ol dlhydroquinolines. qJnoprthalones
Heiotropin Intermediate
Manutacturtng of sodium salts, sodium chlorite, sodium chloroacetate, sodlun cyanide,
sodium formate, etc.
Manufacturing ol betapnenelhyl alcohol
Manufacturing of Ouorocartaons
Manufacturing of metals, organlcs, and Inorganics contardng titanium
Benzole add, benzaldehyde production, manufacturing of benzene and TDI
Manufacturing ol 1,1-dk)tooethylene
Manufacturing of trimetallic anhydride
Manufacturing ol ethyleneftlnyl acetate
Tetrachloroefiylene/lrlchloroelhylene production, raw material to produce refrigerant 426
Manufacturing p-xylene, o-xytene, and m-xylene
Manufacturing ol tsophtnaHc add
Manufacturing of phthaOc anhydride
Manufacturing of tetephthaDc add
Manufacturing ol lidocatne, and UpivacaJne
Raw material In organic synthesis
Aluminum metal intermediate
Benzorttrile intermediate
ntermedate for other biphenyts
Cyanartide and calcium cyanide Intermediate
Variety ol uses
Variety of uses
pharmaceutical and flavors, rubber Intermedate
Variety of intermediate uses
Polymer Intermediate
TDI Intermediate
Production of 1,2,4-trfchJorobenzene
Jenzidne Intermedate
•lanulacturtng of pentachlorophenol
Manufacturing ol tetrabromobsphenol A
Manufacturing ol fumeric and malete adds
itoudacturing ol methyl teocyanates
itenulacturing of moiybenum compounds
Derivative for phthaOc anhydride, synthesis of tanning agents
itenufacwtng of dazo compounds
Derivative for acetomerophen
Manufacturing of vinyl monomer, polymer Inhibitor
Manutaduring ol teuachloro-
^tasslum osmate production
Caprolaoum production, manutecturing of Usphenol A, akyl phenols, xyenols. and anlirw
Manufacturing of pentasulSde. phosphorus trichloride, potassium, calcium, and
sodum phosphates
itonulaauring of piramte add and Inhtitor In cHoroprene storage
Manufacturing of hydroquinone
Variety ol uses
-------
PEI Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • DISINFECTANTS AND REPELLANTS
8/11/84
Subcategory
Liquid
Sold
Air releases
Types ol
releases
VolafflizaUon
during
mixing ol
disinfectant/
repellant
Apptaton
ol
disinfectant/
repsHant
Processing
otsoBdhto
product form
'
Release
frequency
Routae
Roulne
Continuous
Controls In use
Process enclosure
None
None
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
Engtocring
estimate
EflflVwrtng
estimate
Wastewater releases
Types of
releases
It product
Is water-
based, spBs
can be
released to
water
None
None
Release
frequency
SporadJc
N/A
N/A
Controls In use
None
Nora
None
Release
estimation
meftod
Plant records
of spills
N/A
N/A
Sold and nonaqueous Squid releases
Onsfteland
release
Non*
Norn
Nora
Oflsite
transfer
[fepOSfll .
ol off-spec
product
Nora
Disposal
ot off-spec
product
Release or
transfer
frequency
Sporadc
N/A
Sporadc
Onslte
treatment methods
Norn
None
None
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
from plant
Disposal
records
N/A
Engneettng
estimate
from plant
records
Occupational exposures
Types ol
exposures
Volatilization
during nixing
Inftafeton
and dermal
exposure
Dusting of
product
during
harxliig
Exposure
frequency
Routine
Routine
Intermittent
Controls in use
Process enclosure
Personal protective
eqUprnent
Local exhaust
ventilation, personal
protective equipment
(gloves)
o
t-i
Subcategory
Liquid
Sold
Chemical
Dibutyl phthalate
Dimethyl phfhlate
Per acs tic acid
Sodrum hydroxide (solution)
Hexachloroethane
Naprflhalene
Comment
Insect repelent
Insect (mosquito) repellent
Disinfectant and antiseptic in research
Disinfectant
Active Ingredient In dslntectants
Moth repellent
Moth repellent
-------
PEI Associates. Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION - DYE AND PIGMENT CHEMICALS
8/11/88
Subcategory
. Dye/pigment
- Dye additive
Consumptive
Intermediate In
dye^gment
manufacture
Dye carrier
solvent
Air releases
Types of
releases
Release of
particulars
during
transfer of
powder dye/
pigment
tetease during
handing of
adddfive prioi
to formulation
of dye
leteasedurinc
handing of
chemical
during
production of
dye/pigment
prior to dye/
pigment
formation
Release
during drying
of dye
Release
frequency
Intermittent
Intermittent
Roulne
Continuous
Controls In use
Use ol separate room
to store and nix dyes
Same as those used to
control dye or pigment
Similar to consumptive
Intermediale category
with controls based on
physical state of die
chemical
Condenser
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
Engheertng
estimate
Engheertng
estimate
Mass balance
based on
usage of the
chemical less
quantity re-
covered from
condenser
and quantity
retained in
textile
- . Wastewater releases
Types of
releases
For water-
based dyes
potential
release from
cleanup and
spils
For water-
based dyes
potential
release from
cleanup and
spils
Spills of
chemical
prior to
consumptive
use to
produce •
dye/pigment
If water
soluble may
be released
during
cleaning
operations or
during textile
drying
Release
frequency
Sporadc
Sporadic
Sporadc
Sporadic
Controls in use
None
None
Nona
None
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
Engineering
estimate
Engineering
estimate
Engineering
estimate
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Onslteland
release
None
None
Mora
None
Offsite
transfer
None
None
None
None
Release or
transfer
frequency
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Onslte
treatment methods
Nora
None
None
None
Release
estimation
method
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Exposure to
dye powder
prior lo trains
Dermal
exposure to
dye/pigment
after mixing
Exposure to
additive
xjor to rrtxinc
Dermal
exposure to
additive
after mixing
Exposure to
chemical
prior to
consumptive
use to
produce
dye/pigment
Cleaning
and other
maintenance
Exposure
frequency
Intefminen
Sporadc
Intermittent
Sporadc
Sporadc
Intermittent
Controls In use
Use of separate room
with ventilation to store
and mix dyes
Personal protective
equipment
Personal protective
equipment
Personal protective
equipment
Personal protective
equipment
Personal protective
equipment
I
I—"
*>.
Subcategory
Chernca
Dye/pigment
Acetoritrile
Aluminum oxide
C.I. Add Blue 9, dammonjum salt
ClAddBue9,
-------
PEI Associates, he.
REUASE WFOflMATBN • DYE AND PIGMENT CHEMICALS
8/11/88
Subcategory
Cherried
Comment
Dye$igment
DyeaddOve
Consumptive
hermedatein
dycuplgmenl
manutacure
O
I
Ul
Dye carrier
solvent
C I. Solvent Yeoow 14
C.I. Solvent Yetow 3
C.I. Solvenl Yellow 34
C.I. Vat Yellow 4
Catechol
S.J-amethoxvbenzldne
Direct Black 38
DrectBluee
Direct Brown 95
aphenyt
2.4-OiarrinoanlsolesuHale
2.4-OtarrinoanJsole
2.4.aamnoBtuene
N.N-ameDylanfflne
4-NiGroptanol
2-ArrJnoardhraquinone
Arflne
o-AriskJnehydrochtotde
o-Arisidne
p-AriskJne
Benzole Irichlorid
C.I. Add Blue 9, dammorium san
C.I.AddBue9,dso(fiumsafl
:.l. Add Green 3
C.I. Basic Green 4
C.I. Basic Red 1
CI Food Red 5
p-0esi*e
2,4-Qdtaophend
4-dmattylarrinoazobenzene
3,3-Dimethyt)enzldne
2.4-DrftrophBnol
4,4'-MethylenebJs (N^dmetiyQ benzenarrine
4.4'-Melhylenedan1ine
Mentor's ketone
arpha-N^htiylarrtne
beta-Naphthylarrine
S-Mtoo-ansidne
p-Ntrosoipnenylarrine
>Phenyleriedarrime
Sufluricadd
4,4-ThtodarOne
Titanium tetachloride
o-ToUdm
2,6-XyUra
Acetarrtde
Hetnyl phtdate
Dimetirl phttdate
Solvenl dye
Solvent dye
Solvenl dye
Dye tor cotton, sHX wool, and paper
Oxidalon base lor tur and hair dye preparations
Pigment
Dye
Dye
Dye
Accelerart In formulation ol dye carriers lor tesfflo dyeing
Oxidation base lor tur dyeing; previously used In hair dyes
Oddafon base tor lur dyeing and dye (ntermedates
Developer lor drect dyes and dye and pigment Intermediate
Used in dyes
Used in dyestuRs
Dye Intermedate
Anthraquinone dye Intermediate
Solvent dye IMermedate
Once used as dye Inter medtoie
Used In tw production ol dyes and pigments
Dye htermodata
Dye Irtermedate
Dye and IquM crystal intermediate
Dye Intermedale
Acid dye lor wool, sUk, nylon, and leatiar; IntermeoTate lor production ol pigments, tooddye
Add dye lor wool. sBk, nylon, and leatur; Intermediate lor production of pigments, tooddye
Acid dye tor many appOcatlons and pigment Intermedate
Jaslc dye tor many appScatats and pigment Intermediate
Basic dye tor many appBcaJons and pigment Intermediate
Dye and pigment Intermediate
Dye Hermedate
Dye Marmedate
Used In Solvent YeJow 2 manufacture
Manufacture ol yetow, orange, and red dyes
)ye hermdate
Jye Hermedaie
Dye Mermtdate
Dye Merrmdata
Dye Hermedate
DyeHerriBdate
Azo dye intermediate
Manufacturing o) dazo compounds
Dye Hermedate
Dye dehetofjing and hair dye. Violet 3. and Direct Black intermediate
Used to manufacture inorgaric dyes
Mordant Yellow 16 Intermediate
Used to manuractro titanium dodde pigments
Dye intermedate
Dyestufls kttermedate
Dye solvent lor todies
Dye carrier to aceterate drying
Dye canter
-------
PEI Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • aECTRONIC USES
8/11/88
Subcategory
Conponont otctiing
Solvent
Other
Air releases
Types of
releases
Process aid
storage
vents
Evaporation
of solvent
during use
Hanolng
losses
Release
frequency
Intermittent
Continuous
Intermittent
Controls In use
Scrubber
Condenser or carbon
adsorber
Unknown
Release
estimation
method
Mass balance
based on
usage
Mass balance
based on
solvent
usage
Engineering
estimate
Wastewater releases
Types ol
releases
Spills, water
rinse after
etching
Spls
Ncne
Release
frequency
Sporacfc
Sporadc
N/A
Controls In use
Neutralization
None
Nora
Release
estimation
method
PH
measurement
1) Monitoring
data
2) Emission
(actors
N/A
Sold and nonaoueous liquid releases
Onslteland
release
None
None
Nora
Ollslte
transfer
Disposal
of waste
adds
Nora
None
Release or
transfer
frequency
Intermittent
N/A
N/A
Onsite
treatment methods
Neutrafizaton
None
Nora
Release
estimation
method
Engroering
estimate
based on
plant disposal
records
N/A
N/A
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Handing of
chemicals
prior to use
Handing of
solvents prior
to use
Evaporation
of solvents
during use
Handing of
chemical
prior to use
Exposure
frequency
Intermittent
Intermittent
Continuous
Intermittent
Connote in use
Closed-loop transfer,
personal protective
eqMpment
Personal protective
equipment
None
Personal protective
equipment
Subcategory
Component etching
Solvent
Other
Chemical
Chlorine
formaldehyde
Hydrochloric add
Hydrogen tuoride
Nitric add
Phosphoric add
Sodium hydroxide (solution)
Sulfuric add
Acetone
Ariliw
CNorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Qchloromelhane
2-Elhoxyethano!
Freon113
Methanol
2-Methoxyettianol
Methyl ethyl Ketone
Methyl ethyl ketone
TetracHoroethvlene
Toluene
1,1.1-Trichlorethane
Trichloroelhylene
Xylene (rrixed isomers)
Bromoform
HexachJoronapMialene
Comment
Bering compound
Elding compound
Etching compound
Elding compound
Elding compound
Etding compound
Etching compound
Elding compound
Solvent used In semiconductor manufacturing
Solvent used In semiconductor manufacture
Solvent used In semiconductor manufacture
Solvent used In semiconductor manufacture
Solvent used In semiconductor manufacture
Solvent
Solvent used In printed drcuit boards
Solvent
Sorvent used in semiconductor manufacture
Solvent used in printed droJt boards
Solvent used in semiconductor manufacture
Solvent used In semiconductor manufacture
Solvent
Solvent used In photoresist Dm
Solvent
Solvent
Solvent used In photoresist fim
Q/A programs in electronics
Component In electrical encapsulating compounds and capacitor Impregnants
n
i
-------
PEI Associates. Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • EXPLOSIVES
a/11/aa
Subcategory
Explosive
constituent
Consumptive
intermediate in
explosive
manufacture
Air releases
Types of
releases
None
Handing
losses prior
to use In
explosives
Release
frequency
N/A
ntermitten]
Controls In use
None
Depends on physical
state ol the chemical
Release
estimation
method
N/A
Engineering
estimate
Wastewater releases
Types ol
releases
Nora
Spls
Release
frequency
N/A
Sporadic
Controls In use
Nora
Nora
Release
estimation
method
N/A
Engteering
estimate
from plant
records of
spite
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Onslleland
release
Nora
Nora
Oflsile
transfer
Disposal of
off-spec
product
Nora
Release or
transfer
frequency
Intermittent
N/A
Onsila
treatment methods
Detonation
Nora
Release
estimation
method
Engneedng
estimate
N/A
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Nora
Depends on
physical
state of
chemical
Exposure
frequency
N/A
Intermittent
Controls in use
N/A
Personal protective
equipment
Subcategory
Explosive
constituent
Consumptive
intermediate In
explosive
manufacture
Chemical
Aluminum (fume or dust)
Nitroglycerine
Picric add
Acetarrtde
Nitric add
Comment
Powder used in explosives manufacture
Dynamite and smokeless gun powder
Secondary Ngh explosive
Antacid In explosives manufacture
Manufacture of ammonium nitrate explosives
o
I
-------
PEI Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORUATIOH • FOOD USES
8/11/88
Subcategory
Foodaddtive
Food processing
Air releases
Types of
releases
Release
luring handing
of liquid
additives
Process
vems
Storage
vents
Transfer
losses
Release
frequency
Intermittent
Intermittent
Continuous
RoubB
Controls In use
Closed-loop transfer
systems
Absorber, condenser,
scrubber
Absorber
Solvent recovey
system
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
1)Endneering
estimate
2) Monitoring
data
3) Emission
factor
Engrealng
estimate
using EPA/
API methods
1)Endneering
estimate
using EPA/
API methods
2} Emission
factor
Wastewater releases
Types of
releases
None
SpBs
Release
frequency
N/A
Sporadic
Controls In use
None
Unknown
Release
estimation
rnethod
N/A
Engineering
estimate
based on
plant records
of spas
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Onsiteland
release
More
None
Offslle
transfer
Norn
Disposal
of process
waste
Release or
transfer
frequency
N/A
Sporadc
On site
treatment methods
None
None
Release
estimation
method
N/A
Endneerfng
estimate
based on
plant disposal
records
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Handing of
addlfve prior
to food use
Handing of
chenfcal
prior to use
h process
Exposure
frequency
Intermittent
Intermittent
Controls in use
Personal protective
equipment
Personal protective
equipment
o
Subcategory
Food additive
Food processing
Cherried
Diepoxybutane
Saccharin
Dchtoromeftane
HyoYocHortcadd
Comment
Prevents rrioroblat spoilage
Sweetener
Used In spices and beer hops and coffee exfracflon sohent
Food processing
-------
PE1 Associates, he
RELEASE INFORMATION • FUEL COMPONENTS
8/11/88
Subcategory
Fuel additive
Nuclear fuel
Rocket fuel
Air releases
Types of
releases
Storage
losses
Transfer
losses
None
Storage
losses
Transfer
losses
Release
frequency
Continuous
Route
N/A
Continuous
Route
Controls In use
Condenser, tare,
absorber
Floating roof tank, vent
to flare or condenser
None
Unknown
CtooseoVloop transfer
Release
estimation
method
EnoineeTtng
estimate
using EPA/
API method
estimate
using EPA/
API method
N/A
Engineering
estimate
using EPA/
API method
Ennjneering
estimate
using EPA/
API method
. Wastewater releases
Types of
releases
FuelspHs
None
Nero
Release
frequency
Sporadc
N/A
N/A
Consols In use
None
None
None
Release
estimation
method
Plant records
of spins
N/A
N/A
SoEd and nonaqueous hquid releases
Orate land
release
None
Unknown
None
Otlslte
transfer
None
Unknown
None
Release or
transfer
frequency
N/A
Unknown
N/A
Onslte
Seatment methods
None
Unknown
None
Release
estimation
method
N/A
Unknown
N/A
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Transfer
operations
Unknown
Transfer
operations
Exposure
frequency
Routine
Unknown
Route
Contois In use
Closed-loop transfer.
personal protective
equjntent
Urfcnown
Closed-loop transfer.
personal protective
equipment
n
^-*
VO
Subcategory
Fuel additive
Nudearfuel
Rocket fuel
Cherrical
tert-Butyl alcohol
1.2-Dtoomoethane
a-Methoxyethanol
Methyl ten-butyl ether
Toluene
Thorium doxlde
Aluminum (fume or dust)
Oibutyl phlhalate
1.1-Oimethyl hydraztne
Methyl hydraztne
Nilrogtycerln
Comment
High octane Uerdng component h gasoine
Gasofine additive
AntMdng fuel adoltrve
Hgh octane addMve
Ddano booslinfl coriyoneni
Fuel ki nudear reactors
Constituent In rocket fuels
PropeOant plasfdzer
Rocket fuel propelant
Rocket or ope Bart
Propetant
-------
P8 Associates. Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION - HEAT EXCHANGE CHEMICALS, LUBRICANTS, AND HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
8/11/88
Subcategory
Additive
Hydrate/heat
exchange fluid
Lubricant
Air releases
Types ol
releases
Dusthg durtng
handing prior
toaddtionto
Ould
Leaks
Spas, teaks
Release
frequency
Intermittent
Sporadc
Sporadc
Contois In use
Nora
Absorbantsto
cdectlqud spits
Absortants to
collect setts
Release
estimation
metud
Endneerlig
estimate
Engineering
estimate
Ef^jfcbtft^
estimate
Wastewater releases
Types ot
releases
Wastage)
spOs, leaks
down sewer
WasNngof
spills, leaks
down sewer
Wasting ol
spins, teaks
down sewer
Release
frequency
Intermittent
Intermittent
Inter rrtttert
Contobfriuse
Norn
Nora
None
Release
esl notion
netwd
Engteertig
estimate
Enghxrtig
estimate
Enrjnxrtig
estimate
Sold and nonaqueous liqud releases
Onstteland
release
Norn
Nora
Nora
Oftslte
transfer
Calecdon
lor disposal
or recycle
Cctocdon
tor disposal
or recycle
Cofectton
for Disposal
or recycle
Release or
transfer
frequency
bitermHtent
Interirlttent
Intermittent
Onsite
freatmem methods
Use to recover heat
value
Recycle by Ifrarjon
and/or distillation; use
to recover heat value
Recycle by llfratkm
and/or distillation; use
to recover heat value
Release
estimation
metod
Plant
dsposal
records
Plant
dsposal
records
Plant
dsposal
records
Occupational exposures
Types ol
exposures
Dermal
exposure
Inhalation
or dermal
exposure
Dermal
exposure
Exposure
frequency
Sporadc
Sporadic
Sporadc
Controls fri us*
Personal protective
equpmert yoves)
Personal protective
equipment (doves)
Personal protective
eotfirmnt (doves)
?
to
0
Subcategory
Additive
Hydraulic/heat
exchange kid
Lubricant
Chemical
Haxaohtoroefiane
Mateic anhydride
4.4>-MefiyienedanBm
OOachloronapWhalene
2-Pherrthenol
Hphenyl
Brs(2-etryt»xyi) adpale
sec-Butyl alcohd
Qhyteradycd
Freonin
PolycMorinatedblphenyls
Bis(2-etiy>Nxyi) adpate
Chloromethane
Commem
ForrrUalon of extreme pressure lubricants
LubetiadoHves
AndoxUantlnUxolt
Cuting ol coolants
Dlslrtectanl fri curing ofe
Heat tanstar and hydraufcUd
Hydraulctuld
Hydrauk brake lutd
AntHreeze
Refrigerant
ktsUatng Wd In framfcrmefs and hydraufc Uds
Lubricant
Produdon or lubricants
-------
PB Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • LABORATORY USES
8/11/88
Subcateqcry
Indteator/staln
Laboratory reagent
or solvent
Research chemical
Air releases
Types ot
releases
None
Released
torn lab
hood
Released
torn lab
hood
Release
frequency
N/A
Sporadc
Speradc
Contois In use
fere
Nora
None
estimation
meftod
N/A
Mass balance
based on
usage less
opantity
consumed bi
reaction,
dsposedol
town sanitary
sewer or
dsposedol
as solid
waste
Mass balance
based on
usage less
quantity
consumBdln
reaction,
Disposed ot
down sanitary
sewer or
disposed of
as solid
waste
Wastewater releases
Types of
releases
Dispose!
down
sanitary
drah
Disposal
down
sanitary
drain
Dteposal
down
sanitary
drain
Release
frequency
Sporadic
Sporadc
Sporadc
Contois In use
Nona
Nora
Nora
Release
estimation
rretiod
Estimate
based on
usage
records
Mass balance
based on
usage less
quantity
released from
tab hood or
dsposedof
as soH
waste
Mass balance
based on
usage less
quantity
consumed hi
reaction.
released torr
lab hood, or
dsposed of
as solid
waste
Sow and nonaqueous hqud releases
Onslteland
release
Nora
Nora
Nora
Offslte
transfer
Nora
Disposal
of lab
waste
Disposal
ollab
waste
Release or
transfer
tequency
N/A
Intermittent
Sporadc
Onslte
freatmenl methods
Nora
Nora
None
Release
estimation
metal
N/A
Engineering
estimate
from lab
records
Endraertq
estimate
torn lab
records
Occupational exposures
Types of
OXpOSUTOS
Potential
dermal
expo sue
Inhalation
or dermal
exposure
during usage
Inhalation
or dermal
exposure
during use
Exposure
frequency
Sporadc
Intermittent
Sporadc
Controls in use
Personal protective
equipment (gloves)
Laboratory hood.
personal protective
equipment (gloves)
Laboratory hood,
personal protective
equipment (gloves)
• \~
o
to
Subcategory
Cherricat
Indicator/stain
Laboratory reagent
or solvent
Research chemical
C.I. Add Blue 9, darnnonlumsalt
C.I.AddBlue9,dsodumsart
C I. Add Green 3
C.I. Solvent Yelow 3
Acetoritlle
p-AnsHra
Bromoform
C.I. Solvent Yelow 3
Catechol
Ctioromatiyl rmtiyl ether
Hydrazine sUbte
Throacetarrtde
2-Ac8trlamtnofluoren9
Banzldre
Bis(chtoTormtiyl)etier
Oiopoxybutane
Indcator, Udogical stain
hdcator, biological stah
Indcator and bWoojcalstah
Biological stain
Sorvent In HPLC
Analytcal reagent
Lab reagent
Analytical reagent
Analytcal reagent
Reagent
Analytical testing of blood
Lab chemical
No commercial use
Research cnerrical
No commercial use
No commercial use
Reasearch reagent
-------
PEI Associates. Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • LABORATORY USES
6/11/88
Subcategory
Research chemical
Chained
HoxamelhylfjIiosphcranMe
4-NfroHphenyl
2-Nfrochenol
N-NHroso-N-dhylurea
N-Nitroso-N-rnelhylurea
N-Naroaxfl-rvtutylarrfne
N-rfWsofflflfrcpylarnlne
N-Nitrosodielriylarrlne
N-Nitrosodrnethytarrine
N-NitrworrelhyMnylanfflne
N-NltrDsomorpholIra
N-NtoosooofrtcoHne
N-NitrosoptxxIdro
CUrfne
1,1,2>TetracHoro«lhane
o-Tolijdrehy*ocrtoride
Triaziquone
2,4,6-TricNorophenol
Tris (2,3-dbromopropyl) phosphate
Urelhane
Comment
Roaarchuse
No commercial use
Nocommerdaluw .
