U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Technical Information Service
PB-276 535
Multimedia Levels
Trichloroethylene
Battelle Columbus Labs, Ohio
Prepared for
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D C
Sep 77
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EPA 560/6-77-029
MULTIMEDIA LEVELS
miCHLOROETHYLENE
SEPTEMBER 1977
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AQEMCY
OFFICE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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TnCHNICAL HEPORT DATA
' rend ln:;:iwlivtis on the rrvrne before r
1. HCPOHT NO.
EPA 560/6-77-029
IT.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
MULTIMEDIA LEVELS—TRICHLOROETHYLENE
5. REPORT DATE
September 1977
S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Battelle Columbus Laboratories
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION RtPOHT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Battelle Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus,'Ohio 43201
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-01-1983
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Envirpnmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
Washington, D.C. 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT .
This report discusses environmental levels of trichloroethylene (TCE) based on a review
of the literature and other information sources. The concentration of TCE in the atmo-
sphere of the U.S. ranges from about 1 ppt in remote areas to over 100 in areas near
where the substance^Jis manufactured or used. TCE concentrations in sediments range
from less than 0.04 ppb to over 100 ppb. Again the high concentrations were found near
manufacturing sites, but some of the lowest concentrations were as we'll. Soil concen-
trations appear to be no higher near manufacturing sites than in rural areas, though
the data are very limited. The concentrations are a few ppb or less. Surface-water
concentrations of TCE range from less than 1 ppb (the limit of detection) to several
hundred ppb in the vicinity of a manufacturing site. Measured concentrations in U.S.
drinking water are less than 1 ppb. The only degradation products of TCE that may
exist in the environment in appreciable quantities for any period of time are dichloro-
acetyl chloride produced by the photodegradation of TCE in the atmosphere and dichloro-
acetic acid produced by the hydrolysis of dichloroacetyl chloride. There are very few
data on the presence of TCE in food raised and sold in the U.S. fbwever, data from
the United Kingdom suggest that concentrations of TCE on the order of parts per billion
are found in almost all common foodstuffs. There is little evidence to judge whether
TCE is accumulating in living systems. Limited data on concentrations in human tissue
and in marine organisms show levels on the order of a few parts per billion.
17.
a.
KF.Y WOHDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Trichloroethylene
Water
Sediment
Soil
Air
Human
Food
Behavior
18. DISTHIUUTION STATL-MKNT
Distribution unlimited
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SCCURITY CLASS (TliisRi-port)
Unclasp i
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page
Unclassified
COSATI Held/Group
Jl(b\
EPA For,,, 2220-1 (Rev. .1-77)
PRCVtOUfc COITION IS OBSOLETE
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EPA 560/6-77-029
MULTIMEDIA LEVELS
TRICHLOROETHYLENE
September 1977
BATTELLE
Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
Vincent J. DeCarlo
Project Officer
Contract No. 68-01-1983
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
ia
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NOTICE
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Toxic
Substances, Environmental Protection Agency, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the
contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of
the Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of tradenames
or commercial products is for purposes of clarity only and
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. INTRODUCTION. 1-1
2. OCCURRENCE OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN THE ENVIRONMENT. . ... . . 2-1
Trichloroethylene in the Atmosphere 2-1
Trichloroethylene in Soil and Sediment 2-16
Trichloroethylene in Surface Waters 2-16
Trichloroethylene in Drinking Water 2-19
3. TRANSFORMATIONS OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN THE ENVIRONMENT .... 3-1
4. OCCURRENCE OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN FOOD .4-1
5. EXPOSURE AND BIOLOGICAL ACCUMULATION OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE
IN MAN. ...'.' 5-1
Exposure 5-1
Biological Accumulation 5-3
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . 6-1
FIGURES.
Number . Page
2.1 Sampling locations at Dow Chemical Plant B, Freeport,
Texas—trichloroethylene producer site. . 2-6
2.2 Sampling locations at Hooker Chemical, Hahnville,
Louisiana—trichloroethylene production site 2-8
2.3 Sampling locations at Ethyl Corporation, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana—trichloroethylene production site 2-10
2.4 Sampling locations at PPG Industries, Lake Charles,
Louisiana—trichloroethylene production site 2-12
2.5 Sampling locations at Boeing Company, Seattle,
Washington—trichloroethylene user site 2-14
iii
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FIGURES (Continued)
Number Page
2.6 Sampling locations at St. Francis National Forest,
Helena, Arkansas — background site ...... ..... 2-15
2.7 Industrialized area where surface water was sampled. . . 2-17
3.1 .Transformations of trichloroethylene . . ... ..... 3-3
3.2 Reactants and products of trichloroethylene and
irradiation .......... . . . ... . . . . . 3-4
TABLES
2.1 Maximum and Minimum Levels of Trichloroethylene in the
Atmosphere at Various Locations in the United States. 2-2
2.2 Typical Levels of Trichloroethylene in the Atmosphere . 2-3
2.3 Miscellaneous Monitoring Data for Trichloroethylene
in the Atmosphere 2-4
2.4 Concentration of trichloroethylene in Air, Water, Soil,
and Sediment at Dow Chemical Plant B (Trichloroethylene
Producer) . ". . , 2-5
2.5 Concentration of Trichloroethylene in Air; Water, Soil, .
and Sediment at Hooker Chemical Company (Trichloro-
ethylene Producer) 2-7
2.6 Concentration of Trichloroethylene in Air, Water, Soil,
. and Sediment at Ethyl Corporation (Trichloroethylene
Producer) . .... . ...... . . . . 2-9
2.7 Concentration of Trichloroethylene in Air^ Water,.Soil,
and Sediment at PPG Industries (Trichloroethylene
Producer) .............. 2-11
2.8 Concentration of Trichloroethylene in Air at Boeing
Company (Trichloroethylene User)........... 2-13
2.9 Concentration of Trichloroethylene in Air, Water, Soil,
and Sediment at St. Francis National Forest
(Background) . 2-13
2.10 Trichloroethylene Concentration in Surface Water Samples
Taken by the Institute for Environmental Studies. . . 2-18
iv
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TABLES (Continued)
Number Page
2.11 Properties and Trichloroethylene Concentration of
Finished Water in Five Cities 2-20
2.12 Some of the Organic Compounds Identified in Miami,
Florida, Finished and Raw Water Samples . , 2-19
3.1 ! Transformations of Trichloroethylene in the Environment . 3-2
i
4.1 Trichloroethylene in Foodstuffs . 4-2
5.1 Occupational Exposure 5-2
5.2 Occurrence of Trichloroethylene in Human Tissue 5-4
5.3 Trichloroethylene Recovered from Tissue 5-5
v
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report discusses environmental levels of trichloroethylene (TCE)
based on a review of the literature and other information sources.
