&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Radiation
(ANR-459)
EPA 520/1-90-011
March 1990
Office Of
Radiation Programs
Program Description
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OFFICE OF RADIATION PROGRAMS
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION
March 1990
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
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This document was prepared by Irma McKnight and Miles Kahn of the Office of Radiation Programs
Program Management Office. More specific information on any Office program may be obtained by writing
to the following address or by contacting any of the persons listed in the Organization Chart on page 21
of this document:
• United States Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Radiation Programs (ANR-459)
401 M Street S.W:
Washington, DC 20460
The ORP Publications List may be obtained from the'same address.
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CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Sources of Radiation . 1
Major Program Areas 1
Radon Action Program 1
Problem Assessment 2
Mitigation and Prevention 2
Capability Development 3
Public Information .3
Nuclear Accident Response 4
Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring System 4
Radiological Emergency Preparedness and Response 5
Protective Action Guides 5
Radioactive Waste Disposal 5
Land Disposal of Low-Level Radioactive Waste 6
Naturally Occurring and Accelerator-Produced
Radioactive Materials 6
Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel, Transuranic and
High-Level Radioactive Wastes . . . 7
Disposal of Radioactive Materials at Active
Uranium and Thorium Processing Sites .7
Ground-Water Protection at Inactive
Uranium Mill Tailings Sites 7
Ocean Disposal of Radioactive Waste . . . . . 8
Radioactively Contaminated Sites 8
Support to Superfund Program 8
Technical Assistance 9
Residual Radioactivity 9
Industrial Sources 9
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAPS); Standards for Radionuclides 9
Guidance for Occupational Exposure 10
Other Radiation Activities 10
Diagnostic X Rays . 10
Electromagnetic Fields . 10
iii
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Radiation Standards and Guidance . 11
Radiation Standards 13
Radiation Guidance 14
Authorities for EPA's Radiation Programs 15
Office Organization and Functions . . . 17
Washington Office 17
Laboratories 18
Regional Complement 19
Office of Radiation Programs Organization Chart 21
EPA Regional Radiation Program Managers 23
IV
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INTRODUCTION
The Office of Radiation Programs (the Office)
carries out the Environmental Protection Agency's
(EPA) radiation protection activities. The Office's
goal is to protect public health and the
environment from avoidable exposures to
radiation. These activities include issuing
standards and guidance to limit human radiation
exposure, measuring environmental radiation
levels; evaluating and assessing the impact of
radiation on the public and the environment;
analyzing data on radiation effects; distributing
public information and working with State and
local governments, industry and professional
groups, and citizens to promote actions to reduce
exposures to harmful levels of radiation; and
responding to radiological emergencies.
SOURCES OF RADIATION
All Office programs deal with either ionizing
radiation or radiation from electromagnetic fields.
Basically, ionizing radiation is radiation that can
remove electrons from atoms. Ionizing radiation,
which is either natural or man made, constitutes
the greatest source of radiation exposure to the
public and to the environment. Natural
background radiation includes cosmic rays;
naturally occurring radioactive elements in the
earth's crust, primarily those associated with
uranium, thorium, and potassium; and radioactive
decay products such as radon and its daughters.
Main sources of man-made ionizing radiation
include medical facilities such as hospitals,
pharmaceutical factories, and research and
teaching institutions; nuclear reactors and their
supporting facilities such as uranium mills and
fuel preparation plants; and federal facilities that
are involved in nuclear weapons production. All
of these sources generate some radioactive wastes
as a result of the many ways in which radiation is
used.
The primary health effects of exposures to ionizing
radiation are increases in the risk of cancer and
deleterious genetic changes; e.g., growth
impairment and mental retardation.
Radiation from electromagnetic fields consists of
both a varying electric and magnetic field,
operating at right angles to each other. The
electric field is a direct function of voltage, while
the magnetic field is a function of the current
flowing.
Essentially everyone in the United States is
exposed continuously to low levels of radiation
from electromagnetic fields. People who live or
work near powerful sources are exposed to higher
sources. The principal sources of exposure are
AM and FM radios and UHF and VHP television
broadcast systems. Other sources include radars,
microwaves, satellite earth terminals, and
high-voltage transmission lines.
Radiation from electromagnetic fields does not
change the structure of atoms, however, high
levels of it can heat body tissue, which may
produce harmful biological effects.
MAJOR PROGRAM AREAS
Office programs can be classified into five major
areas: Radon, Nuclear Accident Response,
Radioactive Waste Disposal, Radioactively
Contaminated Sites, and Industrial Radiation
Sources. The following sections describe these
program areas as well as major accomplishments
of the Office of Radiation Programs.
Radon Action Program
In response to growing concern about elevated
indoor radon concentrations in houses situated on
the Reading Prong in Pennsylvania and New
Jersey and those located elsewhere, the EPA
Administrator established the Radon Action
Program in September 1985.
The goal of the Radon Action Program is to
significantly reduce the health risks associated with
radon through a partnership with other Federal
agencies, the States, and the private sector. EPA
estimates that about 20,000 lung cancer deaths
each year in the United States may be attributable
to indoor radon, and as many as 8 million houses
may be affected. Program activities were expanded
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in 1986 and 1987 in response to the growing scope
and complexity of the radon problem.
In October 1988, the Indoor Radon Abatement
Act (IRAA) was signed into law. The long-term
national goal of the Act is to. reduce indoor levels
of radon to levels comparable to ambient outdoor
levels.
The IRAA directs EPA to undertake a variety of
activities to address the growing public concern
over dangers posed by exposure to radon. These
activities include State grants, technical assistance,
the study of schools, proficiency programs,
regional training centers, model construction
standards, an .updated Citizens Guide, and a
Federal building study. A number of activities
described in the law have already been initiated.
The Radon Action Program is organized into four
key elements: problem assessment, mitigation and
prevention, capability development, and public
information.
Problem Assessment
The objectives of problem assessment are to
identify and then survey areas with high radon
levels in houses, schools, and the workplace and
to determine the national distribution of radon
levels and associated health risks. One of the
next logical steps will then be the establishment
of a national data base from which various further
analyses may be performed.
The Office has issued standardized measurement
protocols for 11 measurement methods to help
ensure that radon and radon-decay product
measurements are comparable and accurate.
Since 1987 the Office has assisted 25 States and
numerous Indian Tribal Lands in designing and
conducting surveys to identify areas where indoor
radon may be a problem: The Office is continuing
efforts to identify those geological factors and
characteristics which are most useful as indicators
of high radon levels. In addition, work has begun
on the use of soil gas measurements to predict the
radon potential for individual parcels of land.
