c/EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water &
Waste Management
Washington DC 20460
SW-171C
Marc^i 1979
Solid Waste
Development
of an Emergency
Response Program
for Transportation
of Hazardous Waste
-------
Prepublication issue for EPA libraries
and State Solid Waste Management Agencies
DEVELOPMENT OF AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE
PROGRAM FOR TRANSPORTATION
OF HAZARDOUS WASTE
This report (SW-171a) describes work performed
for the Office of Solid Waste -under contract no. 68-01-3973
and is reproduced as received from the contractor.
The findings should be attributed to the contractor
and not the Office of Solid Waste.
Copies will be available from the
National Technical Information Service
U.S. Department of Commerce
Springfield, VA. 22161
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
1979
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Fi gures
Tables
Acknowledgements
I. Executive Summary 1
II. Introducti on 15
Pertinent Definitions 15
Project Objectives and Limitations 18
Spi11 Scenario 18
Approach to the Study and Report Format 20
III. Summary of Regulations, Notification Procedures
And Reporting Requirements 23
General 23
Federal Legislation 23
State Legislation 34
Review of Legislation 36
Summary of Legislation 37
IV. Response Manuals and Information - Capabilities
S umma ry 46
General 46
Telephone Contact Organizations 47
Background Information Sources 52
Immediate Response Manuals 59
Complete Response Manuals 70
Detection/Assessment or Disposal Manuals 75
General Summary 79
V. Response Teams - Capabilities 94
General 94
Federal Response Teams 94
Industrial Spill Response Groups 98
Private Industrial Contractors 100
i i i
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Page
VI. Evaluation of Response Systems 103
General 103
Notification/Reporting Requirements 103
Information Sources and Response Manual
Evaluation 105
Response Team Evaluation 119
VII. Summary and Recommended Systems
Summary of Various Response Systems
Recommended Response Systems for Handling
Hazardous Waste Spills 151
VIM. References 168
Append!ces
A Background Information A-1
B Waste Streams B-1
C Summary of State Response Programs C-1
Iv
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FIGURES
Number Page
1. Typical print-out of Oil and
Hazardous Materials Technical Assistance
Data System (OHM-TADS). *»9
2. Sample of NFPA label for acetyl
chloride. 65
3. Typical Entry from DOT's Hazardous
Materials - Emergency Action Guide. 15*»
b. Proposed Table of Contents - Initial
Response Manual- 156
5. Proposed Table of Contents - Secondary
Response Manuals
Volume I - Containment Techniques. 159
6. Proposed Table of Contents Secondary
Response Manuals
Volume II - Identification and
Assessment. 162
7- Proposed Table of Contents - Secondary
Response Manuals
Volume III - Treatment and Disposal. 166
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TABLES
Number Page
1 Summary of Federal Legislation
related to Spill Response. 3
2. Information Sources and Manuals Reviewed. 5
3. Summary of Response Team Capabilities. 10
*4. Summary of State Regulations, Notification
and Reporting Requirements. 39
5. Selected Information Retrieval Systems. 82
6. Sources of Information and Assistance
for Hazardous Material Spills. 83
7. Some Additional Sources of Background
Information. 87
8. Summary of Capabilities of Manuals
and Information Services. 88
9. Private Clean-up and Disposal Firms
Interviewed for this study. 102
10. Evaluation of Response Sources for
Materials Addressed and Immediate
Action Procedure. 121
II Evaluation of Response Sources for
Identification and Assessment Procedures. 125
12. Evaluation of Response Sources for
Containment and Environmental Hazard
Information. 129
Evaluation of Response Sources for
Clean-up Techniques. 133
Evaluation of Response Sources for
Audience Addressed and Clarity. 137
v i
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Number
15- Evaluation of Response Sources for
Flexibility, Prior Training and Meeting
Stated Objectives.
16. Summary of Response Team
Capabi1i t ies .
VII
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of many individuals
and organizations who provided input or helped in the preparation of this
report. Special thanks are extended to Mr. Arnold Edelman, Project Officer
from the Hazardous Waste Management Division of EPA for his help and
guidance throughout the course of the project. The various state and federal
response personnel who were contacted were extremely helpful and their
input was greatly appreciated. Mr. Louis Jones is acknowledged for his
preparation of the Federal legislation review and help in State law evalua-
tion.
Special thanks are also extended to the staff members of the
Environmental Sciences Division of Envirex, Inc. Technical assistance
including telephone contacts, literature review and proofreading was
provided by Mr. Ernest Bollinger and Mr. James Kane. The clerical staff
devoted many hours to this effort and their help is also appreciated. In
addition, the major author takes this opportunity to thank all Division
staff members for their encouragement and support during the preparation
of this report.
VIII
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SECTION I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Purpose
There exists a great interest in problems associated with hazardous
materials spills due to the anticipated increase in transportation of hazard-
ous wastes. New legislation has caused the Environmental Protection Agency's
(EPA) Office of Solid Waste to become concerned as to whether existing
emergency response systems were capable of handling hazardous waste spills.
As a result, the Hazardous Waste Management Division funded this project to
survey and summarize the capabilities of existing systems, and evaluate
their applicability to hazardous waste spills. Federal and State regula-
tions regarding spill notification, reporting requirements and clean-up pro-
cedures were reviewed. Fourteen information sources, eighteen response
manuals and five response teams were evaluated in the study.
Approach
The evaluation required definition of terms critical to the topic.
Hazardous wastes are defined in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(42 U.S.C. 82 § 6903) as:
"a solid waste, or combination of solid wastes, which because
of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical or
infectious characteristics may
(A) cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in
mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or in-
capacitating reversible, illness; or
(B) pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human
health or the environment when improperly treated, stored,
transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed".
However, the criteria for establishing if a solid waste is hazardous
has not been finalized. The latest draft regulations (March, 1978) were
used when evaluating the response systems applicability to waste streams.
The basic approach used in this study was that hazardous materials being
transported to a disposal facility were hazardous wastes. The wastes could
be relatively pure or complex mixtures in liquid, slurry or solid form.
Hazardous substances were considered to be those identified under Section
311 (b)(2)(A) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 as amended
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by the Clean Water Act of 1977 (CWA). DOT hazardous materials were defined
in ^9 CFR 171.8. For the purpose of this evaluation, the term hazardous
materials was used as an all-encompassing term which included hazardous
wastes, hazardous substances and DOT hazardous materials.
The approach first involved a basic overview of pertinent Federal and
State legislation for potential application to hazardous waste spill inci-
dents. Notification and reporting requirements, containment, clean-up and
disposal procedures were considered. An in-depth review of all emergency
response legislation was not necessary, since that is being performed under
a separate EPA contract (1).
After summation and evaluation of the response manuals, teams and
information sources for their applicability to hazardous waste spills,
manual additions and developments were recommended. The actual manuals
were not to be written as part of this evaluation. Instead a discussion
of the proposed contents is presented.
Leg islation
Federal and State legislation has been promulgated in an attempt to
handle problems associated with the accidental release of hazardous
materials into the environment. The laws reviewed had varying applicability
to spills of hazardous wastes.
Federal Legislation. Various Federal laws have been passed which
attempt to minimize the possibility of spills and to respond to the potential
emergency situation created by a spill event. A summary of the most appli-
cable Federal laws when hazardous waste spills are considered, is presented
in Table 1.
Variation in both materials covered by the legislation and required
response is extensive. The interpretation of terms within the law is criti-
cal in establishing their applicability to hazardous waste spills. Among
the important terms are navigable waters and hazardous substances. Land
spills of any hazardous material may or may not be covered, depending upon
these interpretations.
Notification requirements on a Federal level do vary. There is a toll
free number for notification of the National Response Center when spills
occur. The Department of Transportation (DOT) requires telephone notifica-
tion when the severity of a spill meets certain criteria. It may be neces-
sary for the spiller to notify more than one agency, and most laws include
significant penalties for failure to notify. Written reports may be filed
by either the spiller or government official directing the response. The
DOT requires an incident report for all transportation spills of DOT hazardous
materials.
Some laws have incorporated provisions for penalty assessment in the
event of a spill incident. Fines range up to $50,000,000 under CWA and are
used to provide a revolving fund for emergency clean-up. Other laws may
have provisions for spill response but money may not be available.
State Legislation. State laws which control spillage of hazardous
materials can usually be classified as one of three types: general water
pollution legislation; hazardous waste legislation (where the spiller is con-
sidered a generator of a hazardous waste) and specific oil/hazardous material
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TABLE 1. SUMMARY OF FEDERAL LEGISLATION RELATED TO SPILL RESPONSE
Clean Water Act
1377 (CWA)
Section 311
CWA
Section 504
CWA
Section 31 1
Hazardous
Materials
Transportation
Act
Resource Conserva-
tion and Recovery
and Recovery Act
(RCRA, proposed)
Safe Drinking
Water
Ports and Water-
ways Safety Act
(PWSA)
Materials
Covered
Oil and 271
Hazardous
Substances
Specific
Quantities
same
pol lutants
or
contaminants
Listed hazardous
materials--
substances or
materials which
pose a risk to
the envl ronment
Hazardous waste
as defined by
specified
criteria
contaminants —
physical /chemical
biological or
radioactive
Oil and 271
hazardous
substances
Appl icable
to Spi 1 Is
Occurring into
and upon
navigable
waters and
adjoining
shore! ines
same
Release Into
Env 1 ronmen t
occurring
du r i ng
transportation
Any unpermltted
discharge
affecting
water
supply
Same as CWA
Notification
Requirements
EPA Regional Re-
sponse Center
Nat ' 1 . Response
Center
As soon as
practical after
meet Ing criteria
DOT
Center for
Disease Control
National Response
Center
EPA Regional Re-
sponse Center
--
""
Fines For
Won- Mitigation
Notification Reports Penalties Responsibility Funding
$10,000 written nonremovable Contingency
1 yr. prison within $500-5000 Plans Required
60 days up to
$5.000,000
Cost of
clean-up
col lect ible
$!25/ton
$ ISO/ ton
up to
$50.000.000
2nd Contingency $10,000.000
Plan
$10,000 written $25,000
wi thin 5 yr. prison
15 days
S25.000/day written $50.000/day
within
15 days
$5,000/day Emergency power $8,000.000
and funding
aval lable for
mitigation
Develop approp.
rules and
regulat ions
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spills legislation. Several laws may apply and their overlapping impacts
have not been addressed in this report. Most state laws were more general
with regard to designation of hazardous materials, spill locations and
emergency situations. As a result, States were usually able to provide
broader environmental protection and were more applicable to undefined or
unspecified hazardous wastes. However, enforcement could be difficult due
to funding and staff limitations.
Notification at a state level involved contacts to a 2^ hour answering
service or calls to people listed on a call sheet. In many states, technical
personnel are on-call for spill response on a district or state-wide basis.
Response to a notification will vary depending on the state. In some states,
response is automatic, while in others the location, quantity and type of
material spilled dictate the response. However, in most instances, state
personnel do not perform the actual clean-up but instead supervise the
operations. Written report requirements varied. Reports were not always
required to be submitted by either the spill coordinator or the spiller.
Overview of Legislation. Federal and State regulations rarely conflict
since when differences occur the most stringent law prevals. The
notification and reporting requirements do vary, although use of the toll
free notification number to the National Response Center is an attempt to
standardize procedures. Coordination with the State agencies involved is
difficult since the in-State notification requirements are variable. Report
forms are not standard which results in duplication of effort between
Federal and State agencies and more work for the spiller or coordinator.
When considering applicability to hazardous waste spills, State laws
are more general and their jurisdiction can often be considered to include
hazardous wastes. Federal laws are limited to listed DOT hazardous materials
or hazardous substances or oil. They may or may not be applicable to
hazardous wastes depending upon the interpretation of the regulations with
regard to mixtures. Since hazardous waste spills are anticipated to more
frequently contaminate land rather than water, Federal laws have more limi-
tations.
Response Manuals and Information Sources
Under this study, thirty-two response sources were identified and re-
viewed by the contractor- Other sources are available, however, those
chosen were considered representative of the available resources and could
provide an overview of the type of information and systems already in
existence. This group of response sources can be divided Into five types:
1) Telephone contact sources, 2) Background information sources, 3) Immediate
response manuals, A) Complete response manuals, and 5) Detection/Assessment
and disposal manuals. Most have been written to meet certain specific
objectives and have done so very effectively. However, since their objec-
tives vary significantly, it is difficult to compare the manuals. Instead
they have been summarized with regard to their overall capabilities and
then evaluated with respect to their output, ease of use and general applica-
bility to hazardous waste.
Capabilities Summary. Table 2 presents a list of the manuals and
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TABLE 2. INFORMATION SOURCES AND RESPONSE MANUALS REVIEWED
Telephone Contact Organizations
1. Chemical Transportation Emergency Center (CHEMTREC)
2. Transportation Emergency Assistance Plan (TEAP)
3. EPA Oil and Hazardous Materials - Technical Assistance Data
System (OHM-TADS)
k. Chlorine Emergency Plan (CHLOREP)
5. Interagency Radiological Assistance Plan (I RAP)
6. Missouri Pacific Railroad
7- Lockhead Information Systems
Background Information Sources
8. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials - N. Irving Sax
9. The Merck Index - M. Windholz
10. Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemical Safety Manual
11. Chemical Safety Data Sheets - Manufacturing Chemists Association (MCA)
12. Chemistry of Hazardous Materials - E. Meyer
13. Fire Offices Guide to Dangerous Chemicals - L. W. Bahme
T». Hazardous Materials - L. Schieles and D. Pauze
Immediate Response Manuals
15. Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation -
Bureau of Explosives - Association of American Railroads (AAR)
16. Guidelines to the Handling of Hazardous Materials - D. J. Behrendsen
17. Hazardous Materials Handbook - J. H. Meidl
(continued)
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TABLE 2. (continued)
Immediate Response Manuals (continued)
18. Hazardous Materials Safety Manual - State of Minnesota
19. National Fire Codes - Volume 3 - National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA)
20. Hazardous Materials Emergency Action Guide - Department of
Transportation (DOT)
21. Handling Hazardous Materials Transportation Emergencies - Training
Course DOT/NFPA
22. Chem-cards - MCA
23. Guide on Hazardous Materials - NFPA
2^. Tremcards Redland Purle Ltd.
Complete Response Manuals
25. Chemical Hazards Response Information System - (CHRIS) - United States
Coast Guard/DOT (USCG/DOT)
26. Oil and Hazardous Materials Technical Assistance Data System
(OHM-TADS) - EPA
27. Manual for Control of Hazardous Material Spills - Volume 1 - Envirex
Inc.
28. Water Quality Accident Handbook - New York State
Detection and Disposal Manuals
29. Field Detection and Damage Assessment Manual for Oil and Hazardous
Material Spi11s - EPA
30. Chemical Disposal Technique for Hazardous Materials - United Parcel
Servi ce
31. Laboratory Waste Manual - MCA
32. Recommended Method of Reduction, Neutralization, Recovery or Disposal
of Hazardous Waste - TRW Systems Group
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information sources reviewed in this project. An individual capabilities
summary and a listing of pertinent advantages and disadvantages with respect
to handling hazardous waste spills and providing human and environmental
protection have been developed.
Telephone Response Organizations. These groups offered information
regarding the potential hazards of the spilled material within 2A hours
through telephone contacts. The most commonly used source was CHEMTREC
which is coordinated by the Manufacturing Chemists Association. Other
groups are sponsored by industry or the government. Computerized information
retrieval services do not provide the fast, direct output needed in an
emergency situation.
Background Information Sources. Many different references could be
included in this classification. Sources reviewed for this project included
toxicity books, data sheets and textbooks to acquaint emergency personnel
to hazardous materials problems. The information included was either diffi-
cult to access quickly or was not directed spill response. However, the
texts were effective in presenting the potential dangers associated with
hazardous material spills and in providing the information needed for veri-
fication of a given response technique.
Immediate Response Manuals. These manuals provide information necessary
to safely handle a spill incident within 30 minutes to 2 hours after its
occurrence. They are generally written to a broad audience and provide
safety information, first aid techniques and initial response actions to be
taken. Many types are available. The information presented can be accessed
through either knowledge of the chemical identity or DOT placard type. Pre-
liminary training is not mandatory for effective use although previous
familiarity with the contents is desirable. These manuals do not provide
sufficient information for a complete response.
Complete Response Manuals. Only three sources were reviewed which
attempted to address total response to a spill incident. Even these three
had different objectives and scopes, and were difficult to compare. Topics
addressed varied considerably. All three presented some discussion of
clean-up procedures although the degree of detail varied. Other topics
covered by at least one manual were identification, assessment, containment
and disposal. The information must always be accessed through the chemical
identi ty.
Detection/Assessment or Disposal Manuals. Only one manual addressed
detection/assessment and it was complete. Disposal references either
considered small quantities of materials (laboratory or small packages) or
the components of the waste streams separately. Knowledge of the chemical
identity was needed to access the data.
Eva 1 uat_j_on. The response manual/information sources' applicability
to hazardous waste spills and protection of human health and the environment
were the main evaluation criteria. Other critical considerations included
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the types of input needed to access the data available, output for initial
and secondary response, and ease of use.
Telephone Information Sources. These sources were evaluated for 1) the
availability of a computerized data base, 2) access and response time,
3) degree of input required, 4) variety of chemicals addressed and 5) type
of output available.
