EPA 430/9-75-018
         TAMANO OIL SPILL IN CASCO BAY:
         ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
         AND CLEANUP OPERATIONS
                    U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                     OFFICE OF WATER PROGRAM OPERATIONS
                  CD
                            WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
           PRO&

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EPA - 430/9-75-018
          TOMANO 6lL SPILL IN CASCO BAY:  ENVIRONMENTAL
                 EFFECTS AND CLEANUP OPERATIONS
                               By

         Division of Oil and Special Materials Control
              Office of Water Program Operations
              U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                     Washington, D.C.  20460

                               and

                            Region I
              U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                 Boston, Massachusetts  02194
                          December 1975
                         Under Contract
                           68-01-0542

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                           FOREWORD

    The primary objective of the Environmental Protection Agency's

oil spill program is to protect water quality through the prevention

of spills and by minimizing the environmental impact of those spills

which do occur.   The Tamano oil spill incident was selected for detailed

investigation,  both in the field and laboratory, to gain a better under-

standing of the interaction of oil with the various  components of the

hydrologic environment and to determine the effectiveness of counter-

acting the harmful effects of a spill.  Results from such studies are

intended to serve as the basis for establishing more comprehensive

policies and procedures for the removal of oil from water in the

most effective as well as least environmentally damaging manner.

    This investigation was limited in scope and should not be compared

to other studies which may have involved long-term research  and

considerably greater resources.  The information contained in the

report will hopefully provide government, industry, and the public useful

information on short and long-term effects of No.  6 fuel oil on the

marine communities of Casco Bay, Maine, and assess the effectiveness

of cleanup operations. I want to express my sincere thanks and apprecia-

tion to everyone who participated in the successful completion of this

comprehensive project.
                               H.  D. Van Cleave
                    Chief, Spill Prevention & Control Branch
                     Oil & Special Materials Control Division
                      Office of Water Program Operations
                            Washington, D. C.  20460

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                      EPA REVIEW NOTICE
This  report  has  been  reviewed  by  the  Office  of  Water
Programs, EPA, and approved for publication.   Approval  does
not signify that the contents necessarily reflect  the  views
and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of  trade  names   or commercial  products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
                          ii

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                          ABSTRACT
This study was undertaken to determine the  effects  of No. 6
oil on marine communities of Casco Bay, Maine  and   to assess
the  effectiveness of  containment  and  cleanup  operations.
Areas studied included  rocky intertidal,  intertidal mud, and
sub-tidal benthic.  Comparable control stations  were  chosen
at Bailey Island and Orrs Island.   Stations were analyzed for
density and diversity of  species   as  an  indicator of stress.
Sediments and selected biota  were  analyzed for No. 6 oil by
gas  chromatography.  Results  showed   contamination at  all
stations, even those chosen as controls,  indicating  that  the
ultimate  disposition  of  the  oil did   not  correspond  to
sightings of  surface slicks immediately  following the spill.
Species assemblages in  Hussey  Sound  did not correspond with
the control area, suggesting  that  chronic  pollution in the
Portland area has already caused  a change  in  the species
composition of infauna communities.

This report was submitted in fulfillment  of Contract No. 68-
10-0542, Order No. 001, under the  sponsorship of the Division
of  Oil  and  Hazardous  Materials, Office  of Air  and Water
Programs, Environmental Protection Agency.
                         iii

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                                CONTENTS
SECTION






   I




  II




 III




  IV




   V




  VI




 VII




VIII




  IX




   X
      TITLE






CONCLUSIONS	




RECOMMENDATIONS,
                                       PAGE






                                      .  I




                                      .  2
INTRODUCTION	  3




METHODS	 17




CHROMATOGRAPHIC RESULTS	 21




ECOLOGICAL RESULTS	 78




DISCUSSION OF FIELD RESULTS	 94




REFERENCES CITED	 103




ACKNOWLEDGMENT	105




APPENDICES	107

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                         FIGURES
NUMBER                    TITLE                                 PAGE


  1           Casco Bay	-	   6

  2           Movement of Tamano Oil along the Coast of Maine..   7

  3           Chromatogram of No. 6 Fuel Oil from the
              Tamano	  22

  4           Chromatogram of a No. 2 Fuel Oil as it would
              Appear on an 0V 101 Column, Programmed for
              No. 6 Fuel Oil	  23

  5           Chromatogram of a Typical High Pour No. 6 Fuel
              Oil, Supplied by EPA New England Regional
              Laboratory	  24

  6           Chromatogram of Sediments — Cow Island —
              Survey 1	  25

  7           Chromatogram of Sediments — Cow Island —
              Survey II	  26

  8           Chromatogram of Sediments — Cow Island —
              Survey III	  28

  9           Chromatogram of Clams (Mya arenaria) — Cow
              Island — Survey 1	  29

 10           Chromatogram of Clams (Mya arenaria) — Cow
              Island — Survey II	  30

 11  .         Chromatogram of Clams 
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                            FIGURES
NUMBER                    TITLE                                PAGE
 16           Chromatogram of Sediment — Beals Cove —
              Survey III	  37
                                            ff
 17           Chromatogram of Clams (Mya arenaria) —
              Beals Cove — Survey III	  38

 18           Chromatogram of Water — Beals Cove — Survey I.  39

 19           Chromatogram of Water — Beals Cove —
              Survey III	  40

 20           Chromatogram of Sediment — Long Island —
              Survey 1	  41

 21           Chromatogram of Sediment — Long Island —
              Survey II	  42

 22           Chromatogram of Sediment — Long Island —
              Survey III	  43

 23           Chromatogram of Lobster (Homarus americanus) —
              Long Island — Survey 1	  45

 24           Chromatogram of Lobster (Homarus americanus) —
              Long Island — Survey II	  46

 25           Chromatogram of Lobster (Homarus americanus) —
              Long Island — Survey III	  47

 26           Chromatogram of Water — Long Island —
              Survey 1	  48

 27           Chromatogram of Water — Long Island —
              Survey III	  49

 28           Chromatogram of Sediments — Bailey Island —
              Survey 1	  51

 29           Chromatogram of Sediments — Bailey Island —
              Survey II	  52

 30           Chromatogram of Sediments — Bailey Island —
              Survey III	  53
                           vi

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                         FIGURES
NUMBER                    TITLE                                PAGE
 31           Chromatogram of Lobster (Homarus americanus)
              — Bailey Island — Survey II	  54

 32           Chromatogram of Water — Bailey Island —
              Survey 1	  55

 33           Chromatogram of Water — Bailey Island —
              Survey III	  56

 34           Chromatogram of Periwinkles (Littorina littorea)
              — Cow Island — Survey 1	  57

 35           Chromatogram of Periwinkles (Littorina littorea)
              — Cow Island — Survey II	  59

 36           Chromatogram of Periwinkles (Littorina littorea)
              — Cow Island — Survey III	  60

 37           Chromatogram of Periwinkles (Littorina littorea)
              — Long Island — Survey III	  61

 38           Chromatogram of Periwinkles (Littorina littorea)
              — Bailey Island — Survey III.	  62

 39           Chromatogram of Dog Whelks (Thais lapillus) —
              Long Island — Survey II	  63

 40           Chromatogram of Dog Whelks (Thais lapillus) —
              Long Island — Survey III	  64

 41           Chromatogram of Fucus — Long Island —
              Survey III	  66

 42           Chromatogram of Fucus — Bailey Island —
              Survey II	  67

 43           Chromatogram of Ascophyllum — Cow Island —
              Survey II	  68

 44           Chromatogram of Ascophyllum — Cow Island —
              Survey III	 	  69

 45           Chromatogram of Ascophyllum — Bailey Island —
              Survey II	,.	  70
                           vii

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                         FIGURES
NUMBERS                   TITLE                                 PAGE
 46           Chromatogram of Water — Mid-Bay Surface —
              Survey 1	  72
                      "                     A
 47           Chromatogram of Water — Mid-Bay 30 ft Depth —
              Survey I	  73

 48           Chromatogram of Sand From West Beach —
              Surface — Survey III	  76

 49           Chromatogram of Sand From West Beach —
              20 - 30 cm — Survey III	  77

 50           Benthic Sediment Profiles (gm Retained per
              100 gm of Sample)	  80

 51           Size Frequency of Mya for Contaminated and
              Control Sites	  84

 52           Benthic Sediment Profiles (gm Retained per
              100 gm of Sample)	  85

 53           Oil Incidents on the Coast of Maine		  95
                           viii

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                         TABLES
NUMBER                    TITLE                            PAGE
  1           Log of Oil Cleanup Operations	    10

  2           Quantitative Hydrocarbon Analysis —
              Intertidal Mud Flats	    27

  3           Quantitative Hydrocarbon Analysis —
              Subtidal Stations 	    44

  4           Quantitative Hydrocarbon Analysis —
              Rocky Intertidal Stations 	    58

  5           Total Hydrocarbons in Water From the
              Mid-Sound Area	    71

  6           Quantitative Hydrocarbon Analysis —
              Long Island Beach Sand	    74

  7           Field Temperatures and Salinities 	    79

  8           Benthic Stations	    81

  9           Intertidal Rock Stations	    87

 10           Recolonization of Sloping Rock Stations
              (By Zones) and Vertical Rock Stations
              (Whole Station) 	    90

 11           Numbers of Dead Birds Counted on Rookery
              Surveys	    92

 12           Key To Figure 51:  Recent Oil Spills
              Which have been Reported by The Natural
              Resources Council of Maine	    96
                           ix

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                          SECTION I
                         CONCLUSIONS
1.  The marine communities in the oiled areas were adversely
    affected to varying degrees.   The relative order of
    disturbance ranging from most to least severe was:

         a.  intertidal mud flats

         b.  intertidal rocky areas, especially in
             the algae and barnacles

         c.  sub-tidal benthic. communities

2.  Plants and animals in spill affected areas accumulated
    oil.

3.  Delays in removing oil from ^e^ch sand on Long Island
    resulted in penetration of oil into the sand.
    Consequently, a six-inch layer of oiled sand had to be
    removed to prevent the beach from releasing oil back into
    the water.

4.  Petroleum hydrocarbons were detected at 10 meters,  indicating
    the ability of spilled oil to disperse to these depths.

5.  Gull mortalities were higher than would be expected for
    non-spill conditions and a large percentage of the dead
    birds in the rookeries were oil-covered.

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                         SECTION II
                      RECOMMENDATIONS
1.  To evaluate the biological impact of an oil spill and the
    related cleanup operations* an initial survey  should  be
    conducted  immediately after the spill, another one  year
    later,  and possibly another two years after the event.

2.  Major oil ports should establish effective procedures for
    dealing  with oil spills   within  their  vicinity.   Such
    procedures  should   include  stockpiling  the  equipment
    necessary  to  contain and  remove   t*he   oil  and  the
    logistical support required  to transport this equipment
    to the  spill.   The capability for promptly  off   loading
    damaged or threatened vessels must also exist.

3.  If oil   ends up on the beaches, removal operations should
    be initiated as  soon as  possible to reduce penetration
    into the beach and leaching of oil back into the water.

4.  The  response of  potential indicator organisms,  such  as
    amphipods,  to various  concentrations and types of  oil
    should   be  identified along  with  variations  in their
    natural  habitat,  so that they may be used as  indicator
    organisms.

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                         SECTION III
                         INTRODUCTION
The Accident:

At  approximately 0120 EDT  on  July  22,   1972,   the  810  ft
Norwegian  tanker  Tatnano, owned by Wilh Wilhelmsen  of  Oslo,
Norway  and  under  charter  to Texaco,  Inc., grazed  Soldiers
Ledge in Hussey Sound, Casco  Bay,  Maine,  tearing  a 20 ft by 8
ft hole near the turn of the bilge  in the  No. 1 starboard wing
tank which contained  approximately  12,000 barrels  of No. 6
fuel oil of the  low pour variety.   The  vessel, with a maximum
draft of 58 ft registered a mean draft of  44 ft on approaching
the Sound, where the Pilot's Association  sets a maximum draft
limitation  of 55 ft.  Soldiers Ledge lies at  40 ft  (MLW),
marked by a lighted buoy.  The accident  went  unnoticed  until
0200 when Tamano anchored in the Hussey  Sound Anchorage,  2600
yards  north  of  Long  Island,  Casco  Bay, and oil was  seen
escaping  from  beneath  the   hull.  The pilot  immediately
notified Sea Coast Ocean Services,  a local cleanup contractor,
and by  0530 booms were deployed from the  bow to midships.  U.
S. Coast Guard (USCG)  personnel arrived  on scene at 0400 and
by  0930,  upon  direction  from the Coast   Guard   OnScene
Coordin  -»r (OSC),  the  ship  was   completely  boomed.   This
action a^  -red adequate until 23 July,  1972, when Coast Guard
overflights revealed that oil from  beneath the Tamano hull was
escaping  to the  surface  beyond  the  booms.   The  OSC,  in
cooperation with Texaco, Inc.,  then  called  contractors from
the Boston area for additional  booms and  skimmers.  Auxiliary
pumps were called in to assist Tamano in transferring oil from
the  damaged  tank  to  other  tanks, and   skimmers  commenced
removing the oil from within the booms.  The  damaged tank was
cleared of cargo by 25 July.  Oil within the booms was removed
and  discharge of cargo was completed on 3 August, 1972.   The
Tamano cleared  port  for  drydocking on   4 August, 1972.  An
initial report estimated  the  official  loss of oil at 40,000
gallons.  A later report  stated that  100,000 gallons of oil
escaped with 70,000 gallons of  good oil being recovered.  Due
to the inaccuracies in estimating the amount  of  oil escaping
into  the environment or recovered  in removal operations,  the
quantity of oil lost could be even   greater than  the reported
30,000 gallons.

Purpose of the Study:

This short-term (3-1/2 months) field study was undertaken for
the  purpose  of  providing  the EPA with  information  and

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assessment in the following categories:


1.  Effectiveness of oil spill control  and  cleanup  measures
    taken immediately after the accident to keep  the damage to
    the environment at a minimum;

2.  Evidence of immediate and acute damage to the biota of the
    affected area and indications for long-range  effects;

3.  Data on the fate and effects of an oil spill  in a specific
    location under specific conditions for  use   in  the EPA's
    long-term program to develop an improved understanding  of
    oil  spills  and  their  potential  dangers   under various
    conditions  of  weather,  tidal   currents and  emergency
    response.
This survey was  not  intended  as  a  comprehensive  research
effort on sublethal or  long-term effects,  such as the  loss of
reproductive capacity in survivors of  the   spill or rendering
of  the  substrate  unsuitable for the  recruitment  of young
stages.

Movement of Oil:

During the first  day (22 July), oil went ashore on the  islands
immediately surrounding the Tamano which was   anchored midway
between Long Island (C) and Clapboard Island (L),  (See  Figures
1 and 2).  The waterborne oil was dispersed by tidal currents
and by the second day (23 July), about 60%  of Hussey Sound  (M)
was covered with  heavy black streaks and rainbow  films.  The
oil was still escaping from beneath the vessel.   The affected
area expanded  northward to Cousins Island  (N)  and eastward to
Cliff  Island  (0),   while  scattered  pockets followed  the
non-tidal drift patterns southward  from Spring  Point (P) to
Cape  Elizabeth and Crescent Beach.   By the   third  day   (24
July), this southward drift had reached  Prouts Neck near Old
Orchard Beach (Figure 2).

During an overflight by VAST, Inc. personnel on 25  July   (4th
day), heavy concentrations  were  still  very   apparent within
Hussey  Sound, while lighter  streaks  and   patches  stretched
southward and eastward, (Figure 2).  There  was  little evidence
of oil north  of   Cousins  Island or Great  Chebeague  (Q).  Six
days  after  the   spill (28  July),  two large slicks still
remained  in  the  vicinity of the Tamano,   extending   towards
Mackworth Island  (R).  Oil was still escaping from beneath the
vessel.   Crescent  Beach  to the south received another major
slick.  The  southward  movement  continued to the beaches at

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Cape Porpoise (Kennebunkport),  and  by  29   July   the  oil had
reached Ogunquit.  With the departure of the ship  on 4 August,
more  oil  escaped from beneath her  hull.    Several  recovery
operations were attempted with limited success.  Much  of  the
unrecovered oil washed ashore  in the Long Island area.

Thus,  the pattern was one of  concentric spreading of the  oil
outward from the moored vessel, which continued to be a source
of fresh  oil  for  fourteen days until she  departed the area.
In the absence of  unusual weather conditions or strong winds,
the  oil  was  distributed  by  the  tidal   currents  and  the
non-tidal  drift currents.  In all, the contamination included
46 miles of coastline from Falmouth to York, and 18 islands in
Casco Bay (McCann, 1972).

Federal and Local Response:

The U. S. Coast Guard  was the first governmental  agency to be
notified of the oil spill from  the  Tamano.  At  0243  on 22
July, 1972, the Coast Guard was notified of the  spill by the
Portland Pilots.  Coast Guard  personnel were on the  scene  at
0400.   Captain D. J. McCann,  USCG, the predesignated On-Scene
Coordinator (OSC),  arrived at  the  Coast   Guard Base, South
Portland, to assume those duties at 0500, 22 July, 1972, after
being notified  of  the  spill  at  0430, 22 July, 1972.  The
necessary action  was  taken on 22 July to activate the RRT in
accordance  with  the National and Regional  Contingency  Plans
and  to  alert  federal, state and local agencies,  including
representatives of the Environmental Protection Agency, Region
I, who were notified at 0600,   22 July, 1972.  The Coast Guard
Atlantic Strike  Force  was also  notified. The  OSC made two
helicopter overflights, one at 0815 and the second at 1600 on
22 July, 1972.  The OSC ordered additional booming as a result
of the 0815 helicopter inspection  and  the  additional booming
was in place by 0930 on  22 July,  1972.   The  EPA  Region I
representatives arrived on the scene on July 22,  1972.   The
EPA  and  USCG representatives boarded the Tamano  and  sampled
the  contents  of the holed tank.  The OSC overflew  the  area
again  on  23  July,  1972, and noted that  the situation  had
changed  and that oil was swept under the boom by  the  current
and tidal action.  The  OSC ordered two additional contractors
from  Boston  to  supplement  the   equipment  of the  local
contractor.  The OSC notified  the  ship's agents and Texaco of
these actions.  The OSC  held  a meeting on 23 July, 1972, with
all  interested   parties   to  formulate plans   for  cleanup
operations.   The  OSC instituted a 24-hour  USCG watch onboard
the Tamano and requested that  a "Notice To Mariners" be issued
to warn all  vessels  from entering an area  one mile in radius

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                             FIGURE 1
                             Casco Bay
Location of the Accident (I).  The Tamano at Anchor (II),  Movement
      Oil Slicks within Casco Bay during the First Three Days
         following the Tamano Spill,  and Sampling Stations
                           (See Legend)
of
                                                                   Control
                                                                     Area
                       '  '24th* 25'h
                          |A-Sloping Rock, Cow Island
                           B-Intertidal Mud, Cow Island
                           C-Vertical Rock, Long Island
                           D-Benthic Sampling.Station, Long Island
                           E,F,G-Rookeries
                           H-Vertical Rock, Bailey Island (Control)
                           I-Sloping Rock, Bailey Island (Control)
                           K-Clara Flat, Beals Cove, Orrs Island (Control)
                           W-Mid-Bay Water
                           X-West Beach

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                      FIGURE 2

   Movement of Tamano Oil along the Coast  of Maine
                         Fa.lmouth. &  &ffi
                              •^W *   &?
                      //..•. • .••.-. • :/:*••.• vvCrescent  Beach
                      Y^j^^iii^^Cape Elizabeth (July 23rd)

                             Prouts Neck  (July  24th)
                        Porpoise  (July  28thJ

                Kennebunkport
    VlOgunquit (July 29th)
           Beach
Portsmouth

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from position 43-42-33N,  70-10-23W,  and  including  a  warning
for mariners to be on the  lookout for oil booms and equipment
in Hussey Sound.  On 24 July, 1972,   an overflight of the area
was  made  by  OSC and EPA representatives.   Conferences  were
scheduled with the OSC, EPA and cleanup contractors and Texaco
to  review and coordinate the cleanup operations.  On 25 July,
1972, further joint coordination  and  evaluation meetings and
overflights  were  conducted  by  the   OSC   and   the   EPA
representatives.  The EPA contracted with VAST,  Inc.,  on 25
July,   1972.    Meetings   to  coordinate - the  cleanup   and
overflights were made, as required.   On  1 August,  1972, the
Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army,  commenced a sonar  sweep of
Hussey  Sound  to  check  for uncharted hazards to navigation.
The EPA,  together  with the Maine Sea and Shore Fisheries and
the Maine Environmental  Protection   Department,  conducted  a
joint survey on 1  August,  1972.   The  Maine  Department  of
Inland Game conducted surveys on  the  24, 25, 27, 28 and 31st
of July, 1972.  On 3 August,  1972,  the Corps of Engineers, U.
S. Army, reported to the OSC the  sweep  of   Hussey  Sound was
complete and that no uncharted obstacles were located.