The Office has initiated the National Residential
Radon Survey. Questionnaires have been
completed and measurement devices have been
placed hi 7,500 homes throughout the United
States. Recently guidance was released offering
valuable assistance to schools in their
measurement and mitigation of radon levels. The
Office is currently working with 7 States to survey
and mitigate radon in 21 .schools.. The Office
conducted workshops in 6 Regional locations on
radon in schools and developed an interim
technical guidance report to assist school officials
in making informal choices in selecting radon
reduction strategies.
Mitigation and Prevention
The Mitigation and Prevention Program includes
demonstrations and evaluations of cost-effective
methods to reduce radon levels in existing homes
and identification and evaluation of ways to
prevent elevated radon levels in new construction.
The Development and Demonstration Program
(DDP) is an ongoing program to research,
develop, and demonstrate cost-effective radon
mitigation and prevention techniques for all types
of houses. The Agency's Office of Research and
Development researched and demonstrated
selected mitigation techniques in 64 houses in the
Reading Prong. The program has been expanded
into Maryland, Tennessee, Alabama, and Florida..
The House Evaluation Program, established in
1986, provides "hands-on" training in radon
diagnosis and mitigation at field projects currently
located in 11 States. Approximately 10 States are
selected annually to participate in this program.
EPA established the New House Evaluation
Program in 1988 to evaluate the effectiveness of
radon resistant new construction features.
The Office cooperated with the National
Association of Home Builders and private
homebuilders to develop, demonstrate, and release
interim guidance for preventing radon in new
construction. Currently, the Office is working
with model building codes organizations to
incorporate radon prevention techniques into
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national building codes. The Office is also
beginning research and operational programs to
expand mitigation and prevention activities into
schools and workplaces.
Capability Development
The Office's Washington staff and EPA Regional
components are developing technical information
and providing policy direction to stimulate the
development of State and private sector
capabilities to assess radon problems in homes
and to help homeowners mitigate such problems.
The Office developed a technical training course
on radon diagnostics and mitigation techniques
for States and private contractors. Thirty-eight
courses have been conducted, and 2,800
participants from 45 States have been trained. To
meet growing demand, the Office produced a
videotape of the course and distributed it to
Regional offices for use by all 50 States.
"Reducing Radon in Structures," EPA's radon
diagnosis and mitigation training course, was
revised extensively and updated in 1988. The
focus in Fiscal Year 1989 was on facilitating
Regional and State sponsored courses. Two
"Train the Instructors" courses were held to
prepare teachers to deliver the EPA course. Five
regular courses were held in States which had not
previously hosted an EPA radon training course.
A major training activity in 1989 was the selection
and implementation of three Regional Training
Centers (RTCs): (1) Colorado State University
to serve the western States; (2) University of
Minnesota/Michigan to serve the central States;
and (3) Rutgers University to serve the eastern
States. These university-based centers, authorized
under the IRAA, offer training in radon
principles, measurements, diagnostics, and
mitigation on a regular basis at locations across
the country. The centers are coordinated through
Regional offices.
The Office established the Radon Measurement
Proficiency Program to allow private firms and
other organizations to demonstrate on a voluntary
basis their proficiency in measuring radon and its
decay products. When the program began in 1986,
35 companies participated. By the end of 1989,
the list of participants had grown to over 5,000,
approximately 670 primary companies and 5,100
secondary companies. Primary companies provide
measurement services to the public and have
analysis capability. Secondary companies assist
consumers by providing technical advice or
distributing test results, but they depend on
primary companies to analyze measurement
devices.
A Radon Contractor Proficiency (RCP) Program
was developed in 1989 to test the abilities on a
voluntary basis of radon mitigation contractors to
diagnose and mitigate radon problems. The RCP
Program, which is required by the Indoor Radon
Abatement Act, is for contractors who actually
perform mitigation services. The program consists
of training as well as a standardized examination.
It serves as a core around which States could
develop certification programs for the contractors.
The Contractor Proficiency Program is
administered by the Regional Training Centers.
Public Information
The timely transfer of information to the States,
the private sector, and the public is a critical
element of the Radon Action Program. This
information is disseminated through brochures
and technical reports, presentations at national
meetings, and training programs.
The Agency has developed an array of public
information material and conducted numerous
public information activities since the Radon
Action Program started in 1985. More recent
activities include a radon advertising campaign in
cooperation with the Advertising Council, the
award of State Grants, projects with the American
Medical Association, and publication of a
reporter's guide.
In October 1989 EPA and the Advertising Council
began a national media campaign to inform the
public about radon. The campaign includes
television and radio public service announcements,
print and outdoor advertising, a toll-free hotline
and brochures. The material was developed by
TBWA Advertising Agency and the Direct
Marketing Group in cooperation with EPA.
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The Indoor Radon Abatement Act authorized
EPA to administer grants to help States establish
radon programs, conduct radon surveys, develop
public information on radon, and conduct
demonstration and mitigation projects. A total of
49 States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam,
and the District of Columbia submitted notices of
intent to participate in the State Indoor Radon
(SIRG) program. Region 10 awarded the first
SIRG to the State of Idaho in January 1990. The
$50,000 grant will allow Idaho to begin its State
Radon Survey, In addition, $755,000 in grants
were awarded to eight States for innovative radon
projects, which are administered through a special
fund as part of the SIRG program.
EPA and the American Medical Association
(AMA) held 12 Regional conferences in 1988-89
to inform health care professionals of the risks
associated with indoor radon so that they can
better explain the health effects of radon to their
patients. AMA also produced a brochure and will
continue to conduct regional conferences.
In 1989 the Agency published "Reporting on
Radon; A Journalist's Guide to Covering the
. Nations's Second Leading Cause of Lung Cancer."
The. guide provides information on what radon is
and tells reporters how to communicate effectively
with the public. The guide was prepared by the
National Safety Council's Environmental Health
Center with a grant from EPA.
Nuclear Accident Response
EPA plays a major role in nuclear accident
response. As a major participant in any Federal
response, the Agency is responsible for monitoring
and assessing the effects of radiation exposures to
the general population from accidents that involve
radioactive materials, for providing guidance to
appropriate officials concerning the radiation
levels at which protective actions are warranted,
and for advising those officials of which protective
actions should be taken.