No computerized data base is available with an associated 2*4 hour
access number. Most telephone sources require knowledge of the material
identity prior to accessing information, with OHM-TADS the notable exception.
This is a severe limitation with respect to unidentified hazardous waste
spills. Mixtures are usually not covered in detail and wastes are not
addressed at all. Most sources provide output limited to initial response
and safety information and possibly the name of the manufacturer. OHM-TADS
provides much more information but has limited accessibility and requires
technical interpretation prior to application.
Background Information Sources. These sources generally provide
technical background information on toxicity or hazards of specific chemicals
or an overview of hazards associated with chemical classes. The audience
addressed varies from emergency response personnel to technical personnel,
depending on the text. These sources are relatively easy to use. Their
applicability to mixtures of unidentified hazardous wastes is minimal since
the identity of the chemicals must be known before specific information can
be accessed.
Immediate Response Manuals. These manuals or cards are characterized
by the fact that they are easy to use and present crucial immediate response
information needed for human health protection. The data is accessed
through chemical name or placard type and the audience addressed is broad.
One source, the Redland Purle Tremcards, presents initial response informa-
tion for classes of hazardous wastes. First aid, containment and other
initial response information was included for the waste categories. Of the
other manuals, the DOT Emergency Action Guide was most effective. It high-
lighted the important information and included categories related to both
environmental and human protection. However, it addressed only 43 pure
chemicals and no hazardous wastes.
Complete Response Manuals. The three complete response manuals reviewed
did not address the subject of spill response in a consistent manner. CHRIS
provided the most information. With its four volumes it could address
different audiences effectively. It provided initial response information
in Volume 1, had an excellent chemical property summary in Volume 2 and
addressed hazardous assessment in Volume 3- The response methods presented
in Volume 4 were not detailed and were limited to in-place treatment of
water spills. Volumes 2-k address a technical audience and will require
additional training prior to use. CHRIS1 main limitations are that it
addresses mainly spills into large water bodies and that the identity of the
material spilled must be known prior to accessing this data. It is not
applicable to unidentified or mixtures or hazardous wastes.
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OHM-TADS computerized approach is desirable since printed information
is provided only when needed. There is a tremendous amount of information
presented although some details may be missing due to lack of the necessary
data base. The output is difficult to access and use and requires technical
interpretation. Although an identification technique is available, it is
directed to pure chemicals only. Detailed instructions for implementing
the clean-up procedures are not included.
The EPA Manual for Control of Hazardous Material Spills Volume I
presents the most information on treatment of the spilled material. Complete
directions are limited to water spill treatment in an off stream but on
site mode. Notification procedures, a summary of information sources,
identification and assessment techniques are also included. Most procedures
are directed to pure hazardous substances but can be used for hazardous
waste spills with proper interpretation.
None of these three manuals were easy to use and most require technical
background and/or a training course. These manuals address the components
of a hazardous waste stream but care must be taken when applying the infor-
mation to mixtures of different chemicals.
Detection/Assessment and Disposal Manuals. Most of the methods presented
in the EPA Field Detection and Damage Assessment Manual are applicable to
assessing damage associated with hazardous waste spills. However, it does
not provide information on other subjects. The other disposal manuals are
limited in scope and applicability to hazardous waste spills. The proce-
dures are usually directed to handling small quantities of pure materials.
Some technical background is required for most effective use.
Response Teams
Response Teams can be government or industry sponsored or they can be
private organizations involved in spill clean-up and/or disposal. A summary
of the capabilities of the government or association sponsored teams is
included in Table 3- Private contractors have been reviewed on a more
general basis because of the rapidly changing capabilities associated with
this group.
In general, most government and industrially sponsored groups are
limited in their applicability to hazardous waste spills because either
they have expertise for a specific type of chemical or do not address waste
mater ia1s.
Private contractors, on the other hand, are equipped to handle various
types of chemical spills. Their involvement in establishing the control
techniques is dependent on the situation and the amount of input available
from the OSC or other spill response coordinator. If the proper background
and response information is developed, this group would be qualified and
equipped to deal with hazardous waste spills.
Conclusions and Recommendations
The following conclusions can be made:
1. Various laws have been promulgated on both a State and Federal level
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TABLE 3- SUMMARY OF RESPONSE TEAM CAPABILITIES
Access
"va i laMe
to
?k Itour General ^eoional
"".esjionse Teams Telephone CHFMTRFC Public Offices
National Response Yes Ito Yes Yes
Team/Regional Re-
sponse Team (NRT/RRT)
U.S. Coast Guard Thru 'IRC 'to Yes Yes
National Strike 1 Teams
Force (HSF)
U.S. Army Yes 'to 'to ''o
Chemical
Emerqency
Team
Interagency Radl- 'to Yes Yes . 2 hri
1'-' In. ' hrs
rull Team
in 17 I'rs
? "ours
Plus
Travel
15 min-
1 Itour
?'• Hours
Consul t-
or
"emote
Hoth
in-Site
On-Slte
1r
Demote-
Both
Both
Actual Actual
rontainnent Clean-up
•to Mo
Depends on the Situation
Reconnaissance Yes - incin-
eration is
common
Cover inn 'to
Stoppage nf Stop Leaks
Leaks 41 lows Has
To "Isslpate
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TABLE 3. (continued)
tqu 1 pment
Response Teams
IIRT/RRT
HSF
U.S. Army
Chemical
Emergency
Team
IRAP
CHLORFP
Safety Containment
Some Some
Some Booms, Vacuum
Trucks, Pumps
Skimmers
Some
Special
Clothing
Special Capping
Clothlnq Devices
Treatment
'to
llo
liOO Gal
Tanks
Chemicals
Pumps
•tot
Appl (cable
^tlier
Have List if
Available
Materials
Use
Contractors
As Heeded
Special
tecontainment
Apparatus
Radiation
lectors and
Counters
Fundinq
— ^••^••.^
FPA-Fund
With Cost
Recovery
Pollution
Fund With
Cost
Recovery
Army
Department
of Energy
Chlorine
Manufacturers
Frequency
nf 'Jse
(Spills/ Year)
leoends On
Area
Varies ">-*/
Honth Per
Real on - Hot
Ml Major
"o Ha |or
Response In
2-1 Years
Some Remote
Advice
1 Per Year
Comments
Are Central
Coordinator
For Spills
Can Access
Throuuh Proper
Channels Only
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which regulate response to accidental spills of hazardous materials
including many hazardous wastes as defined by EPA.
2. State laws are usually more general and do not specify particular
compounds or spill locations. As a result, State laws are more applica-
ble to hazardous waste spills than Federal legislation.
3. Notification and reporting requirements vary with both the state in
which the spill occurred and the Federal law which has jurisdiction.
The Federal system involves notification to the Natural Response Center
through a toll free telephone number- A 2k hour answering service is
the prevalent method for receipt of notification in the states,
however, technical information is usually not available immediately.
k. Specialized telephone information sources have been developed which
provide output ranging from initial hazards to complete response. The
chemical identity must be known to access most systems and applica-
bility to unidentified mixtures of hazardous wastes is minimal.
5. Background information sources consisting of chemistry books, toxicity
references or firefighters textbooks can be useful sources of verifi-
cation information during a spill incident.
6. Different types of immediate response manuals provide carriers and
emergency response personnel with needed information for the first 30
minutes to two hours after spill response. Knowledge of the chemical
identity or hazard classification is needed for access. These manuals
are easiest to use, however, they do not address hazardous waste
materi als.
7- The three complete response manuals reviewed considered various as-
pects of response. None addressed hazardous wastes and all required
knowledge of the chemical identity prior to accessing information.
8. Disposal manuals or references do not address final disposal of large
spills and do not include detailed information on disposal mechanisms.
9- Most manuals and information sources have been written to meet specific
objectives which they do quite well. Comparison Is difficult since
the contents, audience addressed and materials covered vary.
10. Hazardous wastes are addressed in only one source - Redland Purle's
Tremcards. In most instances knowledge of the chemicals Identity Is
required to access the data.
11. Most of the constituents of waste streams have been addressed in one
of the three major complete response manuals; however, direct use of
this information could be dangerously misleading when incompatible
chemicals in the mixture are being treated. Advice of qualified
chemists, in-field testing, as well as directions from a general
response manual are necessary to determine an appropriate response
12
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mode. The physical state of the waste (liquid, slurry, solid) must
also be taken into account when developing a treatment scheme. This
is not currently considered in existing response manuals.
12. Detailed methods for identification of unknown spills and containment
of all spills are not presented in the manuals.
13. Spill response teams can be government or industrially sponsored or
private third party contractors. The private contractors are equipped
to handle a variety of spills and would also be useful for dealing
with hazardous wastes spills.
14. Background information regarding the hazards of various waste streams is
not available. Waste stream classifications are also not well
established.
15. Due to the wide range of audiences who may be involved in various as-
pects of spill response, it is impossible for the manual to address
a single audience and provide response information in sufficient detail.
As a result of the study the following recommendations are made:
1. The 24 hour toll free number should be expanded to allow notification
for all spill events. Further notification of State and Federal agencies
should be handled through this operator. Some initial response infor-
mation regarding safety and evacuation procedures should be available
at this source.
2. A single reporting format completed by the spiller and the spill
coordinator should be devised to compile information on spill occur-
rence, mitigation efforts and preventative action. Copies should be
sent to all appropriate Federal and State agencies.
3. Hazardous wastes should be categorized into classifications which
correspond to initial response actions. Variables considered in
establishing the categories include; the hazards associated with the
waste, its physical form, and its reactions with air, land and water.
A corresponding marking system should be developed for display on
the outside of transporting vehicles.
4. Immediate response information including evacuation distance and
other safety precautions, can be compiled on cards to correspond to
the marking system. MCA should be contacted to determine if CHEMTREC
can be expanded to provide this information.
5> Typical waste streams or categories should be defined with respect to
their toxiclty, hazardous effects and treatabi11ty. These data should
then be compiled into a single readily available background information
source.
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6. An initial response manual should be developed in a format similar
to the DOT Hazardous Materials Emergency Action Guide. The informa-
tion should be classified according to the hazardous waste categories.
Additional chapters on containment, notification and information
sources are recommended. This manual should have broad distribution
to carriers and emergency response personnel.
7. A secondary response manual should be developed to handle hazardous
waste spill incidents. It should have three volumes: Containment;
Identification and Assessment; and Clean-up and Disposal. This manual
should incorporate or reference pertinent aspects of existing manuals
as much as possible to eliminate needless repetition. A training
course to aid OSCs, state spill personnel and emergency response
personnel should be developed in conjunction with the manuals.
8. The volume addressing containment should present detailed information
regarding choice of containment methods, implementation of techniques,
and associated safety hazards. This volume would not be specific to
hazardous waste spill incidents.
9. The identification and assessment volume should present methods of
identifying the hazardous constituents of a waste stream. Techniques
could include locating the bill of lading, tracing the processes
generating the stream, recognizing certain physical properties and sam-
pling for laboratory analyses. All assessment information should be
closely correlated to CHRIS Volume 3 - Hazard Assessment Handbook.
10. The treatment and disposal volume should present methods of correlating
available information with the specific spill incident. General
handling techniques should be included along with a decision approach
for establishing the best control method. If treatment, concentra-
tion or detoxification is chosen, in field testing procedures should
be used to establish the appropriate treatment schemes.
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SECTION I I
INTRODUCTION
The potential problems associated with the release of hazardous chemi-
cals into the environment are receiving much more emphasis today. New legis-
lation has been promulgated which controls the development and use of toxic
and hazardous chemicals, the allowable effluent discharge concentrations
and the type of disposal. Accidental releases of hazardous substances into
the environment have also been addressed through various statutes on both
a State and Federal level.
As more wastes are declared hazardous and require treatment, storage or
disposal at specially designated sites, the transportation of these wastes
is expected to increase significantly. Concurrently, the potential of
accidental spillage of hazardous wastes during transportation also increases.
Since EPA was mandated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA) of 1976 to protect the environment and public health from the dangers
associated with hazardous waste, there was increased concern over the
potential hazards posed by accidental spills of these generally hazardous
mater ia1s.
It was recognized that established procedures and laws existed which
were utilized to respond to accidental spills of pure compounds. However,
the applicability of these resources to reduce hazards and adverse environ-
mental impacts associated with hazardous waste spills was unknown. As a
result, this project was performed to evaluate the adequacy of existing
response systems to deal with spills of hazardous wastes during transport.
In addition, it provides uninitiated personnel involved in hazardous waste
transport and handling with an overview of existing regulations and resources
available for control of hazardous spills.
Pertinent Definitions
With the increased concern regarding the uncontrolled release of
potentially hazardous chemicals into the environment, there has been pro-
mulgation of various laws which attempt to regulate their transportation
and handling. Each law has defined a hazardous entity in a different
manner. Differentiation of these definitions is important so that the
applicability of the laws to hazardous wastes can be understood.
In RCRA (k2 U.S.C. 82 § 6903) a hazardous waste is defined as follows
A solid waste, or combination of solid wastes, which
because of its quantity, concentration, or physical,
chemical, or infectious characteristics may -
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(A) cause, or significantly contribute to an increase
in mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or
incapacitating reversible, illness; or
(B) pose a substantial present or potential hazard to
human health or the environment when improperly treated,
stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed.
A solid waste is defined in the same section as follows:
Any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste treatment plant, water
supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility and
other discarded material, including solid, liquid, semisolid,
or contained gaseous material resulting from industrial, commer-
cial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community
activities, but does not include solid or dissolved material in
domestic sewage, or solid or dissolved materials in irrigation
return flows or industrial discharges which are point sources
subject to permits under section 13^2 of Title 33, or source,
special nuclear, or by-product material as defined by the Atomic
Energy Act of 195^, as amended (68 Stat. 923).
The draft regulations of Section 3001 dated March 24, 1978 establish
criteria for determining if a solid waste is considered hazardous. These
criteria result in the classification of solid/hazardous waste into the
following categories:
1) Ign i tab le
2) Corrosive
3) Infectious
4) Reactive
5) Radioactive
6) Toxi c
Test procedures are included to allow a determination as to whether a
waste meets the given criteria. In addition, a waste is hazardous if it
contains a substance listed in the regulation or is a waste listed or pro-
duced by processes specified in the regulation.
Since these criteria and list are only available in draft form and are
subject to change, the actual definition of a hazardous waste is still
nebulous. Therefore, evaluation of the applicability of spill response
sources to hazardous wastes is more difficult and somewhat confusing. It may
be more helpful to discuss what a hazardous waste is in general. Basically,
hazardous wastes during transportation can be differentiated from hazardous
materials in that the wastes are being transported for disposal at accepta-
ble sites while pure hazardous materials are designated for commercial use.
Hazardous wastes themselves can consist of, among other things, unidentified
mixtures of hazardous processing by-products, spoiled batches, or spent
chemicals. They can be solid, slurried or liquid. Hazardous wastes can be
generated from a continuous process and may be relatively consistent in
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composition over time, or they may be the result of a series of unrelated
batch dumps occurring at random.
Knowledge of the identity of the hazardous components may be the key to
establishing the applicability of existing spill response information to
waste spill incidents. Most of the known response manuals have been de-
veloped for use with pure chemicals. These chemicals may be defined as
either DOT hazardous materials or hazardous substances as defined by the
1977 Clean Water Act, Section 311 (b)(2). DOT hazardous materials are de-
fined as follows (A9 CFR 171.8):
'Hazardous Material1 means a substance or material
which has been determined by the Secretary of
Transportation to be capable of posing an unreason-
able risk to health, safety, and property when
transported in commerce and which has been so
des i gnated.
Basically, all the materials listed on the DOT Hazardous Materials Table
(k3 CFR 172.101) are those regulated by DOT.
In contrast, EPA has designated hazardous substances initially specified
under the Federal Water Pollution Act of 1972 amended by the 1977 Clean
Water Act (CWA). Under authority of this law, the Administrator of EPA is
directed to do the following (Section 311 (b)(2)(A)):
(2)(A) The Administrator shall develop, promulgate, and revise
as may be appropriate, regulations designating as hazardous
substances other than oil as defined in this section, such
elements and compounds which, when discharged in any quantity
into or upon the navigable waters of the United States or
adjoining shorelines or the waters of the contiguous zone
or in connection with activities under the Outer Continental
Shelf Lands Act or the Deepwater Port Act of 197^, or which
may affect natural resources belonging to, appertaining to,
or under the exclusive management authority of the United
States (including resources under the Fishery Conservation
and Management Act of 1976), present an imminent and
substantial danger to the public health or welfare, including,
but not limited to, fish, shellfish, wildlife, shorelines,
and beaches.
The designation of these hazardous substances was promulgated as kO CFR
116, of which identified 271 individual chemicals as hazardous substances.
These regulations and subsequent parts 117-119 initially scheduled to become
effective in 1978, were delayed in the courts. However, the term hazardous
substance has definite meaning with regard to spills regulations.
With these definitions in mind, it is apparent that certain hazardous
wastes may be included under these other designations and therefore subject
to the provisions of appropriate laws (See Section III). However, all
hazardous wastes may not be covered under existing definitions.
