ST. CROIX RIVER
a study of
water quality and
benthic conditions
in the st. croix
river, grand falls
to milltown, maine
and new brunswick
UNITED STATES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION I
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
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ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
A STUDY OF WATER QUALITY AND BENTHIC
CONDITIONS IN THE ST-. CROIX RIVER
GRAND FALLS TO MILLTOWN, MAINE & NEW BRUNSWICK
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION I
BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report would not have been possible without the
close cooperation of the Canadian Environmental Protection
Service, Canadian Department of National Revenue, the
United States Custom Service, the United Stated Geological
Survey, the town of Woodland, Maine and the Environmental
Protection Agency's National Field Investigation Center,
National Maine Water Quality Laboratory, and Pacific
Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory.
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ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
u
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
List of Tables •> iv
List of Figures v
List of Abbreviations vi
I. Conclusions viii
II. Introduction 1.
A. Background 1.
B. Hydrology 2.
III. Waste Sources 6.
A. Log Floating and Storage 6.
B. The Georgia-Pacific Mill 8.
C. Municipal Wastes 13.
IV. Water Quality Study 17.
A. Physical Parameters 17.
1. Nonfilterable Residue 17.
2. Turbidity 26.
3. Color 27.
4. Temperature 28.
B. Chemical Parameters 29.
C. Toxicity 32.
D. Biology 37.
E. Bacteriology 38.
V. Mathematical Modeling 40.
VI. Discussion 43.
ii
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ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED
PAGE
VII. Appendices
A. Provisional Discharge Records for the A-l
St. Croix River at Baring, Maine
B. Time of Travel Study B-l
St. Croix River, August 1972
C. Summary of Water Quality Data C-l
St. Croix River, August 8-15, 1972
D. Isolation of Klebsiella pneumoniae D-l
St. Croix River Study
E. Qualitiative Biological Survey E-l
St. Croix River Study, August 1972
F. Report of Subsurface Investigation F-l
St. Croix River, Woodland, Maine
G. Diving Report G-l
Woodland Lake and Mill Pond
Woodland, Maine
H. Sediment Oxygen Demand H-l
St. Croix River, Maine - August 1972
I. A Study of the Toxicity of the Georgia- 1-1
Pacific Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent in
Woodland, Maine
J. In-situ Live Caged Fish Studies J-l
St. Croix River - August 1972
K. Histopathological Study of Atlantic K-l
Salmon Used in Bioassays at Georgia-Pacific
Corporation and St. Croix River.
L. Development of a DO Deficit Model for the L-l
St. Croix River, Woodland - Milltown, Maine
iii
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ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE DESCRIPTION PAGE
1 St. Croix River Reservoir System 3
Percent of Full Water Storage Capacity
at Month's End.
2 Quantities of Logs Consumed and Floated 7
by Georgia-Pacific Corporation
' Woodland, Maine.
3 Production at the Georgia-Pacific 9
Corporation Mill, Woodland, Maine.
4 Estimated Waste Flows from the Defoaming 12
Lagoon at Georgia-Pacific Corporation
Woodland, Maine.
5 Summary of Analytical Results for 14
Defoaming Lagoon's Effluent to the
St. Croix River.
6 Summary of Analytical Results for 16
Baileyville's Municipal Wastes.
7 Station Locations 18-21
St. Croix River Study - August 1972
8 Summary of Water Quality Data 22-23
St. Croix River, August 8-15, 1972
9 The Concentration, Percent Survival and LT5Q 34
Values for the Georgia-Pacific Effluent
Using Fingerling Atlantic Salmon.
10 Concentrations, Percent Survival and LT^Q 35
Values of the Continuous Flow Bioassays
Conducted with Georgia-Pacific Mill Effluent
on August 12, 13 and 15, 1972 Using Atlantic
Salmon.
iv
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ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE t
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
Foldout 1
Foldout 2
DESCRIPTION
Basin Map - St. Croix River
Precipitation vs. Month
Mill Effluent Flow Diagram
FOLLOWING PAGE
2
2
10
Average Total Non-Filterable Residue 26
Concentrations vs. River Miles
Mean Color Units vs. River Mile
Average BOD Concentrations vs.
River Mile
28
32
Average DO Concentrations vs. River 32
Mile
Locations of Live Fish Cages 36
Water Quality Stations L-14
Biology Stations and Transects L-14
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ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
TERM
BOD5
°C
Cent.
cfs
DO
Diss.
EPA
EPS
Fit.
Fix.
O
gm 62/m^/day
G-P
GSS
IJC
Jksn
JTU
LT50
mg/1
ml/1
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DEFINITION
5-day biochemical oxygen demand
degrees centigrade
degrees centigrade
cubic feet per second
dissolved oxygen
dissolved
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Canadian Environmental Protection Service
filterable
fixed
grams per square meter per day
Georgia-Pacific Corporation, Woodland, Maine
Geophysical Survey Systems, North Billerica, MA.
International Joint Commission (Canada-
United States)
Jackson
Jackson Turbidity Units
lethal time for 50% of bioassay test organisms,
the time in which 50% of the test organisms die.
milligrams per liter
million gallons per day
milliliters per liter
vi
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ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS CONTINUED
TERM
Nflt.
PH
ppd
///day
Pt-Co. Units
SOD
SU
Temp.
Tot.
ug/1
DEFINITION
nonfilterable
the negative logarithm of the hydrogen
ion concentration
pounds per day
pounds per day
Platinum-Cobalt Units
sediment oxygen demand
Standard Units
temperature
total
micrograms per liter
vii
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ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
Conclusions
1. During the study the average river flow was approximately 500
cfs higher than the 1968-1972 mean for August and five times
higher than the l-in-10 year, 7-day low flow (480 cfs).
2. Because of high flows, water quality was much better than could
normally be expected.
3. The practice of log floating and storage increases oxygen demands
in Woodland Lake and Mill Pond.
4. Very little lateral mixing occurs in the St. Croix River from
Woodland to Baring, Maine, .and wastes from Georgia-Pacific
Corporation's mill which hug the U. S. bank have caused numerous
sludge banks and bacterial slimes to develop.
5. Sludges in the river exert a substantial sediment oxygen demand,
emit gases, rise and float on the river's surface. Left in place
these wastes continue to exert a demand which is not expected to
A
decrease to less than 2.0 gm 62/m /day.
6. Dilute solutions of mill effluent are chemically toxic to fish and
toxicity is present many miles downstream from the point of
discharge.
7. The number and kinds of bottom organisms confirm the polluted
environment in the St. Croix River as a result of the Georgia-
Pacific discharge.
viii
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8. Georgia-Pacific's effluent causes the temperatures in the
St. Croix River to exceed the Federally-approved Maine Water
Quality Standards. Immediately downstream from the outfall, the
average increase to ambient river temperature is 8.5 °C and steam
was observed rising from the U. S. side of the river for approxi-
mately two miles downstream.
9. Considering that the mill was operating at reduced capacity, the
characteristics of Georgia-Pacific's waste have changed relatively
little from the 1970 survey.
10. Georgia-Pacific's effluent increases the color of the St. Croix
River.
11. To meet water quality standards for dissolved oxygen, Georgia-
Pacific should eliminate log floating and log storage in the St.
Croix River, maintain an instantaneous low flow above 750 cfs at
Baring, Maine and maintain a maximum daily BOD loading of 10,000
pounds per day during the four warmest months.
ix
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WATER QUALITY STUDY
ST. CROIX RIVER
AUGUST 1972
INTRODUCTION
Background
During August 1972, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
and the Canadian Environmental Protection Service (EPS) conducted a
comprehensive study of the water quality in the St. Croix River and its
effect on aquatic life. The purpose of the study was to examine the
effects of log rafting, log storage, and pulp and paper making wastes
on the aquatic environment. The study area was from Spednik Falls to the
international bridge at Milltown, Maine - New Brunswick (See Figure 1).
On August 4 and 5, EPA conducted dye studies and aerial photography
work on the river to determine the time of travel from Woodland to Milltown.
From August 8 to 16, EPA studied the river water quality, benthos and
sediments and examined the effluent discharging from the Georgia-Pacific
Corporation's (G-P) mill at Woodland. During the same period, EPS studied
the toxlcity of both the mill effluent and the diluted mill effluent in the
river. From August 16 to 19, EPA visually examined the bottom conditions,
counted sunken logs, and measured the depth of accumulated debris In Mill
Pond and Woodland Lake.
During the study period, river flows were approximately 500 cfs
higher than the mean August flow based on five years of record; the
Georgia-Pacific mill was on reduced production; and a construction project
-------
for repair of the Woodland Dam was discharging sediment into the
Canadian side of the river.
Hydrology
According to the Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey
(USGS), above normal precipitation fell during the spring and summer of
1972. Nine inches of rainfall were recorded at Woodland in the three
month period preceding the August study (See Figure 2). On August 9,
showers which covered nearly all of the state moderately increased flow
in most streams. However, because of extensive stream flow regulation,
the St. Croix River was virtually unaffected. Excessive runoff occurred
in May, June, and July. In August runoff returned to normal. The ground-
water table followed a similar pattern.
The usable water storage capacity in the St. Croix River Basin's
reservoir system is approximately 24 billion cubic feet. During the
three months preceding the survey, the water in storage averaged 91% of
capacity. The norm for the three months is 71% of capacity. At the end
of July, the basin storage capacity was 84% full and during August it
dropped to 62%. The mean percentage for the end of August, based on
five years of record, is 51%. Table 1 is a comparision of month's end
water in storage from May to September 1970-1972.
Georgia-Pacific Corporation and its subsidiary, the St. Croix River
Company, controls most of the storage in the St. Croix River Basin, partic-
ularly Spednik Lake and East Grand Lake. Georgia-Pacific Corporation's
Grand Falls Dam controls the storage in Grand Falls Flowage and regulated
the flow in the study area at all times, except during freshets when the
*
flowage is filled to capacity. During the study period, the Georgia-Pacific
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SI CROIX RIVER BASIN
FIGURE
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4.0-
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<
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1.0-
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//• TOTAL MONTHLY PRECIPITATION
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ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST
1969
MAY- AUGUST 1968 TO 1972 °-0'1
PRECIPITATION VS. MONTH
s
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MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST
1971
-------
TABLE 1
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
ST. CROIX RIVER RESERVOIR SYSTEM*
Percent of Full Water Storage Capacity at Month's End
May to September 1970 - 1972
100% = 23. 579 billion cubic feet
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
AVERAGE FOR
YEARS OF RECORD
78
71
62
51
43
1970
1971
1972
89
83
79
74
62
86
67
47
35
28
94
93
84
62
48
* Based on "Current Water Resources in Maine". Water Resources
Division, U. S. Geological Survey in Cooperation with Maine
Public Utilities Commission.
-------
Corporation could regulate the flow in the study area.
The International Joint Commission (IJC) regulates the operation of
the dams at East Grand Lake and Spednik Lake using broad guidelines based
on pool elevations and minimum discharges. The dam at East Grand Lake
must discharge water at a rate of at least 75 cubic feet per second (cfs)
and Spednik dam must maintain a flow of 200 cfs. No regulatory require-
ments have been established at the downstream dams. The lack of strict
regulatory, guides means that the operation of the dam can randomly effect
•
large flow fluctuations in the St. Croix River in a very short time. Gage
records show that dam operation, not rainfall, is the most significant
factor affecting flow within the study area. Taking into account that
historical flow records are biased by dam regulation, the IJC established
2
the minimum l-in-10 year, 7-day low flow at 480 cfs.
During the past five years the daily flow rates in August ranged from
868 cfs to 3810 cfs at Baring. The 1968 - 1972 mean daily flow rate for
August is 1720 cfs. Because of a wet spring and summer the Spednik and
Grand Falls Dams were releasing more water than usual for August. During
August 4-16 the average daily flow rates measured at the USGS Gage,
Baring, Maine varied from 2290 - 2580 cfs with the arithmetic mean being
2410 cfs. These flows represent a 39% increase over the same period in
1971 and 35% more than that of 1970. Tables showing the average daily
flow rates at the Baring gage for May to September 1968 - 1972 are in
Appendix A.
Dye studies showed that at a river flow of approximately 2600 cfs,
wastes discharged by G-P's mill required approximately four hours to reach
the railroad bridge at Baring and a total of 11 hours to reach the Milltown
-------
o
bridge. Coastal Research Corporation's report showed that little or no
lateral mixing occurs until the rapids at Baring, Maine. Turbulent mix-
ing occurs at the Baring rapids and at the Milltown bridge, the dye is
well mixed across the river. Further time of travel information is avail-
able in Appendix B.
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WASTE SOURCES
Pollutional loadings in the St. Croix River within the study area
may be attributed primarily to three sources: log floating and storage,
G-P's mill and municipal waste from Baileyville, Maine.
Log Floating and Storage
The log floating and storage problem results from the dumping of
pulpwood into the St. Croix River. The logs are introduced from the
Canadian bank several hundred yards downstream from the Grand Falls Dam.
The floating logs are driven by current and wind approximately five miles
downstream to river storage sites near G-P's mill at Woodland. In addition
to the logs floated to wet storage, logs delivered to the mill site
by truck are transferred to river storage.
During water transport and storage the collision of logs abrades bark
and wood fiber. Debris is removed when the logs hit the water, and some
bark which may have been loosened before the logs entered the river, breaks
free as it absorbs moisture. As these bark particles and some logs become
water saturated, "water logged", they settle to the bottom, coat the natural
substrata, and decay. The degradation of these sunken logs and particulates
creates an oxygen demand on the overlying waters.
The Woodland mill uses deciduous and conifer pulpwood for its paper
production. From 1968 - 1971, 257,777 cords were floated from the log
landings near Grand Falls Dam to the mill. The floated logs represent 13%
of the wood used by the mill in the four year period. Table 2 gives a
yearly breakdown of the mill's total log consumption and floated logs.
Research has shown that during the log floating process sugars, tannins,
lignin precursors, degradation products, and cellulose like materials are
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TABLE 2
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
Quantities of Logs Consumed and Floated
by Georgia-Pacific Corporation, Woodland, Maine
YEAR
1968
1969
1970
1971
CORDS PROCESSED
514,540
490,511
515,187
452,584
CORDS FLOATED
77,559
65,731
61,254
53,234
% FLOATED
15.1
13.4
11.9
11.8
-------
leached to the carrying media. »5 The leached materials increase color
and cause an oxygen demand during degradation. The degree to which
this occurs is dependent upon multiple factors: wood type, quantity,
length of time in storage, etc. The length of time the logs remain in
wet storage varies with the production needs of the mill and the number
of logs supplied from dry storage, truck and rail haul. During the study
period, 44,000 cords were estimated to be in wet storage at Woodland Lake
and Mill Pond.
The Georgia-Pacific Mill
G-P's mill, which is located on the west bank of the St. Croix River
at Woodland, Maine, produces kraft pulp, groundwood pulp, and paper. The
mill uses deciduous and conifer wood in its production processes. The mill
is reported to be capable of processing 1400 cords of peeled pulpwood and
1200 cords of wood chips and produce 200 tons of unbleached groundwood pulp,
600 tons of bleached softwood kraft pulp, and 550 tons of paper daily.
During most of the sampling period, the mill was on reduced production.
At the start of the sampling period, reportedly the mill was operating at
60-65 percent capacity and by the end of the period was at full production.
Table 3 lists production figures during the study period.
The mill discharges wastes at two locations. Waste water from the
log flume discharges near the base of Woodland Dan. The main effluent,
however, is through a defoaming lagoon located about 500 yards downstream.
Georgia-Pacific's main effluent contains sanitary wastes and process
wastes from pulp and paper production. The sanitary wastes receive second-
ary treatment in an activated sludge "package" plant. The process wastes
8
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TABLE 3
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
PRODUCTION AT THE GEORGIA-PACIFIC CORPORATION MILL
WOODLAND, MAINE
DATE
AUGUST
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
GROUNDWOOD
151
158
198
164
225
229
251
195
156
TONS
KRAFT PULP
561
328
536
553
652
496
488
500
419
NEWSPRINT
217
251
286
311
286
290
222
297
309
PRINTING :
124
18
112
99
118
121
122
90
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receive primary clarification and portions of the Kraft mill wastes are
treated for color removal. Figure 3 is a schematic of effluent develop-
ment. The wastes combine in a catchbasin and are discharged through a
defoaming lagoon to the St. Croix River.
As noted in the schematic, wastes from the Kraft mill's first stage
caustic extraction is returned to the wood mill and then discharged to a
color clarifier utilizing lime coagulation. The effluent is discharged to
the defoaming lagoon except for a relatively small amount which may be
returned to a caustic sump. The sludge from this unit is sent to a lime
mud washer for lime recovery. The remaining liquid process wastes are sent
to a primary clarifier before discharge to the defoaming lagoon. The sludge
from the clarifier is vacuum filtered and burned in a bark incinerator. For
pH control the effluent from the color clarifier and main clarifier are
joined by an acid waste stream prior to entering the defoaming lagoon.
The term "defoaming lagoon" is a misnomer. The defoaming lagoon is a
diked section of the river. Its purpose is to retain the foam which
develops as the waste tumbles down to the river elevation. Waste retention
time in the lagoon is estimated as fourteen minutes and no treatment is
provided to remove or neutralize foaming agents. The lagoon's sole purpose
is to retain floating foam and present a more aesthetically acceptable waste
stream. Waste leaves the lagoon via two submerged 24" pipes. Although very
little foam is visible immediately downstream from the mill, large masses
of floating foam attributable to the mill are evident after the rapids
downstream from Milltown bridge and following the rapids at Baring.
During the sampling period the mill's waste flow ranged between 30.7
and 32.4 million gallons per day (mgd). The average daily rate was
10
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FIRST STAGE CAUSTIC EXTRACTION
NOS. 1-1-2
PAPER
MACHINE
»
1
NO. 4 PAPER
MACHINE
GROUNDWOOD
MILL
i - J ' -
i
V f
CAUSTIC
SUMP
^kk
1
TO LIME
RECOVERY
VACUUM
FILTER
i
I
MAIN EFFLUENT
CLARIFIER
KRAFT
MILL
SOLIDS TO BARK DISPOSAL
WATER
TREATMENT
PLANT
CAUSTICIZING
PLANT
RECOVERY
PLANT
ACID
SUMP
GEORGIA PACIFIC
WOODLAND, MAINE
MILL EFFLUENT FLOW
DIAGRAM
SANITARY
WASTE
TREATMENT
PLANT
LAGOON
TO ST. CROIX RIVER
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31.6 mp,d. This represents approximately 2.0% of the average flow in the
river. Table 4 shows the daily flox^s as determined by three methods—
integrator, planimeter, and Parshall flume.
Initially flows were being measured at a Parshall flume prior to the
defoaminp lagoon but foam entrainment caused the liquid level recorders to
malfunction. Subsequently daily flow readings were based on the amount of
water entering the plant at G-P's Degremont building and North Filter.
From flow charts for these intakes, G-P personnel calculated the daily flow
using an integrator and a planimeter. The planimeter usually gave the more
conservative flows. The flow values above are based on planimeter deter-
minations. Although some water is lost to evaporation and paper moisture
content, the amount is negligible when compared to variations in flow
measurements. The daily waste loadings from the mill were calculated using
the conservative flows.
To determine the strength of the wastes being discharged, EPA personnel
sampled the main effluent on a continuous twenty-four hour basis from
August 8-16. Sampling crews collected eight, twenty-four hour composite
samples. The sample increments were composited proportional to the flow
recorded by the Parshall flume. Although these flows were incorrect, the
changes in flow volume remained proportional to the actual flow. Thus, the
volumes composited were proportional to the actual flow. (A procedure
agreed upon with mill officials.) The composite samples were analyzed for
5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 ), k-rate BOD (1-5 days), true color, and
residues: total nonfilterable, fixed nonfilterable, total filterable and
fixed filterable. Dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, and settleable solids
were determined regularly through the day. In addition one grab sample per
11
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TABLE A
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
Estimated Waste Flows From Defoaming Lagoon
at Georgia-Pacific Corporation, Woodland, Maine
DATE
AUGUST
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
MEAN
INTAKE WATER1
PLANIMETER
30.8
30.7
30.8
31. 72
32. 43
31.4
32.1
32.5
31.6
F
CACULATED BY
INTEGRATOR
32.2
32.1
32.0
31.3
36.5
33.0
33.9
33.2
33.0
FLOWS (MGD)
EFFLUENT RECORDED AT
PARSHALL FLUME
48.4
41.9
51.2
57.3
75.2
58.3
50.0
48.8
53.9
1 Sum of intake water at G-P's Degremont Bldg. and North Filter.
2 Includes 4.6 million gallons at North Filter calculated by integrator.
3 Includes 4.7 million gallons at North Filter calculated by integrator.
12
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day was collected and analyzed for total and fecal coliforms and
Klebsiella. A summary of these analyses is presented in Table 5 and
complete analytical results are in Appendix C. Appendix D contains
Klebsiella data.
Based upon the recorded daily flows and analytical results, the 6-P
mill discharges an average calculated BOD load of 54,000 pounds per day
(ppd) and 20,000 ppd suspended solids. The pH was highly variable ranging
from a high of 11.3 to a low of 5.7 with the median being 7.5. The waste
stream averaged 1350 color units and 33 Jackson turbidity units (JTU).
It also had a strong odor and the volume of foam in the lagoon increased
markedly as the study progressed.
Municipal Wastes
During 1972 the town of Baileyville (Woodland village) was constructing
a municipal waste treatment plant and installing new sewers which will
separate storm water runoff from domestic wastes. At the time of the study,
the treatment plant was approximately 85% complete and not accepting any
wastes. Many new sewers were completed but were not in use. Formerly,
Baileyville discharged untreated municipal wastes to the St. Croix River
at three locations. In August the sewers discharging to one of these
locations had been diverted, thus two outfalls accounted for the entire
untreated municipal combined flow. The flow from the major portion of
the town was directed through an existing 18" combined sewer to the outfall
located approximately 500• downstream from the defearning lagoon discharge
at Georgia-Pacific Corporation and downstream from sampling station SC2U
(See fold-out map at back of report). The remaining untreated wastes
were discharged through a 12" combined sever which terminated at an
untreated point farther down*tree*.
13
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ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
TABLE 5
SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS FOR
DEFOAMING LAGOON EFFLUENT TO THE ST. CROIX RIVER
WOODLAND, MAINE
AUGUST 8-16
PARAMETER
Temperature (°C)
Dissolved Oxygen (ing/I)
pH (std. units)
Settleable solids (ml/1)
Color (plat, cobalt units)
Turbidity (JTU)
BOD (mg/1)
Residues (mg/1)
Total filterable
Fixed filterable
Total nonfilterable
Fixed nonfilterable
Coliforms (#/100 ml)
Total
Fecal
MAXIMUM
43.0
6.7
11.3
3.0
1500
73
240
1249
845
102
56
59,000
16 ,000
MINIMUM
32.0
1.6
5.7
<0.1
1000
2
150
680
431
57
8
1200
100
MEAN
35.7
5.5
7.8
1.1
1375
36
205
912
601
76
30
6,100*
200*
* Median value
14
-------
Since no known industries contribute to the municipal sewers, the
18" sewer was considered representative of both discharges. Each day,
August 8-11, samplers collected eight, hourly grab samples between 0600
and 1500 hours. The sampling crew then combined increments of the grab
samples to get a representative composite sample which was analyzed for
BOD5, color, turbitity, and residues: total nonfilterable, fixed non-
filterable, total filterable, and fixed filterable. The results of these
analyses are found in Table 6. In addition, each grab sample was tested
for settleable solids and one daily for total and fecal coliforms and
Klebsiella.
The flow in each pipe was measured in catchbasins near the discharge
points. A 90° V-notch weir was constructed for each sewer. Flow in the
18" sewer was measured around the clock using an automatic liquid level
recorder. The flow in the 12" sewer was measured hourly during the sampling
period. Because these are combined sewers, the weirs became surcharged
following periods of intense rainfall, and in one instance, debris fouled
the float of the liquid level recorder. The average combined waste flow
rate from both pipes approximated 0.25 mgd.
Assuming that the concentrations in the 18" sewer was representative
of both sewers, the average 3005 loading was 185 ppd and total nonfilterable
residue averaged 16A ppd. Both are negligible when compared to the
54,000 ppd BOD5 and 20,000 ppd nonfilterable residue from the mill. The pH
ranged from 6.3-8.8. The median total and fecal coliform densities were
1,300,000/100 ml and 50,000/100 ml, respectively.
15
-------
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
TABLE 6
SUMMARY OF ANALYTICAL RESULTS
FOR BAILEYVILLE'S MUNICIPAL WASTES
PARAMETER MEAN VALUE
Temperature (°C) 15.4
BOD5 (mg/1) 104
pH (standard units) 6.6
Turbidity (JTU) 47
Residues (mg/1)
Total filterable 261.5
Fixed filterable 195.5
Total nonfilterable 59
Fixed nonfilterable 31
Coliforms per 100 ml
Total 1,000,000
Fecal 50,000
16
-------
WATER QUALITY STUDY
Coincident with the sampling at Georgia-Pacific and Baileyville, EPA
personnel conducted a water quality sampling program in the St. Croix
River from Kellyland to Milltown, Maine. Nine stations were selected
which would duplicate as nearly as possible the locations sampled in 1970
plus a station on the U. S. side of the river downstream from Woodland Dam
and upstream from Georgia-Pacific's main outfall. Fold-out 1 at the rear
of the report locates the stations and Table 7 describes all stations
sampled. Each station was sampled at least once every morning during
August 8-15. Samples collected were analyzed for total and fecal coliforms,
DO, temperature, pH, BOD^, color, turbidity, residue: total nonfilterable,
fixed nonfilterable, total filterable, and fixed filterable. A second
sampling run for DO, temperature, and pH was made at most stations down-
stream from Woodland Lake. Table 8 summarizes the results of those analyses,
Complete tables of results are in Appendix C.
When discussing water quality, no parameter should be discussed in-
dependently of the others. The interaction of one parameter with another
determines the quality or health of the water body, therefore, parameters
will be grouped and discussed in three categories: physical, chemical, and
biological.
Physical Parameters
Nonfilterable Residue
Although the terms nonfilterable residue and settleable matter are
often used synonomously, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water
and Wastewater. Thirteenth Edition, differentiates between the two. For
17
-------
TABLE 7
STATION LOCATIONS
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
te
WATER QUALITY STATIONS
00
STATION
SCKU
SC01
SC2C
SC02
SC2U
SC2D
SC4C
SC04
SC4U
SC05
LATITUDE
o ' "
45 16 00
45 10 02
45 09 20
45 09 20
45 09 20
45 09 25
45 08 03
45 08 03
45 08 04
45 10 12
LONGITUDE
0 ' "
67 28 29
67 24 18
67 23 42
67 23 43
67 23 45
67 23 56
67 19 14
67 19 12
67 19 11
67 17 51
DESCRIPTION
Downstream from dam at Kellyland, Maine near USGS gage.
Railroad bridge at Woodland Junction, Maine.
500' downstream from defoaming lagoon outfall at Georgia-Pacific
Corp., one-quarter way from Canadian bank opposite Woodland, Maine.
500' downstream from defoaming lagoon outfall at Georgia-Pacific
Corp., midpoint in river, Woodland, Maine.
500* downstream from defoaming lagoon outfall at Georgia-Pacific
Corp., 50* from U.S. bank, Woodland, Maine.
500' upstream from defoaming lagoon outfall at Georgia-Pacific
Corp., 5' from U.S. bank ("Gunite" slope protection for G-P's
defoaming lagoon) Woodland, Maine.
One-quarter way off Canadian bank at railroad bridge, Upper Mill,
New Brunswick.
Midpoint in river at railroad bridge, Baring, Maine.
One-quarter way off U.S.A. bank at railroad bridge, Baring, Maine.
Midpoint in river at bridge Milltown, Maine - Milltown, New Brunswick,
-------
STATION LATITUDE
o
SCB10
SCB11
SCB12*
SCB13C
SCB13U
SCB14C
SCB14M
SCB14U
SCB15C
45 18 02
45 17 59
45 16 28
45 12 35
SCB13M* 45 12 33
45 12 32
45 11 01
45 10 56
45 10 51
45 10 41
LONGITUDE
o
67 27 40
67 28 05
67 29 49
67 25 52
67 25 55
67 25 58
67 24 32
67 24 39
67 24 44
67 23 54
TABLE 7
STATION LOCATIONS
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
BENTHOS STATIONS
DESCRIPTION
St. Croix River 1,000' downstream from Landmark 175, three feet from
U.S.A. bank, T1R1, Maine.
St. Croix River 2,000' southwest of Landmark 175 near downstream tip
of island midpoint in river, T1R1, Maine.
Grand Falls Flowage midway between scow Point and point of land north-
west of Kellyland, Maine.
St. Croix River 5,000' downstream from Landmark 188 at log boom, 10'
from Canadian bank, Baileyville, Maine.
St. Croix River 5,000' downstream from Landmark 188, at log boom mid-
point in the river, Baileyville, Maine.
St. Croix River 5,000' downstream from Landmark 188, at log boom, 15'
from U.S.A. bank, Baileyville, Maine.
Woodland Pond 3,000' downstream from Landmark 191 one-quarter way from
Canadian bank.
Woodland Pond 3,000' downstream from Landmark 191 midpoint in river,
Baileyville, Maine.
Woodland Pond 3,000' downstream from Landmark 191 one-quarter way from
U.S.A. bank, Baileyville, Maine.
Woodland Pond 6,000' downstream from Landmark 191 one-quarter way from
Canadian bank.
* Benthic respiroaeter station
-------
STATION LATITUDE
o ' "
SCB15M 45 10 36
N)
O
SCB15U
SCB16C
SCB16M
SCB16U
45 10 32
45 09 21
45 09 21
45 09 19
SCB17C* 45 08 53
SCB17M* 45 08 52
LONGITUDE
« ' H
67 24 07
67 24 22
67 23 40
67 23 38
67 23 38
67 22 36
67 22 38
SCB17U 45 08 52 67 22 43
SCB18C* 45 07 57 67 19 23
TABLE 7
STATION LOCATIONS
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
BENTHOS STATIONS
DESCRIPTION
SCB18M
45 07 55
67 19 16
Woodland Pond 6,000' downstream from Landmark 191, midpoint in river,
Baileyville, Maine.
Woodland Pond 6,000' downstream from Landmark 191, one-quarter way
from U.S.A. bank, Baileyville, Maine.
500' downstream from defearning lagoon outfall at Georgia-Pacific Corp.,
5' from Canadian bank opposite Woodland, Maine.
500' downstream from defearning lagoon outfall at Georgia-Pacific Corp.,
midpoint in river Woodland, Maine. '
700' downstream from defoaming lagoon outfall at Georgia-Pacific Corp.,
5* from U.S.A. bank Woodland, Maine.
1,000* downstream from Landmark 197, 5' from Canadian bank opposite
Baileyville, Maine.
1,000 downstream from Landmark 197, 500' downstream from Landmark 198,
midpoint in river near downstream tip of island, Baileyville, Maine.
5' from U.S.A. bank opposite Landmark 198, Baileyville, Maine.
700' downstream from Landmarks 205 & 206, 20' from Canadian bank opposite
Baring, Maine.
800' downstream from Landmarks 205 & 206, midpoint in river at Baring,
Maine.
* Benthic respirometer station
-------
STATION
SCB18U
SCB19C
SCB19M*
SCB20C*
SCB20U*
SCB21M*
MC10*
GF01*
LATITUDE
o ' "
»
45 07 51
45 09 12
45 09 13
45 10 12
45 10 09
45 08 46
45 09 13
45 14 52
LONGITUDE
0 ' "
67 19 08
67 17 49
67 17 45
67 17 59
67 17 53
67 18 11
67 19 52
67 31 57
SCGP
SCB2
45 08 18
45 08 12
67 23 53
67 23 53
TABLE _ 7.
STATION LOCATIONS
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
BENTHOS STATIONS
DESCRIPTION
1,400' east of Landmark 206, 5' from U.S.A. bank, Baring, Maine.
10' from Canadian bank opposite Magurrewock Stream, Calais, Maine.
Midpoint in river opposite Magurrewock Stream, Calais, Maine.
200' upstream from bridge at Milltown, Maine - Milltown, New Brunswick,
5* from Canadian bank.
200' upstream from bridge at Milltown, Maine - Milltown, New Brunswick,
5' from U.S.A. bank.
1700' downstream from Landmark 211 5* from Canadian bank opposite large
island in Baring Basin, Baring, Maine.
Midpoint in Mohannas Stream at "oxbow" in stream.
Grand Falls Flowage near southerly tip of island west of Lamb's Place,
Baileyville, Maine.
POINT SOURCES
River side of outfall from defoaming lagoon Georgia-Pacific Corp.,
Woodland, Maine.
18" municipal combined sewer for Baileyville, Maine.
Benthic respirometer station
-------
TABLE 8
SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY DATA
ST. CROIX RIVER
AUGUST 8-15, 1972
Station
SCKU
Residue mg/1
Coliforms per 100 ml
SC01
to
SC2D
SC2C
SC02
MAX.
MIN.
MEAN
MAX.
MIN.
MEAN
MAX.
MIN.
MEAN
MAX.
MIN.
MEAN
MAX.
MIN.
MEAN
Temp.
°C
22.0
19.0
20.3
22.0
19.5
20.4
21.5
20.5
21.0
21.5
19.5
20.2
21.5
19.5
20.3
DO
mg/1
8.4
6.2
7.9
7.5
5.1
6.7
7.7
6.8
7.2
7.7
6.8
7.0
6.8
5.5
6.0
BOD5 pH
mg/1 standard
units
K 1.2
K 1.2
K 1.2
K 1.2
K 1.2
K 1.2
2.0
K 1.2
1.4
1.2
K 1.2
1.2
1.3
K 1.2
1.2
6.8
6.3
6.5
6.9
6.3
6.6
6.8
6.8
6.9
6.1
6.5
6.9
6.0
6.5
Color
Pt-Co
units
50
45
45
50
45
45
50
30
45
50
40
45
50
45
50
Turbidity
Jackson
Candle
1.0
0.7
0.9
1.1
0.6
0.7
6.5
0.9
2.6
14.0
0.8
5.1
19.0
0.8
4.1
Total
Diss.
45
21
31
52
19
35
55
6
30
68
8
33
50
11
34
Fixed
Diss.
27
2
17
38
4
20
52
1
19
30
1
16
32
9
19
Total
Nflt.
3
0
2
8
0
3
10
1
4
17
1
7
16
2
5
Fixed
Nflt.
3
0
1
3
0
1
10
0
3
16
0
6
16
1
4
Total
2500
560
1600*
2500
420
900*
4900
490
2200*
10,000
800
1300*
3100
920
2800*
Fecal
6
K 2
2*
K 10
K 2
K 2*
56
2
14*
10
K 2
4*
800
K 2
2*
Mote: "K" denotes
* Median value
"less than"
-------
TABLE 8 CONTINUED
SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY DATA
ST. CROIX RIVER
AUGUST 8 - 15, 1972
Station
SC2U
Residue mg/1
Coliforms per 100 ml
SC4C
SC04
SC40
SC05
MAX.
MIN.
MEAN
MAX.
MIN.
MEAN
MAX.
MIN.
MEAN
MAX.
MIN.
MEAN
MAX.
MIN.
MEAN
Temp.
°C
32.0
24.0
28.4
22.0
19.0
20.4
22.5
19.0
20.5
23.0
19.5
21.0
22.0
18.5 ,
19.9
DO
mg/1
7.1
4.1
5.9
7.0
5.6
6.4
7.3
5.8
6.3
6.2
5.1
5.7
6.2
4.9
5.8
BOD.
mg/15
190
40
104
3.5
1.4
2.3
3.5
2.0
2.8
9.0
4.6
6.7
5.2
2.8
3.9
PH
standard
units
9.6
5.9
7.8
6.9
6.3
6.6
6.9
6.3
6.6
7.2
6.4
6.7
6.8
6.0
6.4
Color
Pt-Co
units
500
1250
890
70
60
60
100
60
70
150
100
110
100
70
85
Turbidity
Jackson
Candle
72.5
1.4
21.1
4.6
2.0
3.0
3.8
2.1
*
2.9
4.9
2.8
3.3
7.8
2.3
4.4
Total
Diss.
820
400
540
75
14
45
71
23
53
94
53
76
80
26
57
Fixed
Diss.