The  EPA  conducted  surveys  between  1 August and 17 August,
1972,  and  submitted  written  recommendations   for  cleanup
procedures   to  the  OSC   on   17    August,  1972.    These
recommendations    for   cleanup  were   forwarded   to   the
representatives of the ship's owners  on  18  August, 1972, by
the  OSC.   The  EPA  representatives observed oil  from  West
Beach, Long Island, leaching back to  the water  column on 24
August,  1972,  and recommended to the OSC that  sand  removal
operations begin  immediately.   On   29  August, 1972, the OSC
notified the ship's  agent that the  sand from West Beach, Long
Island, be removed with  the  alternative that  the OSC would
begin to remove the sand in 24 hours.  On 30  August, 1972, the
ship's representatives sought a restraining order  in  Federal
District  Court  to  prevent the government from  taking  such
action.   The  OSC, EPA oceanographer and lawyer, and  a  USCG
lawyer appeared in court on 31 August, 1972.  The  restraining
order  was  not  granted,  however,   the court gave the ship's
agents nine (9)  days  to  develop a satisfactory alternative.
The ship's agents  then proceeded to conduct  an experiment for
removing oil which consisted  of mixing sorbent into the beach
and  then  floating  it  out   with   the  rising  tide.   This
experiment, described in detail by Welsh  and Lee (1972), was
carefully  monitored by the EPA and  its  consultants  and  was
determined to be unsuccessful.

On 15 September,  1972,  the,  CG  made  arrangements  for  the
removal of the sand  from West Beach, Long Island.  Monitoring
                          8

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of the cleanup operations continued until  16   October,  1972,
the final beach inspection was conducted by the   EPA  and the
EPA's beach consultant, Carl Foget of URS,  Research  Co.,  San
Mateo, California.

Containment and Cleanup Operations:

Table 1 is a log of cleanup operations following   the spill in
Casco  Bay.   When  the  pilot  boat of Portland Pilots, Inc.,
first noticed oil escaping from the Tamano  at 0200 on 22 July,
they immediately notified Sea  Coast  Ocean Services (SOS) of
the spill.  Tamano began to pump oil from the ruptured tank to
other available tanks on the ship.  SOS dispatched a speedboat
to investigate the size  and the nature of  the  spill and began
mobilizing  men  and  equipment.   At  0300 the SOS  speedboat
radioed for a full barge of booms and rigging which arrived at
the ship  at 0410 with the 1200 feet of 3 ft containment boom.
Collection  and removal  of  surface  oil  began   immediately.
However, after completely circumnavigating  the  vessel more oil
was  discovered  toward  the  starboard  bow   indicating  the
probable location of the leak.

At  daylight  a  helicopter from Maine Helicopter  Service  was
used  to assess priorities in the cleanup operations.  An  SOS
diver  was  unable  to  investigate  the damage because of the
thick  layer  of  oil  trapped beneath the  hull.   As the first
boom  was not long enough to surround the ship, the OSC, after
aerial  inspection  requested complete booming, SOS  sent  for
additional equipment  from  Cianbro  Corporation   and  Texaco.
Cianbro Corporation also  furnished  air compressors,  pumps,
barges  and  men  for beach cleaning.  The   oil was  believed
sufficiently contained by the evening of 22 July   and  removal
of oil from the boom continued through the  night.  By 23 July,
however, helicopter flights  revealed  substantial additional
oil escaping.  The OSC  surmised  that oil  trapped beneath the
hull was being moved out  from  underneath   the vessel by the
currents  and  rising to the surface  beyond the  booms.   He
decided  that  the  containment of the spill was  beyond  the
capabilities  of   the   equipment   available  and  activated
additional  contractors and equipment from  the  Boston area, as
well as an additional 1,000 ft boom from Portland  Pipeline.

At 1600 on  23  July, Coastal Services of Massachusetts became
the prime cleanup contractor, with  SOS  performing  duties as
subcontractor.  The cargo in the  damaged  tank was removed by
25 July.  Before Tamano sailed on 4  August, attempts were made
to  force  the  trapped  oil  from  beneath  her  hull  using
compressed air.  This  was only marginally  successful, because
oil escaped when the ship was moved.

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                         TABLE 1
             LOG OF OIL CLEANUP OPERATIONS
                    CASCO BAY,  MAINE
TIME (EDT)
    DATE
            ACTIVITY
   0120
   0200
   0200
   0243


   0300


   0400

   0410


   0430



   0500


   0530


   0600
22 July 1972
22 July 1972
22 July 1972
22 July 1972


22 July 1972


22 July 1972

22 July 1972


22 July 1972



22 July 1972


22 July 1972


22 July 1972
Tamano struck Soldiers Ledge in
Hussey Sound.
                 »
Accident first noticed when Tamano
anchored.
Pilot notified Sea Coast Ocean
Services (SOS).
Tamano began to transfer from
damaged tank.

SOS dispatched a speed boat to
investigate the nature of spill
and began to mobilize men and
equipment.

Portland Pilots notified USC6 of
the oil spill.

SOS -boat radioed for a full barge
of booms and rigging.

USC6 personnel arrive on the scene.

Booms and rigging arrive at the
scene.

Captain D. J. McCann, USCG, pre-
designated On-Scene Coordinator
(OSC) was notified of the spill.

OSC arrived at Coast Guard Station,
South Portland, to assume duties.

Booms placed from bow to midship
of Tamano.

Environmental Protection Agency,
Region I, was notified.
                            10

-------
                         TABLE 1
TIME (EOT)
    DATE
            ACTIVITY
daylight



   0815


   0930


   1600
22 July 1972



22 July 1972


22 July 1972


22 July 1972
   1600
22 July 1972
              23 July 1972
              23 July 1972
              23 July 1972
Maine Helicopter Service was used
to assess priorities in cleanup
operations.

OSC made first overflight of the
spill.

Tamano completely boomed upon
direction of OSC.

OSC made second overflight of the
spill.  Coastal Services of
Massachusetts became the prime
cleanup contractor with SOS
serving as a subcontractor.

Oil washed ashore on the islands
in the immediate vicinity of the
Tamano anchorage.  EPA represen-
tatives arrived on the scene.
USCG and EPA representatives
boarded the Tamano and sampled
the contents of the damaged tank.

Overflight by USCG aircraft showed
that oil was escaping from the
hull of the Tamano and surfacing
beyond the booms deployed on 22
July 1972.  OSC, in cooperation
with Texaco, Inc., called
contractors in the Boston area for
additional booms and skimmers.
Beach cleanup began.

Additional pumps were called to
assist transfers of oil from
the damaged tank to other tanks
on the Tamano.

Waterborne oil was dispersed by
tidal action and 60% of Hussey
Sound was covered with heavy,
black streaks and rainbow films.
Affected areas included: Cousins
Island to the east; southward
                            11

-------
                         TABLE 1
TIME (EDT)
DATE
ACTIVITY
              23 July 1972
              23 July 1972
              24 July 1972
              25 July 1972
              25 July 1972
              25 July 1972

              29 July 1972

             25-30 July 1972
             24, 25, 27, 28
              31 July 1972

              1 Aug. 1972
             from Spring Point to Cape
             Elizabeth; Crescent Beach.

             Meeting of interested parties
             held to formulate cleanup plans.
             24-Hour Coast Guard watch on
             Tamano instituted and necessary
             "Notice To Mariners" issued.

             EPA and USCG representatives
             made overflight of affected
             area.  Southward drift of oil
             extended to Prouts Neck, near
             Old Orchard Beach.  Conference
             with OSC, EPA, cleanup contractors
             and Texaco, Inc., to review and
             coordinate cleanup.

             Additional coordination meetings
             conducted by OSC and EPA repre-
             sentatives.  EPA contracted with
             VAST, Inc., to make damage assess-
             ment .

             Aerial survey by VAST, Inc.,
             personnel.  Oil still in Hussey
             Sound with streaks extending to
             the south and east.
             There was little evidence of
             northward extension beyond Cousins
             Island and Great Chebeague.

             Damaged tank cleared of cargo.

             Oil reached Ogunquit, Maine.

             Coordination meetings were held
             and overflights were made.

             Maine Department of Inland Game
             conducted surveys.

             Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army
             conducted sonar sweeps of Hussey
             Sound to check for uncharted
                           12

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                         TABLE 1
TIME (EDT)
DATE
ACTIVITY
              1 Aug. 1972
              3 Aug. 1972
              4 Aug. 1972



             1-17 Aug. 1972


             17 Aug. 1972



             18 Aug. 1972



             24 Aug. 1972
             29 Aug. 1972
             30 Aug. 1972
             hazards to navigation.  Joint
             survey conducted by EPA, Maine
             Sea and Shore Fisheries and the
             Maine Environmental Protection
             Department.

             Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army
             reported to OSC that no
             uncharted hazards were located.
             Oil within booms removed and
             discharge of cargo completed.
             Texaco, Inc., finds onshore
             site to deposit oily debris.

             Tamano cleared port for dry-
             docking .
             More oil escaped.

             EPA conducted survey of cleanup
             procedures.

             EPA written recommendations for
             cleanup procedures submitted to
             OSC.

             EPA recommendations forwarded
             to representatives of ship's
             owners.

             EPA representatives observed oil
             from West Beach, Long Island,
             leaching back into water column
             and recommended OSC begin
             immediate sand removal in that
             area.

             OSC notified ship's agent that
             sand be removed from West Beach,
             Lond Island, or OSC would begin
             sand removal in 24 hours.

             Ship's agent sought restraining
             order,to prevent government
             from taking such action.
                            13

-------
                         TABLE 1
TIME (EOT)
DATE
ACTIVITY
              31 Aug.  1972
             11 Sept. 1972


             13 Sept. 1972
             15 Sept. 1972
              16 Oct. 1972
             OSC, EPA Oceanographer and Lawyer
             and USC6 Lawyer appeared in court.
             Restraining order not granted,
             but ship's agents were given nine
             •(9) days to develop methods to
             remove oil.

             Ship's agents conduct experiment
             to test method for beach cleanup.

             USC6 made arrangements to remove
             sand from West Beach.

             Beach cleanup operations were
             conducted.
                            14

-------
Beach cleanup operations began on  23 July.   Straw was used to
absorb the oil both in the  water  and on  the beaches.  Barges
transported  straw  to  the beaches and returned  with  trucks
filled  with  oil-soaked straw and debris  for dumping  on  the
mainland.   Oil-soaked  straw,  not  picked up before the tide
reached  it  on  the beaches,  often floated to locations which
were otherwise unaffected.   Skimmers used to remove oil from
the water surface became  clogged  when  they encountered the
floating seaweed and oil-soaked straw.  Small boats were also
deployed with crab nets to pick up the floating wrack.

The  rocky  coastlines  were  also  cleaned by  hot  water  in
pressure hoses.  Problems were encountered, because although a
secondary source  of  water  was  used to  help remove oil from
resettling on unaffected  areas,  some resettlement did occur.
Oil-soaked seaweed was harvested  and raked  into piles to be
dumped.

The  most  seriously  affected beach was West Beach  on  Long
Island.   The ship's agents, who took over responsibility  for
cleanup  from  Texaco,  Inc.,   on  11 September, conducted an
experiment in  beach cleaning which has been  described earlier
(Welsh and  Lee, 1972) and was deemed unsuccessful.  The beach
was subsequently  cleaned  by removal of the  top six inches of
sand by 16 September.

Texaco was unable to  find  a disposal site for oily debris in
the Portland area until 3 August.   Sand   from  West Beach was
shipped to sanitary land fill at Brunswick Naval  Air Station,
Brunswick, Maine.   The  oily debris was burned at an approved
site in Gray, Maine.

Preliminary Survey:

The shore areas around Hussey Sound were inspected by the VAST
field team on 25 and 26 July,  three  and   four  days after the
spill.   Most  of the intertidal area was  sloping or  vertical
rock faces, except for West Beach, a long  sandy strip  on Long
Island immediately offshore  from the anchored tanker.  A very
small proportion of the immediate area could  be considered mud
flat.

The vertical rock faces were heavily coated by a distinct band
of oil varying from  2 ft wide to six ft wide, beginning about
one ft below the high water  mark.   On  the  rock  faces just
north of  West  Beach on Long Island, barnacles had apparently
died and were  washed off the oiled zone,  whereas outside that
                          15

-------
zone the barnacles appeared healthy.   There  were  no snails.
Some  Fucus was still attached within the  oily  band.   Much
heavily oiled Fucus was floating about in  the tidal currents,
stranded on floating objects,  such as lobster buoys and coming
ashore  on beaches.  Some boats  were  deployed scooping up  the
seaweed with crab nets and towed booms.
                                                         X
The sloping rock  faces presented a greater area of intertidal
zone  and  proportionately greater  areas  received  a  heavy
coating of oil.  Barnacles and  Fucus were  still  ±n  place,
though  heavily  coated.   Snails  (Littorina)  were  present
throughout,  but   were  unattached,  lying  with  the  closed
operculum upward rather than in  their normal grazing position.

The sandy beach  at Long Island, the  most heavily contaminated
of the beaches in  the immediate area, was paved with oil over
a swath of 80 -  90  ft  wide, extending from about 8 ft below
the high tide line.  The heavy  oil penetrated to a depth of 4
- 6 inches.  Below that the sand  appeared clean.  A swath had
been  bulldozed clean, but was being  reoiled through  leaching
from  the  paved areas and continued  leakage from the  tanker.
Straw had been used to soak up the oil.  This, too, was washed
off the beach and added to the oily seaweed wrack floating  in
the water.

In the  areas of mud flat visited on  the northern shore of Cow
Island,  the  oil washed ashore  and  collected  in  the  marsh
grasses inshore of the mud flats.  No  pavement was formed on
the sediment surface such as occurred on  the  beaches, but as
one walked  across  the  flat,  oil  would  ooze up out of the
sediments into freshly formed  footprints.

Nature of the Field Study:

From the preliminary survey, it  appeared that the biota of the
intertidal  zones was in danger  from  both smothering ' and  the
toxic  effects  of  oil,  while   the  subtidal areas could  be
affected  by  dissolved oil in the water column, leaching from
the   shore   zones,  sedimentation  and   offshore   sediment
transport.  A program was developed to monitor these potential
effects  using chemical techniques to quantitatively determine
the  presence  of  the pollutant.  These  were  combined  with
ecological  techniques for detecting  stress through changes in
abundance and  species  diversity, with  special attention to
amphipods as indicative organisms.
                          16

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                         SECTION IV
                           METHODS
Field Methods:

Two  rocky intertidal stations were established,  (Figure   1),
one on a  vertical  rock  face  on  Long  Island  and  one  on a
sloping rock on Cow Island.  An intertidal  mud  station   was
established  on  Cow  Island,  and  a  subtidal  station   was
established in  20  - 25 feet of water on the lobster grounds
north  of Long  Island.   Comparable  control  stations   were
established  at Bailey and  Orrs  Islands  to  the  northeast
(Figure 1).

Three  surveys  were  conducted,  25  to 31  July;  6 to 13
September; and 1 to 5 November.

Samples were  collected  in  duplicate, labeled and logged in
the field and  initialed  by  two  investigators.  A  chain of
custody  procedure  was  followed   such   that  each sample
contained its survey number in  Roman  Numerals  and  a sample
number  in  Arabic  numbers.   Upon return  from  the field,
biological  samples  were frozen; water and sediment   samples
were refrigerated.

Special handling  procedures  were  used with all samples for
chemical analysis.  Plastic containers  were  avoided at all
steps.  The glass  bottles  used  for water and sediment  were
cleaned according to procedures designated  by the EPA Edison
Water  Quality Research Laboratory.  New bottles were washed
with  detergent, rinsed sequentially in steam distilled water
(APHA spec),  acetone,  methanol and pentane (all Nanograde),
then air dried and capped.  The caps were lined with  aluminum
foil.  Bottles  that  were  reused  in subsequent field trips
were washed with  detergent  and flushed with distilled water
and pentane.  Biological samples were collected and stored in
aluminum foil.

Each of the rock stations were sampled  by  a direct  count of
organisms within two 10 x 10 cm grids  on  each  of   the  four
biotic  zones of the intertidal surface.  After counting, the
organisms  within  each  grid  were scraped from  the  rock and
returned to the  laboratory  for  closer  inspection.  On the
first survey, a swath of rock, 1 1/2 feet wide, from  the  high
to the low water  -levels,  was  scraped  bare  for subsequent
appraisal of the rate of  resettlement on cleared areas.   Two
                         17

-------
types  of  organisms   (a primary producer and a  grazer)   were
collected for analysis by gas chromatography.

Intertidal mud areas were  sampled  by collecting sediment and
infauna from two  30 x  30  x  20  cm  grids.  The samples were
screened  (1mm mesh)  to separate the  biota  which  was   then
returned to the laboratory for counting.  Samples  of  mud and
soft  shell  clams   (Mya  arenaria  were  collected  for    gas
chromatography.

Subtidal benthic  samples were  collected  by  divers, screened
and  analyzed in  the  same  manner  as  the  inter tidal   mud.
Sediment and lobsters  were taken  for  gas chromatograpy.  The
lobsters were purchased on-site at  the  time  of  each survey
from a local lobsterman who was pulling traps in the area.

Water samples were  taken one to two feet off the bottom at the
subtidal stations and  just below the surface at the intertidal
flats.  Midbay water   samples  were taken at can buoy "7" from
the surface and from 30 feet deep to determine the hydrocarbon
content of the water flushing  the  area.   Water samples were
taken on all surveys and analyzed on Surveys I and III.

The  rookeries at  Ram  Island, Inner Green and  Outer  Green
Islands  were  surveyed  on  foot  to assess gross deleterious
effects of  gulls,  cormorants  and waterfowl by counting dead
and oiled birds.

Beach sand was collected  from  three  depths (0-10, 10-20 and
20-30 cm) at two  stations on West Beach, Long Island.  Samples
were collected immediately after the spill and again after the
beach cleanup operations to determine their oil content.

Laboratory Methods:

The screened portions  of  the  benthic  and intertidal samples
were shaken in 10%  formalin  with  a  biological  stain  (rose
bengal) which aided in the final  separation  of  animals from
the course fraction of the sediment.  The  numbers  of species
and  numbers  of  individuals were determined for the  sediment
infauna  and  also  for  the  rocky  intertidal  grid samples.
Subsequently,  the  fauna   were  preserved  in  70%  alcohol.
Identifications of  amphipods are known to present difficulties
(Sanders,  1956)  and  were   therefore   made  only  to   type
specimens, with final  identification pending confirmation by a
specialist,  if  necessary.   Polychaetes  were  difficult  to
recover  in  good  condition  and those which  were  mutilated
beyond recognition  were placed in typed categories,  so that a
good estimate of  the species diversity could be  made  without
their identification.
                          18

-------
Representatives of each species subjected to chemical analysis
were  weighed,  dried  to constant weight  and  re-weighed  to
obtain a conversion factor of wet weight  to  dry  weight  for
relating laboratory  results to field  concentrations.   Wet
weights were used when they were more appropriate.

The analytical methods used to  determine the presence of No. 6
fuel oil  were based on modifications of the procedure used by
Blumer et  al  (1970,  1972) for  No.  2  fuel  oil.  For the
extraction of total lipid components, samples  of sediment and
beach sands weighing approximately 200 gm were placed directly
in  Soxhlet  thimbles.  Shellfish were shucked and the  animal
plus  its  fluids  were  homogenized  in  a commercial blender
before placement in a thimble.

Lobsters were homogenized with   their  shell but seaweeds were
chopped, because they stalled the  blender.   Wet weights were
taken, and the samples were extracted  for  a  minimum  of  20
hours with re-distilled, reagent grade anhydrous methanol  and
benzene.   The  methanol-benzene extract was transferred to a
separatory  funnel  and  extracted  four  times with 50 ml  of
pentane.  Solids in  the  extract  (biological  samples)  were
shaken with pentane  three  times.   The pentane portions were
combined  and  evaporated  to   a small  volume (5 - 10 ml) by
passing N2 over  them.  They were next saponified in 150 ml of
60% 0.5 KOH in methanol, 20% water and 20% benzene (refluxed 1
-   2   hours)  to  remove  wax esters,   fatty   acids   and
triglycerides.  The saponified  mixture was  repartitioned into
pentane three  times,  using aqueous  NaCl to precipitate the
salts.  The remaining  non-saponifiable  portion contained any
fatty alcohols, sterols, pigments  or  fuel  oil  hydrocarbons
which were present in the  pentane, was then evaporated with N
to a volume of 1 - 2 ml.  The concentrated solution was passed
first  through  a  column  of   precipitated  copper to  remove
sulfur,  then through a chromatographic column packed with 2.4
g alumina over 3.6 g silica gel, which had been  activated  at
250°C and 120°C respectively, deactivated with 5% by weight of
water and washed with  pentane.  For  biological  samples the
ratio of the  silica  gel portion to the alumina was increased
to enhance the separation of pigmented materials from the fuel
oil and 0.1 part benzene was added to the pentane to elute the
hydrocarbons.  The  pentane was evaporated  and the residual
hydrocarbons were weighed.

The extracted hydrocarbons were dissolved in a small volume of
C&2 and subjected to  scanning   infrared  (Perkin-Elmer, Model
727) analysis to confirm that the  remaining  lipids  had been
removed  by  the  .column  chromatography.  An absorption  band
between 1700 nm and 1750 nm would detect incomplete separation
and the sample would be re-columned.
                          19

-------
Control samples  of  No.   6   fuel  oil  were carried through the
entire  procedure  with 75% recovery  by  weight.   Fractions
eluted  from  the chromatographic column were  scanned  on  an
ultraviolet (Beckman D.U.,  2400) spectrophotometer from 230 to
260 nm to assure that the aromatic portions were being eluted.

After column  chromatography, the samples were injected into a
Varian Aerograph 2860   gas  chromatograph equipped with a split
capillary  injecture port.   A  SCOT   (support  coated  open
tubular) column, OV-101, 50 ft long with 0.02 " I.D. was used.
Automatic   temperature programming  was  set  for  an   80°C
injection, rising at 15°C/min to  300°  followed  by  a 12 min
post-program hold.