The concentration of trichloroethylene in the atmosphere of, the U.S.
ranges from about 0.005 g/m (1 ppt) in remote areas to over 500 g/m
(100 ppb) in areas near where the substance is manufactured and used. The
concentration drops off rapidly as one moves away from a source facility.
Trichloroethylene concentrations in sediments range from less than
0.04 ppb to over 100 ppb. Again the high concentrations were found near
manufacturing sites, but some of the lowest concentrations were, as well.
Soil concentrations of trichloroethylene appear to be no higher near
manufacturing sites than in rural areas, though the data are very limited.
The concentrations are a few ppb or less.
Surface-water concentrations of trichloroethylene ranges from less than
1 ppb (the limit of detection) to several hundred ppb in the vicinity of a
manufacturing site. One measurement as high as 5 ppm was made in a canal of
stagnant water near a production site.
Measured concentrations of trichloroethylene in U;S. drinking water
are less than 1 ppb, except in unusual circumstances such as in Des Moines,
Iowa. Here, trichloroethylene contamination from an unidentified source
resulted in levels as high as 80 ppb.
The only degradation products of trichloroethylene that may exist in
the environment in appreciable quantities for. any period of time are
dichloroacetyl chloride produced by the photodegradation of trichloroethylene
in the atmosphere and dichloroacetic acid produced by the hydrolysis of,
dichloroacetyl chloride. There is some evidence that the ultimate fate of
dichloroacetyl chloride and dichloroacetic acid is degradation by micro-
organisms. Although the degradation products have not been determined,
they are probably carbon dioxide and chloride ions.
There are very few data on the presence of trichioroethylene in food
raised and sold in the U.S. However, data from the United Kingdom suggest
that concentration of trichloroethylene on the order of parts per billion
are found in almost all common foodstuffs.
There is little evidence to judge whether trichloroethylene is accumu-
lating in living organisms. Limited data on trichloroethylene concentrations
in human tissue and in marine organisms show levels on the order of a few
parts per billion.
The data are also insufficient to enable trends in trichloroethylene
levels in the environment to be determined.
vii
Preceding page blank
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1. INTRODUCTION
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is one of the chemicals whose health and
ecological effects, environmental behavior, and technologic and economic
aspects are important to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The
literature has been searched in an effort to determine the environmental
levels of trichloroethylene, the behavior of trichloroethylene in the
environment, and the ways in which trichloroethylene may come in contact
with man.
The literature has been examined using the following search strategy.
An initial computer search of the following data bases was conducted.
•> National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
• Smithsonian Science Information Exchange (SCD-SSIE)
• Engineering Index
• Pollution Abstracts
• TOXLINE
0 MEDLARS (National Library of Medicine's National
Interactive Retrieval Service)
• Air Pollution Technical Information Center (APTIC)
• USGS Water Quality Monitoring Data.
All searches were carried out in June, 1976. Original journal articles with
relevant titles or abstracts were then examined and data extracted. In
addition, various journals were screened manually through December, 1976.
These journals included: Analytical Chemistry, Atmospheric Environment,
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, CRC Critical
Reviews in Environmental Control, Environment, Environmental Pollution,
Environmental Research, Environmental Science and Technology, International
Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Journal of Environmental
Science and Health, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, and Water
Research. Other journals were also screened but are not listed because they
did not cover the indicated period, or were of more limited interest to those
seeking information on environmental levels of trichloroethylene.
Several important reviews on the subject of trichloroethylene were
also consulted. Specifically, a preliminary study of selected potential
1-1
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environmental contaminants including trichloroethylene (U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1975a), a preliminary economic impact assessment of
possible regulatory action to control atmospheric emissions of selected
halocarbons (Shamel et al., 1975), an impact overview and an abstracted
literature collection on trichloroethylene (Waters et al., 1976), an air
pollution assessment of trichloroethylene (Fuller, 1976), a criteria for
a recommended standard for occupational exposure to trichloroethylene
(U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1973), and a
proposed occupational exposure standard for trichloroethylene (U.S.
Department of.Labor, 1975) were consulted.
1-2
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2. OCCURRENCE OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN THE
ATMOSPHERE
No extensive monitoring program designed specifically for trichloro-
ethylene have been identified. However, trichloroethyiene has been detected
along with other halocarbons at various locations throughout the U.S. and
around the world. The most extensive data are reproduced in Tables 2.1 and
2.2. .These data are taken from a study done at Cook College, Rutgers
University (lillian et al., 1975). Other data are summarized in Table 2.3.
A program to determine environmental levels of trichloroethyiene was
initiated in 1976 at Battelle's Columbus Laboratories. During late 1976
and early 1977, samples were collected from various production sites, a
user site, and a background site. The samples were analyzed and the results
are summarized in Tables 2.4 through 2.9 and in the corresponding maps of
the plant locations on which the sampling sites are indicated (Figures 2.1
through 2.6). Details of the results and methodology are given in a
companion report, EPA-560/6-77-024 (Battelle's Columbus Laboratories, 1977).
The concentration of trichloroethyiene in the atmosphere ranges from
about 0.005 pg/m3 (1 ppt) in remote areas to over .500 yg/m3 (100 ppb) in
areas where the substance is manufactured or used. As one moves away from
a manufacturing facility, the concentration of trichloroethyiene in air
drops off rapidly.
As shown in Tables 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6, the highest concentrations of
trichloroethyiene are generally observed downwind from a producer or user
site and the concentration seems to be dependent on the distance from the
discharge point. Most of the higher concentrations are observed at
distances of less than 1 km. Considerable variation, however, was observed
in the maximum downwind levels of trichloroethyiene at various, production
sites. The variations in the observed maximum concentrations among plants
may be due to differences in (1) production processes, (2) emission control
equipment, (3) meteorological conditions, and (4) distance from the plant.