570
280
380
58
12
30
36
12
28
67
25
49
53
1
36
Total
Nflt.
64
18
41
5
2
4
6
1
4
8
2
6
7
4
5
Fixed
Nflt.
25
6
17
5
0
2
3
0
2
6
0
2
6
1
3
Total
29,000
4,000
8,000*
6,900
900
32,000*
5,000
1,800
3,000*
7,900
3,100
5,000*
12,000
250
3,300*
Fecal
6,900
20
440*
1,000
K 10
30*
220
22
70*
2,400
80
190*
1,210
60
200*
* Median value
-------
the purpose of this discussion, nonfilterable residues include all matter
in suspension which will not pass a Gelman type A filter or equivalent,
and settleable matter are those nonfilterable residues which will settle
in a quiescent body of water within one hour.
Nonfilterable residues have a deleterious effect upon aquatic life.
Although their chemical constituents may in themselves be harmful, the
more universal danger lies in the deposition of residues on the bottom.
When materials are deposited in sufficient quanitites, as in the St. Croix
River, the bottom is blanketed. The settling materials clog interstices
in gravel or rubble, ruin spawning beds, smother bottom organisms (benthos),
and choke plant life and fauna. These effects interrupt the food chain
and directly eliminate energy sources for fish and higher life forms.
High concentrations of nonfilterable residues have an abrasive action
upon the gill and respiratory passages of fish. When fish have sustained
damage to their respiratory systems, low concentrations of dissolved oxygen
and/or toxic substances can destroy fish life.
Wood fibers and other nonfilterable residues abrade and clog the gills
of fish. They interfere with its life processes. They are also harmful
Q
to the extent that they blanket the bottom and decay. Ellis0 has
recommended that all cellulose pulps and sawdust be excluded from streams
and that the stream bottom not be blanketed to a depth exceeding 0.25 inches.
Other studies have shown fish egg mortalities ranging from 36% - 75% in
areas covered with fibers from mechanical pulping operations as compared
Q
to 3% - 15% mortality in control areas.
-------
Nonfilterable residues destroy aesthetic values and upon settling
create sludge beds which can hinder navigation. Since these residues
contain organic material, the sludge settling to the bottom putrefies
and emits methane and hydrogen sulfide gases. During the degradation
process, bacterial oxidation exerts a high oxygen demand on the overlying
waters.
It is significant to note that dissolved or colloidal sized materials
may be synthesized by bacteria to form suspended or settleable sludges in
the form of biological or bacteriological slimes such as Sphaerotilus.
EPA's 1972 study showed that the total nonfilterable residue in the
river ranged from 0.4-63.9 mg/1. The average values gradually increased
from Kellyland to Woodland, Maine (See Figure 4). The average concentration
in the U. S. side of the river increased 900% (4.1 mg/1 at station SC2D to
38.5 mg/1 at SC2U) immediately following G-P's defearning lagoon discharge,
and then declines in the downstream study area. EPA's biologists noted
that sludge from paper wastes created a toxic environment at a point 700
feet downstream from the mill discharge and observed Sphaerotilus approximately
1.0 mile downstream (See Appendix E). Coastal Research Corporation's report
provides no specific reference to sludge deposits downstream from the mill
because "the majority of the Maine side of the river has sludge deposits in
it." The sludge was apparently putrefying because sludge mats had broken
from the bottom and were floating on the surface. Divers from EPA's
Cincinnati Field Investigation Center observed gas bubbles rising to the
water surface in Baring Basin.
25
-------
Scuba divers and biologists reported that the river bottom from Spednik
Falls to Milltown bridge contained wood fibers and bark which had been
abraded from logs. Upstream from Kellyland, the bottom appeared to be
covered with a thin layer of floe and marl but did not contain any logging
debris.
In Woodland Lake and Mill Pond, logs, wood fiber, bark, and a floe
material littered the bottom. Gas bubbles rose from the sediments. A
study by Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. (GSS) determined the depth of
logs and debris in the log storage areas (See Appendix F). GSS reported
logs layered one to three feet thick over 80% of the areas examined. Some
log deposits were four to five feet thick. Appendix G is a diving report
which estimates log layerings and confirms the GSS findings.
Turbidity
Turbidity is an expression of the optical property of a water to
absorb and disperse light. It is caused by emulsions and/or suspended
matter such as clays, silt, bacteria, plankton, and finely divided organic
matter which interrupt the light path and reduce light penetration.
Turbidity levels in the St. Croix River parallel the nonfilterable
residue concentrations. Average turbidities upstream from the dam at
Woodland remained less than 1.0 JTU. The analysis of stations downstream
from the dam not affected by G-P's main effluent (SC2D, SC02, and SC2C)
showed Increases in turbidity. The increases at SC02 and SC2C can be
attributed to silt washing into the river from dam reconstruction activities
on the Canadian side. At SC2D the increase is attributable to the log
flume and the wet storage area at the mill. Downstream from G-P's discharge
26
-------
10.0 -i
m
o
9.0
lit
o
8.0 -
O
u
in
ui
K
hi
6.0 •
3.0 •
4.0 -
3.0 •
1.0 -
0.0
o
A
o
CANADA
MIDSTREAM
UNITED STATES
30
29 28
27 26
23
24
23 22 21
RIVER MILES
R.R. BRIDGE WOODLAND JCT. MILL WASTE
20 19 18
R.R BRIDGE BARING ME.
17
16
15
BRIDGE AT MILLTOWN
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
AVERAGE TOTAL NON-FILTER ABLE RESIDUE CONCENTRATION VS. RIVER MILES
-------
(station SC2U), the average turbidity on the U. S. side of the river
increased ten-fold. This is directly attributable to the nonfilterable res-
idues discharged by the mill. From the mill downstream to Milltown bridge,
turbidity averaged more than 2.9 JTU at all stations sampled.
Color
Color in water may be of organic or mineral origin. True color is
defined as color caused by dissolved matter and is measured after suspended
materials have been removed. For purposes of comparison, one standard color
unit has been defined as the color imparted to distilled water by a 1.0 mg/1
dissolved platinum concentration.
Color affects the ability of certain wave lengths of light to penetrate
water. Unlike turibidity which also disperses the light rays, colors,
especially browns and grays, absorb the light energy. In so doing, the
light intensity diminshes and the absorbed energy increases the tempera-
ture of the water. Color retards photosynthesis and may have a deleterious
effect upon aquatic life, particularly phytoplankton, and the benthos.
The St. Croix River, even in the control areas, is highly colored,
averaging nearly 50 color units. The high color can be attributed to
drainage from swamps and forested areas. Starting upstream at Kellyland
and coming downstream, the color of the water remained uniform until the
water passed the G-P mill. The pulp and paper industry has long been
recognized as a major contributor of color to the nation's waterways,
and Georgia-Pacific Corporation is no exception. Downstream from the
mill (station SC2U) the color averaged 850 units. Continuing downstream
the highest color values occurred on the U. S. side of the river. At
Milltown bridge the color averaged 85 units. Figure 5 is a representation
of mean color units in the study area.
27
-------
Temperature
Temperature is an important regulator of natural processes in aquatic
ecosystems. Changes in temperature control, the physiological functions
within the biosystem, both by altering the physical and chemical character
of the environment and by directly affecting the life organs of aquatic
animals and plants. Each species has its own unique thermal requirements,
so that a given change in water temperature will have a broad range of
effects upon the organisms within the water body. Therefore, the thermal
regime of a water ecosystem controls the community structure and food
chain relationships.11•12
Elevated temperature has the following significant observable effects:
(1) decreased solubility of oxygen; (2) increased metabolism and respiration,
resulting in an increased demand for the diminished dissolved oxygen; (3)
increased ability for enteric, including pathogenic, bacteria to survive
in the water; (4) increased toxicity of certain substances; (5) inability
of certain species' organs to function properly resulting in failure to
reproduce or death; (6) increased growth of sewage fungus and putrefaction
of sludge deposits and (7) a shift (rejuvenation) of the ecological compo-
sition of sludge deposits in favor of "pollution-tolerant" organisms which
are better able to compete for a given niche in the aquatic environment.
Because increased temperatures have such a profound influence on the
biological support system, considerable research has been done to determine
acceptable temperature limits. Maine has established a maximum temperature
limit of 28.5°C in waters designated to support a warm water fishery (bass,
pickerel, perch) and 20.0°C to support a cold water fishery (trout and
28
-------
PEAKS AT 860
t!
§
O
o
<
UJ
110
100
90 -
60 •
70 -
60 •
50 •
40 -
30 -
O
A
D
CANADA
MIDSTREAM
UNITED STATES
20 -
10 -
30 29 28 27
26 25
24
23 22
RIVER MILES
21 20
R.R. BRIDGE WOODLAND JCT. MILL WASTE
18
R.R. BRIDGE BARING ME.
17
16
IS
BRIDGE AT MILLTOWN
ST CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
MEAN COLOR UNITS VS. RIVER MILES
-------
salmon).13 Historically, the St. Croix River is a cold water fishery
and the intent is to continue to operate the river as one.
Except for the U. S. side of the river immediately downstream from
the defoaming lagoon outfall, average river temperatures remained near
20°C. Immediately downstream from the outfall, the average temperature
jumped to 28°C and ranged from 23°C to 32°C. Fish studies performed by
the Canadian Environmental Protection Service showed that fish placed in
the river immediately downstream from the mill died in seconds apparently
from thermal shock. During reconnaissance studies, boat crews observed
steam rising from the U. S. side of the river nearly 2.0 miles downstream
from the mill.
Chemical Parameters
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Sediment
Oxygen Demand (SOD)
Dissolved oxygen, BOD, and SOD are so interrelated that all must be
treated within the same discussion.
Biochemical oxygen demand is a laboratory test which measures the
quantity of oxygen consumed by bacteria and interim chemical reactions for
the degradation of organic matter in water under controlled conditions
for a specified time. Sediment oxygen demand is a measure of the dissolved
oxygen being utilized for the stabilization of organic matter in sediment
deposits. The numerical values of BOD and SOD are not significant per se,
rather, they are indices of the degradability or "strength" and are only
important insofar as they relate to oxygen balances in a stream.
29
-------
Dissolved oxygen may be introduced into a stream by the tumbling of
water over rocks, dams, and riffles, the molecular diffusion of oxygen
from air at the water-air interface, and photosynthesis by plant life.
Oxygen is important in maintaining a healthy fish population. It is
also important for the degradation of wastes because aerobic bacteria more
quickly stabilize wastes than anaerobic bacteria. Also, aerobic digestion
does not produce foul odors. The amount of oxygen necessary to maintain
fish life varies with the fish species to be maintained. The recommended
limits may be specified as a percent of the saturation value (which is
temperature dependent) and/or a minimum concentration. The Federally-
approved Maine Water Quality Standards specify, "The dissolved oxygen
content of such waters (St. Croix River) shall not be less than 5 parts
»
per million for trout and salmon waters."
The amount of organic wastes a stream can safely assimilate is
dependent upon maintaining an oxygen balance in the stream. The amount
of oxygen consumed to satisfy chemical and/or biological demands must
not exceed the reaeration necessary to maintain favorable conditions.
A way to control the rate at which oxygen is consumed is to reduce the
concentration of the waste in the stream. This may be done by accelerating
the degradation process in a controlled system (waste water treatment) prior
to discharging the waste.
Examination of BOD and SOD and their affect upon DO in a stream
should be made during low flow conditions. During low flow conditions,
the dilution factor is minimized, reaeration rates are usually minimized
and the residence time in a reach maximized. Also, low flow conditions
30
-------
usually occur in the late summer months when water temperatures are at
their maximum. Maine's criteria13 specifies that the l-in-10-year,
7-day low flow should be used for determining the assimilative capacity
of a stream.
As stated previously, during the study period flows in the river
averaged 2410 cfs which was approximately 500 cfs higher than that exper-
ienced in 1970 and nearly 2000 cfs more than the l-in-10-year, 7-day low
flow of 480 cfs.
The BOD5 at the stations upstream from Woodland Dam never exceeded 1.2
mg/1. On the Canadian side of the river and midstream downstream from the
dam at Woodland, Maine the average BOD5 remained at less than 1.2 mg/1.
However, at station SC2D a slight increase was observed. Downstream from
the main outfall, the average was 92 mg/1. Further downstream at the
railroad bridge at Baring, Maine the 8005 on the U. S. side of the river
ranged from 4-6 - 9.0 mg/1. Figure 6 presents the average BOD5 values in
the river.
The SOD data collected (Appendix H) show an average oxygen demand of
o
2.3 grams per square meter per day (gm 02/m /day) in the control areas of
the St. Croix River and Grand Falls Flowage. As a result of photosynthesis
supplying more oxygen than bacteria were consuming a negative demand was
observed in Mohannas Stream. In the log storage areas, the SOD increased
from 2.3 gm 02/m2/day in the control areas to approximately 2.7 gm 02/m2/day
in Woodland Lake. Associated with this increase was an average DO reduction
of 1.5 mg/1 from Kellyland to the railroad bridge at Woodland junction.
Approximately 1.25 miles downstream from the mill (transect SCB17) the
sediment oxygen demand jumped from an average of 2.7 gra 02/m2/day in
31
-------
Woodland Lake (station SCB15M) to an average of 6.7 gm 02/m^/day.
Near Milltown bridge the average SOD dropped to 2.6 gm C^/m^/day or nearly
the same as that which occurs at SCB15M.
The sunken debris caused by log storage in Woodland Lake and Mill
f\
Pond represents a substantial pollution load. The 0.4 gm 02/m /day increase
in SOD when distributed over the downstream portion of Woodland Lake and
Mill Pond removes 2400 pounds of dissolved oxygen from the overlying water
daily. If the overlying water is not reaerated or exchanged, severe oxygen
depeletions can occur. Such depletions occur during low stream flow
conditions. For instance, in August 1970, when the average flow was approx-
imately 1900 cfs, the mean DO under the railroad bridge at Woodland junction
2
(SC01) was 4.5 mg/1 , 0.5 mg/1 less than the 5.0 rag/1 established by the
Federally approved Maine Water Quality Standards.
Analysis of the 1972 data shows that a slight, but significant
depression occurs in Woodland Lake. The mean DO decreases from 7.9 mg/1
downstream from Grand Falls Dam (SCKU) to 6.7 mg/1 at SC01. Comparing
DO's at SCKU and SC01 on a day-to-day basis, the DO in Woodland Lake was
consistently lower although the temperatures at the two stations never
0
varied more than 0.5 C.
The most severe DO depression occurred immediately downstream from
Georgia-Pacific's outfall (SC2U). At this station, the DO's ranged from
4.1 - 7.1 mg/1, and averaged 5.9 mg/1. The mean DO values at SC4U and SC05
were 5.7 mg/1 and 5.8 mg/1 respectively. Figure 7 represents the mean DO
concentrations reported during the study.
Toxicity
To determine the toxicity of G-P's wastes, the Canadian Environmental
32
-------
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
K
z 6.0 -
u
u
o
0 5.0 H
in
d
d
to 4.0 -j
UJ
(9
P. 3.0 H
2.0 •
1.0 -
PEAKS AT 140,0
0.0
O
A
D
CANADA
MIDSTREAM
UNITED STATES
30 29 28 27
[ I ,
26 29
24
23 22 21
RIVER MILES
20
T
19
18
RR. BRIDGE WOODLAND JCT. MILL WASTE
17
16
IS
R.R. BRIDGE BARING ME.
BRIDGE AT MILLTOWN
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
AVERAGE B.O.Dg CONCENTRATIONS VS. RIVER MILES
-------
8.0
7.0 •
w
o
(E
yj
o
O
o
o
Q
ui
(9
U
6.0 H
5.0
1D-
5 MG/L I.J.C. OBJECTIVE AND MAINE STANDARD
4.0 -
0.0
O CANADA
£ MIDSTREAM
D UNITED STATES
30 29 28 27 26 29
24
I I I I U I I f
23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16
RIVER MILES
R.R. BRIDGE WOODLAND OCT. MILL WASTE
R.R. BRIDGE BARING ME.
IS
BRIDGE AT MILLTOWN
T]
O
c
3D
m
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
AVERAGE D.O. CONCENTRATIONS VS. RIVER MILES
-------
Protection Service (EPS) conducted three kinds of live fish bioassays:
1. semi-static, 2. continuous flow, and 3. in-situ. All bioassays
showed that G-P's wastes were highly toxic.
EPS personnel conducted the semi-static and continuous flow bioassays
using effluent from G-P's defoaming lagoon diluted with water taken from Grand
Falls Flowage at Grand Falls Dam. In the semi-static tests, fish were
placed in tanks containing 100, 56, 32 and 17 percent effluent. Fish were
also placed in control tanks which contained no effluent. Every twenty-four
hours, 50 percent of the solution in each tank was removed and replaced with
fresh solution of like concentration. In this test, all fish subjected to
waters containing 17 percent effluent died in less than eighty-five hours,
while those in higher effluent concentrations died even sooner. All fish
in the control tanks, zero percent effluent, survived more than the 96
hours alloted for the test. Table 9 shows the results of the semi-static
bioassay and Appendix I is a detailed report of the bioassays.
Sets of continuous flow bioassays were run on August 12, 13 and 15.
Fresh river water from Grand Falls Flowage and fresh effluent were continually
pumped into various tanks to make up test solutions containing 75, 65, 50, 35
and 25 percent effluent. In addition, control tanks were run which received
only river water.
All fish placed in control tanks survived longer than the 96-hours
specified for the tests. Only in one other tank did any fish survive more
than 96 hours. In one of two 25% effluent tanks tested, 8"0% of the fish
survived the test. In the remaining tanks, 100% mortality occurred in less
than 40 hqurs. Table 10 summarizes the test results and Appendix I details
the bioassays and results.
33
-------
Table 9
THE CONCENTRATION, PERCENT SURVIVAL AND LT50 VALUES FOR THE
GEORGIA-PACIFIC EFFLUENT USING FINGERLING ATLANTIC SALMON
CONCENTRATION (%)
100
100
56
56
56
56
32
32
32
17
17
Control
Control
Control
% SURVIVAL
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
100
100
LT50 (HOURS)
12
9.7
22
17
23
34
34
40
62 X
76
37 2
96
96
96
1 No explanation has been presented for the anomolous LT50
in the 32% concentration. Since the pH agrees with those
of the other two 32% tests, it must be assumed that the
initial concentration was 32%. The recorded pH at 48 hours,
however, was lower than that of the other two.
2 In the case of the 17% effluent bioassay, the operator found
that an air valve was working improperly, thus creating an
artifact in the toxicity.
34
-------
TABLE 10
CONCENTRATIONS, PERCENT SURVIVAL AND LT50 VALUES OF
THE CONTINUOUS FLOW BIOASSAYS CONDUCTED WITH
GEORGIA-PACIFIC MILL EFFLUENT ON AUGUST 12, 13
and 15, 1972 USING ATLANTIC SALMON
CONCENTRATION % % SURVIVAL LT50 (HOURS)
75 0 8.2
50 0 12
25 0 18
75 0 20
50 0 27
25 80
65 0 17
35 0 27
35
-------
In addition to the bioassays performed on the mill's effluent, live
fish cages were placed at five locations in the river basin (See Figure 8).
All fish placed in cages downstream from the mill died in less than 80.5
hours while all those upstream survived more than 96.0 hours. An exception
to this was a group of caged fish which was left without water when the
gates at the Kellyland Dam were closed. Fish placed in the St. Croix River
on the U. S. side 400 yards downstream from the effluent discharge died in
seconds probably from thermal shock. At Bailey Rips 1.5 miles downstream
from the mill, severe toxicity was indicated. One-hundred percent mortality
occurred in 80.5 hours at Milltown bridge. Temperature was not termed a
limiting factor at Bailey Rips nor Milltown bridge. Appendix J is a more
descriptive presentation of the insitu fish cage studies.
The fish which died during the bioassay studies were preserved and
transported to EPA's National Marine Water Quality Laboratory at West
Kingston, Rhode Island for histopathological examinations.
The examinations showed that the olfactory organs (smell) had lesions
present. Salmon exposed for more than twenty hours were usually severely
affected. Rapid death of an organism does not allow enzymatic changes to
occur in cells which will allor recognition of cause of death by microscopy.
This may explain the absence of lesions in some groups. As stated in
Appendix K:
The prime function of the chemoreceptive organs are to convey
information concerning changes in the chemical composition of
the internal and external environment to the higher centers of
the central nervous system for correlation. These sensory imputs
allow the organism to alter behavioral patterns by adjusting their
internal physiological or biochemical mechanisms to cope with a
changing environment. Chemoreception in the salmon is vital to
their orientation and migration into "home streams", and therefore,
is vital to successful reproduction and propagation of the species.
36
-------
MILES
0AM SITES
UNITED STATES
WOODLAND
ST CROIX RIVER
LOCATION OF LIVE FISH CAGES
FIGURE 8
-------
Biology
EPA's biologists examined portions of the St. Croix River for benthic
invertebrates. Benthic invertebrates (benthos) are those organisms living
in and crawling on the bottom. The log covered substratum in the running
water at the upstream end of the log storage area (transect SCB13) did not
exhibit a deterioration of benthic populations when compared to the upstream
control stations. SCB13U and SCB13C have 9 and 14 kinds of benthos respect-
ively compared to 12-19 kinds at river control stations. However, decreased
benthos diversities at treansects SCB14 and SCB15 in Woodland Lake indicate
degradation. Four to seven kinds of organisms were present compared to
seventeen kinds at the Grand Falls Flowage control station. Organisms found
in Woodland Lake are typified as moderately pollution tolerant.
The U. S. side of the St. Croix River 700 feet downstream from Georgia-
Pacific's outfall was devoid of benthos, but on the Canadian side bottom
organisms flourished. This two natured aspect of the river continued for
at least one mile downstream.
On the U. S. side of the river offensive smelling bacteriological
slime, filamentous bacterium, was accumulating on the bottom (station SCB17U)
approximately 1.0 miles downstream from the mill. This gray slime thrives
in organically enriched waters and is toxic to clean water organisms. Only
the pollution tolerant sludgeworm Tubificidae was found at SCB17U.
Fast water, rapids, and island cause lateral mixing downstream, result-
ing in degradation of benthos midstream and on the Canadian side. Although
the river begins to recover, degradation still remains present approximately
six miles downstream from the mill. A more complete presentation of the
biological examinations can be found in Appendix E.
37
-------
Bacteriology
Water polluted by wastes from warm-blooded animals and humans frequently
contains pathogenic (disease causing) organisms. Because of the difficulty
in identifying pathogens, coliform bacteria are used as indicator organisms.
Their presence indicates that pathogenic organisms are probably present.
The presence of coliforms in sufficient numbers excludes the use of a water
for drinking, water contact recreation, and, in the case of an estuary, the
harvesting of shellfish. Because of this, the State of Maine in their
12
Federally approved Water Quality Standards established a maximum limit of
5,000 total coliform per 100 milliliters and 1,000 fecal coliforms per 100
milliliters for the St. Croix River downstream from Woodland.
Coliform bacteria are generally analyzed in two categories: total
coliforms and fecal coliforms. Total coliforms may originate in soils as
well as from warm-blooded animals. Fecal coliforms on the other hand usually
originate in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Therefore, the
presence of fecal coliforms is indicative of fecal contamination. During the
August study, fecal coliforms exceeded the established criteria on one day,
August 10. On this day, 6,900 and 2,400 fecal coliforms were recorded at
stations SC2U and SC4U respectively. Station SC2U is downstream from the
defoaming lagoon outfall and upstream from the municipal outfalls. Station
SC4U is at Baring. The total coliform standard was generally exceeded at
station SC2U and occasionally exceeded at stations farther downstream. At
stations upstream from SC2U coliform criteria were not exceeded.
In addition to analyzing for total and fecal coliforms, analyses were
conducted at selected stations to isolate the coliform genus Klebsiella.
Research by EPA's Corvallis and Duluth laboratories isolated members of the
38
-------
genus Klebsiella in pulp and paper mill effluents. Klebsiella are not only
an indicator of pathogens but some members of the genus are themselves
pathogenic. Klebsiella are present in human fecal matter and were used as
indicators of fecal pollution before being replaced by fecal coliforms.
Klebsiella are often the cause of septicemia, pneumonia and post-operative
infections. They rank second to Escherichia coli, as fecal coliform, as
causative agents in urinary tract infections. In view of these fects, the
presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in water has as great a significance as the
presence of Escherichia coli.
Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from the mill effluent in all
effluent samples collected. Samples from the Baileyville municipal wastes
also contained Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella were isolated from the
river at Baring and Milltown (stations SC04 and SC05). Because all samples
collected from the river upstream from the G-P mill failed to isolate this
organism, the river was discounted as a background source of Klebsiella.
Further testing showed that Baileyville's wastes were not responsible
for the presence of Klebsiella at Baring and Milltown. Capsular types
isolated at SC04 and SC05 matched capsular types isolated from the mill
effluent and not those from the municipal wastes. Although the source of
Klebsiella within the mill complex is impossible to determine, their presence
in the river downstream from the mill discharge is attributable to the mill
effluent.
Appendix D is a more thorough presentation of Klebsiella's significance
and test results.
39
-------
MATHEMATICAL MODELING
The data from any sampling program are specific. That is, the
information compiled pertains only to the time, flow, waste strengths,
temperature and all other interrelated factors at the time of collection.
Being an active and vital environment, a water body and its constituents
are constantly changing. Continually sampling a water body to compile
information for every possible condition is impossible, but duplicating
environmental conditions with matematical equations, which represent known
conditions, can be run on a computer to provide good approximations of what
conditions would be as factors are varied.
Because the formulation of the model is somewhat complex, only a brief
summary will be presented here and a more complete presentation is in
Appendix L.
Based on information collected during the August 1972 study, EPA's
Systems Analysis Branch developed a model for approximating dissolved
oxygen concentrations in the portion of the St. Croix River from Woodland
Dam to the Milltown bridge.
Dissolved oxygen deficits in the stream, waste loadings, sediment
oxygen demand (SOD), stream flow, and dissolved oxygen concentration at
saturated conditions (a function of temperature) are fed to the computer
which projects oxygen deficits at points downstream. '?
Most oxygen deficits in streams are attributable to biological activity
L
which increases at warmer temperatures (summer conditions). Conversely,
water's ability to retain oxygen decreases with increasing temperature i.e.
the DO saturation value decreases. Also, streamflow declines in the late
summer months and incident sunlight increases water temperatures. Thus at!
40
-------
a time when oxygen demands increase, the ability of the water to meet
those demands diminishes. For this reason models are usually run to
depict critical conditions which might normally occur in the later summer
months.
Data collected have shown the following: 1. The DO downstream from
Woodland Dam can drop to less than 5.0 mg/1 during warm weather and low
flow conditions, 2. Over the past five years the average daily flow has
been less than 1000 cfs on seventy days, 3. Sediment oxygen demands in
the river reach between Woodland Dam and Milltown bridge average between
3.0 and 4.0 gm 02/m2/day and 4. The calculated oxygen uptake rate (k-rate)
necessary to satisfy the 5-day BOD is 0.3 per day.
Using the foregoing information and the two dimensional model developed
from the data collected in August 1972, the model was run on a matrix of
conditions while holding the river water temperature constant at 25°C. The
river flow was varied from 480 cfs to 1000 cfs, G-P's waste load from 5000 ppd
to 19,200 ppd BOD5, SOD from 1.0 - 5.0 gm 02/m2/day, initial DO between 5.0
and 6.0 mg/1, uptake rate (k-rate) between 0.2/day and 0.3/day.
The matrix studied showed that the DO will exceed the 5.0 mg/1 DO
minimum specified in the Maine Water Quality Standards if the mill dis-
charge is 5000 ppd BOD5. If the BOD5 is increased to 10,000 ppd, the SOD
must be less than 2.0 gm 02/m2/day and the k-rate less than 0.3 per day to
maintain a satisfactory DO level. Based upon an SOD of 2.0 gm 02/m2/day and
a k-rate of 0.3 per day, the calculated allowable BODs load from the mill is
7,500 ppd. This 8005 loading precludes the introduction of any new waste
sources to the St. Croix River between Woodland and Milltown.
41
-------
Increasing the river flow to 750 cfs, greatly improves the river's
assimilative capacity. At an SOD of 2.0 gm 0 /m /day and a k-rate of
0.2/day, a calculated BOD of 11,800 ppd will not violate water quality
standards.
42
-------
DISCUSSION
Because of the high streamflow, a direct comparison of the August
1972 water quality data and past water quality data is not possible. The
increased flow by diluting the waste concentrations, presents a biased
representation of improved water quality conditions. The higher flows
also increase the potential for reaeration, lateral mixing, and cooling,
all of which will create more favorable oxygen balances in the stream.
Thus, comparison of past and present data will be limited to the data
least influenced by changing river conditions, namely the waste loadings.
Loadings to the river are attributable to three sources: the
Baileyville municipal wastes, Georgia-Pacific Corporation mill complex, and
log floating and storage. The Baileyville wastes may be discounted because
they are negligible when compared to those from the mill.
2
Preceding a water quality study in August 1970 , Georgia-Pacific
Coporation had installed a color removal and primary treatment system for
its process wastes, but these were not fully operational at the time of that
study. With this in mind and the fact that the mill was operating on
reduced capacity during part of the August 1972 study, a comparison of
changes in effluent characteristics can proceed.
In 1970 the average daily discharge from the defoaming lagoon was
34.75 million gallons of waste which contained 69,000 pounds of 8005. In
1972 the respective values were 31.6 million gallons and 54,000 pounds of
6005. A twenty percent decrease was noted in total suspended matter which
declined from 25,400 pounds in 1970 to 20,000 pounds in 1972. The color
of the effluent averaged 1350 platinum-cobalt units. Although a very high
value, it appears to be an improvement. This judgment is based on a
43
-------
comparison of water quality data immediately downstream from the effluent
(station SC2U) where dilution is minimized. In 1970 the color at SC2U
averaged 1264 color units and in 1972 890 units. Other notable waste
characteristics were a strong odor and increasing amounts of foam in the
lagoon and river as the study progressed. Both characteristics were also
noted in the 1971 IJC report.
Bioassays performed using the mill's effluent indicated severe toxicity.
In semi-static tests all fish subjected to waters containing 17 percent
effluent were dead in less than eighty-five hours and those in higher
effluent concentrations died even sooner. With the exception of the fish in
the control tanks and one tank having a 25 percent effluent concentration,
all fish subjected to continuous flow bioassays died in less than the 40
hours. Eighty percent of the fish in one 25 percent effluent tank and all
the fish in the control tanks survived longer than the 96 hours specified
for the tests. The Canadian government has established toxicity standards
for effluents from pulp and paper mills. The Canadian standard stipulates
that 100 percent of the test organisms must survive 96 hours in a test
dilution containing 65 percent effluent. The mill effluent did not approach
compliance with this standard.
Live caged fish placed in the river showed that the effluent is toxic
four miles downstream and probably causes death by thermal shock immediately
1 1
,downstream from the mill. Histopathology showed that the toxicants damage
•ti ' ' ' '
the olfactory (smell) organs in fish. Both facts will prevent the re-
establishment of a salmon fishery in the St. Croix River.
Log floating and storage practices haye not changed appreciably since
1970. Georgia-Pacific Corporation through its subsidiary the St. Croix
44
-------
Pulpvood Ltd. of Canada continues to float logs from the Canadian log
landing near Grand Falls Dam to Woodland Lake. In so doing, G-P
perpetuates the deposition and leaching of oxygen demanding wastes in
Woodland Lake. The 1972 study showed that the deposition of these waters
increased the sediment oxygen demand from approximately 2 gm C^/m /day in
Grand Falls Flowage to more than 3 gm C^/m^/day in Woodland Lake.
Conversely, dissolved oxygen concentrations in Woodland Lake were 1.5 mg/1
less than those in the river at Kellyland.
f\
The 1972 data shows sediment ocygen demand exceeding 6.0 gm 02/m /day
approximately 1.25 miles downstream from the mill. Farther downstream at
Baring the average demand was more than 3.5 gm 02/nr/day. Comparison of
nonfilterable residue values at Baring and Milltown bridge indicates that
little material is settling out. Therefore, the demand is being exerted
primarily by historical sludge deposits and will exist for several years.
The SOD is not expected to decrease to less than 2.0 gm 02/m^/day, the
approximate value of SOD in upstream control areas.
45
-------
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. U. S. Geological Survey. "Current Water Resources in Maine."
Water Resources Division, U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation
with the Maine Public Utilities Commission (August 1972).
2. Advisory Board on Pollution Control - St. Croix River. St. Croix
River. Summary report submitted to the International Joint
Commission. Advisory Board on Pollution Control, March 1971.
3. Coastal Research Corporation. "Aerial Photography of Dye Dispersion
and Characteristics of the St. Croix River". An interpretation
report prepared for the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Region I. Lincoln, Mass.: Coastal Research Corporation, September
1972.
4. Schaumburg, Frank D. The Influence of Log Handling on Water Quality.
Report for the Water Quality Office, Environmental Protection Agency.
1972.
5. Sproul, Otis J. and Clifford A. Sharpe. Water Quality Degradation by
Wood Bark Pollutants. Water Resources Center Publication Number 5.
Orono, Maine: University of Maine, 1968.
6. Coopersmith, S. (ed.). Lockwood's Directory of the Paper and Allied
Trades. Ninety-sixth edition. New York: Lockwood Publishing
Company, 1971.
7. American Public Health Association, AWWA and WPCF. Standard Methods
for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Thirteenth edition.
Washington: American Public Health Association, 1971. pp. 539.
8. Ellis, M. M. Water Purity Standards for Fresh Water Fishes. Special
scientific report No. 25. U. S. Department of the Interior, 1948.
9. Johanson, A. "The White-Fish Population of Lake Ocke". Rep. Inst.
Fresh-Water Res. Drottningholm 31, 1950. Biology Abstract #26, 1952.
10. National Technical Advisory Committee to the Secretary of the Interior.
Water Quality Criteria. Washington: Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration, 1968.
11. Mackenthun, K. M. and L. E. Keup. "Assuming Temperature Effects with
Biology". Proc. Am. Po. Conference, Vol. 31, 1969.
12. McKee, J. E. and H. W. Wolf (ed.). Water Quality Criteria. Second
edition. Sacramento: State Water Quality Control Board, 1963. pp. 284.
13. Maine Environmental Improvement Commission. Revised Statutes of 1964
Title 38 (as ammended). Chapter 3 September 23, 1971.
46
-------
APPENDIX A
-------
jrrovi s i oiiaj. ana ruttc"'. ^ o rov'-^'.on
01021000 SUMMARY F0 T
! ,710
1,410
1,32.1
I ,430
1,160
:i6?
773
__
-
303
31,527 ??.,
1,017
1,710
747
1Q71 T ITAL °
1972 T'JTAL rt
NOV
312
750
690
710
999
742
139
R6-4
736
733
77Q
7? I
9SO
730
*?3
5*1
615
5-30
7J4
7?M.
5V>
4 -T>
5?. 0
5-13
673
o IS
994
9^.0
^1 0
•5 / C
"7 •» ^
-.75
74Q
•; ->•)
405
•r»->,on
3°, 33'
DEC
1,340
1,330
1,390
1,360
1,500
1 ,230
1,250
937
\ ,550
1,630
l,0«iO
095
r 43
63"
<,73
741
7° 3
771.
7b3
7S?
76C
774
725
737
012
! ,050
1.3 5
T 1 i
1 , 07 C
1 rt /» n
i » y**ij
1 ,040
31,446
1 ,014
1 , ^ '. C
07 ft
} '-1EAN
, Mr AN
JAN
1,070
1 ,450
1,330
1 ,040
1,030
1,030
1,030
997
1 ,010
1,140
1 ,270
1,150
1 ,3?0
1,3.30
1,090
1,?70
1,540
1,670
1,620
1 , 59J
1,5?.)
1 , bOO
1,620
1 ,660
1 ,540
I ,710
1 , n 1 0
1 ,"3)0
1,4?0
1 = A "\
i ? ?H J
1-» / . »
, 760
1 ,'37
1 , « 1 0
007
2,3^7
2,293
FEB
1,740
1,710
1,53C
1 , 2 90
1,130
1,120
1,140
1,270
\ ,540
1,110
904
923
9'.?
893
792
924
q 1 1
39?