Research use
Research use
Research use
Research use
Research use
Research use
Research use
Research use
Research use
Research use
Analytical reagent
Analytical reagent
Research use
No commercial use
Research use
Nocommericaluse
Biochemical research
to
to
-------
PB Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • MANUFACTURE OF THE CHEMICAL
8/11/88
Subcateqory
Gas
Volatile liquid
Air releases
Types ol
releases
Process
vents
Storage
pressure
relief
valves
Fugitive
emissions
Process
vents
Storage
vents
Transfer
tosses
Fugitive
emissions
Release
frequency
Intermittent
Sporadc
Continuous
Intermittent
Contnuous
Rouble
Continuous
Controls In use
Flare, scrubber
Vent to flare
Inspection/maintenance
Condenser, dare,
absorber, scrubber
Floating roof tanks,
venttolareor
condenser
Closed-loop transfer,
vapor recovery
Inspection/maintenance
Release
estimation
method
1) Engineering
estimate
2) Monitoring
data
Engteering
estimate
Emission
factor
with some
composition/
leak rate/
component
count
IJEnsfneerlng
estimate
2) Monitoring
data
3)Errisston
factor
1)Enoineertng
estimate
using EPA/
API method
2) Emission
factor
1)En0neertng
estimate
using EPA/
API method
2) Emission
factor
1} Emission
factor with
some
composition/
leak rate,
component
count
measure-
ments
Wastewater releases
Types of
releases
Not likely; It
product Is
gas dissolved
In water
spOs could be
released to
water
Process
upset, spills
Release
frequency
Sporadc
Sporadc
Controls In use
Aeration used for
teatment of other
cherricats would also
remove these gases
Surface impoundment
or lagoon with biological
treatment, aeration,
orPOTW
Release
estimation
metiiod
Plant records
of spas of
gas In water
solutions
Engineering
estimate
based on
plant records
of upsets
andsptts
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Onslteland
release
None
None
Oftslte
transfer
None
Disposal
ofstil
bottoms,
off-spec
product
Release or
transfer
frequency
N/A
Sporadc
Onslte
reatment methods
Norn
Solvent recovery,
Incineration
Release
estimation
melKxl
N/A
Engjneedng
estimate
from plant
disposal
records
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Samplng
Maintenance
Samplng
Maintenance
Transfer
operations
Exposure
frequency
Routine
Intermittent
Routine
ntermlttent
Routine
Controls In use
Closed-loop samptng
Personal protective
equipment
CtoseoMoop samping
Personal protective
equipment
Closed-loop tansfer,
personal protective
equipment
NJ
Ul
-------
PEI Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • MANUFACTURE OF THE CHEUCAL
8/11/88
Subcategory
Low volatile Squid
Sold
Water solution
Air releases
Types ol
releases
Process
vents
Storage
vents
Transfer
losses
Fugitive
emissions
Release of
partlcutates
during (tying
andpackaoix
Mudngof
cherries! and
water to
form solution
Release
frequency
Sporadic
Continuous
Roulne
Continuous
Contnuous
Sporadc
Controls In use
Condenser, tare,
absorber, scrubber
Because of low
volatility, probably no
controls
Because of low
volatility, probably no
controls
None
Fabric filter, scrubber
Control of dusting
prior to mixing with
water
Release
estimation
method
1)Endneering
estimate
2) Monitoring
data
Engineering
estimate
from EPA/
API method
Engineering
estimate
from EPA/
API method
Engineering
estimate
basdon
comparison
with volatile
chemicals
adjusted for
difference In
vapor
pressure
Engineering
estimate
Engineering
estimate
Wastewater releases
Types ol
releases
Process
upsets, spills
Release torn
water based
nanulacturtnc
processes or
from
scrubber
wastewater
Spills of
chemical
In water
soUion
Release
frequency
Sporadc
ConHnuous
Sporadc
Controls In use
Surface Impoundment.
lagoon win biological
treatment, aeration,
orPCTW
Settling tanks, nitration
Nora
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
based on
plant records
of upsets
andspHs
1) Monitoring
data
2)En0neerhg
estimate
Rant records
ol spills
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Onslteland
release
Process
waste
None
Offslte
transfer
Disposal
of still
bottoms,
off-spec
product
Process
waste
NOB
Release or
transfer
frequency
Sporadc
Intermittent
N/A
Onslte
treatment methods
Solvent recovery,
Incineration
None
N/A
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
from plant
disposal
records
Engrwwig
estimate
N/A
Occupational exposures
Types ol
exposures
Sampfng
Maintenance
Transfer
operations
Dusting of
product during
packagHg
Dermal
exposure to
solution
Exposure
frequency
Routtne
Intermittent
Routine
Routine
Sporadc
Controls in use
Closed-loop sampfng
Personal protective
equipment
Closed-loop transfer,
personal protective
equipment
Local exhaust
ventilation, personal
protective equipment
Personal protective
equipment
to
-------
PH Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION - MANUFACTURE OF THE CHEMICAL
8/11/88
Subcategory
Gas
Volatile liquid
Low volatile
IcMd
Cherried
Ammonia
1,3-Butadera
Carbonyl sdfide
Chlorine
Ace [aldehyde
Acetone
Acetoritrile
Acrolein
Acrylic add
Acryloritrile
AltylcNorkJe
Aniline
Benzal chtorWe
Benzene
Benzole uichloitde
Benzoyl cHoride
Benzyl chloride
Bsg-chloro-1 -methyl elhyl) etur
Bs(2-chloroelhy1) etw
Bis(2-etiy1hexyl) adpate
BsjcNorometiyl) elhec
Bromotorm
Bromomelhane
Butyl acrylate
n-Bulylakxhol
sac-Butyl alcohol
ten-Butyl alcohol
1.2-Butylene oxide
BuryraMehyde
Carbon dsuttde
Carbon tetacNortde
Chtarobenzene
Chloroform
o-Ariskfwnydrochtoride
o-Artsidne
p-Artsidne
Butyl benzyl phthatate
Di-p-etiyOiexyl) phthalate
2.4-Diairinoanlsolesullate
Chlorine dknkto
Chloroelhane
Chloromelhane
Qazemethane
CNorometiyl metiyl ether
CMoroprene
Cresol (rrixed Isomers)
nvCresol
Currene
Cumene hydroperoxlde
Cydoheiane
ti-Oihrornoethane
Qchtorotoenzene (rrixed Isomers)
1,2-OchJorobenzene
1,3-Cicnlcrobenzene
acftooteomomethane
1^-ncNorMtiane
l^-Ochkiroelhylene
DicHorormlhane
1^-DicHoropropane
1,3-Ocrtofopropylern
Diepoiytutane
1.1-nmelhyl nydrazine
ametrryl sulfate
N.N-Dmelriytanlllne
Oimetiylcabamyt chkxlde
1,4-Ooxane
Epjcrtoohydrtn
2-Ethoxyethanol
Ethyl acrylate
Etiylbenzene
Elhylenelmne
FormaUenyde
Dibutyl phftalata
Diethyl phlhalate
Uelhyl sullate
Dimelnyl phlhalala
n-Dioctyl phtialate
Bhyleredycol
Ethytorw
Bhytowoxldo
Reonin
Hydrogen fejortde
Hexadioro-I.Wxriacfere
Hexacrtofocydopertadwne
Heiamethylphosphoranide
Hydrazlne
Hy*o
-------
PB Associates, he
RELEASE INFORMATION • MANUFACTURE OF THE CHEMICAL
8/11/88
Subcategory
Sold
Water soUon
Chenfcal
Acetantte
2-Acfitytaminofluorone
AcrylamMe
Miirinum (lume or dust)
Aluninum oxldo
l-Airino-2-metiylanlhraqulrMra
2-Airinoantroqutont
4-Afrfnoazobenzeno
«-Amhob|ph«nyl
Anthracene
Asbestos
BenzamUe
Baiadne
Benzoyl peroxide
Bphenyl
Caldumcyanatride
Catechol
CNoroacetc add
O /HJAJ'J^LJIJLIJUJUJIJ-JIA
tt»nzkin»
2.«€lmolhybt-«ml
2,4-DMtophenol
2,4-Dtaftotoluene
2,6-OMUotoluene
1^-C%jr»nytiydra*)e
Ethylono tf^oures
UauajiiLunlumirim
nexauKrouonzenB
Hexacrdoroetura
HexacNoronaptiatoM
Hydrazine sUlate
AmmnAun suKate (sotufon)
Hyitoqukiora
4,4'-tsopropyfdenedphenol
Matekartiydrido
«*larrtr»
MothyleneUs (phavtbocyanata)
M'-MethyteneUs (2-cNoroanOno)
M'-Msttylmtfe (N.N-d)imtiyl) benzenantw
^•MatiytoudtenBna
McHarskatont
Mofybttenurn trloxfato
NapMialm
at|ia-Naphlhytamkie
faeta-NapWiyiamlm
NtolotriaceHc add
W*roo-al!l*»
4-NltrodFhenyl
2-Nitophenol
4-Ntoophend
U UtmeA.M aAwtiiraa
n-rauoso-n-0vi][Hji9a
N-Mtroso-N-netiylurea
(Mfosodphanylannine
pJltrosodfhenylantte
Sodkrni hydroxide (soUon)
N-WIfOSomorphoOne
Octadiloronaprilhalanc
Osirtum tatrotlde
PBrfldCHuiOfjlHNIOl
Phenol
pPhwiyteoedartmB
Z-Pheryfphenol
Phosprnrus (yebw cr •Wla)
PhftaBc anhydride
Role add
QJnone
Sacdiarin
Terephhadc add
TNoacetamlde
4.4'.TModianilim
THouraa
Ihortumdkixlde
Tnartum dioxide
TnszKjuonB
2.4,5-ThcHofophenol
2.4.6-TrtdTtoophenol
Uefiane
Sodbjffl suttate (sotitoi)
o
to
-------
PEI Associates. Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • OTHER USES
8/11/88
Subcateqory
Gas
UQJkf
SoU
Air releases
Types of
releases
Storage
leaks
Hsnttng
bssas
Handtag
losses
Release
frequency
SporarJc
Routne
Rouine
Controls In use
None
Unknown
Unknown
Raease
esfmalon
rmtxx)
Engnxrtig
eslmale
from plant
records ot
leaks
Engineering
estimate
Ergneering
estimate
Wastewater releases
Types ol
releases
None
Uses too
Diverse to
generalize
Uses too
averse to
generalize
Release
frequency
N/A
Unknown
Unknown
Controls In use
None
Unknown
Unknown
Release
estimation
method
N/A
Unknown
Unknown
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Onstteland
release
Nora
Uses too
diverse to
generalize
Uses too
Diverse to
generalize
Olfslte
transfer
None
Unknown
Unknown
Release or
transfer
frequency
N/A
Unknown
Unknown
Onslle
freatmem methods
None
Unknown
Unknown
Release
estimation
mettiod
N/A
Unknown
Unknown
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Storage
leaks
Exposure
from handing
olcherrica)
Exposure
from handing
of chemical
Exposure
frequency
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Controls in use
Mom
Personal protective
equipment (gloves)
Personal protective
equipment (gloves)
Subcategory
Gas
Liquid
Sold
Chemical
Chlorine dioxide
Hydrogen Buorlde
Mjstardgas
Vinyl bromide
AcetonitrUo
Ammonium suttate (solution)
Bsp-chtao-1 -methyl ethyl) ether
Bromoform
tert-Butyl alcohol
1,2-Butylene oxide
N,N-Dimelhytan!ine
2-Ethoxyethanol
HexacHoro-1, Wxitadene
Hydrochloric add
Hydrogen cyanide
Isobutylraldehyde
teopropyl alcohol
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl Iodide
Methytenebronide
Nitric add
FVopane sultone
ftopyteneirrine
Quroine
Sodum hydroxide (solution)
SoctumsuKate (solution)
Sulluricadd
Titanium tetradhlorkte
1.2.4-Trtchlaob«nzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
AcetarrMe
Alurrinum (lume or dust)
Comment
Odor control agent
Nudearuses
Used in warfare
Fiber dame retardanl
Stabilizer for cnkmnated solvents
Caprolactum manufacturing
Extractant
Fluid for ore separation
Oenaturated for alcohol mixtures
Add scavenger lor chlorinated compounds
Used In sealants
Extraction chemical
Manufacture of pinhde free flms
Steel picking, chemical manufacturing
ChelaSng agent
Corrosion InNbtor
Various cosmetic uses
Used In magnetic tapes
Melhyladng agent
Sauge fluid
Manufacturing ot adplc add, TOI, rArotaenzenearillne
Oerivadzlng agent
Spedalty chemical derivalves
Corrosion Inhibitor
Rebing of vegetable oBs, pH confrol, alkaline bode washing formulations, washing
nafththalens, stabilzation of sodum hydrochloric, petroleum refining, etc.
Glass trill reparing
Copper leaching, alkylatfon ol Isobutane, Inorganic cherrtcals, industfal organic chemicals
Smoke screen devices for tie military
Wood preservative agent against insects
Solvent h aerosol dispensing products
Soldering tux, stabilizer, accelerator, and dasldzer fri leather and 61ms, antadd In
cosmetic Industry
Powdered aluminum alloys used In manufacturing of bushing, gears, tool, and machine pans
9
to
-------
PEI Associates. Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION - OTHER USES
8/11/83
Subcalegory
Comment
SoU
Aluminum oxide
Anthracene
Arsenic
Asbestos
Benzoyl peroxide.
Caldumcyanamlde
Catechol
Cupferron
Decsbromtxlfjluf ul oxide
Qethanolamne
a.y-OcmethoxybenztcIne
Hexadlorobenzene
Hexachtoroetiane
HexatMoronapthalene
Hydrazlne sulfate
4,4'-Mettiyleradarfline
Osmium tetroxide
Rote add
Saccharin
Thorium doxlde
ZAS-Trichtoroptnnol
Flame retardant (Here, afasorbants, ceramics, etc.
01 lor wood, and making screens, etc.
Glass production
Cements, flooring, rooting, packing, Insulation, etc.
Bleaching agent
Used In steel rttrtdatlon and desuHurization
Leather tarring agent
Reagent cherrtcaj tor chefeflng metals
Flame retardant
Add absorption and corrosion Inhibitor
Coupling agent also used In warfare
Adds blue color to polytechnics
Oegreaser In Al and Mg metals manufacturing and chain transfer agents
Gauge and Instrument Ouid, electroplating stop-off chemical
Soldering Dux, refining rare metals
Iron corrosion intftrior
Used In aqua reglarelring
Oxldlzer In fireworks
Cosmetics
Incandescent agent In gas Bgttfng
Perservatve tor rubber gaskets
GO
-------
PS Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION - PAINT AND VARNISH REMOVERS
8/11/88
Subcategory
Solvent In paint
and varnish
removers
Air releases
Types of
releases
Release
during
(cumulation
Evaporation
during
application
t
Release
frequency
Continuous
Continuous
Controls In use
Closed Id on mixing tank
Nora
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
1) Emission
(actors
2) Mass
balance
based on
usage less
quantity
released to
water or
solid waste
Wastewater releases
Types ol
releases
SpOs
Spls
Release
frequency
Sporadic
Sporadc
Contois In use
Nora
Nona
Release
estimation
method
Engkutthig
estimate
1) Emission
factors
2) Mass
balance
based on
usage less
quantity
released to
water or
soOd waste
Sold and nonaqueous tqjd releases
Onstteland
release
Nore
None
Oftslte
transfer
None
Disposal
of old
paint
Release or
transfer
frequency
N/A
Intermittent
Onslte
treatment methods
None
Incineration
Release
estimation
method
N/A
Engheering
estimate
based on
plant disposal
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Inhalation
and dermal
exposure
Inhalation
and dermal
exposure
Exposure
frequency
Continuous
Continuous
wfile
stripping
Controls In use
Ud on rrfxing tank,
local exhaust
ventilation, personal
protective equipment
General ventilation.
local exhaust
ventilation, personal
protective equipment
Subcategory
Solvent In paint
and varnish
removers
Chemical
Acetone
Bs(2-chloro-1-methyl ethyl) ether
Dibutyl phthalate
Qchlofomethane
2-Ethyoxyethanol
2-Nitropropane
Sodium hydroxide (solution)
Comment
Paint varnish, and nan polish remover
Paint and varnish remover
Nal polish remover
Paint stripper
Paint and varnish remover
Paint and varnish remover
Paint remover
to
VO
-------
PEI Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • PESTICIDES. INSECTICIDES, HERBICIDES. AND FUNGICIDES
8/11/88
Subcategory
SofcJ
UquM
Air releases
Types ol
releases
Release ol
particulates
during drying
and packaging
Releases
during
aerial spray
application
Releases
during
other
application
methods
Access
vents
Storage
vents
Transfer
losses
Fugitive
Release
frequency
Continuous
Continuous
Continuous
Intermittent
Continuous
Roufne
Continuous
Controls In use
filtration, scrubber
None
Electrostatic charge
on dusting machine,
Unknown
Unknown
Closed-loop transfer
Inspection/maintenance
Release
estimation
method
Engheaing
estimate
Engineering
estimate
based on
usage and
percent of
oherrical
remainhg
airborne
Engineering
estimate
based on
volatility of
(nelqukl
product or
percent
particulates
remaning
airborne
Enojneertng
estimate
Enojneertng
estimate
using EPA/
API methods
Engheatig
estimate
using EPA/
API methods
Errissfcn
factor with
some conv
position, leak-
rate, compon-
ent count
measurement
Wastewater releases
Types of
releases
Release form
water based
nanufacturlnj
processes or
scrubber
wastewater
Run-off, and
over spray
Into water
sources
Run-off
Process
upsets,
spas'
Release
frequency
Continuous
Internment
Intermittent
Sporadic
Controls In use
Settling tanks, nitration
None
None
Unknown
Release
estimation
method
1) Monitoring
data
2)Engfaeertng
estimate
Entering
estimate
r,,,^ I...
dfpMMty
eslmate
Engheering
estimate
based on
plant records
on upsets and
spite
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Orel island
release
None
Releases
durhg
application
Releases
during
application
None
Offslte
transfer
Process
waste
None
None
Disposal of
rill bottoms
and
off-spec
product
Release or
transfer
frequency
Intermittent
Continuous
Continuous
Sporadic
Onsite
treatment methods
None
None
None
Unknown
Release
estimation
method
Engneertng
estimate
Mass balance
based on
usage and
quantity
released to
otier sources
Mass balance
based on
usage and
quantity
released to
other sources
Engneertng
estimate
from plant
Disposal
records
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Handing of
pesticides,
Insecticides,
herbicides.
: fungicides
produced
Exposure
during
spraying
Exposure
cuing
spraying
Handing of
pesticides,
Insecticides,
herbicides.
fungicides
produced
Exposure
frequency
Routhe
Rourne
Routine
Routine
Controls In use
Process enclosure, local
exhaust ventilation,
personal protective
equpment
Personal protective
equipment
Personal protective
equpment
Process enclosure, local
exhaust ventilation,
personal protective
equpment
o
u>
o
-------
PB Associate, he.
RELEASE INFORMATION - PESTICIDES. INSECTICIDES. HERBICIDES, AND FUNGICIDES
8/11/88
Subcategory
UjukJ
ConsuiKjive
Wermedate In
pesticides, etc.
manulacue
Air releases
Types of
releases
Released
dihg
aerial spray
application
Released
curing
otter
application
metiods
Process
vents
Storage
vents
Transfer
losses
Fugitive
Release
frequency
Conlnuous
Conlnuous
Inter rrrtttn
Conlnuous
Roufne
Conlnuous
Controls In use
None
Electrostatic charge
on dusting rnaotlne.
UJwowi
Uifciuwi
IMmovn
hspecfon/tnatnlonance
Release
estimation
method
Efiujiiutikiy
eslmate
based on
usage and
percent of
chenfcat
rernarihg
aJrbom*
Engtaertng
estimate
based on
volatility ol
fnelquid
product or
percent
pardculates
remaining
airborne
1)En0netrtng
eslmate
2) Mortaring
data
3) Emission
factor
Engineering
eslmate
Engineering
eslmate
using EPA/
APImetiods
flllVlJjLlL
tfns3on
factor with
sorneoonv
posHon, leak-
rate, compon-
ent count
measurement
Wastewater releases
Types of
releases
Rutw8.and
over spray
Into water
sources
Rurvon
Process
upsets.
spls
Release
frequency
Internment
Intermittent
SpnfttttC
Contois In use
None
None
i^j
UNKHNI
Release
eslimaion
rrofad
Ei^fwiiy
eslmate
Bigteering
eslmate
Engineering
eslmate
based on
plant nHMH bottoms
and
off-spec
product
Release or
transter
frequency
Conlnuous
Contnuous
Sporafc
Onsite
teatment methods
None
None
Ulomn
Release
estimation
mBthod
Mass balance
based on
usage and
quantity
released to
oher sources
Mass balance
based on
usage and
quantity
releasedto
otier sources
t)Enoreertng
estimate
2) Mass
balance
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Exposure
during
spraying
Exposure
dufrg
spraying
Hanrllngof
chemical
prior to
reaction
Exposure
frequency
Routine
Routine
Intermittent
Controls in use
Personal protective
equipment
Personal protective
equipment
Closed-loop tanster.
personal protective
equipment
o
CO
Subcateqoy
Sold
Cherrical
AUrln
Calcium cyanantde
C apian
Carbaryl
CNoranten
CWorolhiona
2.4-0
Comment
Insocbddo for moti oofvol orty
F»«Mde
trsedckle
Herbicide marufacue
Fungidde, rridewdde
Herbcide
-------
PEI Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • PESTICIDES, INSECTICIDES, HERBICIDES, AND FUNGICIDES
8/11/83
Subcateqofy
SoU
UqukJ
GonsuHfjtlve
Intermedate in
pesticides, etc.
manufacture
Cherried
M-Qcttaotanzene
Dlcolol
4,6-Diritoo-oesd
Ruometuron
HeptacWcf
Hydrazlne sullate
Undane
Mxieb
Motfwxychlor
Nitroten
Propoxur
Ouintozene
TetracNorvlnphos
Toxaphene
Trichlorion
Trifluralin
2neb
Bromometiane
Chlordane
ChlorobenzBate
Diallate
1 ,2*DiYomo-^chloropropane
1,2-Dibromoetiane
OcNorvos
Ethyl ctdoroformate
Ethyteneirriw
Hexarrelhylphosphorajride
sobutytraWahyde
Parathton
1.2,4-Trichlorobenzene
AriBne
Arsenic
Benzole tichlorldo
Qiorobenzene
Qazomelhane
Dfbenzoturan
DcHorobenzsne (rrixod (somers)
1,2-Dkrtofobenzene
2,4-DdlorcphDnol
1,1-Dimeihylhrdrazlra
Uiratiylcartamyl cNorlds
1,4-Oioxara
Hydrazlne
Methyl acrylate
*lhy1 hydiazt™
Meiiyl Isocyanate
Mstiylenebrorride
Naphlhalene
sIpha-Naphtfiytarrtne
2-ffitropropanB
Rusgene
Pyridine
Quinofne
Ojncre
Safrole
Comment
Mot! control agent
Acartdde
Hertidde
HerUdde
Termite Insectdde
Blodde tor lungl and molds
tnsacJdde
Fungkxte
Inssddde
Hatjcide
tnsodcido
Sdtungidde
Inseddde (housedles)
Inseddde
hsedcide
Herbidde
Fungkide
Soil and space kartgant
Insedidde, no longer produced
Acartdde
Hsftidds
Pineapple pwtUde
Furrtgan!
Inseddde
HerUdde .