Higher production capacity apparently does not necessarily imply higher
emissions since the maximum concentrations observed at the larger plants
were no higher than those observed at the smaller operations, and were
sometimes lower. Large temporal variations are observed when measuring
these chlorinated hydrocarbons downwind from a production facility. Changes
in meteorological conditions, particularly wind speed and direction, and/or
variations in the emissions may account for this phenomenon;
2-1
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TABLE .2.1. MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM LEVELS OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE
IN THE, ATMOSPHERE AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS IN THE
UNITED STATES
Monitoring Period Concentration,
and Location Levels ppb
June 18-19, 1974 Max. 2.8
Seagirt, New Jersey Min. <0.05
(National Guard Base) Mean 0.26
June 27-28, 1974 Max. 1.1
New York, New York Min. 0.11
(45th & Lexington) Mean 0.71
July 2-5, 1974 Max.. 0.80
Sandy Hook, New Jersey Min. <0.05
(Fort Hancock) Mean 0.34
July 8-10, 1974 Max. 0.56
Delaware City, Delaware Min. <0.05
(Road 448 & Route 72 Mean 0.35
intersection)
July 11-12, 1974 Max. <0.05
Baltimore, Maryland Min. <0.05
(1701 Poncabird Pass, Mean
Ford Holabird area)
July 16-26, 1974 Max. 0.63
Wilmington, Delaware Min. <0.05
(Clinton County Air Mean 0.19
Force Base)
September 16-19, 1974 Max. 0.35
White Face Mountains . Min. <0.05
(New York State) Mean 0.10
March-December, 1973 Max. 8.8
Bayonne, New Jersey Min. <0.05
Mean 0.92
Source: Lillian et al., 1975.
2-2
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TABLE 2.2. TYPICAL LEVELS OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE
IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Date and Time
Location
Concentration, ppb
June 27, 1974
2300'
September 17, 1974
1200
July 2, 1974
1400
July 19, 1974
1300
July 17, 1974
1228
July 17, 1974
1203 '
New York, New York
White Face Mountains
New York State (nonurban)
Over Ocean
Sandy Hook, New Jersey
4.8 km (3 mi.) offshore
Seagirt, New Jersey
(National Guard Base)
Above the Inversion
elevation 1500 m (5000 ft)
Wilmington, Ohio
Inversion Layer
elevation 450 m (1500 ft)
Wilmington, Ohio
0.11
<0.02
0.18
<0.02
<0.02
0.075
Source: Lillian et al., 1975.
2-3
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TABLE 2.3. MISCELLANEOUS MONITORING DATA FOR TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Location
Date of Data
Collection
Concentration
Method'
Reference
New Brunswick NJ
it ii
Kansas City-NASN
Station
Houston TX and
vicinity
Los Angeles Basin
Worldwide
Pullman WA
Western Ireland
North Atlantic
Northern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
Liverpool, England
Rural areas of
Britain
Over the northeast
Atlantic
Britain, perimeter
of a manufac-
turing plant
Heath, near the
above plant
Suburban area, re-
moved from plant
Tokyo .
1973
Unreported
1974
Nov. 1974
April 1975
1974
Dec. 1974 to
Feb. 1975
June/July 1974
Oct. 1973
1974
1974
March 1972
1972
Aug. 1972
1972-1974
Detected
0.75 ppb
Detected
May 1974-
April 1975
5 ppb
<5 ppt
15 ppt
<5 ppt
15 ppt
1.5 ppt
850 ng/m3 (^160 ppt)
11 ng/m3 (average)
6 ng/m3
40-64 ppb. (mass)
12-42 ppb (mass)
1-20 ppb (mass)
1.2 ppb (annual
average)
Coulometric GC
ii ii
GC/MS
GC/MS computer
Estimate
GC/MS
Coulometric GC
ti ti
EC/GC
Lillian and Singh, 1974'
ti . ii
Bunn et al., 1975
Pellizzari et al., 1976
Goldberg, 1975
Grimsrud and Rasmussen, 1975
Lovelock, 1974
ii it '
Cox; et al., 1976
it it
Murray and Riley, 1973
Pearson and McConnell, 1975
Ohta et al., 1976
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TABLE 2.4. CONCENTRATION OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN AIR,
WATER, SOIL, AND SEDIMENT AT DOW CHEMICAL
PLANT B (TRICHLOROETHYLENE PRODUCER)
Air
Distance Upwind (U) ,
Concentration, from Plant, Downwind (D) ,
Site ppbva km or Variable (V)
Site
A3
A4
A5
IB
2B
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
9B
<1 1.9 -
<1 1.4 U
<1 1.8
<1 2.4 D
<1 to 11.5 2.4 D
<1 3 .4 D
<1 3.1 . D
<1 to 4.4 4.4 D
<1 . 3.5 . . .. D
Water, Soil, and Sediment
Concentration,
Description of Media ppb
Surface water, mouth of plant effluent 172
canal . •
Water, as above except 4 m deep 197
Surface water, 400 m downstream from 5
A6
A7
A9, A10,
All, A13
A3S
ASS
A7S
plant outfall
Water, as above except 5 to 6m deep
Surface water, 800 m upstream of plant
outfall
Soil, approximately 2 km from plant
Sediment, mouth of plant effluent canal
Sediment, 400 m downstream of plant
outfall
•Sediment, 800 m upstream of plant
outfall
13
0.9
<0.06 to 0.45
0.15
None detected
0.04
aLimits of detection: 1 ppbv. To convert to yg/m3 at 25 C, multiply
ppbv by 5.37.
2-5
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Emission Source
Highway
- Railroad
Industrial
Kesidential
Air Site
Soil Site
Water Site
Sediment Site
• 8B —
.5 1
Kilometer
Figure 2.1. Sampling locations at Dow Chemical Plant B, Freeport,
Texas—trichloroethylene production site.
2-6
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TABLE 2.5. CONCENTRATION OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN AIR,
WATER, SOIL, AND SEDIMENT AT HOOKER CHEMICAL
COMPANY (TRICHLOROETHYLENE PRODUCER)
I
Site
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Air
Distance
Concentration, from Plant,
ppbva km
21 to 140 0.2
<1 0.6
<1 to 5.4 0.8
<1 to 270 0.5
<1 2.7
<1 2.2
<1 1.1
<1 to 6.0 1.8
<1 to 45 1.8
Upwind (U),
Downwind (D) ,
or Variable (V)
D
U
U
V
-
-
D
D
D
Water, Soil, and Sediment
Site
Bl
B2
B3
Description of Media
Surface water, Mississippi River,
upstream of plant outfall
Surface water, at plant outfall
Surface water, 1 km downstream of
Concentration,
ppb
150 m 1
535
plant 22
outfall
BIO ' Surface water, open stagnant canal about 5,227
2.7 km from plant
B5, B6, Soil, close'to the plant out to about 0.23 to 5.6
B7, B8 2.7 km
BIS Sediment, 150 m upstream of plant outfall 0.18
B2S Sediment, 100 m downstream of plant 0.63
outfall
B3S Sediment, 200 m downstream of plant 0.03
outfall
t ' O
Limits of detection: 1 ppbv. To convert to pg/nr at 25 C, multiply
ppbv by 5137.