The Office, through its Washington headquarters
and the mobile monitoring and assessment teams
from the National Air and Radiation
Environmental Laboratory (NAREL) in
Montgomery, Alabama, and the Las Vegas Facility,
is able to assess potential doses from and the
environmental consequences , of accidental
radioactivity releases. In addition, the nationwide
Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring
System may be put on an emergency sampling
schedule, depending on the situation. The Office
can then make recommendations on protective
actions and . emergency responses. The
Montgomery and Las Vegas Laboratories
supplement their response.capabilities by using
sophisticated mobile radiation monitoring and
communications equipment
In 1986, the Agency, led and coordinated the
federal response to the nuclear accident at
Chernobyl. In 1988, the Agency participated in
emergency preparedness activities related to.the
reentry of the nuclear-powered Russian satellite,
Cosmos 1900. In 1989, the Agency participated in
the launch of the Galileo satellite which carried
a large quantity of plutonium-238, a radioactive
material used to produce heat and electrical power
for scientific equipment
Specific activities undertaken by the Agency in
response to nuclear accidents are described below. *
Environmental Radiation Ambient
Monitoring System
The Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring
System (ERAMS), was established in 1973. It
comprises 268 nationwide sampling stations that
collect air, precipitation, surface and drinking
water, and milk samples from which environmental
radiation levels are derived. Many stations are
located in the near-environment of major potential
environmental release points. The stations were
selected to effectively measure the wide-scale
impact from global events and to provide optimal
population coverage while monitoring fallout from
any atmospheric testing of nuclear devices and
other possible forms of environmental radioactive
contamination. Data generated from ERAMS are
used to assess any actions necessary to protect
public health and to identify trends in
environmental radioactivity levels.
ERAMS, which is operated with the cooperation
of State radiation program personnel, collects 65
composite pasteurized milk samples, which are*
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representative of a significant fraction of the U.S.
milk consumption.
Air filter and precipitation samples are obtained
twice weekly from locations in all 50 States,
drinking water samples quarterly from 78
locations, and river water samples quarterly from
58 locations. These samples are then analyzed to
determine their level of radioactivity. In all, the
sampling stations submit a monthly total of about
2,000 samples for 6,000 analyses. Results of this
monitoring are published in a publication titled
Environmental Radiation Data, which is
distributed quarterly to State agencies and
interested private organizations.
Though there have been no atmospheric tests
since the Chinese test of October 1980, ERAMS
continues to assess levels of long-lived
radionuclides in the environment. The system is
also employed in certain emergency situations.
For example, the network's sampling frequency
was increased in early 1983 as part of the Federal
emergency preparedness activity related to reentry
of the nuclear-powered Russian satellite, Cosmos
1402. In 1986, following the Chernobyl accident,
ERAMS' air sampling frequency was increased to
provide daily measurements. The milk network
sampling frequency was increased to two per week.
Radiological Emergency Preparedness and
Response
EPA performs several essential functions in
assisting the Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA) in coordinating Federal efforts
to aid States and localities in preparing
radiological emergency response plans. The Office
also assists FEMA in its role of coordinating
Federal responses to significant radiological
emergencies such as nuclear power plant incidents
and other unplanned releases of radioactivity to
the environment.
The Agency participates in tabletop and full-field
exercises for simulated accidents. In June 1987,
the Agency participated in the second triennial
federal response to a simulated nuclear accident
near the Commonwealth Edison nuclear power
plant in Zion, IL. In addition, the Agency has
developed the EPA emergency response plan.
Although States and localities are responsible for
developing their own emergency response plans,
the EPA regional staff, with help from the Office's
field facilities, assists them in developing,
reviewing, and testing their plans.
Protective Action Guides
One of the major Office planning responsibilities
is the specification of projected radiation doses
(Protective Action Guides) to individuals from
nuclear incidents severe enough to warrant actions
to reduce or avoid those doses. The Agency is
also responsible for recommending emergency
actions to take to reduce or avoid excessive
radiation doses (Implementation Guidance).
The Office has issued Protective Action Guides
(PAGs) and Implementation Guidance for use by
States relating to exposure of the whole body and
the thyroid gland to airborne radioactivity from
accidents at nuclear power plants. This guidance
is being revised to make it applicable to a wide
range of nuclear accidents and to incorporate
lessons learned from response to the accident at
Chernobyl. PAGs have also been developed for
chronic exposure of the public to deposited and
resuspended radioactive materials from accidental
releases. These PAGs will be issued in 1989 and
incorporated in the Manual of Protective Actions
and Protective Actions for Nuclear Incidents for
use by Federal, State, and local governments in
. developing emergency preparedness plans for
radiation incidents. In addition the Office is
working with the Food and Drug Administration
to revise PAGS for contaminated food.
Radioactive Waste Disposal
The basic authority for EPA under the Atomic
Energy Act (AEA) is to establish "generally
applicable environmental standards for the
protection of the general environment from
radioactive material." Since its inception, EPA
has participated in many efforts to resolve
radioactive waste management and disposal
problems under legislative responsibilities to
protect public health and the environment.
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Typically any activity making use of radioactive
material inevitably brings about radioactive waste
as a by product of their operations. This waste
contains varying levels or intensities of
radioactivity and are produced both in the
commercial sector and by Federal government
defense.programs. As such, radioactive waste is
usually classified into several categories including:
(1) low-level radioactive. waste from various
activities; (2) spent fuel and high-level radioactive
waste from nuclear reactor operations; (3)
transuranic waste from the defense programs; and
(4) waste from mining and milling of uranium and
thorium ores.
Land Disposal of Low-Level Radioactive
Waste
Topically, low-level radioactive waste (LLW) is
ordinary industrial or research waste such as
paper, rags, plastic bags, protective clothes,
cardboard, .packing materials, organic fluids, or
water treatment residues which are contaminated
with radioactive materials. This waste is a by
product from a variety of both government and
. commercial activities: research, fuel-cycle activities
for electric power generation (refining, enrichment,
fabrication and reactor operations), diagnostic and
therapy medicine manufacturing (Pharmaceuticals,
tools, and instruments), and defense programs
(submarines, ships, and research).
It is estimated that for the 1985-2004 timeframe,
there will be about 3 million cubic meters of LLW
generated by commercial activities (about 150,000
cubic meters per year) and 1.5 million cubic
meters generated by Department of Energy (DOE)
activities (about 75,000 cubic meters per year).