Addendum to Methods:

Fucus  taken  during the   first   and   second  surveys  and
Ascophyllum from the first  survey  only,  were  so  thoroughly
coated with oil  at  the  experimental  stations  that  they were
weighed, washed  in  benzene, dried one hour at room temperature
and  re-weighed   to determine  the  weight  of  oil  removed.
Control  samples were treated in the same manner to  determine
any  weight  changes associated  with  the  treatment  alone.
Corrections  for water loss were determined to be - 0.25% of
gross weight  for  Fucus and - 1.3% for Ascophyllum, and these
corrections  were  applied  to  the  results  of  the  benzene
treatment.  Beach sands from Long  Island  were treated by the
same method.
                         20

-------
                          SECTION V
                   CHROMATOGRAPHIC RESULTS
Chromatogram of No. 6 Fuel Oil:

The method  of  interpreting  the  chromatographic results was
based on that of Blumer et al (1970, 1972) for No. 2 fuel oil,
except  that  the  column was OV-101 rather than Apiezon L and
the programmed temperature  rise was more rapid and reached a
higher level, commensurate with the boiling fractions in No. 6
oil.  In the  chromatogram  of  the No. 6 oil from the Tamano
(Figure  3), the characteristic unresolved boiling envelope of
isomeric hydrocarbons  started  at  about C-1A, peaked between
C-21 and C-23 and diminished rapidly after C-28.  The position
of the  envelope  was  characteristic  for  No.  6  and easily
differentiated from the  characteristic  envelope of a typical
No. 2 oil (Figure 4) run under the  same conditions.  Moreover,
although  the boiling envelope for  a  high  pour  No.  6  oil
supplied  by  the  EPA  New England Regional  Laboratory  was
similar (Figure 5), certain characteristic differences existed
between them.  In the case of the Tamano oil, there were large
peaks of the lower boiling paraffins C-13, C-14, C-15 and C-16
were not seen in the No. 6 of Figure 5.  The sequence in which
materials are eluted  and  their relative heights are affected
by the type  of  column and programmed temperature rise.  This
can  lead  to variations  in  locations  of  peaks  and  their
resolution.   Therefore,   the  column  type  and  temperature
program must be consistent throughout the study.

Intertidal Mud Flats:

The intertidal sediments  at  Cow  Island contained oil on all
three surveys (Figures 6,  7  and  8).   The  total  amount of
hydrocarbon  increased between Surveys I  and  II  (Table  2).
There was, however, a fresh spill  of No. 6 oil in the area by
the  tanker Aquario two weeks after the  Tamano  spill,  which
could account for the added oil.  However, no  samples of this
oil are  available  for chromatographic comparison.  By Survey
III,  the  oil  had  weathered  (Figure 8) and the hydrocarbon
level decreased.

All three surveys showed contaminated clams (Figures 9, 10 and
11).  The low boilers and the  total hydrocarbon concentration
in the clams decreased over  the three surveys (Table 2).  The
chromatographs of the water at Cow  Island tested on Surveys I
and III indicated  petroleum  hydrocarbons during both surveys
(Figures 12 and 13), but the total  concentration by Survey III
had decreased to less than half that of Survey I (Table 2).
                          21

-------
N>
10
• i :::  u p.tr.ur i,] (  r.  L- pi
!--•__<*-•-*—- —* ? J*-'- ' ' r^-"^ .^--. '-.'- J^l..  -I.-' '
                                                        ::• i!:ii'• i•::rT!i Ij::I-I:•-1:•'''\n•:1]-
                                               CARBON HOMBE
                                                       FIGURE 3


                                  Chromatogram of No. 6 Fuel Oil From the Tamano

-------
N5
CO
                                                        LilLdlJJ.!.L!J.!.L& 1 -IS-1
                                                    FIGURE A

                    Chromatogram of a No.  2 Fuel Oil as it would Appear on an 0V 101  Column
                                         Progranmed for No. 6 Fuel Oil

-------
to
                                                                      :f Mh.-s  !
                                                                      -—--»--—
! i ' j •'
. ' " ! • • ' ' ;'.
i ; . •
1 CARBON NUMBER — -
•/.T: : |
£0 ! '! .
; - i
,

1 L
r : ! ; |
; !"j'T. "W ""'•'
I'M' .1 ' •'
; • '..L
.' i . :
1 i ;.
r i j ••
;:-
: \ ',
-i i- | ' I
; ; : !-| !.j
                                                     FIGURE 5
                                 Chromatogram of a Typical High Pour No. 6 Fuel Oil
                                   Supplied by EPA New England Regional Laboratory

-------
Ul
                                                     FIGURE 6

                                             Chromatogram of Sediments
                                              Cow Island — Survey I

-------
ro
                                                    FIGURE 7

                                            Chromatogram of Sediments
                                             Cow Island — Survey II

-------
                                                    TABLE 2
IS)
                                      QUANTITATIVE HYDROCARBON ANALYSIS




                                             INTERTIDAL MUD FLATS
SAMPLE

Sediment



Sediment


Clams


Clams
Water


Water

STATION

Cow Island


*
Beals Cove


Cow Island


Beals Cove
Cow Island

^
Beals Cove

SURVEY

I
II
III

-I
II
III
I
II
III
III
I
III

I
III
TOTAL HC
MG/KG

54
97
62

19
35
63
1,300
360
310
114
0.9
0.4
**
o-2**
1.6
yG HC
INJECTED

268
113
154

42.8
39.8
140
16.9
137.5
59.7
59.4
36.8
16

20
29.9
RELATIVE
ATTENUATION

32
32
32

32
32
32
64
64
64
32
32
32

32
32
                                                Control Stations
                                           **
                                             Value is in mg per liter

-------
N>
09
                                                    FIGURE 8


                                            Chromatogram of Sediments
                                            Cow Island — Survey III

-------
VO
                            CARBON NUMBER
                                                      FIGURE 9

                                        Chromatogram of Clams  (Mya arenaria)
                                               Cow Island — Survey I

-------
              FIGURE 10

Chromatogram of Clams (Mya arenaria)
       Cow Island — Survey  II

-------
 •-V-in. r.
__• c i to-.t.
	.jr.....
                                         FIGURE 11


                          Chromatogram of Clams  (Mya arenaria)
                                Cow Island — Survey III

-------
At the control mud flat on  Be a Is  Cove, there was evidence of
oil  in  the sediments during Survey I   (Figure  14) >  but  by
Surveys  II and III,  the total hydrocarbon had  doubled,  then
tripled  (Table  2)  to a level comparable to the  Cow  Island
station with a  definite indication of petroleum contamination
(Figure 15 and 16).

Clams  at  Beals  Cove  during   Survey   III  were  similarly
contaminated with oil (Figure 17) ,  but   the  concentrations of
total hydrocarbon in their tissues  reached only one-third that
of Cow Island (Table 2).

The  water   flushing   the   Beals  Cove   station  increased
dramatically in total  hydrocarbon   content  (Table  2) between
Survey I (Figure 18)   when  no fuel oil was  present  and Survey
III (Figure 19).  These curves  were interpreted  as the more
soluble components of petroleum hydrocarbons.

Subtidal Stations:

The  sediments at the Long Island station (approximately 20 ft
depth), contained  oil  over all three surveys (Figures 20, 21
and 22).  Like  the  inter tidal  station at Beals  Cove, the
concentration  of  total  hydrocarbons   increased  during  the
second survey (Table 3).

The lobsters in the Long Island  area showed  no  evidence of
fuel  oil  contamination  during Survey I  (Figure 23).  By
Surveys II  and III,  the total hydrocarbon content had doubled
(Table 3) and the peaks along the .envelope (Figures  24 and 25)
suggest the presence of  weathered  fuel  oil. But, the profile
was not distinctive enough to  tie   it to the Tamano oil.  Any
build-up   was   small,   because   the   total    hydrocarbon
concentration  was  low compared with the clams  and of  that
total,  fuel  oil  type  components  were small compared  with
natural peaks of odd-numbered alkanes (C-21, C-23 and C-25).

The  profile of water at this station (Figures 26 and 27)  was
similar to  that at Cow Island with a relatively large portion
of the more soluble components  (unresolved  envelope), but at
Long Island there was an  increase   in   concentration of total
hydrocarbons between Surveys I and  III  (Table 3).

The levels of total hydrocarbon in  the sediments at  the Bailey
Island control stations were below  those of  Long Island during
all surveys (Table  3).   Survey I, taken seven days after the
spill  (Figure 28), indicated contamination by oil.
                          32

-------
co
CO
                                                   FIGURE 12
                                             Chromatogram of Water

                                            Cow  Island — Survey  I

-------
CARBON NUMBER
              FIGURE 13
        Chromatogram of Water
      Cow Island — Survey III

-------
Ul
                                     CARBON NUMBER
                                                   FIGURE 14

                                           Chromatogram of  Sediment
                                            Beals Cove — Survey I

-------
CO
                                                   FIGURE 15
                                            Chromatogram of Sediment
                                            Beals Cove 	 Survey II

-------

CO
                                                     FIGURE 16

                                             Chromatogram of Sediment
                                             Beals Cove — Survey III

-------
              FIGURE 17

Chromatogram of Clams (Mya arenaria)
      Beals Cove — Survey III

-------
u>
VO
                                                     FIGURE 18


                                               Chromatogram of Water

                                              Beals Cove — Survey  I

-------
        FIGURE 19

  Chromatogram of Water
Beals Cove — Survey  III

-------
        FIGURE 20
Chromatogram of Sediment
 Long Island — Survey I

-------
ro
         -iT-H
t.t_L iLi UlTl-N

  CARBON NUMBER
                                                      FIGURE 21

                                              Chromatogram of Sediment
                                              Long Island — Survey  II

-------
co
                                                     FIGURE 22
                                             Chromatogram of Sediment
                                             Long Island — Survey III

-------
             TABLE 3
QUANTITATIVE HYDROCARBON ANALYSIS
        SUBTIDAL STATIONS
SAMPLE

t
Sediments

Sediments
Water
•Water
Lobster

Lobster
STATION

Long Island

Bailey*
Island
Long Island
Bailey*
Island
Long Island

Bailey*
Island
SURVEY

I
II
III
I
III
I
III
I
III
I
II
III
II
TOTAL HC
MG/KG

66
75
53
26
29
**
0-3**
0.7
**
0.2**
0.4
32
70
73
29
INJECTED
CONC. uG

329
180
140
152
113
25
27.6
20
17.6
42.5
18.6
16.8
7.7
RELATIVE
ATTENUATION .

32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
64
64
64
64
        **
Control Stations
Value is in mg per liter

-------
                     .j_ i_j.; :;pnni a:; r rj. i: i  :p
                     . — i i i Q i * i  i I i ^ It - ' I
                   FIGURE 23

Chromatogram of  Lobster (Homarus americanus)
           Long  Island — Survey I

-------
      R-U Li... !._ni
      CARBON NUMBER
                 FIGURE 24

Chromatogram of Lobster (Homarus americanus)
          Long Island — Survey II

-------
                  FIGURE 25

Chromatogram of Lobster (Homarus americanus)
          Long Island — Survey III

-------
oo
                                         CARBON NUMBER
                                                     FIGURE 26

                                               Chromatogram of Water
                                              Long Island — Survey I

-------
•JS-
VO
                                     CARBON NUMBER
                                                   FIGURE 27

                                             Chromatogram of Water
                                           Long Island — Survey III

-------
There was no evidence of the oil during Survey II (Figure 29) ,
but the sediment samples  were  taken further offshore than in
Survey I, beyond a  natural  sill.    By  Survey  III, the same
offshore  area  had  become  contaminated  with  weathered oil
(Figure 30).

Although a  profile of possibly weathered fuel oil was present
in lobsters from  the  control'  area  (Bailey  Island)  during
Survey II (Figure 31),  the  total   hydrocarbon in the control
lobsters was very low (29  mg/kg),   indicating  little  or  no
build-up of a residual pool of aromatics of cycloalkanes.

Water  flushing  this station contained little oil during  the
first  survey,  but  did show a characteristic envelope during
Survey  III   (Figures   32   and    33)  suggesting  that  the
contamination of the area during Survey I occurred by sediment
transport  by  strong tidal currents against  the  prevailing
non-tidal drift.  Counter-current transport upstream along the
bottom is not unusual in the marine environment.

Rocky Intertidal Areas:

The Littorina at the sloping rock station at Cow Island during
Survey I were  heavily  contaminated with oil (Figure 34).  By
Survey  II,  the  total   concentration   of  hydrocarbons  in
Littorina tissues had not diminished  (Table 4 and Figure 35).
On Survey III, the total concentration  of hydrocarbon dropped
from about 245 mg/kg wet wt to  about 35 mg, but a pattern of
weathered  oil  was  still present  (Figure 36).  On  the  same
survey,  Littorina at the Long Island station contained nearly
twice the  hydrocarbon  concentration of  those at Cow Island
(Table 4  and  Figure  37).   The   profile  for Littorina from
Bailey Island (control station)  during Survey III could not be
positively identified (Figure 38).

The  dog  whelk,  Thais, was not abundant  until  Survey  II.
Collected   from  Long  Island, it  then  contained  128   mg
hydrocarbon  per  kg  wet  wt  with a definite  oil  component
(Figure 39,  Table  4).   By Survey III, the total hydrocarbon
had increased to 884 mg/kg wet wt and the aromatic cycloalkane
portion  appeared to increase  while the  lower  boilers  and
paraffin peaks were truncated (Figure 40).

The Fucus zone  on the rocky inter tidal station at Long Island
was within the tidal  range  heavily coated  by the oil, such
that   the   weight   of   oil   was  twelve-and-a-half   to
thirteen-and-a-half percent the weight of the  Fucus,  peaking
on the second survey (Table 4). By  Survey  III,  the oil had
washed away considerably (Figure 41). At the control  station
(Figure  42),  there  was  some contamination,  but the total
                           50

-------
        FIGURE 28

Chromatogram of Sediments
Bailey Island — Survey I

-------
Ul
ISJ
                                                FIGURE 29


                                        Chromatogram of Sediments
                                       Bailey Island — Survey II

-------
Ui
                                                  FIGURE 30
                                          Chromatogram of Sediments
                                          Bailey  Island — Survey III

-------
Ul
                                    CARBON NUMBER
                                                 FIGURE 31

                               Chromatogram of Lobster (Homarus americanus)
                                        Bailey Island — Survey II

-------
in
in
                                   CARBON NUMBER
                                                 FIGURE 32


                                           Chromatogram of Water

                                         Bailey Island — Survey I

-------
Ui
                                           T-n

                                      CARBON NUMBER
                                                   FIGURE 33

                                             Chromatogram of Water
                                          Bailey Island — Survey III

-------
                    FIGURE 34

Chromatogram of Periwinkles (Littorina  littorea)
             Cow Island — Survey  I

-------
                                                TABLE 4
                                   QUANTITATIVE HYDROCARBON ANALYSIS


                                       ROCKY INTERTIDAL STATIONS
Ui
00
SAMPLE

Littorina



Thais

Fucus '

Ascophyllum


STATION

Cow Island
Long Island
Bailey Island
Long Island
Bailey Island
Long Island
Bailey Island
Cow Island
*
Bailey Island
SURVEY

I
II
III
III
III
II
III
III
I
II
III
II
I
II
III
II
TOTAL HC
M6/K6

244
245
35
63
82
128
884
122
124,800
135,000
1,890
500
104,000
56
365
400
INJECTED
HC uG

472.7
61.2
32.8
8.5
16.9
32.4
80
15.6
358.4
14.9
23.4
38.9
32.2
RELATIVE
ATTENUATION

64
64
32
64
32
64
64
8
64
32
—
32
64
                                                  Control

-------
NO
                                       CARBON NUMBER
                                                  FIGURE 35

                               Chromatogram of Periwinkles  (Littorina littorea)
                                           Cow Island — Survey II

-------
        CARBON NUMBER
                    FIGURE 36

Chromatogram of Periwinkles (Littorina littorea)
            Cow Island — Survey  III

-------
        CARBON
                    FIGURE 37

Chromatogram of Periwinkles (Littorina littorea)
           Long Island — Survey III

-------
         CARBON NUMBER
                    FIGURE 38

Chromatogram of Periwinkles (Littorina littorea)
           Bailey Island — Survey  III

-------
u>
                                       CARBON NUMBER
                                                  FIGURE 39

                                 Chromatogram of Dog Whelks (Thais lapillus)
                                          Long Island — Survey II

-------
    CARBON NUMBER
                 FIGURE 40

Chromatogram of Dog Whelks  (Thais lapillus)
         Long Island — Survey III

-------
hydrocarbon  content was far less than that of the Long Island
station.

Ascophyllum,  attached below the heavily coated  zone  at  Cow
Island, was heavily contaminated for the first  survey  (Table
4),  but apparently this was surface contamination because  by
Survey  II  there  was  no  distinctive evidence for  the  oil
(Figure 43).   By  Survey  III,   contamination  was present at
relatively low levels  compared   with  Survey  I  (Figure 44).
Ascophyllum from the control  station  (Bailey  "Island) showed
some contamination (Figure 45).

Water Column:

In addition to the water samples taken at the benthic stations
and  intertidal  mud  flats, water  from the middle portion of
Hussey  Sound  at  one  foot below the surface and at 30  feet
below the  surface was analyzed  for  oil.  During both Survey I
and Survey III, there was oil present in measurable quantities
both at the one  foot  level and at mid-depth.  The mid-depth
concentrations were four times those at the  subsurface during
Survey  I  and  about  one-and-a-third times  the  subsurface
concentration during Survey III  (Table 5).  The peaks  of  the
chromatographic profile  during   Survey at the mid-depth level
were  relatively well  differentiated, suggesting  that  fine
droplets of the whole  oil  mixture   on the surface may become
suspended and mixed through the   water column (Figures 46 and
47).

Beach Stations:

The total hydrocarbon for the surface sand (0-10 cm) and  sand
at depth (20-30 cm) are given in Table 6.  The mid-depth 10-20
cm was found  to  contain  a marked  delineation between sand
visibly oiled  and  that  not visibly oiled at about 15 cm, so
that analysis of the mixed  sample  would  be misleading.   The
results  of 0-10 cm were, therefore, considered representative
of  the  0-15  cm  level  and   those  from   20-30  cm  were
representative of 15-30 cm.

During the first  survey,  the oil was heavily concentrated in
the top 15 cm of sand (43,200 mg/kg  dry wt), while very little
had leached to the lower  level   (15 mg/kg dry wt).   By Survey
II, the oil in the surface  layer had decreased by one-third,
but the concentrations at depth  had  increased  25 times to 380
fflg/kg dry wt.  This concentration was  still only  1.3% that of
the surface layers.

Survey III was  conducted  after the beach removal operations.
On 16 September, 1972, the top six inches was removed from the
                          65

-------
ON
ON
                                                                                                       I..T-!  i-N W ll-f  '^ I;
                                                        lTlllllllTi.IJIIIIII.IIII.lil
                                            CARBON NUMBER
                                                         FIGURE 41


                                                   Chromatogram of Fucus

                                                Long Island — Survey  III

-------
CARBON NUMBER
           FIGURE 42

     Chromatogram of Fucus
  Bailey Island — Survey II

-------
00
                                                    FIGURE 43

                                           Chromatogram of Ascophyllum
                                             Cow Island — Survey II

-------
VO
                                                  FIGURE 44

                                          Chromatogram of Ascophyllum
                                           Cow Island — Survey III

-------
CARBON NUMBER
           FIGURE 45

  Chromatogram of Ascophyllum
  Bailey Island — Survey II

-------
                     TABLE 5
TOTAL HYDROCARBONS IN WATER FROM THE MID-SOUND AREA
SURVEY

I
I
III
III
DEPTH

Surface (1 ft)
Mid-Depth (30 ft)
Surface (1 ft)
Mid-Depth (30 ft)
TOTAL
HYDROCARBONS
M6/L

0.4
1.4
0.6
0.7
RELATIVE
ATTENUATION

32
32
32
32
                        71

-------
ro
                                                   FIGURE 46

                                             Chromatogram of Water
                                          Mid-Bay Surface — Survey I

-------
 CARBON NUMBER
           FIGURE 47

     Chromatogram of Water
Mid-Bay 30 ft Depth —  Survey I

-------
              TABLE 6






QUANTITATIVE HYDROCARBON ANALYSIS




      LONG ISLAND BEACH SAND
SAMPLE DEPTH

Surface - 10 cm


20 - 30 cm


SURVEY

I
II
*
III
I
II
*
III
TOTAL HC
MG/KG DRY WEIGHT

43,200
29,000
432
15
380
137
Survey made after beach removal operations
                74

-------
surface.  Therefore,  the surface level in  Survey III actually
corresponded to the lower levels  of  Surveys  I  and II.  The
lower level of Survey  III was lower than any level in the two
previous surveys.
                         75

-------
ON
                                       CARBON NUMBER
                                                  FIGURE 48

                                    Chromatogram of Sand From West Beach
                                            Surface — Survey III

-------
   CARBON NUMBER
              FIGURE 49

Chromatogram of  Sand From West Beach
      20 - 30 cm — Survey III

-------
                          SECTION VI
                      ECOLOGICAL RESULTS
Intertidal Mud Flats:

The  stations  at  Cow  Island (oiled) and at Seals Cove, Orrs
Island (control) were  intertidal softshell clam  (Mya arenaria)
areas  (Figure  1).   Salinities and water  temperatures  were
comparable  (Table   7).    Sediment profiles were similar,  the
particles  at Cow Island having a size  distribution  somewhat
finer than those of Beals Cove during all but the final survey
(Figures 48 AF). Neither the total abundance nor  the species
composition  were  very   similar, however.   Cow  Island  was
primarily a polychaete  -  Littorina  community, whereas Beals
Cove was dominated  by  Mya,  Littorina  and  Gemma gemma, with
polychaetes conspicuously absent until the  last survey (Table
8).