For the purpose of clarity, it is desirable to establish a term which
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incorporates all hazardous entities, wastes or pure. For this report, the
general term hazardous material will be utilized. DOT specified hazardous
materials will be addressed as DOT hazardous materials to allow differentia-
tion. Hazardous wastes, hazardous substances, DOT hazardous materials and
other hazardous entities, chemicals or mixtures will be referred to as
hazardous materials.
Project Objectives and Limitations
The major objectives of the project were the following:
1 To review existing regulations for their applicability to
hazardous waste spills.
2. To summarize and evaluate notification and reporting requirements on
a State and Federal level.
3. To summarize and evaluate the capabilities of emergency response
teams, information sources and response manuals for their use in
control of hazardous waste spills.
A. To recommend an appropriate type of manual (if needed) for handling
hazardous waste spills.
The project effort had certain inherent limitations since its major
objective was to evaluate spill response systems for applicability to
hazardous waste spills. As a result, an in-depth evaluat ion of overal1
State and Federal spill response programs was not attempted and extensive
information on a state-by-state basis was not compiled. Similarly the
manuals, response teams and information sources reviewed are not all inclu-
sive, although an attempt was made to obtain existing systems made known to
the contractor.
Evaluation of emergency response systems has been performed with empha-
sis on their applicability to hazardous waste spills. General aspects of
-oill response were included when they were important to spills of any type
of material. Since approximately 97% of the waste is transported by highway
or rail (2), emphasis was placed on evaluating response systems applica-
bility to land or inland waterway environments.
The final output of the effort was to prepare, if needed, an outline
for a proposed manual or modifications to existing manuals which will pro-
vide necessary information for effective response to spills of hazardous
wastes. The recommended contents of complete emergency response manuals
appropriate to hazardous wastes are presented, however, the development of
the actual manuals as outlined by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
was to be performed separately after the results of this study were com-
pleted.
Spill Scenario
In order to understand the various aspects of spill response and define
some pertinent terms used in the report, a brief spill scenario has been
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developed and the various response functions have been described. The
response steps are pertinent to spills of any type of hazardous material
once the identity of the material is established. The scenario presents
an ideal response to a hypothetical spill situation in order to illustrate
the interrelationships between different parts of a response system.
Incident Definition. A tank truck transporting approximately 10,000
gallons of pickle liquor solution enroute to a disposal facility has over-
turned near the highway. The acidic solution is leaking onto the ground and
threatens to contaminate a small river nearby.
Initial React ion. The first step involves notification of the proper
State and Federal authorities. These may include the National Response
Center (NRC), Department of Transportation (DOT), State police, State Depart-
ment of Natural Resources, division of emergency government, fire department
or others. The spiller, in this case the truck driver, is legally responsi-
ble for proper notification, although the State police at the scene may
handle some in-state calls. In most instances, the spiller must leave his
name and call-back telephone number for further contacts.
Initial Response. It is assumed that the driver has a bill of lading
or other shipping document that establishes both the identity of the
material spilled and the generator of the waste. State or Federal response
personnel can then advise the on-site representative of the shipper's legal
responsibility. Some initial containment actions, such as diking around
the truck and near the river, or some type of stream diversion, may be
attempted by either state personnel, if on site, or by representatives of
the carrier. In most cases, action should not be taken unless so advised by
knowledgeable personnel.
Clean-up. Depending on the information available from the waste genera-
tor or already known by State response personnel, some type of clean-up may
be undertaken. If the river water is affected, it may be necessary to treat
the contaminated water in place (in situ) or contain it and pump it through
a special treatment system located near the spill site. The contaminated
soil may also be treated and/or excavated and disposed of at proper facili-
ties. The on-site personnel may rely on information sources or appropriate
response manuals for determining ways to handle a spill incident. The
actual response is to be funded by the spiller who can hire a third party
contractor to perform the clean-up. Specialized groups are also available
to offer advice but may not be needed when dealing with common materials.
The degree and type of treatment required and the determination of when
it is completed is established by the On Scene Coordinator (OSC) who may or
may not be at the site of the spill. The OSC is a predesignated Federal
representative who is responsible for coordinating the overall spill response
Location of the spill, the identity of the spill and the amount of material
spilled are all considered when determining the type of action to be taken
and who will coordinate the effort.
Disposal. If the clean-up effort has generated by-products which
require additional handling and disposal, this effort is to be coordinated
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with a representative of the State solid waste group. Proper disposal of
the residuals or excavated soil into an acceptable site is crucial when
dealing with a spill incident.
Spi11 Assessment. After the clean-up is performed, various reports may
be required depending upon the magnitude of the spill and what hazardous
material was involved. The reports may be submitted by the spi 1 ler or by
the spill response personnel or both. Usually a written report includes
information on what happended and why; what type of clean-up was performed
and what is being done to prevent a recurrence of this type of incident.
Federal or State agencies may also conduct surveys to determine the associated
spill damage prior to assessing penalties.
From this basic scenario, the various aspects of a spill response
system can be identified. The regulations are of critical importance
because they define the materials considered hazardous and establish the
required response. Notification and reporting requirements, spill response
coordination, penalties and disposal restrictions are usually established
by regulation. Since Federal and State agencies may have different require-
ments and since a broad versus narrow interpretation can have a significant
impact on the response, knowledge of the pertinent legislation is important.
Then it is important to determine what information is available to
help establish a technically sound method for the cleanup of a spill. This
input may come from telephone accessed sources, written texts or written
response manuals. Available data must address potential safety hazards,
environmental effects, proper containment techniques and effective clean-up
and disposal procedures. Finally, it is important to have available groups
who can perform the clean-up. These personnel may also offer technical
input as needed but mainly are equipped to do the clean-up quickly and
efficiently.
These basic mechanisms have been developed or established for dealing
with spills of hazardous substances which are shipped as virgin materials.
The situation becomes even more complex when dealing with spills of
hazardous wastes. In these instances, the identity of the spilled material
may not be known which makes safe response extremely difficult if not
impossible. Since wastes can be either relatively pure spoiled batches or
extremely diverse mixtures, the difficulty of identification also varies.
When relatively pure hazardous wastes are involved in a spill and identified,
the response procedure is similar to that for a virgin material. However,
when unidentified mixtures are involved, the available response systems
may not be applicable.
Approach to the Study and Report Format
The project was approached in several steps. First, pertinent informa-
tion was reviewed either through a literature search or contacts with
appropriate response personnel. From this research, existing system capa-
bilities were summarized and the results are presented in the first section
of this report. Then, notification/reporting requirements and response
systems were evaluated and criteria were developed to evaluate the types of
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available output and their ease of use. Existing laws, response manuals
and teams were also evaluated for their general applicability to hazardous
waste spills and their outputs and ease of use. The final result was a
recommended manual format for response to hazardous waste spills.
The report itself has been divided into sections which present a
summary and evaluation of the different response systems separately. The
following sections have been included.
SECTION III SUMMARY OF LEGISLATION, NOTIFICATION PROCEDURES AND REPORTING
REOJJI REMENTS
This section includes a review of Federal and State legislation for its
usefulness in responding to hazardous waste spills. Major Federal laws arc
outlined and an overview of State laws is also included.
SECTION IV - RESPONSE MANUALS AND INFORMATION SOURCES CAPABILITIES SUMMARY
This section presents a brief summary of the capabilities of thirty-two
manuals and information sources. These sources have been classified by the
contractor into telephone contact sources, background information sources,
immediate response manuals, complete response manuals and assessment or
disposal manuals. The summaries present a brief description of their object-
ives and contents along with a listing of pertinent advantages and disadvant-
ages. A final table summarizes the capabilities of the reviewed sources.
SECTION V RESPONSE TEAM CAPABILITIES
Three types of response teams were identified: government sponsored,
industrial associations and private third party contractors. Brief summaries
of different governmental and industrial teams are presented. An overview
of third party cleanup contractors and disposal firms is also presented.
SECTION VI - EVALUATION OF RESPONSE SYSTEMS
The notification/reporting requirements, manuals and information sources, and
response teams are evaluated. Applicability to hazardous waste spills, genera
output, ability to protect the public and environmental health and ease of use
were among the criteria considered in the evaluation.
SECTION VII - SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDED SYSTEMS
The general results of the evaluation are summarized. Then final recommenda-
tions and associated justifications are presented. The section also includes
a list of questions which are pertinent to the continuing research effort in
hazardous waste control.
APPENDIX A - BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Additional information clarifying manual or information source capabilities
is i nc1uded.
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APPENDIX B WASTE STREAMS
A detailed listing of hazardous waste streams and an indication of how they
are addressed by existing complete response manuals is included.
APPENDIX C SUMMARY OF STATE SPILL RESPONSE PROGRAMS
A brief summary of the effort involving State response programs is included,
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SECTION I I I
SUMMARY OF REGULATIONS, NOTIFICATION PROCEDURES
AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
General
There have been many different laws which attempt to deal with the prob-
lems associated with accidental release of hazardous materials into the
environment. These laws have been promulgated on both the Federal and State
level and vary significantly in their approach to the problem. In some
legislation, the materials and locations covered are very specific while in
other instances, only a very broad discussion of hazardous spills is employed
In both circumstances, the degree of response is usually determined by an
individual's interpretation of the law and it appears that the final deter-
mination of responsibilities will ultimately be made in the courts.
The regulations may or may not require notification (telephone and/or
written) or written reports after a spill incident. In some instances, a
notification number is available but not required by law. Also the response
to a notification will vary, depending upon the circumstances of the spill,
so this information is not codified.
This section presents the various Federal and State legislation perti-
nent to control of hazardous material spills. It does not involve a com-
plete evaluation of statuatory authority, nor is it intended to be all
conclusive for every State or possible law which may be applicable. However,
it does provide a broad overview of the various legal authorities which
allow or mandate response to emergency situations associated with all spills.
Federal Legislation
In the course of the last several years, Congress has periodically
addressed itself to the need for legislation dealing with the dangers to
public health and welfare which are inherent in spills or discharges of
hazardous materials. The Congressional approach has been to either amend
existing, or to expand proposed, environmental legislation. Consequently,
the various Federal agencies have used their authority to (1) require those
persons under their jurisdiction to abide by the safeguards established by
these pieces of legislation to prevent or minimize the possibility of spills
of hazardous materials or, (2) in the event of such a spill, to permit a
response by the Federal government to the emergency situation created by
such a spi11.
As a result, many laws have been promulgated which have different
authorities with regard to a spill event. The most pertinent with regard
to potential spills of hazardous wastes are discussed as follows:
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1. The Clean Water Act of 1977 (CWA)
Pub!ic Law 95-217
33 U.S.C. 1251 et. seq.
2. Hazardous Materials Transportation Act (HMTA)
Public Law 93~633
i*9 U.S.C. 1801 et. seq.
3. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
Public Law 9^-580
k2 U.S.C. 6901 et. seq.
k. Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA)
Public Law 93-523
as amended by,
Safe Drinking Water Amendments of 1977
Public Law 95-190
k2 U.S.C. 300F et. seq.
5- Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972 (PWSA)
Public Law 92-3^0
33 U.S.C. 25 1221 et. seq.
The Clean Water Act of 1977, Public Law, 95-217
(33 U.S.C. 1251 et. seq.)
(referred to as CWA)
Section 311 (c)(!) and (2) of the Clean Water Act of 1977. Public
Law 95-217, provides for the development of a National Contingency Plan
for the removal of oil or hazardous substances which have been discharged,
or in instances where there is a substantial threat of such discharge,
into or upon the navigable waters of the United States, adjoining shore-
lines, or into or upon the waters of the contiguous zone of which may
affect natural resources belonging to, appertaining to, or under exclu-
sive management authority of the United States. This Act is for all
practical purposes silent as to a definition of the term "navigable
waters" and adjoining shorelines". However, these terms have been the
subject of numerous cases of judicial interpretation. The term naviga-
ble waters is defined in Section 502 (7). Public Law 92-500 as "the
waters of the United States including the territorial seas".
Navigable waters are generally held to include lakes, rivers, bays,
harbors and all waters capable of practicable navigation for useful pur-
poses. A legal encyclopedia would define navigable waterways as waterways
which are, or can reasonably be made, suitable for use as a highway for
commerce. The term shorelines is almost uniformly held to be those
spaces between the normal high and low water marks.
The Contingency Plan is to provide for efficient, coordinated, and
effective action to minimize the damage from the oil or hazardous sub-
stance. It is to include, but not be limited to:
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1) Assignment of duties and responsibilities among federal depart-
ments and agencies in coordination with state and local agencies.
2) Identification, procurement, maintenance, and storage of equip-
men t and supp1i es.
3) Establishment or designation of a strike force consisting of personnel
who shall be trained, prepared, and available to provide necessary
services to carry out the Plan.
^4) A system of surveillance and notice designed to insure earliest
possible notice of discharges of oil and hazardous substances
to the appropriate federal agency.
5) Establishment of a national center to provide coordination and
direction for operations in carrying out the Plan.
6) Procedures and techniques to be employed in identifying, containing,
dispersing, and removing oil and hazardous substances.
7) A schedule, prepared in cooperation with the states, identifying
(i) dispersants and other chemicals, if any, that may be used in
carrying out the Plan, (ii) the waters in which such dispersants
and chemicals may be used, and (iii) the quantities of such dis-
persant or chemical which can be used safely in such waters.
8) A system whereby the state or states affected by a discharge of
oil or hazardous substance may act where necessary to remove
such discharge and such state or states may be reimbursed from
the fund established under this section for the reasonable costs
incurred in such removal.
Section 311 (c)(2) Public Law 92-500, mandates that the National Con-
tingency Plan (NCP) include the above eight provisions. The Clean Water
Act, Public 95~217, did not delete or alter these provisions.
Section 311 of the Act defines a hazardous substance as a substance
designated as such in regulations promulgated by the Administrator
of the Environmental Protection Agency in ^0 CFR part 116. Section 311
(c)(l) of the Water Pollution Control Act Ammendments of 1972, Public
Law 92-500, authorized the President to act to remove or arrange for
the removal of oil, or hazardous substances, whenever it is discharged
into or upon the navigable waters of the United States, adjoining shore-
lines or into or upon the contiguous zone. Section 58 (c)(0, Public
Law 95-217, the Clean Water Act, expanded the President's authority
to act to include those discharges "which may affect natural resources
belonging to, appertaining to, or under the exclusive management authority
of the United States". The term "natural resources" is not defined
in Public Law 92-500 or 95-217. The Contingency Plan, therefore, is
limited in applicability by location of discharge, or imminent discharge,
i.e., navigable waters, adjoining shorelines, and certain natural
resources, and by the substances determined to be hazardous by the
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Admi ni s trator.
The Act directs the Administrator to develop, promulgate and
revise, as may be appropriate, regulations designating as hazardous
substances such elements and compounds other than oil which when dis-
charged in any quantity present an imminent and substantial danger to
the public health and welfare or which may affect certain natural
resources. The Act further mandates that the Administrator is to
promulgate regulations which determine the quantities of such hazardous
substances which, at such times, locations, circumstances and conditions
will be harmful to the public health or welfare of the United States.
In response to these mandates, regulations have been promulgated C+0 CFR
parts 116-119) which list as hazardous substances, substances which meet
certain toxicity standards and have a reasonable potential for being dis-
charged. The regulations also establish those quantities of the desig-
nated hazardous substances which are to be considered harmful quantities.
Section 311 (b)(5), Public Law 92-500, provides that any person in
charge of a vessel or any onshore facility or an offshore facility shall,
as soon as he has knowledge of any discharge of oil or hazardous sub-
stance immediately notify the appropriate agency of the United States
Government of such discharge. 33 CFR 153 provides that the report should
be made, in order of priority, to one of the following: Duty Officer,
National Response Center or, if that is impractical, then to the On-
Scene Coordinator designated in the vicinity of the discharge; or the
Commander of the Coast Guard district in which the discharge occurs.
The Act provides for a fine of up to $10,000.00, or imprisonment up to
one year, for the failure to immediately notify the appropriate agency
of a discharge of a hazardous substance.
The primary thrust of the Contingency Plan is to provide a coordi-
nated Federal Response capability at the scene of a discharge which
poses a threat to public health or welfare. However, nothing in the
Act or regulations is to be construed as pre-empting a state, or political
subdivision thereof, from imposing regulations with respect to such dis-
charges. In addition, the states are encouraged to furnish a liaison
to the Regional Response Team and required to designate the appropriate
element of state government which would undertake direction of state
supervised discharge removal operations. USCG and the EPA are to ex-
change reports between themselves, with reports of major or medium dis-
charges exchanged expeditiously by telephone. Within 60 days following
the conclusion of the Federal removal action, the OSC shall submit a
report of the response operation and action taken and that report should
contain the following information:
1) Description of the cause and initial situation,
2) Organization of response action and resources committed,
3) Effectiveness of the response and removal actions by
a) The discharger
b) State and local forces
c) Federal agencies
k) Unique problems encountered; and
5) Recommendations on
a) Means to prevent recurrence
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b) Improvement of response actions
c) Suggested changes in National or Regional Contingency Plans.