In 1974 the Agency, with the US. Geological
Survey, published hydrogeologicand hydrochemical
data to help evaluate suitability of LLW disposal
sites. The Office is developing standards for
management and land disposal of low-level
radioactive waste. They are expected to be
promulgated in 1991. The standards will include
natural and accelerator-produced waste and will
establish criteria for designating levels of
radioactivity in waste as below regulatory concern.
For commercial sites, the EPA standards will
eventually be implemented and enforced by the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) through
its licensing requirements or by those States
having regulatory agreements with the
Commission. DOE will implement the EPA
standards for Federal Government management
and disposal .facilities.
.There are currently three operational commercial
sites: Barnwell, SQ Beatty, NV; and Richland,
WA Commercial sites have been closed at Maxey
Flats, KY; West Valley, NY; and Sheffield, IL.
There are 16 Federal Government storage sites
widely distributed around the country.
Under the Low-level Radioactive Waste Policy
Act of 1980 and the Amendments of 1985, each
State by 1993 would be responsible, for providing
disposal capacity for all commercial low-level
radioactive waste generated within its borders.
Regional cooperation through compacts was
encouraged by this law, and is presently the
method by which many States are carrying out
their responsibility. As a result, it is anticipated
that 8 to 10 new disposal sites will be operating
by the mid 1990's.
Naturally Occurring and
Accelerator-Produced Radioactive Materials
Two broad categories of radionuclides not covered
under the Atomic Energy Act are naturally
occurring radionuclides of insufficient
concentration to be considered source materials
and accelerator-produced radionuclides. Materials
containing these nuclides are commonly referred
to as naturally occurring and accelerator-produced
radioactive materials (NARM).
Naturally occurring radioactive materials consist
principally of uranium, thorium, and radium.
There are two very different types of this waste:
(a) discrete sources or waste streams of higher
radioactive concentration, such as radium needles
used in medical practice or radium-contaminated
drinking water cleanup resins, and (b) lower
activity diffuse sources such as residuals from
mining and extraction industries. Most
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accelerator-produced radionuclides are used in
medicine or for research and have very short
half-lives. A few are longer lived.
Because NARM radionuclides are indistinguish-
able from those that are produced at
AEA-licensed facilities, they are usually disposed
of with AEA LLW. EPA is proposing standards
for disposal of NARM waste in conjunction with
the standard proposed for low-level radioactive
waste. NARM waste proposed for regulation
includes any NARM waste whose radioactivity
concentration exceeds 2 nanocuries per gram, but
does not include certain named consumer items.
Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel, Transuranic
and High-Level Radioactive Wastes
High-level radioactive waste (HLW) is the waste
from reprocessing spent reactor fuel. Commercial
HLW is now stored at individual reactor sites or
at storage sites in West Valley, NY; Aiken, SC;
and Morris, IL. Defense HLW is stored at special
sites in Richland, WA; Aiken, SC; and Idaho
Falls, ID. Spent nuclear fuel is being stored
temporarily in pools of water at individual reactor
sites and at three specifically designated sites in
the United States.
t
In 1987, there were about 16,000 metric tons of
commercial spent nuclear fuel and 382,000 cubic
meters of high-level liquid waste being stored
(both commercial and defense). The total in 2000
is expected to reach 40,000 metric tons of spent
fuel and 330,000 cubic meters of liquid and
solidified waste.
Transuranic (TRU) waste is generated by DOE in
its defense programs, and is currently either
burned or stored at several DOE sites. In 1987
some 3,000 cubic meters of transuranic waste were
stored awaiting disposal in a geologic repository.
DOE has constructed a geologic repository in New
Mexico for the disposal of TRU wastes and is in
the characterization phase of developing one in
Nevada for spent nuclear fuel and solidified
high-level radioactive waste.
On August 15, 1985, the Office issued
environmental standards for the management and
disposal of spent nuclear fuel, high-level, and
transuranic radioactive wastes. Under court order,
the Agency is reevaluating some of the technical
aspects of the regulations. Shortly after the rule
was promulgated, several States and environmental
groups challenged it. In 1987, the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the First Circuit agreed with the
plaintiffs' objections to two sections of the
standards. The Court remanded Subpart B of 40
CFR Part 191 to EPA for further action. As a
result of the Court ruling, the Office is developing
new standards for spent fuel, high-level, and
transuranic radioactive waste.
Disposal of Radioactive Materials at Active
Uranium and Thorium Processing Sites
On September 30, 1983, the Agency issued final
standards for the control of effluents and
emissions from uranium and thorium mill tailings
during milling operations and for the final disposal
of tailings. (Mill tailings are radioactive, sand-like
materials that remain after uranium has been
extracted from ore.) The standards require
stabilization of tailings so that health hazards will
be controlled and limited for at least 1,000 years.
NRC or States having regulatory agreements with
the Commission are directly responsible for
implementing and enforcing these standards.
There are 27 active (i.e., licensed) milling sites
distributed among the States of Colorado, New
Mexico, Texas, Utah, Wyoming, South Dakota,
and Washington.
Ground-Water Protection at Inactive
Uranium Mill Tailings Sites
On January 5, 1983, the Agency issued final
standards for the cleanup and disposal of uranium
mill tailings at 24 inactive mill sites that quality
for remedial action under Uranium Mill Tailings
Radiation Control Act of 1978. Inactive sites are
located in Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico,
North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah,
and Wyoming.
The standards included qualitative standards for
ground-water protection which allowed DOE and
NRC to determine what actions were needed on
a site-by-site basis for the cleanup and disposal of
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uranium mill tailings at the inactive sites. As a
result of a Court order, quantitative standards are
now being developed.
Ocean Disposal of Radioactive Waste
The Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries
Act of 1972 specifies that all ocean disposal of
wastes can be conducted only at EPA-designated
sites and only in accordance with strict conditions
set forth in a disposal permit issued by EPA.
Further, only low-level radioactive waste may be
considered for ocean disposal
In conjunction with a comprehensive review of
ocean disposal regulations being conducted by the
Office of Water, the Office of Radiation Programs
is developing criteria and supporting background
information for additional regulatory changes
concerning disposal of low-level radioactive waste.
The Agency has not received any applications for
permits for ocean disposal of radioactive waste.
Radioactively Contaminated Sites
The handling and processing of radioactive
materials have resulted in numerous sites where
radiation contamination exists, creating risks for
the population who live on or near the sites.
Water supplies may be contaminated by runoff or
leaching from the site in aquifers, and homes may
. be constructed on fill or with materials reprocessed
from these sites.