2-7
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Bis.
(S3
I
00
—— Highway
-1— Railroad
Minimal, 'levee
1559 Plant Proper
^77] Industrial
[~] Marsh
Residential
Air Site
Soil Site
Water Site , -
.Sediment Site
Emission Source
Figure 2.2. Sampling locations at Hooker Chemical, Hahnville,
Louisiana—trichloroethylene production site.
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TABLE 2.6. CONCENTRATION OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN AIR,
WATER, SOIL, AND SEDIMENT AT ETHYL
CORPORATION (TRICHLOROETHYLENE PRODUCER)
Air
Site
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
,8
Site
Cl
C2
C3
C4 to C7
Distance Upwind (U) ,
Concentration, from Plant, Downwind (D) ,
ppbva km or Variable (V)
1.9 to 5.6 0.4 D
<1 to 7.2 0.2 D
<1 2.4 D
<1 2.6 D
<1 2.2
<1 0.7 U
<1 2.2
<1 3.2 D
Water, Soil, and Sediment
Concentration,
Description of Media ppb
Surface water
pond
Surface water
outfall
Surface water
outfall
Soil, various
immediately above settling 128
, 200 m upstream of plant 0.4
, 300 m downstream of plant 37
locations in vicinity of None detected
plant
C2S Sediment, 200 m upstream of plant outfall None detected
C3S Sediment, 300 m downstream of plant 116
outfall .
Limits of detection: 1 ppbv.
ppbv by 5.37.
To convert to ng/m3 at 25 C, multiply
2-9
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NJ
I
O Emission Source
Highway
Railroad
Plant Proper
Industrial
Residential
Air Site
Soil Site
Water Site
Sediment Site
vile
1/2
Kilometer
Figure 2.3. Sampling locations at Ethyl Corporation, Baton Rouge,
Louisiana—trichloroethylene production site.
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,TABLE 2.7. CONCENTRATION OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN AIR,
WATER, SOIL, AND SEDIMENT AT PPG INDUSTRIES
(TRICHLOROETHYLENE PRODUCER)
Air
Distance Upwind (U) ,
Concentration, from Plant, Downwind (D) ,
Site ppbv3 km or Variable (V)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Site
Fl
F2
F3
F4
2.2 to 2.7 1.3 U
<1 4.2 U
<1 3.5 V
<1 2.7 U
<1 1.4 D
<1 to 12 4.0 D
<1 0.6 ...... U
<1 1.3 -
Water, Soil, and Sediment
Concentration,
Description of Media jppb
Surface water, 50 m upstream of plant 353
outfall
Surface water, at plant outfall No. 1 447
Surface water, at plant outfall No. 2 179
Surface water, 50 m downstream of outfall 403
F5
No. 2
Surface water, lake—downstream of plant
outfalls
F6 to F9 Soil, quadrants surrounding plant
F1S Sediment, 50 m upstream of plant outfall
F3S Sediment, at plant outfall No. 2
29
None detected
to 0.11
146
15
Limits of detection: 1 ppbv.
ppbv by 5.37.
To convert to pg/m3 at 25 C, multiply
2-11
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I
I-1
N5
\.
o
Emission Source
Highway
-- — - Railroad
Industrial
Plant Proper
Residential
Marsh
Tailings Pond
Air Site
Soil Site
Water Site
Sediment Site
Figure.2.4. Sampling locations at PPG Industries, Lake Charles,
Louisiana—trichloroethylene production site.
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TABLE 2.8. CONCENTRATION OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN AIR
AT BOEING COMPANY (TRICHLOROETHYLENE USER)
Site3
1
2
3
4
T-
Concentration, ppbv
<1
<1
17
15
to 38
to 44
Distance from
Plant, km
0.6 .
1.1
6.4
0.5
All sites were downwind at time of measurements.
Limit of detection, 1 ppbv. To convert to yg/m3 at
25 C, multiply ppbv by 5.37.
TABLE 2.9. CONCENTRATION OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN AIR,
WATER, SOIL, AND SEDIMENT AT ST. FRANCIS.
NATIONAL FOREST (BACKGROUND)
Media Concentration
Air <1.0 ppbv
Surface water, from lake 0.05 ppb
Soil 0.63 ppb
Sediment 2.2.ppb
2-13
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Figure 2.5. Sampling locations at Boeing Company, Seattle, Washington-
trichloroethylene user site.
2-14
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Figure 2.6. Sampling locations at St. Francis National Forest,
Helena, Arkansas—background site.
2-15
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TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN SOIL AND SEDIMENT
The only information available on trichloroethylene levels in soil and
sediment was obtained from the Battelle study (Battelle's Columbus Labora-
tories, 1977). This information is presented in Tables 2.4 through 2.7 and
Table 2.9 in conjunction with maps showing the sites (Figures 2.1 through
2.4 and Figure 2.6).
In general, the concentrations in soil range from less than 0.1 ppb to
about 6 ppb. There does not seem to be any correlation with the distance
from production or user sources, and a concentration of 0.63 ppb (Table 2.9)
was found in a background sample taken many miles from any known source of
trichloroethylene.
Trichloroethylene levels in sediment samples were somewhat higher on
the average than the levels in soil. Levels in sediment ranged from less
than 0.1 ppb to over 100 ppb, but the higher levels are usually associated
with sediment in the vicinity of a plant outfall. As with soil, a relatively
high background level (2.2 ppb, table 2.9) was found at a site far removed
from known sources of trichloroethylene.
TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN SURFACE WATERS
Approximately 200 water samples have been collected and analyzed for
various organic substances (Chian and Ewing, 1976). These samples were
collected from 14 heavily industrialized river basins. These areas and
the approximate number of samples taken at each location are indicated in
Figure 2.7 (Chian and Ewing, 1976, Progress Report No. 4). The results
are summarized in Table 2.10. Trichloroethylene was detected in 142 of
the approximately 200 samples analyzed and the concentrations ranged from
less than 1 ppb to 188 ppb in these surface waters.
In the vicinity of production plants, the concentration of.trichloro-
ethylene in surface waters is much higher> Levels from 200 to 400 ppb are
common (Tables 2.4 to 2.7), and at one site a level of 5.2 ppm (Table 2.5)
was found. .
Pearson and McConnell (1975) report concentrations of 0.15 ppb
trichloroethylene in rainwater collected in Runcorn, England. The highest
concentrations that these researchers measured in upland river waters was
6 ppb. These same authors also reported that they have never detected
organochlorines in well waters. With a normal detection limit of 0.01 ppb,
Pearson and McConnell (1975), between April and August, 1973, determined
that the average concentration of trichlbrOettiylehe in Liverpool Bay
seawater was 0.3 ppb, with a maximum concentration of 3.6 ppb. In Liver-
pool Bay sediments, a maximum trichloroethylene concentration of 9.9 ppb
was found.