39C
90-t
*7'3
346
•323
952
7 iU
3-56
366
T I 2
757
30, 164
1,040
1,740
757
MAX 11,300
MAX 12, 103
MAR
726
1,010
1,040
1,210
1 ,260
1.17C
1,200
1 ,430
I ,440
1 ,510
1 ,560
1,550
1,540
1,770
2,010
1,940
1 , 'i 6 C
? ,510
2,360
2,300
?,30Q
2,9*0
3,730
4,130
3,070
?,620
?,°70
? , °4Q
? ,340
"^ £5 Lf. C\
7 ' %n
•36 , 1 66
2,134
4,130
726
MIN
MIN
APR
2,850
2, "60
2,390
2,380
2,920
2,920
2,860
2,HOO
2,790
2,430
2,100
2 , 340
2,460
2,590
2,t9C
?,520
2,^90
2,050
3 , 1^0
3, 100
3,030
3,090
3,150
3,190
3,550
3, "60
4,130
5, nc
5,d50
"? Q JP
t , " ' \*
97,130
? , .2 3 B
' 5,990
2,100
495
495
MAY
7,210
3,340
3,890
10,200
11,300
12,100
11,300
10,500
9,830
8,360
7,310
6,650
5,560
5,270
4,820
5,b'00
5,960
5,760
5,060
4,300
4,350
4,310
4,120
3,610
2,360
3,020
3,060
3,020
2,620
y .", sn
£. , J J\J
2 A ^ n
, O 3 U
191,490
6,177
12,100
2,550
JUN
2,840
4,130
4,500
5,06C
4,810
4,290
3,510
3.47C
3,380
4,100
4,520
4,860
5,550
4,380
3,830
3,900
3.97C
3,880
3,640
3,280
2,900
2,360
2,920
3,050
5,130
6,210
6,100
5,89C
5.37C
4 . 4 3D
^ , •* j \j
127, 26C
4,242
6,210
2,340
JUL
3,640
3,440
2,830
1,440
1,280
1,960
2,510
2,360
2,390
2,320
2,430
2,650
2,630
2,460
2,480
2,530
2,150
2,100
1,950
1,910
1,570
1,320
1,320
1,380
1,890
1,610
1,570
1,750
1,970
7 .450
C, t ^ J w
2 A O f\
f " * \J
66,330
2,156
3,640
1,280
AUG
2,470
2,040
1,700
2,290
2,580
2,470
2,460
2,500
2,410
2,400
2,370
2,360
2.37C
2,360
2,460
2,490
2,410
2,490
2,370
2,330
2,390
2,300
2,350
2,420
2,330
2,190
2,040
2,170
2,260
2 .250
b f b J \f
21 * n
f 1 J U
72,180
2,328
2,580
1 ,700
SEP
2,090
2,090
2,100
2,040
1,760
2,390
2,340
2,410
2,550
2,300
2,510
2,520
2,470
2,230
2,000
2,080
2,110
2,110
2,080
1,790
1,560
1,530
1,780
1 ,870
1,690
1,460
1,390
1,680
1,380
i . ^nn
JL , J OU
59,690
1,990
2,550
1,380
Note.—Not for publication.
-------
to
DAY
01021003 SUMMARY FOR JAN*- SEPT 1971 TOTAL: 771162.00, MAX: 11300.00, MIN: 721.00
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY - WATER RESOURCES DIVISION
ST. CROIX RIVER AT BARING, MAINE NUMBER 01021000
DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1970 TO SEPTEMBER 1971
OCT NOV OEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
SEP
1
2
3
4
5
6
T
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1 1
»1
TOTAL
MEAN
WX
MIN
CAL YR
WTR YR
1,890 2.990
1.570 2,980
l,7434 2,933
1,870 2,900
1,940 2,470
2.06J 2,360
2,050 1,910
2,040 2,533
1,360 2,180
2,010 1,71)
1,860 2,100
1,653 2,030
1,450 1,970
1,320 2,050
1,200 1,950
1,560 2,02J
1,780 1,850
1,770 2.13Q
1,710 2,^73
1,280 2,360
2,263 2,600
2,470 2,35)
2,270 2,360
2,553 2,763
3,270 2,810
3,090 2,68)
2,910 2,700
2,860 2,640
3,050 ?,600
2,820 2,520
2n r\ r\
64,650 71,810
2,085 2,394
3,270 2,990
1,200 1,710
2,550
2,640
2,520
2,650
2,650
2,520
?,310
2,590
2,500
2,430
2,410
2,490
2,300
2,330
2,560
2,300
1 ,760
1,710
1,533
1,660
1,960
2,650
1,470
632
763
1,1-70
2,133
1,310
1,670
1,620
If i f\
tilJ
64,145
2 , 069
?,650
682
1970 THTAL 1,122,425 MFAN
1971 TOTAL 971,767 MFAN
1,560
1,450
1,800
1,860
1,850
1,900
2,210
2,390
2,400
1,960
1,830
2,063
1,920
1,920
1,340
1,850
1,810
1,810
2,323
2,110
2,15)
1,780
1,670
1,880
1,730
1,750
1,460
1,930
1.690
1,790
If on
, 790
58,020
1,872
2,400
1,340
3,075
2,662
1,790
2,010
1,870
1,740
2,000
1,990
1,590
1,860
1,940
2,140
2,270
2, 200
2,230
2,930
3,220
3,060
3,140
3,110
3,200
3,320
3,220
3,150
3,160
3,140
3,080
3,030
3,010
3,010
72,500
2,589
3 , 320
1,590
MAX 13,
MAX 11,
2,270
2,220
2,180
2,180
2,210
2,160
2,170
2,220
2,030
2,190
2,030
2,140
..',190
2,070
,, 2,220
2,290
2,380
2,390
2,370
2,393
2,353
2,310
2,290
2,280
2,270
2,270
2,150
2,390
2,270
2,280
2-> c/\
, £.J(J
69,410
2,239
2,390
2,030
000 MIN
300 MIN
2,350
2,530
2,830
3,150
3,950
5,600
6,000
5,950
5,850
5,650
5,600
5,600
5,800
6,800
7,700
7,650
7,450
7,150
7,0)0
7,300
3,380
8,860
9,000
8,820
(1,710
3,580
3,340
8,080
7,760
7,540
195,980
6,533
9,000
2,350
682
682
7,460
7,440
7,570
8,040
9.B90
11,000
11,300
10,800
10,200
9,120
3,540
7,000
5,380
4,970
5,220
5,230
5,050
4,020
3,093
2,810
2,843
2,760
2,840
2,900
2,810
2,740
2,980
2,740
2 , 690
2,820
•% n\f\
It'JUl
175,260
5,654
11,300
2,690
2,910
2,820
2,550
2,010
' 2,920
2,740
2,503
2,500
2,320
2,620
2,740
2,540
2,490
2,510
2,550
2,530
2,450
2,320
2,62)
2,670
2,413
2,410
2,413
2,290
2,590
2,740
2,380
2,230
2,300
2.480
75,550
2,518
2,920
2.010
2,720
2,450
2,490
2,460
1,490
1,510
2,360
2,230
2,300
2,520
2,560
2,180
1,890
1,890
1,680
1,630
2,150
1,970
1,450
1,920
1,700
1,920
2,070
2,030
1,980
1,980
2,100
2,290
2,170
1,660
I^c -\
• 33 J
63,100
2,035
2,720
1,353
1,300
1,310
1,190
1.100
868
934
1,060
982
982
982
950
974
1,080
1,060
1,060
1,040
1,010
1,030
1,120
987
976
1,120
1,060
1,090
1,030
1,070
1,040
1,120
1,180
1,020
Q **A
" OD
32,741
1,0,56
1,310
868
1,070
983
990
968
951
897
768
816
980
987
923
919
900
737
979
395
816
664
1 , 020
998
957
825
721
780
1,070
1,290
1,280
1.180
1.040
992
28,601
953
1.290
721
Note. — Not for publication.
-------
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT UF INTERIOR - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY - WATER RESOURCES DIVISION
ST. CROIX RIVER AT BARING, MAINE
DRAINAGE AREA
DAY
NO. 01021000
1370.000 SC MI
DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND, HATER YEAR OCTQtiEk 19o9 TO SEPTEMBER 1970
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
1 2,120
2 2,630
3 2,350
4 2,620
5 2,330
6 * 2,110
7 2,260
3 2,400
9 2,560
10 2,480
11 2,510
12 2,430
13 2,090
14 2,390
15 2,400
16 2,440
17 2,180
18 2,510
19 2.3P.O
20 ' 2,250
21 2,340
22 2,510
23 2*130
24 2,520
25 2,500
26 2,500
27 2,480
28 2,400
29 1,910
30 1.970
1,920
1,910
1,900
2,090
2,490
3,990
5,040
5,160
4,690
4,710
4,090
3,540
3,810
3,220
3,J20
3,370
3,250
3,160
2,660
2,730
2,560
2,790
2,690
2,650
2,c30
2,290
2*490
1,910
1,900
l',900
31 1,960
TOTAL 72,660 90,*>eO
MEAN 2,344
MAX 2,630
MIN 1,910
CAL YR 1969 TOTAL
WTR YR 1970 TOTAL
3*019
5,160
1,900
987,
1*210,
1,790
1,870
1,640
1,870
1,950
1,960
1, 9tO
1,650
1,910
2,730
3,770
6,270
6,240
5,?. 1C
4,100
4,o90
3,750
2,430
2»ri90
2,690
2,970
-,140
•;. ,310
3 , 2^0
4,1<50
4 , 1 f. C
H , 890
3 »C6o
9.39C
8.3PC
7^ n f\
,uOC
125,740
4,C5fc
9,390
I,t40
5,800
4,700
4,000
3,500
?,OOC
2,700
i,6!iO
2,660
2,77C
2,750
2,550
2 *4"iO
2,540
209C
2,710
2,170
t- ,860
2 ,340
2 »*?0
2,390
< ,470
i. i.}<50
'e. , 5 '> 0
2 » 3 4 C
?,200
2,A1C
2,310
2,110
2,230
2,2*0
1-5,760
2 ,766
5,300
2,110
246 MEAN 2,705
HOO "-I
•AN 3,317
2,560
2,360
3,320
9,900
13,000
11,000
1-1,400
7,400
7,030
5,500
4, 100
5,700
7,600
7,600
7,400
6,500
5,400
3,50J
2,460
2,520
2,600
2 t 54 J
2,070
3, 160
2,540
2,500
2,740
2,740
144,910
5,175
13,000
2, Jf'J
MAX 10
MAX 13
2,740
2,410
2,890
2,890
2,490
2,8oO
2,460
2,4?0
2,"r?0
2,970
2,7*0
2,7?0
2,810
?. iZ'jQ
2,9bO
2,900
2,9->0
2 , 9 c C
2,3>-C
2,710
2,9r-0
2 , r>c 0
2,?/C
2,<-0
2, 5 JO
2,440
3,450
4 , 1 2 0
7,100
•',700
;->, 0*1 1
6, ^t»u
'. , o 8 0
••t MC
1«»3,240
4,773
f , ?OC
^,900
.ess
1,100
5,010
4,450
5,030
5,070
5,610
6,070
6,010
6,30')
• 5 , 840
to,,:>frO
3,4; ;i
3,410
0,720
l) , 4 4 (j
lO.A.OO
lo'.Pf'O
10,200
10,1 00
•1,970
7,6<«0
6,190
4',3(.0
'i , 0 7 0
i t Q • : o
3/\ r r.
, • J .' L
19/.220
'i, 201
10,600
2,^0u
3,130
3, 330
3,150
2.S2.0
2,340
2, '.-40
2,710
? , ? h 0
2, MO
2,420
.2,*bC
2, -55';
7,060
6,050
4,'ilO
2.S6C
1, HO
2,^50
? • 250
2,130
2,:»/«w
? , 1 0 "
1,68C
1 , T ? i-1
i , 750
1,(.?C
1.67C
l,7dC
1,730
i,7bC
7d,S70
2,63/>
7,060
1,630
1,740
1,740
1,740
1,290
1,100
1,770
1,690
1,700
1,690
1,680
1,7'jrO
1 , 7G()
2.C40
2, 6VO
2,820
2,?CO
1 ,7 '-10
2, I TO
2,150
?,1«0
1,910
l,7ftO
1,7MO
1,7?0
1,620
l^^O
1,600
1,620
1,600
1,600
1 '\ 7 rt
1 t ^ i U
5f,,070
1,809
^,820
1,100
1,430
1,270
1,720
1,850
1,840
1,670
1,870
1,870
1,850
1,590
1,H30
1,820
1,790
1,830
1,740
1,«30
1,760
1,650
1,P50
1,860
1 , 89-:
1 , 93'1
2,370
1,290
1,290
1,620
1,S50
2 , r> 3 0
2,410
2,2bO
56,300
1,816
2,530
1,270
2,530
2, 6>60
2,660
2,610
2,510
2,620
4,4->U
5,210
3,400
3.72C
3,110
2 , ? 6 0
2,3?0
1 »TJ')
2,210
2.51C
2,0^0
2,170
?,210
2.3SO
2,290
2,350
1,410
1,780
2,360
2,060
2.U60
1,950
1 , ? 0 0
1,74^,
75,6^0
2,522
5,210
1,410
-------
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR - GEOLOGICAL SURVEY - fcATER RESOURCES CIVISICH
ST. CROIX RIVER AT 8ARING, MAINE
DAY
OCT
DRAINAGE AREA
DISCHARGE, IN CUBIC FEET PER SECOND, WATER YEAR OCTOBER 1968 TO SEPTEMBER 1969
* NOV DEC JAN FEB MR APR MAY JUN JUL
NO. 1-C210.00
1390.000 SQ MI
ALG
SEP
I 1> 1 30
2 1,110
3 1,100
4 1,CRO
5 l.icr
6 93?
7 1,140
8 1 ,000
9 832
10 787
11 863
12 1,100
13 851
14 1,030
15 962
16 738
17 660
iq 791
19 1,220
2* 1,200
21 1,2^
2? 1,150
?3 1,OK
24 l.nic
25 936
26 1,030
27 989
?8 9C5
29 <*82
30 l,*Cr
887
887
937
732
8C8
995
617
1,0?0
•343
855
780
422
974
2.17C
I, 950
2,050
1,77"
1 ,640
2,120
2.C90
2,050
1,80-0
1 ,960
1,97"
2,"> 30
1.65C
I ,990
1,760
1,«4*
I ,720
31 844 —
TOTAL 3°,5P3 43,807
MEAN 98:7
"AX 1,300
MIN 660
CAL YP 1968 TOTAL
WTR YP 1969 TOTAL
1 ,460
2,170
617
898,440
861,016
1,660
1,490
1,290
1,320
2,?40
2,630
2,900
3,24?
2,980
2,680
2,460
1,823
?,roo
2,130
3,150
5, ISO
6,410
4,920
4,320
3,560
3,030
2,960
2,<»60
2,440
2,500
2,770
2,690
2,B7C
2,8K
2,640
23 1 *\
, 31"
•38,360
2,850
6,410
1,290
2,460
2,58C
2,48C
2,200
2,360
2,470
2,650
2,680
2,3^0
2,440
2,630
2,630
2,480
2,470
2,520
2,3^0
2,410
1,840
1,920
1,870
1,850
1,540
1,790
1,740
1,940
1 ,55C
1,740
2,040
1,780
1,570
14. Q f*
,oH'
67,00^
2,161
2,6S"
1, 540
MFAN 2,45)5
MEAN 2,359
1,790
1,880
1,660
1.B1*
1,920
1,780
1,67C
1,660
1,720
1,660
1,990
2,160
1,820
1 ,960
1,980
1,9K
1,930
1,990
2,010
1.93C
2,C^r
?, 120
1,890
1,90"
1,930
2,12C
1,930
2.C30
53, 190
1 , 90f,
2,160
1,660
MAX 3,
MAX 10,
1,740
1 ,950
1,890
2,090
2.C30
1,850
1 ,980
1,990
2 ,040
2, 11C
1,790
1 ,9b<^
2,010
1 ,83C
i.aac
1 ,890
2 H080
2,13C
1 ,330
2,0«0
1 ,850
2,060
1 ,72T
2,110
2,200
2 ,690
3,120
3,190
3,430
4,27C
A rt 1 r,
t 1 ' 1U
69,820
2,2!>2
4,270
1,720
170 MIN
50C MIN
3,61C
4,370
3,540
3,920
3,830
3.81C
3,770
3,73C
3,380
4,300
3,310
6,250
6,410
6,h30
7.C9C
7.8SO
3,25C
9,5^0
ir.brc
?,83C
8,080
6,9ir
7,180
8,4 1C
8,74C
8,e>ao
7,53C
6 , 30C
5,730
4,860
188,200
6,273
lessor
3.38C
617
617
4,C9C
3i730
3,52C
3,180
3,150
3,100
2 ,970
2,830
2,760
2,69C
2,U6C
1 ,76C
2,550
?,74C
2,580
2,070
2.23C
1,72C
1,92C
2,r«jO
2,360
•2,160
2,270
2,170
2,28C
2,080
1,930
2,070
1 ,80C
1,820
ID drt
, O S'J
77,300
2,494
4,090
1,720
1.99C
1,930
1,54C
1,810
1,650
U61C
1 , 330
1.73C
1,25C
1,650
1,730
1,640
1,48C
1,690
1,630
1, 5ir
1 ,460
1,62C
1,6K
l,4bG
1,400
1,340
1,530
1,570
1.61C
1,640
1,48C
1,750
1,760
1,510
47,910
1,597
'1,990
1,25C
1,43C
1,860
1,250
698
778
1.45C
1,420
1,44C
1,62C
1,510
i.cer.
1.25C
1,410
2,210
2,36C
1,940
1,970
l,9«C
1,93<:
1,270
1,26C
1 ,2 30
1,310
1,5CO
1,47C
l,TtC
1,9EC
2,010
1,830
l.SCO
1 Q £O
It" Cw
49,086
1,5£3
2.36C
6S8
1,780
1.92C
2,030
2.14C
2,7dC
2.81C
2,7EC
2,420
1.64C
2,07C
1,9£C
2,040
1,780
1,87C
2,120
2, QIC
2,090
l.SCC
1,9«C
1,870
1.9AC
2,05C
1.92C
2,C£C
1,85C
1.7SC
1,970
2,34C
1.8CO
1,960
5 5 "r
£ 1 £. i\j
65,OSC
2, ICC
2, 8 1C
1,78C
1.46C
1,360
2,170
2,230
1,970
l.SSC
2,230
2,090
2,3CO
4, 64C
5.76C
5,030
4,550
3,46C
2, 360
2,4CC
2,460
2,370
2,520
2,560
2.61C
2,460
2,520
2,760
2,480
2.C6C
2,420
2,580
2,360
2,480
80,670
2,689
5,780
1,360
Not for publication
-------
Ul
ST. CROIX RIVER AT BARING, MAINF
DAY
DRAINAGE AREA
NO. 1-0213.DC
1390.000 SU HI
DISCHARGE, IN CFS, HATER YEAR OCTOBER 1967 TO SEPTEMBER 1968
OCT
NOV
DEC
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
1
2
3
4
5
6 _
7
fc
e
9
1C
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
I
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
TOTAL
MFAN
MAX
MIN
CAL YR
rfTR YR
4,950
5,330
4,220
3,820
3,380
3,220
2,320
2,320
2,050
i,*r?
1,91C
2,180
1,940
2,090
1,620
1,86?
1,60C
U56C
1,650 '
1,210
It290
1,330
1,250
1,060
1,3"0
1 ,480
1,410
1,6"0
1,550
1,510
1,530
1,410
1,380
1,420
1,540
1,810
2,140
1,730
1,490
1,340
1,380
1,410
1,220
1,290
1,33?
1,010
1,?20
1,250
1,330
1,370
1,390
1,230
1,260
1,441
2,750
2,431
2,730
2.5BO
2,680
2,630
2,840
66,240 51,130 K
2,137
5,330
1,160
1967: TOTAL
1968: TOTAL
1,704
2,840
i,no
819,616
959,240
2,410
2,330
1,850
2,520
3,?30
2.P40
2,691
2,B3?
2,61?
2,fl"0
2,420
3,o?o
3,95i
3»fl9i
5,030
6,17?
5,86?
5,190
4,840
A t ^00
4,283
4,1??
3,750
2,760
2,7^0
3,190
? , 5??
2,9*0
2,800
2 ,4*. 3
2,210
5,130
3,393
hi I 7"
1.W50
2,300
2,280
2,710
2,710
2,780
2,94?
3,070
2,130
2,82?
2,980
2.75C
2,740
2 ,65"
3,000
2.82C
2.H20
2,750
3,120
3,040
_ -3 , 1 7?
2,89?
3,-?6?
3,030
?,15?
3,05?
2,990
3 »Cf?O
2,940
2,5*0
3,?0i
2,97?
8'8,30C 1
2,848
3,17?
2,130
MFAN ?,246
MEAN 2,618
3,010
2,840
4,30?
6,180
5,8*o
5,610
5,330
4, 950
4 , ?1O
4, IK
4, "5"
3,530
2 , 711
3,09"
2, 98?
2,890
2,99"
3,110
',780
2
151 M
170 M
5,750
6,20?
5,77?
^ • tt *^ ft
A Q IK ft
5,430
5,160
5,0gi
5 , 1 1?
4,771
5,260
5,^7"
5,?*"
5,330
5,23?
5,970
7,'*2"
3,17i
7,6?i
6,29i
5,760
S,(S7i
5,RK
5,28"
5,*60
7,4H
^,fr?i
6,4B1
5,490
4,240
173, B90
5,706
3,171
4,240
IN 788
IN 743
3,490
3,000
2,690
2,950
2,670
2,94?
2,930
2,891
2,770
2,750
• 2,680
2,20r
2,490
2,350
2,56?
2,59?
2,49?
2,69?
2,760
2,89")
3 j'1?1*
3,12?
?,39C
2,77?
?,65?
2,640
',641
?, 1 11
2,440
2,631
2,45^
84,270
2,718
3,491
2,111
2,fc«n
2,71?
2,710
2,580
2,53?
2,53?
2,5Rf
2»M ?
?,6K
?,540
2,510
2,370
2 ,?60
2,?40
1,97?
1,910
1 ,36?
1,90C
1,73"
1,740
1,93!"
?» 25r
?, IP?
1,37"
ItTir
2, "40
l,9?0
1,790
2 , ifer
1,99?
66,12"
2,2?4
2,71"
l,7K
2,070
1,890
2,033
1,120
1,630
2,160
2,060
1,560
1,490
1,490
1,450
1,300
1,480
1,660
1,453
1,350
1,333
1.26C
1,240
1,233
1,250
1,220
1,320
1,240
1,640
1,500
1,240
1.3CO
1,210
1,210
1,193
45,570
1,470
2.160
1,120
1,460
1,503
1,630
1,620
1,500
1,680
1,360
1,363
1,610
1,613
1,450
1,320
1,413
1,370
l,2bO
1,270
1,290
1,280
1,323
1,343
1.3U3
1,483
913
1,010
1,083
96C
1,353
1,110
974
1,11C
935
43,659
1*312
1,683
913
1,170
818
743
1,120
919
1.1CC
I.C6C
1,C80
1,130
1,120
915
1.1CO
1,060
1,250
1,260
i.cec
1, 11C
1,190
1, 160
1,180
1,210
1.C9C
1.C90
1,C5C
I, CSC
1.04C
1,110
I.C9C
1.C50
996
32,361
1.C79
1,260
743
-------
APPENDIX B
-------
ST. CROIX RIVER
AUGUST 1972
TIME OF TRAVEL STUDY
WOODLAND TO MILLTOWN, MAINE
On August 5, 1972 EPA Region I personnel and Coastal Research
Coporation, Lincoln, Massachusetts, conducted a time of travel study
on the St. Croix River. The study area was from the Georgia-Pacific
Coporation mill in Woodland, Maine to the International Bridge at
Milltown, Maine-New Brunswick. Using fluorometric techniques, EPA
personnel measured dye concentrations at the railroad bridge in Baring,
Maine and Milltown Bridge. In conjunction with this, Coastal Research
Coporation, Lincoln, Massachusetts, traced the dye path using multispectral
aerial photographic techniques.
During the study river flows as measured at the Baring gage ranged
from 2480 cubic feet per second (cfs) to 2700 cfs (See Table B-l). These
flows are approximately 43% higher than the flows encountered during the
1970 study, and 52% higher than the monthly mean August flow based on
five years of record including 1972, and 5.4 times higher than the
established l-in-10-year, 7-day low flow of 480 cfs.
Also during this time, the dam at Woodland, Maine was being repaired.
The construction activities created a continual sediment discharge into
the Canadian side of the St. Croix River which could be traced many miles
downstream.
At 0740, hours, the EPA crew injected a ten gallon slug of Rhodamine
B dye 20 feet downstream fro the defoaming lagoon outfall at Georgia-
Coastal Research Corporation, "Interpretation Report - Aerial
Photography of Dye Dispersion and Characteristics of the St. Croix
River, Lincoln, Mass.: Coastal Research Corp., 1972 (Xeroxed).
B-l
-------
TABLE B-l
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
BI-HOURLY FLOWS AT BARING DURING DYE STUDY
Time
(Hours)
0600
'0800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
Flow
(cfs)
2470
2480
2480
2620
2700
2700
2700
2690
2700
B-2
-------
Pacific Corporation. Approximately 1.25 hours later, aerial
reconnaissance showed that the leading edge and major concentration
of dye was at Bailey Rips. Approximately 4.5 hours after the dye was
introduced, the peak concentration passed the railroad bridge at Baring,
Maine. Aerial photographs showed that at 1400 hours, the leading edge
was leaving Baring Basin. At 1720 hours, the leading edge arrived at
Milltown Bridge. The peak arrived at Milltown at 1840 hours. Figures B-l
and B-2 are representations of the dye patterns.
The dye and sediment confirmed previous assumptions that the St. Croix
River from Woodland to Baring could be considered three distinct and
separate streams for modeling purposes. Aerial photographs showed that
the dye hugged the U. S. bank and sediment lay along the Canadian bank
while midstream was relatively unaffected. These conditions persisted
until Baring Rapids. At the Baring railroad bridge, the dye was mixing
across the entire river. Following the rips at Baring, visual observations
indicated rapid lateral mixing. By the time the dye passed Milltown Bridge,
lateral diffusion was nearly uniform.
B-3
-------
2.5
2.0 -
OB
O.
O.
ON
CONCENTRAT
b
0
bi
*
0.0
TJ
o
c
a
m
a
O
A
i
6
8
TIME IN HOURS
SC4U UNITED STATES
SC4C CANADA
SCO 4 MIDSTREAM
TIME OF TRAVEL STUDY
GEORGIA-PACIFIC CORP. TO BARING (TRANSECT SC04)
DYE CONCENTRATION VS. ELAPSED TIME
10
-------
0.75
0.60-
00
0.
Q.
Z 0.45-
O
H
0 V
3
5
c
a
m
0
o
- SC5U UNITED STATES
— SC5C CANADA
— SCO 5 MIDSTREAM
10
12
i
13
14
TIME IN HOURS
TIME OF TRAVEL STUDY
GEORGIA-PACIFIC CORP. TO MILLTOWN (TRANSECT SC05)
DYE CONCENTRATION VS. ELAPSED TIME
15
fO
-------
APPENDIX C
-------
NOTE:
"J" denotes approximate value
"K" actual value known to be less than value shown
"L" actual value known to be more than value shown
01
-------
\
SCKU
s 1(3 00.0 067 2* 25.0
?3 MA IHE
NOKTHtAST
SI CVUIX
llllrft-.il
2
2111204
0999 FEET DEPTH
i
PTVF&
SYSTEM
0119001
TI
III
IV
VI
VII VIII
IA
XI
All
FROM DAM AT KFLLYLANf), MAINE NEArt USGS GAGE.
0 U 0 1 0
OATF
TO
7VOP/09
7?/0«/H
7?/01/l4
OF
DAY FFFT
CtNT
11 ?S 000?
11 IS ooni
10 AS 0001
11 OS 0001
11 IS 0001
11 40 0001
??.o
21 .S
?0.0
.?0.0
r-0.0
20.0
V|070
ru^H
JKSN
• TU
OOOHO
COLOrt
PT-ro
UNITS
00299
UU
PKO^F
M(i/L
• 00310
HUO
S DAY
MVi/L
10 is ooo?
19.0
0.7
0.7
O.f
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.0
50
4S
4S
5')
4b
45
50
6.2
7.2
-8.4
8.2
8.2
8.3
8.4
00400
su
J1501
TOT COL I
MF1MENDO
/100ML
1 • 2K
1.2K
1.2K
l.?K
1 «'5?K
l.?K
6.«o
6.50
6. HO
6.30
6.30
6.60
2500
1600
2200
1600
l.i
6.40
1200
31616
COL I
Mf-M-FCBR
/100ML
2
2K
2K
6
OublS
OftTF
TO
orpTH
OF
OAY FFFT f Mli/L
1 I ?S 000?
11 IS OOOl ?1
10 4S O0')l /?7
11 OS 0001 ?9
11 IS OOOl ?)
II 46 OOOl 10
10 ^S 000? 39
FIX FLT
Md/L
00-^30
KtSl'lUK
TOT uFLT
MG/L
U
11
OOS40
KtSloUK
FIX ,MFLT
*tt/L
U
0.4
1
3
0.4
1
1
OUS45
KF.S1MUE
SET1LMLE
ML/L
0 1027
CwUMlUM
CU»TOT
UG/L
*
01042 01067 01092 01050
COPPE* NICKFL ZINC LEAD
CUtTOT NI.TOTAL ZN»TOT PB»SUSP
UG/L UG/L UG/L UG/L
-------
PfY/FP
SYSTFM
0119001
II
scni
4b 10 02.0 067 2<* 18.0
23 MA I IMF.
NOHTrltttST
ST CKUIX
llllHtbl
2
ITI
VII VIII
IX
XI
2111204
0999 FEET
DEPTH
XII
DESCRIPTION
OATF
pu>OM
TO
OI
H* 1 1 Kit AT "tfOoDLAND JUNCTION* MAINE.
PIVtH SURVEY.
OF
HOY
10 AO 000?
7?/0«/09 10 '*5 000?
1* 1(0 'Hi'I?
7?/OV10 10* li "00?
14 ?5 000?
10 ?0 000?
1<* 50 000?
10 ?5 0{lO?
i& <;o ooo?
7?/Ofl/n 10 15 000?
'11 00 000?
10 oo'oi)o?
lu IS TOO?
?0.0
?o.n
.^0.0
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.9
1.1
0.6
0.7
45
45
45
50
45
45
5
5.1
6.8
6.7
7.0
6.9
7.4
7.5
6.8
6.6
6.4
1.2K
1.2K
1.2K
1.2K
1.2K
00400
Pn
SU
6.70
6.30
6.30
6.60
6.60
6.bO
6.UO
6.60
0.80
6.bO
6. HO
31501
TOT COL I
MFIMENIV)
/100ML
420
1400
440
900
2500
750
1400
31616
FEC COLI
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
10K
H
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
6.6
6.90
00515
rtHTf TI'-'F O^Pf1-1 wFSlfnJF (•
F^H''
Tn
7?/0«/OP
73/00/09
7?/0«/10
73/oq/H
7?/0«/l?
7?/0«/ll
7?/OB/l4
OF
OAY
10
to
10
10
10
10
11
nos?5
^•^IOUF. «VK
00=130 OOStO 00545 010?7
SIOUF. KFSli)UE rtESiOUt: CAOMIUM
OTSS-105 FTX FLT TOT "IFLT FIX NFLT SETILBLE CU«TOT
F
40
'45
05
?0
'5
•^5
00
•e-FT C
ooo?
000?
000?
OOP?
ooo?
ooo?
000?
MCi/L
36J
!'•»
41
30
52
41
20
MG/L
11J
S
39
26
30
y
1«
MCi/L
U
H
1
3
1
0.4
1
MG/L
U
0
0
ML/L UG/L
U
0
.2
3
.5
0
.1
01042 01067 01092 01050
COHPtrt NICKFL ZINC LEAD
CU»TOT NItTOTAL ZN»TOT PBtSUSP
UG/L UG/L UG/L UG/L
-------
7J/OH/1'-)
HS 09 2b.O 067 23 bo.O
2.'J MAINE
NtVTHfcAST
ST CHOIX
D
2
2111204
0999 FEET DEPTH
SYST'"'
nil
II
ill
VIM
U
XI
h(){) FT IVSrwKAM FKOM THf HF.F04M1NK LAGOON OUTFALL AT GEORGIA-PACIFIC
COHH.. b FT fKU.-l U.S.a. BANK NtAH DU^NSIHEAM tDoE OF "GUNME11 SLOPE
•Y,
PHOTFCTIO,! f-OK DFFUAMIMR LAGoONt -WOODLANO* M
LMfiOO'-J« U.S.A. HA.vin. •» ng
7?/op/nq 10
7?/0«»/10 10
79/OH/l? 11
7?/oR/i3 in
75>/r»p/i<, fm
FFFT
43
?l
?S
40
10
00
30
SO
F
A3
'1
?S
in
no
30
noo
nno
000
000
000
1
1
1
1
1
00010
••JATF-y
Tc.MP
CtHT
20. S
21. S
21.^
21.0
21. S
20. S
0001 .b S-)
l.rt So
.1.2 <»••>
2.0 S'l
l.r> 4S
0.9 30
2.1 SO
4*
^0^2S OOS30
iVP^lOUK ^hSMUF
HX FLT TOT "iFLT
MG/L Mii/L
1 11
:* 3
52 S
00299
UO
Pr«0»nf
MG/L
7.
7.
ft.
6.
(10540
PF.iiluUt
FIX NFL
MG/L
00310 00400
HUlJ PM
5 UAY
MU/L bU
7 1.2 6.BO
2
9
8 2.0
l.?K #
OnS4b 01027
HtblDUh. CADMIUM
r SFFTL^LF. -Cl)«TOT
ML/L UG/L
31501 31616
TOT COL1 KEC COL I
MFlMENUU MFM-FCBR
/100ML /100ML
2200 20
490 2
2200 56
1000 4
2000 2
01042 010ft7 01092
COPPtK NICKFL ZINC
CU»TOT NltTOTAL 2N»TOT
UG/L UG/L UG/L
01050
LF.AfJ
Prt.SUSP
UG/L
10
0001 3? 12 2
000
000
1
\
3n
37
Ib 1
?2 2
0.
1
3
1
2
1
-------
-fare-
sc?c
4b QV 21.0 067 2.1 42.0
?3 MAINE
(19)Sf.CKOlA RIVF.K
1U1KLG1
2
2111204
0000 FEET
DEPTH
DESCRIPTION
STATION LOCATED 500 YA*n<> HELOW DISCHARGE 1/4 WAY OFF CANAIJIAN BANK.
FQ IN 1970 As PWT OF THf UNITED STATES CANADA JOINT ST. CHOIX
SUKVFY.
O«TF
F^O*
TO
OF
09 45 0001
09 JO 0001
7?/0«/lO Ov 09 0001
09 )S 0001
09 15 0001
14 15 0001
09 40 0001
75>/0«/14 10 05 0001
7?/OP/15 09 05 0001
14 05 0001
00010
OFPTH WATFW
TfMP
CENT
?i.s
xi. o
20.0
?o.o
19.5
?o.o
?o.o
20.5
20.0
?0.»
00070
00(180
JTU
14.0
9.h
4.1
6.6
U.b
l.J
0.9
pT-ro
UNITS
50
50
40
45
45
00
Mii/L
7.7
6.8
7.0
6.8
6.6J
6.9
7.0
6.8J
00310
HOD
> DAY
Mu/L
1.2
1.2K
K2K
1.2K
00400
Ph
SU
6.60
6.10
6.10
6.90
6.20
6.MO
6.70
o.bO
6.40
6.60
31501 31616
TOT COLI FEC COLI
MFIMENDO MFM-FCB*
/100ML /100ML
1100
10000
1000
1600
2100
1300
940
10K
2K
2
4
4
10
10
DAT*
F"OM
TO
OOS15
THE OFPTH PFS1IJUF
77/00/09
7P/OP/1?