The species diversity  remained essentially constant throughout
the  surveys  at the control station, while at Cow  Island  it
dropped  drastically  during  Survey  II  with the loss of all
infaunal  species  detectable by the  methods  employed.   By
Survey  III, many of these started to return to the area.  The
length frequency analysis of  the young clams for this survey
(Figure 49) showed  complete  loss of the earlier sets seen in
the Beals Cove profile,  but apparent resettlement by new spawn
(smallest size categories).

Total individuals  at  Cow Island (oiled) numbered nearly twice
those  of Beals  Cove  during  Survey  I,  but  they  steadily
declined over the three   surveys, whereas the numbers at Beals
Cove increased nearly  six-fold.  Notable  losses at Cow Island
occurred  among bivalves and polychaetes, but  the  particular
species lost did not correspond with the  species  present  at
the control station -'or  comparison.  Throughout the study, Mya
were  far  more  abundant at the control station than  at  Cow
Island.  All the adult Mya at Cow Island were located  far  up
on the flat near the high water mark.

Subtidal Benthic Communities:

The experimental and control stations were  located  at the 20
ft depth (MLW) on Long Island and Bailey Island, respectively
(Figure 1).  Salinity  and  temperature  regimes  were similar
(Table 7),  but  the  sediment  profiles  for  the Long Island
station had a  much greater proportion of fine silt than those
                          78

-------
                                                    TABLE 7
                                       FIELD TEMPERATURES AND SALINITIES

STATION

Cow Island
Long Island
Mid-Bay
Mid-Bay
Beals Cove
Bailey Island

SAMPLING
DEPTH

Surface
Surface
Surface
Mid-Water
Surface
Surface
SURVEY I
JULY
TEMPERATURE
°C

17.2
14.4
16.1
13.4
20.3
17.2
SALINITY
0/00

30.2
32.0
31.8
30.2
29.8
29.0
SURVEY II
SEPTEMBER
TEMPERATURE
°C

15.0
16.0
15.3
14.0
15.0
14.8
SALINITY
0/00

32.1
31.0
31.2
31.8
31.2
33.4
SURVEY III
NOVEMBER
TEMPERATURE
°C

9.2
9.0
	
	
9.8
9.0
SALINITY
0/00

32.6
32.5
	
	
30.0
32.3
NO

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                                80

-------
                                                   TABLE 8
                                              BENTHIC STATIONS




                                       NUMBER OF ORGANISMS PER 0.09 M2
SPECIES

Crustacea :
Amphipoda
Isopoda
TOTAL
Echinodermata :
Asterias forbesi
Echinarachnius parma
TOTAL
Mollusca :
Acmaea testudinalis
Admen t a conthayi
Cerastoderm pinnulatum
Cingula sp.
Crenella faba
Cumminga tellinoides
Cylichna gouldi
GGDQDISI ssnunfl
COW ISLAND
SURVEY NO.
I

5
5





	
	
	
II

	





	
	
	
Ill

3
3





	
	
	
BEALS COVE
SURVEY NO.
I


12
12





31
20
10
II


10
10







	
10
III


95
95







7
154
BAILEY ISLAND*
SURVEY NO.
I



4
4
4


4



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10
10
5
5

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20
20
i

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LONG ISLAND
SURVEY NO.
I

13
13
1
1

	





II

52
52
	

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10
10
1
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7
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-------
                                                         TABLE 8
oo
NJ
SPECIES
Mollusca :
Littorina littorea
Littorina obtusata
Littorina saxatilis
Macoma baltica
Macoma calcarea
Mercenaria mercenaria
Mya arenaria
Mya truncata
Mytilus edulis
Nassarius obsoletus
Nassarius trivittatus
Nucula proxima
Periploma leanus
Periploma papyratium
Pitar morrhuana
Retusa canaliculata
Rissoa sp.
Skenea planorbis
Yoldia limatula
TOTAL
Polychaeta:
A. Nephtys ingens
_ _ B. Pherusa af finis
COW ISLAND
SURVEY NO.
I

130
. 80


5
10
5
5
5


	
240


II

70
10


	
	
	




	
80


III

47
3


40
	
7




3
100


BEALS COVE
SURVEY NO.
I

1
11


51
8
2
	






134


II

10
15
25
5
205
	

5






275


III

7
9


236
26

	



171

610


BAILEY ISLAND
SURVEY NO.
I

12




4


4
4



	

32


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15
10



	

35
10

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7
7

7



	

34

LONG ISLAND
SURVEY NO.
I






2
1

229


2
1

235

II






6


83

1

101
25
4
III






10

111

•M^BB
1
138

-------
                                                    TABLE 8
SPECIES

Polychaeta:
C. Polydora sp.
D. Chone infundibuliformis
E. Lumbrineris tenuis
F. Unidentified sp.
G. Phyllodoce anaitides
H. Unidentified sp.
I. Unidentified sp.
J. Terrebellid
K. Unidentified sp.
L. Unidentified sp.
M. Unidentified sp.
N. Nephtys sp.
0. Unidentified sp.
P. Unidentified sp.
Q. Unidentified sp.
R. Unidentified sp.
T. Nephtys incisa
U. Ammotrypane avlogaster
W. Unidentified sp.
X. Unidentified sp.
Z. Unidentified sp.
TOTAL
COW ISLAND
SURVEY NO.
I











55
5






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-------
                             36Kq
SURVEY III
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     Seal's Cove
Contaminated -
    Cow Island
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M
                             1.
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                          FIGURE 51

                   Size Frequency of Mya
                             for
              Contaminated and Control Sites
                            84

-------
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20

Pv] 10
f





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S
s





's
s
S

nnH
nri
\
V
A
s
s
s
                                      »A«  .250 .500 .710

                                                 SIZE
                                                       1.0  2.0
                      FIGURE 52

            Benthic Sediment Profiles
       (gm Retained  per 100 gm of  Sample)
                        85

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of Bailey Island (Figure 50  A-F).   On the first survey, the
Bailey  Island  samples were collected inshore  of  a  natural
ridge where the substrate consisted of 90%  black  shale rock,
1%   shell    fragments   and   9%   miscellaneous   sediment.
Subsequently,  the  station was moved  beyond the natural ridge
to a more representative sediment type.

The total numbers of species were equivalent for both stations
(Table 8), but the  specific  groupings at  Long  Island were
different  from  those at the control,  except  for  softshell
clams (Mya arenaria),  dwarf cockles (Cerastoderma pinnulatum)
and  nut  clams  (Nucula proxima).   Of these,  both  Mya  and
Cerastoderma  were  present  in  comparable  numbers  at  both
stations, but  Nucula  was  more abundant  at the Long Island
station where it  was  the  dominant  organism  throughout the
study in terms of abundance.

Polychaetes, abundant during Survey II, were  scarce or absent
on  the  first  and  third  surveys at both  stations.   The
polychaetes  at  Long  Island did not  correspond to  those  at
Bailey Island,  except  for  Nephthys   ingens and Lambrinereis
tenuis, present at both stations on Survey II.

Crustaceans,  primarily   amphipods,  were  more  consistently
present, as well  as more abundant  at  the Long Island station.
They were all of a single species.

Vertical Rocks:

The vertical  rock  stations at Long Island  (oiled) and Bailey
Island (control), shown in Figure 1, were highly comparable in
their species composition.  Rocks  cleaned with hot water were
not included in these surveys.   Of  the 24 different species
found at both stations over three  surveys,  seven  were found
only at the control, a limpet (Acmaea   testudinalis)  and  six
species of amphipods.'  Of these seven, only the amphipods were
sufficiently  abundant   at  Bailey  Island  to  constitute  a
significant difference from Long Island.

Amphipods were entirely absent  from  the  Long Island station
over all surveys, while  they  were both  abundant  and  well
diversified at Bailey Island (Table 9). Two amphipod castings
were found at Long Island  on  Survey III, which suggests that
there  may  have  been an amphipod community  before  the  oil
spill.

Prominant species common  to  both  areas  included two algae,
Ascophyllum   nodosum   and   Fucus    spiralis,    and   four
invertebrates,  the  periwinkles  (Littorina obtusata  and  L_.
saxatilis), rock barnacles  (Balanus balanoides), and  the spat
of  blue  mussels   (Mytilus  edulis).    The  ranked  order  of
                          86

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                                                                               TABLB 9
00
                                                                      IRTERTIDAL ROCK STATIONS

                                                                   NUMBER OF ORGANISMS PER 100 CM2
SPECIES
Crustacea:
Aaphlpoda A
B
C
D
K
Unidentified so.
TOTAL*
Balanus balanoldes
Isopoda
TOTAL
Hollusca:
Llttorlna llttorea
Llttorlna obtusata
Llttorlna saxatllla
Mytllus edulls
Skenea planorbls
Thais laplllus
TOTAL
COW ISLAND
SURVEY NO.
I

836
836
51
175
.51
3.337
3.614
II

	
981
981
5
548
165
1.458
57
2.233
III

	 •
777
777
1
405
223
912
164
1.705
BAILEY ISLAND
SURVEY NO.
(Sloping)
I

	
1.130
1.130
2
145
733
94
1,844
209
3,027
II

42
45
23
87
1.049
8
1,057
10
2,629
330
3,'069
67
6.105
III

r,_-
5
5
743
743
995
138
879
21
8
2,041
LONG ISLAND
SURVEY NO.
I

-- i 	
	
	
1,036
1,036
12
210
28
58
4
312
II

	
	
1,425
1,425
7
137
7
25
2
178
III

	
	
1,014
1,014
6
215
44
140
1
406
BAILEY ISLAND
SURVEY NO.
(Vertical)
I

11
49
60
1,730
13
1,743
8
1.059
35
678
3
1,783
II

111
111
1,631
1,631
8
418
5
498

929
III

25
5
30
1,400
1,400

564
13
563
32
1.172
                                                                           Control Stations
                                            +Total of Identifiable aaphlpod types (does not Include unidentified species)

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abundance  among  these  invertebrates was  the same for both
stations,  but  the   total   numbers  of   individuals  were
consistently  higher at  the  control  station  than  at  Long
Island, except for  L_.  saxatilis.  Adult blue mussels at Long
Island were scarce, indicating that while the rock served as a
temporary  substrate for the spat,  Mytilus  did  not  normally
remain there to maturity.  There was  no apparent difference in
abundance of species between the heavily oiled zones and those
which lay below them.  This indicated that smothering  was not
a primary  effect  of the oil at this station, unlike the area
observed on the preliminary survey.

Sloping Rock Stations:

Intertidal  stations  on  sloping   rock areas at  Cow  Island
(oiled)  and  Bailey  Island  (control)  shown  in  Figure   1
presented much the same pattern as  the vertical rock stations.
Of  the  sixteen  species  found at   both  stations  over all
surveys,  five species  of  amphipods  and  a  limpet  (Acmaea
testudinalis), were found only  at  the control  station.  Of
these, the amphipods were  the  most   abundant  and  the  most
diverse  (Table  9).   The predominant species  of  algae  and
invertebrates common to both stations were  the  same as those
found on the vertical rock stations,   but  the ranked order of
abundance  of  the common invertebrates was not so consistent.
Few adults  of  the  blue mussel (Mytilus) were present, again
indicating only temporary residence.

The periwinkle, L_. obtusata, increased in  abundance over the
three surveys at the control station,  gradually  becoming the
dominant species in terms of relative numbers.   This increase
did not occur at Cow Island where the abundance of L_. obtusata
was  consistently  lower  than at the control.  The other  two
common species,  L_.  saxatilis  and  JJ. balanoides  were more
abundant at  the  control  station  than  at  Cow  Island over
Surveys I and II, but they dropped  to relatively equal numbers
by Survey III.  Again,  there were  no differences in abundance
between the heavily oiled zones and those below them.

Recolonization on the Rock Stations:

During Survey I, swaths were scraped  clean of organisms on the
sloping rocks at  the  Cow  Island  station   (oiled),  on  the
vertical rocks at the  Long  Island station  (oiled) and at the
respective control areas on Bailey  Island.   This was done to
assess  recolonization  following   the spill.   The   species
present and their respective abundance were determined  during
the  following   surveys.    Recolonization   was   based   on
recruitment  and population ratios.  These ratios are a method
to  establish the degree of recolonization and it is based  on
                           88

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the  following  assumptions:   (1)  the  control   stations  have
remained oil-free, (2) the pool  of  organisms   available  for
recolonization  comes  from  areas  adjacent  to the  cleared
strips,  (3)  recolonization  of  the  control   areas  reflect
natural processes.

The recruitment  ratio  was  formed by comparing the number of
animals, regardless of  species, on bared areas  at the control
station to the number  on the bared areas at the oiled station
(See Table 12).  For example,  during  Survey II, 1201 animals
were  on the cleared swatch on  Bailey  Island   (sloping  rock
control) and 197 animals on the cleared sloping rock strip at
Cow Island (oiled).  The recruitment ratio, R, is 1,201/197  =
6.1:1.

The  population  ratio  is  based on all species common to the
control and oiled areas.  It  is formed by comparing the number
of animals in  the  area adjacent to the control cleared strip
to the numbers adjacent  to the oiled cleared strip.  Data for
these ratios come from Table 9.  For example, during Survey II
on the sloping rock stations, there  were 7,154  animals at the
Bailey  Island  control station and 3,214 animals at  the  Cow
Island oiled station.  The population ratio, P,  is 7,154/3,214
= 2.2:1 (Table  10).    The  population  ratio  is  a "weighing
factor" to account for  differences  in abundance between the
two  areas.   Whenever  the  recruitment  ratio  exceeds  the
population ratio, more animals than would be expected by sheer
differences in population sizes  were moving on   to  the  bared
areas at the control station than  on to a similar area at the
oiled locations.

Observations on the Rookeries:

The rookeries at  Ram  Island  (herring gulls and a few eider
ducks)  and Outer Green Island (eiders  and  cormorants)   were
visited  on  all three surveys.  Inner Green  Island  (eiders,
cormorants and gulls) was added  on Surveys II and III.   On the
western shore of Ram Island,  oil from the Tamano washed ashore
and collected  on  rocks  and  in   tide pools.  On Outer Green
Island, oily seaweed  drifted onto  the western  shore.  Oil
slicks were prominent on  the water surface in the area of all
three islands during the first week after the spill.

The counts of dead birds on the  islands are given in Table 11.
Oil was seen on some of the carcasses,   but  the  condition of
the majority was too poor to  tell  whether they  were  oiled or
not.  On Ram Island,  the birds'appeared scattered about on the
high bluffs as if pulled apart by  a predator.  In addition  to
the dead  gulls,  twelve  live,  oiled gulls were seen there on
the first survey.   One  live,  oiled  gull  was  found on Ram
Island.  Gulls suffered the heaviest mortality with cormorants
                         89

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                                                    TABLE 10




                                     RECOLONIZATION OF SLOPING ROCK STATIONS


                              (BY ZONES) AND VERTICAL ROCK STATIONS (WHOLE STATION)
                                                  SLOPING ROCK

STATION

IV
III
II
I

COMMUNITY
ZONES

Lichens
Periwinkles
Barnacles
Seaweeds
TOTAL NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS
SURVEY II
(September)
COW ISLAND
(OILED)

21
20
54
102
TOTALS 197
RECRUITMENT RATIO:
(Control: Oiled)
POPULATION RATIO:
(Control: Oiled)
BAILEY ISLAND
(CONTROL)

195
201
341
464
1,201

6.1:1
/
2.2:1
SURVEY III
(November)
COW ISLAND
(OILED)

193
93
229
343
BAILEY ISLAND
(CONTROL)

137
230
337
609
858 1,313

1.5:1

1.1:1
vo
O

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                                                    TABLE 10
                                                  VERTICAL ROCK
STATION

COMMUNITY
ZONES

ALL ZONES
RECRUITMENT RATIO:
(Control: Oiled)
POPULATION RATIO:
(Control: Oiled)
TOTAL NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS
SURVEY II
(September)
COW ISLAND
(OILED)

198
BAILEY ISLAND
(CONTROL)

363
1.8:1
1.6:1
SURVEY III
(November)
COW ISLAND BAILEY ISLAND
(OILED) (CONTROL)

164 575
3.5:1
-^
1.8:1
\o

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                    TABLE 11
NUMBERS OF DEAD BIRDS COUNTED ON ROOKERY  SURVEYS
STATION

Ram Island


Outer Green Island


Inner Green Island

SURVEY

I
II
III
I
II
III
I
III
GULLS

13
150
201
0
9
0
0
22
DUCKS

7
1
11
0
2
0
0
5
CORMORANTS

0
0
0
0
2
28
28
29
                     92

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second.  Heaviest  eider mortality was on the first survey when
the slicks were  on the water.
                         93

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                         SECTION VII
                 DISCUSSION OF FIELD RESULTS
The  thrust of the field study was to determine quantitatively
in  the  presence  of oil in the sediments* water and selected
biota,  in order that  a  determination of  possible  adverse
effects of the oil on the organisms might be made.  This study
was also to assess the effectiveness  of  cleanup  operations.
Deleterious  effects in this study are  limited  to  death  or
removal  of  animals  from  the   affected  area.   During  the
three-and-a-half months of the field investigation, no attempt
could be  made  to determine long-term  effects on reproduction
or other sublethal damage.

Difficulties in Establishing an  Adequate Control:

One  of  the  greatest  difficulties  in oil  pollution  field
studies has come to be the establishment of  a control station
which is  close  enough  to  present  comparable environmental
conditions for  the  ecological  studies, but distant enough to
remain free of  the contaminant.  Observations on the movement
of  oil  on  the  surface  during the first few days after the
spill  (Figure  1) indicated that  Cousins  Island  and  Great
Chebeague,  with  their  narrow   and  shallow  passages,  were
deterring movement to the north  along   the  coast,  while  oil
moving offshore was being carried south, along  the  route  of
the non-tidal drift.

Despite visual sitings  of  the   concentrations  of  oil,  our
chemical analyses indicated substantial movement north to the
Bailey Island area within seven  days of the spill and movement
up  into  Harpswell  Sound (Beals Cove) by  early  September.
There was, however, continued movement  of oil  in  Beals  Cove
causing   the  hydrocarbon  pollutant   to  accumulate  in  the
sediments  over the three surveys, whereas levels of pollutant
in  the Hussey Sound area were declining by the third  survey.
In  a  previous  study  on  Long Island Sound  (VAST, Inc., Oil
Spill, Long  Island  Sound, 1972), it was found that the final
deposition of oil in  the  sediments  did  not  coincide  with
visual sightings of the oil, while it remained on the surface.
Blumer  and  Sass   (1972)  were  forced  to  re-establish  their
control station twice during the first  year  of  work  on the
West Falmouth spill because of the creep of polluted sediments
into areas  previously  unaffected.  In  the  present  study,
during both Surveys  I  and  III, the oil was entrained in the
water column in Hussey  Sound at greater concentrations, 30 ft
deep, than it was found in surface waters.  In an area of such
large tidal ranges  (12 ft) it  is  likely  that  strong  tidal
currents  washed  the  entrained  oil and sediment  northward.


                           94

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                            Crude Oil
                                                       Glams
                                                      Affected
                                                       1953
                                                 '     Bilge Oil
                                           Worms
                                           Eliminated
                                           Chronic Spills
Casco Bay
       1953
      Gasoline
                               FIGURE 53

                 Oil Incidents on the Coast of Maine

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                           TABLE  12


                       KEY TO FIGURE 51


          RECENT OIL SPILLS WHICH HAVE BEEN REPORTED

                             BY

            THE NATURAL RESOURCES COUNCIL OF MAINE
1.  August 9,  1969.    An  estimated   2,100 to 8,400 gallons of
    Bunker-C oil was spilled from a tanker in Portland Harbor.
    Some of the oil  washed ashore on  Little Diamond Island.

2.  December 1, 1953.  An estimated 3,000 to  4,000 gallons of
    gasoline were discharged when a tanker ran aground between
    Orr's and  Bailey Island.

3.  April 24,  1964.   Not less than 100 barrels were spilled by
    a ship at  Birch  Point, Wiscasset.

4.  November 25, 1963.  Twenty to twenty-five barrels of crude
    oil   were  spilled  in  Casco  Bay.   Weather  conditions
    resulted in the  oil being carried eastward to the vicinity
    of Penobscot Bay (H), where a southeast gale  brought  the
    oil ashore  in  the  Friendship-Bristol-Bremen area.  Five
    lobster storage  areas,  stocked   at  a  full  capacity  of
    750,000 pounds,  were contaminated for  varying periods of
    time.

5.  Chronic oil spills at Searsport and Stockton  Springs have
    eliminated  the   worm fishing in  these areas.  Dealers  in
    the  industry claim that oil contamination has reduced the
    survival time of  worms,  thus making them unsuitable for
    market.  The  bait  worm  industry  has an annual value of
    over $1,500,000. and employs 1,200 people.