2-16
-------
I
I-"
VJ
Encircled numbers Indicate quantity of
samples to be collected In each area-.
Figure 2.7. Industrialized area where surface water
was sampled (Source: Chian and Ewing, 1976).
-------
TABLE 2. 10 *, TRICHLOROETHYLENE CONCENTRATION IN SURFACE WATER SAMPLES
TAKEN BY THE INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Area
Type of Water Analyzed
Concentration
Number of Range (Average),
Samples ppb
Illinois
Pennsylvania
Illinois River
Delaware, Schuylkill,
11
25
<1 to 7 (<2) ,
<1 to 18 (<2)
New York City area
Hudson River area
Upper and Middle
Mississippi River
Lower Mississippi
River
Houston area
Alabama
Ohio River Basin
Great Lakes
Tennessee River Basin
and Lehigh Rivers
Hudson River and bays 16
Hudson River 12
Mississippi River . '19.
Mississippi River 9
Galveston Bay and 8
channels
Black Warrier, Tombigee, 7
Alabama, and Mobile Rivers
Ohio River and tributaries 10
Lakes Superior, Michigan, 13
Huron, Ontario, Erie, and
vicinity
Tennessee River and 1
tributaries
1 to 7 (<3)
1 to 4 (<1)
1 to 29a (<41
1 to 20 (<5)
1 to 29b (<5]
1 to 1 (<1)
1 to 5 (<1)
1 to 188°
1 to 3 (<2)
a
This concentration determined on the shore at St. Louis.
bThis concentration determined in the Houston Ship Channel.
cThis concentration determined in Fields Brook at Lake Erie. All other
samples in this area reportedly contained <1 ppb.
2-18
-------
TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN DRINKING WATER
Shortly after the identification of trichloroethylene and other
halogenated hydrocarbons in New Orleans drinking water, the results were
published (Dowty et al., 1975a and 1975b), and several other significant
events occurred. The Safe Drinking Water Act was signed into law in
December, 1974, and a National Organics Reconnaissance Survey (NORS) was
undertaken.
As part of the NORS,' drinking water supplies at five selected sites
were analyzed. These supplies were chosen to represent the major types
of raw water sources in the United States at that time. The results for
trichloroethylene are summarized in Table 2.11. The NORS was extended to
cover a total of ten cities in the United States. In the extended survey,
trichloroethylene was also detected, but not quantified, in the drinking
water at Lawrence, Massachusetts (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
l,975b) . A follow-up study on finished and raw water samples from Miami,
Florida, was carried out. The results of this study are summarized in
Table 2.12.
TABLE 2.12. SOME OF THE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IDENTIFIED IN
MIAMI, FLORIDA, FINISHED AND RAW WATER SAMPLES
(P = Present but not quantified; ND = Not detected)
•
Organic Compound
Identified
Trichloroethylene
Methylchloroform
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Finished
Water
1/29/75,
Ppb
P
P
P
311
Finished
Water
7/7/75,
ppb
P
P
P
220
Raw
Water,
7/7/751,
ppb
P
P
ND
0.7
Test
Well,
7/7/75,
ppb
ND
ND
. ND
ND
Source: Keith, 1976.
Several U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regional offices have
analyzed various waters for trichloroethylene. The Surveillance and
Analysis Division of Region IV under the direction of James H. Finger has
detected trichloroethylene at the following locations at the estimated
concentrations shown:
Dalton, Georgia, Wastewater Treatment Plant <5 ppb
Rome, Georgia, Treatment Plant <0.5 ppb
Rome, Georgia, Wastewater Treatment Plant <5 ppb
2-19
-------
TABLE 2.11. PROPERTIES AND TRICHLOROETHYLENE CONCENTRATION
OF FINISHED WATER IN FIVE CITIES
N5
1
•NJ
O
Nonvolatile
Total Organic
Type of Type of Carbon,
City Supply Raw Water mg/£
Cincinnati OH Surface Industrial . 1.3
waste
Miami FL Ground Natural waste 6.5
Ottumwa IA Surface Agricultural 2,3
waste
Philadelphia PA Surface.. Municipal 1.9
waste
Seattle WA Surface , Natural waste 1.0
7
Conductivity, Chlorine, Concentration,
nnnhos/cm mg/Jl PH ppb
295 2.7 8.6 0.1
350 2.3 8.7 0.3
500 1.4 9.2 <0.1
260 2.0 8.3 0.5
.50 0 6.6 Not detected
Source: Keith, 1976.
-------
Region IV personnel also analyzed discharge from the Stauffer Chemical
Company plant at Louisville and determined the trichloroethylene concentra-
tion to be 5,00 ppb. It is believed that Stauffer produces trichloroethylene
at this plant. Region IV personnel may have conducted an organics study of
the Ohio River, but this information is not yet available.
As a result of a National Organic Monitoring Survey conducted between
March 1 and April 3, 1976, it was determined that trichloroethylene was
present in the finished drinking water at Des Moines* Iowa* to the extent
of 32 ppb. Through a series of analyses, it was determined that contamina-
tion of the gallery infiltration system was responsible for the presence of
trichloroethylene in Des Moines drinking water. It was calculated that the
levels of trichloroethylene in the Des Moines drinking water would result
from the dumping of 1 gallon per day of this substance into the water system.
The exact source was never located.
In an earlier, unrelated study (1974), raw wastewater processed in
the Oro Loma Sanitary District of the San Francisco Bay area was esti-
mated to contain 1.2 mg/£ in the 49,205 m3/day average discharge (Camisaj
1975). . .
In an investigation of the chlorination of water for purification and
the potential for the formation of potentially harmful chlorinated compounds
by this process, Bellar et al. (1974) at the National Environmental Research
Center of the Environmental Protection Agency at- Cincinnati, Ohio, reported
the following concentrations of trichloroethylene.in water from a sewage-
treatment plant: influent before treatment, 40.4 yg/fc; effluent before
chlorination, 8.6 yg/£; and effluent after chlorination, 9.8 yg/£.
2-21
-------
3. TRANSFORMATIONS OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
This section indicates the changes that trichloroethylene can undergo
in various real and simulated environmental media. The information on the
subject is summarized in Table 3.1 and represented graphically in Figure 3.1.