Insecddde and cotton treatment •
Insect cnemosterBant (experimental)
Inseddde
Inseddde
HerUdde and $08 treatment (or tarmto
PesWdeprodudon
Pestddeprodudon
Herbidde tntermedate
Solvent in pestddes tomUaJon
Funglddelnlerrrediate
Funglddelntermgdlate
Acartdde raw material
3-DicMoroarfrieherUdds
Herbidde raw material
Raw matarial tor pesdddes
Raw material for kisedddes and herttddas
Raw material for Insecidde
Used In herbicide and plant growl) regUaton
Raw material tor herbldde
Raw material tor wBd oat herUdde
Raw material forlnsedddes and horUddes
Raw cnstsridt (of Insoctictdss and nunatoddss
DertvaDvelorlnsecrJddes
Raw material to herbUdet
Raw material to pesdddes
HerUdde. pestfcide produdon
Manufacfaro ot paraojual and chlorpyrtlos
Derivative In herbWdes and hseoiddes
CWoroneb manufacture
Raw material for Insedddes
Ul
to
-------
PEI Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • PHARMACEUTICAL USES
8/11/88
Subcategory
Consumptive
Intermediate in
pharmaceutical
manufacture
Solvent In
pharmaceutical
manufacture
i
Pharmaceutical
product
Air releases
Types of
releases
Process
Storage and
transfer
losses
Release
during
drying of
Pharma-
ceuticals
Paniculate
losses during
drying and
handing of
product
Release
frequency
Intermittent
Continuous
Continuous
Continuous
Controls In use
Some processes may
vent to condensers or
carbon adsorber
Some tanks may vent to
condenser or carbon
adsorber
Condenser
None
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
Enojneerhg
estimate
using EPA/
API methods
1)Mass
balance
based on
usage of the
cherricatless
quantity re-
covered from
condenser
and quantity
retained In
pharm
2) Emission
factor
Engineering
estimate
Wastewater releases
Types of
releases
Process
upset.
spfls
None
None
Release
frequency
Sporadic
N/A
N/A
Controls In use
None
None
Nora
Release
estimation
method
Engheolng
eslmate
based on
plant records
of upsets
andspBs
N/A
N/A
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Onstteland
release
None
Nona
Norn
Otfslte
transfer
Disposal of
reaction
waste or
off-spec
product
Nora
Disposal of
off-spec
product
Release or
transfer
frequency
Sporadic
N/A
Sporadic
Onslte
treatment methods
None
•
More
None
Release
estimation
method
Engheertng
estimate
from plant
disposal
records
N/A
Engneering
estimate
from plant
oisposaf
records
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Transfer
operations
Cleaning and
other main-
tenance
Production
worker
Product
handng
operations
Exposure
frequency
Routine
Sporadic
Intermittent
Intermittent
Controls In use
Closed-loop transfer,
personal protective
equipment
Personal protective
equipment
General ventilation
Local exhaust
ventilation, personal
protective equipment
o
CJ
Subcategory
Consumptive
Intermediate In
pharmaceutical
manufacture
Solvent In
pharmaceutical
manufacture
Chemical
Arifhe
Bromomethane
2-CHoroacetophenone
Chloroelhane
p-Ntrosodphenytarrine
Osmium telraxfde
Oinoine
Urelhane
Acetone
Acetoritrile
Carbon letracNoride
Chloroform
boprop^ alcohol
Comment
Pharmaceutical intermeolate
Pharmaceutical tntermedate
Pharmaceutical Intermediate
Pharmaceutical intermediate
Intermediate tor pharmaceutcals
Intermediate to manufacure ojuccrtcolds and androgen
Oertvattves used tor synthetic medkinats
Intermediate for pharmaceutical*
Solvent in pharmaceutical manufacture
RecovaUe reaction medum in Pharmaceuticals
Solvent in pharmaceutical manufacture
Solvent in pharmaceutical manufacture
Solvent In pharmaceutical manufacture
-------
PEI Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • PHARMACEUTICAL USES
8/11/88
Subcategory
Pharmaceutical
product
Chorrtcal
Acetamld*
Benzoyl peroxide
Cddumcyanarrtde
2-Ethoxyethano)
Heiachtoroetane
Nitogen mustard
Nitogrycertn
beta-Proprtotactone
Saccharin
Comment
Anddote tor monoftnroacatamldB pdsortng
Acdv« acne Ingtsdent
Andatoohollcdrug
Antstiedcs
Anfelrrinfc In veterinary medMra
Cancer diemoterapy
Vasodilator
Muenzavaodne
Pharmaceuticals
-------
PS Associates. Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION - PHOTOGRAPHIC USES
8/11/88
Subcategory
Developer
Consumptive
Hermeolate In
photographic oVe
manufacture
Solvent In
photographic Hm
manufacture
Air releases
Types of
releases
Evaporation
of developer
during use
Released
during
handing of
cherrical
during produc-
tion of dye
prior to dye
formulation
Evaporation
of solvent
during Bm
making
process
Release
frequency
Continuous
Roulne
Continuous
Contois In use
None
amDar to chemical
Intermedate category
with controls based on
physical state of (he
*errfcal
Condenser or carbon
adsorber
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
Engineering
estimate
Mass balance
based on
solvent usage
records
Wastewater releases
Types of
releases
Potential
disposal of
developer
town sanitary
sewer
SplOs of
chemical
prior to
consumptive
usage
None
Release
frequency
Roulne
Sporadic
N/A
Controls In use
None
None
None
Release
estimation
method
Mass balance
based m
usage.
percent
cherried In
Jeveloper.ane
consurrpiion
h developing
process
Enojneering
estimate
N/A
Sold and nonaqueous yquid releases
Onstteland
release
None
None
None
Oftslte
transfer
Disposal
of used
developer
as waste
None
None
Release or
transfer
frequency
Rouane
N/A
N/A
Onsite
f eatment methods
Possible reaction of
developer and fixer
prior to disposal
None
None
Release
estimation
method
Engineedng
estimate
N/A
N/A
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Dermal
exposure of
hands In
developer
Evaporation
of developer
Exposure of
chemical
prior to
comsumpUva
use
Potential
exposure
from leaks In
solvent
evaporation/
reclamation
system
Exposure
frequency
Routine
Continuous
Sporadic
Sporadic
Controls In use
Personal protective
equipment (gloves)
Local exhaust
ventilation
Personal protective
eojjpment
Leak repair
n
Ul
Ul
subcalegory
Developer
Consumptive
Intermedate In
photographic dye
manufacture
Solvent In
photographic film
manufacture
Catechol
Hydroqufnone
p-Pheriylenedianine
Acetonltrlle
Aniline
Dlchtoromofhane
Developer
Developer
Color developer
Reaction solvent In photographic dye manufacture
Raw material tor photographic dyes
Solvent In photographic Urn manufacture and photoresist stripping
-------
PEI Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • POLYMER, PLASTIC, AND RESIN USES
8/11/88
Subcalegory
Consumptive
Intermedate in
polymer, etc.
manufacture
Liquid additive
SoUaddUve
Resin carrier
solvent
Air releases
Types ol
releases
Process
Storage
FogHve
lebasedurtnc
hanrfng
Potential
dusting
during
hancfng
Release
during drying
after
ettuskm
Release
frequency
Intermittent
Continuous
Continuous
tnteflntttflfl
Intermittent
Conbuous
Controls In use
Some processes may
use condenser, dare,
adsorber
Some tanks may vent
to flare or condenser
None
Closed transfer systems
Norn
Condenser, cartxm
adsorber
Release
estimation
method
1)Endneertng
estimate
2) Emission
factor
IJEngHeeitng
estimate
2) Emission
factor
1)Eflgjneettng
esJmate
2) Emission
factor
Engineering
estimate
Engineering
eslmate
Mass balance
based on
usage of lie
cnerricalless
quantity
recovered
Wastewater releases
Types of
releases
Process
upsets,
spls
SpHs
Ncra
Nora
Release
frequency
Sporadic
Sporadic
N/A
N/A
Controls In use
Some fadttles may have
surface Impound mentor
lagoon with biological
treatment, aeration
orPOTW
None
None
None
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
based on
plant records
of upsets
andspis
N/A
N/A
N/A
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Onslteland
release
None
None
None
Ncra
Oftslte
transfer
Disposal
of reactor
waste
None
None
None
Release or
transfer
frequency
Sporadc
N/A
N/A
N/A
Onslte
treatment methods
None
More
None
None
Release
estimation
method
Enghering
estimate
based on
plant disposal
records
N/A
N/A
N/A
Occupational exposures
Types ol
exposures
Maintenance
of chemical
storage
Transfer
operations
Potential
Inhalation or
dermal
exposure
luring handin(
Potenlal
duslng during
handing
Production
worker
Maintenance
worker
Exposure
frequency
Intermittent
Routine
Intermittent
Intermittent
Intermittent
Sporadc
Controls In use
Personal protective
equipment
Closed-loop transfer.
personal protective
equipment
Closed-loop fansfer.
personal protective
equipment
Personal protective
equipment
General vendalon
Personal protective
eqjpment
Subcategory
Consumptive
Intermedate in
polymer, etc.
manufacture
^f^f^—^—
Cherried
AcrylamMe
Acrylic add
Aoyloritrte
1,3-ButarJene
Butyl acrylate
CHoroprene
1,4-Qcffarobenzeno
1.2-acHoroetiane
V-OKhtoropropane
a.y-Hmelhytoenzictne
Epicnlorohyonn
Etiyl acrylate
Elhytene
Etrytenedycd
Etiytenetmne
FonrddBhydQ
Isobutytralderiyde
Comment
Monomer use (potyacrytarrfdes)
Monomer
Monomer, acrylic fters, ASS resins. rttnTe rubber
Poly mar and rubber Intermediate
Monomer lor errUsion polymers and acryic elastomers
Monomer fcrporychtaroprene
Oertvatve lor potyphenytene surlde resins
Vinyl monomer
Derrvatve lor ton-exchange resins
Polyurethane elastomers
Epoxy resins, epichloronyoltn rtHTr|yM^t
Monomer for acrylic resins
Oertvalve LDPE, HOPE
Polyester manulacture, PET materials
Monomer tor polyazkfdhe and polymer modifer
Used In t^'manufadure ol resins and rubber
-------
PB Associates. Inc
RELEASEINFORMATION - POLYMER. FUSTIC, AND RESM USES
8/11/M
Subcaiegory
Chernca
Consumptive
ktermedateln
polymer, tic.
manufacfara
Liquid adoltve
U)
vl
ScGdaddive
Resin carrier
solvent
4.4'-lsopKHlderttlprienol
Matafc anhydride
bblarrfne
Methyl methacrylate
MethytenetU (ftwnyfcocyanaa)
Phenol
Ffosgane
CUrcne
Styrene
SuKuricadd
Terephtwfic add
Tduene-2.4-cfeocyanate
Tc*jene-2,S-oIsocyanate
Vinyl acetate
VkiylcHoride
Vhyldenecftalde
Hs(2-etiy»wcyl) adpate
Butyl benzyl ptuhalate
CuntenehydroperoxkJe
a-p-etiythexyl)
Diepoxybutane
Dieihyl phttalate
Dimethyl phtiatale
n-Ooctyl phtiatate
1.4-Oioxane
2-Ethoxyethanol
Hydrazine
Peracefcadd
Ptopylene oxide
(Xhoine
Sodum hydroxide (soUon)
Benzoyl peroxide
Bphenyl
3^-Oicrlorobenzaie
Oelharolarrine
2.4-DinHrotoluene
2,6-DntoWuene
Ethytene Wourea
rlexacntoroelhane
•lexadloronaptulaTM
Hydroquhone
4.4'-Melhylenebb (2-dloroariIne)
4.4'-Melhylenedlarffine
atpha-Naprahylarrtne
p-Nlrosoolphenylarrine
>Prerytenedairime
^hlhaBc antiydrMe
Titariumdnxide
2,4>TricHarophenol
AcelonltrUe
Sdlorometiane
Freon113
Mlrobenzene
2-Pherylphenol
Epoxy and polycarbonate resins
Poryutethane resins and copotymsrus*
Used In larrfnates, mokfny compomds, KudBe treatment resins
Pbsfc sheett and moWngs, exkuslon compounds
Derivaive ot dastcs and elastomers and urothane resins
Nylon to manubcure phenofc resins
fory carbon resins
Manulacfare o) unsatvated polyesters
Polystyrene, ABS resins, polyester resins, SBR ntter
SyntMfc plasfcs and rubber
Polyester tters. poryetiytone tetreptitialate porynw llms and pfesfcs
Poryurethanes
Poryutetianas
Porjvlnyl chtodde coporymer, polyvinyl emulsions
PVC manulacture
Plastldzer tor various polymers
Plastkizer lor vinyl, vinyl acetate, and other polyrnen
Porymerizafon MUator
Plastldzer for PVC and otters
Polymer curative
Plastldzer lor PVC
Plasddzer
Plastldzer lor PVC and otter ptaslcs and elastomers
Plastldzer
Plastldzer
Blowing agent In loamed plastics •
Epoxy resins, plastdzers and Heading agent tar nylon and acryflc tout
Uetianepolyols
mparts km exchange capacity Iri polymers
Rubber latex statttzer
nltetof and cross Ink SQBft In potyinor manuf dcture
Plastldzer In PVC
Soupdng agent, curing agent
^olyurelhane crossanXer, robber.curlng agent
3uin extender, monomer, and ptastdzer
Chain extender, monomer
Accelerator and vdcarizer k) rubber
Plastkizer
Components tn elecfelcal encapsulaling compounds
^olymerlzafion InMUtor, anl-oxldanis, curing agent
Xring agent and Insulator In epoxy systems
lubber anttoddart. resin htermedlale
Rubber anloxidanl
nHbitor In production ol styrene
ArarrU ebers, thermoplastcs, antoxWant tor porydetn plastics, rubber oxldanl
PhtiaBc ester ptastWzers, polyesters, aflcyd resins
Plastics
preservative In polymer manutacture
Solvenl for polymers
Extrusion ol triacetate Bier, Homing agent, and bonding agent
Blowing agent lor polyuremane loams
}olyestar solvent
Dye stutl carrier tor polyester libers
-------
PEI Associates, Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION - PULP. PAPER. AND TEXTILE PROCESSING
8/11/88
Subcategory
Pulp processing
Paper processing
Textile processing
Air releases
Types ol
releases
Release (Torn
pJpng
process
Wastewater
aeration
Handing of
chemical
prior to
paper use
Release from
textile
process
(liquids)
Release
frequency
Roulne
Continuous
Sporadc
Continuous
Controls In use
Vent to scrubber
orboler
-
None
More
Condenser
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
IJEndneerhg
estimate
2) Emission
(actor
EnghBering
estimate
En^r£4riQ
estimate
Wastewater releases
Types of
releases
Process
wastewater
Nero
None
Process
wastewater
Release
frequency
Roulne
N/A
N/A
Roulne
Contois In use
Aeration, biological
treatment
None
None
Aerate), biological
treatment
Release
estimation
method
Engineering
estimate
N/A
N/A
Engheerhg
estimate
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Onslteland
release
Disposal
of process
wastes
None
Nora
Olfslte
transfer
Nora
Ncne
None
Release or
transfer
frequency
Roulne
N/A
N/A
Cnsile
treatment methods
hdneraton In waste
holers
None
None
Release
estimation
method
EnghBering
estimate
N/A
N/A
Occupational exposures
Types of
exposures
Release from
process and
process
waste
Handing of
chemical
prior to
paper use
Release from
process and
process
waste
Exposure
frequency
Routine
Intermittent
Routine
Controls In use
Personal protective
equipment
Personal protective
equfcrnent
Personal protective
eqjprnent
Subcategory
Cherrteal
Comment
Pulp processing
U)
CO
Paper processing
Textile processing
Chlorine
Chlorine dioxide
Chloroform
Mtrilotrtacetlc add
Sodum hydroxide (solution)
Sodurnsulfate (solution}
Sutturlcadd
Acetamlde
Acroleln
Chlorine
(Wblarrine
Nftiflotriacefc add
2-Phenytptunol
Surturicadd
2,4,5-TrkMorophenol
Aniline
Brsp-cMoro-1-rnethyl etiyf) ether
BsJ2-dHoroetiyl) etnr
Chlorine dtadde
Nitrilotrlacetlc add
Sodum hydroxide (solution)
TetracHoroethylene
2,4,5-TrkrtofOffienol
Vinyl bromide
Bleaching agent h pulp manufacture
Bleach for wood pulp
Pulp processing
Wood putp, groundwood putp bleaching, woodboard made from agrtcufcial residues
Krafl pulping agent
Pulp processing
Humedaru for paper
Sbridde In paper
Bleacring agent In paper manufacure
Used In paper coatings
Paper processing
Preservative in timber and paper
Paper processing
Anlrrtaotial-paper
tnterrredate In tie producton of ffberi
Textile processing component
Texfie scouring agent
Beach lor textile
Used In textile speda«e«
Textile treatment
Textile processing'
TexSe processing
AnttrrtcroblaMextJe
Used with vhyl chtorfcto to Impreflnate or laminate ibers
-------
PS Associates. Inc.
RELEASE INFORMATION • WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS
8/11/88
Subcategory
Corrosion inhibitor
Disinfectant
NeutaSzation
Air releases
Typos ol
releases
Water
cooing
tower
Storage
pressure
reBef
valves
(adds)
Storage
pressure
fetal
valves
(adds)
Release
frequency
Continuous
Sporadc
Sporaolc
Controls In use
None
Vent to scrubber
Vent to scrubber
Release
estimation
method
1)Errtsslon
(actor
2) Engineering
estimate
Engteerlng
estimate
Engtoerlng
estmate
Wastewater releases
Types ol
releases
Boiler
bowdown
Potential
release
duhg upset
conoltions
Spas or
upset
conoHion
Release
frequency
Intermittent
Sporadc
Sporadc
Controls In use
Nora
None
tore
Release
esfmalon
metal
Ei^Mriny
estimate
Endneerhg
eslmate
based on
usage ol tie
chental
Ertjretrrtg
eslmate
Sold and nonaqueous liquid releases
Onslteland
release
Norn
None
None
Ollslte
transfer
Norn
Norn
None
Release or
transfer
frequency
N/A
N/A
N/A
Onslte
tddtrrent ntsthtxts
None
Ncra
Norn
Release
estimation
method
N/A
N/A
N/A
Occupational exposures
Types ol
exposures
SpUsofte
dwnicsf
Potential
dermal
exposure
Potenlal
dermal
exposure
Exposure
frequency
Sporadc
Sporadc
Sporadc
Controls In use
Nora
Personal protective
equipment (gloves)
Personal protective
•qJpment
Subcategory
Corrosion Hitnor
DisMectant
NeutaBzadon
Cherried
Hydrazlne
Nitrolotriacetlc add
Crtatne
CNorino doxkto
HydrooMoricadd
Sodum hydroxide (soUon)
Comnenl
Corrosive prowdon lor bolere, hot-vater systems,
Bder water teatrrent cherrica)
OteWeaant
Disinfectant
NeutaJzadon
Neutabatkn
and In ol-weQ cadnQt
n
u>
-------
APPENDIX D
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE FACT SHEETS
-------
APPENDIX D - HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE FACT SHEETS
Pact sheets for Section 313 chemicals are available from State and EPA
Regional Section 313 contacts. The EPA fact sheets are based on ones
developed for the workplace by the New Jersey Department of Health. A sample
hazardous substance fact sheet is attached. Each chemical-specific fact sheet
contains:
• A hazard summary.
• A brief description of the chemical.
• Workplace exposure limits.
• Acute and chronic health effects.
• Medical testing.
• Definitions of terms.
It is important to note, however, that these fact sheets contain
occupational data based on a healthy male worker population. Therefore, the
information presented (such as workplace exposure limits) do not reflect
environmental exposures and may not be protective of the general human
population (which includes women, children, and sensitive populations).
D-l
-------
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE FACT SHEET
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
Etliylene oxide
Chemical Abstract Service # 75-21-8
A MESSAGE FROM THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
The Emergency Planning arid Community Right To Know Act of
1986 requires the Environmental Protection Agency to establish
the Toxic Release Inventory, a national data base containing
information on the release of 328 toxic chemicals from
manufacturing plants in the United States. This Fact Sheet,
prepared by the New Jersey Department of Health, concerns one of
these chemicals. EPA is distributing copies of this Fact Sheet
in order to .help the public understand the potential health
effects of exposure to chemical releases identified in the Toxic
Release Inventory.
Readers should be aware that determining the health effects
of chemicals is a very complex process. These Fact Sheets are
summaries of facts about the chemicals. In addition, there may
be subtle but important differences in the ways in which the
State of New Jersey, EPA, and other scientific institutions might
state their conclusions regarding the health effects of
particular chemicals according to potential exposures. However,
we believe these New Jersey Fact Sheets are very useful sources
of summary information.
Since New Jersey wrote these Fact Sheets for workers wha may
be exposed to the chemicals where they work, several sections of
the Fact Sheets are about workplace, rather than community
situations. Levels of exposure at work—such as in factories or
repair shops—are often much higher than community exposures. In
addition, the ways that community residents are exposed may also
be different. For example, workers may be exposed to a
particular chemical by air and skin contact, but residents may be
exposed to the same chemical through their drinking water.
Finally, readers should note most chemicals have not been
tested for toxicity in a comprehensive manner. There are
scientific gaps in our knowledge about the health effects of most
chemicals. These Fact Sheets can only provide information on
health effects where testing for ^toxicity has actually been done
or where comparisons with similar chemicals can be drawn. As
further scientific knowledge is acquired, additional information
will be made available.
July 1988
D-2
-------
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE FACT SHEET
Contents prepared by the
New Jersey Department of Health
Right to Know Program
Distributed by the United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
Common Name:
CAS Number:
DOT Number:
ETHYLENE OXIDE
75-21-8
UN 1040
HAZARD SUMMARY
* Ethylene Oxide can affect you when
breathed in.
* Ethylene Oxide is a CARCINOGEN--HANDLE
WITH EXTREME CAUTION.
* It may damage the developing fetus.
* Contact with liquid can cause severe
burns and frostbite.
* The vapor may cause headaches, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty in
breathing, drowsiness, weakness, and
loss of muscle control. Higher expo-
sures may cause a build-up of fluid in
the lungs (pulmonary edema). This can
cause death.
* It is a HIGHLY FLAMMABLE LIQUID/GAS and
a DANGEROUS FIRE and EXPLOSION HAZARD.
IDENTIFICATION
Ethylene Oxide is normally a colorless gas
or liquid. It has an ether-like odor and
is used to make antifreeze, polyesters,
laundry detergents and as an industrial
sterilant.
REASON FOR CITATION
* Ethylene Oxide is on the Hazardous Sub-
stance List because it is regulated by
OSHA and cited by NIOSH, ACGIH, IARC
and NFPA.
* This chemical is on the Special Health
Hazard Substance- List because it is a
CARCINOGEN, a MUTAGEN, and is REACTIVE.
* Definitions are attached.
HOW TO DETERMINE IF YOU ARE BEING
EXPOSED
* Exposure to hazardous substances should
be routinely evaluated. This may in-
clude collecting air samples. Under
OSHA 1910.20, you have a legal right to
obtain copies of sampling results from
your employer. If you think you are
experiencing any work-related health
problems, see a doctor trained to rec-
ognize occupational diseases. Take
this Fact Sheet with you.
RTK Substance number:
Date: 11/3/86
0882
* ODOR THRESHOLD - 430 ppm.
* This odor threshold is well above the
exposure limits and should not be con-
sidered as a warning of exposure.
WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS
OSHA: The legal airborne permissible
exposure limit (PEL) is 1 ppm av-
eraged over an 8-hour workshift.
NIOSH: The recommended airborne exposure
limit is less than 0.1 ppm aver-
aged over an 8-hour workshift and
5 ppm, not to be excee'ded during
any 10 minute work period in any
^single day.
ACGIH: The recommended airborne exposure
limit is 1 ppm averaged over an
8-hour workshift.
* Ethylene Oxide is a PROBABLE CARCINOGEN
in humans. There may be no safe level
of exposure to a carcinogen, so all
contact should be reduced to the lowest
possible level.
WAYS OF REDUCING EXPOSURE
* A regulated, marked area should be es-
tablished where Ethylene Oxide is han-
dled, used, or stored as required by
the OSHA standard 1910.1047.
* Wear protective work clothing when
working with the liquid.
* Wash thoroughly immediately after expo-
sure to Ethylene Oxide and at the end
of the workshift.
* Post hazard and warning information in
the work area. In addition, as part of
an ongoing education and training ef-
fort, communicate all information on
the health and safety hazards of Ethy-
lene Oxide to potentially exposed
workers.
D-3
-------
ETHYLENE OXIDE
This Fact Sheet is a-summary source of in-
formation of all potential and most severe
health hazards that may result from expo-
sure. Duration of exposure, concentration
of the substance and other factors will
affect your susceptibility to any of the
potential effects described below.
HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION
Acute Health Effects
.The following acute (short-term) health
effects may occur immediately or shortly
after exposure to Ethylene Oxide:
* Exposure to Ethylene Oxide may cause
headaches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,
difficulty in breathing, drowsiness,
weakness, and loss of muscle control.
Higher exposures may cause passing out
and even death.
* Ethylene Oxide vapor can irritate the
eyes, nose and throat, and may irritate
the lungs, causing coughing and/or
shortness of breath. Higher exposures
can cause a build-up of fluid in the
lungs (pulmonary edema). This can
cause death.
* Numbing of the sense of smell can oc-
cur, making exposure harder to detect.
* Contact with the undiluted liquid can
cause frostbite.
* Contact with solutions of Ethylene Ox-
ide in water can cause skin burns with
blistering and redness. Skin ulcers
may be delayed, often appearing 1 to 5
hours after contact.
Chronic Health Effects
The following chronic (long-term) health
effects can occur at some time after expo-
sure to Ethylene Oxide and can last for
months or years:
Cancer Hazard
* Ethylene Oxide is a PROBABLE CARCINOGEN
in humans. There is some evidence that
it causes leukemia in humans, and it has
been shown to cause leukemia and
abdominal cavity cancer in animals.
* Many scientists believe that there is
no safe level of exposure to a
carcinogen.
Reproductive Hazard
* It may damage the developing fetus.
page 2 of 5
* There is an increased incidence of gy-
necological disorders and spontaneous
abortions among workers in Ethylene Ox-
ide production. Its role in this in-
crease is unclear at this time.
Other Long-Term Effects
* Ethylene Oxide may damage the nervous
system, causing numbness, "pins and
needles", and/or weakness in the hands
and feet.
* It may damage the liver and kidneys.
* It may cause a skin allergy. If an al-
lergy develops, very low future expo-
sures can cause itching and a skin
rash.
MEDICAL
Medical Testing
For those with frequent or potentially
high exposure (half the TLV or greater),
the following are recommended before be-
ginning work and at regular times after
that:
* Lung function tests.
If symptoms develop or overexposure is
suspected, the following may be useful:
* Consider chest x-ray after acute over-
exposure .
* Evaluation by a qualified allergist,
including careful exposure history and
special testing, may help diagnose skin
allergy.
* Liver and kidney function tests.
Any evaluation should include a careful
history of past and present symptoms with
an exam. Medical tests that look for dam-
age already done are not a substitute for
controlling exposure.
Request copies of your medical testing.
You have a legal right to this information
under OSHA 1910.20.
Mixed Exposures
Because smoking can cause heart disease,
as well as lung cancer, emphysema, and
other respiratory problems, it may worsen
respiratory conditions caused by chemical
exposure. Even if you have smoked for a
long time, stopping now will reduce your
.risk of developing health problems.
D-4
-------
ETHYLENE OXIDE
WORKPLACE CONTROLS AND PRACTICES
Unless a less toxic chemical can be sub-
stituted for a hazardous substance, ENGI-
NEERING CONTROLS are the most effective
way of reducing exposure. The best pro-
tection is to enclose operations and/or
provide local exhaust ventilation at the
site of chemical release. Isolating oper-
ations can also reduce exposure. Using
respirators or protective equipment is
less effective than the controls mentioned
above, but is sometimes necessary.
In evaluating the controls present in your
workplace, consider: (1) how hazardous the
substance is, (2) how much of the sub-
stance is released into the workplace and
(3) whether harmful skin or eye contact
could occur. Special controls should be
in place for highly toxic chemicals or
when significant skin, eye, or breathing
exposures are possible.
In addition, the following controls are
recommended:
* Where possible, automatically pump liq-
uid Ethylene Oxide from drums or other
storage containers to process contain-
ers.
* Specific engineering controls are re-
quired by OSHA and recommended for this
chemical by NIOSH. Refer to the NIOSH
criteria document: Occupational Expo-
sure to Ethylene Oxide #77-200 and the
OSHA standard'1910.1047.