Sites contaminated with radioactive substances
require different procedures and protocols for
investigation and sampling than do chemically
contaminated sites. Different instrumentation and
measurement techniques must be used, additional
pathways of exposure must be evaluated, and new
safety and decontamination procedures must be
developed for the investigation process.
The following sections describe the Office's
regulatory efforts for alleviating or mitigating
problems caused by radioactively contaminated
sites.
Support to Superfund Program
The Office's goals in supporting Superfund are to
ensure that Superfund site cleanup activities do
not result in radiation hazards and that
appropriate cleanup technology and methods are
adopted to effectively and efficiently reduce the
hazards associated with radiation problems
encountered at the sites.
Thirty-three sites on the National Priority List
(NPL) are contaminated with radioactive materials.
More are likely to be added in the next few
months. Over 1,000 additional hazardous waste
sites contain nuclear materials. For those sites on
the NPL or other sites managed by the EPA
Superfund program* the Office must provide
assistance and ensure that protocols are consistent
with the Superfund program requirements. The
Office is actively involved in site-specific assistance
and development of alternative technology for site
cleanup.
Decommissioning or managing cleanup of facilities,
waste sites, or defunct businesses with radioactive
waste problems requires coordination between
agencies, collection of information, and
establishment of guidelines for cleanup. Thus the
Office is responsible for establishing safety
protocols, data quality objectives (DQO),
investigative procedures, and cleanup levels. A
two-volume document, "Development and
Implementation of Data Quality Objectives for
Radiologically Contaminated Sites,* was completed
in 1988 for Superfund site investigations and DQO
development
During the summer of 1989, the Office assisted in
the cleanup of radium from an .abandoned building
in Woodside, Queens, New York. This was one
of the first Superfund removal actions directed at
radioactive contamination. The abandoned
building, which belonged to the Radium Chemical
Company, contained what may have been the
world's largest concentration of radium. The
working area of the building contained enough
8
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radium for a person to exceed the yearly
occupational radiation exposure limit after only 1
hour in the worst parts of the building.
The Office is currently involved in investigations
in the residential areas of Montclair, Glen Ridge,
and West Orange, New Jersey. These areas
contain radium-contaminated soils with high levels
of gamma radiation and radon gas. They are on
EPA's National Priority List. The contaminated
soils occur in former landfills which are now
residential areas. Approximately 50 acres of
contaminated soil in Glen Ridge and 45 acres in
Montclair and West Orange are included in the
contaminated areas. Over 300,000 cubic yards of
radium-contaminated soils are estimated at these
sites.
The Office, in concert with Superfund
requirements, is evaluating the use of physical
volume reduction and chemical extraction
(VORCE) to remediate the radium-contaminated
soils at these Superfund sites. The VORCE
investigation consists of (1) soil characterization,
(2) treatment studies, and (3) technology
implementation. The soil characterization phase
provides important data that paves the way for
the treatment and implementation phases that
follow.
Technical Assistance
The Office provides technical assistance upon
request to other parts of the Agency, to other
Federal agencies, and to State and local
governments. Technical assistance is provided
mainly through radiation personnel in each of the
10 EPA Regions and the Montgomery and Las
Vegas Laboratories.
Assistance is provided in three principal forms:
conducting radiochemical analyses of
environmental samples for selected radionuclides;
performing site surveys of areas with known or
suspected unusual conditions; and making
measurement equipment available to other
organizations. The Montgomery and Las Vegas
Laboratories also advise other laboratories on
conducting analyses and provide training in
radiation monitoring and laboratory procedures.
Internationally, the Office provides technical
support for the United States' participation in
meetings of the Contracting Parties to the London
Dumping Convention and in activities of other
organizations that guide the conduct of ocean
dumping, such as the International Atomic Energy
Agency and the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development's Nuclear Energy
Agency.
Residual Radioactivity
EPA is developing criteria for cleanup of sites
and buildings that are contaminated with
radioactivity. There are thousands of facilities,
such as laboratories and power plants, now in
operation around the country that use radioactive
materials. When these facilities cease operation,
the sites must be cleaned up before they can be
made available for other uses. To safely
accomplish that, facilities may need to reduce the
levels of residual radiation at these sites and any
remaining equipment must be decontaminated.
Information on the health risks from residual
radioactivity and on decontamination methods is
being compiled to assess the costs and benefits
associated with the criteria being developed. The
criteria may be developed as generic Federal
Guidance applicable to all Federal agencies or
they may be supplemented by standards for
specific types of contamination or sites.
Industrial Sources
National Emission Standards for Hazardous
Air Pollutants (NESHAPS); Standards for
Radionuclides
EPA has listed radionuclides as hazardous air
pollutants under Section 112 of the Clean Air
Act. This listing was based on a finding that
radionuclides are carcinogens and are emitted in
significant amounts into the air from thousands of
sources across the nation.
On February 6, 1985, EPA published standards
for DOE facilities, NRC licensees, and non-DOE
Federal facilities, and elemental phosphorus plants.
Before these standards can be fully implemented,
however, sections of the final rule including
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reporting and record-keeping requirements must
be completed.
The final standard for radon-222 emissions from
underground uranium mines was published in the
Federal Register on April 17,1985. TTie standard
requires bulkheading as a work practice for
limiting radon emissions. The Agency found that
the emission rate of radon from underground
mines may be highly variable, depending on mine
ventilation rates, ore grade, exposed surface areas,
mining practices, and geologic formations.
Final standards for radon-222 emissions from
licensed uranium mill tailings were published on
September 24, 1986. The standards require the
.use of improved technology for the management
of all future uranium tailings piles. Existing
tailings piles may continue in use for 6 to 15
years, depending on the status of the piles.
The radionuclide NESHAPS have been re-
evaluated in compliance with Court order. On
October 31, 1989, EPA published final rules
controlling radionuclide emissions from industrial
sources. The rule covers an estimated 6,300
facilities in nine source categories including NRC
and hon-DOE federal facilities; nuclear power
reactors and their support facilities; disposal of
uranium-mill tailings piles; DOE. facilities;
phosphogypsum piles; licensed uranium-mill
tailings piles; elemental phosphorous plants; DOE
radon sources; and underground uranium mines.
In 1990 EPA will initiate a program that promotes
delegating NESHAPS implementation authority to
the States. EPA will prepare and provide
guidance to the States so they can develop
programs that will enable them to qualify for such
authority. In the interim, requests from States for
delegation will be reviewed as received. Also in
1990, pilot Regional and State training programs
will be conducted.