6.  October, 1953.  Oil from a  boat  at Castine contaminated a
    large area of clam  flats.   As a result of this spill, 81
    fishermen  were   put out of work  for  six  weeks  and  an
    estimated 3,690  bushels of clams  were  lost.
                          96

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There are  records  of crude oil spilled in Portland  Harbor  in
1963 moving north-eastward as far  as  Friendship,  Maine, well
beyond the control area.
In  the vicinity of Portland Harbor,  especially the  anchorages
such  as   Hussey  Sound,  the  continual  spillage   of   small
quantities of oil  and  the  frequency  of larger  accidents  is
high  and  constitutes a  chronic  pollution "problem to the
sediments and associated biota of  the  area (Figure 51,  Table
12).   Just  two weeks after the  Tamano  spill,   the Aquario
spilled  3  to 5 thousand gallons of   No.   6  oil,   plus   some
kerosene in the same general area. In 1971,  66   spills   were
recorded for Casco Bay alone and in 1972 the  Tamano accident
was  the 41st reported incident (Adams, 1972).  Oil  falling  on
rocky  intertidal areas,  in  contrast  to  oil entering the
sediments, receives heavy washing and  weathering.    The  biota
generally have a  shorter  life span  than the  infauna, as well
as protective mechanisms for avoiding short periods of stress
(i.e., sealing their shells).  Thus,  they  would  not serve  as
long-term   reservoirs   for   the oil.    Once the oil   is
incorporated  into  the  sediments,  it will  remain there for
years with  little further degradation (Blumer and Sass,  1972;
Burns and Teal,  1971).   It was, therefore, not surprising  to
find different faunal assemblages between Hussey Sound and the
control  area  with  regard  to  the   mud   flats  and benthic
stations,  while  the rocky intertidal assemblages   were  much
more similar.  Presumably, the infaunal community had already
adjusted  to the chronic level of stress by shifting to  the
more   tolerant  species.   This  implies   that there  is  no
satisfactory control area for studies of spills in chronically
polluted  areas, because presumably  some   shift  has already
taken place in the species composition between the two areas.

Accepting this handicap, it has  been  assumed' for  this study
that since levels of contamination in  the  control   area were
low compared with those of the  Hussey  Sound   area,  and since
the oil moved into the control area  gradually as   opposed to
the massive  coating  of  the  shores  of   Hussey Sound, valid
conclusions may still be drawn as to  the ecological  effects of
the oil in both areas.

Accumulation of Oil in the Sediments:

The oil eventually collected in the sediments at all  the muddy
intertidal  and benthic statioas.  For each area (Hussey  Sound
vs.  Control),  the  intertidal  muds  accumulated   a  greater
concentration of oil  than  the subtidal stations.   Blumer and
Sass (1972) reported the  same relative concentrations for the
West Falmouth area.  Except  for  the  third  survey at Beals
Cove, the concentrations of hydrocarbon in  the sediments  at
                          97

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the control area were far below those in Hussey  Sound.  At the
Hussey  Sound  stations,  the  concentration of  oil  increased
through the second survey which  was  before the beach at Long
Island and the seaweed had been completely cleared.  These may
have  acted  as  sources of further pollution along  with  the
spill of  the  tanker  Aquario.   The  control   area was still
accumulating oil in  November,  three-and-a-half months after
the spill.

Accumulations of Oil in the Biota:

Chromatographic  profiles  and chemical results  showed that in
general,  the Tamano type oil incorporated into  the biota  was
much  more  chemically  degraded  than the residual oil in the
sediments, but that  in  those  species which   retained  oil,
unresolved hydrocarbons, which are considered  the  most toxic
fraction  (Blumer,  1971),  still remained.  Blumer  and  Sass
(1972) also found more intense  biodegradation   of  No.  2 oil
incorporated into the tissues of oysters  and scallops than of
that incorporated  into  sediments,  but  the  toxic fractions
remained high.

The different species  of  animals and plants accumulating the
oil did not incorporate  it  to  the  same  degree.  Among the
animals,  the  clams  collected  the  highest  concentrations.
Their close association with the sediments  has  already  been
discussed in this regard.  Blumer and Sass  (1972)  also found
the oil highly concentrated in populations of the same species
in West Falmouth.  Scarrat and Zitko (1972)  found that whereas
No. 6 oil from the tanker Arrow was readily incorporated  into
the   tissues   of   clams   (Mya),    scallops   (Placopecten
magellanicus) and the ribbed mussel  (Modiolus   modiolus), the
periwinkle  (Littorlna  littorea) apparently passed it through
the  intestine   without  absorption.   The lobster   (Homarus
americanus)  appeared least susceptible to the accumulation of
oil in their tissues.  Lobsters, after the Arrow spill, either
did  not accumulate the Bunker-C oil (No.  6) or successfully
metabolized it (Scarrat and Zitko, 1972),  whereas Blumer et al
(1970) reported severe  mortality  to  shallow   water  lobster
populations from No. 2 fuel oil.

Of the two seaweed species tested,  Fucus   accumulated the oil
to a much greater extent than Ascophyllum.  This  could  have
been due to a number of reasons:  the location of the Fucus In
the  zone  of  heaviest  contamination; the morphology of the
Fucus  strands,  which  are  very flat and leafy, presenting a
greater  surface  volume  ratio   than  the rather  rounded,
digitated fronds of the  Ascophyllum or the lipophyllic nature
of the mucopolysaccharide substances on the fucoids which tend
to absorb and  hold  the  oil  to  a  greater  degree than the
Ascophyllum.
                          98

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Lethal Effects of the Oil:

The complete loss of  benthic  intertidal  infaunal  animals at
the middle and lower tidal  zones  was witnessed by  the  second
survey  when the hydrocarbons in the  sediment   were highest.
The  population  of soft clams at Cow  Island was   much more
scarce than at Beals Cove during all surveys. The only  adults
there  were  found up near the high tide mark,   which  appears
directly related  to  chronic spillage in the area continually
killing off the young clams.  Those which settle near the high
water  level  would be out of reach during many  of the spills.
The Mya cannot completely  close their shells and they readily
incorporated the pollutant into their tissues.   This presents
a  potential  danger,  not  only to human  consumers (Blumer,
1971), but also to shore birds  feeding  on  the flats.  Burns
and   Teal   (1971)  found  high  concentration  of  fuel  oil
hydrocarbon in  herring  gulls  feeding in the vicinity  of the
West  Falmouth  spill   well   after   the oil  spill   there.
Apparently, when the concentration of hydrocarbon decreased to
lower levels, as in Survey  III, the young Mya were  again able
to  settle.   The ultimate survival and  maturation  of  these
young  over  the  winter  stress  conditions  cannot  be  known
without further study.

The  polychaetes  sampled  at  Cow  Island were in very poor
condition  as  were those found during Survey III at the Beals
Cove  station,  practically disintegrating on  screening.    This
could have  been  an  effect  of  the oil.  Crapp et al  (1971)
reported that fishermen found worms exposed to crude oil to be
flaccid and fragile.

It  was  significant  that  the rocky intertidal stations were
comparable in  specied  composition,   except  for the amphipod
populations.  It is  highly  probable  that  either the Tamano
spill or the chronic pollution of the area has caused the loss
of the amphipods.  These crustaceans   have been found  to be
sensitive  indicators of hydrocarbon contamination (Blumer  et
al, 1971; Sanders et al, 1972; Baker,  1971).

During the  preliminary  survey,  we  found significant washing
away  of  fucoid  algae  and  barnacles from  the heavily oiled
zones of  rocky  shoreline  close  to West Beach, Long Island.
Also,  the amount of algae floating in the water of the Hussey
Sound area was  evidence of the weakening of  the holdfasts and
loss  of  algae  from the  rocks.   The  stations  chosen  for
continued monitoring were not In this  area,  because  of  the
amount  of cleanup inspection activity the area was  receiving
and  because  the extreme devastation did not lend  itself  to
monitoring * continuing   effects.     The   stations  which  we
monitored did not  exhibit  differential  population densities
between oiled and unoiled  zones.   They did, however, contain
                         99

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consistently  smaller  populations than the control  stations.
Since the fauna1 assemblages were comparable in the two areas,
it must be assumed that the general environment  of the Hussey
Sound  area  is  poorer (i.e.,  chronic  pollution) or that  the
animals  dropped  away  during   the  first  few days after the
Tamano spill  and, therefore, were already reduced at the time
of  the first survey or a combination of both.  There was some
indication  of  the  dropping  away  during   Survey  I  when
periwinkles were found lying upside down in tidal pools at Cow
Island.   In controlled  experiments,  the  snails,  Littorina
littorea,  _L.  obtusata,  the  whelk, Thais lapillus, and  the
limpet, Patella vulgata, suffered mortalities within six hours
of being  subjected to fresh crude oil, and even the weathered
residue caused smothering, interference with movement and loss
of ability to withstand  wave  action (Crapp, 1971).  Narcosis
has also been reported in snails exposed to oil.

The numbers of dead birds, particularly on  Ram  Island,  were
much higher than would normally be expected.  The low count on
the  first  survey  may  have  resulted from  the  gulls  and
cormorants  being on their nests with the young just hatching,
rather  than  being out on the  water  amid the oil slicks.   By
comparison, the eider ducks, as  water-based  birds,  suffered
their mortalities as a group during Survey I.

Had the spill occurred in winter  or  during migration, effects
on the thousands of waterfowl that collect  in  the Casco Bay
area  could  have been far more serious.  Even  lightly  oiled
birds suffer  from  loss of their natural insulation in winter
and die of  exposure.   Methods  of  rehabilitating oil-soaked
birds  can be expensive  and relatively  ineffective.   Maine
Audobon Society spent $800. to   clean  23  birds  oiled in the
Tamano spill and ten of these  survived.  These survival rates
and  cleanup  costs  were  better  than many   rehabilitation
operations  in  other spills, but the investment per  bird  is
still quite high.

Recruitment and Re-Population:

The results of the re-population studies on rock areas scraped
clean for this study were  inconclusive  (see  Table 10).  The
lichens which returned to cleared areas both  on Hussey Sound
stations  and  control  stations  are  the  first  stages   of
successional  growth on disturbed rock  areas.  The movement of
Littorina into  bared areas indicated the presence also of the
microscopic bluegreen algae on  which  they graze.  The movement
of Thais, a carnivorous dog whelk, onto bared areas may merely
have been from a random  search  for  food.   Furthermore, the
recruitment  ratios  and  the  population  ratios  gave  mixed
results.   These  were  calculated to  determine whether  the
greater  numbers  of  snails moving  onto bared areas  at  the
                           100

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control stations were merely a function of the greater overall
density of  available animals in the control area.  Thus, when
the recruitment ratio was  much  higher  than  the  population
ratio, as at  the  sloping  rock stations during Survey  II, it
meant that recruitment to  the  bared area was much greater at
the control station even taking into  account  the  fact that
greater  numbers  of  animals were available to be  recruited.
But  by  Survey  III, the recruitment difference between oiled
areas and  control areas was about what would be expected from
their relative population  densities.   By the same reasoning,
recruitment to bared areas on vertical rock stations was lower
at the control stations on  Survey  II  than would be expected
from  the  relative  population densities and   higher  at  the
control station on Survey III.

As  a  further  point, all animals repopulating the area were
mobile  adult  members of the community, whereas  the real test
of substrate suitability will  come  with attempted settlement
by the young  of  sessile populations,  such as barnacles, blue
mussels   and   seaweeds.   The  spawning  peaks   for   these
populations will not take place until spring and  early summer,
and thus, at least  one  year  would  be  needed  to assess the
success of recruitment to these areas.

Effectiveness of Cleanup:

Cleanup  was  severely  hampered  by  a   lack   of  marine  and
pollution control equipment in the Portland  area.  Oil trapped
beneath the vessel, oil surfacing outboard  the  booms and oil
entrained in the water column at the  30 ft  depth, as found in
this study, were all situations which were not amenable to our
current  technology  of  treating  oil  on  the  surface.  Oil
entrainment  in  the  water  column has the potential to be  a
significant factor.  Of  special concern are such fractions as
low boiling aromatics, cresols, xenols, napthols,,  quinolines,
pyridines,    and    hydroxybenzoquinolines,   because   these
components are highly toxic (Blumer,  1971) and also soluble in
water.

A serious obstacle to cleanup of shore  areas  was  finding  a
dumpsite for  oiled debris.  This problem resulted in piles of
harvested seaweed and oil-soaked hay left above the tide lines
on the shores.  Stormy  weather  and rain  then leached the oil
back out of the debris  and  down  over  the  shore or carried
clumps of the wrack back out  into  the water for transport to
new areas.  The cropping of the seaweed  itself appeared to be
effective in removing oil from tHe intertidal area  before  it
could leach back out into the water.  The  long—range effect of
cropping  extensive  areas  on  the weed population per se can
only  be  known  if  a  survey  is made   of  the  success  of
resettlement on denuded areas over an annual cycle as compared
                          101

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with the condition and reproductive success  of that which was
left to purge itself naturally.   Of the  seaweeds  which  were
not cut, only the Fucus, which was in the zone heavily covered
by oil,  continued to harbor substantial concentrations of the
pollutant three-and-a-half months  after  the spill.  Even so,
considerable amounts of the oil  had washed away and that which
remained was severely weathered.  Some  of the seaweed strands
beneath the oil were withered and necrotic and thus, the value
of  leaving  the  plant in the environment  was  questionable,
especially since the oil purged  from  its surface  by the waves
would continue to contaminate elsewhere.

The cleanup of West Beach on Long Island by removing the layer
of oil-soaked  sand  was  shown  by our chemical analyses to be
effective in reducing  oil in the surface layers by 98.5Z.  If
this operation had been carried   out  within  several weeks of
the spill, it would  have  still  reduced the oil by 99.96% in
the surface layers and left much less residual  concentrations
for further leaching (1.45 mg rather  than  43.23  mg  per gram
dry wt of sand).  The experimental use of sorbent on the beach
was definitely proved  ineffective.  The  sand  itself  was a
better sorbent than the  materials mixed with it.(  The effect
of harrowing the sorbent into the beach  homogenized the oil
and sand, leaving the beach highly unstable and causing severe
leaching to subtidal areas.  The operation to  purge the rocks
of oil with hot water under pressure  was  a  slow  and  costly
procedure with  probably  litle  value, except aesthetics.  The
immediate  effects  severly   disturbed  the  biota,  but  the
long-term effectiveness will be  determined by re-population in
the spring.
                           102

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                         SECTION VIII
                       REFERENCES CITED
Adams, W. R., Jr., 1972.  Statement to the Hearings of the
    Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries,  U.  S.  House
    of Representatives, Portland, 5 October.

Baker, J. M.  Growth Stimulation Following Oil Pollution,
    The Ecological Effects of Oil Pollution on Littoral
    Communities.E. B. Cowell, ed., pp.  72-77,  Applied
    Science Publishers, Ltd., Barking, Essex,  1971.

Blumer, M., J. Souza, H. Sanders, H. Grassle and F.  G.  Hampson,
    1970.  The West Falmouth Oil Spill.  W.H.O.I.  Ref.  70-44.

Blumer, M. and J. Sass, 1972.  The West Falmouth Oil Spill II.
    Chemistry W.H.O.I. Tech. Rept. 72-19.

Burns, K. A. and J. Teal, 1971.  Hydrocarbon Incorporation
    Into Salt Marsh Ecosystem From the West Falmouth Oil
    Spill, W.H.O.I. Tech. Rept. 71-69.

Crapp, G. B., R.  G. Withers and C. E.  Sullivan.  Investigation
    On Sandy and Muddy Shores, The Ecological  Effects  of Oil
    Pollution on Littoral Communities. E.  B.  Cowell,  ed.,
    p. 216, Applied Science Publishers, Ltd.,  Barking,  Essex,
    1971.

Crapp, G. B.  The Ecological Effects of Stranded Oil,  The
    Ecological Effects of Oil Pollution on Littoral  Communities.
    E. B. Cowel,  ed., pp. 181-186, Applied Science Publishers,
    Ltd., Barking, Essex, 1971.

McCann, R., 1972.  Statement to Hearings  of the  Committee
    On Merchant Marine and Fisheries,  U.  S. House of
    Representatives, Portland, 5 October.

Sanders, H., 1956.  Oceanograpy of Long Island Sound 1952-1954.
    X.  The Biology of Marine Bottom Communities.  Bull. Bing.
    Oceanogr. Coll. 15:  345-414.

Sanders, H., J. F. Grassle and G. R. Hampson,  1972.  The West
    Falmouth Oil Spill, I.  Biology.  W.H.O.I. Tech. Rept.  72-20.
       %
Scarratt, D. J. and V. Zitko, 1972.  Bunker-C  Oil in Sediments
    and Benthic Animals from Shallow Depths in Chedabucko  Bay,
    N. S.  J. Fish Res. Bd. Canada 29: 1347-1350.


                          103

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VAST, Inc., 1972.  Oil Spill, Long Island Sound, March 21, 1972.
    Environmental Effects, Final Report for the Office of
    Water Programs, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
    August, 1972.

Welsh, B. and V. Lee, 1972.  (Unpublished Report).   Inspection
    Of Beach on Long Island in Casco Bay on 6,  7 and 9
    September, 1972.  Prepared for U. S. Environmental Protection
    Agency, Region I, 13 September 1972.
                          104

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                         SECTION IX
                       ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are most grateful to Carl Eidam,  Environmental  Protection
Agency Oceanographer,  Region I,  for guidance  throughout the
study.
                          105

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                           GLOSSARY
        SCIENTIFIC NAME
     COMMON NAME
ALGAE
      Ascophyllum nodosum
      Fucus spiralis
      Fucus vesiculosus
ARTHROPODA
      Balanus balanoldes
      Homarus americanus
ECHINODERMATA
      Asterlas forbesi
      Echinarachnius
MOLLUSCA
      Acmaea testudinalis
      Admente couthouyi
      Cerastoderma pinnulatum
      Crenella faba
      Cumlnga tellinoides
      CT&IDD&SI £GnnDH.
      Littorlna obtusata
      Littorina saxtilis
      Mercenarla mercenaria
      Mya arenaria
      Mytilus edulls
      Nassarius obsoletus
      Nassarius trlvittatus
      Nucula proxima
      Periploma leanum
      Periploma papyratlum
      Pitar morrhuana
      Retusa canaliculata
      Yoldia limatula
Knotted Wrack
Spiral Rockweed
Rockweed
Rock Barnacle
American Lobster
Common Eastern Starfish
Atlantic Sand Dollar
Atlantic Plate Limpet
Common Northern Admete
Northern Dwarf Cockle
Faba Crenella
Tellin Like Cumingia
Nut Clam
Northern Yellow Periwinkle
Northern Rough Periwinkle
Hard-Shell Clam
Soft-Shell Clam
Common Blue Mussel
Eastern Mud Nassa
New England Nassa
Atlantic Nut Clam
Lea's Spoon Clam
Paper Spoon Clam
Morrhua Venus
Channeled Barrel-Bubble
File Yoldia
                            106

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         SECTION X




        APPENDIX A









    INSPECTION OF BEACH




ON SEPT. 6,  7 and 9,  1972
            107

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       INSPECTION OF BEACH ON LONG ISLAND IN CASCO BAY

                              ON

                  SEPTEMBER 6, 7 and 9,  1972
On  September  6,  1972, VAST,  Inc.,  responded to a request by
EPA to  evaluate  the  present   condition  of the beach on the
southern  end  of the NW shore  of Long Island in Casco Bay and
to advise (1) whether  the  beach  should  be  cleaned up, (2)
whether such cleanup should be  undertaken immediately, and (3)
whether  the method of on-site  cleaning proposed by  Altenberg
and  Kirk  provided  a feasible alternative to the  method  of
removal proposed  by  the  Coast Guard, as advised by the EPA.
We were further  asked to comment upon the cleaning operations
underway in the rocky  area  immediately  north  of  the beach
site.
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               CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
                          THE BEACH
1.  The oil-soaked  beach  at Long  Island presents a potential
    hazard through:
        a.  The leaching of  oil and oiled adsorbent
            to the water column for transport to
            new areas,  including black duck, eider,
            cormorant,  osprey and gull feeding
            grounds,  intertidal mussel and clam beds.

        b.  The erosion of oil-soaked sands to the
            benthic communities directly offshore
            and subsequent transport to new areas.
            Of special  concern  here are
            (1) contamination of lobsters with
            sublethal doses  of  substances
            potentially harmful to consumers, but
            undetectable by  smell or taste,
            (2) entry and concentration of
            substances  into  the aquatic food web,
            and (3) degradation of the substrate as
            a settling  area  for new larvae and
            lethal to young  stages.
2.  This hazard is  enhanced by:
        a.   Seasonal effects.  Erosional
            conditions  typically set in with
            fall and winter stormy weather.

        b.   Attempts at cleaning.  The areas
            disturbed by cleaning are softer,
            their normal sorting pattern is
            upset and they are more vulnerable
            to erosion. Increased leaching
            from this disturbed area is
            already apparent.
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3.  We recommend that removal of the oil-soaked portion of the
    sand be carried out  as   soon as possible for the following
    reasons:
        a.  The sooner the removal takes
            place,  the smaller the amount
            of sand that will have to be
            removed, since (1) leaching
            deeper  to new  uncontaminated
            levels  will continue to
            increase the depth to which
            the sand must  be removed, and
            (2) the erosion  of uncontaminated
            sand from above  the tide line
            is adding material over the top
            which is additional yardage to
            be removed along with the old
            sand.

        b.  The .fall season  has already begun
            and the weather  conditions can be
            expected to deteriorate causing
            (1) increased  erosion over the
            next six to eight months, and
            (2) deteriorating working
            conditions for the removal
            operations.

        c.  The onset of winter will bring
            (1) flocking of  shore birds to
            the inshore areas and their
            increased vulnerability to oil,
            because of low temperatures, and
            (2) additidnal temperature
            stress  conditions to marine
            populations with increased
            vulnerability  to the additional
            stress  of oil  pollution.
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                          THE ROCKS
1.  The   lipophyllic   nature   of   the   mucopolysaccharide
    substances in the fucoid  algae  apparently enhances their
    absorption of oil, which  is then leached back to the water
    column.