7J»/Ofl/j4
OAY
09
09
09
09
09
10
09
45
10
00
15
15
40
05
05
0001
OOOI
"001
0001
0001
OOOI
0001
0001
Mi»/L
005*5
HFC; I DUE
FIX FLT
MR/L
TOT MFLf
M6/L
00540
RESIDUE
FIX NFLT
M(i/L
47
1
30
23
17
.1
10
9
1
3
1
9
8
9
0
2
1
Oil545 01027 01042
RESIDUE CADMIUM COHHEK
SETILhLE CD»TOT CU«TuT
ML/L UG/L UG/L
01067 01092 01050
NICKF.L ZINC LEAD
NltTOTAL ZNtTOT Pd«SUSP
UG/L UG/L UG/L
-------
STOPF.T RETRIEVAL OATF 73/05/15
SC02
45 09 21.0 067 23 43.0
?3 MAINE
(01)NORTHEAST
(19)ST.CROIX RIVER
2111204
0000 FEET
DEPTH
DESCRIPTION
STATION LOCATED 500 YARDS BELOW DISCHARGE MIDPOINT IN RIVER.
ESTABLISHED IN 1970 AS PART OF THE UNITED STATES CANADA JOINT ST. CROIX
RIVER SURVEY.
DITF
fvOM
TO
7?/OB/0«
75VOP/09
7?/0«/lO
7^/OP/l l
77/00 / l ?
7?/0**/j 1
7?/ 09/1 4
7?/ 03/15
HATF
paow
TO
7?/0 fl/0"
7?/0 Q/09
7''/fll"/l 0
7?/0 q/ 1 1
7?/Oq/l?
72/OR/l 3
TP/OP/ i*»
TJMF rjrpTH
OF
TAY
09
09
09
09
00
14
09
10
09
14
fl'Ji
OF
PAY
09
09
OS»
09
09
09
10
FFET
?o oooi
15 0001
05 "001
17 0001
40
17 0001
44 0001
IT) 0001
Ofl 0001
07 0001
C DFPTH
FCFT
?0 0001
1^ 0001
05 0001
17 0001
40
44 0001
10 0001
oe noo \
00010
WAFER
TtwP
CENT
21.5
21.0
20.0
20 .0
1^.5
20.0
?0.0
21.0
20.0
20.0
00515
DFSII.'UF
OTSS-105
C MG/L
11
21
13
23
44
34
SO
*.ft
00070
JKSN
.ITU
19.0
2.0
3.0
3.3
2.6
0.8
1.3
1.1
00525
RFSIOUF
FIX FLT
MG/L
9
11
32,
25
Ib
13
Tlti
000«0
COLf)R
PT-CO
UNITS
50
50
50
50
45
45
50
45
00510
RESIOUE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
16
2
4
7
4
2
.i
3
00299
uo
PROHE
MG/L
5.5
6.6
6.9J
6.5J
6.1J
7.1J
6.8
6.7J
00540
RESIDUE
FIX NFLT
MG/L
16
1
3
6
4
1
2
2
00310
BOQ
5 DAY
MG/L
1.2K
1.2K
1.2K
1.2K
1 .2K
1.2K
1.3
1.2K
00545
RESIOUE
SETTLHLE .
ML/L
00400
Ph
SU
6.50
6.20
6.00
6.90
6.30
6.60
6.40
6.60
6. SO
6.70
01027
CADMIUM
CDtTOT
UG/L
31501
TOT COLI
MFIMLNDO
/100ML
1600
1800
2900
1000
1000
3100
2800
920
01042
COPPER
CU»TOT
UG/L
31616
FEC COLI
MFM-FCHR
/100ML
10K
2K
800
2
2
2K
2K
12
010ft7 01092
NICKEL ZINC
NI. TOTAL ZN»TOT
UG/L UG/L
01050
LEAD
PBfSUSP
UG/L
-------
SC2U
It's 09 20.0 067 23 «S«X>
Sf Ct*ti£*
21U20*
4999 FCEf OEMS*
SVSfFM II IH
vii
XI
XII
DESCRIPTION
TO
77/nn/u
500 FT OOv/NSTKEAM FROM THE OEFOAMING* LAGUON OUTFALL AT GEORGIA-PACIFIC
C&PP.»l\NO 50 FT. Ft»0* THE U.S.A. BANK* HOODLANDt MAlTME.
TO
OF
^Y FFET
09 10 >1001
IS 10 0001
09 07 10*)1
09 ?0 0001
14 ?0 nnoo
09 45 0001
tb ?i) 0001
09 46 "001
10 IS ftOOJ
09 10 noil
14 10 0001
TT*'F OPPTH
OF
HAY FFT.T
1)9 07 0001
09 9Q OOD1
09 45 0001
09 46 0001
10 15 0001
09 10 0001
00010
TE«P
CiiNT
?6.0
?3.5
31.0
30.0
31. S
32.0
?«.n
32.0
?R.fl
OOS15
OFSIIUIF
OISS-105
r M&/L
5*i ^
4<4V
4^1
0^1
399
526
00070
IKSN
.ITU
35,0
2S.O
3.4
6.6
. J.4
42.0
7*. 5
0052-,
KP'JIOUf-
FI» FLT
MG/L
436
3i£b
?78
570
29*
350
oonso
COLrtR
PT-CO
UNITS
500
750
1250
7SO
1250
750
1000
OOS30
KfcSiOUF
TOT NFLT
MG/L
1H
3>»
42
44
4?
64
00?99
PH04E
6.0
S.2J
€.6
6.0
4.2J
7.1.
5.3J
4.1
5.7
6.2J ,
00540
RF.SIUUE
FIX NFLT
MG/L
7
22
1"9
17
15
25
00310
ttOO
5 OAlf
MU/L
40.0
50.0
RO.O
128.0
190.0
130.0
110.0
00545
RESIOUE
SETILBLE
ML/L
00400
PH
SU
5.90
7.90
6.30
12.30
9.20
9.iO
8.80
9.t>0
7.10
7.20
6.70
01027
CADMIUM
CO t TOT
UG/L
31501
T01 COL1
MF1MENOO
/100MU
5400
13000
8000
27000
29000
4200
4000
01042
COPPER
CUfTOT
tJG/l
31616
FEC COL I
MFM-FCHR
/100ML
440
6900
20
90
50
240
520
01067 61092
NICKFL ZINC
NIi TOTAL ZNtTOT
UG/L UG/L
01050
LEAD
PBtSUSP
UG/L
-------
HFT*TF,VAL QATF 7J/OS/IS
SC4C
4b OS 03.0 067 19
J>3 MAINE
£040 FEET DEPT«
DESCRI'HJIDN
STATION LOCATE-a AT BALING -MAINE* 4)A rt«I00E» I/* MAY OFF CANADIAN BANK.
Itl WO AS PAUT OF THE UNffED STAfCS CANADA JOINT ST. CKOIX
f)*7F
TO
f; DFPTH
n? 4-5 ono?
0* Jfl 0:00?
79/1)«/1-0 07 S5
11 40 flOO?
Q-A 10 WflO?
11 55 r)'*'i?
f)« 10 000?
1? S55 "^00?
0« 45 000?
0« 55 noo?
0« 10
H 15
nafF TI»«F fJppTH
Ft>0u OF
TO n4V FFFT r MG/L
7'VflP/Ofl ft7 4s
7?/n«/nq fla 19 nno?
7?/OayiO 07 55 noo?
79/4i<»/]] ns 10 "00?
79/4a/1? OH 10 OQO?
79/OP/n rtft 45 100?
0* 55 000?
QH 10 ADO?
010
EW
M»
l«iT
?1.0
?0 . *5
??.'fl
^0.0
^l^n
I'J.O
ifl.S
IV. 0
21.9
?0 . 0
J'O.O
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31.0
SIS
UUF
-105
i/L
14
?4
74
ss
hV
41
41
60
TUW1
lit*
?.«
3.2
4.6
3.1
2.3
?«-o
2.«*
(?.H
OOS25
RfTSItlUE
FIX FLT
MG/L
14,
13
5b
40
30
17
36
34
UNITS
*«)
f>n
ffO
70
ftO
60
60
60
OOS30
«*tSII»UE
TOT NFLT
MG/L
2
4
4
5
3
2
4
4
5*
s.s
S.9
SVln7
6.2
-6-.5J
6.4
S.7J
€.6
•
€.9
7,0
7,3J
005^0
RESIDUE '
FIX NFLT
MG/L
0.1
2
2
5
2
1
2
2
00310
800
'a DA*
2-2
1.4
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.7
3.S
2.0
0054S
KES10UE
SETTL8LE
ML/L
00400
P-M
SU
6.30
6-30
6-50
ft. SO
6.60
6-70
ft. 60
6.VO
6. BO
6.90
6.60
6. HO
6.60
01027
CADMIUM
CO»TOT
UG/L
31501
TOT COLi
KFIMEMOO
/100ML
6900
2JOO
900
3600
9000
1100
01042
COPPEN
CUt TOT
UG/L
31616
FEC COLI
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
30
1000
30
50
20
10
-
01067
NICKFL
Nit TOTAL
UG/L
01092
2INC
ZNtTOT
UG/L
01050
LEAD
PBtSUSP
UG/L
-------
WETOTFVAt. OAT*" 73/0«5/15
SC04
4b 08 03.0 067 19 12.0
23 MAINE
miNUrfTtiEAST
U9!S» .CRQIX RIVEK
2111204
OOQO FEET DEPTH
DESCRIPTION
STATION LOCATED AT BASING MAINE* AT »« iWIOGE MIDPOINT IN HIVEH.
ESTABLISHED IN 1970 AS PAWT OF THE UNITED STATEb CANADA JOINT ST.CROIX
SURVEY.
nATF
rw*
TO
7?/o*/oe
7?/0«V09
7?/0«/10
72/0 vi i
7?/oq/i?
7?/o«>/n
7?/0»/14
7?/08/lS
n«TF
F«OM
ro
7?/0»/-0»
7?/no/o<»
7?/n«/10
7?/"o/H
7?/0"/l?
7?/o«/n
7?/Ofl/14
7?/Ofl/lS
TI"F flFpTH
OF
nAY FFFT
08 OS 100?
07 S5 0002
14 ?? 000?
07 40 000?
n is ooo?
07 AS 000?
11 SO flOO?
08 OS 000?
11 03 000?
i)« 40 000?
08 45 000?
OW 05 000?
13 13 000.?
Tp*F OFPTH
OF
nflv FFET
OM OS 000?
07 SS 000?
07 tO 000?
07 45 000?
on (>i lino?
11 OS 000?
on /«o ooo?
Ofl 45 TO*)?
OH OS 000?
00010
mAffW
TEMP
CENT
21.0
21.0
?,?..S
20.0
21.0
19*<)
21.0
19.0
20.0
20.0
?fl.O
19.0
22.0
OOblS
frFSlMUF
niSS-lOS
C Mb/L
SOJ
?1
4<>
66
71
45
39
66
62
00070
TUKH
JKSN
JTU
2.6
3.0
3.H
3.2
2.7
1.0
?.l
?.M
3.0
nos?s
Ht'sinuE
FIX FLT
MG/L
IbJ
12
?.J
3b
36
21
21
31
33
000*0
COLOH
PT-CO
UNITS
70
70
70
100
60
70
60
60
OOS30
KESiQUF
TOT ^IFLT
MG/L
4J
4
<*
6
o.s
0.5
3
3
5
00299
DO
P«0.*r:
MG/L
5.8
5.8
5.2J
6.1
6.5J
6.7
6.0J
6.2
7.3
6.5J
5.9
6.0J
00540
ftFSlOUE
FIX NFLT
MG/L
42
2
3
4
0.3
0.4
1
1
3
00310
«00
5 DAY
MG/L
2.6
£.0
2.8
3.4
2.8
3,&
2.6
2.7
00545
MESIOUE '
SETTLBLE
ML/L
00400
PH
SU
6.30
6.40
6.60
6.60
6.60
6.50
6.tiO
6.90
6.70
6.60
' 6.60
6.90
6.60
010?7
CADMIUM
CD* TOT
UG/L
J1501
TOT COLI
MFIMENOO
/100ML
3000
1800
~!—^ .
3400
2600
2000
2700
5000
4100
01042
COPPER
CUt TOT
UG/L
31616
FEC COLI
MFM-FCBR
/100ML
60
70
170
220
66
*
100
24
22
01067 01092
NICKEL ZINC
M, TOTAL ZN.TOT
UG/L UG/L
01050
LEAD
P8»SUSP
UG/L
-------
ST03F.T «KT>* OH
7?/flH/0'i 07
14
7?/0,FPT« Wftlf'*
FS>- T CEMT
JS
40
IS
IS
V)
IS
'»S
ss
AS
IS
10
ss
10
IS
40
IS
IS
^5
IS
i°
000^ ?}-.<)
•on n? /• 1 . i
'i o o ** ^* 3 . 0
**0^? I'O.S
njiri? ??.')
Of.:.>» 19. S
'in*.* ?'?.'>
000** l^.S
000? ?y».0
OflO? ' ?II.O
ona? ?.o.o
0 0 0 ? ?i) . 0
000? ??.ft
0051S
^rpfM oKSlliUF
nfSb-lOS
rcFf C MG/L
noo? fSJ
003? 51
000? 77
000? «S
001? 04
100? *>/
no^v^ KO
'lOO^ 7«.
JKSN
.ITU
2.V
1.3
4.V
»?.ri
3.3
2.8
3.2
3.4
noS?S
HFSIOt'K
FIX FLT
MQ/4-
33 J
?.6
51
67
S3
43
2^
COLDH
fT-CO
UNI rs
mo
100
100
ISO
ISO
100
100
lot)
OOH30
KKSIftUF
TOT NFLT
MG/L
7J
4
H
H
2
6
6
00*99
UU
"ii,/i
5*6
5.3
5.1J
5.4
5.4J
€.2
5.4J
5.8
5.9
5.8
6.1
6.0J
00540
HESiOUE
FIX AlFLT
MG/L
4J
1
U
6
0.1 '
2
2
00310
4UO
Mu/L
5.8
4.6
6.3
6.1
8.0
9.0
1.5
5.4
0054b
HESIOUE
SETTLBLE
ML/L
00400
PH
SU
6. HO
6.40
6.60
6. SO
6.60
6.70
7.20
6. HO
6.60
6.70
6.60
6. BO
6.90
01027
CADMIUM
CD, TOT
UG/L
31501
TOT COLT
/100ML
7900
4300
640t)
4600
3100
50V 0
7400
3400
01042
COW£rt
CUfTOT
WG/L
3i^l*
FEC COL I
/iOOML
190
80
2400
210
ISO
700
170
110
01067 01092
NICKEL ZINC
NI* TOTAL ZN.TOT
UG/L UG/L
01050
LEAD
PBtSUSP
UG/L
-------
SCOb
45 10 1Z.O 067 17 51.0
23 MAINE
NOkTHtAST
5T CRUIX HIVER
1111KEG1 2111204
2 0999 FEET
DEPTH
RIVF.R
SYSTFM
INDEX 0119001
001*.?7
II
III
IV
VI
VII VIII
IX
XI
XII
DESCRIPTION
MIDPOINT IN RIVER AT RHIDGE
*IVF.R SURVEY.
MAINE - MILLTOWN. NEW BRUNSWICK
OATF
FROM
TD
7P/OP/QP
7?/0«/09
7?/0°/10
79/00/11
79/08/1?
7?/o«/n
7?/08/14
7?/Oa/15
HftTF
fPOM
TO
7?/0«./Oa
7P/OV09
7?/00/10
7?/00,/ll
7?/0»/l2
7P/08/13
7?/08/l4
7?/0«/15
TTMF i
OF
04Y FFFT
07 IS
07 15
13 55
07 05
13 00
07 10
1.3 'IS
07 35
1?~?Q
08 00
OH 10
07 ?S
1? 40
TIMF
OF
DAY
07 IS
07 IS
07 OS
07 10
07 35
OH 00
08 10
07 ?«
ooo?
000?
000?
ooo?
000?
000?
000?
ooo?
ooo?
ooo?
000?
000?
000?
nrprn
FFET
ooo?
000?
ooo?
ooo?
ooo?
000?
000?
ooo?
00010
WATER
TEMP
CENT
?.o.s
20.5
??.o
?o.o
«*0 .5
18.5
?0.0
19.5
19.5
19. S
20.0
18.5
20.0
OOS15
BFSIUUF
oiss-ios
C'MO/L
35
30?
69
53
81
A3
65
65
00070
TUPR
JKSN
JTU
7.b
6.2
5.3
5.4
3.3
2.3
2.4
2.6
00525
RESIDUE
FIX FLT
MG/L
1
244
50
47
43
27
53
39
00080
COLOR
PT-CO
UNITS
90
75
100
70
75
100
100
70
OOS10
RFSinUF
TOT NFLT
MG/L
6
104
7
7
S
4
4
4
00299
DO
PROnE
MG/L
4.9
5.1
5.7
6.2
5.8
6.2
6.2
6.0
5.8
5.7
6.2
6.1
00540
RESIDUE
FIX NFLT
MG/L
2
38
5
6
3
1
2
3
00310
BOO
5 DAY
MG/L
3.4
2.8
3.3
2.8
4.3
5.2
5.2
4.0
00545
RESIDUE"
SETTL4LE
ML/L
00400
PM
SU
6.40
6.00
6.30
0.30
6.30
6. SO
6.40
6.80
6,60
6.60
6.30
6.70
6.6Q
01027
CADMIUM
CDtTOT
UG/L
31b01
TOT COLl
MFlMENDO
/100ML
900
250
4000
2300
3300
2100
5900
12000
01042
COHPER
CU.TOT
UG/L
31616
FEC COL I
MFM-FCHR
/100ML
10K
60
630
200
190
350
320
130
01067
NICKEL
Nlf TOTAL
UG/L
01092
ZINC
2N.TOT
UG/L
01050
LEAD
PBtSUSP
UG/L
-------
«»FT>MF.VAI.
4S
•Jd* I Mr. AS I
ST C*ul<
lllHtbl
t
oA!LtYVlLLE2
12.0 067 23 S3.0
s
. HAlUEYvILL
00010 00070 00080 00/»99 00310
MAfFM TUkH COL'lM 00 MOU
Tf»P WSN i»:T-rO PKOriE 5 UAV
CUNT JTU UNITS MG/L M(j/L
JS.n
1*.')
i ^ n
i » . f
16.0
Ih.n
16.0
15.0
l*«.o
54.0° 60 lld.i
15. n
14.0
IS'.O
m n
1 7 . "
is.n
16.0
16.0
1»>.0
90.
16.0
1S.O
1S.O
17.0
1»>.0
17.0
16.0
15.0
S2.0
14.0
14. n
15.0
15.0
15.0
16.0
15.0
1*.0
10.0
15.0
15.0
0 >-il 5 •! i-pe, ii'i-ln fii)-i^0
^e-si"i).r KP<:|-iUf ^ h 1 -UF xFSi.|..JF
•"•I'.s-ips F|» r-LT for iFLT FI* uFLT
T " -/L ""/L M-;/L M'J/L
302 244 104 38
306 265 109 48
247 191 74 48
276 2OO 44 13
2111204
Of** FEET DEPTH
00400 31501 31616
PM TOT COL I FEC COLI
MFlMtNDO MFM-FCRR
5U /100ML /100ML
6.60
6.60
6.40
7.00
6.70
1000000 50000
00545
SF.SIDUF.
SF.TTLHLF
ML/L
0.5
0.5
9
4
3
4
6
19
7
6
6.40
6.30
OIO?7 01042
CADMIUM COH^tR
COtTOT CU»TOT
UG/L UG/L
01067 01092
NICKFL ZINC
MItTOTAL ZNtTOT
UG/L UG/L
01050
LEAD
PB.SUSP
UG/L
-------
RETRIEVAL OATF 73/05/15
6-P LAGOON
45 0« 18.0 067 23 53.0
?3 MAINE
NOkThtAST
ST CKUIX
2111204
0999 FEET
DEPTH
RTVFR
SYSTFM
II
III
IV
INOF.X
VI
VII VIII
IX
XI
XII
DESCRIPTION
'XIMF» SIOP OF OUTFALL FROM OEFOAMING LAGOONt GEOKGIA-PACIFIC COHP.»
WOODLAND, "AINE.
-------
G-f LAGOON
AS n« ifl.0 Oft? 23 53.0
ST
OflTF
F*OM
TO
o
OF
09
10
11
13
n
is
1'-**
17
1*
l^
00
17
S*
01
no
l?
10
'•••;
MS
l«i
onoi
oo 01
oooi
no oi
0001
on.) l
0 f •'! 1
'?
?3
no
01
0?
01
04
0^
OA
07
OM
OQ
10
11
1?
11
14
IS
1ft
17
1«
Is*
?0
'1
?2
73
OS
OT
OS
00
00
00
00
on
00
no
'oo
OS
oo
0-,
<*?
Oft
Oft
OS
00
I'l
OS
10
is
0^
is
40
oo m
0001
0001
0001
0001
0001
OOn 1
0001
oo o i
o n ri i
=00 n i
onoi
OOQl
oi\ot
0001
o n '.• 1
nr.-'ii
0001
on o i
0001
0001
OOtJl
,0001
"OO'M
000)
0001
0001
OOM in
««TF*
Th'-'P
CtMT
3ft. <>
37.0
'1ft. 5
"W . 0
:i7.n
35.0
31.0
.IS . 0
3-..-)
3ft . ')
3S.U
3S.S
3S.S
3A.O
00070
HT-rn
iru
1000
ft.l
-3.7
b.3
ft.O
h.O
6.5
ft. 5
ft. 3
ft. 3
5.9
ft. 5
h.4
ft. 4
4.2
S.5
ft.l
ft. A
b.H
S.3
F..O
t>.0
1.8
ft.O
S.H
b.7
llll^tul
2
00310 00400
HUD PM
S DAY
Mli/L SU
6.50
6.30
10.60
6.20
7.70
6.fc!0
7.50
V.20
7.20
7.00
6.30
7.00
6.00
UO.O
6.50
ft. 90
6.00
6.00
5.70
6.20
6.20
b.90
6.30
6.30
7.20
7.50
s.^0
*.BO
H.VO
M.70
7.50
6.50
^ 6.60
7.50
7.20
6.50
b.80
2111204
09V9 FEtT DEPTH
31501 31616 00545
TOf COLl FEC COLI RESIDUE
Mh IMENDU MFM-FCBK jgETTLBLE
/100ML /100ML ML/L
1.5
0.1
59000 2100 1.5
1.2
1.0
1.2
0.5
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.4
O.IK
1.2
1.2
1.0
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.1
O.IK
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.4'
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.5
1.0
-------
OATF 73/05/15
SCGH G-P LAGOON
45 Ott 18.0 067 23 53.0
DATF
TO
72/OR/09
72/0 ft/ 10
TTMF
OF
OAY FFFT
72/Ofl/lO
72/Ofl/ll
01 PO
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04 00
05 00
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07 00
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nnoi
onoi
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noni
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nooi
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noni
oooio
TEMP
CENT
00070
TURrt
JKSN
JTU •
72.5
oon«o
COLOr*
HT-CO
UNITS
1500
44.0
1500
00299
DO
MG/L
5.9
6.1
5.9
6.1
6.0
b.H
4.2
4.3
4.7
4.5
4.7
5.7
5.H
4.6
1.6
2.6
5.1
6.0
6.2
5.7
4.4
4.b
4.H
4.^
5.0
5.2
4.2
4.3
4.5
23 MAliME
NOKTHtAST
ST CKOIX
llllKltvil
2
00.310 00400
BOD PH
5 UAY
MG/L SU
190.0
6.40
8.90
H.90
6.HO
6. SO
7.0.0
7.00
6.50-
6.70
6.70
6.70
6.60
7.30
10.70
10.70
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11.30
11.30
6.10
7.40
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9.70
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9.20
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7.00
8.90
9.bO
9.40
9.80
9.10
6.60
9.50
9.60
V.20
2111204
0999 FEET DEPTH
31501 31616 00545
TO! COL I FEC COLI RESIDUE
MFIMENOO MFM-FCBR SETTLBLE
/100ML /100ML ML/L
0.1
O.IK
1.0
0.5
O.IK
1.0
0.2
0.2
48000 16000 0.3
0.5
1.5
0.3
2.0
0.4
1.4
1.0
1.0
0.7
1.0
1.0
0.5
1.3
2.1
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.0
2.5
1.8
2.5
2.6
3200 200 1.5
0.5
1.5
1.0
-------
STOOF.T RETRIEVAL OATF 73/05/15
SCKP G-P LAGOON
4S OH 1«J.O 067 23 53.0
DATF
FROM
TO
7?/0
-------
f?ET«TFVAL
OATF TIM
F«»OM OF
TO n/>Y
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220.0
63.0
150.0
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6.10
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7.40
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6.40
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7.00
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7.00
6. SMI
6. Ml)
b.bO
6.40
b.bO
7.30
b.bO
6.40
31501 31616 00545
TUT COL I f-EC COL I RESIDUE
HFlMtNOU MFM-FCbH SETTLBLE
X100ML /100ML ML/L
1.5
1.7
1.0
0.9
2.0
1.0
6100 200 1-0
1.5
0.5
1.5
2.0
1.5
1.2
0.8
1.0
0.8
1.0
1.1
0.6
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5.
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.0
0.8
0.7
2.1
1.5
1.8
-------
ST03PT RETRIEVAL OATf 7J/05/15
U-P LAGOON
4«s 01 lfl.0 067 23 53.0
2111204
099* fEET
ST 0
DEPTH
r>ATF
Fun>*
TO
OF
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C rtti/L
7P/OH/15
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1001
no 01
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933
FIX I-LT
t \t
T-.<>
TOT »jFl
Mti/L
010?7
CADMIUM
COtTOT
UG/L
01042 010*7 01092 01050
COHPt« NICKEL ZINC LEAD .
CUtTOT NltTOTAL 2N.TOT PBfSUSP
UG/L UG/L UG/L UG/L
592
909
431
534
S7
M
1-V
73
71
64
35
41
33
31
8
(fOK
20K
64
7h
6M
/O
44
36
40K
40K
40K
40K
40K
40K
40K
200
170
150
100
120
130
110
-------
APPENDIX D
-------
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
ISOLATION OF KLEBSIELLA PN3UMONIAE
As a result of research conducted by EPA's Duluth and Corvallis
Laboratories, members of the genus Klebsiella had been isolated from the
effluent of paper mills. Consequently the isolation of this organism
from the effluent of the Georgia Pacific Corporation at Woodland, Maine
and in samples taken from stations along the St. Croix was undertaken.
Members of the genus Klebsiella are included in the family Entero-
bacteriaceae (1,3,8,13) and comprise one of the group of bacteria
commonly referred to as the "coliform" group. Coliform bacteria are
defined as Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-sporeforming bacteria capable
of fermenting lactose with the production of gas within Ij8 hours of
incubation at 3£°C. Moreover, Klebsiella has the same appearance as
Type I coliforms on both m-Endo and m-Fc media and can be distinguished
from them only on the basis of a series of biochemical tests referred
to as the IM ViC series. Furthermore, this group possesses the same
reactions for the IM ViC series as Enterobacter aerogenes (Aerobacter-
aerogenes). and until recently it was difficult to differentiate the
majority of Klebsiella pneumoniae cultures from Aerobacter aerogenes.
The source from which the organism was isolated generally dictated the
classification given to it. As a result of studies concerned with the
relationships of these two genera, differentiation between these groups
is made on motility, presence of a capsule, and a series of biochemical
* %
tests (3,7,12,19,21,29,30). In contrast to the innocuous Enterobacter.
members of Klebsiella were reportedly found in the fecal matter of $%
D-l
-------
of humans (2,6,8,9,15,17,28) but in smaller numbers than the fecal
coliform (Type I) and was used as an indicator of fecal pollution in
the past but was replaced by Escherichia coli. It can, therefore, be
considered as "normal flora1'.
While there is no question concerning the significance of the
presence of E. Coli in water, the same is not true for the presence
Kl. pneumoniae. Its significance in an environment has yet to be
reconciled, and has resulted in research to assess whether any sig-
nificance exists.
Because this organism was isolated from pulp mill effluents, the
National Council for Air and Stream Improvement, Inc. (NCASI), the
environmental voice of the pulp and paper industry, engaged in a program
aimed at assessing the sanitary significance of this organism in re-
ceiving waters. The program included a review of public health litera-
ture on the epidemiology of Klebsiella as they may be related to water
borne incidence and a field investigation of the prevalence of Kl.
pneumoniae in common environmental situations (10,11,11*).
In the former review, confined almost exclusively to the occur-
rence of klebsiella infection in the hospital environment, the in-
ference is that hospital admission with klebsiella infections is
meager and that there is, at present, no evidence that the presence
of Klebsiella in waters has been a factor in the epidemiology of Kl.
pneumoniae infections in humans (lU).
In the latter instance the field investigations were concerned
with the isolation of Klebsiella from a conifer forest. Samples of
D-2
-------
Water, soil, needles and bark from three different forest environ-
ments and from logs at a paper and pulp mill were examined. Of 123
isolates, 11% were classified as Klebsiella (11).
The occurrence of Klebsiella in this forest environment prompted
an investigation of the occurrence of these organisms on fruits and
vegetables, especially those consumed raw in salads. (10) Radishes,
lettuce, tomatoes, celery, beets, carrots and green onions were pur-
chased from a supermarket and examined. Klebsiella were isolated from
all samples.
As a result of these findings, the NCA3I feels that the source
should be considered before any significance is attributed to the iso-
lation of these organisms. No significance would be attributed to
those organisms isolated from a common environment while those isolated
from a clinical environment would be significant. In addition, they
would further like serological typing of isolates performed and these
types compared with those that have a clinical history. If the organ-
ism has no clinical history, then it would be considered innocuous.
However, other investigations tend to classify Klefasiella as a
pathogen (disease producer) and consider its presence a potential
hazard. The organism was first isolated by Friedlander in 1682 and
has been recognized as the occasional cause of severe pulmonary pneu-
monia. (6, 8) While the incidence of Klebsiella pneumonia is small,
the mortality rate is generally higher than is seen is pneumococcal
pneumonia. (12)
D-3
-------
A wide variety of other types of infections caused by Klebsiella
pneumoniae have been observed. The second most common cause of urinary
tract infections is Klebsiella pneumoniae (5>). Other infections caused
by this organism such as post-operative infections, lesion infections
and intra-abdominal sepsis have been observed in hospitalized patients.
In addition Klebsiella bacteremia has been reported in Boston City
Hospital (Ij, 16, 17) and other hospital-acquired Klebsiella pneumoniae
has been reported at 'Johns Hopkins Hospital (27).
The mortality rate resulting from Klebsiella pneumoniae infection
was high until the advent of antibiotics. While treatment with anti-
biotic has reduced the mortality, it has also created another problem.
Klebsiella pneumoniae has the propensity to become antibiotic resistant.
Variable resistance to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, streptomycin,
Kanamycin, neomycin, and the cephalosporin drugs have been reported
(Eickhoff). The penicillins have no useful activity against Klebsiella.
Furthermore, it was shown that hospital acquired infections of Kleb-
siella tend to be more drug resistant than those acquired outside the
hospital. The epidemiology of Klebsiella infections has not been
established, but studies conducted in regard to this problem tend to
incriminate colonization by this organism as the cause. This colonr-
zation may occur in the patient, staff, equipment or food of the
n
hospital (18> 22, 23). Because Klebsiella is responsible for many
types of infections, and colonization with this organism seems to be
the foremost incriminating factor associated with infection, then it
seems imperative that this organism should be restricted in our environ-
ment. In view of this information, the presence of Kl. pneumoniae
-------
in water signifies the presence of a pathogeaic organism.
Because this organism is associated with pulp mill wastes and is
considered to be of sanitary significance, the isolation of this organ-
ism from the Georgia-Pacific effluent was undertaken. Samples were
collected at each of the stations listed on the map (Foldout 1) of the
survey area. The frequency with which each station was tested varied,
but samples from the clear-water station and from the mill effluent
were tested for six consecutive days. The presence of Klebsiella
pneumoniae was determined by randomly selecting at least 10$ of the
typical colonies on 2h-hour m-Endo and m-FC plates and running as
many of the tests listed in Table I as were necessary for positive
identification. At least one positive culture from each of the sta-
tions where Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated was sent to the Center
for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, for confirmation and serolo-
gical typing. The results of the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolation are
given in Tables II and III and those obtained from CDC in Table IV.
To briefly summarize the findings, Klebsiella pneumoniae was not
isolated from the stations located above the effluent from the mill,
but was isolated from the mill effluent and the stations located down-
stream of the effluent. While other investigators successfully iso-
lated Kl. pneumoniae from natural environments, which included fresh
water (2h, 2£, 26), all attempts during this survey were unsuccessful.
Therefore, the conclusion can be drawn that the river is not the source
of this organism in the mill effluent. Since this organism was
isolated from the mill effluent every time it was tested, it appears
D-5
-------
TABLE I
*CHARACTERISTICS OF KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE
Test
Gram Stain
Capsule (India Ink)
TSI Slant
TSI Butt
Indol
Methyl Red
Voges - Proskauer
(Acetylmethyl Carbinol)
Citrate Utilization
Hydrogen Sulfide Production
(TSI and SIM)
Urease
Motility (SIM and Hanging Drop)
Gelatin
Lysine Decarboxylase
Arginine Dihydrolase
Ornithine Decarboxylase
Phenylalanine Deaminase
Malonate
Glucose Fermentation
Lactose Fermentation
Sucrose Fermentation
Reaction
Negative
Positive
Acid
Acid and Gas
Negative
Negative
Positive
Positive
Negative
Positive
Negative
Negative
Positive
Negative
Negative
Negative
Positive
Positive
Positive
Positive
D-6
-------
TABLE II
FREQUENCY OF TESTING SAMPLE STATIONS FOR
Station
SC-KU
SC-01
SC-02
SC-2C
SC-2D
SC-2U
SC-04
SC-4C
SC-4U
SC-05
SCB-1
SCB-2
SCG-P
ISOLATION OF
No. No. of Times
7
1
6
7
6
5
4
4
3
4
1
4
6
KL. PNEUMONIAE
Tested No. of Times
Klebsiella
Isolated
0
0
0
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
1
1
6
% of Time
Klebsiella
Isolated
0%
0%
0%
28.5%
16.7%
40%
25%
25%
33%
75%
100%
25%
100%
P-7
-------
TABLE III
KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE DATA AS RELATED TO OTHER COLIFORM
Station
Number
SC-2C
SC-2D
SC-2U
SC-04
SC-4C
SC-4U
SC-05
SCB-1
SCB-2
SCG-P
Date
Collected
8/10/72
8/12/72
8/8/72
8/9/72
8/11/72
8/11/72
8/8/72
8/9/72
8/9/72
8/13/72
8/14/72
8/8/72
8/11/72
8/8/72
8/10/72
8/11/72
8/12/72
8/13/72
8/14/72
Total Coli
Count/lOOml
10 , 000
1,600
2,200
5,400
8,000
2,600
3,200
4,300
2,500
2,100
5,900
13,000,000
7,500,000
59,000
48,000
3,200
1,200
9,800
6,100
Fecal Coli
Count/lOOml
4
20
440
20
220
90
80
60
350
320
420,000
90,000
2,100
16,000
200
100
100
200
No. of Kl. % of
DATA
Coli Identified
pneumoniae/lOOml as Kl. pneumonae
10
100
100
400
1,000
500
200
100
100
100
100
100,000
100,000
800
8,000
300
200
200
300
a*
6.25
4.5
7.2
12.5
19.2
6.25
2.3
4
4.8
1.6
0.8
1.3
38
16.7
9.4
6.25
2
5
D-8
-------
TABLE IV
Results of *Serological Tyging
of Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from
the St. Croix River
Identification
Number of Culture
EPA-1
EPA-2
EPA-3
EPA-4
EPA-5
EPA-6
EPA-7
EPA-8
EPA-9
EPA-10
Station Number
of Isolation
SC-4C
SC-2D
SCB-1
SCG-P
SC-05
SC-4U
SC-2U
SC-04
SCG-P
SCG-P
Serological
Type
Type-24
Type-31
Type-6
Type-66
Insufficient Capsule
Type-44
Type-10
Type-66
Type-9
Type-6
*Performed by Center for Disease Control,
Atlanta, Georgia.