* Before entering a confined space where
Ethylene Oxide may be present, check to
make sure that an explosive concentra-
tion does not exist.
Good WORK PRACTICES can help to reduce
hazardous exposures. The following work
practices are recommended:
* Workers whose clothing has been contam-
inated by the liquid should remove
clothing promptly and allow Ethylene
Oxide to evaporate.
* If there is the possibility of skin ex-
posure, emergency shower facilities
should be provided.
* On skin contact with liquid, immediate-
ly wash with warm water. At the end of
the workshift, wash any areas of the
body that may have had contact with
page 3 of 5
Ethylene Oxide in solution, whether or
not known skin contact has occurred.
* Do not eat, smoke, or drink where Ethy-
lene Oxide is handled, processed, or
stored, since the chemical can be swal-
lowed. Wash hands carefully before
eating or smoking.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
WORKPLACE CONTROLS ARE BETTER THAN PER-
SONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT. However, for
some jobs (such as outside work, confined
space entry, jobs done only once in a
while, or jobs done while workplace con-
trols are being installed), personal pro-
tective equipment may be appropriate.
The following recommendations are only
guidelines and may not apply to every sit-
uation .
Clothing
* Avoid skin contact with Ethylene Oxide.
Wear protective gloves and clothing.
Safety equipment suppliers/manufactur-
ers can provide recommendations on the
most protective glove/clothing material
for your operation.
* All protective clothing (suits, gloves,
footwear, headgear) should be clean,
available each day, and put on before
work.
* ACGIH recommends Chlorinated Polyethyl-
ene as a protective material.
Eye Protection
* Eye protection is included in the rec-
ommended respiratory protection.
Respiratory Protection
IMPROPER USE OF RESPIRATORS IS DANGEROUS.
Such equipment should only be used if the
employer has a written program that takes
into account workplace conditions, re-
quirements for worker training, respirator
fit testing and medical exams, as de-
scribed in OSHA 1910.134.
* At any exposure level, use a MSHA/NIOSH
approved supplied-air respirator with a
full facepiece operated in the positive
pressure mode or with a full facepiece,
hood, or helmet in the continuous flow
mode, or use a MSHA/NIOSH approved
self-contained breathing apparatus with
D-5
-------
ETHYLENE OXIDE
a full facepiece operated in pressure-
demand or other positive pressure mode.
* Exposure to 8,000 ppm is immediately
dangerous to life and health. If the
possibility of exposures above 8,000
ppm exists, use a MSHA/NIOSH approved
self-contained breathing apparatus with
a full facepiece operated in continuous
flow or other positive pressure mode.
HANDLING AND STORAGE
* Prior to working with Ethylene Oxide
you should be trained on its proper
handling and storage.
* A regulated, marked area should be es-
tablished where Ethylene Oxide is han-
dled, used, or stored.
* It must be stored to avoid contact with
even small amounts of ACIDS (such as
NITRIC or SULFURIC ACIDS); ALKALIS
(such as SODIUM HYDROXIDE or POTASSIUM
HYDROXIDE); CATALYTIC ANHYDROUS CHLO-
RIDES of IRON, ALUMINUM or TIN; IRON or
ALUMINUM OXIDE; or METALLIC POTASSIUM,
since it may react by itself, liberat-
ing much_ heat and causing a possible
explosion.
* Ethylene Oxide should not contact OXI-
DIZERS (such as PERCHLORATES, PEROX-
IDES, PERMANGANATES, CHLORATES, and NI-
TRATES) since an explosion could occur.
* Store in tightly closed containers in a
cool well-ventilated area away from
HEAT, SPARKS, or SUNLIGHT.
* Sources of ignition such as smoking and
open flames are prohibited where Ethy-
lene Oxide is handled, used, or stored.
* Metal containers involving the transfer
of 5 gallons or more of Ethylene Oxide
should be grounded and bonded. Drums
must be equipped with self-closing
valves, pressure vacuum bungs, and
flame arresters.
* Use only non-sparking tools and equip-
ment, especially when opening and clos-
ing containers of Ethylene Oxide.
* Wherever Ethylene Oxide is used, han-
dled, manufactured, or stored, use
explosion-proof electrical equipment
and fittings.
page 4 of 5
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Q: If I have acute health effects, will I
later get chronic health effects?
A: Not always. Most chronic (long-term)
effects result from repeated exposures
to a chemical.
Q: Can I get long-term effects without
ever having short-term effects?
A: Yes, because long-term effects can oc-
cur from repeated exposures to a chem-
ical at levels not high enough to make
you immediately sick.
Q: What are my chances of getting sick
when I have been exposed to chemicals?
A: The likelihood of becoming sick from
chemicals is increased as the amount
of exposure increases. This is deter-
mined by the length of time and the
amount of material to which someone is
exposed.
Q: Don't all chemicals cause cancer?
A: No. Most chemicals tested by scien-
tists are not cancer-causing.
Q: Should I be concerned if a chemical
causes cancer in animals?
A: Yes. Most scientists agree that a
chemical that causes cancer in animals
should be treated as a suspected human
carcinogen unless proven otherwise.
Q: But don't they test animals using much
higher levels of a chemical than peo-
ple usually are exposed to?
A: Yes. That's so effects can be seen
more clearly using fewer animals. But
high doses alone don't cause cancer
unless it's a cancer agent. In fact,
a chemical that causes cancer in ani-
mals at high doses could cause cancer
in humans exposed to low doses.
Q: Who is at the greatest risk from re-
productive hazards?
A: Pregnant women are at greatest risk
from chemicals that harm the develop-
ing fetus. However, chemicals may af-
fect the ability to have children, so
both men and women of childbearing age
are at high risk.
D-6
-------
»»»»»»»»>» EMERGENCY
Common Name: ETHYLENE OXIDE
DOT Number: UN 1040
DOT Emergency Guide code: 69
CAS Number: 75-21-8
|Nj"DOH Hazard rating
|FLAMMABILITY
I
|REACTIVITY
I
|HIGHLY FLAMMABLE AND REACTIVE GAS/LIQUID)
I POISONOUS GAS IS PRODUCED IN FIRE |
j CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE j
Hazard Rating Key: 0-mLnimal; 1-slight;
2-moderate; 3-serious; 4-severe
FIRE HAZARDS
* Ethylene Oxide is an extremely FLAM-
MABLE GAS or LIQUID. The gas easily
forms explosive mixtures with air.
* Fight a fire from an explosion-resis-
tant location. Use dry chemical, COj,
water spray, or foam extinguishers.
* POISONOUS GAS IS PRODUCED IN FIRE.
* CONTAINERS MAY EXPLODE IN FIRE.
* The vapor or gas is heavier than air
and may travel a distance to cause a
fire or explosion far from the source.
* If employees are expected to fight
fires, they must be trained and
equipped as stated in OSHA 1910.156.
SPILLS AND EMERGENCIES
If Ethylene Oxide is spilled or leaked,
take the following steps:
* Restrict persons not wearing protective
equipment from area of spill or leak
until clean-up is complete.
* Remove all ignition sources.
* Ventilate area of spill or leak.
* If in the gaseous form, stop the flow
of gas. If the source of the leak is a
cylinder and the leak cannot be stopped
in place, remove the leaking cylinder
to a safe place in the open air and re-
pair the leak or allow the cylinder to
empty.
* Keep Ethylene Oxide out of a confined
. space, such as a 'sewer, because of the
possibility of an explosion, unless the
sewer is designed to prevent the build-
up of explosive concentrations.
* It may be necessary to contain and dis-
pose of Ethylene Oxide as a HAZARDOUS
WASTE. Contact your state Environ-
mental Program for specific recom-
mendations .
page 5 of 5
INFORMATION ««««««««
FOR LARGE SPILLS AND FIRES immediately
call your fire department.
HANDLING AND STORAGE (See page 4)
FIRST AID
POISON INFORMATION
Eye Contact
* Immediately flush with large amounts of
water. Continue without stopping for
at least 30 minutes, occasionally lift-
ing upper and lower lids. Seek medical
attention immediately.
Skin Contact
* Quickly remove contaminated clothing.
Immediately wash contaminated skin with
large amounts of soap and water. Seek
medical attention.
* If contact with liquified Ethylene Ox-
ide occurs, immerse affected part in
warm water. Seek medical attention.
Breathing
* Remove the person from exposure.
* Begin rescue breathing if breathing has
stopped and CPR if heart action has
stopped.
* Transfer promptly to a medical facil-
ity.
* Medical observation is recommended for
24 to 48 hours after breathing overex-
posure, as pulmonary edema may be de-
layed.
PHYSICAL DATA
Vapor Pressure: 1,095 mm Hg at 68°F
Flash Point: Less than 0°F
Water Solubility: Miscible
OTHER COMMONLY USED NAMES
Chemical Name: Oxirane
Other Names and Formulations: 1,2-
Epoxyethane; Dimethylene Oxide; ETO
Not intended to be copied and sold for
commercial purposes.
NEW JERSEY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
Right to Know Project
CN 368, Trenton, NJ 08625-0368
D-7
-------
APPENDIX E
FEDERAL LANS
-------
APPENDIX B - FEDERAL LANS
CLEAN AIR ACT (CAA)
(Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards)
The Clean Air Act was enacted into law in 1970 and amended in 1974, 1977,
and 1981. The 1970 amendments set emissions standards for automobiles and
required EPA to set and periodically review three different types of national
air standards. The first are National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQSs). The NAAQSs define the principal types of pollution and the levels
of each that should not be exceeded for the protection of human health and
welfare. EPA formally adopted the first NAAQSs in 1971. Once EPA sets a
NAAQS, State governments have the responsibility to determine how NAAQSs can
be met and maintained most efficiently at the local level. The primary
mechanism States use to characterize local air quality and define strategies
to achieve national standards is the State Implementation Plan (SIP). EPA is
responsible for the review, approval, and general oversight of all SIPs.
In addition, EPA is required under this Act to define allowable New Source
Performance Standards (NSPSs) which establish allowable emissions limitations
for different kinds of stationary sources. The regulations include general
criteria for preconstruction permit programs, and for new and modified
stationary sources of air emissions. Again, while EPA was given the authority
to develop these regulations, Congress recognized that State governments are
best suited to issuing and enforcing permits. EPA is also required to set
National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) for which
no ambient air quality standards exist. Eight substances are currently listed
under NESHAPs: arsenic, asbestos, benzene, beryllium, coke oven emissions,
mercury, radon-222, and vinyl chloride. Facility emissions standards have
been established for all these substances (except coke oven emissions). (U.S.
EPA, 1987b, pp. 1-2.) Under Title II of the Act, EPA is required to prescribe
and manage programs to test and certify new motor vehicle engines for
compliance with national standards, and also to enforce provisions related to
in-use emissions from vehicles.
E-l
-------
CLEAN WATER ACT (CWA)
(Office of Water Regulations and Standards)
The Clean Water Act was passed in 1972 and amended several times, most
recently in 1987. The Act established a national goal of achieving fishable
and swimmable waters wherever attainable by 1983, and eliminating pollutant
discharges into the Nation's waterways by 1985. The primary objective of the
Act is *...to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological
integrity of the Nation's waters." Under the Clean Water Act, EPA established
water quality criteria for the development of:
• Water quality standards.
• Technology-based effluent limitation guidelines.
• Pretreatment standards.
• New source performance standards.
• A national permit program to regulate the discharge of pollutants.
The CWA provides for the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) which incorporates and applies effluent limitations in individual
permits for both municipal and direct industrial dischargers. Under these
permits, dischargers are subject to both technology-based treatment
requirements, and where necessary to protect a designated use, controls based
on water quality standards. States are responsible for setting their own
water quality standards and developing water quality management programs.
The technology-based limitations prescribe minimum standards of
performance for municipal and industrial dischargers without regard to the
quality of receiving waters. By contrast, water quality standards identify
intended uses of particular water bodies, and on the basis of water quality
criteria guidance developed by EPA, set the biological and chemical conditions
necessary to sustain those uses.
The Act also establishes a program to identify those water bodies not
achieving water quality standards because of toxic pollutants discharges. The
E-2
-------
states must assess and identify affected water bodies and by February 1989,
set specific effluent limitations for these discharges in NPDES permits.
These individual control strategies must assure water quality standards are
attained. (U.S. EPA, 1987b, pp. 6-7.)
COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION, AND LIABILITY ACT OP 1980
(CERCLA) AND THE SUPBRFUND AMENDMENTS AND REAUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1986 (SARA)
(Office of Emergency and Remedial Response)
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act
(CERCLA or "Superfund") was enacted into law in 1980 when it became apparent
that the regulatory framework of RCRA (see below) was not adequate to cope
with the uncontrolled disposal of toxic chemicals. CERCLA authorizes the
federal government to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of
hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants that may endanger the public
health, welfare, or the environment. This legislation also established a $1.6
billion fund to cover the costs of cleaning up abandoned hazardous waste
chemical sites.
The statute was amended in 1986. Title I of the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA) contains provisions relating primarily to response
and liability. Title II contains miscellaneous provisions. Title III
contains the emergency planning and community right-to-know provisions.
Section 313, the Emissions Inventory, is part of Title III. (U.S. EPA, 1987b,
p. 29.)
FEDERAL INSECTICIDE, FUNGICIDE, AND RODENTICIDE ACT (PIPRA)
(Office of Pesticide Programs)
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) was passed
in 1947 and amended in 1972, 1975, and 1978. It was administered by the
Department of Agriculture until 1970 when jurisdiction was transferred to the
EPA. The purpose of the Act is to control the use of pesticides to safeguard
E-3
-------
the health of the public and to prevent adverse effects on the environment.
Under FIFRA, EPA is authorized to:
• Register pesticide products on the basis of both safety and benefits,
(This balancing of risks and benefit underlies all basic regulatory
decisions under the Act.)
• Specify the terms and conditions of pesticide use prior to being
marketed.
• Remove unreasonably hazardous pesticides from the marketplace. (U.S.
EPA, 1987b, p. 15.)
MARINE PROTECTION, RESEARCH, AND SANCTUARIES ACT (MPRSA)
(Office of Marine and Estuarine Protection)
MPRSA was passed to protect the marine environment and public health from
the dumping of all materials in ocean waters. Section 102(b) of the law
states that it is the policy to "regulate the dumping of all types of
materials into ocean waters and to prevent or strictly limit the dumping into
ocean waters of any material which would adversely affect human health,
welfare, or amenities, or the marine environment, ecological systems, or
economic potentialities."
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT (NEPA)
The National Environmental Policy Act was enacted into law in 1969. NEPA
directs federal agencies to plan their policies and actions in light of the
environmental consequences. Agencies must prepare an environmental impact
statement (BIS) for any major federal action that will significantly affect
the quality of the human environment. EISs must identify and discuss the
environmental effects of the proposed action and identify, analyze, and
compare options. (U.S. EPA, 1987b, p. 39.)
E-4
-------
RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT OF 1976 (RCRA) AND THE HAZARDOUS AND
SOLID WASTE AMENDMENTS OF 1984 (HSWA)
Congress passed the Solid Waste Disposal Act in 1965. This Act was the
first federal law to require safeguards and encourage environmentally sound
methods for disposal of household, municipal, commercial, and industrial
refuse. Congress amended this law in 1970 by passing the Resource Recovery
Act and again in 1976 by passing the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA). RCRA was updated and amended by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Act
(HSWA) of 1985. The primary goals of RCRA are to:
• Protect human health and the environment from the potential hazards of
waste disposal.
• Conserve energy and natural resources.
• Reduce the amount of waste generated, including hazardous waste.
• Ensure that wastes are managed in an environmentally sound manner.
In addition, the Act is designed to promote the conservation of natural
resources through the recovery of usable energy and materials. RCRA
authorizes the EPA to regulate hazardous wastes from their generation to
disposal; to foster the establishment of regulatory programs in the states for
controlling the disposal of solid wastes on land and prohibiting the use of
open dumps; and to assist in developing national conservation and recovery
policies. (U.S. EPA, 1986i, pp. 3-4.)
SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT (SDWA)
(Office of Drinking Water)
The Safe Drinking Water Act provides for the safety of drinking water
supplies throughout the United States. It was passed in 1974 and amended in
1976, 1979, and 1986. Under the Act, EPA has the primary responsibility to:
• Establish National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs) which
govern public water supplies for the protection of public health.
E-5
-------
• Establish National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations (NSDWRs) which
govern the taste, odor, and appearance of drinking water.
• Review and approve applications from the various states to assume
primacy in the enforcement of those standards. Implementation of the
SDWA regulations rests primarily with the states. A state must apply
for primary enforcement status (primacy) which requires that states
have regulations at least as stringent as federal standards.
• Supervise public water supply systems and other sources of drinking
water.
The Act also includes provisions to control the underground injection of
water and other substances which might endanger drinking water sources. EPA
implemented several programs for protecting ground water under the Act as
enacted in 1974. One of these programs> the Underground Injection control
Program, regulates the injection of any fluid, including disposal of
industrial wastes in deep underground wells. (U.S. EPA, 19875, p. 10.)
TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL ACT (TSCA)
(Office of Toxic Subtances)
The Toxic Substances Control Act was enacted into law in 1976. TSCA gives
EPA broad regulatory authority over chemical substances during all phases of
their life cycle, from before their manufacture to final disposal. The Act
establishes a national effort to prevent unreasonable risk to human health and
the environment. There are three major TSCA activities:
• The premanufacture notification program. This program provides for
scrutiny of health and environmental effects of new chemicals, so that
their safety can be ensured before being released into the environment.
• Testing. When EPA believes that a chemical may present an unreasonable
risk to health of the environment, testing can be required under TSCA.
To require testing, EPA must find that there is insufficient data on
the chemical substance and that further testing is necessary before a
risk determination can be made.
• Control of existing chemicals. EPA can take various regulatory
measures to control existing chemicals that pose an unreasonable risk
to health or the environment.
E-6
-------
Under TSCA, EPA also compiles and periodically amends a list of chemical
substances manufactured or processed for commerical purposes - the TSCA
Chemical Inventory. The Inventory contains approximately 63,000 chemical
substances. (U.S. EPA, 1987, p. 19.)
E-7
-------
APPENDIX F
RKPORTABLB QUANTITIES (BQS) AND DATA FOR
SECTION 313 CHEMICALS THAT ARE CBRCLA HAZARDOUS
-------
RQS FOR THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ABE CERCLA BAZABDODS SUBSTAHCKS AHD FOB CEBCLA
HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCES THAT ABE MEMBERS OF TOXIC CHEMICAL CATEGORIES
CASRN
Toxic Che»ical/Hagardous Substance
AQTXJ
Acute'
CTX
50000
51285
51796
52686
53963
55185
55630
56235
56382
57125
57147
57749
58899
60117
60344
62533
62555
62566
62737
62759
63252
67561
67641
67663
67721
71363
71432
71556
72435
74839
74873
74884
74908
74953
75003
75014
75058
75070
75092
75150
75218
75252
75274
75354
75445
75558
Formaldehyde
2 , 4-Oinitrophenol
Carbamic acid, ethyl ester
Trichlorfon
2-Acetylaminof luorene
N-Nitrosodiethylamine
Nitroglycerine
Carbon tetrachloride
Parathion
Cyanides (soluble cyanide salts), not elsewhere specified
Hydrazine, 1, 1-dimethyl-
Chlordane
Hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma isomer)
Dime thy laminoazobenzene
Methyl hydrazine
Aniline
Thioacet amide
Thiourea
Dichlorvos
Dime thy Initrosamine
Carbaryl
Methanol
Acetone
Chloroform
Hexachlo roe thane
n-Butyl alcohol
Benzene
1,1 , 1-Trichlo roe thane
Methoxychlor
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloride
Methyl iodide
Hydrocyanic acid
Methylene bromide
Chloroethane
Vinyl chloride
Acetonitrile
Ace t aldehyde
Methylene chloride
Carbon disulfide
Oxirane
BcomoCorm
Dichlorobromome thane
1,1-Dichloroethylene
Phosgene
2-Methylaziridine
1000
10
1000
1000
10
10
1
1
1000
5000
10
100
5000
5000
1000
100
100
1000
1
5000
5000
10
5000
5000
5000
5000
1000
5000
5000
1000
1000
5000
5000
1000
1000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
100
1000
1000
1000
5000
1000
1000
5000
1000
1000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
1000
5000
5000
100
1000
5000
100
5000
5000
5000
1000
1000
5000
5000
1000
10
1000
100
100
100
100
100
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
100
100
1000
10
100
1
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
100
10
100 .
100
1
10
100
1
-------
BQS FOR THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ABB CEBCLA BAZABDOUS SUBSTAHCES AHD FOB CEBCLA
BAZABDOOS SUBSTABCES THAT ABB HEMBEBS OF TOXIC CHEMICAL CATBGOBIES - Continued
CASBH
75569
76448
77474
77781
78875
78933
79005
79016
79061
79107
79345
79447
79469
80159
80626
81072
82688
84662
84742
85449
^ 85687
1 86306
10 87683
87865
88062
88755
91203
91225
91598
91941
92875
94597
94757
95501
95807
95954
96128
96457
97632
98077
98828
98873
98884
98953
100027
100414
Toxic Cheaical/Baxardous Substance
Propylene oxide
Heptachlor
Haxachlorocyclopant adiane
Dimethyl sulfate
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
Methyl ethyl ketona
1,1,2-Trichloroethana
Trichloroathylane
Acrylamide
Acrylic acid
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachlo roe thane
Oimethylcacbamoyl chloride
2— Nit ropropane
Hydroperoxide, 1 -me thy 1-1-phenyl ethyl-
Methyl methacrylate
Saccharin and salts
'pentachloronitrobenzene
Diethyl phthalate
n-Butyl phthalate
Phthalic anhydride
Butyl benzyl phthalate
N-Nitrosodipheny lamina
Hexachlorobutadiene
Pentachlorophenol
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2-Nitrophenol
Naphthalene
Quino line
2-Naphthy lamina
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
Benzidine
Saf role
2,4-D Acid
o-Dichlorobenzene
Toluenediamine
2,4 ,5-Trichlorophenol
1 , 2— Dibrono-3-chlo ropropane
Ethylene thiourea
Ethyl methacrylate
Benzotrichloride
Cumene
Banzai chloride
Benzoyl chloride
Nitrobenzene
p-Nitrophenol
Ethylbenzene
AQTX1
5000
1
1
1000
5000
5000
1000
1000
100
5000
1000
10
100
100
1
10
10
100
100
1000
100
100
100
100
10
5000
1000
1000
100
1000
Acute3
5000
1000
5000
100
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
1000
1000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
1000
100
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
1000
5000
5000
5000
1000
5000
1000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
CTX3
10
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
5000
1000
1000
1000
100
1000
1000
1000
5000
PC4
1
10
100
100
100
1
10
100
100
100
100
1
10
1
100
10
1
10
10
-------
RQS FOB THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT AEE CERCUV HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCES AHD FOR CEBCLA
HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCES THAT ARE MEMBERS OF TOXIC CHEMICAL CATEGORIES - Continued
CASRB
Toxic Chaaical/Hagardous Substance
AQTX
Acute
CTX
100425
100447
100754
101144
105679
106467
106514
106898
106934
107028
107051
107062
107131
107302
108054
108101
108316
108601
108883
108907
108952
"jf 110805
u> 110827
110861
111444
115322
117817
117840
118741
119904
119937
120127
120821
120832
121142
122667
123911
126727
127184
131113
133062
134327
140885
151564
302012
309002
Sty rene
Benzyl chloride
N-Nit rosopiperidine
Benzenamine, 4,4'-nethylenebis( 2-chloro-
2,4-Dimethylphenol
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
p-Benzoquinone
Epichlorohydrin
Ethylene dibromide
Ac role in
Allyl chloride
1,2-Dichloroethane
Aery lonit rile
Chloromethyl methyl ether
Vinyl acetate
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Maleic anhydride
Bis ( 2-chloroisopropyl ) ether
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Phenol
2-Ethoxyethanol
Cyclohexane
Pyridine
Bis ( 2-chloroethyl ) ether
Kel thane
Bis ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Hexachlorobenzene
3 , 3 ' -Diraethoxybenz idine
3 , 3 • -Dime thylbenzi dine
Anthracene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Hydrazine, 1 , 2-diphenyl-
1 , 4-Oioxane
Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate
Tetrachloroethylene
Dimethyl phthalate
Captan
1-Haphthylamine
Ethyl acrylate
Aziridine
Hydrazine
Aldrin .