Guidance for Occupational Exposure
The types of employment and associated activities
that involve worker exposure to radiation vary
greatly, EPA estimates that approximately 13
million workers were employed in occupations in
which they were potentially exposed to radiation
in 1980, the latest year for which there are
comprehensive assessments. Most of these
workers receive very low exposures and the
average worker is believed to incur a relatively
small risk of harm.
On January 27, 1987, President Ronald Reagan
issued revised guidance to Federal agencies
significantly reducing the level of radiation to
which workers may be exposed occupationally.
The guidance, developed by EPA, updates that
issued by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1960.
Because there is no definitive evidence that
radiation exhibits any "threshold" level, below
which no health effects occur, EPA's occupational
guidance is predicated on the tenet of achieving
exposures "as low as reasonably achievable"
(ALARA). It contains new provisions to protect
the unborn. The new guidance, applies to
radiation workers employed by the Federal
Government and by institutions or companies
subject to Federal regulation.
Other Radiation Activities
'Diagnostic X Rays
In 1976, based on recommendations developed by
the Office in cooperation with other Federal
agencies, including the then Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare, President Gerald
Ford issued Federal Guidance for radiation
protection in the use of diagnostic x rays. The
guidance is designed to eliminate unnecessary use
of x rays and to ensure that x-ray .personnel,
equipment, and techniques are of the highest
quality, resulting in lower radiation doses. Among
its more significant provisions, the guidance
recommends that mass screening by using x-ray
examinations be eliminated unless specifically .
justified; that use of medical diagnostic x rays be
limited only to obtaining diagnostic information;
that certain numerical guides for common x-ray
examinations not be exceeded; and that routine
dental x-ray examinations not be performed.
Electromagnetic Fields
The existing concern over exposure to
electromagnetic field sources such as microwave
10
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emitters, broadcast towers, and radars has been
extended to the electric and magnetic fields from
power lines. The Office maintains a small
program to keep abreast of new developments in
the electromagnetic field areas. This program
focuses on assessing risks and disseminating
information.
The Office responds to numerous other requests
for assistance from Regional offices, State and
local officials, as well as industries and
broadcasters. The Office, at the request of the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC),
made measurements around broadcast facilities in
Portland, OR; Seattle, WA; and Denver, CO, to
determine the environmental exposure levels to
which the public could be exposed. Upon request
from the State of New Jersey, measurements were
made at a group of satellite communications earth
stations in Vernon, NJ. In 1989, at the request of
the State of California, the Office made
measurements around Voice of America facilities
in McFarland, CA. This study was done to assist
the State in its investigation of a cancer cluster in
McFarland.
RADIATION STANDARDS
AND GUIDANCE
No amount of exposure to radiation is without
some risk. To protect the public and the
environment from radiation exposure, the Office
develops environmental standards and
recommendations for Federal guidance, a unique
authority that applies only to activities of Federal
agencies. In setting standards and recommending
Federal guidance, the Agency considers
technological, social, and, in some cases, economic
factors in seeking to reduce exposure risks to
acceptable levels.
The Office develops radiation standards in
response to several pieces of legislation and set
limits on human radiation exposure levels or on
quantities or concentrations of radioactive
materials that may be released to the environment.
Once issued, EPA standards apply directly to all
commercial or governmental organizations
involved in the regulated activity. For instance,
the Nuclear Regulatory Commission must
incorporate the EPA environmental standards into
its regulations governing their licensees.
Under Federal Guidance authority, the Agency
may make recommendations to the President on
guidance to Federal agencies for radiation
protection. If the President issues the EPA
recommendations as Federal Guidance, affected
agencies must take them into account in carrying
out their responsibilities. The basic philosophy
behind EPA standards and guidance on radiation
is that any exposure to radiation carries some risk
with the risk increasing as the exposure increases.
Following are lists of the radiation standards and
recommendations for Federal guidance developed
and being developed by the Office of Radiation
Programs.
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Radiation Standards
1. Land Disposal of Low-Level Radioactive Waste
o To Be Proposed
2. Disposal of Spent Nuclear Fuel, Transuranic and High-Level Radioactive Waste
o Issued 1985
o Remanded 1987
o To Be Reproposed
3. Disposal of Radioactive Materials at Active Uranium and Thorium Processing Sites
o Issued 1983
4. Ground-Water Protection at Inactive Uranium Processing Sites
o Issued 1983
o Remanded 1987
o To Be Reproposed
5. Remedial Actions at Inactive Uranium Processing Sites
o Issued 1983
6. Drinking Water
o Interim Regulation 1976
o Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 1986
7. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Radionuclides
o Issued 1985
o Remanded 1987
o Republished 1989
8. Nuclear Power Operations
o Promulgated 1977
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Radiation Guidance
1. Exposure of Underground Uranium Miners
o Final 1971
2. Occupational Exposure
o Final 1960
o Revised 1987
3. Dose Limits from Transuranium Elements
o Proposed 1977
4. Diagnostic X Rays
o Final 1976
5. Residual Radioactivity
o To Be Proposed
6. Public Exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation
o Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking 1986
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Authorities for EPA's Radiation Programs
Authority
Subject
1. Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended
42 USC 2011 et seq. (1970),
and Reorganization Plan #3 of 1970
2. Public Health Service Act
42 USq 201 et seq (1970)
3. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
33 USC 4321 et seq (1970)
4. Toxic Substances Control Act
15 USC 2601 et seq (1970)
5. Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries
Act of 1972, 42 USC 1401 et seq (1972)
6. Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended
33 USC 1251 (1973)
and
7. Safe Drinking Water Act, 42 USC 300f
et seq (1974)
8. Resources Conservation and Recovery Act
42 USC 6901 et seq (1976)
9. Clean Air Act as amended, 42 USC 7401
et seq (1977)
10. Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
of 1978 (an amendment to the Atomic Energy Act)
42 USC 7901 et seq (1978)
11. Comprehensive Emergency Response, Compensation
and Liability Act of 1980; Superfund Amendments
and Reauthorization Act of 1986, 42 USC 9601
et seq
12. Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 P.L. 97-425
All Federal radiation guidance functions
and generally applicable environmental
radiation standards
Radiation monitoring, research, training,
and technical assistance to States
*Evaluation of Federal actions involving
radiation
* Commodities containing carcinogenic
(e.g., naturally occuring
radionuclides) materials
Ocean disposal of radioactive waste
Radionuclides in drinking and surface water
*Naturally occurring radionuclides in wastes
of all types
Airborne emissions of radionuclides
Uranium mill tailing
Radioactive waste cleanup, radon surveys
and demonstration projects
Generally applicable environmental
standards for high-level radioactive waste
*The Office of Radiation Programs is not the lead office in these areas.