D-9
-------
then that the source must be the Georgia-Pacific complex. The per-
sistence of what was identified as A. aerobacter in wood and wood
products was reported in 1931 and the presence and growth of capsu-
lated bacteria, identified as coliforms, was considered to be respon-
sible for pulp slime. (20) Conceivably, these organisms could have
been Kl. pneumoniae. The source of the organism could possibly be the
logs used in the pulping process since Kl. pneumoniae was successfully
isolated from bark and logs at pulp mills (11).
Another source of the organism downstream from the effluent could
also be from the municipal sewage. Samples of this waste were posi-
tive for Kl. pneumoniae. However, it is interesting to note that the
capsular types isolated further downstream did not match the capsular
type isolated from the sewage outfall. The mill effluent, however,
contained the type isolated downstream.
Regardless of what the ultimate source of these organisms might be,
the significant aspect is that they were isolated from the mill efflu-
ent. While no evidence exists that incriminates the presence of
Klebsiella pneumoniae in water with Klebsiella infections, there should
be concern with the potential hazard presented by them. Since "colon-
ization" by this organism is related to its infectivity, every oppor-
tunity to prevent this should be taken. In the past, this organism was
»
overlooked because of the lack of methodology for identification.
Today, however, a higher degree of precision in taxonomy is evident,
and for this reason the isolation of this organism from a water en-
vironment is significant.
D-10
-------
*Characteristics compiled from:
Diagnostic Microbiology
Bailey/ W. R. and Scott, E. G.
3rd Edition, C. F. Mosby Co., St. Louis, 1970
Begey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
The Williams and Wilkins Co.
Baltimore, Md., 1957
Bacterial and Mycotic Infections of Man
Dubos, R. J. and Hirsch, J. C., 4th Ed.
J. B. Lippincott, Co., 1965
D-ll
-------
REFERENCES
1. American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association
Water Pollution Control Federation, 1971. Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater. 13th Ed. American Public Health Assoc.,
New York.
2. Baehr, G., G. Schwarteman, and E. B. Greenspan, 1937. Bacillus
Friedlander Infections. Ann. of Int. Med. 10;1788-1801.
3. Bailey, W. R., and E. G. Scott, 1966. Diagnostic Microbiology
The S. V. Mosby Co., St. Louis.
4. Barrett, F. F., J. I. Casey, and M. Finland, 1968. Infections and
Antibiotic use Among Patients at Boston City Hospital, Feb 1967. New
England J. Med. 278:5.
5. Blazevic, D. J., J. E. Stemper, and J. M. Madsen, 1972. Organisms
Encountered in Urine Cultures over a 10-Year Period, Appl. Microbiol.
23; 421-422.
6. Breed, R. S., E. G. D. Murray, and N. R. Smith, 1957. Bergey's Manual
of Determinative Bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore.
7. Cowan, S. T., K. J. Steel, C. Shaw, and J. P. Duguid, 1960. A
Classification of the Klebsiella Group, J. Gen. Microbiol. 23;601.
8. Dubos, R. J., and J. G. Hirsen, 1965. Bacterial and Mycotic Infections
of Man, J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia.
9. Dudgeon, L. S. 1927. A Study of Intestinal Flora Under Normal and
Abnormal Conditions, J. of Hyg. 25;119.
10. Duncan, D. W. 1972. Occurrence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Common
Environmental Situations, U. Fruit and Vegetables. Personal Communication.
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pneumoniae in Common Environmental Situations. I. Isolates from an Evergreen
Forrest. Personal Communication.
12. Edmonson, E. B., and J. P. Sanford, 1967. The Klebsiella-Enterobacter
(Aerqbacter) - Sefratia Group. A Clinical and Bacteriologic Evaluation.
Medicine 46:323.
13. Edwards, P. R., and W. H. Ewing., 1962. Identification of Entero-
bacteriaceae. Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis.
D-12
-------
14. A Review with Reference to the Water-Borne Epidemic logic Significance
of 1C. pneumoniae Presence in the Natural Environment. National Council of
the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement. Stream Improvement
Technical Bulletin No. 254.
15. Eller, C. , and F. F. Edwards, 1968. Nitrogen-Deficient Medium in the
Differential Isolation of Klebsiella and Enterobacter from FECES. Appl.
Microbiol. 16 ; 896
16. Kislak, J. W. , T. C. Eickhoff, and M. Finland, 1964. Hospital-Acquired
Infections and Antibiotic Usage in the Boston City Hospital - January 1964.
New. Eng. J. Med. 271:834.
17. Leading Article, 1971- Bacteria in Faeces and Food. Lancet £:
18. Leading Article, 1971. Epidemiology of Klebsiella Infections.
Lancet,
19. Matsen, J. M. 1970. Ten Minute Test for Differentiating Between
Klebsiella and Enterobacter Isolates. Appl. Microbiol. 19:438.
20. Parr, L. W. 1939. Coliform Bacteria. Bact. Rev. .3_:.l.
21. Ramirez, M. J. 1968. Differentiation of Klebsiella- Enterobacter
(Aerobacter) - Serratia by Biochemical Tests and Antibiotic Susceptibility.
Appl. Microbiol. 16:10:1548.
22. Selden, R. , S. Lee, W. L. Low, J.V. Bennett, and T. C. Eickhoff, 1971.
Nosocomical Klebsiella Infections: Intestinal Colonization as a Reservoir.
Ann. Int. Med. 74:657.
23. Shooter, R. A., E. M. Cooke, M. C. Faires, A. L. Bread en, and S. M.
O'Farrell, 1971. isolation of Escherichia Coli , Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ,
and Klebsiella from Food in Hospitals, Canteens and Schools. Lancet. £:416
24. Taylor, C. B. 1941. Bacteriology of Fresh Water, II. The Distribution
and Types of Coliform Bacteria in Lakes and Streams. J. Hyg. 41:17.
25. Taylor, C. B. 1942. The Ecology and Significance of the Different Types
of Coliform Bacteria Found in Water, J. Hyg. 42:23.
26. Taylor, C. B. 1942. Bacteriology of Fresh Water III. The types of
Bacteria Present in Lakes and Streams and Their Relationship to the Bacterial
Flora of Soil, J. Hyg. 42; 284.
27. Thoburn, R. , F. -R. Fekety, Jr., L. E. Cluff, and V. B. Melvin, 1968.
Infections Acquired by Hospitalized Patients. Arch. Intern. Med.
(Chicago). 121:1.
D-13
-------
28. Thone, B. T., 1970 - Klebsiella in Faeces, Lancet Zi 1033
29. Traub, W. H., E. A. Raymond, and J. Linehan, 1970 - Identification
of Enterobacteriaceae in the Clinical Laboratory, Appl. Microbiol.
20_: 303
30. Wolfe, M. W., and S. Amsterdam, 1968, New Diagnostic System for
the Identification of Lactose - Fermenting Gram - Negative Rods,
Appl. Microbiol. 16; 1528
D-14
-------
APPENDIX E
-------
ST. CROIX RIVHR STUDY
AUGUST 1972
QUALITATIVE BIOLOGICAL SURVEY"
During Agusut 1972 personnel from the Environmental Protection
Agency Region I conducted a qualitative biological survey of benthic
invertebrates in the St. Croix River. Benthic invertebrates are those
organisms living in and crawling on the bottom sediments. Twenty-
four stations were selected for biological examination. Three control
stations were selected upstream from Kellyland, Maine and one in
Mohannas S.trean, a clean water tributary to the St. Croix River down-
stream from the Georgia-Pacific mill at Woodland, Maine. Eight stations
were selected in the wood wet storage area to show the effects of log
ponding, and 12 more were selected downstream from the Georgia-Pacific
mill. These stations are shown in Foldout 2 at the rear of the report
and described in Table E-l.
Respectively stations SCB10, SCB11 and SCB12 are representative of
fast flowing, slow flowing and ponded water reaches which have been
free from logging operations for several years. Station MC10 provides
information about benthic invertebrates which are naturally indigenous
to the area around Baring Basin. Three transects comprising eight
stations were selected in the wet storage area, and four transects
comprising 12 stations downstream from the mill were selected to obtain
an adequate biological assessment of water quality in the St. Croix
River.
E-l
-------
TABLE E-l
STATION LOCATIONS
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
BENTHOS STATIONS
STATION
SCB10
SCB11
SCB12*
SCB13C
LATITUDE
o ' "
' LONGITUDE
« i »
SCB13U
SCB14C
SCB14M
SCB14U
SCB15C
45 18 02 67 27 40
45 17 59
45 16 28
45 12 35
SCB13M* 45 12 33
45 12 32
45 11 01
45 10 56
45 10 51
67 28 05
67 29 49
67 25 52
67 25 55
67 25 58
67 24 32
67 24 39
67 24 44
45 10 41 67 23 54
DESCRIPTION
St. Croix River 1,000' downstream from Landmark 175, three feet from
U.S.A. bank, T1R1, Maine.
St. Croix River 2,000' southwest of Landmark 175 near downstream tip
of island midpoint in river, T1R1, Maine.
Grand Falls Flowage midway between scow Point and point of land north-
west of Kellyland, Maine.
St. Croix River 5,000' downstream from Landmark 188 at log boom, 10'
from Canadian bank, Baileyville, Maine.
St. Croix River 5,000' downstream from Landmark 188, at log boom mid-
point in the river, Baileyville, Maine.
St. Croix River 5,000' downstream from Landmark 188, at log boom, 15'
from U.S.A. bank, Baileyville, Maine.
Woodland Pond 3,000' downstream from Landmark 191 one-quarter way from
Canadian bank.
' ;-.'-Jaft«.
Woodland Pond 3,000' downstream from Landmark 191 midpoint in river,
Baileyville, Maine.
Woodland Pond 3,000' downstream from Landmark 191 one-quarter way from
U.S.A. bank, Baileyville, Maine.
Woodland Pond 6,000* downstream from Landmark 191 one-quarter way from
Canadian bank.
*• Benthic rcspirometer station
-------
STATION LATITUDE
SCB16U
SCHISM
i it
SCB1SM 45 10 36
45 09 19
3 07 5.'5
LONGITUDE
o ' "
67 24 07
SCB15U 45 10 32 67 24 22
SCB16C 45 09 21 67 23 40
SCB16M 45 09 21 67 23 38
67 23 38
SCB17C* 45 08 53 67 22 36
SCB17M* 45 08 52 67 22 38
SCB17U 45 03 52 67 22 43
SUJICC* '»5 07 57 67 19 23
67 19 16
TABLE E-l continued
STATION LOCATIONS
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
•BENTHOS STATIONS
DESCRIPTION
Woodland Pond 6,000" downstream from Landmark 191, midpoint in river,
Baileyville, Maine.
Woodland Pond 6,000' downstream from Landmark 191, one-quarter way
from U.S.A. bank, Baileyville, Maine.
500' downstream from defoaming lagoon outfall at Georgia-Pacific Corp.,
5' from Canadian bank opposite Woodland, Maine.
500' downstream from defoaming lagcon outfall at Georgia-Pacific Corp.,
midpoint in river Woodland, Maine.
700' downstream from defoaming lagoon outfall at Georgia-Pacific Corp.,
5' from U.S.A. bank Woodland, Maine.
1,000' downstream from Landmark 197, 5' from Canadian bank opposite
Baileyville, Maine.
1,000 downstream from Landmark 197, 500' downstream from Lau^hiark 198,
midpoint in river near downstream tip of island, Baileyville, Maine.
51 from U.S.A. bank opposite Landmark 198, Baileyville, Maine.
700' downstream from Landmarks 205 & 206, 20' from Canadian bank opposite
Baring, Maine.
800' downstream from Landmarks 205 & 206, midpoint in river at Baring,
Maine.
'« IJf.'iiLliic iro.:?pifoneter station
-------
STATION
SCB18U
SCB19C
SCB19M*
SCB20C*
SCB20U*
SCB21M*
MC10*
GF01*
LATITUDE
o ' "
45 07 51
45 09 12
45 09 13
45 10 12
45 10 09
45 08 46
45 09 13
45 14 52
LONGITUDE
0 ' "
67^ 19 08
67 17 49
67^17 45
67 17 59
67 17 53
67 18 11
67 19 52
67 31 57
TABLE E-l continued
STATION LOCATIONS
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
BENTHOS STATIONS
DESCRIPTION
1,400' east of Landmark 206, 5' from U.S.A. bank, Baring, llaine.
10' from Canadian bank opposite Magurrcwock Stream, Calais, Maine.
Midpoint In river opposite Magurrcwock Stream, Calais» Maine.
200' upstream from bridge at Mill town, Maine - Milltown, NtiW Brunswick,
5* from Canadian bank.
200' upstream from .bridge at Milltown, Maine - Milltown, New Brunswick,
5* from U.S.A. bank.
1700* downstream from Landmark 211 5' from Canadian bank opposite large
island in Baring Basin, Baring, Maine.
Midpoint in Mohannas Stream at "oxbow" in stream.
Grand Falls Plowage near southerly tip of island west of Lamb's Place,
Baileyville, Maine.
* Benthic respirometer station
-------
Samples were collected with a Petersen dredge. The dredge was
placed on the bottom at wading locations and lowered from a boat in
deeper water. However, in certain areas large debris, i.e., bark
and pulp wood, necessitated the use of scuba divers to place the
Petersen dredge on the bottom of the wet storage area.
A clean water environment is characterized by a diversity of bottom
dwelling organisms (benthos). Conversely, degraded or polluted areas
are characterized by less benthos diversity and/or a predominance of
pollution tolerant species. Areas subjected to extreme pollution or
toxicity are devoid of benthos.
The substrate of the control stations supported 1? to 19 kinds of
invertebrates associated with clean water environments. Clean water
r
organisms such as mayfly and caddis larvae were found at all control
stations. Other clean water forms, found at some but not all control
stations, were stone fly, alderfly and dobsonfly larvae, waterpennies,
seedshrimp, waterflea, sponge and copepod. Identifications of all
organisms found are listed in Table E-2 and population counts at
selected stations are in Table E-3.
At stations SCB13U and SCB13C respectively, nine and lU kinds of
benthos were present. These stations compare favorably with the con-
trol station SCB11 which had 19 kinds of invertebrates. Although the
9
substrata was overlain with pulp logs, a deterioration benthic popu-
lation was not observed. (See Table E-U.)
Moving downstream to the two other transects in the wet storage
area SCBlli and SCBl£; diversities declined to four and seven kinds of
life. Glean water organisms such as mayfly and caddis larvae, seed-
shrimp and waterfleas were not present. The extent and density of
E-5
-------
TABLE E-2
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY - AUGUST 1972
IDENTIFICATION OF BOTTOM ORGANISMS (QUALITATIVE)
ORGANISMS
PLECOPTERA (STONEFLIES)
EPHEMEROPTERA (MAYFLIES)
TRICHOPTERA (CADDISFLIES)
NEUROPTERA
SIALIDAE (ALDERFLIES)
CORYDALIDAE (DOBSONFLIES)
ODONATA
ANISOPTERA (DRAGONFLY)
ZYGOPTERA (DAMSELFLY)
DIPTERA (FLIES, MIDGES)
TENDIPEDIDAE
CULICIDAE
SIMULIDAE
TABANIDAE
COLEOPTERA (BEETLES)
PSEPHENIDAE
HALIPLIDAE
STATIONS
CONTROL
MC10
X
X
X
X
X
SCB10
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SCB11
.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SCB12
X
X
X
X
X
WET STORAGE
SCB13
U
X
X
•»
J
1C
X
X
X
SCB14
U
X
X
M
X
c
X
SCB15
U
X
M
X
X
X
C
X
X
DOWNSTREAM FROM THE
GEORGIA - PACIFIC MILL
SCB16
U
M
X
X
C
X
X
X
X
SCB17
U
M
X
C
X
X
X
X
s
U
X
X
B18
j'
X
c
X
SCB19
U
X
X
M
X
c
X
-------
TABLE E-2 continued
ORGANISMS
ELIUDAE
CHRYSOMELIDAE
» *
GASTROPODA (SNAILS)
HYDROBIIDAE
PLANORBIDAE
ANCYLIDAE
VIVIPARIDAE
PHYSIDAE
LYMNAEDIAE
PELECYTODA (CLAM)
3 LIGOCHAETA (WORM)
TUBIFICIDAE
UNIDENTIFIED
HIRUDINEA (LEECH)
NEMATODA (ROUNDWORM)
TRICLADIDA (PLANARIAN) .
AMPHIPODA (SCUD)
STATIONS
MC10
X
X
X
X
X
X
CONTROL
SCB10
X
X
X
X
X
SCB11
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SCB12
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
WET STORAGE
SCB13
U
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
r»
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SCB1A
U
X
X
M
X
X
X
X
X
U
X
X
X
X
X
SCB15
U
X
X
X
X
X
M
*
X
X
c
X
X
X
DOWNSTREAM FROM THE
GEORGIA- PACIFIC MILL
SCB16
U
M
X
X
X
"1
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
SCB17
U
X
M
X
X
X
X
j
X
X
X
*
X
K
SCB18
U
X
X
X
X
•
X'
M
X
X
*
X
K
SCB19
U
X
X
X
X
X
X
M
X
X
;
X
X
X
-------
TABLE E-2 continued
ORGANISMS
ISOPODA (SOWBUG)
HYDRACARINA (HATER MITE)
OSTRACODA (SEED SHRIMP)
CLADOCERA (WATER FLEA)
PORIFERA (SPONGE)
HYDROZOA (HYDRA)
COEEPODA
TOTAL KINDS
STATIONS
CONTROL
MC10
X
12
SCB10
15
SCB11
X
19
SCB12
X
X
X
X
X
17
WET STORAGE
SCB13
U
9
C •
X
14
SCB14
U
4
M
X
7
C
X
7
SCB15
U
X
7
M
X
.
7
C
X
X
7
DOWNSTREAM FROM THE
GEORGIA - PACIFIC MILL
SCB16
U
0
M
X
6
C
X
X
X
14
s
U
1
:BI?
M
X
X
7
C
X
X
12
SCB18
U
7
M
3
C
3
SCB
U
X
9
M
X
4
9
C
X
5
-------
TABLE E-3
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
BENTHIC POPULATION PER SQUARE METER
ORGANISMS
EPHEMEROPTER (MAYFLIES)
TRICHOPTERA (CADDISFLIES)
NEUROPTERA (ALDERFLY)
ODONATA (DRAGONFLY)
(DAMSELFLY)
DIPTERA
TENDIPEDIDAE (MIDGE FLY)
SIMULIDAE (BLACK FLY)
COLEOPTERA (BEETLES)
ELMIDAE
HALIPLIDAE
GASTROPODA (SNAILS)
HYDROBIIDAE
PLANORBIDAE
LYMNAEIDAE
VIVIPARIDAE
ANCYLIDAE
PELECYPODA (CLAM)
OLIGOCHAETA (WORM)
NEMATODA (ROUNDWORM)
TRICLADIDA (PLANARIAN)
ISOPODA (SOWBUG)
AMPHIPODA (SCUD)
HIRUDINEA (LEECH)
PORIFERA (SPONGE)
HYDROZOA (HYDRA) .
#
TOTAL NUMBER
TOTAL KINDS
STATIONS
CONTROL
SCB11
56
364
28
252
8988
56
56
448
980
364
112
84
1,876
13,664
13
WET
STORAGE
SCB15M
28
448
112
112
420
168
4,
1,288
6
DOWNSTREAM FROM
GEORGIA-PACIFIC MILL
SCB16C
168
2,744
168
84
70
42
28
154
70
70
84
42
14
14
3,752
14
SCB16U
0
0
SCB18C
1008
2,380
140
3,528
3
SCB19U
14
560
490
518
420
560
56
126
14
2,758
9
E-9
-------
TABLE 3-U
ST. GROIX RIVER
BOTTOM ORGANISMS (BENTHOS)
August 1972
Benthos Biological
No. of Kinds of Assessment of
Control Stations Bottom Organisms Water Quality
River
SCB10 15 Clean
SCB11 . 19 Clean
MC10 12 Clean
Wet Storage Stations
River
SCB13U 9 Clean
SCB13C 111 Clean
E-10
-------
pulp logs covering the bottom necessitated the use of a scuba diver
to guide the dredge to soft bottom areas comparable to those found
at SCB12. Based on the reduction in benthos diversity, the wet
storage area is considered moderately degraded. (See Table E^?.)
Downstream from the Georgia-Pacific Corporation's mill, three
kinds of water quality can be observed as one moves laterally across
the river. The U. S. side is toxic and grossly polluted, midstream
exhibits moderate degradation, and the Canadian side compares to the
control stations. These conditions exist at transects SCB16 and
persist down to transect SCB17. Apparently lateral mixing occurs
between transects SCB17 and SCB18 because the river exhibits a pau-
city of organisms on the Canadian side and mid-stream. The U. S.
side shows signs of recovery, but the entire area may be defined as
moderately polluted. (See Table E-6.)
At transect SCB19, the river is still moderately polluted, but
showing a recovery in water quality from transect SCB18. Station
SCB19U indicates a better quality of water on the U. S. side of the
river, but this improvement may be attributed to dilution waters from
U. S. tributaries—Stoney Brook, Conic Stream and Magurrewock Stream.
The most adverse benthic conditions occurred on the U. S. side
of the river. At station SCB16U which is approximately 700 feet
downstream from Georgia-Pacific Corporation's main discharge, gray
colored biological slimes which included the filamentous bacterium
Sphaerotilus covered the bottom. Paper waste sludge dredged at this
station was devoid of benthos. - "
( At station SCB17U sludge worms, pollution tolerant organisms, were
tike only invertebrates dwelling in the gray sludge covering the bottom.
E-ll
-------
TABLE E-5
ST. CROIX RIVER
BOTTOM ORGANISMS (BENTHOS)
August 1972
Benthos Biological
No. of Kinds of Assessment of
Control Station Bottom Organisms Water Quality
Ponded
SCB12 17 Clean
Wet Storage Stations
Ponded
SCBlliU U Moderate Pollution
SCBliiM 7 " "
SCBlUC 7 " "
SCB15U 7 " "
SCB15M 6 " "
SCB1$C 7 " "
E-12
-------
TABLE E-6
ST. GROIX RIVER
BOTTOM ORGANISMS (BENTHOS)
August 1972
Control Stations
River
SCB10
SCB11
MCB10
No. of Kinds of
Bottom Organisms
19
12
Benthos Biological
Assessment of
Water Quality
Clean
Clean
Clean
Downstream of Georgia-Pacific Mill
River
SCB16U
SCB16M
SCB16C
SCB17U
SCB17M
SCB17C
SCB18U
SCB18M
SCB18C
SCB19U
SCB19M
SCB19C
0
6
Hi
1
7
12
7
3
3
9
U
Toxic
Moderate
Clean
Polluted
Moderate
Clean
Moderate
Polluted
Polluted
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Pollution
Pollution
Pollution
Pollution
Pollution
Pollution
E-13
-------
Long strands of Sphaerotilus and other slimes were attached to a fallen
tree at this station and streaming in the current. Living in these
smelly masses of slime were sludge worms (tubificidae) and the pollu-
tion tolerant specie of midge larvae (Tendipedidae) commonly known
as the bloodworm (Tendipes sp).
Strands of gray colored slimes were found clinging to aquatic
vegetation at SCB18U.
Clean water invertebrates were found on the Canadian side of the
river at station SCB16C and SCB17C. Twelve and lU kinds of bottom
organisms, including caddisfly and mayfly larvae were found at the
respective stations. The substratum did not contain any sludge from
the paper making processes. The diversity of benthos at these stations
was typical of that at the control stations.
K-14
-------
APPENDIX F
-------
REPORT OF SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION
ST. CROIX RIVER, WOODLAND, ME.
For
Environmental Protection Agency
Division Surveillance & Analysis
New England Regional Lab
Needham, Mass.
By
Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc.
16 Republic Road
North Billerica, Massachusetts 01862
File No. 0107
September 1972
E-l
-------
REPORT OF SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION
ST. CROIX RIVER, WOODLAND, ME.
For
Environmental Protection Agency
Division Surveillance & Analysis
New England Regional Lab
Needham, Mass.
SCOPE
This report covers electromagnetic subsurface investigations per-
formed by Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. to determine character-
ization of the log ponding area of the St. Croix River at Woodland,
Maine. The general purpose is to locate the areas of pulp wood
log deposits on the lake bottom and to determine the quantities
of logs where possible.
Field Work
The field work on this project was performed on September 17, 18
and 19, 1972 on the Woodland Pond Section of the St. Croix River,
Woodland, Maine. The maps of the survey lines are shown in
»
Figures 1 and 2. The survey lines (transects) are lettered
alphabetically from point to point as run in the field. The
*
ground truth marks are numbered consecutively, also, as run in
F-2
-------
Woodland Junction
WOODLAND
FIGURE Fl
-------
Woodland Junction
WOODLAND
FIGURE F2
-------
the field. The ground truth locations are also plotted on the
maps in Figures 1 and 2.
All the data on this survey was collected utilizing the Geophysical
Survey System's Electromagnetic Subsurface Profiling (ESP) System.
A brief description of this system is contained in Appendix A.
The first day of operation in the field was utilized in setting
up the equipment and making experimental scans. The data collected
from these scans was played back at the site and was used to direct
a diver in bottom investigations. This information was used to
determine the characteristic signature of various bottom conditions,
The field operations on the second day were cancelled due to
heavy rain and high wind conditions.
All the transect lines shown in Figures 1 and 2 were surveyed on
the third day of field operations. The transects were run between
the lettered points shown in Figures 1 and 2. These were marked
on the site by anchored floats. As the survey lines were being
scanned, additional marker floats were layed out at 100 ft.
* ^
intervals. These 100 ft. interval points were recorded in the data
F-3
-------
as the antenna passed each marker float. At various points along
the transect lines visual observations of the bottom were made
by divers. These points were marked with anchored buoys and their
locations were recorded in the data as the antenna passed these
points. The complete logs of these diver observations are con-
tained in Appendix B.
A core sample was collected from the pond bottom and returned '»o
the GSS laboratory for electromagnetic analysis. This sample
was tagged and identified as Number 30124.
RESULTS
General Background
As noted in the report of diver observations enclosed in Appendix
B, wherever EPA divers conducted operations on Woodland Pond,
sunken logs lying on the bottom were encountered. The logs
varied in diameter from approximately 3 inches to 24 inches.
, <•
There was no uniformity in character of the logs layered on the
bottom. The logs lay in an assorted jumble from the phase of
upright through horizontal. The spaces between the logs varied
1 1
from a few inches to large gaps of up to 8 ft. Thevgaps or spaces
F-4
-------
between the logs were laden with bark and woody debris inter-
spersed with silt. Overlying this logging debris was a fine
floe which was easily disturbed and resuspended. The deposit
thicknesses discussed in the survey results do not differentiate
the logs from the logging debris. Rather, the deposits are
treated as a composite material.
Laboratory Tests
The core sample taken from the lake bottom was tested in the
laboratory in the standard coaxial tube test used by GSS to
classify materials. Insertion loss measurements show this
material to have an attenuation characteristic of 55.9db per
meter, which is extremely high. System penetration into this
material will be negligible. Based on the results of this test
it is safe to say that the multiple interfaces shown in the ESP
data all occur above this material in the lake bottom and show
the thickness of logs and silt deposits. The data recorded in
the insertion loss test is included in Appendix C.
Field Data
The response of the ESP system to the conditions in Woodland
* t
* -V
Pond was very good. Strong reflections from the bottom were
F-5
-------
recorded throughout this site. The maximum depth of operation
was 29 ft. This was limited only by the time base setting of
the equipment. The only problem experienced with the equipment
was an instrumentation noise band recorded at a depth of 20
feet. This is only a problem when the depth to the bottom is
coincident with this noise band. In some cases information
can be seen within-this noise band but it is extremely difficult
to make a meaningful analysis of this data.
The ESP system performed well in distinguishing between various
characteristics of bottom conditions. Figures 3 through 8 are
examples of the data collected from different areas. Note the
difference in bottom signature between areas where the logs .are
flat and stratified and those where the logs are upright and
jumbled. Also note the difference in the data caused by the
thickness of the log deposits.
,
Interpretation of the data for each line was performed to deter-
mine tfce thickness of the log deposits and the general character
<
of the deposits. The deposits were generally classified into
two categories: flat and upright. For the most part, the deposits
F-6
-------
R
w
P
1
WATER SURFACE
0-
-' I
"LAKE BOTTOM
10
;.. r- .v ; ;.:- ,:.;; DEPOSIT CHARACTER -
'•'••'• 'y:.T'':'--V..' '*'''?' -.*••. :--^' Generally flat and
• iV. -i T J ', ^ ••.'i'.'." ' l ' « ' ;•»• i- • •; . . _. ,
'
«,'.
. _. ,
stratified
-,}«. DEPOSIT THICKNESS -
f nn#.
r°OC
FIGURE F3
-------
WATER SURFACE
H
W
W
3C
H
P*
W
Q
DEPOSIT CHARACTER -
Jumbled and generally
upright deposits.
DEPOSIT THICKNESS -
2 feet
^^^^^;'l^'^^l8>ipv^
v";.?A2./*24.- A-1-: '^/Li.j/v.V-.X.t'^vA .^V•v.v-iiL: -XTV.vM-> M... ..••.•)'«.
gl.-'»***». JW, , .•,•«•!',•:
M^fe^r
fliMr r-:e.r;. a
jsm.,11 : ;.i:i|vJff 2",-••"/. a, ,;
.ic »fi^ !>.. * *(fl*^;. -Jt
1J CSiP £,' • <,j;• ^v« '.. .v • >j
FIGURE F4
-------
WATER SURFACE
LAKE BOTTOM .
«.'--!c.:.
1'. ?/,;•. 'y,- ' »' •' • 'i-t •"' v ' *'V' ''•* - ' ,»f'
• "-, ''' i'1- "f «'.•*•' '*«.'• ," ,'f 'P"' i'''.'-'^ •' ;<( ' J 'n
.>^'/>^'^'•»•''v
"
Flat and stratified T
deposits (t1
.-., . .. -..--...---.--. .. .
^ tf "r'^'il-llvVil/*,'''••'.. 'K-vi"ijiv „ "^.t^/^',11!',;.'1^' ;\r n,
fe^^
FIGURE F5
-------
x]
g
i
WATER SURFACE
W' i . •••;• ,i •,"•• > MI -,/.'• •, .• ,
"MU
Many upright logs
DEPOSIT THICKNESS -
3 feet to 4 feet
GROUND TRUTH -
A
• A
Tt
Logs 3 to 4 deep, lying'*
in a jumble. Coverage "
fairly dense, with few '
gaps between logs. •
' '''T^TTi »*'^Yr,'"*|Wf j'^^r^w ••'••* -»H ^-"^wfr^M^
FIGURE F6
-------
WATER SURFACE
w^ •»
Ed
'5iVa;., -. 4. - *-.-.: '• ••- •«!.;!
^ • • -v- .; .yv.'. >••- .: ;r^-'.r ^^i^-,1^
T; , ' .•; •.'/.••:» 'r'""^".:1"-.- ;M ;.,« j, ••: « >,'/.»/•» v^». ., / « '..^i
:v^
" ' " "
' - '« • " f
^V*vV:'y»'°-.^'.''-i-4 DEPOSIT CHARACTER - j;.
• ' •»•*—v.' n ft" >: •1'';'-i '!• Generally flat, some_!
'
-. -.r '/i j';, «.
..-'".-:---.^^-^.,^.'^
upright
DEPOSIT THICKNESS -
t;
tt
IVl^vV^,t^t''l>^v;,^
-------
WATER SURFACE
m*.-.
LAKE BOTTOM
.*».!
"•^ . • ' « i j., , „ In ^Wi'Ziai *' ,i, I A ,i*. v«i-»"fi--."nT-'W••••• j.
. ,<• ,'• lay. «'v. .i*'.," ,/4- M. » 'Jfijjii!?, ... • <" ./ •,. '!*• • W . » .11.^^^^^^^^^^^
» Jl- ^*J"^ u • " a± * _i«L- ^Stf "^jtf'rJt*- i* ' *lv / • i !'• • j^
.••m •%••»—~- -n-vv^- <-^f~f~-t.—. -jr-r.- •-. — Mf-r-j-^rj-,— ..j^n-iT.*-!^' 4,-4 - -rj-;.-. - jf—lrV.TJl.i.Jl.iJ-,- ../,«.--. -- -i - --...-. .J - .-
r . ..«.,.•.«. <.•. . * .• . . ""S-./i ... / ,T
10-
. -.
•••' '•'•'' '• '^ '.. i' i
1
'' ' i ••''>t'!
-
i!^Vv"<-.t-<:»jV)y" '.';'.:.''t '•' ••''..!>'•-. DEPOSIT ' CHARACTER -' Fiat
r '•• » » ••' ' *'• .<'*• J'r . 4.v .'«.*.' ••; '^A .....4 M • . ;,;• V'^-,.. A. * /^S*?V' '"''^ : •'•'. SM'tyVl '-'',.. '"'• -.; ;"••' .',it£i:<. ,/'
ay " V, ^ftfflti&gZ&fg&SiZV
THICKNESS - 1 Foot ',
^ GROUND TRUTH - k<1
Logs lying flat on the ^
bottom one layer deep, £\
FIGURE F8
-------
WATER SURFACE
0 + 0 0,
1+00
- -t^-,- -Nvy-Ji (/,,mtv.n~it>^vf»f -.^.j, ,»,-.••
' i ' *. ' ~~ '
2+00
£v>d^i^.>-:^;k5*to
l**l4*4^*^^W's£vivJ*/v\^iife^
i*'Pf^PP>/P7*?^
.!'"/-%irVs»';i''r^;H'>/i;?'>'' , 'i't' .. . >1fi" /A>' ;-<, Jii'tji 1, jK •, '.. v,) i'.'l'..^,,
-------
appeared to be generally flat. For this reason, notations will
be made only for areas where the logs appear to be upright and
jumbled and all other areas should be considered generally flat.
The following is a summary of the conditions recorded for each
of the scan lines. A complete point to point tabulation of the
interpretation for the scan lines is contained in Appendix D.
TRANSECT A - B
Data on this line was recorded while enroute to Point B. The
line was run along the channel and the depths in this area are
in the order of 30 feet. The bottom reflection appears too
close to the end of the equipment time base to show all the
sub-bottom information.
TRANSECT B - C
Data was taken on this line for 1100 linear feet. Some of the
thickest log deposits were observed on this line. The general
character of the deposits was flat except that some indication
of upright logs was observed between Station 7+80 and 8+60.
F-7
-------
The summary of deposit thicknesses is:
Thicknesses less than 1 ft. - None
Thicknesses 1 ft. to 2 ft. - 37%
Thicknesses 2 ft. to 3 ft. - 34%
Thicknesses 3 ft. to 4 ft. » 25%
Thicknesses 4 ft. to 5 ft. - 4%
The ESP data from this line is enclosed in this report as
Figure 9.
TRANSECT C - D
The length of this line is 2100 linear feet including approximately
a 500 foot width of channel which was beyond the depth range of
the system. The deposits in this line can be generally character-
ized as flat. Evidence of upright and jumbled deposits appear
between stations 7+60 and 9+00, and stations 15+00 and 18+50.
What appears ,to be a log pile about 5 ft. high is observed at
Station 3+95. A summary of the observed bottom conditions is:
•
Deposits less than 1 ft. - 7%
Deposit thicknesses 1 ft. to 2 ft. - 20%
-Deposit thicknesses 2 ft. to 3 ft. - 44%
F-8
-------
Deposit thicknesses 3 ft. to 4 ft. - None
Deposit thicknesses 4 ft. to 5 ft. - 1%
TRANSECT D - E
This line is 2300 linear feet long. The character of the log
deposits in this line is generally flat except that evidence
of upright logs was noted between Stat-ons 4+00 and 5+00. What
could be logs trapped by stumps is observed at Station 2+90.