1000
100
100
100
10
1000
1000
1
1000
5000
100
5000
1000
5000
1000
100
1000
5000
1000
5000
5000
10
100
100
1000
10
5000
1000
10
100
5000
1
5000
1000
5000
5000
5000
5000
1000
1000
100
1000
5000
1000
1000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
1000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
100
1000
1000
100
1000
100
100
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
100
100
1000
1000
100
100
1000
1000
100
10
10
100
1
100
10
1
10
100
10
10
10
10
10
100
10
100
1
1
10
-------
RQS FOR THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ABE CERCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCBS AHD FOR CEHCLA
HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCES THAT ARK MEMBERS OF TOXIC CHEMICAL CATEGORIES - Continued
CASRB
Toxic Cheatc«l/Ha«ardous Substance
AQTX
Acute
CTXJ
PC'
492808
510156
534521
541731
542756
542681
584849
606202
621647
624839
636215
684935
759739
924163
1120714
1310732
1319773
1330207
1332214
1336363
1464535
2303164
4549400
M 7439921
1 7439976
*" 7440020
7440224
7440280
7440360
7440382
7440417
7440439
7440473
7440508
7440666
7647010
7664382
7664393
7664417
7664939
7697372
7723140
7782492
7782505
8001352
20816120
Auranine
Ethyl 4,4'-dichlorobencilata
4 , 6-Dinitro-o-cresol and salts
1, 3-Dichlorobencene
1 , 3-Dichloropropene
Bis (chloromethyl ) ether
Toluene diisocyanate
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
Di-n-propylnitrosaaine
Methyl isocyanate
o-Toluidine hydrochloride
N-Nitroso-N-aethylurea
N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea
N-Nit ro s odi-n-buty lamina
1,3-Propane sultone
Sodium hydroxide
Cresols
Xylene (Mixed)
Asbestos
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
2 , 2 '-Bioxirane
Diallate
N-Nitrosomethylviny lamina
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Zinc
Hydrochloric acid
Phosphoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Ammonia
Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid
Phosphorus
Selenium
Chlorine
Toxaphene
Osmium oxide
10
100
100
100
1000
1000
100
1000
1
1
1000
5000
5000
5000
10
1000
1000
1
10
1
5000
100
5000
100
100
5000
SOOO
100
5000
SOOO
5000
SOOO
5000
5000
SOOO
5000
1000
5000
1000
5000
100
100
5000
1000
SOOO
5000
5000
1000
5000
1000
1000
1000
100
1000
1000
1000
100
10
100
1000
100
1
100 100
10
100
1
1
10
10
100
10 1
10
10
100
10
100 100
1000
1
10
10
1000
100
1000
10
-------
BQS FOB THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ABE CEBCLA
HAZABDODS SUBSTANCES THAT ABE NEMBEBS OP TOZI
IDS SUBSTAHCES ASD FOB CEHCLA
ICAL CATEGOBIES - Continued
CASBH
TOKJC Che»ical/Ha«ardous Substance
AQTX
Acute
CTX
PC
in
25321226 Dichlorobenzene (mixed)
Antimony Compounds
1309644 Antimony trioxide
7440360 Antimony
7647189 Antimony pentachloride
7783564 Antimony trifluoride
7789619 Antimony tribromide
10025919 Antimony trichloride
28300745 Antimony potassium tartrate
Arsenic Compounds
75605 Cacodylic acid
692422 Diethylarsine
696286 Dichlorophenylarsine
1303282 Arsenic pentoxide
1303328 Arsenic disulfide
1303339 Arsenic trisulcide
1327S22 Arsenic acid
1327533 Arsenic trioxide
7440382 Arsenic
7631892 Sodium arsenate
7778441 Calcium arsenate
7784341 Arsenic trichloride
7784409 Lead arsenate
7784410 Potassium arsenate
7784465 Sodium arsenite
10124502 Potassium arsenite
12002038 Cupric acetoarseni te
52740166 Calcium arsenite
Barium Compounds
100
5000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
100
5000
5000
100
1000
1000
100
5000
1000
1000
1000
100
1000
5000
5000
5000
5000
100
100
1000
100
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
100
1000
100
1000
10
1000
100
100
1000
1000
10
10
100
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
Beryllium Compounds
7440417 Beryllium
7787475 Beryllium chloride
7787497 Beryllium fluoride
13597994 Beryllium nitrate
1000
1000
5000
5000
1000
1000
10
10
10
10
1
1
1
-------
BQS FOR THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ABB CHBCIA HAZARDOUS SOBSTABCES ABD FOB CBHCLA
HAZABDOOS SDBSTAHCES THAT ABE MBHBEBS OF TOXIC CHEMICAL CATEGORIES - Continued
CASRH
TOKJC Chemical/Hazardous Substanci
AQTXJ
Acute
CTX
PC
"9
I
Cadmium Compounds
543908
7440439
7789426
10108642
Cadmium acetate
Cadmium
Cadmium broaide
Cadmium chloride
Chlorophenols
58902 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol
87650 2,6-Dichlorophenol
87865 Pentachlorophenol
88062 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
95578 2-Chlorophenol
95954 2.4,5-Trichlorphenol
120832 2,4-Dichlocoph*nol
25167822 Trichloroph.no!
Chromium Coapounda
1066304 Chronic acatata
7440473 Chromium
7775113 Sodium chromata
7778509 Potassium bichromate
7788989 Ammonium chromate
7789006 Potassium chromate
7789062 Strontium chromata
7789095 Ammonium bichromate
10049055 Chromous chloride
10101538 Chromic sulfata
10588019 Sodium bichromate
11115745 Chromic acid
13765190 Calcium chromata
14307358 Lithium chromata
Cobalt Compounds
544183 Cobaltous formate
7789437 Cobaltous bromide
14017415 Cobaltous sulfamata
Coppar Compounds
142712 Cupric acatata
544923 Coppar cyanide
815827 Cupric tartrate
100
100
100
10
100
10
10
100
10
100
10
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
100
10
100
5000
1000
5000
5000
100
5000
5000
5000
5000
10
10
10
100
1000
1000
1000
10
10
10
10
5000
5000
1000
100
100
100
100
5000
1000
1000
-------
RQS FOR THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ABB CERCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCES AHD FOR CBRCLA
HAZARDOUS SOBSTABCES THAT ABE MEMBERS OF TOXIC CHEMICAL CATEGORIES - Continued
CASRB
3251238
5893663
7440508
7447394
7758987
10380297
12002038
Toxic Chemical/Hazardous Substance
Cupric nitrate
Cupric oxalate
Copper
Cupric chloride
Cupric sulfate
Cupric sulfate a»»oniat«d
Cupric acetoarsenite
AQTX1
100
100
10
10
100
100
Acute2
sooo
1000
CTX3
1000
1000
1000
1000
PC4
1
Cyanide compounds (ionically bonded)
74908 Hydrocyanic acid
143339 Sodium cyanide
151508 Potassium cyanide
506616 Potassium silver cyanide
506649 Silver cyanide
542621 Barium cyanide
544923 Copper cyanide
557197 Nickel cyanide
SS7211 Zinc cyanide
592018 Calcium cyanide
592041 Mercuric cyanide
Glycol Ethers
None
Lead Compounds
78002
301042
592870
1314870
1335326
7428480
7439921
7446277
7758954
7783462
7784409
10099748
10101630
13814965
15739807
Tetraethyl lead
Lead acetate
Lead thiocyanate
Lead sulfide
Lead subacetate
Lead stearate
Lead
Lead phosphate
Lead chloride
Lead fluoride
Lead arsenate
Lead nitrate
Lead iodide
Lead fluoborate
Lead sulfate
10
10
10
1
1
10
10
10
10
10
1
100
5000
SOOO
5000
SOOO
5000
1000
SOOO
5000
5000
5000
5000
100
100
100
1000
5000
1000
1000
10
100
1000
5000
5000
5000
5000
1000
5000
1000
10
100
100
100
100
100
100
1000
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
-------
BQS FOB THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ABE CBBCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCES AHD FOB CEBCLA
HA2ABDOUS SOBSTABCES THAT ABE MEMBERS OF TOXIC CHEMICAL CATEGORIES - Continued
CASBB
toxic Ch»«ical/Ha«ardoua Substance
AQTX
Acute
CTX
PC
"3
I
00
Manganese Coumpounds
7722647 Potassium permanganate
Mercury Compounds
62384 Phenylmercuric acetate
592041 Mercuric cyanide
592858 Mercuric thiocyanate
628864 Mercury fulminate
7439976 Mercury
7783359 Mercuric sulfate
10045940 Mercuric nitrate
10415755 Mercurous nitrate
Mickel Compounds
557197 Nickel cyanide
7440020 Nickel
7718549 Nickel chloride
12054487 Nickel hydroxide
13463393 Nickel carbonyl
14216752 Nickel nitrate
15699180 Nickel ammonium sulfate
77786814 Nickel sulfate
Polybrominated Biphenyls
None
Selenium Compounds
630104 Selenourea
7446084 Selenium dioxide
7488564 Selenium disulfide
7782492 Selenium
7783008 Selenious acid
10102188 Sodium selenite
Silver Compounds
506616 Potassium silver cyanide
506649 Silver cyanide
7440224 Silver
7761888 Silver nitrate
100
1
10
1
10
10
10
10
5000
1000
1000
5000
5000
5000
1000
1000
1000
5000
1000
1000
10
1000
5000
5000
5000
100
100
10
10
100
100
10
10
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
10
100
100
100
1000
1000
5000
100
1000
100
1000
5000
5000
1000
10
10
100
1000
100
-------
RQS FOR THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ARE CERCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCBS AHD FOR CERCLA
HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCES THAT ARE MEMBERS OF TOXIC CHEMICAL CATEGORIES - Continued
I
vo
CASRH
Thallium
5636B8
1314325
6533739
7440280
7446186
7791120
10102451
12039520
Toxic Chemical/Hazardous Substance
Compounds
Thallium(I) acetate
Thallium(III) oxide
Thallium(I) carbonate
Thallium
Thallium(I) sulfate
Thallium(I) chloride
Thallium(I) nitrate
Thallium(I) selenide
AQTX
1000
Acute
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
CTXJ PC'
100
100
100
100
100
100
Zinc Compounds
127822
557211
557346
557415
1314847
1332076
3486359
7440666
7646857
7699458
7733020
7779864
7779886
7783495
16871719
S2628258
Notes :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Zinc phenolsulf onate
Zinc cyanide
Zinc acetate
Zinc formate
Zinc phosphide
Zinc borate
Zinc carbonate
Zinc
Zinc chloride
Zinc bromide
Zinc sulfate
Zinc hydrosulfite
Zinc nitrate
Zinc fluoride
Zinc silicoCluoride
Zinc ammonium chloride
RQ based upon aquatic toxicity.
RQ based upon acute toxicity to mammals.
RQ based upon chronic toxicity to mammals.
RQ based upon evidence of potential carcinoganicity .
5000
10
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
5000
5000
1000
1000
5000
1000
5000
5000
5000
1000
5000
5000
5000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
-------
DATA FOB THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ABE CKHCIA HAZABDOUS SUBSTANCES AJTO FOB CEBCLA HAZABDOOS SDBSTABCES THAT ABB MBHBBBS OF TOXIC
CHEMICAL CATEGOBXES
CASRN
50000
51285
51796
52686
53963
55185
56235
56382
57125
57147
57749
58899
60117
60344
62533
62555
62566
62737
62759
"8 63252
ji 67561
0 67641
67663
67721
71363
71432
71556
72435
74839
74873
74884
74908
75003
75014
75058
75070
75092
75150
75218
75252
75274
75354
75445
75558
75569
Toxic Chemical/Hazardous Substance
Formaldehyde
2,4-Dinitrophenol
Carbamic acid, ethyl ester
Trichlorf on
2-Acetylaminof luorene
N-Ni t r os odi ethyl ami ne
Carbon tet rachloride
Parathion
Cyanides (soluble cyanide salts).
not elsewhere specified
Hydrazine, 1 , 1-dimethyl-
Chlordane
Hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma isomer)
Dimethylaminoazobenzene
Methyl hydrazine
Aniline
Thioacetamide
Thiourea
Oichlorvos
Dimethylnitrosamine
Carbaryl
Methanol
Acetone
Chloroform
Hexachloroethane
n— Butyl alcohol
Benzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Methoxychlor
Methyl bromide
Methyl chloride
Methyl iodide
Hydrocyanic acid
Chlo roethane
Vinyl chloride
Acetonit rile
Acetaldehyde
Methylene chloride
Carbon disulfide
Ethylene oxide
Bromof orm
Dich lo rob romome thane
1,1-Dichloroethylene
Phosgene
2-Methylaziridine
Propylene oxide
Aquatic Oral Toxicity
Tox. Spec. Test Val.
10-100
0.6
10-100
10-100
0.4
0.1-1
<0 .1
<0 . 1
10-100
0.1-1
1-10
>1000
>1000
10-100
1-10
1-10
10-100
<0 .1
>1000
1000
<1
1000
1000
1000
10-100
100-1000
100-500
10-100
46-56
100-1000
100-500
>1000
Rat
Rat
Mus
Rat
Mus
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rbt
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Mus
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Hmn
Rat
Mus
Mus
Rat
Rat
Rat
LD50
LDSO
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LDe _
50
LD50
LD50
LD5b
LD50
LDKn
LD50
LD50
LD
LD_
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD-
SO
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LDlo
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD5°
800
30
2500
450
1020
280
2600
2
100
76
200
33
440
200
125
56
26
250
13000
800
6000
790
3800
10300
5000
150
3.7
500
3800
1930
167
14
72
1400
450
200
19
930
Inhalation
Spec. Test
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Gpg
Mus
Mus
Gpg
Gpg
Rat
Mus
Mus
Rat
LClo
LC50
LC?°
lo
LC50
LC50
LC,
1 o
LC50
LC50
LC50
LClo
LClo
LC50
LC50
LC"
LClo
LC50
LClo
IjClo
Tox. Deraal Toxicity
Val. Spec. Test Val.
250 Rbt LD5fl 270
4000
10 Rat LD.. 6.8
50
252
Rat LD,- 700
Rat LD5Q 500
74
250
78
8000
10000
1000
300
3146
323
4000
20
4000
98
5
4000
CS
39
30
30
25.3
32
15.2
17
6.0
*
20
I.D.
20
19.2
10
22.6
25.8
19
CABS'
WOE
Bl
B2
B2
82
B2
B2
B2
B2/C
B2
B2
B2
B2
B2
C
A
C
C
A
B1/B2
C
B2
-------
DATA FOR THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ABB CBHCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCES AHD FOB CEHCLA BAZABDOOS SDBSTAHCES THAT ABE MEMBERS OF TOXIC
CHEMICAL CATEGORIES - Continued
"1
I—*
I-J
CASBR
76448
77474
77781
78875
78933
79005
79016
79061
79107
79345
79447
79469
80159
80626
81072
82688
84662
84742
85449
85687
86306
87683
87865
88062
88755
91203
91225
91598
91941
92875
94597
94757
95501
95534
95807
95954
96128
96457
98077
98828
98873
98884
98953
100027
100414
Toxic Chemical/Hazardous Substance
Heptachlor
Hexachlo rocyclopentadiene
Dimethyl sulfate
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
Methyl ethyl ketone
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Tr ichlo roe thy lene
Acrylamide
Acrylic acid
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride
2-Nitropropane
Hydroperoxide , 1— methyl— 1— phenyle thy 1
Methyl methacrylate
Saccha rin
Pentachloronitrobenzene
Diethyl phthalate
n-Butyl phthalate
Phthalic anhydride
Butyl benzyl phthalate
N-Ni t rosodipheny laraine
Hexachlorobutadiene
Pentachlorophenol
2,4, 6-Tr ichlo rophenol
2-Ni t rophenol
Naphthalene
Quinol ine
beta-Naphthylaraine
3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
Benzidine
Saf role
2,4-D Acid
o-Dichlorobenzene
o-Toluidine
Toluenediamine
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
1 , 2— Dibromo— 3-chlo copropane
Ethylene thiourea
Benzotrichloride
Cumene
Benzal chloride
Benzoyl chloride
Nitrobenzene
p-Nit rophenol
Ethylbenzene
Aquatic Oral Toxicity Inhalation Tox.
Tox. Spec. Test Val. Spec. Test Val.
<0.1
<0 . 1
10-100
140-320
>1000
10-100
10-100
1-10
100-1000
98.2
0.17-1.3
2-40
1-10
<0 . 1
0.2-0.6
0.1-1
1-10
10-100
1-10
1-10
1-10
1-10
0.1-1
10-100
10-100
1-10
10-100
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Dog
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rbt
Mus
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Dog
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
LD50
LD50
LDlo
LD50
LD:"
LD
LDSO
LD.-
LD50
LDlo
LD50
LD50
LD50
LDlo
LD50
LDlo
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD1
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD"
LD.fl
LD*"
LD50
LD50
"so
40
113
440 Rat LC. 32
1900 Rat LC, 1500
1 O
3400 10
1140 Rat LC. 500
4920 10
170 Rat LC.n 103
340 *°
300 Rat LC 1000
1000
500 Rat LC 400
382 Rat LC*" 220
8000 Rat LC*JJ 3750
1650
1000
12000
4020
1650
90
50 Rat LC 11.7
820
2828
1780
331
727
4740
309
1950
100
500
260
820
170
1832
Rat LC. 125
1400 *°
3249
640
350
3500
Dermal Toxicitv CTX
Spec. Test Val. CS
Rat LD. 119
Rbt LD*" 430 62
3 O
I .D.
8.8
I .D.
20
Rbt LD. 1000
°
17. S
16.8
10.4
4
10.3
Rat LD 105 20
50 I.D.
I.D.
I.D.
Rbt LD50 540
I-. D.
28
Rat LD, 1500 18
8.8
13
Rat LD 2100 I.D.
I.D.
5
WOE
B2
B2
C
B2
C
B2
B2
C
C
C
B2
A
B2
A
B2
B2
82
B2
B2
B2
-------
DATA FOB TEE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ABB CEBCLA HAZARDOUS SDBSTABCES AHD FOB CERCLA BAZABOOUS SUBSTABCBS THAT ABB NEHBEBS OF TOXIC
CHEMICAL CATEGORIES - Continued
CASRH
100425
100447
100754
101144
105679
106467
106514
106898
106934
107028 .
107051
107062
107131
107302
108054
108101
108316
108601
108883
108907
108952
110805
110827
110861
111444
115322
117817
118741
119904
119937
120127
120821
120832
121142
122667
123911
126727
127184
131113
133062
134327
140885
151564
302012
309002
492808
Toxic Chemical/Hazardous Substance
Styrene
Benzyl chloride
N-Nitrosopi peri dine
4 , 4 '-Methylenebis ( 2-chloroaniline )
2 , 4-Dimethylphenol
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
p-Benzoquinone
Epichlorohydrin
Ethylene dibromide
Acrolein
Allyl chloride
1,2-Dichloroethane
Acrylonitrile
Chloronethyl methyl ether
Vinyl acetate
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Maleic anhydride
Bis ( 2-chloroisopropyl ) ether
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Phenol
2-Ethoxyethanol
Cyclohexane
Pyridine
Bis ( 2-chloroethyl ) ether
Kelthane
Bis ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate
Hexachlorobenzene
3,3' — Dime thoxybenzi dine
3,3'-Dimethylbenzidine
Anthracene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
2,4-Dichlorophenol
2,4— Dinitrotoluene
Hydrazine, 1,2-diphenyl
1 , 4-Dioxane
Tris ( 2 , 3-dibroraopropyl ) phosphate
Tetrachloroethylene
Dimethyl phthalate
Captan
alpha-Naphthylamine
Ethyl acrylate
Aziridine
Hydrazine
Aldrin
Auramine
Aquatic Oral Toxicity
Tox. Spec. Test Val.
10-100
1-10
1-10
1-10
0.1-1
10-100
10-100
<0 . 1
10-100
100-1000
1-10
100-1000
10-100
100-500
10-100
1-10
10-100
100-1000
10-100
100-1000
100-1000
0.52
1-10
1-10
10-100
0.1-1
100-1000
10-100
0.1-1
1-10
100-1000
<0 .1
Mus
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rbt
Rat
Rat
Mus
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Mus
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Mus
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Bat
Rat
Mus
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LDlo
LDlo
5 0
5 0
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD.-
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD"
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
316
1231
200
3200
500
130
90
55
46
64
600
82
817
2920
2080
465
240
5000
2910
414
3000
1297
891
75
575
31000
10000
1920
404
756
580
268
301
4200
1010
8100
6900
10000
779
1020
15
39
Inhalation
Spec. Test
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Mus
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
la
4 0
C A
3 U
1 A
X O
50
lo
50
50
lo
50
lo
lo
LC™
LC,«
LCln
,— —
'50
To>._
Val.5
5000
150
250
400
8
290
1000
500
55
4000
700
4000
4000
1000
4000
25
252
Dermal Toxicity CTX
Spec. Test Val. CS
9.0
I.D.
Rat LD. 1000 6
*
Rbt LD,n 2200
50 18.4
30
30.4
Rbt LD.. 2620
50 12
7
11.6
Rat LD,. 669 35
Rbt LDg" 3500 13.6
21
Rat LD5Q 100
29.5
I.D.
12.6
11.9
32
28
10
17
I.D.
CABC
WOE
B2
B2
B2
B2
B2
B2
Bl
A
B2
B2
B2
B2
B2
B2
Bl
B2
B2
B2
B2
B2
B2
B2
-------
DATA FOR THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ARE CKBCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCES AID FOR CERCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES THAT ARE MEMBERS OF TOXIC
CHEMICAL CATEGORIES - Continued
CASRH
510156
534521
541731
542756
542881
584849
606202
621647
624839
636215
684935
759739
924163
1120714
1310732
1319773
1330207
1332214
1336363
_ 1464535
I 2303164
£ 4549400
7439921
7439976
7440020
7440224
7440280
7440360
7440382
7440417
7440439
7440473
7440508
7440666
7647010
7664382
7664393
7664417
7664939
7697372
7723140
7782492
7782505
8001352
20816120
25321226
Toxic Chemical/Haxardous Substance
Ethyl 4,4 '-dichlorobenzilate
4 , 6-Dinitro— o— cresol and salts
1 , 3-Dichlorobentene
1,3-Dichloropropene
Bis (chloromethyl ) ether
Toluene diisocyanate
2,6-Dinitrotoluene
Di— n— propylnitrosamine
Methyl isocyanate
o-Toluidine hydrochloride
N-Nitroso-N-methylurea
N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea
N-Nitrosodi-n-buty lamine
1,3-Propane sultone
Sodium hydroxide
Cresols
Xylene (mixed)
Asbestos
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
2 , 2 '-Bioxirane
Diallate
N— Hi t rosome thy Iviny lamine
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryll ium
Cadmium
Chromium
Coppe r
Zinc
Hydrochloric acid
Phosphoric acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Ammonia
Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid
Phosphorus
Selenium
Chlorine
Toxaphene
Osmium oxide
Dichlorobenzene (mixed)
Aquatic
Tox. S
0.2-0.4
1-10
1-10
1-10
10-100
10-100
1-10
10-100
<0.1
<0 .1
10-100
100-1000
100-500
0.1-1
10-100
10-100
<0 . 1
<1
<0 .1
1-10
Ora]
.pec.
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat-
Rat
Rat
Rbt
Mus
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Pgn
Gpg
Mus
Rat
Rat
Rbt
Rat
Rat
Rat
Hmn
Dog
Rat
Rat
Toxic
Test
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
50
LD50
LD50
LD"
LD50
"so
LD50
LDlo
"50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
L0lo
"lo
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LDlo
LDlo
LD50
LD50
v.1.3
700
10
250
210
5800
177
480
71
2951
110
300
1200
500
861
4300
78
395
24
160
500
100
15.8
225
900
1530
350
2140
430
50
40
14
Inhalation Tox.. De»al Toxicitv CTX
Spec. Test Val. Spec. Test Val. CS
Rat LD 200 39.2
5 9.0
23.5
Rat LC.fl 7 I.D.
Mus LC" 10
30
Rat LC5fl 5
Mus LD_0 1000
Rbt LD - 2000 21.2
Rat LC,. 5000
50
79
Rat LC&0 90
I.D.
Rbt LC. 3.5 *
26
7
.D.
.D.
.D.
.D.
.D.
I.D.
I.D.
17.6
Rat LC.. 3124
Hbt LD.0 2740
Rat LC.0 1276 20.5
15.5
Rat LC. 178
Rat LC 65 I.D.
*
I.D.
Mus LC 137
Rar LD,. 600
Hat LC. 40
8.8
CARIJ
WOE
B2
A
C
B2
B2
B2
B2
B2
B2
A
B2
B2
C
B2
C
A
B2
Bl
A
B2
-------
DATA FOB THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ARB CBBCLA BAIABDOUS SOBSTABCBS ABB FOB CEBCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTABCBS THAT ABB MEMBERS OF TOZIC
CHEMICAL CATBOOBZBS - Continued
CASBB
Antinony
1309644
7440360
7647189
7783564
7789619
10025919
28300745
Arsenic
75605
692422
696286
1303282
1303328
1303339
1327522
1327533
7440382
7631892
7778441
7784341
7784409
7784410
7784465
10124502
12002038
52740166
Aquatic
Toxic Chemical/Hasardous Substance Tox.
Compounds
Antimony trioxide
Antimony
Antimony pantachloride
Antimony trifluoride
Antimony tribromide
Antimony trichloride
Antimony potassium tartrate
Compounds
Cacodylic acid
Diethylarsine
Dichlorophenylarsine
Arsenic pentoxide
Arsenic disulfide
Arsenic trisulfide
Arsenic acid
Arsenic trioxide
Arsenic
Sodium arsenate
Calcium arsenate
Arsenic trichloride
Lead arsenate
Potassium arsenate
Sodium arsenite
Potassium arsenite
Cupric acetoarsenite
Calcium arsenite
500-100
100-10
100-10
100-10
100-10
100-10
10-1
500-100
500-100
10-1
100-10
100-10
10-1
500-100
100-10
100-10
100-10
10-1
40
Oral Toxicity _ Inhalation Tox._
Spac. Test Val. Spec. Teat Val.
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rbt
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
LD50
3 U
LD50
_ _ 3 V
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD5°
LDlo
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
1115
525
115
700
8
48
20
12.5
20
Mus LC. 338
100 10
41
14
22
Dermal Toxicity CTZ
Spec. Teat Val. CS
18
I.D.
I.D.
I.D.
I.D.
I.D.
38
I.D.
Rat LD 16 I.D.
50 19
I.D.
35
18
41
I.D.