15
401 M ~<
WASH'',J"
(202)
39 j
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13. Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendment Act
of 1985, 42 USC 2012(b)-2021
14. Indoor Radon Abatement Act of 1988
15 USC 2661-2671
15. Administrative Procedures Act, 5 USC 551-559,
701-706
16. Executive Order 10831, "Federal Compliance
with Pollution Control Standards (1959)
17. Executive Order 12088, "Federal Compliance
with Pollution Control Standards* (1978)
18. Executive Order 12148, "Federal Emergency
Preparedness Management" (1979)
Low-level radioactive waste disposal sites
Radon surveys, mitigation proficiency
programs, training centers,
assistance to States, public information
Rulemaking procedures
Federal guidance on radiation
Extension of EPA standards to Federal
activities
Radiological emergencies
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OFFICE ORGANIZATION AND
FUNCTIONS
The Office of Radiation Programs, tinder the
supervision of a Director, is responsible to the
Assistant Administrator for Air and Radiation for
the radiation activities of the Agency including
development or radiation protection criteria,
standards, and policies; measurement and control
of radiation exposure; and research requirements
for radiation programs.
The Office provides technical assistance to States
through EPA Regional Offices and other agencies
having radiation protection programs; establishes
and directs a national surveillance and investigation
program for measuring radiation levels in the
environment; evaluates and assesses the impact of
radiation on the general public and the
environment; and maintains liaison with other
public and private organizations involved in
environmental radiation protection activities. The
Office also coordinates with and assists the Office
of Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring in
enforcement activities where EPA has jurisdiction.
To cany out its activities, the Office relies on a
staff with diverse capabilities including radio-
biology, radiochemistry, epidemiology, health
physics, physical sciences, oceanography, economics,
and engineering. Staff are located in the Office's
headquarters in Washington, DC, and in two field
laboratories.
Washington Office
In addition to the immediate office, the Office of
Radiation Program's Washington, DC, office is
composed of three divisions: Criteria and
Standards; Analysis and Support; and Radon.
Criteria and Standards Division
The Criteria and Standards Division (CSD) is
responsible for formulating and recommending
policies, criteria, and standards designed to protect
the environment and the public from both ionizing
and nonionizing radiation. Specific activities carried
out by CSD includes:
o Developing guidance designed to protect those
occupational^ exposed to ionizing radiation
o Identifying and evaluating new radiation sources
to determine the public health significance of
all sources of radiation exposures
o Assuming lead responsibility for those sections
of all EPA standards and guidelines dealing
with radioactive materials, including those for
which proposal and promulgation responsibility
is located outside of the Office of Air and
Radiation.
Analysis and Support Division
The Analysis and Support Division (ASD) is
responsible for providing support to the
development of standards and regulations.
Support takes the form of evaluating human
health and environmental risks and radiation
exposure and providing basic understanding of the
biological effects of radiation. In support of
standards and guidance development, ASD,
conducts economic studies of alternative choices
of controls and evaluates technology and processes
to reduce exposure to ionizing and nonionizing
radiation in the environment Other ASD
activities include;
o Providing statistical and applied mathematical
support to the standards setting function
o Developing mathematical models of
environmental transport of radionuclides
the
o Determining and reporting findings on the
radiological quality of the environment
o Determining if environmental levels are within
EPA established radiological guidelines and
standards and recommending changes to
existing control programs
o Developing general guidance for design and
implementation of surveillance programs
o Developing emergency planning criteria and
coordinating Agency support to other Federal
agencies and to the States.
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Radon Division
The'Radon Division has been designated as the
lead organization in developing, coordinating, and
implementing the Agency's Radon Action
Program. Under this program, the Agency
addresses national and regional problems of
indoor radon through an integrated effort to
mitigate elevated-radon levels in structures and to
disseminate information to the public about radon.
Radon Division activities include:
o Identifying areas with high levels of radon in
homes, schools, and workplaces; and
determining the national distribution of radon
levels and associated risks
o Developing mitigation and prevention
technologies to reduce radon concentrations
significantly in existing and new buildings
o Stimulating the development of State and
private sector capabilities to assess radon
problems in homes, and helping people to
mitigate such problems
o Working with States and the private sector to
provide information to the public on radon, its
risks, and what can be done to reduce those
risks.
Laboratories
The Office operates two laboratories, the National
Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory and
the Las Vegas Facility.
National Air and Radiation Environmental
Laboratory
The National Air and Radiation and
Environmental Laboratory (NAREL), located in
Montgomery, AL, conducts activities in support of
the Office's Headquarters components. NAREL
provides technical support to headquarters and
technical assistance to States, EPA Regional
Offices, and other EPA Programs in their
radiation-related activities, and special laboratory
support to other Government agencies as required.
The Laboratory performs the following functions:
o Radon Program. Provide measurement and
calibration for the Radon Action Program.
NAREL operates two radon calibration
chambers to evaluate instruments and methods
for radon measurements, to assist States in
preparing for their radon programs, and to
provide known exposures for the Office's radon
quality assurance program. NAREL also
analyzes charcoal canister monitors for the
Office's State survey program.
o Measurement Programs. Conduct field and
laboratory measurement programs that help the
Office set appropriate environmental
radioactivity standards and provide a basis for
evaluating environmental radiation sources
o Radioactivity Monitoring. Assess ambient
radiation levels and levels and levels resulting
from nuclear accidents by operating the
Environmental Radiation Ambient Monitoring
System
o Emergency Response. Assume lead
responsibility within EPA for providing
capability for field measurements in emergency
situations involving releases of radioactivity to
the general environment NAREL maintains
two well-equipped vehicles, a mobile analytical
laboratory and a communications unit, in a
state of readiness to respond to accidental
releases of radioactivity that pose potential
danger to the population and the environment
NAREL's role in a typical response is to help
States assess the environmental impact of an
accident and to ensure public health.
o Assessments. Evaluate and assess
environmental radiation sources through the
development and validation of computer dose
models
o Supcrfund Support Conduct special studies
and programs in support of Superfund.
NAREL has provided radioanalytical analyses
for two Superfund sites and has been involved
in evaluating innovative technologies for site
remediation.