It appears that the only degradation products that may exist in the
environment in appreciable quantities for any period of time are dichloro-
acetyl chloride produced by the photodegradation of trichloroethylene in
the atmosphere and dichloroacetic acid produced by the hydrolysis of
dichloroacetyl chloride. There is some evidence that the ultimate fate of
the dichloroacetyl chloride and dichloroacetic acid is degradation by micro-
organisms (McConnell et al., 1975). Although the degradation products have
not been determined, they are probably carbon dioxide and chloride ions
which are already present in the environment.
The results'of a detailed study showing the degradation of trichloro-
ethylene in a photochemical chamber in the presence of nitrogen dioxide in
air are shown in Figure 3.2 (Gay et al., 1976). The chamber was irradiated
with ultraviolet light as the reactants and products were continuously
monitored using long-path infrared spectroscopy. This study was undertaken
in order to obtain more information on the atmospheric degradation of
halogenated compounds, particularly with regard to the rates of photo-
oxidation and the identity of photooxidation intermediates and final products.
3-1
-------
TABLE 3,1. TRANSFORMATIONS OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE:
IN THE ENVIRONMENT
Media
Change or Products
Observed
Reference
Photochemical Chamber,
TCE (3.45 ppm) with
N02 (2.66 ppm)
Atmosphere near
welding
Smog chamber
Atmosphere, xenon arc
exposure
Troposphere, 3.1 ppt
Simulated atmosphere
conditions—bright
sunlight
Water containing
natural and added
contaminants—TCE at
1 ppm
Dichloroacetyl chloride,
HC1, CO, phosgene
(TCE half-life: ^2 hr)
HC1, C12, and phosgene
(severe decomposition,
dangerous levels)
Ozone
Dichloroacetic acid,
C02, HC1
Disappearance with a
half-life of 6 weeks
(±50%)
Disappearance with a
half-life of 5-12 hr
Evaporation with a half-
life of 19 min . ..'.."..
Gay et al., 1976
Rinzema and Silverstein,
1972
Farber, 1973
McConnell et al., 1975
Pearson and McConnell,
1975
Dilling et al., 1976
Dilling et al., 1976
3-2
-------
10
I
Co
C12C = CHC1
t-1/2 5-12 hr (bright sunlight)(Dilling et al., 1976)
6-12 weeks (McConnell et al., 1975)
Water,
Soil
Persists 2—18 months
(Abrams et al., 1975)
or
. . 2.5 years
(Pearson & McConnell, 1975)
NO
ClgOHCOCl, HG1, 03, C1COC1, CO
4 (phosgene)(Gay
C12CHC02H
C02, HC1
Microorganisms
in Seawater
Unknown
Degradation Products
(McConnell et al., 1975)
t-1/2 = Time required for one-half of the chlorinated
hydrocarbon to disappear by the indicated process.
, HN0
Figure 3.1. Transformations of trichlorbethylene.
-------
Trichloroethylene
Dichloroacetyl
Chloride
100 120 140 160
TIME (min.)
180 200
Figure 3.2. Reactants and products of trichloroethylene
and NO irradiation (Reprinted with permission
from Gay, B. W., Jr., P. L. Hanst, J. J.
Bufalini, and R. C. Noonan. Atmospheric
Oxidation of Chlorinated Ethylenes. Environ-
mental Science and Technology 10(1):65.
Copyright by the American Chemical Society.)
3-4
-------
4. OCCURRENCE OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN FOOD
There are very few data on the presence of trichloroethylene in food
raised and sold in the United States, but there is some information on the
presence of trichloroethylene in foodstuffs found in the United Kingdom.
This information is summarized in Table 4.1. Trichloroethylene concentra-
tions on the order of parts per billion are found in almost all common
foodstuffs.
Trichloroethylene has also been used to extract spice oleoresins and
to decaffeinate coffee. The FDA regulations of the concentration of tri-
chloroethylene in these materials are listed in the section on Exposure and
Biological Accumulation of Trichloroethylene in Man. In 1974, approximately
90 percent of the decaffeinated coffee was produced using trichloroethylene
(Valle-Riestra, 1974); but since July, 1975, trichloroethylene has not been
used by U.S. makers of decaffeinated coffee. It has largely been replaced
by methylene chloride, according to FDA, even though the safety of methylene
chloride has not been established. In a recent study, trichloroethylene was
not detected in any of the oleoresins analyzed for that substance (Page and
Kennedy, 1975).
4-1
-------
TABLE 4.1. TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN FOODSTUFFS
Foodstuff Concentration, yg/kg
Dairy products
Fresh milk 0.3
Cheshire cheese 3
English butter 10
Hens eggs 0.6
Meat
English beef (steak) 16
English beef (fat) 12
Pig's liver 22
Oils and fats
Margarine 6
Olive oil (Spanish) 9
Cod liver oil 19
Vegetable cooking oil 7
Castor oil Not "detected"
Beverages
Canned fruit drink 5
Light, ale . 0.7
Canned orange juice Not detected
Instant coffee 4
Tea (packet) 60
Wine (Yugoslav) 0.02
Fruits and vegetables • .i.-
Potatoes (S. Wales) Not detected
Potatoes (N.W. England) 3
Apples 5
Pears 4
Tomatoes3 . • . 1.7
Black grapes (imported) 2.9
Fresh bread 7
Source: McConnell et al., 1975.
Si
Tomato plants were grown on a reclaimed lagoon at
Runcorn Works of ICI.
4-2
-------
5. EXPOSURE AND BIOLOGICAL ACCUMULATION OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN MAN
EXPOSURE
Estimates of the number of workers exposed to trichloroethylene by
industry are given in Table 5.1. The table also indicates the diverse
industries using this solvent. It is also estimated that approximately
5,000 medical, dental, and hospital personnel are routinely exposed to
trichloroethylene as an anesthetic (Lloyd et al., 1975).
A 2-year series of studies involving cleaning operations throughout
the United States was carried out by Dow Chemical (Skory, 1974). The
purpose was to 'determine the extent of worker exposure during solvent vapor
degreasing and to compare the three most commonly used chlorinated solvents:
trichloroethylene, methylchloroform, and perchloroethylene. Dow estimates
tjhat there are over 25,000 chlorinated solvent vapor degreasers throughout
the United States. The studies were conducted in the worker breathing zones
which were adjacent to some 275 industrial vapor degreasing operations. The
results of this study show that trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene
vapor concentrations measured around vapor degreasers frequently exceeded
the allowable standards for health and safety. Peak concentrations were
high enough to present a definite health and safety hazard from anesthetic
effects such as dizziness, lack of coordination, and impaired judgment.