The Act provides that the discharge of hazardous substances
other than discharges which were caused by an act of God, an act of
war, negligence on the part of the United States Government, or an
act or omission of a third party - will result in civil penalties
assessed by the Administrator. If the hazardous substance has been
determined to be non-removable by the Administrator, fines are assessed
in one of two alternative methods. The first method would result in a
penalty based on the toxicity, degradabi1ity, and dispersal charac-
teristics of the substance. That penalty would be not less than $500
nor more than $5,000,000. The second method would result in a penalty
determined by the number of units discharged multiplied by the amount
established by the Administrator for such unit. The penalty would be
not more than $5,000 in the case of a discharge from a vessel nor more
than $500,000 in the case of a discharge from an onshore or offshore
facility. The regulations require the Regional Administrator to con-
sider the size of the discharge, the culpability of the owner, the
toxicity. degradabi1ity and dispersal characteristics of the substance
and the extent of any mitigation or clean-up efforts in deciding which
of the two penalty options to impose.
In addition to the penalty mentioned above, the Clean Water Act
of 1977, Section 311 (b)(2)(B)(v) provides that the Administrator may
act to mitigate the damage to the public health and welfare caused by a
discharge of a non-removable substance and that the cost of such miti-
gation shall be considered a cost of removal and shall be collectable
to the extent allowed by this Act. If the discharge is of a removable
substance, the owner or operator of a vessel or an onshore or offshore
facility shall be liable for the actual costs of the removal of that
oil or hazardous substance as follows:
1) When the discharge is from a vessel, as in the case of an inland
oil barge, $125 per gross ton of such barge or $125,000, whichever
is greater, and in the case of any other vessel, $150 per gross
ton or $250,000, whichever is greater.
2) When the discharge is from an onshore facility, an amount not
to exceed $50,000,000. Section 311 (1)(10), Public Law 92-500,
defines onshore facility as any facility (including, but not
limited to motor vehicles and rolling stock) of any kind located
in, on, or under, any land within the United States other than
submerged land.
3) When the discharge is from an offshore facility, an amount
not to exceed $50,000,00. Section 311 (a) (11) Public Law 92-500,
defines an offshore facility as any facility of any kind located
in, on, or under, any of the navigable waters of the United
States other than a vessel or public vessel.
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In addition to the powers and duties of the Administrator as
enumerated above, he has certain emergency powers which were authorized
by Section SO1*, of the Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972
and expanded by the Clean Water Act of 1977. The Administrator is
authorized to provide assistance in emergencies caused by the release
into the environment of any pollutant or contaminant. Such assistance
may include:
1) The seeking of injunctive relief from the Federal Courts;
2) Measures to abate or remedy the emergency;
3) Research on the effect of an emergency on public health,
welfare and the environment; and
A) Officers and employees to administer, at the site of the
emergency, federal law to minimize and mitigate the adverse
effects of the emergency.
The Administrator is also required to prepare a Contingency Plan,
similar to the Contingency Plan established pursuant to Section 311,
Public Law 92-500, for responding to these emergencies.
A contingency fund of $10,000,000 to allow the Administrator to
carry out the intent of this section of the law was authorized in the
Clean Water Act of 1977-
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act,
Public Law 93-633
(A9 U.S.C. 1801 et. seq.)
The declared intent of Congress in passing this Act was to improve
the regulatory and enforcement authority of the Secretary of Trans-
portation to protect the Nation adequately against the risks to life
and property which are inherent in the transportation of hazardous
materials in commerce. The concept of "commerce" to which the provi-
sions of this Act are applicable, is any trade, traffic, commerce or
transportation, within the jurisdiction of the United States, either
between a place in a State and any place outside of such State or
which affects trade, traffic, commerce or transportation between a place
in a State and any place outside of such State. The term transportation
as defined in this Act is any movement of property by any mode, and
any loading, unloading or storage incidental thereto.
The hazardous materials which are the subject of this Act are
substances or materials in a quantity and form which may pose an
unreasonable risk to health and safety or property when transported.
The Act mandates that the Secretary shall designate materials as
hazardous materials when he determines that the transportation of a
particular quantity and form of that material may pose an unreasonable
risk to health and safety or property, The materials to be designated
as hazardous may include, but need not be limited to, explosives,
radioactive materials, etiologic agents, flammable liquids or solids,
combustible liquids or solids, poisons, oxidizing or corrosive materials
and compressed gases.
28
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The regulations which have been promulgated by the Secretary
designate substances in certain tables which list and classify those
substances, and the quantity of thereof, which will make them hazardous
materials under the Act. In addition there are also various regula-
tions which, addressing themselves primarily to explosives, describe
certain chemical properties which, if possessed by the given substance,
make it a forbidden material for transportation under the Act even
though the substance is not listed by name.
The regulations also contain specific requirements which obligate
each carrier who transports these hazardous materials to give notice
at the earliest practicable moment after each incident that occurs
during the course of the transportation (including loading, unloading,
and temporary storage) which gives rise to an emergency situation.
These emergency situations are enumerated in the regulations and include:
1) A person is ki1 led;
2) A person receives injuries requiring his hospitalization;
3) Estimated carrier or other property damage exceeds $50,000;
k) Fire, breakage, spillage, or suspected radioactive contamination
occurs involving shipment of radioactive material;
5) Fire, breakage, spillage, or suspected contamination occurs
involving shipment of etiologic agents;
6) A situation exists of such a nature that, in the judgment
of the carrier, it should be reported even though it does not
meet the other criteria of this section; e.g., a continuing
danger of life exists at the scene of the incident.
The notice is given by telephone to the Department of Transportation
or the Center For Disease Control when the incident involves etiologic
agents. Each notice must include the following information:
1) Name of reporter;
2) Name and address of carrier represented by reporter;
3) Phone number where reporter can be contacted;
4) Date, time, and location of incident;
5) The extent of injuries, if any;
6) Classification, name and quantity of hazardous materials
involves, if such information is available;
7) Type of incident and nature of hazardous material involvement
and whether a continuing danger to life exists at the scene.
In addition to the immediate notice the carrier shall report in writing,
on forms provided by the Department, within 15 days of each incident.
An example form is included in Appendix A, page 53.
The Act provides that violations of the Act or regulations carry
civil penalties of not more than $10,000 for each violation, each day
of a continuing violation constitutes a separate offense. Willful
violations may result in fines of up to $25,000 and/or imprisonment
for up to five years. The Act also provides that requirements of State
which are inconsistent with the Act or the Regulations are preempted
29
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by the applicable provisions of the Act or Regulations.
The Department of Transportation has also proposed regulations,
1*3 FR 22626, May 25, 1978, which specifically address the transportation
of hazardous waste materials. These proposed regulations would apply
to offering, transportation and delivery, both interstate and intra-
state, of hazardous waste materials. These proposed regulations define
hazardous waste as any material which may post an unreasonable risk to
health safety or property when transported in commerce for purposes of
treatment, storage, or disposal as waste and which is subject to the
E.P.A. requirements specified in 40 CFR Part 250. "Hazardous waste"
would include presently recognized hazardous materials when shipped as
waste and would also include material shipped as waste which is not
now recognized as hazardous materials. In the event of a discharge,
either accidental or intentional, the proposed regulations would require
the carrier to contact by telephone, as soon as practicable either the
U.S. Coast Guard National Response Center or the On-scene coordinator in
the region in which the incident occurred. The informant would provide
the following information:
1) Name of person reporting the discharge.
2) Name and address of carrier.
3) Name and address of generator.
k) Phone number where reporter can be contacted.
5) Date, time and location of incident (indicate pollution
of land, water, air or public water supply, if known).
6) Type of vehicle and mode: motor vehicle, air, rail,
vessel.
7) Type of incident (fire, breakage, spillage).
8) Proper shipping name, hazard class, and quantity of
hazardous waste involved.
9) The extent of injuries.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act,
Public Law 9^-580
C»2 U.S.C.S. 6901 et. seq.)
(Referred to as RCRA)
One of the objectives of the RCRA is the regulation of the treat-
ment, storage, transportation and disposal of hazardous wastes which
have an adverse effect on health and the environment. For purposes of
this Act the term "hazardous waste" means a solid waste, or combination
of solid wastes, which because of its quantity, concentration, or
physical, chemical or infectious characteristics may cause, or signifi-
cantly contribute to an increase in mortality or serious irreversible
or incapacitating reversible illness or pose a substantial present or
potential hazard to human health or the environment. Solid waste is
defined as any garbage, refuse, or sludge from a waste treatment plant,
water supply treatment plant or air pollution control facility or other
discarded material including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained
gaseous material resulting from industrial, commercial, mining and
30
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agricultural operations and from community activities. Specifically
excluded are solid or dissolved materials which are subject to the
permit system established by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act or
addressed by the Atomic Energy Act of 195^. RCRA directs the Administra-
tor of the Environmental Protection Agency to develop and promulgate
criteria for identifying the characteristics of hazardous waste and for
listing hazardous wastes. The Administrator is to take into considera-
tion toxicity, persistence, degradabi1ity in nature, potential for
accumulation in tissue, flammabi11ty, and corrosiveness. He is also to
establish a permit system for treatment, storage and disposal of
hazardous wastes. Standards applicable to transporters of hazardous
waste are to be consistent with the requirements of the Hazardous
Materials Transportation Act.
The Act requires the Administrator to promulgate regulations,
applicable to transporters of hazardous wastes, as may be necessary to
protect human health and the environment. The Environmental Protection
Agency has proposed Regulation, *»3 FR 18506, April 28, 19?8, define
"Hazardous material" as a substance or material which has been determined
by the Secretary of Transportation to be capable of posing an unreasona-
ble risk to health, safety and property when transported in commerce,
and which has been so designated in the regulation. A "spill" is de-
fined as any accidental discharge of a hazardous waste onto or into
the land or water. The proposed regulations provide that, in the
event of a spill the transporter shall:
1) Telephone the National Response Center, U.S. Coast Guard
or the On-Scene Coordinator designated by the applicable
regional contingency plan.
2) Furnish the following information:
i) Name of person reporting spill
ii) Name and address of transporter
iii) Name and address of generator
iv) Phone number where reporter can be contacted
v) Date, time and location of incident
vi) Type of transport vehicle and mode
vi i) Type of incident
viii) Classification, name and quantity of hazardous
waste involved
ix) Extent of injuries
3) File written report with the Office of Hazardous Materials
Operations, within 15 days.
The Administrator is to work with states in an attempt to develop
programs in the states, or to conform existing state programs, to comply
with the Act. States may not impose regulations which are less stringent
than those in this Act. If the Administrator determines the existence
of a violation of the regulations, he must give notice of the violation
31
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to either the violator or the state, if the state is administering
the program established by this Act, If the violation extends for
more than 30 days following the notification, the Administrator may
issue an appropriate Order or may commence a civil action. Civil
penalties or not more than $25,000 per day of noncompliance may be
imposed. Criminal penalties for knowingly violating the Act of not
more than $25,000 per day and/or up to one year of imprisonment
for the first violation and not more than $50,000 per day and/or up
to two years of imprisonment for subsequent violations may be imposed.
Safe Drinking Water Act, Public Law 93-523,
As Amended By, Safe Drinking Water Amendments of 1977.
Public Law 95-190
U.S.C.S. 300f et. seq.)
This Act directs the Administrator of the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency to promulgate primary and secondary drinking water regula-
tions. The primary drinking water regulations are, by definition,
regulations which apply to public water systems, specifying contaminants
which may have an adverse effect on the health of a person, further
specifying maximum allowable levels of those contaminants in those
systems, and containing criteria and procedures to assure a supply of
drinking water which dependably complies with such maximum contaminant
levels. The secondary drinking water regulations are those which apply
to public water systems and which specify the maximum contaminant levels
which are requisite to protect the public welfare. These regulations
may apply to contaminants which adversely affect the odor or appearance
of such water. The term contaminant means any physical, chemical,
biological or radiological substance or matter in water.
States are to have primary enforcement responsibilities during
any period that the State has regulations which are no less stringent
than the regulations established under this Act. If the Administrator
determines that the state is failing to enforce the regulations, he
should so notify the state of such failure and provide appropriate ad-
vice and technical assistance to the State to bring its system into
compliance. Each owner or operator of a public water system shall
give notice to persons served by it of any failure of the system to
comply with the regulations. If the noncompl iance extends beyond 60
days following the notice, then the Administrator may commence a civil
action to require compliance.
The Act, and its Amendments, grants certain emergency powers to
the Administrator. They provide that the Administrator, upon receipt
of information that a contaminant which is present in, or is likely to
enter a public water system, may present an imminent and substantial
endangerment to the health of persons, and that the appropriate State
and local authorities have not acted to protect the health of such
persons, may take such actions as he may deem necessary to protect the
health of such persons. These provisions suspend the usual 60 day
period generally allowed a noncompl y ing system to reach compliance and
allow the Administrator to immediately issue such orders as may be
32
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necessary to protect the health of persons who are or may be users
of the system and to commence a civil action for appropriate relief,
including injunctions, Penalties for willful violation of the regu-
lations may not exceed $5,000 per day of violation but the Court may,
in any event, enter such judgment as the protection of the public
health may require. In addition, the Act now authorizes the Administrator
to provide technical assistance and to make grants to assist in respond-
ing to and alleviating any emergency situation affecting public water
systems (including sources of water for such systems). The grants to
be provided are to support actions which are necessary for preventing,
limiting or mitigating danger to the public health in an emergency
situation and which would not be taken without such assistance. Eight
million dollars is authorized to carry out these provisions for emer-
gency assistance in each of the years 1978 and 1979-
Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972 (PWSA)
Public Law 32-lkQ
33 U.S.C. 25 1221 et. seq.
Under Title 11 of this act, the secretary of the Department of
Transportation is mandated to establish various rules and regulations
which will, among other things, protect navigable waters from environ-
mental harm associated with vessels carrying liquid cargo. The affected
cargo includes flammable or combustible materials, oil or the designated
hazardous substances from the CWA (Ao CFR part 116). Various rules
and regulations for vessels are to be set forth as well as establishment
of procedures for handling of the material including emergency removal,
control and disposition. The law is pertinent to spills on navigable
waters and the adjacent shorelines.
Summary of Federa1 Legi s 1 a t i on. General provisions of the various laws
are summarized in Table 1. The materials addressed by the different laws
vary. The CWA, the Hazardous Mater,als Transportation regulations and
the PWSA address compounds which have been listed as hazardous. CWA and
PWSA include the 271 compounds designated by the EPA Administrator as
hazardous substances while the Transportation regulations define hazardous
materials identified by the Secretary. RCRA addresses hazardous wastes as
determined by criteria yet to be established, and the Clean Water Act
addresses the broad category of physical, chemical, biological or radioac-
tive contaminants. The only deviation within the law seems to be Section
504 of PL 92-500 which authorizes emergency response for any pollutants
or contaminants which are released into the environment.
Hazardous waste may be addressed under legislation other than RCRA.
The Clean Water Act may apply if the waste contains greater than a "harmful
quantity" of one of the 271 chemicals specified or is considered oil or
an oily substance. The same general approach may be applicable under the
Hazardous Material Transportation Act. DOT regulations presently included
the listed DOT hazardous materials shipped as waste, although the proposed
regulations under 43 FR 22626 are more general and would cover most
hazardous wastes.
33
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Several of the Federal laws are limited by location. Both CWA and
PWSA protect navigable waters and their adjacent shorelines and the Safe
Drinking Water Act is pertinent only if a water supply is threatened. The
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act and RCRA do not have this type of
1imi tation.
Notification and written reports are only required for certain situa-
tions. The Clean Water Act requires that the spiller contact the Regional
Response Center, EPA and USCG and authorizes a $10,000 fine for non-notifi-
cation. Under the Hazardous Materials Transportation Act, an emergency
situation must meet certain criteria before DOT is notified by the carrier,
although failure to notify could result in a $10,000 fine. The RCRA pro-
posed regulations 43 CR 18506 requires the carrier to notify the National
Response Center, the U.S. Coast Guard and the appropriate EPA or USCG On
Scene Coordinator. Non-notification involves up to a $25,000 fine per
day. Similarly, written reports are required under these three types of
leg i slat ion.
Penalties can be significant and may be used to keep a revolving fund
available for emergency clean-up. Under the CWA several penalty schedules
can be applied with fines from $500 - $5,000,000. The cost of clean-up is
to be collectable up to $50,000,000. Other fines include $25,000 under
the Hazardous Material Transportation Act, $25,000/day under the proposed
RCRA, and $5,000/day under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Sources of funding
for spill clean-up have been authorized under the CWA with the associated
oil and hazardous substances clean-up contingency fund or Section 504.
It should be reemphasized that other federal legislation exists which
is associated with the discharge of hazardous materials into the environ-
ment, however, they are not as directly applicable to spillage of hazardous
chemicals or wastes and have therefore not been included in this review.
State Legislation
State authority and activities in spill response vary significantly
depending on the type of legislation involved, the number of spills usually
reported, the staff available for response, etc. Research was conducted to
determine the spill response programs and applicable legislation. No
attempt was made to contact several in-state agencies to determine their
interrelationships since this is being done under a different contract (1).
Instead a general summary of the pertinent legislation and spill response
procedures was obtained from contacts with either the spill response
office of the State or the coordinating agency. During the following dis-
cussion, please refer to Table 4 for more detailed information on a
state-by-state basis.