A log filled depression is observed between station 20+00 and
21+00. A summary of the deposits in this line is:
Deposits less than 1 ft. thi,ck - 36%
Deposit thicknesses 1 ft. to 2 ft. - 59%
Deposit thicknesses 2 ft. to 3 ft. - 5%
Deposit thicknesses 3 ft. to 4 ft. - None
Deposit thicknesses 4 ft. to 5 ft. - None
TRANSECT E - F
The length of this line is 1600 linear feet. It was run approx-
imately parallel to Transect D-E except closer to the logging boom,
F-9
-------
The same general characterization comments apply. A summary of
the deposits is:
Deposit thicknesses less than 1 ft. - 23%
Deposit thicknesses 1 ft. to 2 ft. - 54%
Deposit thicknesses 2 ft. to 3 ft. - 23%
Deposit thicknesses 3 ft. to 4 ft. - None
Deposit thicknesses 4 ft. to 5 ft- - None
TRANSECT F - G
This is a survey line 670 linear feet long which runs from the
opening in the logging boom to point G. The general characteristics
of the deposits in this line were flat. No differences from this
character were observed. A summary of the deposits is:
Deposits less than 1 ft. thick - None
Deposit thicknesses 1 ft. to 2 ft. - 66%
V
Deposit thicknesses 2 ft. to 3 ft. - 24%
peposit thicknesses 3 ft. to 4 ft. - 10%
«
Deposit thicknesses 4 ft. to 5 ft. - None
F-10
-------
TRANSECT G - H
The length of this line was 400 linear feet. The general character
of the deposit was flat. Approximately 70% of this line was in
the noise band and no meaningful information could be extracted.
Deposits of two to three feet in thickness make up 17% of this
line.
TRANSECT H - I
This line length is 950 linear feet. The general character of
the deposits is flat except that upright indications are shown
from station 6+90 to 9+55. A summary of the deposits is:
Deposit thicknesses less than 1 ft. - None
Deposit thicknesses 1 ft. to 2 ft. - 68%
Deposit thicknesses 2 ft. to 3 ft. - 32% - Estimated
It should be noted that approximately 310 feet of this line was
within the instrumentation noise band. The thickness here appears
to be 2 to 3 ft. but was hard to define. It makes up the 32%
estimated quantity in the summary.
F-ll
-------
TRANSECT I - J
The length of this line is 780 linear feet. The same general
comments as in the H-I transect apply. A summary of the deposit
thickness is:
Deposits less than 1 ft. thick - 17%
Deposits 1 to 2 ft. thick - 38%
Deposits 2 to 3 ft. thick - 45%
Deposits 3 to 4 ft. thick - None
Deposits 4 to 5 ft. thick - None
Figure 9 is a reproduction of the data from the complete scan
line of B to C. General points of interest are noted such
as the 100 ft. station marks, locations of diver ground truth
information, diver ground truth reports, and the interpreted
location of the actual lake bottom.
CONCLUSIONS
The ESP data collected supports the diver observations of the
extensive deposits of logs on the bottom of Woodland Pond. The
interpretations of the data collected from Point B through to
t
Point J indicates that log deposits ranging in thickness from
1 to 3 ft. make up 80% of the lake bottom along these lines.
F-12
-------
APPENDIX F-A
F-13
-------
APPENDIX F-A
INTRODUCTION
Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc., has developed an impulse radar
system that makes shallow subsurface investigations. The tech-
nique is known as Electromagnetic Subsurface Profiling (ESP),
and is the electrical analog of seismic sub-bottom profiling
techniques used in marine geology. The system is capable of
detecting and graphically displaying subsurface interfaces to
depths of as much as 50 feet.
Broadband, time-limited pulses of electromagnetic energy are
continuously radiated into the earth from a special antenna .
moving along the surface. The system receives reflections of
these pulses from interfaces between materials that have different
electrical properties. This data is stored on magnetic tape and
is printed out graphically after an area has been scanned. The
*.
printout displays a close approximation to the interfaces one
%
would see in the vertical wall of a trench dug along the corres-
ponding scan line. The printout is produced by printing high
*
signal levels as black and no signal as white. Intermediate
«
signals are in the gray range.
F-14
-------
In practice, scans are made by slowly driving a small truck or
boat containing the impulse radar system over the area of
interest. A block diagram of the system is shown in Figure Al.
A sled-mounted antenna is towed behind the survey vehicle. The
antenna can also be handpulled over an area as much as 100 feet
from the vehicle or towed behind an all-terrain vehicle in areas
where the standard vehicle is unsuitable. Data may be printed
out in the field for immediate interpretation or sent back to
the laboratory for computer processing and data enhancement.
The impulse radar system has been used successfully to locate ice
wedges in permafrost, determine the geologic structure of several
deposits of unconsolidated material, map bottom topography through
ice on fresh-water lakes, measure fresh-water and sea-ice thickness,
/
locate buried objects such as pipes, tunnels, barrels, and synthetic
foam, and profile the bedrock surface buried beneath unconsolidated
materials.
EXPLANATION OF IMPULSE RADAR THEORY
Impulse propagation through naturally-occurring media, is a com-
plicated phenomenon. Physical and chemical properties of a medium
affect the dielectric constant and conductivity. These parameters
F-15
-------
in turn influence impulse shape and propagation. The dielectric
constant determines the velocity at which the impulse travels
through the medium. If the velocity and time of travel are known,
the thickness of the material can be determined.
The impulse radar system emits a pulse that is approximately
Gaussian in shap.e (see Figure A2). It is possible to express
this time domain impulse through its fourier transform as a
frequency spectrum of components (Ref. 1, 2 and 3). The
reflection of each of the spectral components and hence the
impulse is determined by the dielectric constant and conductivity
of the medium from which it is reflected. This is because the
reflected pulse must satisfy the boundary conditions at each
interface. These boundary conditions are derived from Maxwell's
equations (ReJE. 4). If the impulse passes through multiple media
it is partially reflected and partially transmitted at each
interface (see Figure A3). It is the reflected pulse that the
i
radar system developed by Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. will
detect, analyze and record.
F-16
-------
Recorder
Receiver
Battery
Fast Switch
Transmitted Pulse
Soil and/or
Rock Strata
Transmit-
Receive
Selector
I Antenna |
Reflected
Pulse
Signals
Obstacle
FIGURE FA I Block Diagram of Impulse
Radar System
-------
r
01
CO
CM
O
I
1
d
1
N
-------
VOLTS
Ground Surface
Top Soil
/.^^^^^^r I f i*^^**f t ^^^^^**i^C*
Bedrock
V °U
z and t
LEGEND
E^ = Incident Pulse (Pulse Transmitted by Radar)
Er = Reflected Pulse From Interface (Ground Surface)
Et = Transmitted Pulse Into Ground
z = Distance
t = Time
e = Dielectric Constant
0 =* Conductivity
FIGURE FA3 Multiple Media
-------
REFERENCES CITED
1. Redheffer, R.M.; Sokolnikoff, I.S.; Mathematics of Physics
and Modern Engineering, pp 175 - 195, McQraw-Hill, Inc. 1958
2. IBID; Redheffer, R.M.; pp 482 - 488.
3. Adler, Richard B.; Chu, LanJen; Fano, Robert M.; Electro-
magnetic Energy Transmission and Radiation, pp 6 - 24,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1960.
4. IBID; Adler, Richard B.; pp 189 - 194.
F-17
-------
APPENDIX F-B
F-18
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Division of Surveillance and Analysis
2UO Highland Avenue
Needham Heights, Massachusetts 0219**
September 22, 1972
Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc.
16 Republic Road
North Billerica, Massachusetts 01862
Attention: Mr. Walter Harrington
Gentlemen:
Enclosed is the ground truth information requested by GSS for
the interpretation of ESP data recorded for the Woodland Pond
section of the St. Croix River, Woodland, Maine. The maps of the
survey lines I (the run from north to south) and II (the return
run from south to north) are fairly good representations of those
run in the field. These will have to serve as temporary lines
until such time as an aerial composite map can be put together and
the survey lines more accurately mapped.
Included are blank maps of the study area. Suggestions and
changes relative to identifying transects and their locations are
velcome. If any problems or discrepancies arise or if I can be
of further assistance, do not hesitate to contact me.
FOR THE REGIONAL ADMINISTRATOR:
Sincerely yours,
Peter M. Nolan
Aquatic Biologist
Enclosure(s)
F-19
-------
GROUND TRUTHS
General Information
Wherever EPA divers conducted operations on Woodland Pond, sunken
logs lying on the bottom were encountered. The logs varied in
diameter from approximately 3 to 2k inches. A stick of pulpwood
averages k feet in length. Generally, the pond from the channel east
was more densely laden with logs. There was no uniformity in character
of the logs layered on the bottom. The logs lay in an assorted jumble
from upright to horizontal. The spaces between the logs varied from
a few inches to large gaps of up to eight feet. The gaps or spaces
between the logs were laden with bark and woody debris interspersed
with silt. Depending on location, this could be as much as 2k inches
or as little as 1 inch. This debris was observed to be heaviest in
the downstream end of the study area. Overlying this logging debris
was a fine floe which was easily disturbed and resuspended.
The observations stated for ground truth points are considered
by us to be a fair representation of the area in the general vicinity
of the point.
The layering of logs referred to in this report indicates the
numbers of logs piled on one another re(2 to 3 layers). Estimates of
depths in feet of log related deposits was not considered reliable.
For example, depending on the size of the logs and configuration on the
bottom, 2 layers of logs could be k to 5 feet deep and conversely k
layers could be only 2 to 3 feet deep, etc.
The survey lines (transects) are lettered alphabetically from point
to point as run in the field. The ground truth marks are numbered
consecutively also as run in the field.
F-20
-------
Transect A to B
Although no diving was done along this transect, we were
sufficiently close to shore to observe at visible depths the pre-
sence of sunken logs. My estimate is that the logs were layered from
1 to 3 deep for most of this survey line. The logs were positioned on
the bottom in various configurations from upright to horizontal.
Transect B to C
Ground Truth Point 1 - Logs layered 1 to 2 deep, some laying
horizontal and others layered or were leaning against these. There
were some gaps between the logs of approximately k to 5 feet. The
gaps are filled in with bark, wood fragments, a light floe and silt
to a depth of approximately 2 to 6 inches.
Ground Truth Point 2 - Logs generally layered from 1 to 2 deep
with some logs layered up to U deep. Logs were fairly uniformly
distributed on the bottom. The substrate was composed of bark, wood
fragments, silt, etc. to depths of 6 to 12 inches.
Ground Truth Point 3 - Logs layered 2 to 3 thick with bark, wood
fragments and silt comprising the substrate. Other observations are
similar to the above.
Transect C to D
Ground Truth Point U - Considerable logs sunk at visible depths
near the shore with logs layered 3 to h deep, lying in a Jumble on
the bottom. Coverage is fairly dense with few gaps between logs.
Ground Truth Points 5 and 6 - Bottom visibility was 6 inches
or less at these points due to log recovery operations being conducted
4 "•
by GP. However, diver verification of the presence of logs was made
F-21
-------
faced rocks up to 8 feet across. Logs were piled on top of the rocks
usually not exceeding 2 layers.
East side £ of line distance from the Canadian shore, logs
covered the bottom in every direction with fewer in the vicinity of
the channel. Bottom coverage by logs was fairly dense with logs
layered from 1 to 5 deep. The logs of largest diameter were observed
to be on the bottom of the piles with the smaller sticks on top.
The logs on the bottom varied from upright, to flat on the bottom.
Bark, wood fragments and debris covered the bottom to depths up to
18 inches deep. Some logs were buried beneath the substrate. Near
the shore in some locations more stumps were noticed and the logs
were 1 deep. One pile of logs was observed to be about 6 to 8 feet
high.
Relative numbers of logs for 100 feet in 3 different directions
for this area are:
From point 0 to northeast 330 logs and 279 logs
From point 0 due south 150 logs
From point 0 west to channel 78 logs
Transect E to F
Ground truth from point E to the intersection of the two large
y
logging booms.
This line was surveyed on August 17, 1972, for verification of
the presence of logs. 3 to k layers of logs were observed to be
fairly uniformly covering the bottom along this line. The bark, wood
debris, etc. was noted to be 6 to 12 inches deep.
Transect F to G
No truth.
F-22
-------
by feeling on the bottom. At these points, logs are estimated to be
layered 2 to 3 deep with variable gaps up to 5 feet separating some
of the logs. Bottom materials, such as bark, wood fragments, floe
and silt are estimated to be about 2 to 12 inches. Some of this area
is channel.
Ground Truth 7 - Logs are less dense, 1 to 2 layers with some
lying horizontal and others laying or leaning against these. Some
logs protruding out of the water closer to shore.
Transect D to E
Although ground truth marks per se are not given along this
transect, we conducted a good deal of diving activity along this line
and have a good deal of ground truth available for it.
On the west side t» of line distance from the American shore, the
bottom was observed to have a good deal of stumps and trees lopped
off at 6 feet. Many of these stumps were trapping logs and causing
piles to be created, accumulations of which reached 5 layers. The logs
are not as dense as on the east side with gaps with no logs extending
for up to 8 feet. Typically, the logs are layered 2 to k deep. The
substrate encountered typically was comprised of bark, wood fragments
interspersed with silt and floe.
Lines which divers swam on compass bearings for 100 feet indicate
relative numbers of logs over which the diver passed.
From point zero due east 183 logs and 1?8 logs were counted.
From point zero due west 220 logs were counted.
At mid-stream the water was up to 25 to 30 feet deep. Exposed
,
portions of the channel indicated the presence of ledge and broad
F-23
-------
faced rocks up to 8 feet across. Logs were piled on top of the
rocks usually not exceeding 2 layers.
East side £ of line distance from the Canadian shore, U logs
covered the bottom in every direction with fewer in the vicinity of
the channel. Bottom coverage by logs was fairly dense with logs
layered from 1 to 5 deep. The logs of largest diameter were observed
to be on the bottom of the piles with the smaller sticks on top.
The logs on the bottom varied from upright to flat on the bottom.
Bark, wood' fragments and debris covered the bottom to depths up to
18 inches deep. Some logs were buried beneath the substrate. Near
shore in some locations more stumps were noticed and the logs were
1 deep. One pile of logs was observed to be about 6 to 8 feet high.
Relative numbers of logs for 100 feet in 3 different directions
ijr '
for this area are:
From point 0 to northeast 330 logs and 279 logs.
From point 0 due south 150 logs.
From point 0 west to channel 78 logs.
Transect E to F
Ground truth from point E to the intersection of the two large
logging booms.
This line was surveyed on August 17, 1972, for verification
of the presence of logs. 3 to k layers of logs were observed to
be fairly uniformly covering the bottom along this line. The bark,
wood debris, etc. was noted to be 6 to 12 inches deep.
Transect F to G
No truth.
F-24
-------
Transect G to H
Truth Point 8 - Logs are present on the pond bottom in densities
similar to those for areas on the east side of Woodland Pond. These
vary from approximately 2 to h layers with fairly uniform bottom
coverage. Bark, wood fragments and woody debris are present to depths
of 18 inches.
Truth Point 9 - Similar to above.
Truth Point 10 - Presence of logs verified average 2 to h layers
with some spots having logs 5 to 6 layers deep. Logs are lying on the
bottom in a jumble upright to horizontal. Typical coverage for 100
feet (the number of logs over which the diver passes) was approximately
130 logs. A divers count for an area estimated to be 10 square feet
was 25 logs. These logs would be wholly or partially in this area.
Bark, woody debris and floe was deeper here than in areas previously
noted. A diver could put his arm to shoulder depth (2k or more inches)
in this area and not feel hard bottom. Groping beneath this debris
revealed the presence of buried logs.
Truth Point 11 - The logs were less dense, approximately 1 layer
deep with 2 layers the maximum depth. The logs were lying flat on the
bottom. Submerged vegetation was noted to be more abundant.
F-25
-------
APPENDIX F-C
F-26
-------
I
to
-------
APPENDIX P-D
F-28
-------
TRANSECT B - C
station
0400 to 1+60
1+60 to 2+40
to 4+90
4+90 to 5+40
5+40 to 7+40
7-»40 to 7+90
7+80 to 6+$0
8+60 to 11+00
Deposit
Thickness
X1
Water
Depth
2'-3'
3f-4f
4'-5'
3'-4'
2'-3'
14 '-15'
17'-29+
12 '-15'
12 '
12 '-
15f-17'
Comments
Gap at 0+80
2+90 to 4+50
Ground Truth #1
Steep Channel
Ground Truth #2
Some Upright
9+00 to 9+50 log
filled depression
After 11+00 bottom
is difficult to define.
Ground Truth #3
F-29
-------
TRANSECT C
Station
0+00 to Q+70
i
0+70 to H0p
1+00 to l+2ty
1+20 to 2+14
2+15 to fc+$0
2+90 to 3+7$
3+75 to 5+00
5+00 to 7+60
7+60 to 9+00
-9+00 to 1J5+00
15+00 to IMQ
16+20 to ?.8+5Q
.1
18+50 tp 19+2Q
19+20 to ^l-fOQ
Deposit
Thickness
2f-3'
l',2'
2'~3'
X'-2'
<1
l'-2f
2'-3'
2'
2f-3'
-
lf-2f
2'-3'
-------
TRANSECT D - E
Station
0+00 to 1+00
1+00 to 1+50
1+50 to 2+00
Deposit
Thickness
<1-
l'-2'
-------
TRANSECT E - F
Station
0+00 to 1+60
1+60 to 4+60
4+60 to 5+40
5+40 to 9+00
9+00 to 13+20
13+20 to 14+00
14+00 to 16+00
Deposit
Thickness
l'-2f
2'-3'
Water
Depth
6-20
18-23
Comments
1+70 to
l'-2f
''
2'-3
18-20
17-29+
14-18
17-18
16-19
filled depression
Channel/Tree 8+25
Some Upright Logs
TRANSECT F - G
0+00 to 1+60
1+60 to 4+50
4+50 to 5+20
5+20 to 6+70
2'-3'
It.2'
3'-4'
16I-20f
20f
F-32
-------
TRANSECT G - H
Station
0+00 to 1+30
1+30 to 3+30
3+30 to 4+00
Deposit
Thickness
2'-3!
Water
Depth
18 '-23'
16 '-20'
Comments
Ground Truth #8
Data in Noise Band
Ground Truth #9
TRANSECT H - I
0+00 to 3+10
3+10 to 6+90
6+90 to 9+55
I _0 I
2'-3
I Ol
lf-2
1'
21
13t-21I
Data in Noise Band
15'-18' Upright Logs
TRANSECT I - J
0+00 to 3+55
3+55 to 6+45
6+45 to 7+75
2'-3
6'-14'
6'-9'
Ground Truth #10
Many flat - Mostly
about 2'
Some Flat
Ground Truth #11
F-33
-------
APPENDIX G
-------
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
DIVING REPORT
WOODLAND LAKE & MILL POND
WOODLAND, MAINE
During the period of August 16 - 19, 1972 an underwater in-
vestigation was performed by EPA Region I divers in the Lop Storage
Pond on the St. Croix River, Woodland, Maine. The diving operation
was to determine the areal extent of bottom coverage due to sunken
pulp lops, bark and related debris. Divers mapped, photographed, and
counted sunken logs. Also, the divers provided assistance and ground
truth data to Geological Survey Systems, North Billerica, Massachusetts
for its use in conducting subsurface investigations. (See Appendix F).
Diving activities were conducted in impounded portions of the
St. Croix River known as Mill Pond and a two mile reach of Woodland Lake.
Mill Pond is a small body of water extending from the Woodland Dam north
to the railroad bridge at Woodland Junction. The two mile reach of
Woodland Lake extended from the railroad bridge in Woodland Junction up-
stream. These two sections have a combined surface area of approximately
666 acrea (1.04 square miles).
Woodland Lake and Mill Pond are used by the Georgia-Pacific
Corporation Woodland, for the wet storage of pulp logs. During the time
of this investigation the southeastern portion of Woodland Lake (locally
known as Hanson Cove) and the entire Mill Pond were being used for log
storage. Large booms adjacently rigged from north to south for approx-
imately 0.6 mile and east to west for approximately 0.5 mile are used to
keep the logs fn position (see Figure G-l). Of the 666 acres previously
mentioned, about 266 acres were actively being used for the wet storage
of logs.
G-l
-------
A huge bark pile in Woodland Junction boarded the shore line of
the Woodland Lake for about 0.5 mile (Figure 6-1). Several small man-
made boom rigging islands dot the lake surface.
DIVING LOCATIONS
Diving locations were randomly selected in the field by the EPA
diving coordinator. The locations were chosen to include as much of the
study area as possible to get representative impressions of bottom con-
ditions.
Diving in the southeastern portion of the lake was precluded due to
the logs in storage. Peripheral areas were investigated by swimming under
the logs from open water. Mill Pond, which was tightly packed with logs,
was examined by diving from shore using life lines.
Figure G-l shows the diving locations in consecutive numbers from
south to north. The solid circles indicate the general areas which were
extensively surveyed by divers and the open circles represent areas which
were spot checked for bottom conditions.
GENERAL REMARKS - BOTTOM CONDITIONS
Wherever EPA divers conducted diving operations in Woodland Lake
and in the adjacent Mill Pond, sunken logs, lying in various config-
urations on the bottom were encountered. The logs lay in an assorted
jumble of non uniform layers on the bottom.
The sunken logs were approximately four feet long and varied in
diameter from three inches to 24 inches.
Generally, the lake bottom from the channel east to the Canadian
shore was more densely laden with logs than was the west side. This is
probably due to prevailing winds from a westerly direction or the
G-2
-------
LEGEND
O Dive site - spot check
• Dive site - intense examination
Pulpwood in storage
DIVE LOCATIONS
ST. CROIX RIVER
WOODLAND'
FIGURE G-l
-------
dredging of logs from the pond bottom on the west side of the lake. The
Mill Pond had the greatest abundance of sunken logs.
Spaces and gaps did exist between logs lying on the bottom. The
gaps varied from a few inches up to eight feet across. The gaps were
heavily laden with bark mixtures, wood fragments and woody debris inter-
spersed with a fine silt. Depending on location the debris ranged from
one inch to more than two feet deep. The amount of debris increased in
the downstream portions of the Woodland Lake study area, and Mill Pond
had the heaviest concentrations.
Overlying the logs and other related matter was a fine flocculent
substance which was easily disturbed and resuspended. This floe, when
subjected to microscopic examination, resembled a colloidal humus or
humoid substance.
Core samples taken by the EPA divers showed that a light gray clay
type material underlies the log and debris deposits. This clay is found
throughout Woodland Lake and Mill Pond. Exposed areas of the natural river
bed are found in the channel. These areas contain a high percentage of
rocks, stones and coarse gravel.
Depths of logs laying on the bottom are made in terms of layers (the
count of logs piled or leaning against one another i.e. 2-3 layers).
Depths of the bark, woody debris and floe deposits were estimated in
linear measure. For example, by penetrating the deposit with his hand and
arm a diver can determine relative depth (i.e. penetration to the
wrist - approximately eight inches, elbow - 18 inches and shoulder
24 or more inches).
Log counts were performed on compass bearings from a selected bottom
G-3
-------
point for a distance of about 100 feet. The divers counted lops and
portions of logs over which their bodies passed. The width of the path
normally would not be greater than six feet, thus the area of coverage on
any compass bearing from the point selected was approximately equal to 600
square feet. Occasionally, the logs lying wholly or partially within an
area estimated to be 100 square feet were counted.
The following observations and results regarding the bottom conditions
are considered to be a fair representation of the general dive locations.
These results are compendiums of the individual divers' impressions of
bottom conditions.
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
Dive Location 1 August 16
The surface of the Mill Pond was tightly packed with floating pulp
wood. Much of the pulpwood was partially or totally debarked. In many
cases the remaining bark was in the process of sloughing off. Access to
Mill Pond was from the U.S.A. shore. Logs partially and totally sunken
along shore impeded entry into the water. The divers had to crawl and push
their way from shore until they reached a water depth which enabled them to
dive under the floating pulpwood.
The bottom was densely covered with logs. The sunken logs are
conservatively estimated to be four times more plentiful on the bottom.
Between the sunken logs were deposits of bark, woody debris, wood
fragments and silt. Overlying the logs and related deposits was a fine
light floe which was easily disturbed and resuspended. While obtaining a
core sample of the bottom material, the corer penetrated the deposits its
entire length (30 inches) plus the length of the divers arm to the elbow.
G-4
-------
By fanning away the debris, the end of the corer was exposed and retrieved.
These deposits are estimated to exceed three feet. Logs were encountered
beneath these deposits.
The bottom of the pond was investigated for a distance of 100 yards
from shore. Log coverage was fairly uniform with typical coverage of three
to five layers of logs.
The log density is characterized as: Very heavy.
Dive Location 2 August 17
The range of this dive extended from areas under the floating pulp-
wood to areas of channel. Logs were present lying flat on the bottom and
in a jumble from upright to horizontal. Bottom coverage was fairly uniform
with the logs layered approximately two to four deep. Gaps between logs of
up to six feet were observed.
Bark, woody debris, silt and floe deposits were deep here. A diver
pushed his arm to shoulder level into these deposits.
A diver, swimming on a north compass bearing for 100 feet from Point 2,
counted the logs over which he passed.
1. 140 logs
2. 161 logs
A diver counted 25 logs in two, 100 square feet areas adjacent to
Point 2.
The log density in this area is characterized as: Light - Moderate.
Dive Location 3 August 18
Logs generally one layer deep with two layers the maximum depth.
The logs were usually lying flat on the bottom. Depositions of bark,
wood fragments etc. was not as extensive as noted at locations one and two.
6-5
-------
Submerged vegetation was notably more abundant.
The log density in this area is characterized as: Light.
Dive Location 4 August 18
Bottom fairly uniformly covered with logs. Logs are layered 2-4
deep with some gaps existing between them. Sunken bark, wood, fragments
and debris have accumulated to depths up to 18 inches. Overlying the logs
and debris was the fine flocculent substance previously noted.
The log density is characterized as: Moderate.
Dive Location 5 August 18
Observations similar to location 4 above with variable gaps up to
five feet between logs.
The log density is characterized as: Moderate.
Dive Location 6 August 17-18
This location is situated approximately 1/8 mile off the U.S.A.
shore. The bottom had a good deal of stumps and some trees lopped off at
six feet. Many of the stumps were trapping sunken logs and submerged dead
heads causing piles to be created, accumulations of which reached five
c
layers. The logs otherwise are uniformly layered 1-2 deep with some four
layered areas. Gaps up to eight feet across contained no logs. The substrate
comprised bark, wood fragments and woody debris interspersed with silt and
floe. Depth of this debris laden substrate was highly variable. Eighteen
inches was the maximum observed.
Logs counted by divers on compass bearings for 100 feet indicate
relative numbers of logs over which the diver passed.
From Point 6 due east, two counts.
1. 183 logs
8-6
-------
2. 178 logs
From Point 6 due west, one count
1. 220 lops
Log density is characterized as: Moderate.
Dive Location 7 August 16, 17
Diving activities in this area extended from a location 1/8 mile
from the Canadian shore southward into shallow water (3-5 feet deep) .
westward to river channel and northerly about 100 yards.
Logs covered the bottom in every direction with fewer in the
vicinity of the channel.
Layering of the logs was variable with 1-2 layers commonly seen and
3 to 4 layers less frequently observed. The logs of the largest diameter
were on the bottom of the log piles.
Bark, wood fragments and debris covered the bottom to depths of up
to 18 inches. Some logs were totally or partially buried beneath the
substrate.
Near shore, stumps of trees and larger tree trunks were seen. Sunken
pulpwood was normally lying flat on the bottom generally one layer
deep. The logging debris was estimated to be l"-6" deep nearer
shore.
In the river channel (30 feet deep water) exposed portions of the river
bed indicated the presence of ledge and broadfaced rocks, etc. one to two
layers deep with large gaps between logs.
Approximately 20 feet north from the intersection of the two large
logging booms .was a pile of logs about six or eight feet high. Divers could
not determine if the pile was a natural outcropping of the bottom covered
G- 7
-------
with logs or an acutal pile of logs.
Logs counted by divers swimming on different compass bearings for 100
feet are:
From Point 7 northeast, two counts
1. 330 logs
2. 279 logs
From Point 7 due south, one count
1. 150 logs
From Point 7 due west toward channel, one count
1. 78 logs
Log densities are characterized as: Moderate - Heavy.
Dive Location 8 August 18
Bottom visibility at this location was hindered due to log recovery
operations being conducted by the Georgia-Pacific Corporation Verification
for the presence of logs was made by feeling and groping on the bottom.
The logs were estimated to be layered 2-3 deep with variable gaps up to
five feet separating the logs. Bottom materials, bark, wood
fragments etc. are estimated to be no deeper than 12 inches. Some
of this area is channel.
Log densities are characterized as: Light - Moderate.
Dive Location 9 August 18
Observations similar to those above with improved visibility.
Logs were either lying flat on the bottom or in assorted jumbles from
upright to horizontal. Logging debris was present. Some of the area is in
the channel.
Log density characterized as: Light - Moderate.
6-8
-------
Dive Location 10 August 18
Considerable logs were sunken at visible depths near shore with
layers as great as four deep. Some logs protruded from the water
surface. Proceeding westerly from shore the logs were fairly uniformly
layered at one to two deep. The substrate comprised bark, wood fragments
interspersed with silt overlain by a layer of floe.
Log density characterized as: Moderate.
Dive Location 11 August 18
Logs were layered two to three deep. The substrate comprised silted
bark and wood fragments ranging from four to eight inches deep. Logs nearly
covered the bottom however some gaps three to four feet existed.
Log density characterized as: Moderate.
Dive Location 12 August 18
Logs observed on bottom one to two layers deep with accumulations
of four layers frequently encountered. Logs were tightly packed with
few gaps exceeding one foot. The logs were situated on the bottom in
a Jumble from horizontal to upright.
The bottom material was composed of bark, wood fragments and woody
debris interspersed with silt. The depths of these woody materials were
six to twelve inches.
Log density characterized as: Heavy.
Dive Location 13 August 18
Logs were layered one to two deep. Some logs lay flat on the bottom
with others lying on or leaning against these. Some four to five feet
gaps existed between logs.
Gaps were overlain with bark, woody material, silt, etc. to six
G-9
-------
inches in depth. A light flocculent substance was overlying the benthic
materials.
Log density characterized as: Light - Moderate.
Sunken log counts and estimates of total logs sunken
By utilizing the count data generated in the field and applying
logical assumptions a reasonable estimate of sunken logs in Woodland Lake
can be obtained.
Previously reported were counts of sunken logs given for 100' x 61 areas
in different parts of Woodland Lake. These were:
183, 179, 140, 161, 150, 279, 330, and 78.
The average of these counts is 187 logs/600 square feet.
1. Let count equal 185 logs/600 square feet.
2. The study area as previously described is 666 acres.
At 4.3560X104 square feet/acre
Total area square feet = 4.3560X104 square feet/acre
X 666 acre
29,010,960 square feet
3. Estimate total logs - 185 logs X 29,010,960 square feet
600 square feet
= 8,945,120 or approximately 9.0 million logs.
To estimate cords of wood.
1 cord - 128 cubic feet or 4'X4'X8'
A stick of pulpwood averages 4'X8" diameter
By mathematics 72 logs/cord
but say 80 logs/cord
9.0 million logs
80 logs/cord = approximately 110,000 cords of wood
G-10
-------
Allow for 50% error and the possible range is
55,000 cords to 165,000 cords.
These estimates are intended to be conservative. Note that the
figures are for only part of the pulpwood storage and log driving
areas.
G-ll
-------
APPENDIX H
-------
SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND STUDIES
ST. CROIX RIVER, MAINE - AUGUST 1972
Allen M. Lucas
Aquatic Biologist
Water Sciences Branch
National Field Investigations Center - Cincinnati
5555 Ridge Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
At the request of the Director, Division of Surveillance and
Analysis, Region I, EPA, oxygen demand rates of bottom sediments were
measured in a 20-mile long reach of the St. Croix River in the vicinity
of Woodland, Maine (Figure H-l). The study was conducted by the National
Field Investigations Center - Cincinnati during the period of August 8-14,
1972, in support of an overall investigation by EPA, Region I to determine
the effects on the river of pulp and paper making activities of the
Georgia-Pacific Corporation, Woodland, Maine.
Sediment oxygen demand (SOD) rates were obtained by measuring the
changes in the dissolved oxygen content of water sealed and circulated
in plexiglas chambers (Figure H-2) embedded in the river sediments.
Measurements were made only in areas where the bottom was soft enough to
permit the chamber cutting edge to penetrate and effect a seal. The
chambers covered 0.186 square meter of river bottom and held 14.5 liters
of river water. Water was circulated with a 12-volt submersible pump.
Changes in the dissolved oxygen content of the entrapped water were
measured with portable DO meters. Dissolved oxygen changes were sufficient
within 15 to 90 minutes to estimate the oxygen demand of the sediments.
The effectiveness of the chamber to river-bottom seal was measured
by adding a concentrated salt (NaCl) solution to the chamber water to
H-l
-------
increase its specific conductivity above the conductivity of the river
water. The increased conductivity was then monitored during the test
run. Logs and large wood chips on the river bottom at some locations
made it necessary that SCUBA divers place the chambers on the river
bottom to ensure a maximum chamber-to-sediment seal. Nevertheless,
effective seals were difficult to obtain at several locations. In these
cases estimates of the oxygen demand rates, based on changes in specific
conductivity, of the chamber water, were calculated.
To determine if bottom sediments within the chambers were disturbed
during the test runs, water trapped in the chamber plumbing after each
test run was visually inspected.
The SOD rates were calculated on an areal basis using the following
formula: SOD - (Ci - Cf) V
tA
f\
where : SOD = sediment uptake rate in gm 02/m /day
V = volume of confined water in m^ (0.0145)
A = bottom area within chamber in m% (.186)
t - test period in days
Ci « initial measured DO of chamber water in mg/1
Cf « final measured DO of chamber water in mg/1
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
SOD rates measured in the St. Croix River in areas unaffected by
active logging or pulp and paper making operations (Stations Ic, 2 and
10) ranged from 0.9 to 2.4 gm 02/m2/day* (Table H-l). Bottom substrate
in these areas were primarily mud and silt.
* A measurement made with a clear chamber indicated that benthic algae
2
present at Station 10 produced 0.3 gm 02/m /day in excess of the sediment
oxygen demand during at least part of the daylight hours.
H-2
-------
MILES
DAM SITES
UNITED STATES
WOODLAND;
ST CROIX RIVER
LOCATIONS USED TO MEASURE SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND
FIGURE H-l
-------
•0--RING BETWEEN
PUMP * CHAMBER CMECK VALVB
DISSOLVED
°OXVGEN
PROBE
CONDUCTIVITY
STAINLESS STEEL
f
to
Sediment oxygen demand chamber.
-------
TABLE H-l
SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND RATES
<*>
ST. CROIX
RIVER, MAINE
AUGUST 8-14, 1972
SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND
STATION
1C Midchannel
Midchannel
2 Midchannel
3 ' Midchannel
4 Midchannel
Midchannel
5 Midchannel
Midchannel
7 Midchannel
Midchannel
Canadian
Side
8 Canadian
Side
Canadian
Side
Canadian
Side
DATE . TIME
8/14/72 1140-1235
1155-1240
8/8/72 1820-1905
8/13/72 1550-1605
1510-1605
8/13/72 1740-1815
1750-1820
8/12/72 1235-1250
1335-1350
1445-1500
8/11/72 1610-1700
1656-1700
1750-1755
' BOTTOM TTOE
Mud-silt
Mud-silt
Silt-bark
Bark
Baric-silt
lark-silt
Bark-silt
Bark-silt
Wood fibers • chips
Wood fibers - plant
detritus
Wood fibers & Sawdust
Wood fibers & silt
over sludge
Wood fibers 6 silt
over sludge
Wood fibers & silt
over sludge
DO OF
BOTTOM
WATER
TOR/1
8.0
8.0
7.8
-
-
7.6
7.6
7.8
7.8
7.3
6.0
6.0
6.0
CORRECTION
MEASURED FOR LEAKAGE
RATE AltBIENT DO
2.3
2.4
1.3
4.1
2.5
2.4
2.8
7.1
6.0
6.7
3.7
12.6
6.7
8jB 02 /m*/ day
2.3
*
2.2
No rate
•*
*
2.7
2.9
*
6.3
*
4.0
*
*
BOTTOM CONDITIONS IN
CHAMBER CHAMBER
Black
Clear
Clear
Slightly roiled Black
Clear
Clear
Black
Slightly roiled Black
Clear
Clear
Black.