Although the national primary and secondary photochemical oxidant standards
for chlorinated solvents are less than 3 Ib/hr or 15 Ib/day maximum for each
piece of equipment, it is not uncommon .for an idling, open-top (measuring
24 x 58 inches) vapor degreaser to lose 47 Ib/day of trichloroethylene or
33/lb/day of methylchloroform (Archer, .1973).. Judging from production
figures, this material is being lost to the atmosphere and is then replaced.
It is estimated that 2 x 10- tons of chlorinated hydrocarbons are lost
to the environment each year (Murray and Riley, 1973) and that 1 x 101* tons
of trichloroethylene are discharged annually (Abrams. et.al., 1975).
It is estimated that 500 tons/day of industrial effluents are released
into the air over Los Angeles County. Of this amount, 25 tons are dry
cleaning fluids and 95 tons are degreasing solvents, that is, chlorinated
hydrocarbons (Simmonds et al., 1974). Because trichloroethylene has been
implicated as an oxidant-producing contaminant, its use in Los Angeles
County has been restricted since 1967 (Farber, 1973). This restriction,
the famous Rule 66, may provide a control in monitoring trichloroethylene.
Since the amount of trichloroethylene over Los Angeles County.should be
reduced in relationship to other chloridnated hydrocarbons that have
replaced it, the determination of the relative amounts there and over other
cities where there are no restrictions should be very informative.
5-1
-------
TABLE 5.1. OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE
Estimated Number
Industry Exposed
Agricultural services 124
Oil and gas extraction 267
Ordnance 57
Food products 2j502
Textile mill products - 1,014
Apparel/textile products 858
Lumber products - 72
Furniture manufacturing 162
Paper products manufacturing 2,240
Printing trades . ; 2,876
Chemical manufacturing . . 9,552
Petroleum products 713
Rubber/plastics manufacturing 4,985
Leather products 725
Stone/clay products , 2,685
Primary steel manufacturing 11,672
Metal fabrication . . 11,709
Machinery manufacturing 7,481
Electrical equipment 66,727
Transportation equipment 54,174
Instrument manufacturing 4,815
Miscellaneous manufacturing 1»516
Trucking/warehousing 642
Air transportation 23
Communication 5,560
Wholesale trade 3,327
Automotive dealer ; 223
Furniture stores 597
Banking 2,391
Personal services 583
Micellaneous business services 27,759
Auto repair 5,246
Miscellaneous repair 17,198
Amusement services 7,987
Mechanical services 20,053
Miscellaneous unclassified 4,138
Estimated Total 282,653
5-2
-------
BIOLOGICAL ACCUMULATION
There is little evidence to judge whether trichlproethylene is accu-
mulating in living systems, and there are conflicting opinions among
scientists. . '
There are some limited data on the occurrence of trichloroethylene in
human tissue (Table 5.2). Also, dogs were exposed to relatively high con-
centrations (7,000 to 20,000 ppm) of trichloroethylene and then, after the
animals were sacrificed, tissue from them was analyzed for trichloroethylene
(Table 5.3). The limited human data and the lack of exposure and medical
histories make these data of little value in judging whether trichloro-
ethylene is accumulating in man. in the case of dogs, such massive doses
were given by inhalation that judgments about accumulation in living tissues
are impossible.
A Study Panel on Assessing Potential Ocean Pollutants (1975) reports
that the bioaccumulation of low-molecular-weight chlorinated hydrocarbons is
quite low compared with accumulation of chlorinated pesticides in vertebra-
tes. This same group reports on another study in which it was determined
that bioaccumulation factor is determined by the partition of the compound
between the.water and the tissues of the organism, and further that the log
of bioaccumulation is linearly related to the log of the partition coeffici-
ent between octanol and water for some compounds. This relationship offers
a method of estimating bioaccumulation. A compound such as trichloroethylene
would act similarly to carbon tetrachloride in organisms, exhibiting rapid
uptake to steady-state concentration and rapid clearance.
By far the most definitive study on bioaccumulation was carried out by
Pearson and McConnell (1975). On the basis of results of an extensive
analysis of a large number of species (Table 5.4), these authors made some
estimates of bioaccumulation in nature. They estimated that the maximum
overall increase in concentration, between seawater and the tissues of
animals at the top of food chains such as fish liver, bird eggs, and seal
blubber, is less than 100-fold for a solvent, like trichloroethylene; while
a higher molecular weight chlorinated compound such as hexachlorobutadiene
would have a maximum increase of 1000-fold. They further concluded that
the pattern of extensive bioaccumulation in marine food chains, which is
postulated for chlorinated insecticides, does not appear. In laboratory.
tests where organisms are maintained for up to 3 months in apparatus similar
to that used for toxicity determinations, Pearson and McConnell (1975) have
shown that bioaccumulation can occur. These results indicate the following:
(1) the concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbons accumulated in a tissue
tends to an asymptotic level, (2) concentrations in fatty tissues such as
liver are higher than in muscle (concentration is proportional to fat
content), and (3) when the test organism is returned to clean seawater, the
concentration of the chlorinated hydrocarbon in the tissue falls. These
researchers conclude that there is no evidence for the bioaccumulation of
Ci/C2 compounds in food chains and the maximum concentrations found in the
higher trophic levels are still only parts per 10 by mass.
5-3
-------
TABLE 5.2. OCCURRENCE OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN HUMAN TISSUE
Age of Concentration, yg/kg
Subject Sex Tissue (wet tissue)
76 Female Body fat
Kidney
Liver
Brain
76 Female Body fat
Kidney
Liver
Brain
82 Female Body fat
Liver
48 Male Body fat
Liver
65 Male Body fat
Liver
75 Male Body fat
Liver
66 Male Body fat
74 Female Body fat
32
<1
5
1
2
3
2
<1
1.4
3.2
6.4
3.5
3.4'
,5.2
14.1
5.8
4.6
4.9
Source: McConnell et al., 1975.