2.  It  is recommended that these algae be completely  removed
    in  heavily  soaked   areas  and  cut  back  in  moderately
    contaminated areas,  leaving the holdfasts for regrowth.

3.  It is recommended that  the  harvested algae be completely
    removed from the area, rather than left £n piles above the
    tide line where leaching  will continue  in  rainy  weather
    and storms will wash it back into the water.

4.  It is recommended that the seawater cleaning operations on
    the rocks  be  discontinued,  because (1) it is costly and
    not very effective  in  cleaning  the  rocks,  (2)  it  is
    causing oil to be washed  down over uncontaminated portions
    of  the  rocky  shore community,  and  (3)  it  is  highly
    probable  that  winter  storms  and  ice   scouring   will
    effectively  cleanse the rocks for re-population in  the
    spring.
                           Ill

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                         OBSERVATIONS
The beach site was visited on the afternoon  of  September 6,
1972, by  Wadsworth  Owen,  Barbara  Welsh and Virginia Lee of
VAST, Inc., accompanying  the  EPA representatives.   About a
dozen persons were shoveling  oil and  sand  into large drums
from heavily paved surface areas.  One  of the workers stated
that she had been involved with  beach cleaning operations for
about  six weeks.  Earlier in the week,  adsorbent  was  raked
into the sand to a depth of 4  to 6  inches over a patch area
and  raked  out again after the tide covered the  area,  thus,
floating  the  adsorbent to the surface where it was retrieved
with shovels and deposited in oil drums.  This worker observed
that  the  beach  appeared  cleaner   immediately   after  the
operation, but by  the next day, it was oily again, presumably
from bleed from underlying sand  and adjacent areas.  She felt
that hand raking did not penetrate deeply enough.

The surface of the beach consisted of  large areas of pavement
interspersed  with  areas  of  relatively  clean  sand.   This
constrasted  with  observations   by   the   VAST  field  team
immediately after the spill when the entire beach was paved to
a depth 10 cm from  the upper tide line to low water.  Digging
beneath the cleaner surface areas disclosed a distinct band of
heavily oiled sand from 2 to 4 inches wide and lying from 2 to
4  inches  beneath the cleaner surface area.  The  band  edges
were sharply defined and clear sand was encountered below  it.
In areas where a pavement existed at the surface, we  observed
a  band  of  clean  sand  beneath the pavement, then a fairly
distinct band of oiled sand before encountering the clean sand
again at depth.   It  appears  that  the clean sand has eroded
from  uncontaminated  sand or leaching of  oil  from  adjacent
areas to repave the surface.   We estimate  that the depth of
contamination of the beach varies from 2 to 8 inches.  In the
area where raking had been attempted, the sand was homogenized
from the surface to approximately 6 inches, consisting of oil,
sand and the perlite adsorbent.

We inspected an uncontaminated beach  of  about the same grain
size and NW exposure on Peaks  Island.   There we found clumps
of   living   mussels,   starfish, aggregations  of  gammarid
amphipods beneath larger rocks, many Nereis virens and  a  red
worm  probably  the  oligochaete  Clytella.  There was a large
amount  of clean Fucus wrack along the tide line colonized  by
amphipods.  Some caution  must  be exercised in comparing this
beach with that  on  Long  Island.  This  beach  is  probably
normally  a  more stable  beach  than  that  of  Long  Island,
resulting from its position out of the main currents of Hussey
Sound.  Thus, under normal conditions, there  is most likely a
                          112

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sparser fauna at Long Island.

On September 7,  1972,  five  members  of   the VAST field team
visited the beach on  Long  Island with representatives of the
EPA to observe further experimentation with the cleanup method
of Altenberg and Kirk.  Three types  of adsorbent were harrowed
into  a  stretch of beach about 40  ft  by  200  ft  at  about
mid-tide level.  When the tide rose  to cover  the  stretch, it
was  harrowed  again with 12-inch discs and a team  of  horses
just below the tide line.  During this phase of the operation,
a  boom  was  deployed  out-board of  the  area to retain the
oil-soaked adsorbent and  any  oil  which came to the surface.
The used adsorbent was then  shoveled  into barrels.  Seawater
from a pressure  hose was used along the tidal edge to prevent
resettlement of the oil.

During the retrieval portion of the  operation, two  divers ran
transects of  underwater  observations  from  outside the boom
into water about  25  ft  deep.   They observed that the beach
sloped off fairly regularly  with low  ripple  zones  1  to 2
inches high.  It was coarse sand and cobble until it reached a
drop-off of about 1 ft.  The  drop  was about 150 ft from the
upper edge of the beach area and  about 50 ft offshore during
the harrowing, but only 5 ft below the  tide line, as measured
later in the day.  The area inshore  of the  drop was completely
oil-coated.   Small  dark  flecks or blobs  of oil were visible
all  over the surface.  Beyond the drop was an area of  larger
rocks interspersed with fine sand, so  that  the basic substrate
was considerably finer grained  than the area before the drop.
Little algae were growing in this swatch, which extended about
20 ft beyond the  drop-off to a zone of eel-grass.  Beyond the
eel-grass zone was Laminaria.   The zones outside the  drop-off
appeared free of oil.

There was much  silt  in  the  water  column,  especially just
outside  the  boom  operation.    A  southward  moving  current
appeared to be keeping the  material  in suspension.    At one
point, pieces of foam adsorbent between 0.75 and 1.5 inches in
diameter  were  seen in the water column  at "various  depths,
carried out under and beyond the boom.

In  the  fine sand beyond the drop-off, many very small  (less
than  1  mm) Littorina peppered the bottom, perhaps as many as
100 in a  four-inch  square.   There  were  many crabs (Cancer
irroratus), estimated at a  density  of  about  one  per meter
squared;   also   two   species  of  starfish,   sea   scallops
(Placopecten magellanicus)  and hermit  crabs  (Pagarus).   The
starfish  were  estimated  at about the same  density  as  the
crabs,  with  scallops and hermit crabs perhaps only one-third
as dense.   There  were  many* horse mussel shells seen, but no
                          113

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live mussels.   Five young  flounder  were observed between the
grass beds and the drop  and one was seen over the oiled area.
There were many snails of the  genus Thais around the kelp and
on the rocks.   Aufwuchs on the Zostera  comprised  worm  tubes
and  Littorina.   Littorina were also on the kelp.   Burrowing
worms  were  evident  from  their  tubes and castings in  areas
between the rocks.  During this dive, a sample of the sediment
was taken  of  oily  sand  above   the drop-off, another sample
beyond it and a water sample was taken just beyond the boom.

Wading observations beyond the boomed area  during the cleanup
phase showed the water surface peppered with small, dark blobs
of oil and some adsorbent.  When the  substrate was disturbed,
oil  blobs  and  adsorbent  bubbled  to the surface  from  the
harrowed portion.   When  an  area which had not been harrowed
was disturbed, some oil did bubble to the surface, but in very
much smaller amounts.

The beach was again observed over  the harrowed portion on the
next low tide.  The oil was more   apparent  at  the surface of
the experimental plot than it was  in undisturbed areas.  Again
the  process  had resulted in homogenization of sand, oil  and
adsorbent  to  a depth of 20 cm and the bearing  strength  had
decreased  to  a  point  where it was difficult to walk over.
Samples of sand at depths of 0 to  10 cm, 10 to 20 cm and 20 to
30 cm were taken  for  hydrocarbon analysis  from  within the
harrowed area and in an  undisturbed  area.   Samples  of  the
homogenized portion were collected for analysis of  the amount
of adsorbent remaining in the sand.  The  natural  sorting  of
the beach was completely disturbed with apparent loss  of fine
sand at the surface.

There  were  areas  of   perlite   adsorbent   scattered  over
approximately the upper third of   the intertidal zone and also
areas  of  green  foam.   The adsorbents  used  were  silicone
treated   perlite   made,   by  Whitmore  Products,  Inc.,   of
Roslindale, Massachusetts, and Insulfoam,  Urethane  masonary
fill  insulation  made  by  Foam   Products  Plastics Corp., in
Haverhill, Massachusetts.  The perlite  still  appeared  white
after  use.   The  foam, when mixed with the sand, appeared to
adsorb little oil.  When seen floating on the water inside the
boom, some of the pieces did pick  up a large amount of oil.

Our conclusions were that the method  released  oil  from  the
sediments, but the bulk of  the oil remained in the sand.  It
would  appear  that  the sand is differentially more adsorbent
than the foam and that little direct exchange took place.  The
bulk of oil adsorbed within the boomed area was probably taken
up after its release to the water.
                           114

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The disturbance of the sand resulted in  a  much  less  stable
substrate,  which  is  very  likely  to increase the  rate  of
migration  of  contaminant   to  the  clean  areas  beyond  the
drop-off.   The worked area appears to be much more vulnerable
to  leaching from rain, as  well as tidal action increasing the
danger.  The homogenization of  the  upper layer has increased
the depth  of sand which must be removed to cleanse the beach.
It has also entrapped adsorbent particles  which will continue
to  pop  out  and float away with  subsequent  tidal  cycles,
spreading contamination.  Any natural  stability  which  might
have been achieved to isolate the oil,  such  as sun-baking at
the surface  and covering with clean sand was destroyed by the
harrowing, so that erosion  and increased bleeding to the water
column  seems  inevitable.   In  the  water  off  the  harrowed
portion, there was a distinguishable  area of greater leaching
observed on September 9, 1972, two days aften the trial.
                          115

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                       ROCKY SHORE ZONE
The rocky  shore  zone  on  Long  Island  was being cleaned by
pressurized seawater at 170°F.   The  saturated  Fucus had been
removed  from  the  rocks  before the  pressurized  water  was
applied.  The method appeared to  take  a  large amount of oil
off in the immediate vicinity of the  workers.   Other  areas,
declared  already  finished,  did not  appear improved to any
great extent.   Some  cleaning  was carried out when the tidal
level was below the contaminated zone, causing the oil to pass
over  this  zone, which  indicated poor  supervision  of  the
project.

The area outside the cleaning operation was  inspected  by one
of  our divers.  There were lots of bottles  and  small  rocks
over  a  silt  bottom with some gravel.  There were  eel-grass
(Zostera) and kelp (T-amlnaria)  beds offshore which were not as
dense  as  those off the beach.  This could have resulted from
the greater  boating  traffic in the area, which is just south
of the  public  landing.   The area was inspected to the 25 ft
depth.   There  was  no  shelf  formation.    There  was  much
suspended matter in the water,   but  no  visible  oil  on  the
bottom.   The   suspended  material  was  small,  white  flaky
particles, much like the floe observed below the oil in the F.
L. Hayes  spill  in  Long  Island Sound  near the Connecticut
shore.

The fauna were generally more  diverse  and more abundant than
that  observed  off  the beach.  Hermit  crabs  (Pagarus)  and
starfish were most abundant at an estimated  density  of three
per square meter.  The crab Cancer and the  sea  scallops were
estimated  at one per meter squared.  Empty urchin casts  were
found,  but  no  live  urchins  were seen.  Leather worms were
apparent from  their  burrows  and mucus traps at an estimated
density of one worm every three meters squared.  Littorina and
Thais were also present.

It was the opinion  of  our  divers  that this section was not
being  contaminated  by the rock cleaning operation.  We  feel
that the rock cleaning is not very effective  relative to its
expense.  It  appears  that stripping the rocks of the heavily
contaminated seaweeds does help prevent heavy leaching.  We do
not know whether stripping  accelerates the return to a normal
condition.  We are attempting to  determine  this at our rocky
shore station under our task force contract to EPA.
                          116

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                  APPENDIX B









       EVALUATION OF CLEANUP OPERATIONS




                      and




ANALYSIS OF THE LONGER-TERM BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS
                     117

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                          ABSTRACT
     This report presents the results of a ten-day survey of both the
intertidal rocky zones and beaches in Casco Bay conducted by TRC - THE
RESEARCH CORPORATION Of New England in August of 1973.   The purpose of
the survey was to assess the effectiveness of beach and rock cleanup
operations and the longer-term biological effects one year after the
TAMANO oil spill, which occurred in July of 1972.

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                        TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                                PAGE

CONCLUSIONS                                                       1

RECOMMENDATIONS                                                   2

INTRODUCTION                                                      3

METHODS                                                           4

     Field Methods                                                6

     Laboratory Methods                                           7

RESULTS                                                           8

     Recovery and General Condition of Intertidal Populations     8

          I Uncleaned Rocks                                       8

               Sloping Rock Stations - General Observations       8

               Sloping Rock Stations - Discussion of Results      9

               Vertical Rock Stations - General Observations     19

               Vertical Rock Stations - Discussion of Results    25
                                   •
         II Recolonization Studies                               26

               Vertical Rock Stations                            27

               Sloping Rock Stations                             31

     Effectiveness of Clean-up Procedures                        31

          I Rock Cleaning With Pressurized Hot Water             38

         II Effects of Seaweed Cropping on Cow Island            38

        III Effectiveness of Beach Sand Removal                  39

     Effects of Tamano Spill on Soft Shell Clam Populations      44

REFERENCES CITED                                                 49
                               ii

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                             FIGURES

                                                              Page
 1     Casco Bay (Location of Accident; The Tamano at
       Anchor (II)                                             5

 2     Upper Tidal Zone at Cow Island - Up to 70% of
       Barnacles Dead                                         13

 3     Lower Tidal Zone at Bailey Island Sloping Rock
       Showing Dog Whelks Grazing on Barnacles                14

 4     Upper Tidal Zone at Bailey Island Sloping Rock
       Shoving Dense Fucus                                    15

 5     Cow Island - Brown Algae Zone                          16

 6     Bailey Island - Brown Algae Zone                       17

 7     Long Island - Upper Rocks Adjacent to Sampling
       Station                                                21

 8     Long Island - Cleared Strip (Center) Showing
       This Year's Barnacle Set                               22

 9     Bailey Island Vertical Rock - Mid and Lower Tidal
       Zones                                                  23

10     Long Island Cleared Strip, Right Side - Uncleared
       Strip, Left Side                                       24

11     Bailey Island Cleared Strip, Right Third of
       Picture                                                30
                                                     i
12     Cow Island Cleared Strip, Lower Mid Zone               34

13     Long Island - Pressurized Hot Water Cleaned Rocks
       in Lower Tidal Zone                                    35

14     Long Island - Pressurized Hot Water Cleaned Rocks
       in Uppe.r Tidal Zone                                    36

15     Cow Island - Point Where Seaweed Was Cropped           40

16     Cow Island - Cropped Ascophyllum                       41

                                iii

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17     Long Island - Cleaned Beach                              45

18     Mya arenaria — Intertldal Clam Flats
       Size/Frequency Distribution (Survey III,
       November 1972)                                           46

19     Mya arenaria — Intertidal Clam Flats
       Size/Frequency Distribution (Survey IV,
       August 19.73)                                             47
                                iv

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                              TABLES

                                                              Page
 1      Total Number of Species at Intertidal Rock
        Stations                                               10

 2      Number of Organisms at the Sloping Rock Stations
        Per 0.01 m2                                            11

 3      Wet Weight in Grams of Algae in Control and
        Oiled Stations per 100 cm2                             12
                                      o
 4      Number of Organisms per 0.01 m                         20

 5      Total Numbers and Rank Order of Dominant Species       28

 6      Recolonization of Cleared Strips of Intertidal
        Rock Stations                                          29

 7      Cleared Strips at Intertidal Rock Stations
        (Vertical Rock Stations)                               32

 8      Cleared Strips at Intertidal Rock Stations
        (Sloping Rock Stations)                                33

 9      Long Island Rocks - Cleaned by Hot Water
        Numbers of Organisms per 0.01 m2                       37

10      Areas of Cropped Algae - Cow Island  «
        Total Numbers of Organisms per 0.01 m                  42

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                         CONCLUSIONS
     With respect to the four major objectives of the study reported
herein, the following conclusions can be supported:
     (1)  One year and one reproductive cycle after the
          TAMANO oil spill, young of the dominant inter-
          tidal species have recolonized the uncleaned
          rocks of Casco Bay.  However, the total species
          diversity and abundance at the oiled stations
          are still lower than at the control stations.

     (2)  Cleaning of oiled rocks of the lower tidal zone
          by means of pressurized hot water
          appears to aid the survival of organisms.

     (3)  Seaweed cropping to prevent re-introduction of
          oil into the water column has a deleterious
          effect on its re-growth as opposed to natural
          recovery of the seaweed.

     (4)  Beach Cleaning — The beach removal procedures
          used at Casco Bay after the TAMANO spill did
          remove a large portion of the oil, and it did
          not adversely alter the physical characteristics
          of the beach at Long Island.

     (5)  Although some clams survived one year following
          oil contamination, the clam flats on Cow Island
          are still disturbed.

     (6)  Reduction of diversity of amphipods at the
          control station during this survey, with a
          simultaneous re-occurrence of some amphipods
          at the oiled stations, may reflect some oil
          encroachment into the control areas.

     (7)  The absence of amphipods at the oiled stations
          in the first three surveys and then a reduction
          at the control areas during this survey suggest
          that these animals are highly sensitive
          indicators of oil pollution.

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                  RECOMMENDATIONS
(1)   Ranges of temperature and pressure should be
     determined to increase the effectiveness  of
     rock washing in the upper tidal zone.

(2)   Beach removal procedures  used at Casco Bay
     were effective and should continue to  be
     used in similar situations.

(3)   The feasibility of establishing indicator
     organisms should be investigated.   Basic
     knowledge of their behavior,  physiology
     and ecology will improve  biological assess-
     ment of an oil spill.

(4)   Rigorous extraction methods,  such as Soxhlet
     extraction, should be incorporated into the
     analytical procedures when sediments are
     analyzed for oil content.

(5)   Cropping seaweed to prevent re-introduction
     of oil into the water column  should be
     initiated only after careful  consideration
     of the environmental priorities.

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                        INTRODUCTION

                                 £>
     In July 1972, the tanker TAMANO struck Soldiers Ledge in Casco
Bay, Maine, tearing a hole in one of her tanks and spilling a reported
100,000 gallons of Number 6 Fuel Oil of the low pour variety.  Short-
term biological effects of the spilled oil were studied by VAST, Inc. ,
under contract to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), during
three field surveys in July, September, and November of 1972.

     The EPA decided to determine the effectiveness of beach and rock
cleaning operations.  An additional objective was to investigate longer-
term biological effects of the oil spill in Casco Bay.  Accordingly,
TRC — THE RESEARCH CORPORATION Of New England, a subsidiary of VAST,
Inc. , was commissioned by the EPA to conduct an additional survey during
August, 1973, for these purposes.

     This report presents the results of a ten-day survey conducted at
some of the same stations in Casco Bay used in the three earlier
surveys.  The same sampling and analytical methods used in the previous
surveys were used again to provide comparative data.

     The specific objectives of the study were:

          1.  To determine the recovery and general
              health of the intertidal population
              affected by the TAMANO spill after
              one year and one reproductive cycle,
              i.e., the longer-term impact.

          2.  To determine the effectiveness of the
              rock cleaning operations conducted
              immediately following the spill.

          3.  To determine the long-term effective-
              ness of beach cleanup procedures
              employed just after the spill.

          4.  To determine if the absence of clams
              and amphipods noted previously at the
              stations impacted by the spilled oil
              can be attributed to the TAMANO spill.

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                           METHODS
     The following experimental design was used in this re-survey to
attain the program objectives:
     (1)  The oiled stations and control (unoiled)
          stations used in the three earlier surveys
          were again evaluated and compared with
          respect to diversity and density of
          organisms, including both plant and animal
          communities.  Station locations are shown
          in Figure 1.  As shown, the oily stations
          are in the southwest portion of Casco Bay,
          whereas the control stations are toward the
          northeastern portion of the Bay.  The
          purpose of this comparison for this current
          survey was to determine whether or not
          variations found in cleaned areas of rocks,
          beaches or in cropped algae zones could be
          attributed to natural seasonal variations
          or to the effects of cleaning.  Longer-term
          effects of the oil spill on the intertidal
          ecosystems in Casco Bay were also ascertained
          by this technique.

     (2)  Diversity and density of organisms between
          cleaned and uncleaned areas both within and
          between oiled and control stations were
          studied to establish the effectiveness of
          cleaning operations on re-settlement.  The
          sample areas were further subdivided into
          vertical rock stations and sloping rock
          stations because while these areas have
          similar species, the areal distribution of
          plants and animals is different and they
          are also subject to different physical
          forces within the environment.