Moderately roiled Clear
Slightly roiled Black
-------
TABLE H-l continued
SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND RATES
ST. CROIX RIVER,
AUGUST 8-14,
MAINE
1972
• SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND
STATION DATE
Canadian
Side
9 Midchannel 8/10/72
10 Midchannel 8/11/72
Midchannel
11 Midchannel 8/10/72
Midchannel 8/10/72
12 U.S. Side 8/14/72
U.S. Side
Canadian
Side
Canadian
Side
TIME
1730-1815
1625-1705
1055-1220
1105-1220
1415-1440
1325-1400
1535-1550
1515-1555
1640-1705
1640-1705
BOTTOM TYPE
Wood fibers & silt
over sludge
Wood chips
Mud-clay-algae
Mud-clay-algae
Wood chips & bark
Wood chips & bark
Wood fiber & sawdust
Wood fiber & sawdust
Wood fiber & sawdust
Wood fiber & sawdust
DO OF
BOTTOM
WATER
6.0
6.4
7.3
7.3
6.1
6.1
5.3
5.3
5.3
5.3
CORRECTION
MEASURED FOR LEAKAGE
RATE AMBIENT DO
3.4
1.3
0.9
- 0.3
4.0
3.7
2.2
2.8
2.5
2.7
gm 02/m2/day
*
4.7
•*
'*'
5.6
4.5
*
3.0
*
2.8
BOTTOM CONDITIONS IN
CHAMBER ** CHAMBER
Clear
Clear
Black
Clear
Black
Clear
Black
Clear
Black
Clear
* No leakage
** Based on visual examination of water trapped in chamber plumbing at end of test run; unrolled unless noted.
-------
Stations 4 and 5, upstream from Georgia-Pacific Corporation, are
areas where active logging operations occur. Logs destined for the
pulp mill are floated down river to the wood storage area at Woodland.
The river bottom in this reach of the river was strewn with sunken logs.
The SOD chambers were placed by SCUBA divers in pockets among the logs.
The substrate in these pockets, primarily bark fragments with some silt,
*y
had oxygen demand rates of 2.7 to 4.1 gm 02/m /day. These rates are
similar to rates measured on bark sediments in the Klamath River, Oregon
(Table H-2).
Downstream from Georgia-Pacific Corporation and the city of Woodland
the bottom sediments contained waste products associated with pulp and
paper making operations. Bark, wood chips, dust, and fibers were found on
the river bottom. Depositions of the lighter materials, such as sawdust
and wood fibers, occurred in the more slack water areas.
SOD rates measured on sediments that contained large amounts of
coarse wood chips and bark (Stations 9 and 11) ranged from 4.5 to 4.7
gm 02/m2/day. Chamber seals were least effective at these locations.
Highest oxygen demands by sediments were measured approximately
one mile downstream from the Georgia-Pacific mill (Station 7). Sediments
composed primarily of wood fibers and chips had oxygen demand rates of
p
6.3 to 7.1 gm 02/m /day.
Oxygen demand rates measured on wood fiber - silt deposits (Station
8) and on wood fiber and sawdust banks (Station 12) were similar and
ranged from 2.8 to 4.0 gm 02/m^/day. Sawdust deposits in the Klamath
River, Oregon,.had an oxygen demand of 3.0 gm 02/m2/day (Table H-2). Silt-
sludge deposits located downstream from pulp and paper mill discharges
H-5
-------
TABLE H-2
SEDIMENT OXYGEN DEMAND OF VARIOUS
RIVERS AND ASSOCIATED POLLUTANTS
RIVER
POLLUTANT OR BOTTOM TYPE
SEDIMENT **
OXYGEN DEMAND
Hoston River, Tenn.
(Thomas & Lucas, 1969)
Klamath River, Oregon
(Thomas, 1968)
Licking River, Kentucky
(Personal Data)
Mill Creek, Ohio
(Personal Data)
.Ohio River, Kentucky
(Ballentine, Thomas
& Mathur, 1970)
Incinerator ash
Paper mill wastes )
Chemical production waste )
Sewage treatment plant discharge)
Vepetation
Algae
Bark
Sawdust
Agricultural runoff
Silt
Sewage
Sand
(.
Sewage sludge
Sphaerotilus natans
Reservoirs—North Carolina Undisturbed lake bed bottom
(Warner, Ballentine, &
Keup, 1969) Cleared lake bed bottom
Willamette River, Oregon
(Thomas, 1970)
Natural substrate (primarily sand)
Pulp and paper mill wastes
(silt-sludge deposits)
2.3
16.0
3.7
6.7
2.1
3.0
4.4*
1.2
4.8
0.75
6.1
12.1
1.2
0.9
0.8-3.7
5.1-19.5
*DO very low
** gm 02/nr/day
H-6
-------
on the Willamete River, Oregon, were characterized by SOD rates greater
than 5.1 gm 02/m2/day.
Thomas (1970) found that the oxygen demand of Willamete River
sediments associated with pulp and paper making wastes were greatest
during early summer when water temperatures were increasing and the amount
of oxidizable materials in the sediments was greatest. During the cooler
periods of the year, low temperatures inhibited oxygen consuming processes
in the sediments and permitted waste materials to accumulate. In late
summer, although water temperatures were maximal, the oxygen demand of
the sediments had decreased because oxidizable materials in the sediments
had been partially utilized.
The effect of sediment resuspension in the St. Croix River caused by
high flow conditions are reflected by rates measured at Stations 4, 7, and
8. Oxygen demand rates of roiled sediments within the chambers were
approximately 50 to 425 percent greater than rates on undisturbed
sediments.
H-7
-------
REFERENCES
1. Ballentine, R. K., Thomas, N. A., and Mathur, S. P. 1970.
"Water Quality Survey, Ohio River, Louisville, Kentucky -
Evansville, Indiana." National Field Investigations Center,
FWPCA, Dept. of Interior, Cincinnati, Ohio. Manuscript.
2. Thomas, N. A. 1968. "Results From Truckee and Klamath River
Studies." Technical Advisory and Investigations Branch, FWPCA,
Dept. of Interior, Cincinnati, Ohio. Memorandum Report.
3. Thomas, N. A. and Lucas, A. M. 1969. "Benthic Oxygen Demand
Studies, Holston River — Tennessee." National Field Investigations
Center, FWPCA, Dept. of Interior, Cincinnati, Ohio. Memorandum
Report.
4. Thomas, N. A. 1970. "Sediment Oxygen Demand Investigations of the
Willamette River, Portland, Oregon." U. S. Dept. of the Interior,
FWPCA, National Field Investigations Center, Cincinnati, Ohio. 8 pp.
(.
5. Warner, R. W., Ballentine, R. K., and Keup, L. E. 1969. "Black -
Water Impoundment Investigations.1 Technical Advisory and
Investigations Branch, FWPCA, Dept. of Interior, Cincinnati, Ohio.
95 pp.
H-8
-------
APPENDIX I
-------
A STUDY OF THE TOXICITY OF
THE GEORGIA-PACIFIC PULP AND PAPER
MILL EFFLUENT, IN WOODLAND, MAINE
R. P. COTE
WATER SURVEILLANCE UNIT
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SERVICE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
HALIFAX, NOVA SCOTIA
AUGUST, 1972
1-1
-------
INTRODUCTION
At the request of the International Joint Commission
and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Water
Surveillance Unit of EPS participated in a comprehensive
survey of the St. Croix River in August, 1972.
The involvement of the Physiological Testing
Laboratory was requested for two primary purposes:
1. to conduct semi-static (bioassay test solution replaced
every 24 hours) 96 hr. TLm dilution type bioassays
according to the APHA Standard Methods manual (13th
edition) in the mobile laboratory.
2. to conduct flow-through fish bioassays using the
effluent of the Georgia-Pacific pulp and paper mill.
The purpose of our work was to demonstrate the
effect of the discharge from the mill on Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar L., a species which once frequented the St. Croix
River.
After the initial contacts were made by Mr. J. A.
Dalziel, A/Regional Director of EPS Atlantic Region, with
E.P.A. officials, correspondence by mail and telephone led
to a meeting in St. Stephen on August 1 between EPA and EPS
representatives to set down the logistics of our part of the
survey in greater detail.
The work of the Physiological Testing Laboratory
began on August 7 with the arrival of the Bioassay Trailer
and three lab assistants. Mr. R. P. Cote, EPS toxicologist,
arrived at Woodland on August 9 and personally supervised
the mobile toxicity laboratory operations.
PROCEDURES;
1. General
The bioassay trailer was delivered to the Woodland,
Maine high school site on August 7 and power was connected.
The EPS pickup truck transported river water to the trailer
several times daily to be used as the dilution water for the
bioassays; our vehicle was manned by EPA personnel who had
agreed to provide us with water as well as effluent. Their
deliveries proceeded smoothly throughout the study period.
Reasonable precautions were taken to ensure that neither
the dilution water, nor the effluent was tampered with.
1-2
-------
The lab assistants worked 8 hour shifts to cover
the 24 hours and thus all tests were well monitored, and
any problems which arose could be handled immediately.
The Atlantic salmon used in the bioassays were
collected from the St. John Fish Culture Station in
St. John, N.B. and taken to the trailer. The fish were
placed in aerated holding tanks equiped with filters; the
temperature of the water in these tanks was maintained at
15JD°+1.0°C by regulating the air temperature in an insulated
portion of the trailer which serves as the bioassay lab.
No mortalities occurred in the holding tanks during the 10
day period. The transfer from hatchery water to St. Croix
River water was done with a dilution series.
2. Semi-static bioassays with fingerling salmon;
In these tests, the test-solution is replaced every
24 hours by transferring the fish into fresh solutions. The
procedures described in the 13th edition of the APHA Standard
Methods were generally followed for the semi-static tests.
This applied to the following points:
a) Selection of test fish
b) Preparation of the test fish
c) Selection of the diluent
d) Temperature
e) Dissolved oxygen
f) Concentrations of toxicants
g) Controls
h) Number of test fish
i) Transfer of test fish
j) Feeding of fish
k) Calculation and reporting of results.
Samples were collected hourly by EPA personnel
and composited in 25 gallon containers. Before the required
volumes were removed for preparation of the semi-static tests,
the effluent was thoroughly mixed. Plastic tanks were then
filled with required 20 liter mixtures of effluent and dilution
water. Slight aeration was applied to each test tank and the
water was allowed to equilibrate to 15.0°C. When the dissolved
oxygen level reached 6.0 ppm as determined by a YSI oxygen
meter and the temperature reached 15.0°C, the pH was recorded
and ten Salmo salar fingerlings were introduced to each
bioassay tank.The pH recordings were made with a Fisher
Accumet pH meter. Screen covers were installed on the tanks
to prevent the escape of fish.
1-3
-------
rv» ft*
•r-t
Plate 1. The mobile bioassay laboratory of the
Environmental Protection Service at
Woodland, Maine.
Temperature, D.O. and pH measurements were made
every 8 hours during the test period as well as after the
death of the last fish in each tank. Dead fish removed from
the tanks, were frozen immediately in dry ice for histological
examination at a later date. At the end of the study, salmon
from the semi-static and continuous -flow bio as says were placed
in a fixative (Dietrich's solution) and taken to the EPA National
Marine Water Quality Laboratory in Rhode Island. » -
Table I lists the mean temperatures, dissolved oxygen,
pH and lengths of fish for all semi-static bioassays.
1-4
-------
Table I.
Mean temperatures dissolved oxygen levels, pH and
fish lengths values of all tests conducted with
Georgia-Pacific mill effluent.
Type of Test Cone. (%) Temperature D.O. pH
(ppm)
Fish
Length (cm)
Semi static
,
Semi- static
Control
100
100
56
56
56
32
32
17
17
_
-
—
14.5
14.7
14.6
14.5
14.6
14.7
14.6
14.6
14.7
14.5
14.3
14.4
6.2
6.4
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.3
6.5
6.4
6.0
6.5
6.7
7.2
7.2
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.7
6.7
6.7
6.5
6.5
6.1
6.6
6.2
4.2
4.6
4.0
4.0
4.1
3.9
4.2
4.1
4.3
4.2
_
-
—
The mean temperatures listed in Table I demonstrate
that the bioassay trailer temperature control system is able
to maintain a set level within a degree Centigrade. Dissolved
oxygen levels were maintained at or above 6.0 ppm (70%
saturation) in all tanks, except in one control tank where
the D.O. concentration dropped to 5.9 for a few hours. The
mean pH readings were well within the acceptible range for
salmon.
3. Semi-static bioassays with yearling salmon;
In an attempt to determine the effect of the G-P mill
effluent on another life stage of Salmo salar, yearling salmon
were obtained from the St. John Fish Culture Station and used
in bioassays.
For this set of tests, one tank was prepared with 56%
effluent, a second one was set up with 32% effluent and a
third, as a control. Five salmon only, were introduced to
each tank, creating a ratio of 2 gms of fish per liter of
solution. This ratio is twice that of the bioassays with the
fingerling salmon.
1-5
-------
Table II. Mean temperatures, dissolved oxygen, pH and lengths
of yearling Salmo salar in semi-static bioassays.
Concentration Temperature D.O. (ppm) pH Fish length (cm)
56
32
Control
14.6
14.5
14.5
6.2
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.4
6.0
10.2
10.1
—
4. Continuous-flow bioassays;
These tests were conducted according to a procedure
and dilution unit developed at the Physiological Testing
Laboratory. A proportional diluter was designed (Cote and
Parker, 1972) for use in continuous monitoring of industrial
effluents. The diluter is based on the principle that in a
tank with a constant head of water, the rate of flow through
open valves is directly proportional to the area of the valve
opening. Thus valves with holes having areas in a set ratio,
will produce concentrations in test tanks receiving the flowage
from the diluter in the same ratio. The proportional diluter used,
is able to provide these concentrations of effluent and a control.
The concentrations which can be studied at present are 100%,
75%, 65%, 50%, 35% and 25%.
The effluent solutions flow into the bioassay tanks
at 400 ml/min and continuously overflow through stand-pipes
into a drain. In this way, a 90% molecular replacement of
the test solution occurs in approximately 6 hours.
t
The main purpose of a continuous-flow bioassay
system is to replenish the toxicants (if they are present
in the effluent) which might be degraded or oxidized in the
test tank during static conditions. This situation, then, more
closely approaches that of an outfall continuously pouring
effluent into a body of water such as a river. Previous
studies have led us to expect that the LT50 values in
continuous-flow bioassays would be lower than those in static
or semi-static tests.
Average temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and
lengths were calculated and are listed in Table III.
1-6
-------
r
<. 4
D
X
L?
\
Plate 2. The proportional diluter utilized
for the continuous-flow bioassays
;}
'•••'
Plate 3.
The test tanks used during the Georgia-
Pacific study. (Note the difference in color
between the clean river water and Georgia-
Pacific mill effluent.
1-7
-------
Table III. Mean temperatures, dissolved oxygen, pH and
lengths of fish from the continuous-flow
bioassays with G-D mill effluent.
Concentration Temperature D.O. (ppm) pH Fish Length
(%) (°C) (cm)
75
75
65
50
50
35
25
25
Control
Control
15.4
14.1
14.4
15.6
14.3
14 . 7
15.2
14.6
14.5
14.5
5.6
5.9
6.2
6.0
6.4
6.2
5.9
6.1
6.1
6.2
8.2
7.3
6.5
8.0
6.7
6.5
7.5
6.4
6.1
6.2
4.5
4.2
3.9
4.0
4.3
4.4
4.2
3.5
-
—
5. Static bioassays with foam condensates;
Foam was collected from the effluent cooling tank
in the bioassay trailer and allowed to liquefy. Anticipating
a more toxic condition, two tanks containing 10% and 5% foam
condensate respectively, were prepared; a control tank was
also set up. Ten fingerling salmon were introduced into each
bioassay tank.
Table IV. Mean temperatures, dissolved oxygen, pH and
lengths of fish from the foam condensate bioassays.
Concentration Temperature D.O. (ppm) pH Fish Length
(%) (°C) (cm)
5
10
Control
14.4
14.3
14.3
6.7
6.7
6.7
€.1
5.9
6.0
-
4.2
-
6. Samples for Chemical Analysis;
Frozen samples of the foam, control river water,
100% effluent, river water taken beneath logs above the mill,
and river water taken downstream from the mill were frozen
in dry ice and returned to the EPS Pollution Laboratories in
Halifax for resin acid and lignin analyses. These samples
were placed in a locked freezer and handled by the staff of
the EPS Chemistry Laboratory.
1-8
-------
Results and Discussion;
The results of the semi static bioassay tests using
fingerling Atlantic salmon are presented in Table V. The
graphs used to derive the LT50 values are presented in
Figures 1 to 5.
Table V. The concentrations, percent survival and LT50
values for the Georgia-Pacific effluent.
Test
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
Concentration (%)
100
100
56
56
56
32
32
32
17
17
Control
Control
Control
% Survival
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
100
100
LT50 (hours)
12
9.7
22
17
23
34
40
62 *
76
37 *
>96
>96
>96
* In the case of the 17% effluent bioassay, the operator
found that an air valve was working improperly, thus
creating an artifact in the toxicity.
No explanation has been presented for the anomolous
LT50 in the 32% concentration. Since the pH agrees with those
of the other two 32% tests, it must be assumed that the initial
concentration was 32%. The recorded pH at 48 hours, however,
was lower than that of the other two.
Because of these variations, these results have not
been used in the preparation of the toxicity curve.
1-9
-------
Figure 1. The lethal time (LT50) for fingerling salmon
exposed to 100% Georgia-Pacific mill effluent
as derived by semi static bioassay testing.
(Tests A, B).
1 W
A.
90
60
70
60
4 SO
LJ
0
30
20
to
0
100
B.
90
* 80
70
60
< 50
Ul
0
30
20
• 10
°
-
•
•6-81 2 345678
.6 .8
1
*
,
2 3 4 ft 6 7 8
1
'
I
12
10
1
i
I
1
I
|
I 19.7
10
20 30 4O SO
EXPOSURE HOURS
' -
20 30 40 SO
70
70
'
.
•
100
t
200
400
\
•
1
600 1000
»
i
1
I
•
i
i
!
100 200 400 600 «00<
EXPOSURE HOURS
1-10
-------
Figure 2. The lethal time (LT50) for fingerling salmon
exposed to 56% Georgia Pacific mill effluent
as derived by semi static bioassays
(Tests C, D).
c.
too
90
BO
70
60
40
20
10
.6 .8 I
3 4 S 6 7 8 iO
D.
too
ZO 30 40 SO 70 100
EXPOSURE HOURS
200
4OO 600 IOOO
90
80
TO
60
§50
i
30
20
10
.6 .8 I
-4 6678 10
20 30 40 SO 70 100 200
EXPOSURE HOURS
400 600 IOOO
1-11
-------
Figure 3. The lethal time (LT50) for fingerling salmon
exposed to 56% (Test E) and 32% (Test F)
Georgia Pacific mill effluent.
too
E.
90
80
70
60
< 50
w
o
30
20
.6 .8
'73
3 4 5 6 7 8 IO
F.
100
20 30 40 50 70 100
EXPOSURE HOURS
200
400 600 ICCO
eo
70
60
< 50
LJ
O
40
30
20
.10
.6 .8 I
3 4 S 6 7 8 IG
20 30 40 50 70 100
EXPOSURE HOURS
200
400 600 IOCO
1-12
-------
Figure 4. The lethal time (LT50) for fingerling salmon
exposed to 56% Georgia Pacific mill effluent
as derived by semi static bioassays
(Tests G, H).
_
G.
90
80
70
60
< SO
30
20
to
.6 .8 I
H:
100
90
40
3 4 5678 10
20 30 40 SO 70 100
EXPOSURE HOURS
200
1 i
u
400 600 lOOO
ao
70
60
< SO
u
o
40
3O
20
10
u
.8 I
3 4 a s 7 a 10
20 30 40 50 70 100 200
MutmH
40O 600 lOOO
1-13
-------
Figure 5. The lethal time (LT50) for fingerling salmon
exposed to 56% Georgia Pacific mill effluent
as derived by semi static bioassays
(Tests If J).
I 100
.
90
80
70
60
3 50
ui
0
',0
3.0
20
10
0
.€
.8
1
;
» 2
» 4
5
€
. 7
6
K
>
2(
) 3
0 4(
3 5(
D
7
II
1
1
U
0
100
2
00
•4(
>0
6(
)0
OC
J.
100
90
80
70
60
< 50
ui
o
EXPOSURE HOURS
20
10
.6 .8 I
3 4 & 6 7 8 10
20 30 40 SO 70 100
EXPOSURE HOURS
200
400 600 1000
1-14
-------
Figure 6.
A toxicity curve representing the median
survival time of Atlantic salmon fingerlings at
any concentration of G-P mill effluent in a 96
hour bioassay at 14.5°C.
100.
«o.
so.
70.
60.
so*
CO
es.
H- 30.
_(
«t
>
a
= 3
30
i r r"i i
10
20
30
40
J 1-
111
50
70
100
GEORGIA-PACIFIC EFFLUENT,*
1-15
-------
F
'Ur
Plate 4.
Fingerling Salmo salar as removed from
100% and 56% Georgia-Pacific mill
effluent during semi-static bioassays.
The LT50 values demonstrate the classical inverse
toxicity relationship between fish survival and pulp mill
effluent concentration i.e. as the effluent concentration
is halved, the median survival time of the Salmo salar
fingerlings is doubled.
Figure 6 demonstrates the response pattern of
Atlantic salmon to concentrations of Georgia-Pacific mill
effluent. This graph demonstrates that the G-P effluent is
not acutely toxic at 14% concentration or less. This
concentration is referred to as the 96 hour LC50, and
represents that concentration of effluent which allows
50% of the fish to survive 96 hours.
In the case of certain toxicants, the incipient
lethal, which is used to distinguish acute toxicity from
chronic responses, is essentially the same as the 96 hour
LC50. There is no evidence to suggest that this is the
case for the G-P effluent.
It should be pointed out that the Georgia-
Pacific pulp and paper mill was reported to be at 60%
production while EPA personnel collected samples for the
semi-static bioassays.
1-16
-------
The classical nature of the results is also
demonstrated by the increase in slope of the LT50 lines
as concentrations go from high to lower levels. The
assumption in this case is that in a sample of 10 fish,
the variability in sensitivity of the individual fish to
lower toxicant concentrations will create a greater range
of survival times. This is generally shown in the LT50
graphs. There are two possible modifying factors however;
one is that the lines drawn are only the best fit by eye,
the other is that in a hatchery stock such as the one used,
the size differences between the salmon is very small. In
nature, due to a variety of stresses, one would expect size
differences of a sample of fish to be greater.
When the continuous-flow tests were started, the
Georgia-Pacific mill was returning to 100% production.
The pulp mill personnel indicated that as the various mill
processes reached optimum operation losses would be reduced
with an expected reduction in toxicity.
Table VI. Concentrations, percent survival and LT50 values
of the continuous flow bioassays conducted with
Georgia-Pacific mill effluent on August 12, 13
and 15, 1972.
Concentration %
75
50
25
75
50
25
65
35
% Survival
0
0
0
0
,0
80
0
0
LT50 (hours)
8.2
12
18
20
27
-
17
27
Figures 7 to 10 provide the graphical interpolations
of the LT50 values.
The first series, as expected, produced significantly
lower LT50 values than those obtained in semi-static
bioassays. It is not known, however, whether the start-up.
of the extra 40% production contributed to the increase in
toxicity of samples collected 'on the night of August 11 and
morning of August 12 (see Figure 11).
1-17
-------
Figure 7. The lethal time (LT50) for fingerling salmon
exposed to 75% Georgia Pacific mill effluent
in continuous flow bioassays on August 12
and 13, 1972 respectively.
100
90
80
70
60
o
Ul
o
30
20
to
.6 .8 I
100
90
80
70
60
< 50
u
o
40
30
3 4 5 6 7 8 10
20 30 40 50 70 100
EXPOSURE HOURS
200
400 600 1000
20
10
.6 .8 I
3 4 6 6 7 8 10
20 30 40 50 70 KX)
EXPOSURE HOURS
200
400 600 1000
1-18
-------
Figure 8. The lethal time (LT50) for
exposed to 50% Georgia-Pacific ..— -r-=-~
in continuous flow bioassays on August 12
and 13, 1972 respectively.
100
90
80
70
60
< 50
kl
0
40
30
20
to
.6 .8 I
3 4 5 6 7 8 IO
100
90
80
70
60
2O 3O 4O 5O 70 IOO
EXPOSURE HOURS
200
400 60O IOOO
< so
40
30
20
.10
1
.6 .8
4 ft 6 7 8 K>
20 30 40 50 70 JOO
EXPOSURE HOURS
200
400 600 IOOO
1-19
-------
Figure 9. The lethal time (LT50) for fingerling salmon
exposed to 25% Georgia-Pacific mill effluent
in continuous flow bioassays on August 12 and
13, 1972 respectively.
100
90
60
70
60
<
40
30
20
10
.6 .6
3 4 5 6 7 6 IO
20 30 40 SO 70 100
EXPOSURE HOURS
200
400 600 ICCO
100
90
80
70
60
JSO
i
'40
30
20
10
.6
.8
1
2 346678
10
20 30 4O 5O 70
'
'.
I
i
1
*
1
— -1
100 200 400 600 iCOQ
o
4
U
O
1-20
-------
Figure 10.
The lethal time (LT50) for fingerling salmon
exposed to 65% and 35% G-P mill effluent in
continuous flow bioassays on August 15, 1972,
100
90
60
70
60
< 50
u
0
30
20
10
.6 .8 I
3 4 5 6 7 8 10
100
90
eo
70
eo
20 30 40 50 70 100
EXPOSURE HOURS
200
400 600
ICOO
< 50
w
Q
40
30
20
10
ll
I
.6 .8 I
3 4 & 6 76 10
20 30 40 SO 70 100
EXPOSURE HOURS
200
400 600 (000
1-21
-------
Figure 11.
A toxicity curve representing the median
survival time of Atlantic Salmon fingerlings a
a number of concentrations of G-P mill effluen
in a continuous-flow bioassay at 14.5°C.
O
S
Ul
o
Ul
1111
70
100
GEORGIA-PACIFIC EFFLUENT.%
1-22
-------
Figure 12. Graphical interpolation of the LT50 values for
the semi-static bioassays conducted with
yearling salmon at 56% and 32% effluent
concentrations respectively.
too
90
80
70
60
I I
< 50
ui
o
40
30
20
to
.6 .8 I
2 3 45678 10
100
90
80
70
60
< 50
m
o
40
30
20
10
20 30 40 SO 70 100 200 400 600 IOOO
.EXPOSURE HOURS
I
I I
.6 .8 I
3 4 S 6 7 8 10
20 30 40 50 70 100
200
.Ml
400 600 IOOO
1-23
-------
As suggested by G.P- mill personnel, a reduction
in toxicity did occur when the mill reached 100% production
but the toxic level was probably not raised many percentage
points beyond 25% effluent. The basis for this conclusion
is three-fold:
1) 50% effluent kills 50% of the salmon in 28 hours and
100% in 36 hours;
2) yearling Salmo salar in 32% effluent died in 29 hours;
3) preliminary static tests conducted in May, 1972 on
Georgia-Pacific mill effluent indicated an LC50
between 56% and 32%;
Figure 12 demonstrates the LT50 values obtained
with yearling Salmo salar. At 56% effluent 100% mortality
occurred within 15 hours while at a 32% concentration 100%
mortality required 33 hours. This demonstrates a similar
relationship to that obtained in earlier semi-static bioassays
with fingerlings, i.e. an inverse relation between con-
centration and survival time.
Studies by Courtright and Bond (1969) have shown
that foam produced by pulp and paper mill effluents con-
centrates resin acid by a factor of 5. Since a recent
continuous-flow bioassay series run at the Physiological
Testing Laboratory demonstrated an LC50 of 0.6 mg/liter
(ppm) of abietic acid for Atlantic trout, I felt it would
be worthwhile to study the toxicity of the foam condensates.
Fingerling Atlantic salmon placed in tanks
containing 10% foam condensate survived only 66 hours while
fish in 5% condensate survived 96 hours.
One 5% foam condensate bioassay was conducted
at the Physiological Testing Laboratory with shrimp, Crangon
septemspinosa, in sea water to obtain some information on the
effect of the foam in the estuary. Though there was 20%
mortality in the test tank versus no mortality in the control,
no definitive statement can be made, though Courtright and
Bond demonstrated the inhibition of normal development in
mussel embryos at 0.1% foam •
1-24
-------
Table VII. Analytical results for lignin and resin acid
for some samples from the Georgia-Pacific survey.
SOURCE LIGNIN* (ppm) RESIN ACID (ppm)
1. Holding tank-100% effluent 312 5.6
2. Continuous flow-50% effluent 567 4.6
3. St. Croix River 120 yds upstream
RR Bridge
4. St. Croix River 120 yds upstream <1
RR Bridge
5. St. Croix River 500 yds below mill 5.9
6. St. Croix River 500 yds below mill 6.2
7. Continuous flow-75% effluent 637 5.0
8. Holding tank-100% effluent 329 4.8
9. Continuous flow-75% effluent 274 4.8
10. St. Croix River water (control)
11. St. Croix River water (control)
12. Continuous flow-50% effluent 194 2.1
13. Foam (Baring, Maine) 19.9
* Lignin results are the means of three readings.
Lignin and resin acid analyses were requested by the
Physiological Testing Laboratory in an attempt to label some
of the toxic constituents of the G-P effluent.
A recent study by our laboratory had lowered the LC50
of Lignosulfonates for rainbow trout from 1000 ppm to 225 ppm
in continuous-flow situations. Previous work by other biologists
in EPS Atlantic Region had shown that 1000 ppm was also the
lethal threshold for salmon in static tests as had been reported
for rainbow trout. It is expected that continuous-flow bioassays
with lignin and salmon would lower the LC50 to a similar level.
The lignin concentrations in 100% and 75% G-P effluent are
sufficient to kill juvenile rainbow trout and probably young
salmon. In any event, they would contribute to the toxicity.
The abnormally high lignin readings of 637 ppm and
567 ppm probably resulted from a slug of effluent with a
concentrated lignin content running through the system as the
samples were taken from different, tanks within seconds of each
other.
The effluent from the mill and the foam produced
contains toxic concentrations of resin acid.
1-25
-------
The toxic components of kraft mill wastes are very
complex and variable. Consequently, tests conducted with
the same concentrations of different mill samples may result
in different LC50 values. This applies even when the same
species is used as test organism (Betts and Wilson, 1966;
Courtright and Bond, 1969). This variability is important
not only in considering differences in mortality, as
demonstrated in our continuous-flow bioassays, but also
with the possibility that low kraft effluent levels in
pools may create lethal conditions whereas higher con-
centrations of the waste discharge with different compounds
may be non-toxic.
Servizi et al, (1966) reported an average 4 day
LC50 of bleached kraft mill effluent for fingerling sockeye
salmon of 22% with a range of lethal concentrations from
12-43% effluent.
Furthermore, Alderdice and Brett (1957) concluded that
neutralized bleached kraft mill effluent had a toxicity for
sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) similar to that reported
by Sprague and McLeese (1968) for Atlantic salmon.
These results are consistent with those reported by
the Physiological Testing Laboratory for effluent from the
Georgia-Pacific mill.
Avoidance studies are presently underway and suggest
that yearling Atlantic salmon would avoid effluent concentrations
in the range of 10-25%. These levels are similar to those found
by Sprague and Drury (1969) with bleached kraft mill effluent.
Conclusions
1. In semi-static 96 hour bioassays with fingerling
Atlantic salmon, the LC50 is 14% mill effluent (60%
production).
2. In continuous flow bioassays with fingerling Atlantic
salmon at 60% production, it does not appear that a
non-toxic effluent can be reached.
3. In continuous flow bioassays with fingerling Salmo salar
at 100% production, a reasonable estimate of the LCBT5
is 30% effluent.
4. The LC50 for the foam condensate derived from the foaming
of the efflunet as it mixes in river water lies between
5 and 10%.
5. Similar LT50 values are obtained with yearling Atlantic
salmon as with fingerlings.
1-26
-------
6. Lignin and resin acid are two of the toxic compounds
present in Georgia-Pacific effluent.
Some of the people directly and indirectly involved
are listed by way of acknowledgements for their able
assistance and advice.
Environmental Protection Service
Dr. R. H. Cook - A/Head, Environmental Assessments
R. P. Cote - Project Leader, Physiological Testing
W. R. Parker - Senior Technician
Ron Duggan - Toxicity Lab Assistant
Gerald Myatt - Toxicity Lab Assistant
Kenneth Doe - Toxicity Lab Assistant
R. Crocker - Chemistry Technician
Environmental Protection Agency
R. Thompson - Program Coordinator
H. Davis - Microbiologist
C. Corkin - Attorney
G. Gardner - Histologist
as well as many other members of their field staff.
1-27
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alderdice, D.F. and J. R. Brett. 1957. Some effects of
kraft mill effluent on young Pacific salmon. J. Fish.
Res. Bd. Canada, 14(5): 783-785.
Betts, J.L. and G.G. Wilson. 1966. New methods for
reducing the toxicity of kraft mill bleachery wastes
to young salmon. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 23: 813-824.
Cote, R. P. and W.R. Parker. 1972. Two continuous-flow
dilution systems for conducting aquatic toxicological
studies. 'E.P.S. Manuscript Report No. 72-3.
Courtright, R.C. and C.E. Bond. 1969. Potential toxicity
of kraft mill effluent after oceanic discharge. Prog.
Fish. Cult. 31(4): 207-212.^
Servizi, J.A., E.T. Stone, and R.W. Gordon. 1966. Toxicity
and treatment of kraft pulp bleach plant waste. Inter.
Pac. Salmon Fish. Comm. B.C. Progress Rept. No. 13.
Sprague, J.B. and D.W. McLeese. 1968. Toxicity of kraft
pulp mill effluent for larval and adult lobsters, and
juvenile salmon. Water Res. 2: 753-760.
Sprague, J.B. and D.E. Drury. 1969. Avoidance reactions of
salmonid fish to representative pollutants. Adv. in
Water Pollut. Res. 4th Int. Conf. Prague.
1-28
-------
APPENDIX J
-------
_^l t VM Oi ti I tOi *h OCki iC»dCi HZ4 iVu O* II it/fiTjCt ih OOl iC**Jd
Vowr //,e /offe ^•/e/ifr/'.cd
i
GJ/" /-fc- '^^/.'t; /'c-.v/'c-'.te
Dr. R. H. Cook, Head
Water Surveillance Unit
FRO.V.: . __ n _ _ . _ n
&E: hugn ^.. nail, Project reader
Special Studies
bJrE-r: ' Caged-fish tests on St. Croix River August, 1972
In an attempt to evaluate the present condition of
the water in the St. Croix River and the influence of waste
discharge from the Georgia-Pacific Mill at Woodland , Maine
on the river condition, a series of caged-fish tests were
run in several locations in the river from August 1 to
August 16, 1572.
Test Series No. 1
Wooden cages were constructed following the design
descripted in the Environmental Protection Service Methods
Manual. The cage dimensions were 18" x 18" x 42".
Finglering Atlantic Salmon were supplied by the Fish
Culture Station in Saint John, N. B. The fish were transported
by truck, with continuous aeration, to Woodland, Maine where
they were acclimated to river water for approximately 12
hours .
Test locations were as follows (see map) :
1. St. Croix River below Grand Falls Dam, Canadian
side. A control location.
2. Mohannas Stream. A control location.
3. 400 yds. below Georgia-Pacific Mill, above Baileyville
sewage plant, -on U. S. side.
4. 1.5 miles downstream from Baileyville sewage plant
on U. S. side.
5. Railway bridge at Baring, Maine, (U. S. side).
Fine mesh screen was installed inside the cages .when it
was discovered fingerlings could escape through the normal
cage mesh.
August 29, 1072
-------
Results of Run £1 were as follows:
Station #1
- 10 salmon fingerlings placed in cage at 1700,
Aug. 9, 1972.
- all fish survived 96 hrs. in excellent condition,
- water temperature 20°C. $>§*&
Station #2
10 salmon fingerlings placed in cage at 1745,
Aug. 9, 1972.
all fish in excellent condition after 43 hrs.
Site eliminated. 0
water temerature 17°C. ^- 6 f
Station £3
- 10 salmon fingerlings'^ placed in cage at 2000,
Aug. 9, 1972.
- 100% mortality in less than 5 minutes.
- water temperature 35°C.
b. - 10 more salmon fingerlings added at 2010,
Aug. 9, 1972.
- 100% mortality in 30 seconds.
- water temperature 35°C. fa**
c. - 10 more salmon fingerlings added at 2025,
Aug. 9, 1972.