Leg is 1 at ion. The type of legislation cited by State coordinators as
pertinent could be grouped into three types: general water pollution
control, hazardous waste and hazardous/oil spill regulations. The general
water pollution laws were most common. Under this authority, spills
contribute to the degradation of the water environment and are therefore
subject to control. Land spills may be included if groundwater is
threatened. Hazardous waste legislation can define a spill as another way
to generate a hazardous waste. Therefore, a large classification of
34
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materials Is covered and location of the spill is not critical. Finally,
there may be specific regulations which pertain to spills of oil or other
hazardous chemicals. These may or may not be location limited.
Materials addressed in specific legislation highlights an important
difference between Federal and State regulations. Most states define a
general classification of materials as hazardous vary, but in general an
appropriate definition might be: "any substance other than oil, as defined,
which when spilled or accidentally discharged into the waters of the State
of threatens the public health or welfare or causes
pollution of the receiving waters (3)". Similarly, a spill or an emergency
may not be clearly defined. A spill may be defined as "any unlawful dis-
charge or entry of oil or hazardous materials into public waters or waters
of the state (4)" and an emergency is considered "a condition that in the
exercise of sound discretion of the department is found deleterious to the
public health, safety and welfare and requires immediate action (5)". The
use of such general definitions make legal interpretation of liability more
difficult, but they do allow more encompassing environmental protection.
Under these types of definitions, most state spill response coordinators
feel that hazardous waste and land spills would be covered under their
legislation.
Notification and Reporting. State notification and reporting require-
ments are also summarized in Table *». It can be seen that there i s a 2k
hour telephone number available in most states. However, in most cases, the
caller will not receive technical information. Instead a duty officer will
determine a call-back number and then relay the call to technical response
personnel. These personnel may either be designated as "on call" for a
specific time or listed as part of a "call list". In some states, response
personnel are required to carry remote "beepers" during non-office hours.
Another approach involves the distribution of lists containing personal
telephone numbers of response personnel. The spiller is required to call
until someone is notified of the incident. Other requirements include
calls to police, civil defense agencies, or the EPA.
Reports. Written reports of the spill clean-up operations by both the
spiller and State personnel are always required by approximately twelve
States. Other states may use judgment to determine if reports are needed
while still others require that only state personnel file reports. In
general a spill report must contain the following information: what was the
cause of the spill; what containment, clean-up and disposal actions were
taken; and what is being done to prevent a similar occurrence. An example
format is included in Appendix A, page 55.
Response. Reponse to notification of a spill event also varies. In
approximately ten percent of the states someone always responds to a
spill. It may be the district spill response personnel or local conserva-
tion officer, but every spill is investigated. However, for the majority
of states, response personnel take into account the type of material
spilled, its quantity, its location and sometimes associated publicity,
when determining the mode and degree of response. Some have developed
advisory criteria but this is usually not available outside of the agency.
35
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When considering the type of response, it must be recalled that the majority
of reported spills are oil or gasoline. Depending on the location, 50-95%
of the reported spills are oil. Hazardous chemical spills are most preva-
lent and severe on the East Coast and in some Southern states according to
our research.
Spill Handling. State agency personnel do not commonly become actively
involved in the clean-up operations. Only 10-12% of the states indicated
that some resources were available for spill clean-up and most resources
were limited to oil spill handling. Most state personnel act in super-
visory roles only and direct the clean-up operations. The spiller, either
an industry or transporter, is required to clean-up the spill or hire
a third party contractor to perform the clean-up. The state personnel re-
main on scene, in most instances, to make certain proper precautions are
taken.
Review of Legislation
Since many different laws are presently involved when a hazardous
spill occurs, it is desirable to briefly review the legislation with
regard to potential conflicts, general applicability to a wide range of
materials and locations, and overall practicality. These areas are of
major concern when considering whether or not additional regulations may
be necessary which pertain specifically to hazardous waste spills.
Conf1icts. The number of direct conflicts between different federal
legislation as well as between Federal and State laws is minimized by some
standard disclaimers and procedures. Between Federal laws, a disclaimer
exists which defers to prior or more stringent regulations. With respect
to State and Federal law, the Federal law will take precedence unless the
State law is more strict.
Conflicts can occur with respect to who should be notified first and
who is in charge at the scene of the spill. Although the contingency plans
address the problem by recommending that the states have representation on
the Regional Response Team, there is no mandate with regard to direct
authority. Another potential conflict within the regulations can exist
because of the differences between hazardous substances and DOT hazardous
materials. Both EPA and DOT have prepared separate lists which have some
overlap but are not consistent. As a result, it may be difficult for the
user or carrier to know which regulations are appropriate in the event of
a spi11.
General Applicability. Both the Hazardous Materials Transportation
Act and Section 311 of CWA involve specific designation of hazardous
materials or substances. In this manner, they are much more limited than
other broader federal legislation and almost all state legislation which
covers any hazardous discharge. Location limitations are more difficult to
generalize. The most stringent and common regulations are limited to
waterways. These can be either listed navigable waters or state waters.
If a broad interpretation of waterways is utilized, spills in almost any
location can potentially threaten a waterway. In the narrowest sense,
36
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listed navigable waters and their adjacent shorelines between the high and
low water level are all that are covered in water pollution regulations
such as CWA, PWSA, and State water pollution regulations. The list of
these navigable waters for each area should be available in the Regional
Contingency Plan. The final interpretation will be critical when establish-
ing the eventual applicability of water related legislation regarding spill
location.
Land spills are generally covered under the Hazardous Materials
Transportation Act if the spill meets given criteria or under the Safe
Drinking Water Act if groundwater is threatened. Proposed RCRA regulations
cover any land or water spills. State laws vary but more commonly are
applicable to land spills threatening surface or groundwater, especially
when groundwater is defined as part of the waters of the state. Land and
water spills are covered when the state laws consider spillers to be
generators of hazardous waste. A breakdown of the pertinent legislation
and the type of spill covered is included by state in Appendix C.
Overal1 Practicali ty. From the standpoint of understanding, the broad
Federal and State laws are difficult to understand and interpret. However
in most instances, the specific Federal regulations (such as Section 311
regulations promulgated in kQ CFR parts 116-119) are much clearer and
easier to comprehend. These regulations seem to be written for legally
uninitiated personnel who must use them. State laws are quite variable
with respect to their "readability". When a general water pollution control
law is cited, it may be difficult to locate the section most applicable
to spi11 clean-up.
When considering strictly environmental protection, the broad federal
laws and general state laws are most effective. However, their implemen-
tation and enforcement are extremely difficult. From a legal standpoint,
a list of hazardous substances/materials is a much clearer way to address
the problems. It is also much simpler for both the manufacturer and shipper
to know their responsibilities and obtain the necessary insurance. The
listing is not all-inclusive or perfect and may preclude response to
spills of toxic materials not yet listed or spills of relatively innocuous
materials which may pose a serious environmental hazard (milk/molasses).
Summary of Legislation
The many laws associated with spills can be extremely confusing to
those who may be involved in a spill incident. This is especially true of
interstate shippers who are required to comply with both Federal and State
spill notification regulations. Other problems occur with regard to type
and degree of response mandated, responsibility of both governmental
agencies and the spiHer for clean-up, and general applicability of spill
legislation to different materials and locations. With the implementation
of Section 311 of PL 92-500, some of the confusion should be eliminated.
It must be emphasized, however, that under existing regulations,
most states are responding to incidents involving spills of any hazardous
materials. Most spillers seem to recognize that mitigation Is necessary
and are willing to accept their responsibility under State direction.
As a result, the desired goal has basically been achieved with or without
37
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specific regulatory impetus. Whether or not this will continue, when more
hazardous waste spills occur, cannot be accurately stated. If the state
agencies continue their broad interpretation of laws, hazardous waste
spills, at least those affecting or potentially affecting waterways, will
be covered.
38
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TABLE 1». SUMMARY OF STATE REGULATIONS, NOTIFICATION
AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS
Pert
Spi
State Land*
Alabama, AL
Alaska, AK
Arizona, AZ
Arkansas, AR
California, CA
Colorado, CO
Connect i cut , CT
De 1 awa re , DE
Florida, FL
Georgia, GA
Hawai i , HI
Idaho, ID
1 1 1 i noi s , 1 L
Ind i ana , IN
1 owa , 1 A
Kansas, KS
Kentucky, KY
Lou i s i ana , LA
Maine, ME
Maryland, MD
Massachusetts, MA
Mi chi gan , Ml
M i nnesota , MN
M i ss i ss i pp i > MS
Mi ssour i , MO
AZ
X
X
X
S
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
inent to
11s On:
Wa t e r Air
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
Notification Response
Oi u u Ans.* Homov Oi, , Always Judg- _ .
2M Hr # . /-iii- Other--'; ' b Criteria
Service Call List Go ment
X CP X
X
X DP X
X
X XX
X S P X
X
X
E X
S
X X
X
X X
X
X
X S X
X X
s
X X
X
CP X
s
•Note: S, E, P, AZ, CP, and DP see attached legend.
coot i nued
-------
TABLE '». (continued)
Pert
Spi
State ITand
Montana, MT
Nebraska, NE
Nevada, NV
New Hampsh i re , NH
New Jersey, NJ
New Mexico, NM
New York, NY
North Carol i na , NC
North Dakota, ND
Ohio, OH
Oklahoma, OK
Oregon, OR
Pennsylvania, PA
Rhode Island, Rl
South Carol i na , SC
South Dakota, SD
Tennessee , TN
Texas , TX
Utah, UT
Vermont , VT
Vi rginia , VA
Wash i ng ton , WA
West Vi rginia , WV
Wi scons in, Wl
Wy om i n g , WY
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
i n e n t to
Ms On:
Water Air
X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X X
X
Notification Response
_i , , . Ans. Hor.ie _ , . Always Judq- , .
2k Hr ;' r . riii- Other- . ; Cr: ten a
Service LallList bo ment
X C X
P X
XX X
S X
X X
X X
ND
X X
X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X
s
X X
x x
X X
X X InHwn'6
S
•'•Note: C, P, S and ND see attached legend.
cont i nued
-------
TABLE 'i. (cont inucd)
State
Alabama
Alaska
Ar i zona
Arkansas
Cal i forn ia
Colorado
Connect icut
Delaware
Florida
Georg ia
Hawa i i
1 daho
1 1 1 i noi s
1 nd i ana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Lou i s i ana
Ma i ne
Ma ry 1 and
Massachusetts
M i ch i gan
M i nnesota
Mississippi
M i ssour i
Handling Spill Reports
Super- Clean-Up-'-' Hire . Some- ., Not .
. T r Other State- . Always n ,, Criteria-
vise Team Contractor times Req'd
X X
X
AR
X X
X CO C
X XXX
X X
X X GA
spills handled by U.S.C.G. only
X by in d. X X
X X
X X
X
X XXX
X X
X for o i 1
XXX X
X X
X XX
X
X X
X
Note: AR, GA, CO and C see attached leocnd.
Con t i nued
-------
VABLF. 'i. (cunt i
State
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampsh i re
New Jersey
New Mex i co
New York
North Carol i na
North Dakota
Ohio
Ok 1 ahoma
Oregon
Pennsy 1 van i a
Rhode Island
South Carol i na
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
V i rg i n i a
Wash! ngton
West V i rg i n i a
Wi scons i n
Wyom i ng
Note: MT, NM, Rl
Super-
v i se
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
, SC, TN,
Hand 1 i (id Spi 1 1 Report s
Cl eon-Dp Hire-' „ , r Some- . Not ,. . .
Other St. He . Alw.i/s .. ,. CM let 10
Tcom Contractor times '•<-<•] >l
MT
X
y private
A dec i s i on
X XX
X NM X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X Rl X
X private sc
decision
X TN
TX X
XXX
X X
X
X XX
XX XX
WY
TX and WY see attached legend. continued
-------
TABLE A. (continued)
State
Alabama
Alaska
Ar i zona
Arkansas
Cali forn ia
Type of Regulations
Haz.
Spill
Haz.
Waste
Water
D i i * •
Pol 1 ut i on
rt • • .«. n ^ L.
0| '" Other
Haz.
Matls
List
Def i n i t i ons
Tox i c
Mater i al
Haz.
Waste
Haz. Haz.
Spi11 Material
X
X
Oi 1
Colorado
Connect i cut
Delaware
Florida
Georg ia
X
X
Hawa i!
I daho
I 11i noi s
Ind i ana
Iowa
Spi1 Is handled thru U.S.C.G,
X X
Kansas
Kentucky
Lou i s i ana
Ma i ne
Mary 1 and
ME
,Massachuset ts
Michigan
Mi nnesota
Mississippi
Mis s < i u r i
•'•'Note: ME sec attache*.
con t i ruie 1
-------
I AB1 i 'l. (cont i
Ty l'i' 'it Kr>]u Li t i ons
Ho/ . Iki.-. Wcit.-r
SLOU Spi i 1 Woste Pol lul ion ' ''
Mon t iina X
N e b r a s k a
Nevada
New Hampsh ire XX
New Jersey X X
New Mexico X
New York
North Carol i na X
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma X
Oregon X
Pennsylvania X X
Rhode Island X
South Carol i na X
South Dakota X
Tennessee
Texas X X
Utah X
Vermont
V i rg i n i a X
Wash i ng ton X X
Wes t V i rg i n i a X
Wi scons i n X
Wyoming X
Ho/ ()..•(' ini ! inns
Mn r 1 •- ro/ i t tuj/ HT/ h. i/
LIM M.'ite. ri;il V/,r,ti: Spill Milt-ri.il
X
x
X XXX
XX XX
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
XXX
XXX
X
X X
X XX
cont i nucd
-------
TABLE /». (continued)
LEGEND
P - notify state police
E - noti fy the U.S. EPA
C - notify civi I defense
S - notify state environmenta1 protection agency (or equivalent)
D - notify Department of Transportation
AR - No written report required for the state, however must file an EPA region IV report
GA - Handled on a casc-by-case basis
CO - Frequently the state highway department cleans up
ME - Regulations concern themselves with non-emergency spillage. Hearings are held on
corrective action to be taken.
CT - Reports contain: time, locale, type, quantity, cause 5 pertinent parties, Connecticut
has a set form.
AZ - A spill on land is left untouched unless it is toxic or threatens any natural waters.
.c- NM - action as deemed necessary
SC - all illegal discharges
WY - state approval of actions
MT - companies clean up
ND - notification is not distributed very well
Rl - companies clean up
TN - reporting are handled on a case-by-case basis
TX - industrial co-op will assist in clean-up efforts
-------
SECTION IV
RESPONSE MANUALS AND INFORMATION SOURCES CAPABILITIES SUMMARY
Genera 1
Various response manuals and information sources have been developed
which give response personnel technical input regarding both the hazards
associated with a spill and methods to mitigate the problem. Most have
been developed to meet certain specific objectives and only a few have
attempted to address spill response from identification and containment
through disposal. Most response manuals have also been prepared for use with
spills of virgin materials, not mixtures or wastes and as a result, have in-
herent limitations when dealing with hazardous waste spills.
The different resources which are available can be grouped into fivt
main categories:
1. Telephone Contact Organizations These groups are generally
accessed by telephone and give various information to the
caller within 2k hours.
2. Background Information Sources These are generally toxicology
references or textbooks which are used to train those who
respond to hazardous spills. They give additional information
regarding hazards or confirm the general handling approach vhich
has been proposed.
3. Immediate Response Manuals This category includes those manuals
which present information to people initially at the scene of
a spill incident. The applicable time of use would be the first
30 minutes to two hours.
k. Complete Response Manuals These manuals have a much broader
scope and attempt to address most aspects of spill response
including hazard assessment, containment methods, cleanup techniques
and disposal procedures.
5. Detection/Assessment of Disposal Manuals - These manuals either
address the problems associated with assessing the overall damage
caused by a spill incident or present various methods for disposal
of hazardous chemicals.
-------
A summary of the capabilities of response manuals and information
sources which meet these criteria is included in this section of the report.
They are evaluated in Section VI. As many manuals and information sources as
possible have been included, although others may become available. It is
felt that those included in this review are representative of the pertinent
resources.
Telephone Contact Organizations
Various groups have been established which can offer technical informa-
tion regarding a spill over the telephone. These groups are generally
supported by industrial associations or the government, although some com-
mercial information retrieval systems are available. (Table 5 lists
selected information retrieval systems). Due to the critical element of
time in an emergency situation, the speed of response is crucial. The
quicker the response time the better, and it was felt that response times
greater than 2k hours are unacceptable in a spill situation. Therefore,
most commercial information retrieval systems are not appropriate spill
response sources since they cannot respond in 2k hours. Specialized systems
have been developed which meet the needs of those involved with spill
response. These and one information retrieval system with a relatively fast
response time are discussed. Sources of telephone information and assist-
ance for hazardous material spills are listed in Table 6 with the associated
telephone numbers.
Chemical Transportation Emergency Center (CHEMTREC). CHEMTREC serves as
a central clearing house to which spillers can call and get immediate .-.'arnin;:-
and limited advice for some 3,600 mainly virgin materials which are on file.
Available information is provided by the producers and other members of the
Manufacturing Chemists Association (MCA). It is generally limited to safety
procedures and the hazards associated with a spill of a given chemical.
After receiving notification of a spill, the CHEMTREC operator will contact
the shipper of the materials involved who will then take responsibility for
further assistance or other needed followup.