     (3)  Intertidal sampling stations were divided
          into two zones:  (a) the upper tidal zone,
          which visually had been most heavily
          impacted by the spilled oil, and (b) the
          lower tidal zone, which had also been
          impacted by oil but apparently to a lesser
          degree.
                             4

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                                FIGURE 1

                                CASCO BAY
location of  the Accident (I).  The Tamano at Anchor  (II),
0123
 NAUTICA1 MILES
                                          C
                                          D

                                    E, F, G
                                          H

                                          I

                                          K

                                          W
                                          X
           LEGEND

Sloping Rock, Cow Island
Intertidal Mud, Cow Island, Clam
     Flats
Vertical Rock, Long Island
Benthic Sampling Station, Long
     Island
Rockeries
Vertical Rock, Bailey Island
     (Control)
Sloping Rock, Bailey Island
     .(Control)
Clam Flat, Beals Cove, Orrs
     Island  (Control)
Mid-Bay Water
West Beach

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     (4)   Effectiveness of beach removal operations
          was evaluated by visual inspection of
          cleaned beach with respect to the apparent
          physical condition of the beach.   Sediment
          samples were collected from three depths
          at a cleared beach and analyzed for oil
          content.  Other samples were collected from
          & non-cleared area of the same beach.

     (5)   Longer-term effects of the oil spill on
          intertidal soft-shell clam populations
          were evaluated by determining the length
          frequency distribution of the clams during
          this survey, and comparing the results with
          the results obtained during Survey III
          (November, 1972).
Field Methods:
     a.  Intertidal Rocky Stations - On each intertidal rock station,
on Cow Island (A) and Bailey Island (I) [See Figure l], counts of the
organisms were made using 10 x 10 cm grids, three on the lower tidal
zone and three on the upper tidal zone.  After counting, the organisms
within each grid were scraped from the rock and taken to the laboratory
for closer inspection and identification.  Strips that had been cleared
at each station during the July 1972, survey were sampled similarly.

     b.  Beaches - Beach sands were collected in clean glass bottles
from two depths at three different stations on West Beach, Long Island
(X).  All these samples were taken from the lower mid-beach; two were
taken within the area where oily sand was removed and one taken outside
of this area.  These were returned to TRC for analysis of oil content.
In addition, samples were taken at three depths:  0-10 cm, 20 - 30 cm,
and 30 - 40 cm at one station in the area that had been cleaned.

     c.  Clam Flats - Intertidal clam flats at Cow Island (B) were
sampled by collecting three sediment samples, 25 x 30 x 35 cm volume
each.  Three similar samples were collected at the control station at
Beals Cove, Orr Island (R).  The samples were sifted through 1 mm mesh
screens.  The soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria, was separated out, counted
and measured along the hinge line.
                             6

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Laboratory Methods;
     Biological samples were frozen upon returning from the field to
prevent decay.  Each grid sample was sorted and speciated under a
dissecting microscope.  Numbers of species and numbers of individuals
of each species were enumerated for each of the intertidal rock
stations.  Wet weight of seaweed (macroalgae) was measured for Fucus
or Ascophyllum collected in the grid samples.

     Beach sediments were extracted at our operating base in Casco Bay
immediately upon return from the field.  Twenty-five ml of carbon tetra-
chloride were added to approximately 100 grams wet weight of sediment
and stirred for one minute with a glass rod.  The CC1, and extracted oil
was decanted into a 100 ml volumetric flask and the washing process
repeated with three more 25 ml CC1, extractions.  The extractions were
taken to TRC's Chemistry Laboratory for infrared analysis.

     Upon receipt of these extracts in our Chemistry Laboratory, they
were passed through one-inch of anhydrous sodium sulfate to remove
traces of water.  The sodium sulfate was then flushed with carbon tetra-
chloride to wash all the oil through.  The extracts were then placed in
100 ml volumetric flasks and diluted to volume with Spectrograde carbon
tetrachloride.  A solvent blank was carried through the same field
extraction and laboratory procedure as the samples.  A portion of each
extract was then scanned in the range of 4000 cm"1 to 2400 cm'1 on a
Perkin-Elmer Model 727 Infrared Spectrophotometer with spectrograde
carbon tetrachloride in the reference beam.  The cells employed were
standard matched silica cells and, depending on the concentration of
oil in the sample, the pathlength used was either 1 cm or 5 cm.

     In order to quantify results, a sample of the Number 6 Fuel Oil
obtained from the TAMANO was weighed and diluted to volume with
Spectrograde carbon tetrachloride.  From this stock solution, a series
of standards were prepared.  The absorbance values, from these standards
were used to prepare a- calibration curve.  The concentration of oil in
the samples was then read from this curve.

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                           RESULTS


  RECOVERY AND GENERAL CONDITION OF INTERTIDAL POPULATIONS


                      I Uncleaned Rocks
     As Indicated previously, investigations of species diversity and
population density were carried out in oiled and control stations on
both vertical and sloping rocks in the intertidal zone.  The results
and discussion for vertical and sloping rocks are presented separately
below.

Sloping Rock Stations - General Observations
     A substantial difference in species diversity and abundance is
found between the oiled (Cow Island) and control (Bailey Island)
sloping rock stations.  Table 1 shows that nearly twice as many species
are present at the control as at the oiled station; twenty species are
present at Bailey Island, as opposed to twelve at Cow Island.  It is in
the lower tidal zone (see Table 2).  Some of those species absent at
Cow Island are crustaceans — two species of mites (Halacaridae),
copepods and an unidentified crustacean larva.  One species of amphipod,
Hyale prevostii, is present at Cow Island but at a very low density
compared to Bailey Island.  Total numbers of barnacles (Balanus
balanoides) are comparable for both stations, although densities by
zone differ between stations.

     Roundworms (Nematoda) and flatworms (Platyhelmintb.es) present at
Bailey Island are not found at Cow Island.  Although a polychaetous
species (an annelid worm) living in association with Balanus balanoides
is present at both control and oiled stations, the density is lower at
the oiled station.

     Three species of periwinkles (Littorina) are among the dominant
organisms at both Bailey and Cow Island but vary in their proportional
numbers at these stations.  Littorina littorea is sparsely represented
at both stations, although in somewhat denser numbers at Cow Island.
Littorina obtusata is more abundant at the control than at the oiled
station.  Littorina saxatilis, however, is considerably more abundant
at Cow Island.  This is true also for Skenea planorbis, another gastro-
pod, and for an isopod which is about twice as abundant at the oiled
station.                           ,
                             8

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     Dog whelks are more abundant at Bailey Island than at Cow Island,
with no egg cases of the species being present at the oiled station.
Mussels present at Bailey Island outnumber those at Cow Island.  A
moderately abundant hydroid found on the rocks and macroalgae at
Bailey Island is absent at Cow Island.

     Table 3 shows comparable wet weights for macroalgae taken from
the randomly selected sloping rock stations on Cow Island and Bailey
Island.  However, the visual observations indicate that the algal
growth on both islands is more luxuriant than suggested by the table.

Sloping Rock Stations - Discussion of Results
     Laboratory analyses reveal that the dominant species at Cow Island
have not recovered from the impact of the oil spill.  At the oiled and
control stations, barnacles and blue mussels (Mytilus) have exchanged
ranks since Survey III to first and second place, respectively.  The
control station has about twice as many barnacles in the upper tidal
zone as in the lower tidal zone, whereas at the oiled station, the
converse is true.  Furthermore, mortality of barnacles in the upper
tidal zone at Cow Island is more than twice as great as mortality in
the comparable zone at Bailey Island.  This is supported by field
observations.  Figure 2 shows one representative area of the upper
littoral zone at the oiled station where up to seventy per cent of the
barnacles are dead.  This includes some mortality of this years set
which died after settling on the oily rocks.  In contrast, barnacles
are abundant and healthy on the upper rock of the control station.  On
the lower rock of this control station, barnacle mortality is approxi-
mately twice as great as that on the lower rock at Cow Island.  This
difference can most probably be attributed to grazing by the dog whelks
(Thais lapillus) , which is abundant in this zone at the control station.
Clusters of this organism grazing on barnacles can be seen in Figure 3.
At Cow Island, numbers of this gastropod were much reduced.  This may
account for lower barnacle mortality in the lower tidal zone at Cow
Island.

     Recolonization of the rocks by rockweed (Fucus) is beginning,
although slowly.  Fronds of this macroalgae are approximately 2 - 3 cm
in length and very sparsely scattered in most of the upper tidal zone.
Settlement appears to occur in those crevices and areas where silt has
accumulated.  It is interesting that removal of the top layers of this
sediment often reveals a mixture of unweathered oil and older sediment
deposits.  In the upper tidal zone of Cow Island (Figure 2), Fucus is
sparse compared to the Fucus of the same zone at Bailey Island
(Figure 4).  In contrast, knotted wrack (Ascophyllum) and Fucua are as
dense in the lower tidal zone at Cow Island (Figure 5) as those algae

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                                            TABLE  1
                     TOTAL NUMBER OF SPECIES AT  INTERTIDAL ROCK  STATIONS
                   Sloping Rock Stations
                                      Vertical Rock Stations
Cow Island
 (oiled)

Bailey Island
  (control)

Cow Island
Cleaned Strip
  (oiled)

Bailey Island
Cleaned Strip
  (control)
 12
.20
 14
 10
Long Island
  (oiled)

Bailey Island
  (control)

Long Island
Cleaned Strip
  (oiled)

Bailey Island
Cleaned Strip
  (control)
10
13
 8

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                                  TAJIK »
      NUMBER OF ORGANISMS AT THE SLOPING  ROCK STATIONS PER 0
                                                           .01 M2
Speciea
ANNELIDA
'Polychaeta coonenaal
with Balaaua
ARTHROPODA
Ajgphipod Type A
Hyale prevoatti (Type B)
Mutilated amphipoda
Anurlda •aritlma
Balanua balanoidea
Cope po da
Crustacean larva
Balacarldae - red
laopoda Type A
MOLLUSCA
Llttorlna littorea
Llttorlna obtusata
Llttorlna aaxatllla
Mytilua edulla
Mytilua spat*
Skenea planorbia
Tellina agllle
Thaia egg caaea
Thais laplllus
REMATODA
PLATYHELMINTHES
TOTAL FAUNAL NUMBERS
Bailey laland (Control)
Survey III






743






995
138
879
.21


8


2784
Lower Rock

US

1
39
3
27
157
2
2
1
2

2
216
3
293
1
2
18
12
39
2
919
Upper Rock



5
92

14
334



2


50

34


5
1


532
Cow laland (Oiled)
Survey III






777





1
405
223
912
164





2482
Lower Rock






302





1
2
9
17
aparae
U


1


343
Upper Rock

23

4

2
153



8

8
39
11
32 ,
•oderate






280
Value* taken from Caaco Bay  I report.
Hot Included la total faunal nuefean.

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                                                              TABLE  3
                              WET WEIGHT  IN GRAMS  OF ALGAE  IN  CONTROL AND OILED  STATIONS PER  100 CM

Zone

Station

High Rock

Low Rock


High Rock

Low Rock

Bailey Island
(Control)
Cow Island
(Oiled)
Bailey Island
(Control)
Cow Island
(Oiled)

Bailey Island
(Control)
Long Island
(Oiled)
Bailey Island
(Control)
Long Island
(Oiled)
Survey
I
July 1972

187
32
803
44

31
0
33
.37
II
.September 1972
Sloping Rock
80
68
1888
223
III
November 1972
•
89
36
551
248
IV
August 1973

97
81
78
——
Vertical Rock
28
20
168
41
24
21
191
62
10
10
260
44
ro

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                          FIGURE 2:
Upper Tidal Zone at Cow Island - Up to 70% of Barnacles L
                             13

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                       FIGURE 3:
Lower Tidal Zone at Bailey Island Sloping Rock Showing
            Dog Whelks Grazing on Barnacles

-------
                        FIGURE 4:
Upper Tidal Zone at Bailey Island Sloping Rock Showing
                       Dense Fucus

                           15

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3®-
'*?-               ^^
           FIGURE 5:




  Cow Island - Brown Algae Zone




              :

-------
           SKgwS^^%££
           '»v».>i"?-*-?§*(%f ¥iV' '*??i»  ' ^''v

            FIGURE 6:

                    t


Bailey Island - Brown  Algae  Zone




               17

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in the same zone at Bailey Island (Figure 6).  The seaweed at both
stations is lush and healthy.  It would appear that where seaweed was
killed off by the oil, such as in the upper tidal zone at Cow Island,
recolonization is slowly occurring.  Where the initial impact of the
oil was not as great, such as in the lower tidal or Ascophyllum zone,
recovery of the seaweed has been complete.

     An important finding of Survey IV is the presence of amphipods at
the oiled station for the first time during any survey.  One species of
amphipod is present at Cow Island, although at much fewer numbers than
at Bailey Island.  Equally important as the presence of amphipods at
the oiled station is a reduction in the diversity of amphipod species
at the control station since last year.  This may reflect a natural
fluctuation in the population.  It is interesting to note, however,
that the same species, Hyale prevostii, is dominant at both control and
oiled stations this year.  A second species is also found at the control
station.  Blumer et al (1971), Sanders et al (1972), and Baker (1971)
have shown that amphipods are indicator organisms for oil pollution.
These animals are widely distributed and are one of the most resistant
groups of organisms to adverse changes in the environment (Runkel 1918).
The susceptibility to oil may be due to its particular niche and
morphology which makes avoidance of the oil nearly impossible.  One
might conclude that the other species of Crustacea lacking at Cow Island
— mites, copepods, and crustacean larvae — are similar to amphipods
in their exposure and vulnerability to oil.  In contrast, knotted wrack
(Ascophyllum) and Fucus are as dense in the lower tidal zone at Cow
IsjLand (Figure 5) as those algae in the same zone at Bailey Island
(Figure 6).  The seaweed at both stations is lush and healthy.  It
would appear that where seaweed was killed off by the oil, such as in
the upper tidal zone at Cow Island, recolonization is slowly occurring.
Where the initial impact of the oil was not as great, such as in the
lower tidal zone or Ascophyllum zone, recovery of the seaweed has been
complete.

     Distributions of the periwinkles, Littorina obtusata and Littorina
saxatilis differ considerably at the control and oiled stations (see
Table 2).  An increase in the proportional numbers of L. saxatilis to
L. obtusata is evident at the oiled station, while the abundance of
L^ obtusata far exceeds that of L_. saxatilis at the control station.
This difference might be due to varying degrees of resistance to oil
by the two species.  L. saxatilis is a relatively hardy species which
can live in the spray zone of the rocks.  Due to a gill cavity which
functions as a sort of "lung", this animal needs only to be submerged
at every spring tide, or every 31 days (Carson 1955).  Possibly, this
periwinkle was able to live and feed in the high splash zone or tidal
pools during the initial period of heavy oiling, thus escaping the oil.
Another advantage of 1L. saxatilis is its reproductive habits.  Eggs and

                             18

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young are held within the female while they develop.  L_. obtusata,
on the other hand, lays its eggs on the seaweed fronds, where the young
stages are more exposed to any alterations in the environment.  During
low tide, adults of this animal seek protection from dessication in
the moist seaweed fronds (Zottoli 1973).  This niche requirement then
would make L_. obtusata vulnerable to contact with the oil.  The
increased numbers of JL. saxatilis at Cow Island may mean that
competition for this hardier periwinkle has been reduced with fewer
numbers of L_. obtusata.  Thus, L_. saxatilis has been able to invade
those zones normally dominated by L_. obtusata.

Vertical Rock Stations - General Observations
     For the most part, the vertical rock stations at Long Island
(oiled) and Bailey Island (control) are similar in their species
composition (see Table 1) and total abundance of organisms (see Table 4)
Bailey Island has a slightly greater diversity and abundance than Long
Island.  At both stations; barnacles, periwinkles, blue mussels, rock-
weed and knotted wrack are dominant.  However, two species which are
quite abundant at the control station — amphipods and hydroids — are
absent at the oiled station.  Mites and colonial tunicates, two less
common species found at the control station are also absent from the
oiled station.

     Following the trend of the sloping rock stations, the distribution
of Littorina is substantially different at the control and oiled sheer
rock stations.  Numbers of L_. obtusata are much reduced at Long Island
in comparison to Bailey Island, whereas L_. saxatilis is abundant at
Long Island and absent from Bailey Island.

     Fucus recolonization is occurring only sparsely in the most
heavily oiled zone.  Although Table 3 shows wet weights of macroalgae
to be sparse but comparable in the upper tidal zones of both stations,
in reality Fucus is somewhat more abundant at the control than at the
oiled station.  On the lower rocks, Ascophyllum is more abundant at
the control than at the oiled station; therefore, wet weights shown
in Table 3 for this zone are representative of the stations.

     At Long Island, recolonization of barnacles has been good on the
lower rocks.  Littorina littorea which was missing after Survey II
(VAST/TRC, 1973) is back in plentiful numbers.  Amphipods, absent at
Long Island during all surveys, are still missing from this station.
However, In contrast to previous surveys, Hyale prevostii is present
at the control station.

                             19

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                                                                   TABLE 4
                                                       NUMBER OF ORGANISMS PER .01 M
to
O
Species
ANNELIDA
Polychaeta, mutilated
ARTHROPODA
Anphipod Type B
(Hyale ptevostii)
Anurida maritime
Balanus balanoldes
Halacaridae - red
Isopoda Type A
CHORDATA
Tunicate - colonial
COELEHTERATA
Hydroid - Branched
colonies
MOLLOSCA
Littorina littorea
Littorlna obtusata
Littorina saxatilis
Mytilus edulie
Mvtllus spat
Skenea planorbia
UEMATODA
Vertical Rock Stations
Bailey Island
(Control)
Lower Rock



12

4
52
2
5

4

abundant

1
69

82
abundant
13

TOTAL 244
Upper Rock

1




694







24
232

41

2

994
Long Island
(Oiled)
Lower Rock


1




209

2





1
18
32
82
no derate
4

350
Upper Rock







502







88
2
34
50
•parse
5

681

-------
                       FIGURE 7;




Long Island - Upper Rocks Adjacent to Sampling Station



                          21

-------


                  FIGURE 8:
Long Island - Cleared Strip (Center) Showing
          This Year's Barnacle Set
                      22

-------
                       FIGURE 9;




Bailey Island Vertical Rock - Mid and Lower Tidal Zones




                           23

-------
                 .

                  L24»#:,v     S«?7
             FIGURE 10;

Long Island Cleared Strip, Right Side
     Uncleared Strip, Left Side
                 24

-------
Vertical Rock Stations - Discussion of Results
     Recovery of the intertidal community at Long Island has been good,
except in the most heavily oiled zone.  As at Cow Island (see Figure 2),
some areas of upper rock at Long Island adjacent to the sampling station
are fairly bare (see Figure 7).  Where this year's set of Balanus has
settled on oil, the animals have died.  A comparison of the oiled to
the control stations may be seen in the top left portion of Figure 8 and
Figure 9, respectively.  Field observations, as well as quantitative
counts, show that the control station supports a denser barnacle
population than the oiled station.  Fucus and Ascophyllum, although
present at both stations, are more abundant at; the control station.
The recovery of both these species in the high zone at Long Island is
shown in Figure 10.

     At the oiled station, a relatively low density of Aacophyllum is
correlated with high Balanus density, whereas at the control station
the converse is true.  Rocks in the lower zone where Ascophyllum had
died have been recolonized by Balanus.  Since recolonization of macro-
algae takes longer than barnacle resettlement, it will take more than
a year's time to see if Fucus and Ascophyllum regain their normal
abundance in the areas contaminated with oil.

     A definite change in species distribution is found in the
populations of Littorina at Long Island.  The rank order of the four
dominant species:  Balanus balanoides. Littorina obtusata, Mytilus edulis,
and Littorina saxatilis. which remained the same over three surveys, has
changed at the oiled station by Survey IV (see Table 5).  L. saxatilis
rises from fourth to third in rank, while L_. obtusata. which had been
second in rank falls to fourth place.  In actuality, L_. littorea
becomes fourth in rank, since it is more abundant than L_. obtusata.  At
the control station, the rank order remains constant over all four
surveys.  This change in Littorina distribution is even more pronounced
at Long Island than at Cow Island, but this trend is the same at both.
L_. saxatilis has become the exploiter organism in an environment where
the oil has stressed L_. obtusata, a less tolerant species, which
occupies a similar niche.

     The absence of amphipods at Long Island supports the argument
discussed above that these organisms are sensitive to bii*.  In addition
a decline in the diversity of these organisms at Bailey ..Island (control)
from four species to one species is further evidence that the control
stations became contaminated with oil (VAST/TRC, 1973).  The absence of
hydroids at both Long Island and Cow Island may indicate that these
organisms are also sensitive to oil.

                             25

-------
                  II Recolonization Studies
     Part of the initial Casco Bay study (VAST/TRC, 1973) looked at the
recolonization of organisms in control and oiled rock stations.  There
were two rock types:  sloping (Cow Island) and vertical (Long Island).
Controls for each of these areas were on Bailey Island.  During Survey I
(July 1972), strips (1.5 ft wide running from high to low tide levels)
in each of the test areas, oiled and control, were scraped clean of
organisms.  Recolonization of these areas was checked during this and
the two previous surveys (II and III).  As in the previous surveys,
recruitment and population ratios were again used.  These ratios are
a method used to establish the degree of recolonization and they are
based on the following assumptions:
          0 The control stations have remained oil-free.

          0 The pool of organisms available for recolo-
            nization came from areas adjacent to the
            cleared strips.