5-4
-------
TABLE 5.3. TRICHLOROETHYLENE RECOVERED FROM TISSUE
in
in
Animal
Number
12
15
16
1.7
20
25
14
21
19
22
24
12
15
16
17
20
25
14
21
19
22
24
Mode of
Exposure
Acute
Acute
Acute
Acute
Acute
Acute X3
Chronic-acute
Chronic-acute
Chronic
Chronic
Chronic
Acute
Acute
Acute
Acute
Acute
Acute X3
Chronic-acute
Chronic-acute
Chronic
Chronic
Chronic
Concentrations, mg %, wet weight
Adrenal
22.4
6.24
—
—
22.5
13.8
60.6
23.1
— -
0.94
1.06
Lung
2.8
2.2
0.92
0.92
0.40
10.4
2.0
1.3
0.53
0.26
0.13
Blood
72.5
46.0
52.7
22.3
28.4
50.0
46.1
50.6
9.6
0.13
0.25
Muscle
2.7
' —
0.15
3.3
5.1
9.3
. —
3.8
4.1
0.45
0.30
Brain
17.0
15.1
19.7
— ,
8.2
20.9
—
23.6
2.7
0.22
0.22
• Pancreas
„
3.2
9.8
6.4
14.1
. 43.8
8.1
16.0
2.5
<0.05
0.28
Fat Heart
17.9 8.6
14.7 5.0
5.4
4.8 4.2
70.4 18.9
70.5 13.9
7.5
22.1 12.9
30.7 1.2
14.4 0.11
6.5 0.11
Spinal
Cord
8.8
—
—
—
—
28.3
—
—
—
0.13
0.13
- Kidney
1.6
8.2
5.8
3.6
3.2
17.5
21.1
5.3
1.0
0.13
0.25
Cerebro
Spinal
Fluid
„
3.8
1.5
0.61
1.7
—
0.15
1.8
0.15
0.15
0.15
Liver
27.0
9.6
38.8
10.8
9.2
49.4
20.6
9.7
3.2
0.12
0.25
Spleen
0.71
3.9
1.2
5.4
1.3
5.1
—
8.5
0.71
<0.05
0.12
,
Thyroid
__
2.0
6.6
—
3.9
14.1
5.8
7:4
1.1
.<0.05
0.63
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1975a.
-------
TABLE 5.4. CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS IN MARINE ORGANISMS
(concentrations expressed as parts per 109 by mass on wet tissue)
Species
Plankton
Plankton
Nereis divers icolor
(ragworm)
Mytilus edulis
(mussel)
-v
Cerastoderma edule
(cockle)
Ostrea edulis
(oyster)
Buccinum undatum
(whelk)
Crepidula fornicata
(slipper limpot)
Cancer pagurus
.(crab)
Carcinus maenas
(shore crab)
Eupagurus bernhardus
(hermit crab)
Source
Liverpool Bay
Torbay
Mersey Estuary
Liverpool Bay
Firth of Forth
Thames Estuary
Liverpool Bay
Thames Estuary
Thames Estuary
Thames Estuary
Tees Bay
Liverpool Bay
Firth of Forth
Firth of Forth
Firth of Forth
Thames Estuary
CC12CHC1
Invertebrates
0.05-0.4
0.0
ND
4-11.9
9
ft
6-11
2
ND
9
2.6
10-12
15
12
15
5
L»LJ-_CC*J.« CHrt t-*i-'irt T\_»C»X .
0.05-0.5 0.03-10.7 0.04-0.9
2.3 2.2
2.9 0.6
1.3-6.4 2.4-5.4
9 10 2
1 5 0.7
2-3 0-2 0.4-1
0.5 0.9 0.1
1 6 0.9
2 4 0.3
2.3 : 8.4
8-9 5-34 3-5
7 1 2
6 14 : 3
15 0.7 1
2 2 0.2
-------
TABLE 5.4. (Continued)
Species
Crangon crangon
(shrimp)
Asterias rub ens
(starfish)
Splaster sp.
(sunstar)
Echinus esculentus
(sea urchin)
Enteromorpha
compressa
Ulya lactuca
Fucus yesiculpsus
Fucus serratus
Fucus spiralis
Raja clavata
(ray) flesh
liver
Pleuronectes
glatessa flesh
(pLaice) liver
Source
Firth of Forth
Thames Estuary
Thames Estuary
Thames Estuary
Mersey Estuary
Mersey Estuary
Mersey Estuary
Mersey Estuary
Mersey Estuary
Liverpool Bay
Liverpool Bay
Liverpool Bay
Liverpool Bay
CC12CHC1
16
5
2
1
Marine algae
19-20
23
17-18 -
22
16
Fish
0.8-5
5-56
0,8-8
16-20
L.C-L«CLiJ-« OH^CCX* "T*CC1 .
3 2.6
1 5 0.8
-
2 3 0.2
1 3 0.1
14-14.5 24-27
22 12
13-20 ; 9.4-10.5
15 35
13 17
0.3-8 2-13
14-41 1.5-18
4-8 0.7-7
11-28 2-47
-------
TABLE 5.4. (Continued)
Species
Platycthys
flesus
(flounder)
Limanda
limanda
(dab)
Scomber
scpmbrus
(mackerel)
Limanda
limanda
-------
TABLE 5.4. (Continued)
(Jl •—
Species Source
Scomber
scombrus • flesh Torbay, Devon
(mackerel)
Qlupea
sprattus flesh Torbay, Devon
Gadjus
morrhus flesh Torbay, Devon
(cod) air bladder Torbay, Devon
Sjula bassana liver Irish Sea
(gannot) eggs Irish Sea
Phalacrpcejrax
airistptelis eggs Irish Sea
(shag)
Alca torda
(razorbill) eggs Irish Sea
Rissa tridactyj.a
(kittiwake) eggs North Sea
Cygnus olor liver Frodsham Marsh
(swan) kidney (Merseyside)
Gallinula liver (Merseyside)
chloropus muscle (Merseyside)
(moorhen) eggs (Merseyside)
Anas
platyrhyncos
(mallard) eggs (Merseyside)
CC12CHC1
2.1
3.4
0.8
<0.1
Sea and freshwater
4.5-6
9-17
2.4
23-26
33
2.1
14
6
2.5
6.2-7.8
9.8-16
cci2cci2
ND
1.0
<0.1
3,6
birds
1.5-3.2
4.5-26
1.4
19-29
25
1.9
6.4
3.1
0.7
1.3-2.5
1.9-4.5
CH CC1 4CC1
2.4
5.6
3.3
NA
1.2-1.9
17-20
39.4-41
35-43
40
4.7
. 2.4
1.6
1.1
14.5-21.8
4.2-24
-------
TABLE 5.4. (Continued)
Species Source
-
Halichoerus
grypus blubber Fame Is.
(grey seal) liver Fame Is,
Sorex
araneus Frodsham Marsh
(common
shrew)
CC12CHC1 CC12CC12 CH2CC12+CC14
Mammals
2.5-7.2 0.6-19 16-30
3-6.2 0-3.2 0.3-4.6
2.6-7.8 1 2.3-7
Source: Pearson and McConnell, 1975.
.Note: NA = no analysis; ND = not detectable.
-------
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6-4
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