The CHEMTREC 2k hour telephone number is widely distributed to emergency
personnel and carriers throughout the chemical industry. A caller who
contacts CHEMTREC should provide: 1) name and call-back number, 2) location
of the problem, 3) shipper or manufacturer, ^4) container type, 5) rail car or
truck number, 6) carrier name, 7) consignee and 8) local conditions. The
CHEMTREC operator must have the chemical or trade name of the materials to
access the manual system. Few mixtures are addressed and the system is only
applicable to relatively pure or identified hazardous wastes at this time.
The service is intended for drivers of vehicles or others first on the
scene. It is sponsored and operated by the MCA but is open to other users.
Response time is very fast since the response information is usually trans-
mitted in the first telephone call.
CHEMTREC is not an all encompassing information source and is not in-
tended to be. Its function is as a liaison between the spiller or a person
at the site of the spill and the knowledgeable manufacturer. It is also a
contact for the Chlorine Institute, the National Agricultural Chemicals
Association and the Department of Energy when materials covered by these
kl
-------
groups are involved.
Transportation Emergency Assistance Plan (TEAP). TEAR functions in
Canada under sponsorship of the Canadian Chemical Producers' Association
(CCPA) in a similar manner to CHEMTREC in the United States. TEAP has con-
trol centers in eight geographic areas in Canada, which are attended on a
2^-hour basis. Information is provided by the chemical manufacturers and
seldom addresses hazardous wastes.
A caller should contact TEAP and provide them with 1) the name of the
product spilled, 2) the name of the producer, 3) the name of the carrier,
and M the owners name and call-back number. After preliminary information
regarding hazards is manually retrieved and immediately transmitted, the
TEAP attendant then contacts a previously designated technical advisor who
takes over the response. This advisor contacts the accident scene to
determine more details and then provide additional advice. The advisor
will notify the producer who is to handle the problem from that point. If
the actual producer is not available or too distant, the advisor will con-
tact a different company familiar with the product. If needed, the TEAP
center will send people and equipment to the site. After a producer
liaison is established, TEAP advisors assume a follow-up role and notify
CCPA of the incident.
Oil and Hazardous Materials Technical Assistance Data System (OHM-TADS).
OHM-TADS is a computerized data retrieval system which provides a variety of
response information for approximately 1,000 chemicals. The data available
includes information on the toxicity and other associated hazards, personnel
safety precautions, identification, clean-up and disposal methods, materials
handling considerations and firefighting instructions, among others. How-
ever, not all information is available for all materials. An example of
part of a typical print-out is shown in Figure I.
OHM-TADS is accessed through the Regional Response Center or other paid
accounts contracted through time sharing software contractors. It is avail-
able from 8 a.m. - 10 p.m. on weekdays and 8 a.m. - k p.m. on Saturdays.
Turnaround time is extremely rapid with hard copy printout as needed. The
user should have some technical background to understand the output. Since
OHM-TADS provides complete response information, a more detailed description
of the system is presented later in this section.
Missouri Pacific Railroad Information System. The Missouri Pacific
railroad has developed a computer handling system for providing immediate
information on various DOT hazardous materials. It is accessed through the
railroad and provides basic firefighting, containment and evacuation pro-
cedures for these chemicals. It is primarily used in the event of derail-
ments to provide fast instructional information.
Chlorine Emergency Plan (CHLOREP). This group is accessed through
CHEMTREC and will provide emergency assistance in the event of a chlorine
spill. It is associated with the Chlorine Institute and involves a mutual
aid function in that a manufacturer closest to a spill scene will provide
the necessary input. (See Section V for more information). CHLOREP will
-------
SET MO.OF MO,OF DESCRIPTION OF SET
HO, PEC, OCC. M'~:OF'i ffi-RND,' -"NOT;;
ENTER;
SEL r'1RTNRME.-'RCRYLOH ITPI L...E
' '( .! NRTNRHE.'-'RCPYLONTTRILE
ENTER:
TYPE 1
TYPE 1 --"I;. •••].
(1) TECHHICRL RSSlSTflMCE DfiTR SYSTEM: 7£T 16574
(;?) MHTEPIflL: *" RCRYLONITRILE *:i«
< 3 J SYNONYMS: PROPENEI11 TP ILE, Ml NYL-CYflN I BE , C YRHO-EHTYLENE
(4) TRRDE NRME (COMPRNY MflME): FUMIGPRIN (THOMPSON-HflYMRRD), UENTOX
(51 CHEMICRL. FOPMULR: CH£:CHCN
1.6'S SPECIES IN MIXTURE; 93-199"; CH£:CHCN
C7') SIC CODE: £8££1 £824
(Si COMMON USES: NITRILE RUBBER SYN. FIBERS
(9) FFiiL TRRNSPORT: 40.4
i 19) 39RGE TRflNSPORT: 01.7
ill) TRUCK TRflMSPORT: " 56.5
CIS:) RIPE TRRNSPORT: 000,
(13) CONTfllMEPS: LINED FRILS, DRUMS, TRNK CFlRS RND TPNK TRUCKS.
METRL. BRRRELS OR HRUMSNOT O'.JER 55 GRL. CRPRCITYi TfiNK CRRS.
(15) CENERRL STOPRGE PROCEDURES: PROTECT FlGfllNST PHYSICRL. DflMflGE.
OUTS IHE OR DETRCHED STORRGE IS PREFERABLE. INSIDE STORRGE SHOULD BE IN
H STRNDRRD FLRMMRELE LIQUIDS STORRGE ROOM OR CREIMETJ NO HL.KRLINE
MRTERIRL.S SUCH RS CRUST ICS, RMMONIR OR RMINES, OR OXIDIZING Mfl-TERIfiLS
PERMITTED IN STORRGE ROOM OR CREINET. DO NOT STORE UNINHIBITED
RCRYL.ONITRIL.E UNDER RNY CONDITIONS. STORE DRUMSON END I'JITH BUNGS UP; MO
MORE THHN TIJO HIGH. OUTS I HE TRMKS SHOULD BE RBOUECROUND FIND SURROUNDED
MITH DIKES OF SUFFICIENT CRPRCITY TO HOLD ENTIRE TRNK CONTENTS.
RCRYLONITPILE URPfiRS RRE UNINHIBITED RMD MRY FORM POLYMERS IN UENTS OR
FLflME RRRESTERS OF STORRGE TRNKS:. RESULTING IN STOPPRGE OF IJENTS. STEEL.
TRNKS SET ON CONCRETE SRDDLES. BIKES SHOULD BE PROUIDEB LRRGE ENOUGH TO
HOLD CONTENTS OF TRNKS. ISOLRTED STORRGE RRERS. TRNKS SHOULD BE ROOFED,
ROOMS F IRE-RES ISTRNT RND EXPLOSION-i,'ENTEDj NRTURRL OR MECHRNICRL
DOfiN-DRRFT UENTILRTI ON.
(16) CENERRL HRNDLING PROCEDURES: POISONOUS, HfiNDLE IN HOOD.
KEEP RWRY FROM IGNITION SOURCES.
(17) PERSONRL SRFETY PRECRUTIONS: MRC 15 PPM EYE PROTECTION!
SELF-CONTRINED BRERTHING RPPRRRTUS. RUBBER SflFETY SHOES - LERTHER
RUSORBS RCRYLONITRILE. NEOPRENE OR RUBBER GLOUES RND RPPONS.
(18) PRODUCTION SITES:
RMERICRN CYNRMID CO... FORTIER- LR.
E..I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS K CO.> INC.> BERUMONT, TEXRSJ MEMPHIS, TENN,
B. F.' GOODRICH CHEMICRL CO'.",~ CflLUERT CITY, KY.
MONSRNTO CO.; TEXRS CITY, TEXHS! CHOCOLRTE BflYOU, TEXRS
SOHIO CHEMICRL CO... LIMFl, OHIO
UNION CRRBIDE CORP.? CHEMICRL DIU. » INSTITUTE! !•!. I.IH,
(19) USE RREfiS: FUMIGFlNT FOP GRRIN, TOBflCCOj NUTS! FIND DflTES
(££) FLRMMRBILITY: I.JERY - COMBUSTION IMMINENT x
(£3) EXPLOSI'.'ENESS: MITH RIP 3-17 U.'0, ','ERY REflCTIUE, HERUY i.iRPOR
CflN TRflUEL RLONG GROUND TO IGNITION SOURCE. UIOLENT POLYMERIZATION
OCCURS IN PRESENCE OF CONCENTRRTED CRUST1C RLKRLI. IN UERY PURE STRTE;
MRY POLYMERIZE SPONTRNEOUSLY WITH EVOLUTION OF HEflT, ESPECIRLLY ON
EXPOSURE TO LIGHT, BUT IS USURLLY INHIBITED RGRINST THIS. RT EL.EURTED
TEMPERRTURES, SUCH RS IN FIRE CONDITIONS.. POLYMER I ZfiT I ON MflY TRKE
F1.RCE. IF THE POLYMERIZfiTION TRKES PLRCE IN fl CONTRINER THERE IS
POSSIBILITY OF UIOLENT RUPTURE OF THE CONTRINER.
Figure 1. Typical print-out of Oil and Hazardous Materials Technical
Assistance Data System (OHM-TADS).
-------
(£4) RIP POLLUTION: EXTREME
(£51 FICTION LEUEL.S: NOTIFY FIRE RMD FUR RUTHORITY, EURCURTE
IMMEDIRTE RRER RND WRRN CIUIL DEFENSE OF POTENTIflL. EXPLOSION.
(£6J FIELD DETECTION LIMIT (PPM)) TECHNIQUES. REF: 10, CFlREOXYLIC
flCIH RRDICflL, BNI'I, 428171
(£7) LFlB DETECTION LIMIT (PPM) , TECHNIQUES, REF: .,001, CC 5W.|,
90000
(£S) MRJOR HRZRRBS: LIFE HflZRRD: POISONOUS BY INHRLRTIOM, INGESTION,
OR SKIN RBSORPTION. THRESHOLD LIMIT URLUE, £0 PRRTS PER MILLION. MRC £0
PPM POISONOUS (TOXIC) HITH INGESTION OF LIQUID OR INHRLRTION OF "RPORS,
OR flBSORPTION THROUGH SKIN. POLYMERIZES IN PRESENCE OF PEROXIDES.
EXPLOSIVE MIXTURES WITH FUR., (3-17 U.-'D) . HYDROLYSIS PRODUCT IS RCRYLIC
flcin.
(29) STRNDRPD CODES: MFPfi; 4,3,£,P CFR - FLRMMRBLE LIQUID, RED
LREEL; 10 GRL USCG - GRRDE C FLRMMRBLE LIQUID IRTR - FLRMMRBLE LIQUID,
RED LRBEL, 1 LITER PRSSENGER, 49 LITER CfiRGO.
(30) MELT ING'POINT (DEC C): -8£.
(32) BOILING POINT: 78.3
(34) SOLUBILITY (PPM), £5 DEC C: 0070000.
(36) SPECIFIC GRRUITY: 0.807
(37) PROBRELE LOCRTION RND STRTE OF MRTERIRL: MILL BE DISSOLUED IN
HRTER. COLORLESS LIQUID.
(38) BINRRY RERCTRNTS: RCIDS (STRONG), POTRSSIUM HYDROXIDE, SODIUM
HYDROXIDE, SULFUR 1C RCIIi
(39). LOHER FLRMMRBILITY LIMIT (M) :. 3.05
(40) UPPER FLRMMRBILITY LIMIT ('•;): 17.
(41) TOXIC COMBUSTION PRODUCTS: EXTREME DfiNGER, DO NOT ENTER
(4£) EXTINGUISHING METHOD: FIRE FIGHTING PHRSES: USE DRY CHEMICRL,
"FlLCOHOL" FORM, OR CRREON DIOXIDE. MERR FULL PROTECT IUE CLOTHING.
(43) LONER EXPLOSIUE LIMITm : 3.05
(44) UPPER EXFLOSI UE LIMIT ('•;): 17.
(45) FL.RSH POINT (DEC C) : -1.
(46) RUTO IGNITION POINT (DEC C)5 481.
(-!?*- IHHFtLflTION LIMIT (','FtLUE) : 8080045.
(48) iriHRLRTION LIMIT (TEXT): (MG.-'M3)
(51) DIRECT CONTRCT: LIQUID! MflY PRODUCE WELTS ON SKIN
(5£) CENERRL SENSRTION: MILD PUNGENT ODOR RESEMBLING PERCH SEED
KERNELS. WEfiKNESS,' LIGHT- HERDEDNESS, HERDRCHE, NRUSER, SNEEZING)
RBDOMINRL PRIN, UOMITING, RSPHYXIR RND DEPTH. RPPERRRNCE OF IRRITRTIOM
SYMPTOMS NECESSITRTES IMMEDIRTE EURCURTI ON.
(53) LOW ODOR THRESHOLD (PPM): 000.0031
(54) L.OI;! ODOR THRESHOLD (TEXT) : , E-63
(55) MEDIUM ODOR THRESHOLD (PPM): 000018.6
(56) MEDIUM ODOR THRESHOLD (TEXT): , E-63
(57) UPPER ODOR THRESHOLD (PPM): 000050.4
(53) UPPER ODOR THRESHOLD (TEXT): , E-63
(65) CORPOSIUENESS: NOT CORROSIUE TO METRLS
(68) DEGREE OF HflZRRD TO PUBLIC HERLTH: HIGHLY TOXIC RND FLRMMRBLE,
EXTREME DfiNGER.
(69) EXCHRNGE CRPRCITY HITH NRTURRL SOILS: DEGREE OF FlDSOPPTION ON
NRTURRL SOILS SHOULD BE PROPORTIONRLTO ORGRNIC CONTENT RND SURFRCE RREfl
OF CLRYS. CYRNIDE FORM-ED WILL NOT BE EXCHRNGED WELL RS RN RNION.
(70) IMDUSTRIRL FOULING POTENTIflL: LOW FLRSH POINT SUGGESTS R PERL
EXPLOSION DfiNGER IF PRESENT IN BOILER OR COOLING WRTER.
(71) EFFECTS ON WRTER TRERTMENT PROCESS: TOXIC TO RNflEROBIC
DIGESTION MECHRNISMS
(74) PEC DRINKING WfiTER LIMITS (PPM): 000000.£
(75) REF FOP REC DRINKING NRTER LIMITS: , C-ll
(78) FRESH WfiTER TOXICITY
r:ONC. (PPM).--EXPOS. (HR)-••SPECIE.--EFFECT/TEST EMU/REF:
100.'-£4.--RLL FISH..--100--; Kx ..'T:-l
£4, 5.--£4,--PERCH.--TL.M,-- .-'C-1
3a,-£.d...--pEPCH/-100'-;; K/ .-'C-l
Figure 1 . (continued),
50
-------
32 . 7V£4.-"FRTHERD MINNOW.-"TLM.-"SRT OXYGEN £5 DEC, HRRD.'"C-1
lt..7.-'48.'FRTHERB MINNOW.-'TLM/SRT OXYG £5 DEC. HfiRB.-'C-l
I4<3.'-96,-"FRTHERDMINNOW,'TLM.-'SfiT OXVG £5 DEC. HRRD/C-1
1350.-'£4.-'FRTHEFiri MINNOWxTLM.-'SRTOXYGEN £5 DEC. SOFT.-'C-l
1300,."48,'FRTHEfiD MINNOW.-'TLM.-'SRT OXVGEH £5 DEC. SOFT.-'C-l
l£5@.-96.-'FRTHERD MINNOW.-'TLMxSRT OXYGEN £5 DEC. SQFT.-'C-l
l£50.-'£4,-'BLUEGILL SUNFISH.-'TLM.-'SRT OXYGEN £5 DEC. SOFT.-'C-l
ai5-'4:3.-'BLUEGILLSUHFISH.-'TLM.-'SRT OXYGEN £5 DEC, SOFT.-'C-1
•;7£0---96.-'BLUEGILL SUNFISH.-'TLM.-'SRT OXYGEN £5 DEC. SOFT-'C-1
l£@0,-'£4.-'GUPPY,-'TLMxSRT OXYGEN £5 DEC. SOFT.-'C-1
330,-"43,--GUPPY,-TLM.-'SRT OXYGEN £5 DEC. SQFT.'C-l
~'75.-'96.-'GUPPY,-'TLM,--SRT OXYGEN £5 DEC. SQFT.'C-l
1 1 , 8.-'96.'"BL.UEC I LL..-TL.M.-' .-'RDL
33, 5,-'96.-'GUPPY.-'TLM,-' xRDL
(30j SRL..T WRTER TOXICITY
CONC. (PPM), -'EXPOS. (HR). 'SPEC IE/EFFECT .-'TEST EUN.-'REF:
£0.-' .'SFlLTWRTER FISH/TiELETERIOUS,-' xC-1
1 0-33/48XSHR I MP,-l.C50xflERflTEn.-'E-83
(SI) RNIMRL TOXICITY
SPEC I E.-'LD50 ( MG.'KG WT ) xEXPOS . ( HP ) xREF :
PFlT.'-Slx xflDL
MflMMflLS.-'50-99.-- 'RDL
C. PIG,--36S.--riERMRL.-'E-££l
(St.) RQURTIC PLRNTS (PPM) : 000085
(37) PEF FOR RQURTIC PLRNTS: , C-l EXCEPT FUNGRL
(90) MRJOR SPECIES THRERTENED: RLL SPECIES RRE THRERTENED BY
POTENT i PL CYRNIDE: PRODUCTION.