16
33.1
39
13
16
Rat LD 150 41
Rat LDJ?" 150 41
50 I.D.
39
CABC
WOK
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Barium Compounds
542621 Barium cyanide
Beryllium Compounds
7440417 Beryllium
7787475 Beryllium chloride
7787497 Beryllium fluoride
13597994 Beryllium nitrate
Cadmium Compounds
543908 Cadmium acetate
0.1-1
100-10
100-10 Rat
500-100 Rat
500-100
1.0-1
LD 86
">" "
I.D.
46.7
49.6
44
41
B2
B2
B2
B2
Bl
-------
DATA FOB THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ABE CBRCLA HAZARDOUS SDBSTASCSS AHD FOB CEBCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCBS THAT ABE MEMBERS OP TOXIC
CHEMICAL CATEGORIES - Continued
CASBH Toxic Cheaical/Hasardous Substance
7440439 Cadmium
7789426 Cadmium bromide
10108642 Cadmium chloride
Chlorophenols
58902 2 , 3,4 , 6-Tetrachlorophenol
87650 2 ,6-Dichlorophenol
87865 Pentachlorophenol
88062 2 ,4 ,6-Trichlorophenol
95578 2-Chlorophenol
95954 2,4,5-Trichlorphenol
120832 2,4-Dichlorophenol
25167822 Trichlorophenol
Chromium Compounds
1066304 Chromic acetate
7440473 Chromium
7 7775113 Sodium chromate
M 7778509 Potassium bichromate
*"" 7788989 Ammonium chromate
7789006 Potassium chromate
7789062 Strontium chromate
7789095 Ammonium bichromate
10049055 Chromous chloride
10101538 Chromic sulfate
10588019 Sodium bichromate
11115745 Chromic acid
13765190 Calcium chromate
14307358 Lithium chromate
Cobalt Compounds
544183 Cobaltous formate
7789437 Cobaltous bromide
14017415 Cobaltous sulfamate
Copper Compounds
142712 Cupric acetate
544923 Copper cyanide
615827 Cupric tartrate
3251238 Cupric nitrate
5893663 Cupric oxalate
7440508 Copper
Aquatic
Tox.
10-1
1.94
1-0.1
5
0.6-0.2
1-0.1
8-20
1-0.1
5-10
1-0.1
100-10
100-10
100-10
100-10
100-10
100-10
100-10
100-10
100-10
100-10
100-10
28
100-10
100
100
100
10-1
0.1-1
10-1
10-1
10-1
Oral Toxicity
Spec. Test Val.
Rat LD..
Rat LD5Q
Rat LD
Rat LD
Rat LD
Rat LD
Rat LD
Rat LD
Rat LD5Q
Dog LDj
Rat LD5Q
Hat LD5()
Rat LD50
225
88
140
2940
50
820
670
820
580
2829
1870
50
595
Inhalation Tox. Deraal Toxicity CTX
Spec. Test Val. Spec. Test Val. CS
I.D.
41
42
Rbt LD. 250 32
I.D.
Rat LC5Q 11.7 Rat LD 105 20
I.D.
13
11.9
I.D.
I.D.
I.D.
I.D.
I.D.
I.D.
I.D.
I.D.
I.D.
31.2
29.
I.D.
I.D.
I.D.
I.D.
15
15
13.9
I.D.
I.D.
CABC
WOE
Bl
Bl
Bl
D
B2
D
B2
D
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
-------
DATA FOR THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ABE CERCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCBS AHD FOB CERCLA HAZARDOUS SOBSTABCES THAT AXE MEMBERS OF TOXIC
CHEMICAL CATEGORIES - Continued
Aquatic Oral Toxicity Inhalation To*. Deraal Toxicity CTX
CASRH Toxic CheBical/Hasardous Substance Tox. Spec. Teat Val. Spec. Teat Val. Spec. Test Val. CS
7447394 Cupric chloride
7758987 Cupric sulfate
10380297 Cupric sulfate anmoniated
12002038 Cupric acetoarsenite
Cyanide compounds (ionically bonded)
74908 Hydrocyanic acid
143339 Sodium cyanide
151508 Potassium cyanide
506616 Potassium silver cyanide
506649 Silver cyanide
542621 Barium cyanide
544923 Copper cyanide
557197 Nickel cyanide
557211 Zinc cyanide
592018 Calcium cyanide
592041 Mercuric cyanide
il, Glycol Ethers
o\
None
Lead Compounds
76002 Tetraethyl lead
301042 Lead acetate
592870 Lead thiocyanate
1314870 Lead sulfide
1335326 Lead subacetate
7428480 Lead stearate
7439921 Lead
7446277 Lead phosphate
7758954 Lead chloride
7783462 Lead fluoride
7784409 Lead arsenate
10099748 Lead nitrate
10101630 Lead iodide
13814965 Lead fluoborate
15739807 Lead sulfate
Manganese Compounds
1-0.1
1-0.1
10-
10-1
< 1
0.1-1
1-0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
0.1-1
0.1-1
0.1-1
1-0.1
1-0.1
< 0.1
10-1
500-100
500-100
>1000
'500-100
500-100
100-10
500-100
Gpg
500-100
500-100
500-100
Rat
Rat
Mus
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Mus
Rat
Dog
Gpg
Gpg
Pgn
Rat
LDlo
Rat
LD50
LD50
LD50
50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LD50
LDlo
LD50
LDlo
LDlo
LDlo
LD.
5o3°
LDlo
300
22
3.7 Rat LC 484
«.44
10
21
123
39
33
17 Rat LC. 850mg/m
300
10000
6000
160
100
50
16.5
16
14.5
I.D.
49
I.D.
49
32
32
33
I.D.
I.D.
33
33
34
13
31
30
31
32
CABC
HOE
A
B2
B2
B2
B2
B2
B2
A
7722647 Potassium permanganate
100-1
Rat
LD5fl 1090
-------
DATA FOB THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ABE CEBCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCES AHD FOB CEBCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES THAT ABE MEMBEBS OP TOXIC
CHEMICAL CATEGORIES - Continued
CASBH
Toxic Chemical/Haxardous Substance
Aquatic Oral Toxicity
Tox. Spec. Test Val.
Inhalation Tox. Dermal Tgxicitv CTX CABC
Spec. Test Val. Spec. Test Val. CS WOE
Mercury Compounds
62384 Pheny Imercuric acetate
592041 Mercuric cyanide
592858 Mercuric thiocyanate
628864 Mercury fulminate
7439976 Mercury
7783359 Mercuric sulfate
10045940 Mercuric nitrate
10415755 Mercurous nitrate
Nickel Compounds
557197 Nickel cyanide
7440020 Nickel
7718549 Nickel chloride
12054487 Nickel hydroxide
13463393 Nickel carbonyl
14216752 Nickel nitrate
_ 15699180 Nickel ammonium sulfate
1 77786814 Nickel sulfate
Rat LD. 30
< 0.1 Mus LD," 33
1-0.1 °
< 0.1 Rbt LC. 29mg/m
1-0.1 Rat LD 57
1-0.1
1-0.1 Rat LD5fl 297
1-0.1
Qpg LD. 500
500-100 Rat LD " 105
100-10
100-10 Rat LC 35
500-100
500-100
500-100
37
I.D.
I.D.
I.D.
42.4
I.D.
49
26 C
40
50
49 B2
38
35
39
Polybrominated Blphenyls
None
Selenium Compounds
630104 Selenourea
7446084 Selenium dioxide
7488564 Selenium disulfide
7782492 Selenium
7783008 Selenious acid
10102188 Sodium selenite
Silver Compounds
506616 Potassium silver cyanide
506649 Silver cyanide
7440224 Silver
7761888 Silver nitrate
Thallium Compounds
100-10
100-10
100-10
< 0.1
< 0.1
< 0.1
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Bat
Rat
Rat
Mus
Mus
LD
LD
50
LD
lo
SO
LD
LD
lo
50
LD
LD
LD
LD
50
50
50
50
50
25
138
25
7
21
123
100
50
Rat LC. 33»g/m
I.D.
43
I.D.
I.D.
42
40
B2
563688
1314325
Thallium(I) acetate
Thallium(III) oxide
Mus
Bat
LD
LD
50
50
35
22
22.4
21.6
-------
DATA FOR THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ABE CEBCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTABCES AHD FOB CERCLA HAXARDOOS SOBSTABCBS THAT ARE MEMBERS OF TOXIC
CHEMICAL CATEGORIES - Continued
CASRR
6533739
7440280
7446186
7791120
10102451
12039520
Aquatic Oral Toxicity . Inhalation Tox._
Toxic Chemical/Hazardous Substance Tox. Spec. Test Val. Spec. Test Val.
Thallium(I)
Thallium
Thallium(I)
Thallium(I)
Thallium(I)
Thallium) I)
carbonate
sulfate
chloride
nitrate
selenide
Mus LDen
Rat LD
100-10 Mus LD50
Rat LD
Mus LD^"
Rat LDKn
21
15.8
29
24
33
50
Dermal ToxicitT CTX CABC
Spec. Test Val. CS WOE
22.4
I.D.
22.4
22.4
22.4
I.D.
Zinc Compounds
TJ
I—*
CO
127822
557211
557346
557415
1314847
1332076
3486359
7440666
7646857
7699458
7733020
7779864
7779886
7783495
16871719
52628258
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
Zinc
phenolsulfonate
cyanide
acetate
formate
phosphide
borate
carbonate
chloride
bromide
sulfate
hydrosulf ite
nitrate
fluoride
silicof luoride
ammonium chloride
500-100
1-0.1
100-10 Rat LD. 2510
100-10
100-10 Rat LD. 40
100-10
100-10
500-100 Rat LD 350
500-100
100-10 Mus LD. 1891
100-10
500-100
100-10
500-100 Rat LD, 100
1 o
500-100
I.D.
I.D.
12.8
13.6
I.D.
14.4
9
17.6
14 .4
11.2
12.8
I .D.
12
19
I.D.
11.2
Abbreviations:
CARC = potential carcinogenic!ty
CASRN a Chemical Abstracts Service registry number
CS a composite score
CTX = chronic toxicity
Gpg a guinea pig
Hmn o human
kg 3 kilogram
mg = milligram
Mus = mouse
-------
DATA FOR THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ARE CERCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCES AHD FOR CERCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCES THAT ARE MEMBERS OF TOXIC
CHEMICAL CATEGORIES - Continued
Rbt = rabbit
WOE = weight of evidence
Notes :
1. Aquatic toxicity is given as the LC50/ or that concentration of the material dissolved in water in parts per million or
milligrams/liter (which is equivalent) that will kill 50% of the test organism population in 96 hours. Some of the data
are shown in a range of ppm, as cited in the following sources:
Supplement to Development Document: Hazardous Substances Regulations, Section 311 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act as Amended 1972, (EPA-440/9-75-009), November 1975.
The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Publication No. 83-107, 1981-1982, and Publication No. 86-1036, November
1985 (supplement).
Additional sources for determining aquatic toxicity are listed in the Technical Background Document to Support
Rulemaking Pursuant to CERCLA Section 102, Volume 1, March 1985.
The test used to determine the toxicity value is LD,.. or LD. LDso is tna lethal dose to 50% of the test animal
population in milligrams per kilogram of body weight. LD1o is the lowest dose in milligrams per kilogram of body weight
known to have hat
3. Units are mg/kg.
known to have had a lethal effect on the test animal species.
I
>-• 4. The test used to determine the toxicity value is LC,Q or LC^. LC5Q is tha lethal concentration in parts per million to
^° 50% of the test animal population. LC. is the lowest concentration in parts per million known to have had a lethal
effect on the test animal species.
5. Units are parts per million.
6. The chronic toxicity RQ is based on the composite score. The composite score is the product of the dose ratirrg value and
the effect rating value. The dose rating value may range from 1 to 10, depending on toxicity, with 10 being most toxic.
Similarly, the type of effect is given an effect rating value from 1 to 10, with 10 being most severe. A composite score
is then determined by multiplying the RVd by the RVe, with a possible range of 1 to 100. Thus, the highest scores are
most toxic. An "I.D." is assigned when insufficient data are available to make an assessment. An "*" is assigned when
the substance is known to have a chronic effect, but the RQ has already been set at the 1-pound level on the basis of
some other criterion, and no further evaluation was made.
7. Part of the methodology used to adjust the statutory RQs of potential carcinogens evaluates the strength of the evidence
that a substance causes cancer. Each potential carcinogen is assigned to one of the following weight-of-evidence
categories, which, along with the potency factor, determines the potential carcinogenicity RQ for the substance:
Group A-—Human Carcinogen — An agent is placed in this group only when there is "sufficient* evidence from epideaiologic
studies to support a causal association between exposure to the agent(s) and cancer.
10
-------
DATA FOR THE TOXIC CHEMICALS THAT ARE CEHCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTAHCES AHD FOR CERCLA HAZARDOUS SUBSTABCXS THAT ARE MEMBERS OF TOXIC
CHEMICAL CATEGORIES - Continued
Group B—Probable Human Carcinogen — This group includes agents for which the weight-of-evidence of human
carcinogenicity based on epidemiologic studies is "limited" and also includes agents for which the weight-of-evidence of
carcinogenicity based on animal studies is "sufficient." The group is divided into two groups. Group Bl is usually
reserved for agents for which there is "limited" evidence of carcinogenicity from epideniologic studies. It is
reasonable, for practical purposes, to regard an agent for which there is "sufficient* evidence of carcinogenicity in
animals as if it presented a carcinogenic risk to humans. Therefore, agents for which there is "sufficient" evidence
from animal studies and for which there is "inadequate" evidence or "no data" from epidemiologic studies (human) would
usually be categorized under Group B2.
Group C—Possible Human Carcinogen — This group is used for agents with "limited" evidence of carcinogenicity in animals
in the absence of human data. It includes a wide variety of evidence, for example: (a) a malignant tumor response in a
single, well-conducted experiment that does not meet conditions for "sufficient" evidence; (b) tumor responses of
marginal, statistical significance in studies having inadequate design or reporting; (c) benign but not malignant tumors
with an agent showing no response in a variety of short-tarn tests for mutagenicity; and (d) responses of marginal
statistical significance in a tissue known to have a high or variable background rate of cancer.
This list only includes entries for those toxic substances/hazardous substances for which data are available to derive an RQ on
the basis of acute inhalation toxicity.
Specific xylene and cresol isomers which are toxic substances are not specifically listed as CERCLA hazardous substances, and
are therefore not listed here. However, data on the specific isomers of xylene and cresol were used to derive the RQs for mixed
xylenes and cresols which are specifically listed as CERCLA hazardous substances. These aixed isomers of xylene are listed in
the table as "xylene (mixed).*
10
o
-------
APPENDIX G
SYSTEMS AND MODELS FOR RISK ASSESSMENTS OH
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
-------
This appendix describes several systems and models that may
be appropriate for Section 313 data interpretation. The
appendix has three components. First, each system is
described in detail. Following each system description is
a flow diagram that illustrates the way the system works.
Finally/ a table with supplementary information concerning
each system is provided in the back of this appendix. This
table should be useful in comparing and evaluating the
systems for your particular uses. References are provided
in the bibliography to this manual.
G-l
-------
APPENDIX G - SYSTEMS AND MODELS FOR EVALUATING
RISKS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
Chemical Scoring, System for Hazard and Exposure Assessment (CSSHEA)
CSSHEA is a qualitative ranking system used by the EPA Office of Toxic
Substances (OTS) to screen and prioritize chemicals for further assessment.
It is a first-cut, rapid way of evaluating a large number of chemicals to
assist in focusing resources at later stages of assessment. CSSHEA
incorporates both hazard and exposure potential.
For each chemical, scientists with relevant expertise separately score
eleven exposure and hazard parameters on a scale of 0 to 9. Each parameter is
scored independently by two professionals who resolve differences if scores
differ by more than one point. To score, the scientists review a source
document, such as an EPA Health and Environmental Effects Profile, that
summarizes the relevant human, animal, genotoxic, and environmental data on
the chemical. Scorers use objective criteria to assign a numerical score when
data are available, or analog/structure-activity relationships in the absence
of data. Scorers may raise or lower a score based on professional judgment,
and must provide a rationale for each assigned score.
Scoring is performed on all or any combination of the eleven parameters.
The scores are not added, weighted, or combined. They are simply provided as
a.i overall hazard "profile." At OTS, any chemical with at least one hazard
parameter and one exposure parameter of 8 or 9 is assigned a high priority for
further assessment. Scored chemicals can be used as benchmarks against which
to compare the exposure and hazard potential of newly scored chemicals.
Input Data; The system relies on the availability of a major source
document (such as a HEEP) that reviews and summarizes the relevant
literature for the chemical. In addition, information on chemical analogs
and structure-activity relationships may be required. Data from these
sources are evaluated and scored in the following areas: (1) toxicity
parameters; carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, developmental toxicity, acute
and chronic mammalian toxicity, and aquatic toxicity; (2) exposure
parameters; bioconcentration, chemical production volume, occupational
exposure, consumer exposure, environmental fate, and environmental
exposure. Currently, HEEPs, CHIPS and OTS submissions are used as the
basis for scores. Each chemical takes approximately one month to score.
G-2
-------
Output; Quantitative scores on a scale of 0 to 9 for up to eleven hazard
and exposure parameters.
The main obstacle to using this system for Section 313 data evaluation is
.hat a source document (that reviews and summarizes the Literature) is
issential to scoring. Only a small portion of the Section 313 chemicals have
ieen scored by OTS. The "Environmental Exposure" parameter is based largely
m the amount released to the environment; the current scoring criteria for
his parameter would have to be modified, since they are based on total
estimated nationwide emissions, not on emissions from a single facility.
G-3
-------
HAZARD PARAMETERS
CARCINOGENICITY
GENOTOXICITY
DEVELOPMENTAL
TOXICITY
ACUTE & CHRONIC
MAMMALIAN
TOXICITY
AQUATIC
TOXICITY
EXPOSURE PARAMETERS
o
BIOCONCENTRATION
CHEMICAL
PRODUCTION
VOLUME
OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURE
CONSUMER
EXPOSURE
ENVIRONMENTAL
FATE
ENVIRONMENTAL
EXPOSURE
Figure G-l. Chemical scoring system for hazard and exposure assessment.
-------
THE GRAPHICAL EXPOSURE MODELING SYSTEM (GEMS)
The EPA Office of Toxic Substances developed the Graphical Exposure
Modeling System (GEMS) as an interactive information management tool designed
to assist in a quick and meaningful analysis of environmental problems. GEMS,
as an operating environment, ties together several previously discrete tools
into a coordinated system that allows for multiple types of analyses. These
tools include environmental fate and transport models, chemical property
estimation techniques, statistical analysis, and graphical and mapping
programs. These discrete systems are handled under a common environment and
the user interacts with the computer through an interface consisting of a
uniform set of menu screens which eliminate the usual requirements to learn
specific application languages. Under development since 1981, GEMS has
several uses:
• Environmental Fate and Transport Modeling.
• Chemical Property Estimation.
• Data Management.
• Graphics.
• Geographic Data Analysis and Mapping.
• Statistical Analysis.
GEMS has many features that make the system easy to access and operate:
• Accessed by telephone from virtually anywhere in the U.S.
• Supports a variety of terminals.
• Supports SAS and Tektronics graphics.
• Includes a sophisticated modeling system for ease of data input and
analysis of output results for environmental simulation models.
• Provides geographic data analysis and mapping capabilities.
• Includes a powerful file management capability along with many on-line
databases that support routine use of the models.
G-5
-------
• Requires no previous knowledge of computer programming to operate the
system.
• Complemented by a microcomputer version (PCGEMS).
BASIC STRUCTURE OP GEMS
GEMS resides on the VAX Cluster at the USEPA National Computer Center at
Research Triangle Park, NC. Originally developed on a VAX 11/780, GEMS
currently runs on MicroVAX II and VAX 8600 computers. GEMS is designed under
a unique concept which integrates the computerized tools of graphics, mapping,
statistics, file management, and special functions such as modeling and
chemical property estimation under a user oriented and simple-to-learn
interface. The system has three basic structural components.
• Data Management The GEMS File Management Facility allows for the
creation and manipulation of GEMS datasets. It is designed to handle
data in a variety of data formats and provides the user with a common
interface for all data accessed. This operation also allows the user
to import data from outside of GEMS for use with GEMS procedures.
• Analytical and Mapping Tools The modeling operation in GEMS
allows users to simulate chemical behavior in various environmental
media. The GEMS interface allows users to build input data via
standard prompts and menus and to store model output results in a
standard format which then may be used with the statistics and graphics
operations of GEMS. The statistics and graphics operations provide
data analysis by use of SAS and IMSL routines and functions. Mapping
ofindustrial facilities, rivers, population distributions, and modeled
results is supported by SAS and Tektronics routines.
• User-Friendly interface Users respond to menus and prompts produced by
the system's user interface. Responses to system prompts are in plain
English and extensive 'help* information is widely available.
THE GENS DATA BASES
The GEMS data base supports most types of environmental data useful for
exposure assessments of toxic substances. One of the features that makes GEMS
so powerful is the ready availability of data for use with the models and
mapping procedures. These datasets include:
G-6
-------
• Industrial Facility Discharge Data (EPA NPDES Permitted Facilities).
• Meteorological Data (392 STAR Stations and 13000 State Climatic
Divisions).
• Chemical Property Data.
• Water Supply Data (WSDB and PROS).
• Groundwater Data for Selected U.S. Cities.
• Stream Flow and Reach Data (USGS & EPA).
• Economic Census Data.
• Zip Code Location Data.
• Census Population Data for 1980 and 1983.
• Soil Textural Data (USDA-SCS).
• Geoecology County-level Environmental Characteristics Data.
Descriptions of each data set are provided in the GEMS User's Guide. The
user also has the capability of importing and installing external files as
part of the User Owned Data Sets which then may be used with GEMS.
AHALYTICAL CAPABILITIES OF GEMS
The use of GEMS and a description of its analytical capabilities are
described in the GEMS User's Guide. The system has several operations for
analysis of environmental data:
• Modeling in Atmospheric, Aquatic, and Soil Environments.
• Chemical Property Estimation.
• Data Management.
• Graphics, Mapping, and Geographic Data Analysis.
• Statistical Analysis.
The brief discussion of a modeling analysis may best provide the reader
with a sense of the integrated nature of GEMS. For our purposes let us assume
G-7
-------
that a user has data quantifying the mass of a carcinogenic chemical released
annually from a stack. With the assumption of no threshold for carcinogens,
an annual total emission is adequate for exposure and risk calculations.
Stack parameters are needed to characterize the release for an adequate
estimation of exposure.
The user selects the Industrial Source Complex Long Term Model (ISCLT)
under the Modeling Option and specifies the geographic coordinates of the
facility. A zipcode centroid is used if nothing else is available. When the
user specifies the facility location, a meteorological data base is searched
and the names and distances to several meteorological reporting stations are
returned for selection of the data to be used. The joint frequency data and
supplemental files are automatically inserted into the ISCLT model input file
in the correct format. The user then enters the release information, selects
either 1980 or 1983 estimated census population data, and runs the model.
Population data are automatically extracted from the Census Population
database and combined with the model estimated concentrations to estimate the
number of people exposed to various levels. A post-processor for the model
also estimates number of people at various levels of risk, if a potency slope
factor is available for the chemical.
Graphical routines lend support to this analysis. The STAR Rose routine
generates wind roses and allows examination of the meteorological data in
summary tabular form. An isopleth mapping routine plots chemical
concentration over population density for a qualitative description of
population exposure.
NAPPING CAPABILITIES OP GBMS
GEMS has the capability of producing maps at various spatial scales. Maps
of study areas depicting state and county boundaries may be produced using
high resolution graphics terminals. Any data set in GEMS which contains
geographic identification information may be used to generate overlays.
G-8
-------
Chocopleth mapping is also supported. Examples of information that can be
plotted on maps include:
• River Reaches from the EPA Reach File.
• Wastewater Treatment Facilities.
• Meteorological Stations.
• Dischargers of Industrial Wastes.
• Choropleths Depicting Levels of Use of Pesticides by County.
USER INTERFACE
GEMS comes with two basic types of menus, navigational menus and parameter
editing menus.
Navigational menus help the user navigate through GEMS. They present a
list of options from which to select. After selecting one the user will
proceed to either another navigational menu or to a parameter editing menu.
Parameter editing menus assist with data entry and creation of input files
for subsequent analyses. The user simply enters the desired parameter value
into the field provided and the files will be created with the proper
structure and format.
ACCESSING GEMS
Employees of the USEPA wishing access to GEMS need only contact their
local ADP Coordinators to obtain and complete TSSMSS Form N258. GEMS is also
available to members of other federal government agencies, state governments,
and private industry with billing handled through the National Technical
Information Service. The NTIS contact person is Ms. Cathy Metzler
(703)487-4807.
G-9
-------
PCGENS
In order to meet the growing demands of EPA modelers for access to the
features of GEMS, the Personal Computer (PC) version of the Graphical Exposure
Modeling System (PCGEMS) has been adapted from the VAX version. PCGEMS has
many of the same features as GEMS but is accessible at a local level on a desk
top computer. PCGEMS features work both independently and in concert with
their more powerful counterparts on the mainframe. PCGEMS is designed to
reduce the reliance on the VAX by providing the following independent
capabilities:
• Environmental Fate and Transport Modeling.
• Chemical Property Estimation.
• File Management.
• Graphical Display of Modeled Analyses.
• Mapping.
• Selected GEMS Data Sets.