- 100% mortality in 40 seconds.
d. - 10 more salmon fingerlings added at 0010,
Aug. 10, 1972.
- 100% mortality in 40 seconds.
Temperatures above and below the pulp mill on the
U. S. side were then checked.
0730, 10/8/72. Above Mill 20.5°C Station #3 35.0°C
0830, 10/8/72. Above Mill 20.0°C Station #3 35.0°C
0630, 11/8/72. Above Mill 20.QOC Station #3 34.QOC
Station #4
- 10 salmon fingerlings placed in cages in the
river at 1400, 10/8/72.
- 40% mortality 10 hr. 20 min.
100% mortality 16 hr. 30 min.
- water temperature 21°C.
J-2
-------
Station #5
10 salmon fingerlings placed in river at 1930,
S/8/72.
Mortality (%) Exposure Time (hrs . )
10 30.5
20 40.25
30 41.75
40 48.0
60 53.0
70 62.0
80 65.0
90 69.5
100 76.0
A new series of cagad-fish tests were run during
August 14-18, 1972. For these tests Atlantic Salmon
yearlings were used. They were supplied by the Saint John
Fish Culture Station. These fish were treated in a simils
manner to the fingerlings of the week previous. For these
tesus Station f2 was not used.
Statio'n #
This test had been in operation for 51.5 hours when
at 1230, 17/8/72 the cage was found out of the water. It
had been left high and dry when the gates at the dam were
closed thereby decreasing the volume of water below the dam.
It is estimated that the fish had been out of the water
1 to 2 hours. All fish were in excellent condition prior
to the decrease of flow. '
Water temperature average 22.0°C.
Station 13
- 10 salmon yearlings added to the cage at 0920,
15/8/72.
- 100% mortality in 40 seconds.
- water temperature that day averaged 37.0^C.
Station £
- 10 salmon yearlings added to the cage at 2400,
14/8/72 (0000, 15/8/72)
J-3
-------
Xortc:lity (%) Exposure time Chrs.
10 45.5
',0 ~s 48. C
50 70.5
100 30.5
a. - 10 salmon yearlings placed in the cage
at 1130, 15/8/72.
- 100% mortality in 12.0 hrs.
b. - 10 salmon yearlings placed in cage at 0030,
16/8/72
- 100% mortality in 11.5 hrs.
- watar temera-cure in a. and b. 24°C. «•** '^'
the tests cor-ducted in the St. Croix River
at Station £1 (control station) it can be seen that water
at this location is non-toxic. Tests at the second control
location (Station #2} , although of limited duration,
confirmed the suspicion that this stream continues to be
suitable for fish. Mohannas Stream has been used several
times in previous years as a control location when testing
the St. Croix River toxicity.
Station #3 showed rapid and total mortality. How-
ever, it is not possible to distinguish between toxicity
resulting from chemical pulp mill effluent and death due
to heat shock. Brett (1956) suggests that Salmonidae
have a low thermal tolerance with maximum upper lethal
temperatures barely exceeding 25.0°C.1^ Alabaster (1967)
testing salmon (Salmo solar L.) and trout (Salmo trutta L.)
in the River Axe established the lethal temperature of
smolts and parr at between 23.9 and 2v6.0°C. while Bishai
(1960) established that Salmo solar alevins die if subjected
to temperatures above 25°C. Since the water temperature
at Station #3 was between 34°C and 37OC during the tests,
heat death could mask any effluent chemical toxicity.
Station #4, although 1.5 miles downstream of the
pulp mill indicated severe toxicity. Yearling salmon lived
no more than 12.0 hours. Temperature was not a limiting
factor at this station downstream of the pulpmill.
J-4
-------
Station #5, which is some 3 miles downstream of
the pulp mill produced mortalities of 100% in 76 hours with
fingerling salmon and in 80.5 hours with the larger
(yearling) salmon. Again, temperature was not a limiting
factor here.
References Cited
1. Alabaster, J. S. 19S7. The survival of salmon
(S.almo solar L.) and sea trout (Salmo tvutta L.)
in fresh and saline water at high temperature. Water
Research 1(10), 717-730.
2. Bishai, H. M. 1960. Upper lethal temperatures for
larval salmonids. J. Cons. perm. int. Explor. Mer.
25(2), 129-133.
3. Brett, J. R. 1956. Some principles in the thermal
requirements of fishes. Rev. Biol. 31(2), 75-87.
''
Hugh A. Hall
Project Leader
Special Studies
HAHrjy
J-5
-------
ST. CROIX RIVER
0 1 2 3 mi.
®) STATION
WOODLAND
ST. STEPHEN
CALAU
:BARINGI
FIGURE Jl
-------
APPENDIX K
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REPLY TO
ATTNOF:
SUBJECT:
George R. Gardner
Research Aquatic Biologist, NMWQL
Environmental Protection Agency vs Georgia Pacific
DATE: October 20, 1972
TO:
"Director, NMWQL
One hundred seventy eight Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) submitted to
the National Marine Water Quality Laboratory, Technical Operations
Branch, by Dr. Raymond Cot& representing the Canadian Environmental
Protection Service were recieved and recorded on the 16th of August,
1972. The specimens consisted of previously frozen and fresh year-
ling and fingerling salnon. These fishes were immediately fixed in
Dietrich's Fixative upon receipt; the yearlings were trimmed of excess
tissues at the time to insure proper fixation.
All specimens were processed in accordance with routine clinical
methods adopted by the NMWQL, and stained with Harris1 Heinatoxylin
and Eosin for histopathological elimination. The results of the
examination are as follows:
Gross Anatomy;
No gross lesions were evident at autopsy.
Microscopic Anatomy:
Lesions were present in the olfactory organs of both fingerling and
yearling salmon. Morphological alterations were associated with the
basal, neurosensory, and sustentacular cells of the chemoreceptive
sites; in some instances the epithelium comprising the lining of the
olfactory pits nas affected. Cytolysis of the above cellular elements
was indicated by various degrees of nuclear and cytoplasmic degenera-
tion. Due to the mature of the alteration, the lesions appeared to
have origin near the barement membrane. The nuclei of altered cells
had increased basophilia, chromatin condensed near the nuclear mem-
brane, were pyknotic, and finally karyorrhexsis (rupture of the nuc-
lear membrane and fragmentation of the chromatin) had occured. The
cytoplasmic ratio.was generally reduced and was either clear or lack-
ing in severly afflicted cells.
Migration of sensory cell nuclei from their usual basal to an apical
position followed the initial cellular changes near the basement mem-
brane. Normally the apicaJ portions of sensory cells are free of
nuclei and form a marginal "zone of cytoplasm". The marginal zone
of' cytoplasm was reduced or eliminated in exposed fishes having severe
lesions, due to migration of the nuclei into the apical area of the
cells. Mucous cells usually present in the marginal zone of cyto-
plasm were lacking.
EPA Form 1330-6 (11-71)
K-l
-------
Lesions were found in the intestine of some fishes; they were remin-
escent of cadmium poisoning in the estuarine teleost Fundulus
heteroclitus-.- However, the lesion was inconsistant. There were
no lesions associated with other major tissues, including the res-
piratory epithelium.
Conclusions;
A table is included in the report to represent the NMWQL pathology
numbers as recorded, the treatments, and the exposure groups having
the lesion. Salmon exposed for periods of 20 hr or more were usu-
ally severly affected (ex- 32% G.P. effluent; 26.5 hr) (Figures).
Cellular alterations would not be expected to occur after exposures
to high concentrations that were rapidly lethal (ex- 40 second sur-
vival at station #4). Rapid death of an organism does not permit
enzymatic changes to occur in cells that will allow recognition of
their death by the light microscope. This may explain the absence
of lesions in some groups. Approximately 49% of the specimens were
of no value in the evaluation due to autolytic or post mortem change.
These changes occured as the result of improper preservation prior
to procurement by the NMWQL.
The prime function of the chemoreceptive organs are to convey infor-
mation concerning changes in the chemical composition of the internal
and external environment to the higher centers of the central nervous
system for correlation. These sensory imputs allow the organism to
alter behavioral patterns by adjusting their internal physiological
or biochemical mechanisms to cope with a changing environment. Chem6-
reception in the salmon is vital to their orientation and migration
into "home Streams", and therefore, is vital to successful repro-
duction and propagation of the species.
Recent investigations have reported the occurence of lesions in the
olfactory organs of other marine teleosts of both an experimental and
a spontaneous character (Gardner and LaRoche, 1973 a, b) . The exper-
imentally induced lesions in the above instances were caused by cer-
tain heavy metals, a^pesticide, and a whole crude oil and the soluble
and insoluble fractions of th=> crude oil. There preliminary invest-
igations have indicated the characteristics of lesions in the olfact-
ory organs to vary dependant upon the t-ype of toxicant exposure.
Plausibly, these changes in the olfactory organ may in time lend
themselves to categorization. Research to date has shown the sensory
system of the teleost to be very vulnerable to a variety of water poll-
utants, a fact which has been further substantiated by the effects of
pulp mill effluents in the present case.
a) Gardner. G.R. and G. LaRoche. 1973. Copper induced lesions in
estuarine teleosts. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada (In Press).
b) Gardner,.:G.R. and G. LaRoche. 1973. Chemically induced lesions
in estuarine or marine teleosts. Presented at Armed Forces .Institute
of Pathology, Fish Pathology Symposium, Aug. 6-8, 1972. (In Press).
George R. Gardner
K-2
-------
TECHNICAL OPERATIONS BRANCH
NATIONAL MARINE WATER QUALITY LABORATORY
•ft1"2 Fingerling
athology Yearli (
umbers ° J
(838-3844
1845-3854
1855-3858
1859-3862
1863
1864-3871
B72-3878
879-3884
885-3890
891-3892
893-3894
895-3912
J13-3916
U7
119
J20-3928
J29-3937
938-3953
J54-3963
964-3966
967
968
969-3976
977-3980
981-3985
986-3995
996-4000
001-4008
009-4013
014-4015
)IAL
y
y
f
y
y
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
y
f
f
y
y
f
?
y
y
y
y
y
y
*
,f. Exposure Data
5 Tank # or
' Station #
Cont flow (1760 hr)
Tank #9
Tank #2
Tank #2
Tank #3
Tank #10
Tank #10
• Tank #11
Tank #11
Tank #11
Tank #11
Tank #12
Sta. #1
Sta. #1
Sta. #3
Tank #3
Sta. #3
Sta. #3
Sta. #3
Sta. #4
Sta. #5
Sta. #5
Sta. #5
Sta. #5
Treatment
Control
Control - river H20
75% G.P. eff.
32% G.P. eff. 26.5 hr
56% G.P. eff.
25% eff.
25% eff.
35% eff.
50%'
32% 25 hrs
50%
75%
50%
25% eff. 75 hrs
35% eff. 29 hrs
62% eff. 20 hrs
5% foam cone.
10% foam 66 hrs
Control
Control
Control
70 hrs
56% eff.
Baring
Baring
Dead or moribund
40 sec.
12 hr dead
7.5 hr dead
12 hr dead
11.5 hr moribund
„ , PM L
Number pogt Mortem Leslon
Animals Change Present
7
10
4
4
1
8
7
6
6
2
2
18
4
1
1
1
9
9
16
10
3
1
1
8
4
5
10
5
8 .
5
2
178
PM
-
PM
-
PM
-
PM
-
PM
-
PM
PM
PM
-
-
-
-
PM
-
-
PM
PM
—
—
PM
PM
PM
PM
"
-
-
-
L
-
-
-
L
-
L
-
-
-
L
L
L
-
-
-
-
—
-
-
. .. _
—
1+(L)
_
_
.
•.
L
K-3
-------
>.--i .,»!•<" ••«•.'.• • •••
. -v ---"(-t't -•" V* *•'• ^ - -'
•!'.?. v- =."» » ^ »^* •'-"• . \
•" ' -
CONTROl
(X 156)
32% G.P.
Effluent
26.5 hr
j (X 156)
#*•
W'*
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^'•••tt.-^y .-
_f.~ V^% v
:s i.
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K-4
-------
CO.mOL (X 625)
M-niuco«a
SM-»ub«ucosa
BM-ba«enent
nwiabrane
NS-n«uroscnaory
ZOkonc of
cytoplasm
NOmucous cell
£ •? :->•« -^ -A »*.
&•*••-*£'
fto - »-.., ajjiSt.«*£.»
32ZG.P.
K-5
-------
APPENDIX L
-------
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
DEVELOPMENT OF A DO DEFICIT MODEL
FOR THE ST. CROIX RIVER
WOODLAND - MiLLTOWN, MAINE
The St. Croix River between the Georgia-Pacific effluent and
Militown Bridge was modeled for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and
dissolved oxygen (DO) response under specified sets of conditions.
Modeling a river may be a physical or analytical process.
EPA chose to employ the analytical approach. This is based on mathe-
matical formulations of the physical, chemical and biological phenomena
occurring in the system and may be summarized simply as:
1. The quantity of material entering a system is equal to the
amount leaving plus the amount lost by various processes,
plus the buildup of the material in that system.
2. Organic pollution, measured in terms of BOD, is oxidized at
a rate proportional to its quantity.
3. Dissolved oxygen is added to a system by natural processes of
reaeration in proportion to its deficit from saturation.
As a result of the modeling program, we can expect the response of
the St. Croix River to be as shown in Figure 1 for all combinations of
input variables. This shows the maximum deficit in the river as a function
of the various environmental and imposed conditions.
One of the runs has been extracted and illustrated fully for DO and
BOD as a function of river distance. This was done for a flow of 1000 cfs,
a load of 8680 pounds per day, a benthic demand of 3 gm 02/m2/day, and a
deoxygenation rate of 0.3/day (see Figure 2).
L-l
-------
A detailed description of the model, calibration and application
will now be discussed.
The reliability of the results are subject to some question in terms
of data available and modeling techniques, but the analysis was undertaken
with the intention of obtaining meaningful results and filling in data
gaps with the best engineering analysis we could employ. The problems
inherent in any modeling endeavor arise from the following:
1. Range of values for dissolved oxygen and BOD were recordprf
at high flow. Ranges of parameters must be selected to represent
the system at all flows.
2. Some parameters have more significant economic impact than
others in terms of treatment requirements. These significant
parameters have been analyzed and their values narrowed to a
small range of probable and representative values.
3. The BOD - DO interaction model used has historically been
accepted as the basis for economic decisions, although analysts
realize the actual system is more complex.
4. A closed form solution of the system is not available, so we
rely on discrete segmentation.
Formalizing the equations to make the concepts compatible with a
computing scheme we obtain:
Vk /Cfc - r [Qkj 0* kj Ck + 0kj Cj) + E'kj (Cj - Ck)] - VkCkKk + Wk
v ^ J
where k is an element under consideration
J is any contiguous element
L-2
-------
ST. CROIX RIVER STUDY
AUGUST 1972
PROJECTED DISSOLVED OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS
AT MILLTOWN BRIDGE
( Water Temperature - 25 C )
FIGURE L-
H*
- ^^
5,000
2 3
5.0 5.0
0.3 0.2
59 51
1
5.0
0.2 0.3
480 River Flow 7
^-"*""' """"^-^ Cfa J—— -""""
10,000 15,000 Plajt,,i;nad 10,000
12313 Benthic Load 234
, gm 02/m^/day
en en en en en DO at Woodland 'e/i e/\ en * t\ f n
5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 ^ mg/1 5.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 6.0
0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 Reaction Rate Q>2 Q Q
days •*•
Bridge, mg/1
1,000
8,680 10,000
3 5 34
6.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 6.0
0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
50
19,200
234
5.0 5.0 6.0 5.0 6.0
0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
4.7 4.1 3.3 3.1 2.7 2.8
River Flow
cfs
19 200 Plant Load
-i- __ rr^ BOP-
3 4 Benthic Load
gm 02/ic2/day
5.0 6.0 5.0 6.0 D0 at Woodlan
Dam, mg/1
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Reaction Rate
days~l
4.9 5.1 4.3 4.5 D0 at Milltow
Bridge, mg/1
-------
3.0-
2.5-
in
o
s
2.0-
DAM-0
7.0-1
G 6>5~
e
m
CM
6.0-
5.5-
DAM—0
LOAD = 8680 ppd BOD5
B= 3gm./m2/doy
K = 0.3 day'1
D.O. deficit over dam- 14000ppd
based on a deficit of 3mg/l
over dam.
0 = 1000 cfs
BARING R.R. BRIDGE
MILLTOWN BRIDGE
100
200 300
STATION (ft. xlOO)
400
500
BARING R.R. BRIDGE
MILLTOWN BRIDGE
100
200 300
STATION (ft. xlOO)
400
500
TYPICAL RESULT OF A MODEL RUN
FIGURE L2
-------
V is the volume of the element
C is BOD concentration (or any other substance subject to
first order kinetics)
E' is the effective diffusion coefficient
k is the first order decay rate of the material under
consideration
W is the input (or release of waste matter)
<* , p are weighting terms , such that PC + p = 1
Qkj is flow from j to k
The equation says, in words, "the change in the amount of material in
section k [V^yc^] is equal to the sum of all the material entering by
advection [XQ^i C00 ^4 ck "*" Pkj C1^ where oc and p define the relative
weight each section contributes, plus the sum of the the material entering
by diffusion [•?£', (C. - Cu ) ] plus the input waste [W^J , minus the mass
j KJ J
destroyed by decay or utilization [V^ K^ C^] .
Rewriting for a steady state case, where no temporal concentrations
change exists we obtain:
wk * ck If ^kjQkj + E'kj> 4 A
J j
Allowing a,, to be the coefficient of C^, and a^j the coefficient of C..,
We can simplify by writing W. » akk^k + ^ akl *M •
Note that the equations in this form lend themselves to a matrix
formulation, namely: (W) = [A] (C)
where (W) represents the known vector of waste inputs, [A] represents the
known matrix of coefficients as shown above, and (C) represents the vector
of concentrations for each segment.
The resulting systems can be solved as (C) = [A] (W), however
L-3
-------
cumbersome the matrix inversion happens to be.
There are, however, methods available which ease this computation.
The model uses a relaxation technique which converges quite rapidly.
At a boundary the equation takes the form
Wk - f [Qkj <~kjCl + pkj Ck) + E'kj (Ck - Cj)] + VkKkCk + E'kk (Ck - Cb)
where C, represents the concentration of material at the boundary
In order to retain the standard form, we must redefine the
follov/ing terms at boundary segments:
Hew V^ = Wh + Cb (K'kk - Q
New akk - akk
Hew a
so that
wk -
Note: the boundary conditions were incorporated in such a way as to
be made a part of the source load vector.
The deficit solution takes on the same form as the above, except a
deficit coefficient (kj) is substituted for "k", (assuming both BOD and
DO deficit decay by a first order reaction) , and the term V^K^L^ is added
to the deficit loadings to account for the oxygen uptake of the BOD removal
process. Also considered are bent hie uptakes S^V^/H. where S is the rate
f\
in pm 02 /m /day and Vk/Hk represents the area under consideration, and
(Vk) (Pk) the deficit (positive or negative) arising from photosynthetic
effects.
L-A
-------
W
akk
akj Dj - VkkkCk + Vk
-
Because the BOD and deficit solutions have similar formulations,
there is one main program to solve both. The flow chart of this program
is illustrated below.
Start
FDSA or FDSOP
reads in values for
physical conditions
optional
FDSAA
reads in revisions of
above values
FDSA2
reads in boundary
conditions
FDSB
sets up "A" matrix
FDSC
reads in loadings
FDSD
solves "A" matrix
FDSE
outputs data
done j
recycles for deficit run
More specifically the following data is needed for each subroutine:
FDSA:
TITLE, any 80 characters
N, number of segments
SCALE, scaling factors for area, dispersion, flow and length,
respectively.
ICOL: contiguous segment number, (up to six per segment
including a^k* e^, Q., at end points of model)
2
A: area in ft
E: dispersion in mi2/day (E1 = AE)
L
Q: flow in cfs
L: length in feet
* •%
VOL: volume in million cubic feet for each segment.
Note: lengths need not be a representative side of the polygonal
segment, as its only application is in computation of the E1 values
L-5
-------
FDSA2;
NUMB: number of segments having boundary conditions
BC, I COL: the boundary value and corresponding segment.
FDSC;
LOAD, ISEC: the waste or deficit load in pounds per day and
corresponding segment number.
k: the array of reaction coefficients for segments, (values in
€; the degree of accuracy of the numerical solution desired
OMEGA: (jJ , the relaxation factor for the iteration scheme of
matrix solution. lSU/^2, with one value in particular giving
an optimal convergence pattern.
FL: the ratio of BOD to BOD5. This should be (l-e"5^!)'1
according to our assumption of first order kinetics, but since
k varies throughout, and only one FL is desired, a reasonable
value must be selected.
Note: Although ultimate BOD decays at a constant rate k, it
can be shown that the 5-day BOD decays at the same rate. By
definition, the oxygen utilized in stabilizing the organic matter
per day must be (k) (BOD5) (FL) (VOL)
H, depth of segment, (feet) used in calculating bottom areas
only, so need not be accurate physically, as long as
Hi=VOLi/AREAi
Note: area of bottom not input directly
FDSE:
k: reaction coefficients, days' , for deficit kinetics.
P: net oxygen transfer to water from phytoplankton, mg/l/day.
2
S: benthic oxygen uptake, gm Oo/m /day.
L-6
-------
IIAIH PROGRAM
A set of data switch settings which determine the formats and
presentation of output data will not be discussed here.
A sample, annotated input and output is illustrated:
Schematically, this represents the system of four sections as shown
along with the results for BOD and deficit concentrations (See Figure 3).
The analyst must be aware of the time span and frequency over which
the field data was collected and how these data fit into the concept of
the steady-state. Long tern records can sometimes reflect seasonal trends.
Their use will often average out irregular conditions and provide good
results when compared to mathematical formulae. Short term records require
a higher intensity survey at many points such as that run on the St. Croix
River in August 1972. The analyst must be aware of these data and be able
to make appropriate adjustments when calibrating and analyzing the system
under various conditions.
Another (purely academic) consideration when modeling is to be aware
of the "black box" concept. Once the model is assembled and ready, the
user must not forget the physical realities of the system. He simply
inputs a source load vector and obtains a concentration vector output in
a matter of seconds and, perhaps, feels that the computer has done the
simulation. It is imperative to keep in mind that the sole reason a
computer is used at all is because the user does not like to invert large
matrices by hand.
L-7
-------
Application of Model to the St. Croix River
The sampling survey conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency
in August 1972 was the main source of the initial data used in the model.
Along with aerial photographs^, USGS maps, Corps of Engineers cross-
sections and former reports-*> , the maximum amount of data was compiled.
Because the Corps of Engineers cross-section study was conducted at
flows lower than those of the survey, a backwater analysis was performed
to determine water depths at the time of the survey. The river was divided
in two separate reaches: the pooled reach from the rapids below Baring
Bridge to the rapids below Milltown Bridge, and the faster flowing, more
turbulent reach from the Georgia-Pacific effluent discharge downstream to
the rapids downstream from the railroad bridge at Baring.
In order to compute river depths at low flows, approximations to
Manning's (n) were computed based on energy loss considerations. Elevations
in the lower reach did not change significantly, but those in the upper
reach exhibited typical backwater profile characteristics.
The assumptions relied upon in the backwater analysis were:
1. Manning's Equation (Q - 1*^9 K3 S & A) is valid for the steady-
n
state conditions where S is the slope of the total energy line, R is
hydraulic radius, A is cross-sectional area; 2. Total energy was the
elevation of the water surface (the velocity head V /2g was found to be
negligible in comparison); 3. Control points exist at the rapids de-
fining the downstream end of each major reach. R, the hydraulic radius,
was taken as cross-sectional area divided by top width, except in deep
narrow sections below Baring Bridge.
L-8
-------
1
SCHEMATICALLY THIS REPRESENTS A SYSTEM AS SHOWN:
1
3
2
4
0.8 0.6
I
4C
0.9
10
1.0
i.O
0.8
5.0
1.0
1001 90,
1
\
10
90 I
1
\
10
1
1
X
100,
i
X
1
f80 tilO
0.01 O.OI
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.01
O.I
0.01
SEGMENT NO.
AREA,IOOOft2
FLOW, cfs
DISPERSION
COEFFICIENT
Mi2/day
.25
1.5
.30
1.0
.25
1.5
.30
1.0
0.5
1.0
0.6
1.0
!
500
1
1
1000
1
t
500
\
1000
1
9.28 18.56 -
2000
X
/ 2000,
ki days'1
kz days'1
VOLUME, IO6cu.ft.
LENGTH, ft.
^BOD BOUNDARY
CONDITIONS, mg/l
DEFICIT IMPUTS,
pounds/day
RESULTS OF MODEL ON HYPOTHETICAL DATA
12.4
M. 1
*
13.7
11.3
BOD
mg/l
^
3.2
2.8
3.3
2.6
D.O DEFICIT
mg/l
TYPICAL SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION
TWO DEMENTIONAL RIVER MODEL
FIGURE L3
-------
A calculated water-surface elevation profile is shown in Figure A.
The station used are the same as in the Corps of Engineers report.
Figures 5-10 are schematics of the river which represents the physical
conditions observed on the survey. Although the numbering sequence is
out of order, this raises no problem in our computing scheme. The two
segments (29 & 30) were appended at a later stage of this development to
facilitate input loadings of waste and deficit.
The hydraulics of the river represent a highly complicated system
which can not be expressed exactly. Lacking a large number of available
cross-sections and velocity profiles, the flow distribution at any given
station was approximated. For this reason, no islands are shown in the
schematic. Where they do exist, they have been "placed" on the interface
of two adjoining segments, and flows, cross-sectional areas and dispersion
coefficients have been adjusted accordingly.
The more difficult problem at this point arose in the assignment of the
interfacial dispersion factors and flows. There is no way to know whether
a particular phenomena is the result of a flow (net transfer of water) or a
dispersive process (random turbulent mixing), and moreover, it is not
required to be known in such an analysis. Values were assigned such that a
reasonable representation of the system was simulated. This was accomplish-
ed in the following manner:
1. Volume, area, depth were assigned to each section.
2. Flow rates were assigned and distributed.
3. Dispersion rates were assigned similarly.
4. An."artificial dye" was injected at the upstream sections
of the model, and an arbitrarily high and uniform decay rate
L-9
-------
was attributed to each section. The ratio of mass rate (Ibs/
day) at selected points was used to verify for time of travel
accuracy (Wa/Wb«r < ~kt, where "k" was the decay rate, and "T"
the time of travel, and "W" the mass rate at "a" or "b").
5. From another independent, one-dimensional program, values of
k-rates for various points in the river were used to verify the
first order decay model. The input data were taken from the
survey records, and data from the latter part of the week were
used to give a better insight into the processes. A background
input BOD of 1.2 mg/1 and a waste load of 54,000 pounds per day
in the effluent, along with the above-computed K,A,E,Q values
gave results compatable with survey-time data.
6. Verification of the deficit model involved the use of the Dobbins-
0'Conner formula for the reaeration coefficient which states "kj
I") —"\lJ
is proportional to (velocity)7 and (depth) '. Net oxygen
transfer by photosynthesis was taken as zero, and bottom demand
f\
as a uniform 4 gra 02/m /day. With an input dissolved oxygen
deficit of 37,000 Ibs/day (2.7 mg/1) in the main region of the
stream (section 29) and 350 Ibs/day in the effluent stream (section
30), we felt that a reasonable model of deficits had been estab-
lished .
These results are summarized in Figure 10.
At this point we have assembled the "A" matrices such that at survey
time they represent the observed conditions for our "n" segments. Examining
this more closely, we note that we have "n " terms to be found but only
"n" equations. This leaves us n(n-l) degrees of freedom, or possible
combinations of parameters which satisfy the system. For this reason
L-10
-------
1001
90'
Ir-
UJ
UJ
U.
70'
60
WOODLAND
DAM
BAHIMO M.M. •MIDOC
too
200 300
STATION (ft. a 100}
MILLTOWN BMIDCC
400
500
CALCULATED WATER SURFACE
ELEVATION PROFILE AT 2500 CFS
FIGURE L4
-------
GEORGIA
PACIFIC
EFFLUENT
BRIDGE*
in
UJ
I-
cn
"•IT
5 R.R-
Ei i
1 T
-30
29
3
6
9
12
2
5
8
1
14
_JX-<
1
4
7
10
13
+ -16 — —
19
21
23
25
27
— -15
18
20
22
24
26
28
20
70
MO
1 1 V/
160
2IO
bIW
26O
— 1
280
300
330
370
420
AfiO
•f Ow
inn
DOWNSTREAM
WOODLAND
DAM
o
<
z
STATION (ft. xlOO)
J
SECTION AND STATION NUMBERS
FIGURE L5
-------
GEORGIA
EFFLUENT
BARING R.R.
BRIDGE* >-
V)
Ul
^-
\-
V)
o
Ul
z
5O
i
f
____^_^SJ
°45O
fc^*'v WOODLAND
1
* 2(>6 ^ 2(
X
1 / 1 \
* 5) * 5
* ic6 * 2(
I i
T
^ "0
>0
-•XS.XX. ^^.xs.
___}___ ^i_ i—
innn °RO ^co
i t
1
• AC- A
l&B%XV^
1
' -.
ww
_^ 4,
e*r\r\
i^%f XN
*
*
1
1
rk^\
DOWNSTREAM
^
INTERFACIAL FLOWS, CFS
1
o
z
o
FIGURE L6
-------
GEORGIA
PACIFIC
EFFLUENT
BARING R.R
BRIDGE
v>
uj
\-
0
UJ
DOWNSTREAM
WOODLAND
DAM
VERTICAL CROSS SECTIONAL AREAS, 100 FT.2
o
FIGURE L7
-------
GEORGIA
EFFLUENT
BARING R.R.
BRIDGE' •-
tn
UJ
H-
o
UJ
Z
0ni 001
WOODLAND
o 01 o 01 o 01
0 01 0.
nni nni
0, 01 0
OOI OOI
OOI 0.
GOI O Ol
0, 01 0.
0IO O IO i ^ ir>
0,
01
r\ e^
. , a 10 — . •— t
OOI QOI rkrkl
0.
Goi „..
0.
Goi
0.
001
0.
OOI
0,
OOI
0
0
0
0
10
f\r\t
O Ol
01
01
OOI
01
O Ol
01
OOI
9- •
O Ol
9OI
©Ol
©Ol
©Ol
O Ol
,-
i
o
Z
o
^0 m^^ 9
DOWNSTREAM
* ^
*
DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS, Ml2/ DAY
FIGURE L8
-------
GEORGIA
EFFLUENT
BARING R.R-
BRIDGE' •-
CO
UJ
1-
<
1-
CO
0
UJ
H
z
r>
WOODLAND
333
.5 3.75 1.5
333
.2 3.0 1.2
444
3.0 3.0 3.0
444
3.0 3.0 3.0
4
6.0
4 '
0.8 0,
4
2.4
5
9.0
5
10.0
8
10.0
8
8.0
4
4.0
* 4
,8 0.8
4
2.4
5
9.0
5
10.0
8
10.0
8
8.0
8
14.0
i
<
0
<
z
<
u
DOWNSTREAM
DEPTH (ft) - 0
VOLUME (I06 ft.)- 0.0
SECTIONAL DEPTHS AND VOLUMES
FIGURE L9
-------
54000 pp<
350 pp
GEORGIA
EFFLUENT
BARING R.R-
BRIDGE' •-
t/>
Ul
i-
<
H
O
UJ
H
Z
I)
-j
d-.
1 '
i t
WOODLAND
16000 ppd (l.2mg/l)
37000 ppd (2.7mg/l)
18.6 1.3
2.7 2.7
13.8 1.3
2.7 2.6
12.8 1.4
2.8 2.6
12.5 2.3
2.9 2.6
8.1
2.8
7.7 3.1
"~O" "* 2.6
€.5
2.8
6.0
3.0
5.6
3.1
5.2
3.3
4.9
3.4
1.2
2.7
1.2
2.6
1.2
2.5
1.2
2.5
1.9
2.5
_^ ££ >-
2.5
3.1
2.6
3.4
2.8
3.5
2.9
3.7
3.1
3.8
3.2
4.2
3.4
, 1
<
o
4
Z
<
O
DOWNSTREAM
BOD5 (mg/l)-0.0
DEFICITS (mg/D- 0.0
RIVER CONDITIONS AT HIGH FLOW
FIGURE LIO
-------
the predicted results may vary from future observed values, although
the selection of values for "A" closely represent physical reality.
For the given flow conditions of 480; 750 and 1,000 cfs in the
river, and waste loading of 8,680 Ibs/day BOD in the plant's effluent,
the above model was used for predicting downstream BOD and dissolved
oxygen deficit concentrations.
First, new backwater curves were calculated based on the same
assumptions as previously mentioned for hiph flow. Depth vs. station
and accumulative time of travel vs. station for various flows are shown
in Figure 11.
Appropriate modifications were made in cross-sectional areas, volumes,
depths, and flows of each section either by directly altering the values,
by altering the scale factors, or by a combination of the two.
Deficit reaction coefficients were kept constant, but reaeration
coefficients were adjusted according to the formula of Dobbins-O'Connor.
Table 1 shows the ranpe of k 's used. Background values of 1.2 mp/1 BOD
were used in the main body of the river. Trials were run for oxygen deficits
in the main body of the river upstream of the effluent using loading,
values of 1.4-3.2 mg/1 BOD.
Conclusions
Because of the uncertainties in the values of several parameters,
many runs were tried. A schematic tree of the various inputs and values
of the parameters is given in Figure 1.
The structure of the tree is such that the more important variables
are situated above those of lesser value. It can be seen from this
figure that flow and plant loading (which can be controlled) have
L-ll
-------
TABLE 2
RANGE OF K2 VALUES BASED ON
DOBBINS-O'CONNOR FORMULA
FLOW, cfs UPPER REACH LOWER REACH
480 4.9 - 16.3 0.26 - 0.73
750 4.1 - 10.1 0.32 - 0.91
1000 3.4 - 8.6 0.37 - 1.05
2500 1.6 - 3.4 0.59 - 1.19
ALL VALUES IN DAYS"1
L-12
-------
8
7
6-
? 5
P «
0.
LU
O 3
tSOOo
IOPO ef •
760*
4M>efl
WOODLAND
DAM
S 2.0-
Ul
o
Ul
WOODUAND
DAM
•AftIN* M.M. •MtMR
MILLTOWN •MlOtC
100
200 300
STATION (ft. xlOO)
400
500
MH.LTOVH Ml'MI
4*0 «f>
TBOeta
1000 eft
tBOOtfi
100
200 300
STATION (ft. xlOO)
400
500
DEPTH AND TIME OF TRAVEL FLOW STUDY
FIGURE Lll
-------
significant impacts on the downstream deficits. Benthic demand has a
large impact also, but is not a variable of the system.
Based on the analysis to date, at a flow of 1000 cfs and a high
benthic demand of 4 gm 02/m^/day, a BOD load of 19,200 ppd would not
be acceptable. However, with a demand of 3 gm 02/m^/day, it would.
,-Jtv
At a lower flow of 750 cfs, a BOD load of 19,000 ppd is not
2
acceptable even if the benthic demand is reduced to 2 gm O^/m /day.
A BOD load of 10,000 ppd, however, would be acceptable if the benthic
o
demand is indeed 2 gm 02/m /day.
At a flow of 480 cfs, it is very doubtful that even a BOD load of
10,000 ppd would achieve stream standards.
L-l3
-------
REFERENCES
1. Hydroscience, Inc. "Development of Water Quality Model of
Boston Harbor". Final Report. Hydroscience, Inc., July 1971.
2. Advisory Board on Pollution Control - St. Croix River. St. Croix
River. Summary Report submitted to the International Joint
Commission. Advisory Board on Pollution Control, March, 1971.
3. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Report on Cross Sections and
Sampling Survey, St. Croix River, Maine-New Brunswick. Waltham,
Mass.: U. -S. Corps of Engineers, January, 1968.
L-14
-------
UNITED SI
ITES
WOODLAND
SCGP
ST CROIX RIVER
WATER QUALITY STATIONS
-------
MILES
DAM SITES
UNITED STATES
WOODLAND
ST CROIX RIVER
BIOLOGY STATIONS AND TRANSECTS
FOLDOUT 2
------- |