(91) FlCUTE HRZRRD LEUEL: EXTREME
(93) EMERGENCY WfiTER QURLITY STB (PPM): 0000160.
(96) POTENT I fit FOR RCCUMULRTION: NONE
( 1 Q8 ) BOD5 ( 1 LE.-' 1 LE ) REF :
£5'-' THEOj 10 S- QUIESCENT C-10
&?•< THEOi, 10 RW-Sj QUIESCENT C-10
£5'-;; THEO? 18 RS- TRERT PLRNT C-l 9
7@;-i THEO, £8 Cfl-H£> RS TRERT PLRNT C-10 ,7, IS SEW SI). E-35
(109) IN SITU RMERLIORRTION: RESPONDS WELL TO NITRILE FICCLIMRTED
SEED. CRUST 1C WILL SUPPRESS HCN EVOLUTION RMD HELP CONUERT IT TO LESS
TOXIC CYRNRTE. CRREON OR PERT MRY BE USED TO fiDSORB RCRYLONI- TRILE,
CRUST 1C MRY KILL RDDITIONRL FISH IN FREE WRTERS? RND SHOULD BE USED
WITH CRUTION. BEST RPPRORCH IS TO LERUE IN NITRILE FORM. C0£ IN RIR IS
ENOUGH TO RELERSE CN-. FERRIC SRLTS CRN BE USED TO PRECIPITRTE THESE
flNIONS.
(110) BERCH SHORE RESTORRTION: DO NOT BURN OFF
(111) fil'RILRBILITY OF COUNTER MEfiS. MRTERIRLS: CRUST 1C LIME -
CEMENT PLRNTS CRRBON - hJRTER TREATMENT PLRNTS , SUGfiR REFINERIES PERT -
FL.ORRL SHOPS. NURSERIES FERRIC SfiLTS - WfiTER TRERTMEHT PLRNTS-
PHOTOGRRPHY SHOPS
(11£) DISPOSRL METHODS: SMRLL QURNTITIES CRN EE POURED ON SfiNB RND
IGNITED. PROTECT I UE RFPRRRTUS SHOULD EE WORN. CHLORINE SOLUTIONS WILL
CON'.'ERT TO LESS TOXIC CYRNRTES. WflTER 1'IITH <50 PPM IS SUBJECT TO
E I OLOG I CRLDEGRRDRT I ON .
(113) DisposRL NOTIFICRTION: RIP RND FIRE RUTHORIT^ES
(114) CHRONIC HRZRRD LEUEL: RRT 1 MGxKG/TiRXb MO RfiBBIT 19 MG.-'KG.-'DR.--b
MO NO KNOWN CHRONIC EFFECTS ON MRN,
(115) FOOD CHRIN CON POTENT I RL: NONE NOTED
' (116) PERSISTENCY: EIODEGRRDES RT MODERRTE RRTE. RCCLIMRTION OF
BRCTERIR INCRERSES RRTE OF DEGRRDRTION GRERTLY.
(117) MR.JOR I.JRTER USES THRERTENED: RLL WRTER USES THRERTEMED BY
CYRNIDE POTENT I RL
(118) RDEQURCY OF DRTfl: GOOD
(1£0) MUTRGENICITY: KNOWN TO RERCT WITH T-RNfi.
(1££) COLOR IN WRTER: COLORLESS
ENTFP :
Figure 1. (continued),
51
-------
provide advice on evacuation, initial response, safety problems, hazards,
clean-up methods, disposal methods, first-aid, firefighting instructions
and materials handling information.
Interagency Radiological Assistance Plan (IRAP). The Department of
Energy sponsors this organization which is designed to help on-scene per-
sonnel in coping with a radiation emergency. Containment and disposal
advice is given over the telephone, if the potential danger is minimal.
When needed, a response team is dispatched to the scene (see Section VI for
more details). IRAP is also accessed through CHEMTREC.
Lockheed Information Systems. Numerous information retrieval systems
are available throughout the country. Table 5 presents a list of selected
information retrieval systems, however, other sources are provided by
universities or commercial organizations. Typical outputs include a list
of pertinent articles and their associated abstracts which can be obtained
through library service separate from or associated with retrieval systems.
Lockheed Information Systems has the capability to search some 60 data
files. It can be access by telephone up to 100 hours per week. The actual
cost of each search depends upon the number of files examined and the
number of off line printings. All resulting abstracts must be screened
by technical personnel to identify the pertinent articles and obtain the
necessary input data.
Background Information Sources
Other important sources of information which are often used in deter-
mining a proper spill response can be considered background information
sources. These can range from industrial safety manuals to basic chemistry
textbooks. Background information sources may not address a hazardous
material incident per se, but may still offer critical information regarding
associated hazards, toxicology or general chemical behavior. This informa-
tion can be applied to an On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) or technical advisor
to olan safe, effective spill mitigation, or verify the approach being
considered. Many different sources may be utilized. Those reviewed in this
section were recommended by various spill response personnel, considered
valuable by in-house personnel with treatment or response experience, or
referenced by a complete response manual.
This review presents brief summaries of two types of background in-
formation sources. The first are basically toxicity oriented either from a
medical or industrial viewpoint. The second set which are mostly directed to
firefighters, are basically training texts written to provide necessary in-
formation to those first on the scene of an emergency spill incident. These
references represent only a sampling of the materials available as back-
ground information for dealing with a spill situation. Many other texts are
available which may be of use when responding to an emergency incident (see
Table 7). It must be recognized that these references are not intended to be
complete response manuals and cannot stand alone as major information sources.
Instead they provide important back-up data to utilize in establishing the
details of a response or checking a treatment approach. In most instances
they do not address either mixtures or hazardous wastes in any detail.
52
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The summaries present a brief description of the contents of the sources
along with a presentation of various advantages and disadvantages regarding
their usefulness in a spill incident and particularly their anticipated
effectiveness when addressing a hazardous waste spill situation. More de-
tailed or illustrative information pertaining to the referenced documents
are included in Appendix A, pages A-8 to A-52.
Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials (Fourth Edition) - Edited
by N. Irving Sax (6).The purpose of this manual is to provide a single
source for concise hazard analysis information on nearly 13,000 common in-
dustrial and laboratory materials. Descriptive and technical information is
given in the various sections of the book. One section, comprising the main
body of the reference, is devoted to general chemicals. A cross-reference
approach is used which requires that the reader be familiar with the text of
the previous sections in order to use the section on general chemicals effec-
tively. Since the manual is so thorough in its discussion of industrial mat-
erials, it is not easy to use.
The section on general chemicals was designed to expedite retrieval of
hazard information by categorizing the data into:
1. General information: synonyms, description, formula and physical
constants.
2. Hazard analyses: toxicity, fire hazard, explosion hazard.
3. Counter measures: handling, storage, shipping information, first
aid, firefighting instructions and personnel protection.
However, the information does not have much repetition of form and locating
the relevant information by cross referencing may be difficult. Indexing is
not provided so locating an entry from its synonym is difficult. An example
of a typical entry is presented in Appendix A, page A-8.
There is a wide variety of information included which has been provided
by experts in their respective fields. It offers good information on spe-
cific topics including radiological, air contaminant, microwave, laser-and
ultraviolet radiation hazards. The general chemicals section is difficult
to use and does not provide a large amount of pertinent information for
spill response, first aid and health protection. Handling methods are not
discussed directly. A Table of Contents is included in the Appendix, p. A-9.
The manual is not intended for use by emergency personnel. The refer-
ence can be useful to verify hazards associated with the emergency when
used by technical people.
A summary of pertinent advantages includes:
1. The manual addresses a wide variety of hazardous chemicals indivi-
dually. Some may be pertinent to hazardous waste situations when
the identity of the material is known.
2. Mixtures are listed although not in detail.
3- Human health protection information (human toxicity, flammabi1ity,
explosion and disaster hazard) is included in the source.
k. Labeling and placards are discussed but not specific to each
material.
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5- The data source is readily accessible and available to the general
pub 1 i c.
Disadvantages associated with the manual are:
1. The information is hard to locate because of extensive cross refer-
encing and lack of a comprehensive index. Therefore, the reference
is di f f i cul t to use.
2. Environmental protection information is not presented.
3. The impacts of hazardous material spills are not presented.
^4. Identification, assessment, control and disposal of hazardous
material spills are not discussed.
5. Notification procedures and initial response information is not
i ncl uded .
MERCK Index (ninth Edition) Edited by Martha Windholz (7). The MERCK
Index is a comprehensive, inter-disciplinary encyclopedia of chemicals,
drugs, and biological substances. The MERCK Index is basically a dictionary
for chemicals. Each of the 9,856 chemicals is described in a structured
format. Organic reactions are explained and miscellaneous tables are given.
An extensive index and cross-index has been compiled, so the reference is
quite easy to use. The Table of Contents, a typical entry and enclosed
explanatory notes are included in Appendix A pages A-10 - A-15-
The MERCK Index does not address hazardous waste spills and it only
discusses pure substances. Toxicity and general hazards are presented, but
the book is mainly used as a chemists' desk reference and is of little direct
value to those concerned with the spills of hazardous wastes. It does,
however, serve as an excellent reference source for general information on
toxic and hazardous chemicals and is readily available to most chemists.
The niajor advantages are summarized as follows:
1. The manual addresses 9,856 chemicals individually. The infor-
mation presented is pertinent to hazardous waste situations where
the identity of the material is known.
2. The MERCK Index is easy to use because it includes a comprehensive
index and references chemicals in a systematic manner.
3- Human health protection information is included with data on toxi-
city, dermal toxicity, and antidotes.
k. The data source is readily accessible and available to the general
pub lie.
Major disadvantages are:
1. Mixtures of pure materials and mixtures of hazardous wastes are
not addressed in this source.
2. Identification, assessment, control and disposal of hazardous
spills are not considered.
3. Environmental protection and impacts are not presented.
*4. Notification procedures, legal requirements, labeling, placarding
and first response information is not included.
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Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual - The Interna-
tional Technical Information Institute (8).This manual covers 702 toxic
and hazardous chemicals. It provides practical data and accurate informa-
tion on chemicals which are used in Japan. The chemical names are listed in
alphabetical order and there is an index which includes both chemical names
and synonyms.
Each chemical is assigned an index number. There are ten items inclu-
ded in the manual for each chemical. These items are as follows:
1) chemical name and synonyms, 2) constitutional or rational formula,
3) uses, *») properties, 5) criteria for hazard, 6) criteria for toxicity,
7) handling and storage, 8) emergency treatments and measures, 9) spills
and leakage, and 10), disposal and waste treatment. A detailed listing and
example are included in Appendix A pages A-16 and A-17-
The manual is intended to be a desk reference for those involved with
the handling and disposal of hazardous industrial chemicals. The items
discussed vary in their level of specificity. For example, chemical pro-
perties are written so that they contain enough technical data to be of use
to a chemist. The discussion of handling and storage of the chemicals is
written so that it could be understood by a warehouseman or a trucker. The
information on toxicity is fairly specific. A brief but useful discussion
is given to disposal and waste treatment. In general, when background in-
formation for specific material is required, this reference source is use-
ful. It is relatively easy to use and understand and, therefore, it is
more useful and complete than other texts of its type.
The main advantages of this manual are:
1. The manual addresses 702 chemicals individually. When the identity
of a hazardous waste is known, the information presented may be
pertinent to spill situations.
2. The source is easy to use since the chemicals are listed in alpha-
betical order with a consistent format and a complete index.
3. Human health information is presented, including flammabi1ity, ex-
plosive hazard and toxicity.
4. First aid and safety procedures are included.
5. Mitigation procedures, disposal and waste treatment techniques are
discussed. However, details are not provided.
6. Initial response information is presented.
Disadvantages include:
1. Mixtures are not addressed
2. Identification and assessment of hazardous spills are not con-
sidered.
3. Environmental impacts are not discussed.
A. Control of waste spills is not considered.
5. Notification procedures, legal requirements, labeling and placard-
ing information is not included.
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Chemical Safety Data Sheet - Manufacturing Chemists Association (MCA)
or cherrTical manufacturer (9) •These comprehensive background data sheets
have been prepared by the manufacturer for use by their customers. The
information can be used as back-up data to verify other evaluations. Up-to-
date information regarding grades, properties and characteristics, health
hazards, engineering control of hazards, firefighting methods, techniques
for handling and storage and first aid are presented. They are relatively
lengthy and are very specific to chemical type. The information is complete
but requires that the user have a significant amount of background know-
ledge on the subject. The data sheets provide a significant amount of in-
formation although very little is directly applicable to hazardous waste
spills. An example is included in Appendix A, pages **9 and 50.
Advantages include the following:
1. The sheets are easy to use since they provide detailed data in a
consistent manner,
2. Human health information is presented including toxicity, flamma-
bility and explosion hazard data.
3. First aid, safety, handling and storage procedures are included.
k. Labeling information is briefly discussed.
Disadvantages are:
1. Identification, assessment, control and disposal of hazardous spills
are not discussed.
2. Mixtures are not addressed and overall applicability to hazardous
wastes is minima1.
3. Environmental protection and impacts are not presented.
A. Notification and general legal requirements are not presented.
Chemistry of Hazardous Materials - Eugene Meyer (10). This text was
written to serve as a tool for introducing a firefighter to the basic con-
cepts of chemistry. Specific compounds are rarely addressed but rather
classes of materials are covered. The general dangers associated with each
class of materials are stressed.
The text opens with a discussion on matter and energy. Physical pro-
perties such as heat capacity, phase changes, volume expansion, and vapor
pressures are introduced. A basic understanding of these phenomena will
make later discussions more meaningful.
The chemistry of some common elements, corrosive materials, water re-
active materials, toxic materials, chemical explosives, organic compounds,
and even radioactive materials are presented. Some appropriate subtopics
include combustion and methods to extinguish fires. Safety is stressed in
al1 categories.
Additional information is included on the DOT placard system, as well as
the JQbM identification system established by the National Fire Protection
Association. First aid procedures for poisoning are included. General
measures to combat poisoning are tabulated, if the cause is unknown. Speci-
fic symptoms and treatments are listed for commonly encountered substances.
The Table of Contents is included in Appendix A page 18 for reference. The
text is a good training tool, but not directly applicable for reference in a
56
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spill situation. It stresses understanding as the best way to handle these
emergencies safely. A study of this text by the response personnel will
increase the usefulness of other texts that are concerned in detail with
specific hazardous materials and wastes.
The major advantage are as follows:
1. The text is easy to understand and does not require the reader
to have extensive background information.
2. The information included may be applicable to hazardous wastes if
the identity of this material is known.
3- Safety procedures are included and stressed.
4. Human health affects are addressed on a very general basis but
with a good background discussion.
5. Initial response techniques are presented.
Major disadvantages include:
1. Mixtures are not addressed and applicability to hazardous waste
spills is mini ma 1.
2. Access to information on specific materials can be difficult.
3- Identification, assessment, control and disposal of hazardous
spills are not discussed.
A. Environmental protection and impacts are not presented.
5- Notification and general legal requirements are not included.
First Officer's Guide to Dangerous Chemicals Charles W. Bahme (11).
This text is written to give firefighters an overview of the problems associ-
ated with chemical fires. It does not attempt to address each of the indi-
vidual chemicals, instead it groups them into eleven different categories
as shown in the Table of Contents (See Appendix A page 21 ). It is stated
in the preface that the guide presents dangerous chemicals from the stand-
point of "what they are, where they are likely to be encountered, and how
they are likely to react in an emergency situation and what you can do about
it when called to the scene".
The introductory chapter briefly highlights certain important aspects of
firefighting response which are generally applicable to all chemical types.
It is suggested that the firefighter have a list of pertinent contacts with
outside information and, if possible know where dangerous chemicals are used
in the district. Identification information is general but informative. A
firefighter is cautioned against using generalized DOT placards as positive
identification because of potential problems with incomplete or inaccurate
labeling. The NFPA 70AM system of labels is recommended as more applicable.
The information on the bill of lading or train waybill is discussed but is
not considered to be helpful because of the difficulty in obtaining access to
it. It is stressed that in all cases, the incident should be handled as
very hazardous until positively identified. Some general information on
handling leaks and spills is included. Several NFPA references are recom-
mended, as well as MCA's Safety Data Sheets and CHEMTREC. There is a general
discussion of spill handling with respect to leaks, spills or fires. At all
times, safety of the firefighters is emphasized.
The information included in most of the chapters includes:
57
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1. A brief description of chemicals.
2. Likely locations by industry type.
3- How the materials react in a fire.
*4. How to fight the fires.
5- What are the associated hazards in a fire situation.
Where possible, examples are included to highlight the problems.
In general, the guide presents important information to a firefighter
who is first on the scene. It should allow safe initial actions if the fire
official is familiar with the contents and general recommendations prior to
reaching a spill incident. The general organization is not designed to
allow quick field reference and instead recommends other sources for this
i nformat ion.
Major advantages include:
1. Safety procedures are discussed and emphasized throughout the hand-
book.
2. It is easy to understand and does not require extensive background
i nformat ion.
3. Identification procedures and potential problems with identifica-
tion are addressed.
A. Initial response, safety and first aid are presented on a general
basi s.