A new state-of-the art building to house NAREL
under one roof has been constructed on
18
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approximately 12 acres of land on Gunter Air
Force Base in Montgomery.
Las Vegas Facility
The Las Vegas Facility (LVF) provides the
following technical support for radiation control
activities:
o Field Studies. Conduct studies in radiation
problem areas such as Superfund sites, waste
disposal, mill tailings, construction materials,
uranium and plutonium operations, and other
areas as required. The LVF staff recently
evaluated human exposure to natural and man-
made radiation sources around two elemental
phosphorus plants in Idaho.
o Radon Program. Operate a radon chamber in
support of the Radon Measurement Proficiency
Program and other ongoing radon programs,
such as the national school survey. The
chamber is used to evaluate new measurement
technologies and benchmark measurement
proficiency for approved measurement devices.
o Electromagnetic Fields. Conduct measurements
and analyze electrical and magnetic fields;
evaluate and calibrate measurement
instruments; and provide assistance to States
and other Government agencies.
o Assessments. Estimate dose and risk from
radionuclides with the use of computer models
such as the Clean Air Act Assessment
Package-1988 and REPRISK, in support of
rulemaking activities for the Clean Air Act and
High-level Nuclear Waste Programs.
o Emergency Response. Provide an emergency
response capability for radiation. incidents.
This response includes the ability to deliver
measurement capabilities to the site on short
notice, make measurements and assessments,
and report results to Washington, DC, quickly.
LVF maintains a Mobile Emergency Response
Laboratory (MERL) to support federal, State,
and local efforts in a radiological emergency.
o Technology Transfer. Advise EPA Regions,
and State and city government officials on
measurements of both ionizing and electro-
magnetic radiation. Provide information to the
private sector on radon measurement devices.
Provide assistance and advice on radiochemical
analyses, site assessments for Superfund and
for Indian Tribes for reclaiming abandoned
uranium mining lands; loan radiation
measurement equipment to States; and train
State health personnel in laboratory procedures.
Regional Complement
The Office also supports a Regional complement,
with staff located in each of the Agency's 10
Regional offices. The Regional staff bear
principal responsibility for outreach activities with
State and local programs in their respective areas,
particularly for such subjects as indoor radon,
where there is strong public interest In addition,
the Regional offices have a major role in the
implementation program for the National
Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
for radionuclides.
Radiation Program Managers and/or Radiation
Representatives frequently serve on the Regional
Advisory Committee (RAC) for radiation
accidents, and are directly involved in the review
and testing of nuclear response plans developed
for nuclear facilities. The Regional staff also
participates in Headquarters work groups, and
serves as the advisor to the Agency's Regional
managers on radiation matters which are of
interest or concern within the Regions.
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Office of Radiation Programs Organization Chart
1
Criteria * Standards
Division
J. William Ountar
475-9603
Environmental
Standards Branch
Terrence McLaughlln
475-9810
Quid** • Criteria
Branch
Allan Richardson
475-9620
Waste Management
Standards Branch
Floyd Oalpln
475-9633
Assistant Director for
Program Integration
Raymond Brandweln
475-8388
l
Regional Radiation 1
Program Managers 1
1
Analysis • Support
Division
Martin Helper
475-9626
Bloeffects Analysis
Branch
Jerome Puskln
475-9640
Economics ft. Control
Engineering Branch
Lewis Battlst
475-9644
Environmental Studies
and Statistics Branch
Robert Dyer
475-9630
|
Office of the Director
Richard J
475-
Gulmond
9600
Radon
Division
Margo Oge
475-9622
Problem Assessment
Branch
Kirk Maconaughey
475-9615
Mitigation, Prevention ft
Quality Assurance Branch
Jed Harrison, Acting
475-9623
Policy ft Public
Information Branch
Stephen Page
475-9617
—
Program Management Office
Loretta Stewart
475-8388
I
National Air and
Radiation Environmental
Laboratory
Charles Porter
205-270-3400
Environmental Studies
Branch
Sam Wlndham
205-270-3400
Monitoring ft Analytical
Services Branch
Jon Broadway
205-270-3400
Radlochemlstry ft Special
Studies Branch
Charles Porter, Acting
205-270-3400
Technical Support
Branch
Charles Porter, Acting
205-270-3400
I
Las Vegas
Facility
Wayne Bliss
702-798-2476
Evaluation
Branch
Richard Hopper
702-798-2476
Field Studies
Branch
Greg Dempsey
702-798-2476
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EPA Regional Radiation Program Managers
Telephone No.
Tom D'Avanzo
Radiation Program Manager, Region 1
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Room 2311
Boston, MA 02203
FTS: 835-4502
COMM: (617) 565-4502
Paul A. Giardina
Radiation Program Manager, Region 2
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
26 Federal Plaza
Room 1137L
New York, NY 10278
FTS: 264-4110
COMM: (212) 264-4110
Lewis Felleisen
Radiation Program Manager, Region 3
U.S. Environmental Program Manager
Special Program Section (3AM12)
841 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107
FTS: 597-8326
COMM: (215) 597-8326
Chuck Wakamo
Radiation Program Manager, Region 4
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
345 Courtland Stree, N.E.
Atlanta, GA 30365
FTS: 257-3907
COMM: (404) 347-3907
Gary V. Gulezian
Radiation Program Manager, Region 5
(5AR26)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
FTS: 886-6258
COMM: (312) 353-2206
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Donna M. Ascenzi FTS: 255-7223
Radiation Program Manager, Region 6 COMM: (214) 655-7223
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Air Enforcement Branch (6T-E)
Air, Pesticides and Toxics Division
1445 Ross Avenue
Dallas, TX 75202-2733
Carl Walter FTS: 276-7600
Radiation Program Manager, Region 7 COMM: (913) 551-7600
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
726 Minnesota Avenue
Kansas City, KS 66101
Milton W. Lammering FTS: 330-1709
Radiation Program Manager, Region 8 COMM: (303) 293-1713
(8HWM-RP)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Suite 500
999 18th Street
Denver, CO 80202-2405
Michael S. Bandrowski FTS: 556-5285
Radiation Program Manager, Region 9 COMM: (415) 556-5285
(Al-1)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1235 Mission Street
San Francisco, CA 94103
Jerry Leitch FTS: 399-7660
Radiation Program Manager, Region 10 COMM: (206) 442-7660
(AT-082)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1200 Sixth Avenue, Mail Stop 533
Seattle, WA 98101
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