In addition to its many stand-alone features, PCGEMS also works in concert
with GEMS on the EPA VAX Cluster. This allows much of the task of setting up
modeling runs to be accomplished locally with files uploaded to the VAX for
execution of the model and downloading of files to the PC for subsequent
analysis.
PCGEMS requires the following hardware:
• IBM XT/AT or compatible with 640 K RAM.
• Hard Disk and Floppy Drive.
• Graphics Board.
• DOS Version 2.2 or higher.
• 8087 or 80287 Math Co-Processor.
• Minimum of 10 Mb of available space on the hard disk; less space may be
required if the user installs only a few features of PCGEMS.
G-10
-------
While some specialized graphics and file manipulation routines have been
developed for PCGEMS, generalized graphics and database management procedures
have not been developed because there are many commercially available packages
that perform these functions on PCs. The PCGEMS Utilities Function allows the
user to identify and set the path to the database management software,
graphics package, spreadsheet, etc. and to further customize PCGEMS with the
user's favorite programs. Furthermore, PCGEMS contains some programs that
convert between PCGEMS, ASCII, dBASE, and LOTUS files thereby supporting dBASE
and LOTUS use with PCGEMS.
PCGEMS is still under development; consequently, the distribution
mechanism has not yet been established. Development of Release Version 1 of
PCGEMS is expected to be completed in the summer of 1988. Information as to
its availability may be obtained at that time from the author (202) 382-3928.
INPUT AND OUTPUT REQUIREMENTS
Input Data; On line computer data bases assist the assessor in
characterizing the receiving environment. Other input data are standard
for the various environmental models.
For instance, the ISCLT model requires the location of the emission
(latitude and longitude, Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates, or zip
codes); pollutant emission rate (grams per second); physical stack height
(meters); internal stack diameter (meters); stack gas exit velocity (meters
per second); and stack gas temperature (degrees Kelvin). Optional data
include height and width of nearby buildings and distance from the stack to
the buildings. If the emissions are classified as fugitive or non-point
emissions, then they should be modeled from area sources. Data required
include the width of the area source and the height of release. Stack
parameters, of course, are non existent for area sources. Meteorological data
(Stability Array) are available from GEMS databases as are human population
data. Optional data also include the cancer potency factor (mg/kg day) or
the cancer unit risk factor (ug/m )~ .
G-ll
-------
If the PTPLU model is being used for a screening analysis, ambient air
temperature (degrees Kelvin) and mixing height (meters) data are required.
These data may be obtained from GEMS databases for the area of interest.
Stack parameters as described above are also required.
The ReachScan model requires identification of the geographic area by USGS
Hydrologic Accounting Unit. Within an accounting unit you can search by NPDBS
Number, Facility Name, SIC Code, Water Utility Name, or Reach Number.
Pollutant emission loading is specified in kg/day.
Output; The output of the ISCLT model includes the predicted maximum
concentration; number of people estimated to be exposed at various
concentration levels; number of people residing in the area specified;
population exposure; predicted concentration by distance and direction;
maximum lifetime risk; and estimated annual number of cancer cases. The
output of the PTPLO model includes maximum concentration (grams per cubic
meter) by distance for each atmospheric stability class.
Output from the ReachScan model includes concentration in reaches with
drinking water intakes, identities of discharging facilities upstream of a
drinking water utility, and identities and locations of drinking water
utilities downstream from discharging facilities.
The main obstacle to using GEMS for Section 313 assessment is the absence
of information on TRI reporting form. For example, stack parameters are not
requested for emissions to air and all releases are reported as annual totals.
G-12
-------
Modelling
Option
such as
ISCLT
Facility
Location
Population
Data
Meteorological
Information
Graphical
Routines
Estimated
Concentration
Number
of
People
Qualitative
Description
of Population
Exposure
Release
Information
Figure G-2. Graphical Exposure Modeling System - Sample analysis.
-------
Hazard Assessment Model
The Hazard Assessment Model was developed by EPA's Office of Toxic
Substances to help Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs) assess the
lethal hazards related to potential airborne releases of hazardous substances,
particularly the extremely hazardous substances listed under Section 302 of
Title III of SARA.
The analysis process is applied first with screening assumptions, and then
with planning assumptions. Reporting facilities may be screened using
credible best or worst case assumptions. The screening helps planners
prioritize facilities so that a more detailed hazard analysis can be conducted
for facilities that pose the greatest risk should a release occur. These
facilities could then be visited to get more information and input data.
After the initial screening, a reevaulation and adjustment of the quantity
released and/or the rate of release of chemical can be made. Reevaluation and
adjustment of variables—wind speed and air stability; selection of a higher
level of concern—can also be performed.
The analysis process consists of three basic hazard analysis steps: (1)
hazard identification, (2) vulnerability zone estimation, and (3) risk
analysis. Hazard identification typically provides specific information on -
situations that have the potential for causing injury to life or damage to
property and the environment due to a hazardous materials spill or release.
Vulnerability analysis identifies areas that may be affected or exposed;
individuals who may be subject to injury or death from certain specific
hazardous materials; and what facilities, property, or environment may be
susceptible to damage should a hazardous materials release occur. Risk
analysis is a judgement of probability and severity of consequences based on
the history of previous incidents, local experience, and the best available
current technological information. A relative ranking of hazards combined
with site-specific evaluations such as the vulnerability analysis will
complete much of the risk analysis process.
G-14
-------
Input Data; The initial estimated screening zones are based on the
following assumptions:
• Rate of release to air: Total quantity of gases, powdered solids, or
solids in solution are assumed to be released in 10 minutes. Liquids
and molten solids are released instantaneously and evaporate. The
release rate is based on the rate of evaporation.
• Topographic conditions: Urban or rural setting.
• Meteorological conditions: Wind speed =3.4 mph;
Atmospheric stability = F
• Level of Conern (LOO: One-tenth of the (NIOSH) published (IDLH) or
one-tenth of its approximation. Pseudo IDLH = (1/10 LC$Q) or (1/100
(oral or dermal) or (LCLQ) or (LDLQ x 1/10)*
Output; The likelihood of a hazard occurrence and the severity of
consequences are assessed as high, medium, or low. An emergency response
plan, required under Title III of SARA, can be formulated based on the
information gleaned through this process.
The perceived complexity of this system is an obstacle to Section 313
assessment. The numerical values used for Level of Concern and the
calculations that must be performed for assessing liquid releases may be
perceived as difficult by some users. Additionally, this model has been
primarily used for assessing accidental (generally, short-term) releases of
extremely hazardous substances. While some of the Section 313 chemicals will
also be listed under Section 302, many of the Section 313 chemicals will be
much less toxic and will be released over a longer period of time.
G-15
-------
I. INITIAL SCREENING
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
CHEMICAL IDENTITY
LOCATION
QUANTITY
PROPERTIES
CONDITIONS OP USE
fc
VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
ESTIMATE
VULNERABLE ZONE
IDENTIFY
POPULATION
CHARACTERISTICS
IDENTIFY CRITICAL
FACILITIES
t
RISK ANALYSIS
ESTIMATE
RISKS
PRIORITIZE
FACILITIES
II. EVALUATION OF FACILITIES BY PRIORITY
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
RE-EVALUATE
QUANTITY
RE-EVALUATE RATES
OF RELEASE
CONSIDER TYPICAL
HIND AND HEATHER
CONDITIONS
h
VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
RE-ESTIMATE
VULNERABLE ZONE
IDENTIFY
POPULATION
CHARACTERISTICS
IDENTIFY CRITICAL
FACILITIES
fe.
RISK ANALYSIS
MAKE JUDGEMENT
ABOUT PROBABILITY
OP RELEASE AND
SEVERITY OF
CONSEQUENCES
RANK RISKS
DEVELOP OR REVISE
EMERGENCY PLANS
FOR HIGHER
PRIORITY FACILITIES
Figure G-3. Hazard assessment model.
G-16
-------
Human Exposure Model
The Human Exposure Model (HEM) produces quantitative expressions of public
exposure and carcinogenic risk to ambient air concentrations of pollutants
emitted from stationary sources. Used by the EPA Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards (OAQPS), HEM is a screening method that provides rough,
but not necessarily conservative, estimates of exposure and risk.
The HEM contains 1) an atmosphere dispersion model (Gaussian); 2)
multiple-year meteorological data (STAR) at 314 airports across the U.S.; and
3) a population distribution estimate based on 1980 U.S. Bureau of Census data
(by block/group/enumeration of district). Based on emission and stack
parameters and frequency of wind direction, wind speed, and atmospheric
stability classes, HEM estimates the magnitude and distribution of ambient air
concentations of the pollutant in the vicinity of the source. The model is
programed to estimate these concentrations within a radial distance of 50
kilometers (30.8 miles) from the source. If other radial distances are
preferred, an override feature allows the user to select the distance desired.
If the user wishes to use a dispersion model other than the one contained
in HEM, HEM can accept the concentrations from the alternative model if they
are put into the appropriate format. Based upon the source location and the
radial distance specified, HEM combines numerically the distribution of
pollutant concentrations with the people estimated to reside near the source
to produce quantitative expressions of public exposure to the pollutant. If
the pollutant of interest is one for which a cancer potency estimate has been
derived, and this potency has been input to HEM, public cancer risk is
calculated.
The HEM also contains an area source model that is often used to estimate
exposure and risks from mobile sources or sources too numerous to model
individually. The area source model can be used in limited geographical
G-17
-------
areas, e.g., parts of cities, entire counties, entire cities. The HEM can be
accessed on the National Computer Center Office of Research and Development
and Development VAX computer.
Input Data; Inputs which are required for the model are the latitude and
longitude of the source of the emissions (degrees, minutes, seconds);
pollutant emission rate (kilograms per year); physical stack height
(meters); internal stack diameter (meters); stack exit velocity (meters
per second); and stack exit temperature (degrees Kelvin). Optional data
are cancer potency estimate (micrograms per cubic meter"1); indication
whether source is subject to urban or rural meteorological conditions; and
the five digit STAR (Stability Array) meteorological station identifier.
Output: This output of the model are the predicted maximum concentration;
number of people estimated to be exposed to the maximum concentration;
number of people residing within the area specified; public exposure
(people X concentrations to which they are expected to be exposed to);
table of predicted concentrations by wind direction and distance; maximum
lifetime risk; and estimated annual number of cancer cases.
[NOTE: In September, 1988, an improved HEM will be available. This model
will be completely menu driven and user friendly. It will contain ISCLT, and
will be able to quantify uncertainties associated with dispersion modeling and
calculation of exposure. The modified HEM will also address population
mobility; indoor/outdoor relationships; and population cohort analysis such
that risks to specified sensitive subpopulations can be estimated. The model
may also contain a stable of dispersion models including a short-term model, a
dense gas release model, and various multimedia models.]
G-18
-------
o
EMISSION SOURCE LATITUDE AMD LONGITUDE
POLLUTANT EMISSION RATE
PHYSICAL STACK HEIGHT
INTERNAL STACK DIAMETER
STACK EXIT VELOCITY
STACK EXIT TEMPERATURE
OPTIONAL:
• Cancer Potency Estimate
• Indication of Drban or Rural
Meteorological Concentration
Conditions
• Five Digit STAR Meteorological
Station Identifier
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL
• Atmospheric Dis-
persion Model
• Multi-Year Meteor-
ological Data
• Population
Distribution
Estimate
PREDICTED MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION
t OP PEOPLE EXPOSED TO MAXIMUM CONCENTRATION
I OP PEOPLE RESIDING WITHIN A SPECIFIED AREA
PUBLIC EXPOSURE (PEOPLE X CONCENTRATION)
TABLE OF PREDICTED CONCENTRATION BY
HIND DIRECTION AND DISTRIBUTION
MAXIMUM LIFETIME RISK
ESTIMATED ANNUAL NUMBER OF CANCER CASES
Figure G-4. Human Exposure Model (HEM).
-------
Methodology for Reportable Quantities Adjustments
Reportable quantities (RQs) are reporting triggers for episodic and
continuous releases of hazardous substances into the environment. The
National Response Center (NRC) under CERCLA Section 103, and the State
Emergency Response Commission (SERC) and the Local Emergency Planning
Committee (LEPC) under SARA Section 304 must be notified if there is a spill
of release of any hazardous substance (as defined in CERCLA Section 101) equal
to or greater than its RQ. There are five RQ levels: 1, 10, 100, 1,000, and
5,000 Ibs. These levels provide an indication of relative hazard but not of
exposure or risk.
EPA establishes RQs by separately evaluating six intrinsic physical,
chemical, and toxicological properties associated with the hazardous
substance: aquatic toxicity (LC_n); acute mammalian toxicity (oral, dermal,
and inhalation LDg s); chronic toxicity (including a consideration of
minimum effective dose and the severity of the effect); potential
carcinogenicity; ignitability; and reactivity. A separate RQ is assigned for
each criteria, and the lowest (most stringent) of these is used as the primary
RQ. This primary RQ may then be adjusted based on the chemical's potential to
biodegrade, hydrolyze, and photolyze (BHP), and the hazards associated with
its BHP products.
Input Data; Existing data on carcinogenicity; chronic toxicity (including
a consideration of minimum effective dose and the severity of the effect);
acute mammalian toxicity (oral, dermal and inhalation LD5QS); aquatic
toxicity (LC50); ignitibility; and reactivity.
Output; A level (1, 10, 100, 1,000, and 5,000 Ibs.) at which a release of
the substance must be reported to the NRC, SERC, and LEPC.
About two-thirds of the Section 313 chemicals have RQs. EPA may develop
RQs for the rest.
G-20
-------
DEVELOPMENT OP RQS
Develop as
Many of These
RQs as Possible:
Carcinogenicity
RQ
Chronic
Mammalian
Toxicity RQ
Acute
Mammalian
Toxicity RQ
Aquatic
Toxicity
RQ
Ignitability
RQ
Reactivity
RQ
Lowest of
These RQs
= Primary RQ
Lower or Raise
Primary RQ if
Appropriate After
Considering the
Chemicals Ability
to Biodegrade,
Hydrolyze and
Photolyze (BHP)
and their BHP
Products
Figure G-5. Development of RQs.
G-21
-------
Modified Hazardous Air Pollutant Prioritization System (MHAPPS)
MHAPPS is a qualitative computerized system used by the EPA Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards to rank hazardous air pollutants for further
assessment. The system prioritizes substances by scoring them in eight
factors that reflect the concerns of EPA air programs: oncogenicity/
mutagenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, effects other than
acute lethality, acute lethality, potential for airborne release,
bioaccumulation, and existing standards. Worksheets formatted on a PC are
used to compile the relevant data from seven standard references, including
the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS) and the Merck
Index. Based on these data, scores for each of the eight factors are
calculated separately using specific criteria, and the scores of closely
related factors are then normalized and combined to give five group scores.
Finally, the group scores are weighted (to account for their relative
importance), normalized and combined to give an overall score that is used to
rank the substance. The main obstacle to using MHAPPS for Section 313
assessment is that the system can be used only to prioritize chemicals
released into the air.
Input Data; Data from readily available summary and reference documents
and computerized data bases (particularly RTECS). Data are needed on
oncogenicity, mutagenicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity,
effects other than acute lethality, acute lethality, potential for
airborne release, bioaccumulation, and existing standards. The potential
for airborne release is based on production volume and vapor pressure.
Any fields with missing data are given no weight in the ranking.
Output; Relative ranking score.
[NOTE: The Office of Air Quality Planning and standards (OAQPS) is currently
developing a ranking system that will prioritize groups of emmissions sources
(source categorizing) rather than individual compounds. This system will
employ the current MHAPPS health effects scoring system but will replace the
potential for exposure factor with exposure data specific to airborne
releases. ]
G-22
-------
FACTORS
GROUPS
ONCOGENICITY
MUTAGENICITY
CARCINOGENICITY
REPRODUCTIVE AND
DEVELOPMENTAL
TOXICITY
REPRODUCTIVE AND
DEVELOPMENTAL
TOXICITY
ACUTE
LETHALITY
to
U)
EFFECTS OTHER THAN
ACUTE LETHALITY
TOXICITY
POTENTIAL FOR
AIRBORNE RELEASE
BIOACCUMULATION
EXPOSURE
EXISTING STANDARDS
STANDARDS
0.5
OVERALL
SCORE
Figure G-6. Hazardous Air Pollution Prioritization System.
-------
Remedial Action Priority System
The Remedial Action Priority System (RAPS) was developed by the U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE) to help DOE prioritize its hazardous waste sites
for further investigation and possible remedial action. RAPS is a computer
model designed to estimate health risk from sites containing hazardous or
radioactive waste. The health risks are estimated for the entired exposed
individual assuming long-term average conditions of exposure (70 years).
Currently, RAPS does not consider environmental risks; however, it could be
modified to include an exposure and effects submodel for environmental
receptors.
RAPS estimates human health risks from a site in four steps: source
definition, transport, exposure, and health effects. A separate preliminary
hazard index (PI) is developed using these steps for each chemical of concern
at a site. The highest PI is then used as the basis for developing a single
final site score. The site scores range from 1 to 100, with higher scores
indicating greater risk. RAPS uses contaminant transport and exposure models
to produce an estimate of the health effects associated with a site, and
explicitly bases the overall score for each site on an index of health
effects. Users can choose from among 22 transport-exposure models in RAPS.
Input Data; Several different data elements are required to run RAPS.
RAPS can calculate or supply default data for some of the elements if the
variables are not known.
• For the source definition submodel, over 20 different data inputs are
required concerning site characteristics, contaminant characteristics,
and climatological data.
• For the atmospheric transport submodel, RAPS incorporates over 30
different data elements concerning climatological information,
characteristics of the point of release, physical characteristics of
the contaminant, rates of emission, and location of human receptors.
• For the overland transport submodel, RAPS requires over 10 data
elements relating to geology, precipitation, and topography.
• For the ground-water transport submodel, RAPS requires approximately 20
elements of geological data.
G-24
-------
• For the surface water transport submodel, RAPS requires approximately 5
data elements related to discharge characteristics, flow parameters,
and location of receptors.
• For the exposure assessment submodel, over 20 data elements are used,
relating to irrigation, soil concentration, recreational water usage,
aquatic food usage, and bioaccumulation and transfer potential.
• The health risk component of RAPS considers the type, time, and
duration of exposure and the location and size of the exposed
population.
Output; RAPS scores sites on a scale of 0 to 100, assigning higher scores
to sites that pose greater potential risk. The system provides a
quantitative expression of risk and explicitly bases the overall score for
each site on an index of health effects.
An obstacle to using RAPS for Section 313 assessment is that the system
requires RfDs and cancer potency factors (q*s) for the chemicals being
assessed. A substantial number of 313 chemicals do not have these "toxicity
scores." RAPS also requires a large amount of data that will be expensive and
time-consuming to collect.
G-25
-------
1 SOURCE
DEFINITION
TRANSPORT
AIR
OVERLAND
GP.OUNDWATER
SURFACE WATER
EXPOSURE
INHALATION
INGESTION
DIRECT CONTACT
HEALTH
EFFECTS
Figure G-7. Remedial Action Priority System.
-------
TABLE G-l
SYSTEMS AND MODELS FOR EVALUATING RISKS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
to
MODEL
Chemical Scoring
System for Hazard
and Exposure
Assessment (CSSHEA)
Graphical Exposure
Modeling System
(GEMS)
TYPE OF SYSTEM
Qualitative
manual
screening
tool.
Relatively
unsophisticated.
Does not
discriminate
well on
specific
exposure
scenarios.
Quantitative
computerized
exposure
assessment
system with
common
Interface to
environmental
fate and
transport
models.
chemical
property
estimation
algorithm*.
statistical
analysis
tools.
graphics and
mapping
programs, and
a data
management
system with
supporting
data sets.
STAGE OF
DEVELOPMENT
Developed In
1981 bv ORNL
for the
Existing
Chemical
Assessment
Division
(ECAD) of
OTS. It has
since been
modified and
refined.
Dnder
development
since 1981,
GEMS is a
mature system,
constantly
undergoing
enhancement .
CURRENT USE
Primarily used
to score
chemicals in
CHIPs and
submissions
under Section
8(a) of TSCA.
Has never been
used and is
not Intended
for
prioritizing
risks.
Used in
support of
TSCA Sections
4, 5, and 6.
GEMS has been
used, with
appropriate
data, for risk
prloritlzation.
CURRENT USERS
In addition to
OTS, the EPA
Office of Air
and Radiation;
the Office of
Solid Waste;
and the Office
of Policy,
Planning, and
Evaluation
have also made
use of the
scoring system.
U.S. EPA
headquarters
and regions ;
FDA; CDC; DOE;
states; U.S.
Industries;
West Germany
and the
Netherlands.
LEVEL OF
EXPERTISE
REQUIRED
TO USE SYSTEM
Individuals
assigning
scores must
have expertise
In the
parameter
being
evaluated.
The user
Interfaces to
the various
applications
make GEMS
relatively
easy to use.
Individuals
should be
knowledgeable
In the tools
that .they .are
using to
properly
Interpret
analyses and
.results.
TIME
REQUIRED
TO RUN
A SCENARIO
Once source
documents
and data for
scoring each
parameter
are avail-
able, scores
can be
assigned in
five minutes
to one hour.
depending on
the amount
of data to
be evaluated.
Often, less
than one
hour,
depending
upon the
complexity
of the
system.
CONFIDENCE
IN THE DATA
Not appropriate
for risk
assessment.
Can provide a
quantitative
expression of
exposure and
risk, if
appropriate
data exist.
Knowledgeable
professionals
can expect the
system to
provide good
estimates of
environmental
concentrations ,
exposure, and
(where
appropriate)
risk. Accuracy
of assessments
Is linked to
quality of the
input data and,
of course, to
the assumptions
of the various
models.
-------
TABLE G-l
SYSTEMS AND MODELS FOR EVALUATING RISKS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
CD
MODEL
Hazard Assessment
Model
Human Exposure
Model (HEM)
Methodology for
Repor table
Quantities (RQs)
Adjustments
TYPE OF SYSTEM
Semi-
quantitative
hazard
assessment
tool . Manual
operation at
present, but
will
Incorporate
computerized
models In the
future.
Quantitative
exposure and
risk screening
method.
A relative
hazard ranking
system. Does
not consider
exposure or
risk.
STAGE OF
DEVELOPMENT
Developed in
1986 by OTS.
An augmen-
tation Is In
process to
Include other
Input data,
models, etc.
Will be
updated In
September 1988.
The
methodology
was proposed
in 1983. It
has since been
modified.
CURRENT USE CURRENT DSERS
Used to Local
prepare emergency
emergency response
plans for planners.
review by
SERCs. Can be
used to screen
and prioritize
risks.
Produces EPA Office of
expressions of Air Quality
public Planning and
exposure and Standards
carcinogenic
risk to
ambient air
concentrations
of pollutants
emitted from
stationary
sources.
Developing RQs The Emergency
for chemicals Response
listed under Division of
CERCLA Section .. OS WEE.
101.
LEVEL OF
EXPERTISE
REQUIRED
TO USE SYSTEM
The system can
be used bv an
untrained
person.
Currently,
trained
professionals .
When updated.
the model will
be more user-
friendly, but
still require
training in
order to
operate.
Trained
professionals.
TIME
REQUIRED
TO RUN
A SCENARIO
A feu
minutes.
Takes only
minutes to
generate
output.
One-half day
to two
weeks,
depending on
whether the
substance Is
evaluated
for chronic
toxlclty
and /or
carclno-
genlclty.
CONFIDENCE
IN THE DATA
High likelihood
for consistent
results.
Provides rough,
but not
necessarily
conservative.
estimates.
Qualitative
indicators of
relative
hazard, not
risk.
-------
TABLE G-l
SYSTEMS AND MODELS FOR EVALUATING RISKS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
MODEL
Modified Hazardous
Air Pollutant
Prlorltization
System (MHAPPS)
Remedial Action
Priority System
(RAPS)
O
10
O
TYPE OF SYSTEM
Qualitative
ranking system
for air
pollutants.
Formatted for
• use on a
personal
computer. The
system Is user
friendly.
Quantitative
computerized
risk screening
model . RAPS ,
when
finalized,
will run on an
IBM PC AT.
STAGE OF
DEVELOPMENT
Developed In
1982 and
revised In
1986. MHAPPS
was adapted
from CSSHEA
(see above).
Developed by
Battelle/Paclflc
Northwest Labs
for DOE. Due
to Its
complexity,
RAPs Is still
under
development.
CURRENT USE
Used to rank
air pollutants
for regulatory
assessment and
development
under the
Clean Air Act.
Prioritizing
DOE hazardous
waste sites
for further
Investigation
and remedial
action. Can
be used to
screen and
prioritize
risks and
develop risk
reduction
strategies and
options.
CURRENT USERS
EPA Office of
Air Quality
Planning and
Standards.
U.S. DOE.
Office of
Environment,
Safety, and
Health.
LEVEL OF
EXPERTISE
REQUIRED
TO USE SYSTEM
The system Is
not designed
to utilize
expert
judgement In
prioritizing
chemicals.
Knowledgeable
professionals
can be trained
to use this
system.
Guidelines are
being
developed for
users.
TIME
REQUIRED
TO RUN
A SCENARIO
Several
substances
can be
prioritized
a day.
One hour or
less.
depending on
the number
of
constituents
and the
number of
exposure
pathways
chosen.
CONFIDENCE
IN THE DATA
Reasonably
reliable method
for ranking
chemicals.
Can provide
quantitative
risk
assessments ;
however.
necessary data
must be
obtained. RAPs
makes many
assumptions and
should only be
used to
approximate
risk.