          0 Recolonization of the control areas reflects
            the natural processes.
     The recruitment ratio was formed by comparing the number of animals,
regardless of species, on bared areas at the control stations to the
number on the bared areas at the oiled stations (see Table 6).  For
example, during this survey there were 373 animals at the control areas
(Bailey Island) and 480 animals on the oiled area (Cow Island).  The
recruitment ratio, R, is thus expressed by:
                   R  =  373/480  =  0.8.
     The population ratio is based on species common to the control and
oiled areas.  It is formed by comparing the number of animals in the
area adjacent to the control clear strip to the numbers adjacent to the
oiled cleared strip.  Data for this ratio comes from Tables 2 and 4.
For example, in August 1973 at sloping rock, there were 1394 animals/
0.01 m^ available for recolonization at the control station (Bailey
Island) and 623 animals/0.01 m2 available at the oiled station  (Cow
Island).  The population ratio is:

                             26

-------
                      1394/623  =  2.2.
The population ratio is a "weighting factor" to account for differences
in abundance between the two areas.   Whenever the recruitment ratio
exceeds the population ratio, more animals than would be expected by
sheer differences in population sizes were moving onto the bared areas
at the control station than onto a similar area at the oiled locations.

Vertical Rock Stations
     Table 6 shows that the population ratio exceeds its recruitment
ratio at the vertical rock stations.  This means that the recruitment
ratio on the bared areas at the control stations has decreased since
Survey III.  (This may be due to oil spreading into the control regions.)
It also suggests that recruitment at the Long Island oiled stations has
increased during this time.  By Survey IV, however, the barnacles,
Balanus, Mytilus, and Fucus — those organisms spending early life in
the plankton — had settled on the vertical rock.  The comparison of
recruitment and population ratios shows that rock scraping does improve
the substrate for sessile organisms.  This is supported by field
observations:  cleared areas of rock at Long Island appear to be
improved over uncleared areas (see Figure 11).  The apparent inhibition
of barnacle settlement in the lower tidal area is consistent with the
usual tendency of these animals to inhabit specific zones.  Barnacles
do not normally dominate in the brown algae zone since they are not
best adapted to this niche.  The question therefore arises as  to why
barnacle settlement occurs at all levels of the cleared strip at Long
Island (the oiled) but not at the lower zone at the control area.  On
the oiled stations, the abundance of individuals is about the same at
both cleared and uncleared areas.  In oiled stations, the total
abundance is equivalent to that found on the uncleared areas of the
control station (Tables 4 and 7).

     It is important to realize that scraping the rocks introduces a
stress to the rock communities.  This stress is reflected in the fact
that there were fewer species and individuals of this one-year community
on the cleared strips at the control stations than on the uncleared
stations (Tables 1, 4, and 7).  This implies that these communities on
the cleared strips have not yet reached natural equilibrium.  At the
oiled stations, although total numbers of individuals on the cleared
strips are comparable to the totals on uncleared strips, the lower
diversity of species of the cleared strip as compared to the uncleared
strip indicates that here, too, natural equilibrium of the cleared
strip community has not been reached.

                             27'

-------
                                                                TABLE 5
                                            TOTAL NUMBERS AND RANK ORDER OF DOMINANT  SPECIES
Species
Balanus balanoides

Mytilus edulis

Littorina obtusata

Llttorina saxatilis

Station
Long Island
(Oiled)
Bailey Island
(Control)
Long Island
(Oiled)
Bailey Island
(Control)
Long Island
(Oiled)
Bailey Island
(Control)
Long Island
(Oiled)
Bailey Island
(Control)
Survey
I
July
1972
1036
1730
.58
678
210
1059
28
35
II
September
1972
per .01 m
1425
1631
25
498
137
418
7
5
III
November
1972
1014
1400
140
563
215
564
44
13
IV
August
1973 2
per .01 m
717
746
132
123
20
301
66
0
Rank Order
I
1
1
3
3
2
2
4
4
II
1
1
3
2
2
3
4
4
III
1
1
3
3
2
2
4
4
IV
1
1
2
3
4*
2
3
4
N>
00
                                      Littorina littorea.

-------
                                                                      TABLE 6
                                           RECOLONIZATION OF CLEARED STRIPS OF INTERTIDAL ROCK STATIONS
ro
vo

Survey
II
September 1972
Total Number
Of
Individuals
Oiled

High Zone
Low Zone
Total
Recruitment
Ratio
Population
Ratio
41
156
197
Control

III
November 1972
Total Number
Of
Individuals
Oiled

Control
IV
August 1973
Number Of
Individuals
Per .01 fc2
Oiled
Control

Sloping Rock
396
805
1201
6.1
2.2
286
572
858
367
946
1313
1.5
1.1
208
680
888
392
324
716
0.8
2.2
Vertical Rock
High Zone
Low Zone
Total
Recruitment
Ratio
Population
Ratio
10
188
Id8
215
148
363
1.8
1.6
113
51
164
484
91
575
3.5
1.8
513
337
850
553
7
560
0.7
1.3

-------
         FIGURE 11:

Bailey Island Cleared Strip,
   Right Third of Picture
            30

-------
Sloping Rock Stations
     The results of quantitative sampling indicate that the cleared
strip at Cow Island has a greater species diversity than the uncleared
adjacent areas (see Tables 1, 2, and 8).  At Bailey Island, the cleared
strip supports a lower abundance of animals than the cleared strip at
Cow Island.  The population ratio (see Table 6) is two and one-half
times greater than the recruitment ratio.  Recruitment on Bailey Island
(control) has markedly decreased and this may be due to encroaching oil
into the control areas.  The greater recruitment at Cow Island is due
primarily to large numbers of barnacles, periwinkles, mussels, and
algae.  In addition, a significant finding is the presence of two
species of amphipods.

     One factor that would contribute to the abundance of barnacles at
the cleared strip on Cow Island is the absence of its major predator,
the dog whelk.  The greater numbers of the periwinkle Littorina
saxatilis may be attributed to the fact that this animal is invading
the niche normally occupied by L_. obtusata; a pattern similar to the
adjacent uncleared areas of Cow Island.  These shifts in populations
would indicate that as at the vertical rock stations, the communities
on the cleared strips have not yet reached a state of equilibrium.
For instance, at each station re-establishment of macroalgae takes more
than a year.  Barnacles have recolonized cleared strips in what is
obviously the brown algae zone (see Figure 12).  Field observations
ascertained that populations of algae and marine organisms in tidal pools
in the clean rock areas are much more diverse than those in tide pools
in adjacent areas that had not been cleaned.
             EFFECTIVENESS OF CLEAN-UP PROCEDURES
     Following the TAMANO oil spill, three separate procedures were
employed to clean-up 'the oil.  These were:
          0 Cleaning rocks with pressurized hot water,

          0 Cropping seaweed, and
            Removal of oiled beach sand.
                             31

-------
                                                                           TABLE 7
U)
                                                         CLEARED STRIPS AT INTERTIDAL ROCK STATIONS






                                                               NUMBER OF ORGANISMS PER  .01 M2
Species
ALGAE
Fucus Holdfasts
' ANNELIDA
Polychaeea comnensal
with Balanus
ARTHROPODA
Amphipod Type A
Hyale prevostll Type B
Amphipod unknown
Anurida maritima
Balanus balanoides
Crustacean larva
Balacarldae - black
Halacarldae - Red
MOLLUSCA
Littorlna Llttorea
Littarlna ebtusata
Littorlna saxatilis
Hytllus edulis
Mytllua spat
Skenea planorbia
Telllna agilis
Thais laplllus
NEMATODA
NEMERTEA
TOTAL FAUNAL NUMBERS
Vertical Rock Stations
Bailey Island
(Control)
Lower Rock









2





5
•pars*





7
Upper Rock









388



2
152
8
3
•parse





553
Long Island
(Oiled)
Lower Rock

3







273



5
18
29
8
•parse


1


337
Upper Rock









418



86
1
8
sparse





513
                                                               Mot included in total fauna! nusbers.

-------
                                                        NUMBER OF ORGANISMS PER
                                                                                .01 M2
CJ
OJ
Species
ALGAE
Pucue Holdfasts
ANHELIEA
Polychaeta commensal
with Balaam
ARTHROPOD*
Aophipod Type A
Hyale prevostli Type B
Aophipod unknown
Anurlda narltlna
Balanus balsnoides
Crustacean larva
Halacarldae - black
Balacaridae - red
MOLLUSCA
Littorlna llttorea
Littorlna obtusata
Littering gaxatllis
Hytilua edulis
Mytilua spat
Skenea olanorbla
Tellina agllta
Thaia .laplllua
MEMATODA
NEHERTEA
TOTAL 7AUMAL NUMBERS
Sloping Rock Stations
Bailey Island
(Control)
Loner Rock

1



•

3
140




6
89
16
68
abundant


1


324
Upper Rock

38



1

18
274





58

3
•par»,>





392
Cow Island
(Oiled)
Lower Rock

14





499

2


5
20
53
82
abundant

1

4

680
Opper Rock

56





176


-^»

2
S
7
41
aparae




1
288
                                              let  Included la total fauoal

-------
       FIGURE 12:
Cow Island Cleared Strip-
     Lower Mid Zone
          34

-------

                     FIGURE 13:

Long Island - Pressurized. Hot Water Cleaned Rocks in
                  Lower Tidal-Zone

                         35

-------
                     FIGURE 14;

Long Island - Pressurized Hot Water Cleaned Rocks in
                  Upper Tidal Zone
                         36

-------
                                             TABLE 9
u>
                            LONG ISLAND ROCKS  - CLEANED BY HOT WATER




                                NUMBERS OF ORGANISMS PER 0.01 M2

Species

ARTHROPODA
Balanus balanoides
Crustacean larva
MOLLUSCA
Littorina littorea
Littorina obtusata
Littorina saxatills
Mytilus edulis

TOTAL FAUNAL NUMBERS
MACROALGAE
Fucus Holdfasts
Total
Lower Rock


307
1

62-
1
56
64

496

1
a
Upper Rock





26




26



-------
         I Rock Cleaning With Pressurized Hot Water
     Oil had coated the intertidal rocks near the ferry dock on Long
Island, a public access area.  The oil was removed by washing the rocks
with pressurized hot water (800 - 1100 psi, 150 - 170°F).  We were able
to estimate the biological impact of the method by comparing the
intertidal populations in the washed areas to those in the unwashed
oiled locations.

     The barnacles (Balanus balanoides) and the molluscs best show the
effects of washing.  The upper rock zone near the dock appear to be
devoid of all animals (see Figure 13).  This is supported by data in
Table 9.  Similar rock zones in unwashed oiled areas on Long Island
show a much greater abundance of animals (Table 4).  Washing appears
to retard recovery on the rocks.  However, there are other factors,
such as public traffic and the effects of washing pressures and
temperatures.  Determination of the effects of these factors is beyond
the scope of this report.

     In the lower rock zone, rock washing appears to have a beneficial
effect (Figure 14).  The barnacle and mollusc populations are much
more abundant in the washed area than in the unwashed locations
(Tables 4 and 9).  Field observations ascertained that populations of
algae and marine organisms in tidal pools in the washed rock areas
are much more diverse than those in the tidal pools in adjacent areas
that had not been cleaned.
        II Effects of Seaweed Cropping on Cow Island
     Following the TAMANO spill, oil-soaked macroalgae on the northwest
point of Cow Island and other areas were cut and removed as a clean-up
measure in order to decrease the amount of oil leaching back into the
environment.  Field observations of that area one year later indicate
that cropping the algae has markedly reduced its re-population of the
area.  Comparison of this point (Figure 15) with the uncropped oiled
sampling station at Cow Island (Figure 12) shows that the macroalgae
which is left uncropped is rid of the oil and growing luxuriantly,
whereas it is patchy and stunted in the cropped area (Figure 16).  The
sampling data indicated that the animal populations of the cropped
area, although much less abundant, include nearly the same diversity
of species as the cleared areas on Cow Island (Tables 8 and 10).  An
exception to this similarity with the uncropped station is the presence
of abundant numbers of a sabellid polychaete.  This tubiculous worm
may be an indicator species which has invaded the rocks due to the
presence of oil and the unstable condition of the Intertidal environ-

                            38

-------
ment.  It would, therefore, seem that while cropping the algae does
indeed help rid the area of oil, as reflected in the diversity of
species recolonizing, cropping greatly reduces algal cover of the
area.  In each case, including the stations on Cow Island and Long
Island, the algae seems to be the late successional species or the
slowest to recoIonize.  S^.^^  its cover forms an important niche for
intertidal organisms, it would be advisable in future clean-up
operations to continue to crop only limited areas which are most
heavily saturated with oil or don't crop at all.
           Ill Effectiveness of Beach Sand Removal
     West Beach on Long Island appears clean to the eye one year
following the oil spill (see Figure 17).  Based on visual observations,
it seems to have recovered to its normal slope, bearing strength and
grain size.  Closer examination of the sand revealed some oil to be
present, especially in the top layer of coarser stones.  This is
verified by quantitative IR analysis of samples taken from three areas
along the beach (listed below).  The samples (A, B) were taken from
the section of beach from which oily sand had been removed in clean-up
operations.  A third sample (C) was taken from an area of the same
beach that was not obviously contaminated by oil.

     The analytical results for field extraction of beach sediments
were:
     Sample Identification                 Mg Oil/100 Grams of Sample
  Station A, surface to 10 cm depth                  6.8
     Station A, 20 to 30 cm depth                    4.7

  Station B, surface to 10 cm depth                  4.4

  Station C, surface to 10 cm depth                  3.2
     Station C, 20 to 30 cm depth                    0.11
     Station C, 30 to 40 cm depth                    0.08
     To measure the effectiveness of extraction by carbon tetrachloride,
an additional test was performed.  The aim of this test was to determine
if all the oil contamination could be removed from sediments by the
recommended carbon tetrachloride procedure.  Several samples of sediment
were analyzed from West Beach, Long Island, Casco Bay.

                            39

-------
                 FIGURE 15;
Cow Island - Point Where Seaweed Was Cropped
                     40

-------
           FIGURE 16;
Cow Island - Cropped Ascophyllum
               41

-------
                                                    TABLE 10
                                      AREAS OF CROPPED ALGAE - COW ISLAND
                                      TOTAL NUMBERS OF ORGANISMS PER 0.01 M
ro
Species
ANNELIDA
Polychaeta commensal
with Balanus
Polychaeta - tubiculous
ARTHROPODA
Balanus balanoides
Isopoda Type A
MOLLUSCA
Littorina littorea
Littorina saxatilis
Mytilus edulis
Skenea planorbis
Thais lapillus
MACROALGAE
Aaeophyllum nodosum
Fucus sp.
Totals

2
18
228
1
1
8
MODERATE
4
1
72 grams
> 4 grams
TOTAL NUMBER ORGANISMS 311

-------
     A 100 gram sample of each sediment material was treated with
individual portions of carbon tetrachloride of spectrograde quality.
Eight to ten such treatments were required before infrared spectroscopic
analysis indicated an absence of oil in the last 25 ml extract.  To
ensure a complete removal of all oil contamination, the sediments were
treated again with carbon tetrachloride in an eight-hour Soxhlet
operation.  The treated samples of sediment were then regarded as oil-
free.

     A stock solution of oil in carbon tetrachloride of known concen-
tration was prepared with No. 6 oil taken from inboard the TAMANO.
Measured amounts of this stock solution were added to each of the
treated sediments.  The amounts of oil added to these sediment samples
were varied within a range of 0.4 - 14.6 mg of oil per 100 grams of
sediment.  This is the range of concentration found for the three
sediment samples from the Casco Bay Survey reported above.

     Each oil-spiked sediment sample was treated with four successive
25 ml portions of carbon tetrachloride.  Approximately eight additional
25 ml aliquots of carbon tetrachloride were needed before infrared
spectroscopic measurements failed to detect any No. 6 oil in the last
carbon tetrachloride extract.  Only 50% ± 10 of the oil contamination
was removed to this point.  The remaining oil required a Soxhlet
extraction with carbon tetrachloride.  The total amount of oil
recovered was approximately 100% of the amount added to the sediment
sample.

     The small number of samples available for this test do not permit
a statistical evaluation.  However, the test data demonstrates the
inadequacy of a carbon tetrachloride extraction for No. 6 oil from
sediment at room temperature.  Despite the numerous extractions with
carbon tetrachloride, approximately one-half of the oil could not be
removed from the sediments.  When a Soxhlet treatment was employed, a
complete recovery for the known amount of oil was obtained.

     Consequently, for the extracts prepared in the field of samples
of sediment materials from the Casco Bay survey area, the analytical
results (reported above) appear to represent only approximately 50% of
the oil actually present.  The more likely concentrations are:


       Sample Identification          Mg Oil/100 Grams of Sample

    Station A, surface to 10 cm depth         12 - 14
       Station A, 20 to 30 cm depth            9-10

    Station B, surface to 10 cm depth          8-9

                             43

-------
       Sample Identification           Mg Oil/100 Grams of Sample

    Station C, surface to 10 cm depth           6-7
       Station C, 20 to 30 cm depth               *V 1
       Station C, 30 to 40 cm depth               ^ 1
     Two specific recommendations appear to be in order.  First, it is
recommended that a more rigorous extraction method be incorporated into
the analytical procedure, when it is applied to sediment materials.
The Soxhlet extraction is apparently effective for a complete
separation of oil from such samples.  Secondly, it is recommended that
the per cent recovery for oil be checked.  This involves adding a given
amount of oil to the sediment materials taken from each specific survey
area.  This second recommendation would establish the accuracy of the
analytical data derived from the particular sample materials for each
geographical area.

     Results of the chemical analysis indicate that the clean-up
operations removed most of the oil-soaked sand by comparison with con-
centrations last year.  However, oil is still present in the cleared
area of beach in greater concentrations than adjacent uncleared areas.
This may be a result of a combination of factors:  untreated sections
of beach were less heavily contaminated initially, residual oil remained
in the cleared portion, and littoral transport of oiled sands from
other areas of the bay brought more oiled sediments onto the cleared
area of West Beach.  Beach cleaning may nevertheless be considered a
valuable operation in that it prevents considerable amounts of oil
from leaching into the marine environment.
   EFFECTS OF TAMANO SPILL ON SOFT SHELL CLAM POPULATIONS
     Length/frequency histograms for populations of Mya arenaria at Cow
Island (oiled) and Beals Cove (control) are presented in Figure 21 for
November 1972 and in Figure 18 for August of 1973.  In both surveys,
Mya are far more abundant at the control station (Beals Cove) than at
the oiled station (Cow Island).  The trimodal distribution at the
control station probably represents a three-year population.  Last
year's set (1972) of 2 - 4 mm length young Mya (Figure 18) is probably
the 10 - 28 mm length group this year (Figure 19).  Equivalently, the
2 to 6 mm group that settled at Cow Island last year grew to 10 - 14 mm
length this year.  It is suggested, therefore, that a soft shell clam
population can survive an oil impact such as occurred at Cow Island for
at least a year and perhaps longer, as evidenced by the one large clam
that survived to a 66 mm length.  For some reason, the 35 - 56 mm


                            44

-------

     •
        FIGURE 17:




Long Island - Cleaned Beach




            45

-------
ON
p
ft
E
Q
V
I
H
C
T

0
r

o
i
c
A
II
I
S
M
S
30


as


26 _

24 _

22


20 _

18 I

16


14 .


12 _

10 _
                                                            M>   co  o
                                                            
-------
F 0
R R "I
E G •
Q 0 A »
Uira XT .
w
E I

N S a
CM -v

Y S
















^^ ^
^ x^^^
^ ^^^
x^ ^^^


•

F 0 .
10 _
R R
E G 8 .
Q OF A
U N * -
E i 4 :
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Cvr 2
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^
5^
"^ ^
*S* •S'' s'' ' *^"^
X^ XX^ X^' x^ • *^x ^^' 
-------
population present at Beals Cove this year is absent at Cow Island
(Figure 18).  This population was absent last year as well.  Nor is
there any indication of a new set this year at Cow Island that would
correspond to the small 2 mm length clams present at Beals Cove.  When
contaminated by an oil spill,'bivalves are known to retain the more
toxic fractions of fuel oil (Blumer and Sass, 1972).  It appears that
the Tamano spill killed the year-old set at Cow Island last year,
which resulted in little, if any, successful spawning and settlement
this year.  The small numbers of young present this year at Beals Cove
may be a result of the accumulation of oil from more-or-less chronic
releases into Casco Bay.

     Since some young soft shell clams survived the initial impact, it
appears that the clam population may be able to gradually re-establish
itself.
                             48

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                        REFERENCES  CITED
Baker, J. M.  Growth Stimulation  Following Oil Pollution in The
     Ecological Effects of Oil Pollution on Littoral Communities.
     E. B. Cowdl, Ed.  Applied Science Publishers,  Ltd.   Barking,
     Essex, 1971.  pp. 72 -  77.

Blumer, M.  et. al.  A Small Oil  Spill.   Environment, 13;  2-12,
     1971.

Blumer, M. and J. Sass, 1972:  The West Falmouth Oil Spill, W.H.O.I.
     Technical Report 72-19.

Carson, R.  The Edge of the  Sea.  The New American  Library, New York,
     1955.

Kunkel, B. W.  The Arthrustraca of Connecticut.   Connecticut State
     Geological and Natural  History  Survey, Bulletin No. 26.  Hartford,
     1918.

Sanders, H. L.  et. al.  The West Falmouth Oil Spill (I).  Biology.
     W.H.O.I. Technical Report 72-20,  1972.

VAST, Inc./TRC, 1973:  Oil Spill, Casco Bay, Maine  (I).   July 22, 1972.
     Environmental Effects.  Final Report for the Office of Water
     Programs, Environmental Protection Agency.   October, 1973.

Zottoli, R., 1973:  Introduction  to  Marine Environments.  St. Louis,
     C. V. Mbsby Company.
                              49

                                              it U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975— 210-310'S 2

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