-------
APPENDIX H
ACRONYMS AND GLOSSARY
-------
ACROHYH LISTING
ACGIH American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry
BAT Best available technology
BCP Bioconcentration Factor
BPT Best practicable technology
CAA Clean Air Act
CAS Chemical Abstracts Service
CD/ROM Compact Disk/Read Only Memory
CBRCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
of 1980
CHIP Chemical Hazard Information Profile
CSSHEA Chemical Scoring System for Hazard and Exposure Assessment
CWA Clean Water Act
DOB U.S. Department of Energy
SCAD Existing Chemical Assessment Division, U.S. EPA Office of Toxic
Substances
EHS Extremely hazardous substance
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
FIFRA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
GEMS Graphical Exposure Modeling System
HA Health Advisory
HAPPS Hazardous Air Pollution Prioritization System
HEEP Health and Environmental Effects Profile
HEM Human Exposure Model
HRS Hazard Ranking system
H-l
-------
HSWA Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984
IRIS Integrated Risk Information System
ISCLT Industrial source complex long-term model
LEPC Local Emergency Planning Committee
LOG Level of Concern
MATC Maximum Acceptable Toxicant Concentrations
MPRSA Marine Protection, Research, and sanctuaries Act
NAAQSs National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NATICH National Air Toxics Information clearinghouse
NCC National Computer Center
NCIC National cartographic Information Center
NEPA National Environmental Policy Act
NESHAPs National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NIOSH National Institute of occupational Safety and Health
NLM National Library of Medicine
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NPDWRs National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
NPL National Priorities List
NRC National Response Center
NRDC Natural Resources Defense Council
NSDWRs National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations
NSPSs New Source Performance Standards
NTIS National Technical Information Services
ODW Office of Drinking Water, U.S. EPA
OIRM Office of Information Resources Mangement, U.S. EPA
OPTS Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. EPA
ORNL Oak Ridge National Laboratory
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OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
OSWBR Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, U.S. EPA
OTS Office of Toxic Substances, U.S. EPA
PEL Permissible Exposure Limit
PI Preliminary Hazard Index
POTW Publicly owned treatment works
RAPS Remedial Action Priority System
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RfD Reference Dose
RQ Reportable Quantity
RTECS Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
SAB Science Advisory Board
SARA Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
SERC State Emergency Response Commission
SIC standard industrial Classification
SIP State Implementation Plan
STAR Stability Array
TLV Threshold Limit Values
TPQ Threshold Planning Quantity
TRI Toxic Chemical Release Inventory
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
UIC Underground Injection Control
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
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GLOSSARY
Acute exposure
Additive effects
Adverse effect
Ambient
Antagonistic effects
Aquifer
Bioaccumulation
Bioavailability
Burst
By-product
Carcinogen
Chemical mixture
A one-time or short-term exposure
(usually high level) that may or may
not cause a health problem.
Exposure to chemical combinations that
cause toxic effects to be added. For
instance, if chemical A produces 1 unit
of disease and chemical B produces 2
units of disease, then chemicals A and
B produce 3 units of disease.
A side effect which is never desirable
and is deleterious to the well-being of
organisms, such as allergic reactions.
Surrounding. Ambient temperatures are
temperatures of the surrounding area
(e.g., air or water).
When chemical combinations or mixtures
produce a less than additive effect.
For example, if chemical A produces 2
unit of disease and chemical B produces
4 units of disease, then chemicals A
and B produce 3 units of disease.
An underground geologic formation
containing water which may be a source
of public drinking water.
The accumulation and concentration of a
chemical in an organism.
The degree to which a substance becomes
available to the target tissue after
dministration or exposure.
A rapid release of short duration.
Material, other than the principal
product, that is produced or generated
as a consequence of an industrial
process.
A substance that increases the risk of
cancer.
More than one substance that when
combined, may or may not exhibit
distinct toxic effects.
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Chronic effect
An effect that becomes apparent or
continues for some time after exposure
to hazardous chemicals. See also
health hazard.
Chronic exposure
CD/ROM(Compact Disc/Read Only Memory)
Criteria Pollutants
Developmental toxicity
Exposure (usually low-level) during a
major portion of a lifetime to an
environmental alteration that may or
may not cause a health problem.
An optically-read laser disc, capable
of storing 550 million characters (as
compared to a magnetic floppy disc,
which can store only 1.2 million
characters). Information can be read
from the disc, but not added or deleted.
One of two general air pollutant types
(the other type is toxic pollutants)
regulated by the Clean Air Act (CAA).
Criteria pollutants are covered in
Sections 108-110 of the CAA and include
ozone, carbon monoxide, particulate
matter, and lead.
Affecting the orderly changes by which
a mature, functional cell, tissue,
organ, organ system, or organism comes
into existence.
Dose
Dose-response relationship
Epidemiological study
Exposure
Measurement of the amount received by
the subject, whether animal or human.
A component of risk assessment that
describes the quantitative relationship
between the amount of exposure to a
substance and the extent of toxic
injury or disease.
Study of human populations to identify
causes of disease. Such studies often
compare the health status of a group of
persons who have been exposed to a
suspect agent with that of a comparable
unexposed group.
The concentration of a toxic chemical
in a substance at the point of contact
with the body.
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Exposure evaluation
Extrapolation
EHSs (Extremely Hazardous substances)
Facility
Ground-Water Classification System
Guidelines
A component of risk assessment that
involves describing the nature and size
of the population exposed to a
substance and the magnitude and
duration of exposure. The evaluation
could concern past exposures, current
exposures, or anticipated exposures.
The estimation of a value beyond the
known range on the basis of certain
variables within the known range, from
which the estimated value is assumed to
follow.
Chemicals with acute lethality have the
potential for causing death in
unprotected populations after
relatively short exposure periods at
low doses. On the basis of toxicity
criteria, EPA identified a list of
chemicals (Section 302 of Title III of
SARA) with acute toxicity from the more
than 60,000 chemicals in commerce.
All buildings, equipment, structures,
and other stationary items which are
located on a single site or on adjacent
sites and which are owned or operated
by the same person (or by any person
which controls, is controlled by, or
under common control with, such person).
EPA has established three classes of
ground waters to receive different
levels of protection under its Final
Ground-Water Classification Guidelines
and Ground-Water Protection Strategy
(EPA, 1988 and 1984). Class I, or
Special Ground Waters, are ground
waters highly vulnerable to
contamination and that are either
irreplaceable sources of drinking water
or ecologically vital ground waters
(i.e., ground waters supplying a unique
and easily disrupted ecosystem). Class
II ground waters are all non-Class I
current and potential sources of
drinking water or water serving other
beneficial purposes (e.g., irrigation,
animal husbandry); Class II has been
defined to include the majority of the
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Health hazard
Individual risk
LCLO (Lethal Concentration Low)
LC50 (Median Lethal Concentration)
LDLg (Lethal Dose Low)
LD5Q (Median Lethal Dose)
LEPC (Local Emergency Planning
Committee)
Lethal
LOG (Level of Concern)
nation's ground waters that may be
affected by human activity. Class III
ground waters are not a potential
source of drinking water (using common
current purification technologies), and
have limited beneficial uses.
Acute—Immediate toxic effects.
Chronic—Persistant or prolonged injury.
Delayed—Toxic effect occuring after a
lapse of time.
The probability that an individual
person will experience an adverse
effect.
The lowest concentration of a chemical
at which some test animals died
following inhalation exposure.
Concentration level at which 50 percent
of the test animals died when exposed
by inhalation for a specified time
period.
The lowest dose of chemical at which
some test animals died following
exposure.
Dose at which 50 percent of test
animals died following exposure. Dose
is usually given in milligrams per
kilogram of body weight of the test
animal.
A committee appointed by the State
emergency response commission (SERC) as
required by Sections 301 to 303 of
Title III of SARA to formulate a
comprehensive emergency plan for its
district.
Causing or capable of causing death.
The concentration of a chemical in the
environment above which there may be
serious irreversible health effects or
deaths as a result of a single exposure
for a relatively short period of time.
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Log p (Octanol/water partition
coefficient)
MATCs (Maximum Acceptable Toxicant
Concentrations)
Mg
Model
Mutagenic
Neurotoxicity
Non-point source (fugitive)
Point source
Population center
Population risk
ppb
ppm
Release
A measure of a substance's solubility
in polar (water) vs. nonpolar (octanol)
solvents. The higher the partition
coefficient the greater the likelihood
that a substance will accumulate in the
organism.
Maximum allowable toxicant concentration:
the mean value between the highest
no-effect concentration and the lowest
concentration causing a statistically
significant effect in a chronic toxicity
test on environmental species.
Milligram. One-thousandth of a gram (1
mg = 3.5 x 10~5 oz. = 0.000035 oz.)
A mathematical function with parameters
which can be adjusted so that the
function closely describes a set of
empirical data.
Inducing genetic mutation.
Exerting a destructive or poisonous
effect on nerve tissue.
Chemicals not released from a confined
air stream.
Chemicals released through stacks,
vents, or other confined air streams.
The inhabitants of a geographic area of
interest.
The number of cases occurring in a
group of people.
Parts per billion.
Parts per million.
Any spilling, leaking, pumping,
pouring, emitting, emptying,
discharging, injecting, escaping,
leaching, dumping, or disposing into
the environment (including the
abandonment or discarding of barrels,
containers, and other closed
receptacles) of any toxic chemical.
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RfD (Reference dose)
Risk
Risk analysis
Risk assessment
Risk management
An estimate (with uncertainty spanning
perhaps an order of magnitude or
greater) of the daily exposure to the
human population (including sensitive
populations) that is likely to be
without appreciable risk of deleterious
effects during a lifetime. The Rfd is
expressed in units of mg/kg/day.
Probability of injury, disease, or
death under specific circumstances.
In the context of Section 302 of SARA,
risk analysis is the third of a
three-step hazards analysis process for
emergency planning. It requires an
estimation of both the occurrence of an
accidental chemical release (unique to
this process) as well as the subsequent
potential for exposure (with emphasis
on human exposure to extremely
hazardous substances). It is a
flexible, judgemental exercise that
results in qualitative risk
statements.
The process of estimating the
probability of occurrence of adverse
health or ecological effects. A
chemical- or site-specific risk
assessment has two major components:*
(1) the estimation of the probability
of exposure(s) resulting from reported
releases, and (2) the estimation of the
probability that adverse effects will
result from exposures.
Decisions about whether an assessed
risk is sufficiently high to present a
public health concern and about the
appropriate means for control of a risk
judged to be significant.
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Risk screening
Route of exposure
RQ (Reportable Quantity)
Safe
Sensitive Environment
A type of risk assessment using limited
data. The process results in a
qualitative expression of risk (e.g.,
high, medium, low). Risk screening is
useful for establishing risk-based
priorities and information needs for
follow-up chemical- or site-specific
risk assessment activities. Although
the risk screening process relies on
general risk assessment principles, the
data input requirements are less
demanding than those for risk
assessment.
Method by which the chemical is
introduced into the biological organism.
The quantity of a hazardous substance
that triggers reporting under CERCLA.
If a substance is released in a
quantity that exceeds its RQ, the
release must be reported to the
National Response Center (NRC), as well
as to the State Emergency Response
Commission (SERC) and the Local
Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC) for
areas likely to be affected by the
release.
Condition of exposure under which there
is a "practical certainty* that no harm
will result in exposed individuals.
Geographical areas bounded by legal,
social, commercial, or biological
constraints. These include areas such
as wetlands and national parks in need
of protection by Federal, State, or
even municipal statutes; areas deemed
by society as desirable and therefore
in need of protected from chemical
contamination; areas where some human
food source is grown (e.g., crops,
catfish or rainbow trout) or areas that
are used commercially (e.g., lakes or
ponds where a fee is charged for
boating or fishing); and areas vital
for maintenance of a particular
population (be it terrestrial or
aquatic), including shoreline/wetland
areas vital to the breeding or rearing
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Sensitive populations
Site
Source
Stability Array (STAR)
Stability classes, atmospheric
State Emergency Response Commission
(SERC)
of young, but not necessarily
endangered species. Specialized
habitats such as bogs and marshes may
also be considered sensitive
environments.
Groups of people that may be more
susceptible than the general population
(due to preexisting health conditions
[e.g., asthmatics] or age [e.g.,
infants and the elderly]) to the toxic
effects of a chemical release.
Point of release of, or potential
exposure to, Section 313 emission.
The location from which a chemical may
be released to the environment (e.g.,
drums or leaky valves).
Meteorological stations around the
country that provide meteorological
input for modeling.
Pasquill stability classes (ranging
from "A" to "P") are meteorological
categories of atmospheric conditions.
Class A represents unstable conditions
under which there are strong sunlight,
clear skies, and high levels of
turbulence in the atmosphere—
conditions that promote rapid mixing
and dispersal of airborne
contaminants. At the other extreme,
class F represents light, steady winds,
fairly clear nighttime skies, and low
levels of turbulence. Under these
conditions, airborne contaminants mix
and disperse far more slowly with air
and may travel at hazardous
concentrations further downwind than in
other cases.
Commission appointed by each State
governor according to the requirements
of Section 301 to 303 of Title III of
SARA. Duties of the commission include
designating emergency planning
districts, appointing local emergency
planning committees (LEPCs),
supervising and coordinating the
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Storage
Subchronic effect
Subchronic exposure
Superfund
Synerglstic effect
Teratogenic
Threshold dose
Title III
activities of planning committees,
reviewing emergency plans, receiving
chemical release notifications, and
establishing procedures for receiving
and processing requests from the public
for information.
Methods of keeping raw materials,
finished goods, or products while
awaiting use, shipment, or consumption.
A biological change resulting from an
environmental alteration lasting about
10 percent of a lifetime.
An environmental alteration occuring
over about 10 percent of a lifetime.
Federal authority, established by the
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA) in 1980, to respond directly
to releases or threatened releases of
hazardous substances that may endanger
health or welfare.
When chemical combinations or mixtures
produce a greater than additive
effect. For example, if chemical A
produces 1 unit of disease and chemical
B produces 2 units of disease, then
chemicals A and B produce 5 units of
disease.
Tending to produce anomalities of
formation or development.
The dose that has to be exceeded to
produce a toxic response.
A provision of the Superfund Amendments
and Reauthorization Act (SARA) that
became law in 1986. Also known as the
Emergency Planning and Community
Right-To-Know Act, Title III
establishes requirements for federal,
state, and local governments and
industry regarding emergency planning
and community right-to-know reporting
on hazardous and toxic chemicals.
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Toxic Chemical Release Form (Form R)
Toxicity
Toxicological potency evaluation
Uncertainty factor
Unit cancer risk
Vulnerable zone
Wellhead protection areas
Information form required to be
submitted by facilities that
manufacture, process, or otherwise use
(in quantities above a specified
amount) chemicals listed in Section 313
of Title III of SARA.
The ability of a substance to cause
damage to living tissue, impairment of
the central nervous system, severe
illness, or death when ingested,
inhaled, or absorbed by the skin.
A determination of whether a chemical
causes an adverse effect and, if so, at
what dose the effect occurs.
Factors used in operationally deriving
the RfD from experimental data. These
factors are intended to account for 1)
the variation in sensitivity among the
members of the human population; 2) the
uncertainty in extrapolating animal
data to the case of humans; 3) the
uncertainty in extrapolating from data
obtained in a study that is of
less-than-lifetime exposure; and 4) the
uncertainty in using LOAEL rather than
NOAEL data.
The increased likelihood of an
individual developing cancer from
exposure to one unit of a substance
over a lifetime.
An area over which the airborne
concentration of a chemical involved in
an accidental release could reach the
level of concern (LOG).
As defined by the 1986 Safe Drinking
Water Act Amendments, Subsection
1428(e), a wellhead protection area is
the surface and subsurface area
surrounding a water well or wellfield,
supplying a public water system through
which contaminants are reasonably
likely to move toward and reach the
water well or wellfield. The extent of
a wellfield protection area within a
State, necessary to provide protection
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from contaminants which may have an
adverse human health effect, is to be
determined by the State according to
its Wellhead Protection Area Program
submitted in accordance with the
Statute.
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APPENDIX I
TECHNICAL AND RISK COMMUNICATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHIES
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TECHNICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Development of the Remedial Action Priority System (RAPS); Preliminary
Mathematical Formulations. September 1986.
Environmental Monitoring and Services, Inc. 1988. Technical Background
Document to Support Rulemaking Pursuant to CERCLA Section 102; Volume 3.
Prepared for EPA's Emergency Response Division under Contract No.
68-03-3452. U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response,
Washington, DC. Draft.
Environmental Monitoring and Services, Inc. 1986. Technical Background
Document to Support Rulemaking Pursuant to CERCLA Section 102; Volume 2.
Prepared for EPA's Emergency Response Division under Contract No.
68-03-3182. U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response,
Washington, DC.
Environmental Monitoring and Services, Inc. 1985. Technical Background
Document to Support Rulemaking Pursuant to CERCLA Section 102; Volume 11.
Prepared for EPA's Emergency Response Division under Contract No.
68-03-3182. U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response,
Washington, DC.
Federal Register. February 16, 1988. "Toxic Chemical Release Reporting;
Community Right-to-Know; Final Rule." Vol. 53, pp. 4500-4553.
Federal Register. September 24, 1986. "EPA Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk
Assessment." Vol. 51, pp. 33992-34003.
Federal Register. September 24, 1986. "EPA Guidelines for Exposure
Assessment." Vol. 51, pp. 34042-34054.
Federal Register. September 24, 1986. "EPA Guidelines for the Health
Assessment of Suspect Developmental Toxicants." Vol. 51, pp. 34028-34040.
Federal Register. September 24, 1986. "EPA Guidelines for the Health Risk
Assessment of Chemical Mixtures." Vol. 51, pp. 34014-34025.
Federal Register. September 24, 1986. "EPA Guidelines for Mutagenicity Risk
Assessment." Vol. 51, pp. 34006-34012.
General Sciences Corporation 1988. Exposure Screening Manual. Prepared for
EPA's Exposure Evaluation Division under Contract No. 68-02-4281. Office
of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC. Draft.
National Response Team of the National Oil and Hazardous Substances
Contingency Plan. 1987. Hazardous Materials Emergency Planning Guide
NRT-1. G-WER. NRT, Washington, DC.
0. Bryan, T. and R. Ross. 1986. Chemical Scoring System for Hazard and
Exposure Assessment. U.S. EP_A Office of Toxic Substances, Washington,
DC. Draft.
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The Remedial Action Priority System (RAPS); Preliminary Mathematical
Formulations. March 1987.
Smith, A.E. and D.J..Fingleton. 1982. Hazardous Air Pollutant Prioritization
System (HAPPS). AD-89-P-1-344-0. Prepared for EPA Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, under
Interagency Agreement. Argonrie National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1988a. Safe Drinking Water Act, 1986
Amendments. EPA 570/9-86-002. U.S. EPA Office of Drinking Water,
Washington, DC. -
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1988b. Superfund Exposure Assessment
Manual. Prepared for EPA's Office of Emergency and Remedial Response.
OSWER Directive 9285.5-1. U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response, Washington, DC. In press.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987a. Estimating Releases and Waste
Treatment Efficiencies for the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Form. EPA
560/4-88-002. U.S. EPA Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances,
Washington DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987b. An Introductory Guide to the
Statutory Authorities of the united States Environmental Protection
Agency. EPA-905-9-87-003. U.S. EPA Region 5, Chicago, Illinois.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987c. Title III Section 313 Release
Reporting Requirements. EPA 560/4-87-001. U.S. EPA Office of Pesticides
and Toxic Substances, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987d. Hazardous substances;
Reportable Quantity adjustments; Proposed rule. Federal Register
52(50):8140-8186. March 16.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987e. Risk Assessment in Superfund.
Prepared for EPA by ICF Incorporated. U.S. EPA Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1987f. National Air Toxics Information
Clearinghouse; Natick Data Base Report on State, Local, and EPA Air Toxics
Activities. EPA-450/5-87-006. U.S. EPA Planning and Standards,
Strategies and Air Standards Division, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986a. Solving the Hazardous waste
Program; EPA's RCRA Program. EPA 530-SW-86-037. U.S. EPA Office of
Solid Waste.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 19865. National Air Toxics Information
Clearinghouse; Methods for Pollutant Selection and Prioritization. EPA
450/5-86-010. U.S. EPA Planning and Standards, Strategies and Air
Standards Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
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O.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986c. National Air Toxics
Clearinghouse; How the Clearinghouse Can Help You Answer Your Air Toxics
Questions. EPA 450/5-86-009. U.S. EPA Planning and Standards, Strategies
and Air Standards Division, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
O.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986d. Superfund Public Health
Evaluation Manual. EPA/540/1-86/060. O.S. EPA Office of Emergency and
Remedial Response, Washington, DC.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1986e. User's Manual for the Human
Exposure Model. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 1986a.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1983. Notification requirements;
Reportable Quantity adjustments. Federal Register 48(102):23552-23605.
May 25.
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SELECTED RISK COMMUNICATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bowonder, B. 1985. 'Low Probability Event: A Case Study in Risk Assessment."
Paper presented at the workshop "Risk analysis in developing countries."
Hyderabad, India.
Burger, E. 1984. Health Risks; The Challenge of Informing the Public.
Washington, D.C.: The Media Institute.
Covello, V.T. 1983. "The Perception of Technological Risks: A Literature
Review." Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 23, 285-297.
Covello, V.T. 1984. "Uses of Social and Behavioral Research on Risk."
Environment International.
Covello, V., von Winterfeldt. D., and Slovic, P. 1986. Risk Communication;
Background Report for the National Conference on Risk Communication.
Washington, D.C.: Conservation Foundation.
Conrad, J. (Ed.) 1980. Society, Technology, and Risk Assessment. New York:
Academic Press.
Creighton, J.L. 1980. Public Involvement Manual: Involving the Public in
Water and Power Resource Discussions. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government
Printing Office.
Delli Priscoli, J., Creighton, J., Dunning, C.M. (ed.) 1983. "Public
Involvement Techniques: A Reader of Ten Years Experience of the Institute
for Water Resources." U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Institute for Water
Resources, IWR Research Report 82-R1.
Earle, T.C. and Cvetkovich, G. 1983. "Risk Judgement and the Communication
of Hazard Information: Toward a New Look in the Study of Risk
Perception." BH ARC (400/83/017), Battelle Human Affairs Research
Centers, Seattle, WA.
Fischoff, B. 1981. Acceptable Risk. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P., Lichtenstein, S., Read, S. and Combs, B. 1978.
"How Safe Is Safe Enough? A Psychometric Study of Attitudes Towards
Technological Risks and Benefits." Policy Sciences. £, 127-52.
Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P., Lichtenstein, S. 1979. "Weighing the Risks."
Environment. 21, 17-10, 32-38.
Fischhoff, B., Watson, S., and Hope, C. 1984. "Defining Risk." Policy
Sciences. ll_, 123-139.
Rasperson, R. and Kasperson, J. 1983. "Determining the Acceptability of
Risk: Ethical and Policy Issues." In J. Rogers and D. Bates (eds.)
Risk: A Symposium. Ottawa: The Royal Society of Canada.
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Lowrence, W.W. 1976. Of Acceptable Risk; Science and the Determination of
Safety. Los Altos, CA: W. Kaufman.
Mazur, A. 1980. "Media Coverage and Public Opinion on Scientific
Controversies." Journal of Communications Research. 31, 106-115.
Media Institute. 1985. Chemical Risks; Fears, Facts, and the Media.
Washington, D.C.: Media Institute.
Mitchell, R.C. 1980. Public Opinion on Environmental Issues; Results of a
National Public Opinion Survey. Washington, D.C.: Council on
Environmental Quality.
Otway, H.J. 1980. "Risk Perception: A Psychological Perspective." In M.
Dierkes, S. Edwards, and R. Coppock (eds.) Technological Risk; Its
Perspective and Handling in Europe. Boston: Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain.
Otway, H.J. and v. Winterfeldt, D. 1982. "Beyond Acceptable Risk: On the
Social Acceptability of Technologies." Policy Sciences. _8, 127-152.
Peltu, M. 1985. "Risk Communication: The Role of the Media." In H. Otway
(ed.), Risk and Regulation. London: Buttersworths.
Ruckelshaus, W. 1984. "Risk in a Free Society." Risk Analysis. Vol. 4,
No. 3, September, 157-163.
Saarinen, T. (ed.) 1982. Perspectives on Increasing Hazard Awareness.
Boulder, Colorado: Institute of Behavioral Science.
Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B. and Lichtenstein, S. 1982. "Facts and Fears:
Understanding Perceived Risk." In R. Schwing and W. A. Albers (eds.),
Social Risk Assessment; How Safe Is Safe Enough? New York: Plenum,
1980. Revision in D. Kahneman, P. Slovic and A. Tversky (eds.), Judgement
Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Cambridge
University Press, 464-489.
Slovic, P., Fischhoff, B. and Lichtenstein, S. 1981. "Perceived Risk:
Psychological Factors and Social Implications." In F. Warner and D. H.
Slater (eds.), The Assessment and Perception of Risk. London: The Royal
Society.
Vertinsky, I. and Vertinsky, P. 1982. "Communicating Environmental Health
Assessment and Other Risk Information: Analysis of Strategies." In
Kunreuther, H. (ed.) Risk; A Seminar Series. IIASA-CP-82-S2,
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria,
421-482.
Vlek, C., and Stallen, D.J. 1981. "Judging Risks and Benefits in the Small
and in the Large." Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 28,
235-271.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1984. Risk Assessment and Risk
Management; Framework for Decision Making. Washington, D.C.: U.S. EPA,
December.
Weinstein, N.D. 1984. "Why It Won't Happen to Me: Perceptions of Risk
Factors and Susceptibility." Health Psychology. _3, 431-457.
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