Disadvantages are:
I. Mixtures are not addressed and the guide's overall applicability to
hazardous wastes is limited.
2. Assessment, control (after initial response) and disposal of
hazardous spills are not discussed.
3. Environmental protection and impact information are not included.
k. Notification and general legal requirements are not presented.
5. Human health protection information is not extensive or presented
in detai1.
Hazardous Materials - Leroy Schieles and Denis Pauze (12). This text
has been written to provide an overview of .problems associated with hazard-
ous material handling. Basically, it is addressed to firefighters since
both authors have been involved with teaching hazardous chemicals courses.
The chemicals are grouped into 22 categories and the book includes 37 units,
many of which are explanations of chemical phenomenon. A Table of Contents
presenting all of the divisions is included in Appendix A page 22.
The beginning section on basic sciences is designed to introduce some
basic chemical concepts which explain the problems associated with hazard-
ous chemicals. Then specific chemical groups are addressed. The informa-
tion presented includes:
1. Where hazardous substances are used.
2. Degree of hazard.
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3- Physical and chemical properties.
4. Storage faci1i t ies .
5. Transportation methods.
6. Precautionary measures and emergency and firefighting procedures.
The categories are more specific than in most other sources, so the
information is more detailed. The book includes a description of current
(1976) DOT placards plus information on the proposed hazard index system.
Some additional manuals are also referenced.
The information presented in this text is very helpful to a firefighter
first on the scene. Prior knowledge of the details is necessary but the
method of presentation is quite simple and straightforward. The text is not
designed to offer complete response techniques but it does include valuable
information on the initial emergency techniques and associated safety pro-
cedures. The summary tables are very useful.
Advantages include:
I. The text is clearly written and easy to understand. It does not
require extensive background information prior to application.
2. Safety procedures are stressed especially with regard to spill
containment and initial response to emergencies.
3. Placards, labeling and some legal requirements are discussed in
genera 1 .
b. First aid, safety and safe handling techniques are presented.
5. Identification and some spill clean-up procedures are mentioned.
Disadvantages are:
1. Mixtures are not addressed and the overall applicability to hazard-
ous wastes is minimal.
2. Assessment, control and disposal of hazardous spills are not dis-
cussed i n detai I .
3. Environmental protection and impacts are not presented.
k. Access to specific information is difficult due to the type of
categori zat ion.
5. Notification requirements are not included.
Immediate Response Manuals
Certain manuals have been prepared which address the problems associ-
ated with initial response to a spill incident. In these manuals protection
from hazards to human health is paramount. The purpose is to minimize the
hazard without endangering more people. Identification techniques, potential
hazards, evacuation procedures, notification techniques and sources of
additional information are generally considered. The information is usually
presented to be understood by uninitiated personnel who may be first on the
scene or by firefighters who may have some background training. The manuals
reviewed here present a general overview of sources which address the problems
associated with initial response. They have been written to meet different
objectives so should not be considered equivalent in all aspects. The one
factor they have in common is that all address actions during the initial
response to a spill situation.
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Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation
Bureau" of Exp 1 os i ves , Association of American Railroads (13~T^This paper
covered text actually contains four pamphlets entitled:
B. E. Pamphlet No. 1 : Recommended practice for handling incidents in-
volving hazardous materials.
B. E. Pamphlet No. 2: Recommended practice for handling fires and
soills of hazardous materials. Commodity information.
B. E. Pamphlet No. 3: Special energy research and development adminis-
trative shipments. Radioactive materials.
B. E. Pamphlet No. k : Recommended procedures to stop leaks in dome
fitting housing of liquified petroleum gas tank cars.
The information is basically directed to containment of any transporta-
tion accident and the minimization of dangers associated with it. It is
recommended that the users be familiar with the contents of pamphlets 1, 2
and ^ prior to a potential emergency. Additional information can be obtain-
ed from CHEMTREC and the Bureau of Explosives' local and federal inspectors.
The Pamphlet No. 1 addresses problems associated with railroad tank
cars in particular Among the hazardous chemical classes considered are:
flammable qas and flammable liquid, poison gas, nonflammable gas, corrosive
material, oxidizer, poison B, flammable solids, explosives, compressed
gases, irritants and radioactive materials. Some brief immediate action
information is presented. Among the information included are safety proce-
dures, ventilation requirements, brief firefighting instructions and a
general mention ot associated hazards. A list of emergency contacts with
telephone numbers is also presented.
Pamphlet No. 2 presents detailed information on approximately 2,000
chemicals. A typical page is shown in Appendix A page 23. One of the more
interesting aspects is that some types of waste products are mentioned and
that a specified hazard code number is assigned to each material.
Detailed instructions for radioactive material emergencies are included
in Pamphlet No. 3- Instructions regarding containment are presented in de-
tail for different package types and for special transportation vehicles.
Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) office telephone
numbers are included for contact in the event of an emergency involving
radioactive materials or wastes.
Pamphlet k deals with stopping leaks in liquid petroleum gas tank cars.
A warning in the text indicates that the recommended procedures presented
are suggested only and do not guarantee safe response. Very detailed infor-
mation is presented with the critical instructions highlighted in bold type.
The book also contains color illustrations of the required DOT placards
and labels although no explanation is included.
In general, the guide presents much useful information. It can be
easily used by a transporter or local authority if some initial training has
been undertaken. The organization is good and most information is easily
accessed. Prior knowledge of the abbreviations and key phrases utilized in
the instructions would be beneficial. The basic content is limited to
initial response with no emphasis on total clean-up and disposal.
The advantages of this manual include:
60
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1. The reference addresses a wide variety of hazardous chemicals
individually as well as some wastes. When the chemical identity
of the waste stream is known, the information may be pertinent
to hazardous wastes.
2. The manual is quite easy to use and access since most materials are
addressed alphabetically in a similar format.
3- Human health protection is considered in a general section which
discusses overall hazards but specific numerical values are not
gi ven.
k. Safety and first aid procedures are included.
5- Initial response information is addressed with respect to placard
types and individual chemicals.
Disadvantages are:
and
5.
Detailed information on identification, assessment, control
disposal for hazardous spills is not included.
Lack of material identification precludes access to information in
the manua1.
Environmental protection and impact information is presented only
very briefly.
Mixtures are usually not addressed.
Notification requirements and legal restrictions are not included.
Guidelines to the Handling of Hazardous Materials Parrel J.
Behrendsen (\^T.The guidelines are to be used as a quick and handy refer-
ence tool by emergency personnel and/or shippers and carriers of hazardous
materials. The manual has the same dimensions as a roadmap and, therefore,
can be easily carried by those who transport hazardous materials. Fifteen
classes of hazardous materials are defined and classified. The manual is
meant to assist in the identification of hazardous materials by proper DOT
labels and can serve as a guide for emergency personnel or others to protect
themselves and the general public against hazardous chemicals. An Index
(Table of Contents) is included in Appendix A page A-26 and includes the
listing of classifications.
A hazardous materials table is included listing seven items:
1. Regulation by air or water
2. Proper shipping names.
3. Hazard class.
4. Lab les requi red.
5. Packaging.
6. Package capacity.
7. Water shipment instructions,
A sample listing and its general explanation is also included in
Appendix A, page 25.
This manual is quite convenient but does not present a broad scope of
information by chemical. Instead information is classified according to
placard type. This simplified approach does make the manual easy to use but
does not present as much information as might be needed by the user.
The manual does address hazardous wastes since these materials can be
classified into the various placard groupings.
Major advantages to this manual are:
61
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1. The manual is easy to use since it is accessed by DOT placard
type or through the identity of the material,
2. Definitions and classifications of DOT hazardous materials are dis-
cussed .
3. Hazardous wastes are included if they are classified by a DOT pla-
card type. They are not addressed directly.
k. Initial response information is presented with regard to spillage
and fire. First aid procedures are also included.
5. Brief descriptions of clean-up and disposal are presented.
6. Preliminary identification techniques are presented.
7 Notification requirements and legal restrictions are briefly dis-
cussed .
Disadvantages include:
1. Detailed assessment, control and disposal procedures are not pre-
sented. Specific information regarding spill response by chemical
type is not included at all.
2. Mixtures are not addressed separately. Wastes are considered only
on a broad sense.
3. Human health hazards are not addressed.
A. Environmental protection information and impacts are not considered.
Hazardous Materials Handbook - James H. Meidl (15). This manual is
designed to serve as a quick reference in reacquainting emergency personnel
with the dangers associated with over 1,500 chemical materials. The manual
is small enough, physically, to be easily carried into a spill area.
The majority of the book consists of an alphabetical listing of
chemicals. An example of a typical page is shown in Appendix A page 28.
The NFPA 70^M ID and DOT classification are included, as well as a brief des-
cription of explosive hazards. Firefighting procedures are presented
briefly by a cross-index approach using codes. This approach permits the
listing to be condensed, yet relatively thorough. When additional informa-
tion for a chemical is necessary, it is included in the listing in itali-
ci zed print.
Although the manual does not address spill situations directly, it
nonetheless, would be of value to have on the scene of an accident. One of
the main advantages of this manual is that it attempts to alert the user to
the dangers of exposing a chemical material to heat or other substances in
the Mixture Hazards Category. For each material listed, specific substances
which could cause an explosion, dangerous gas evolution or other such hazards
upon contact are mentioned. The manual was intended for use by firefighters.
It centers on the dangers to the responding personnel and bystanders. It
points out some of the immediate problems but does not discuss necessary
corrective measures. It is quite easy to use and provides a significant
amount of information in a small space.
The advantages of this manual include:
1. The manual is quite easy to use. The chemicals are presented in
alphabetical order and are in a tabular format.
62
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2. The reference addresses a large number of chemicals individually.
It is applicable to hazardous wastes when the identity of the mater-
ial is known.
3. Initial response information is presented with regard to spillage
and fire. Some toxicity data is included.
k. Mixtures and the potential safety problems associated with mixtures
are considered for each chemical.
Disadvantages are:
1. Unidentified mixtures of hazardous wastes are not addressed.
2. Detailed identification, assessment, control and disposal of
hazardous spills are not presented.
3. Environmental protection information and impacts are not considered.
^4. Notification requirements and legal restrictions are not addressed.
Hazardous Materials Safety Manual State of Minnesota, Department of
Publ i~Safety, Division of Emergency Services (16). This manual is a brief,
easy to use pamphlet which discusses 15 classes of hazardous materials,
shipping papers, DOT placards, notification list and notification information
For each hazardous material classification the following criteria are dis-
cussed :
1. Definition. k. Immediate follow-up action.
2. Potential hazards. 5- Spill or leak.
3. Immediate action. 6. First-aid.
The purpose of this manual is to aid those confronted with a hazardous
material accident. The manual serves as a concise and easy to use document
which gives information on 15 classes of hazardous materials identified by
placards or labels. The Table of Contents listing the classifications and
a sample entry are presented in Appendix A; page 29-
The manual is written to aid those emergency personnel who arrive at
the accident scene. It presents good general information on identifica-
tion and first response by material class. However, neither detailed res-
ponse information by chemical compound nor the environmental aspects of
spill response are included.
Advantages of this manual include:
1. The manual is easy to use. All classifications are presented in a
consistent format keyed to the DOT placard classifications.
2. The importance of identification and notification are stressed.
Preliminary procedures for material identification are presented.
3. The information is applicable to hazardous wastes placarded accord-
ing to DOT regulations.
^4. Important first response information including fire fighting pro-
cedures, leak stopping methods and general spill response are
briefly discussed.
5. The guide does not require extensive background information for
effective use.
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Disadvantages are:
1. Detailed identification, assessment, control and disposal
procedures for hazardous spills are not presented.
''. , Human health hazard information is not included.
3- Unidentified or non marked mixtures or pure materials, including
hazardous wastes, are not addressed.
k. Environmental protection information and impacts are not con-
s i dered .
National Fire Codes, Volume 3: Combustible Solids, Dusts & Explosives-
NatiorTal Fire Protection Association (NFPA) (17). This is one of ten
volumes of the National Fire Codes published annually by the National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA). This volume contains a selected group of the
NFPA codes and standards pertaining to the storage, handling and use of
combustible solids, dusts and explosives. In addition there is an exten-
sive section which presents hazard chemical data information. A Table of
Contents is presented in Appendix A page 32.
The various substances in the codes are addressed in different ways.
Normally, a brief description is given of manufacturing, transportation and
storage practices for the different combustible substances. Requirements
and recommendations are then given for handling these materials. The NFPA
assigns committees to discuss the various substances, as a result certain
substances are discussed in greater detail than others. References are
given for some sections.
The hazardous chemical data section presents information on chemi-
cals considered reactive or hazardous by NFPA. The list is continually
being updated as more information is compiled. The data presented includes:
1. Description of material
2. Usual shipping containers
3. Storage procedures.
A. Fire fighting phases
5. Fire and explosion hazard
6. Li fe hazard
7. Personal protection
8. Remarks
A typical entry is included in Appendix A, page 3^- The assigned NFPA
identification label is also displayed and discussed.
The highly visible diamond-shaped diagrams are specific to chemical
type and enable the firefighter to quickly.have a general idea of the in-
herent hazards of the chemical and the order of severity of these hazards
(See Figure 2 for an example).
The diagram identifies: 1) health, 2) flammabi1ity, and 3) reactivity
on a grading system (k being the most hazardous and 0 denoting no special
hazard), as well as whether or not to use water in the emergency situation.
These diagrams give on-the-spot information to safeguard the lives of fire-
fighting personnel and the others who may be exposed.
The information is most applicable to those personnel who must respond
to an emergency or who are responsible for safe handling of hazardous chemi-
cals. Previous knowledge of the contents would make the application of the
presented information more feasible in an emergency situation.
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Figure 2. Sample of NFPA label for acetyl chloride.
Advantages include:
1. The codes address a wide variety of hazardous chemicals indivi-
dually. The information may be pertinent to hazardous waste
spills when the identity of the material is known.
2. Human health protection is addressed with data regarding fire and
explosion hazards and potential toxicity.
3. The manual, especially the hazardous chemical data sheets, is quite
easy to use, although previous familiarity with the contents is
des i rable.
^4. Initial response information with respect to fire fighting is pre-
sented for many chemicals.
5. First aid and safety procedures are stressed.
Disadvantages are:
1. The manual has only limited applicability to hazardous waste spills.
Mixtures are not addressed at all.
2. Identification, assessment, control and disposal procedures for
hazardous spills are not addressed.
3. Notification requirements and legal restrictions are not considered.
4. Other types of placards and labeling are not discussed.
5. Environmental protection information and impacts are not included.
Hazardous Materials - Emergency Action Guide US Department of
Transportation (18) This guide was developed to help emergency response
personnel during the first thirty minutes after an incident occurs. Forty-
three hazardous chemicals, which are most commonly shipped in bulk, are
addressed. Both general and specific safety procedures are included.
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Typical entries are presented in Appendix A, page 36.
The information presented includes: Potential hazards (fire, explo-
sion or health), immediate action to take, immediate follow-up action to
take (fires, spill or leak, first aid): additional follow-up action. The
most detail is given with regard to potential hazards and evacuation. Dis-
tances for safe evacuation are included both for explosive dangers and
vapor exposure, which is unusual in a spill manual. Wind velocity is con-
sidered when determining the affected area. Immediate follow-up actions are
also presented in some detail. Directions are clear and concise with high-
lights in red or heavy print.
This guide is a helpful aid to those first at an accident scene. The
information is presented clearly and concisely so it can be readily applied
by uninitiated personnel Additional training may make the application more
complete but is not mandatory for its use. The guide meets its objective
by presenting critical input to those responding to a spill incident during
the first thirty minutes.
The advantages include:
1. The guide is easy to use and understand. Information is presented
clearly and consistently for the chemicals addressed. Little pre-
vious knowledge is required.
2. Critical first response information is presented clearly and con-
cisely. It includes fire fighting, leak stopping and first aid
procedures.
3. Human health hazards are discussed with information regarding
fire, explosion and health hazards.
k. Notification is directed and other information sources are refer-
enced .
5. Environmental protection with respect to water pollution is addr-
essed briefly.
Disadvantages are:
1. Specific information is limited to ^3 individual chemicals, so
applicability to hazardous waste spills is extremely limited.
2. Identification, assessment and disposal procedures for hazardous
spills are not addresssed at all. Control techniques are presented
on 1y briefly.
3. Placards and labels are not included.
^4. General environmental impacts and protection are not addressed.
Handling Hazardous Materials Transportation Emergencies - A Training
Course~for Emergency Services NFPA (19)-A training course has been
developed for the purpose of acquainting emergency personnel with proper
response techniques for dealing with a hazardous materials emergency. The
course has been split into eight units requiring approximately 20 hours of
i ns truct ion.
The stated goal of the course is "to enable emergency service personnel
to deal effectively with a hazardous material emergency involving highway,
rail and terminal operations, and the marine and air modes".
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Overall objectives are stated as follows:
1. To provide emergency service personnel with an awareness of the
hazards involved in dealing with identified and unidentified
hazardous materials.
2. To enable emergency service personnel to more effectively evaluate
the hazards involved in a transportation incident involving
hazardous materials and make more informed judgments related to
implementing proper actions.
3. To enable the participants to view their communities in terms of
a system which involves risks at several entry points.
k. To encourage communities to develop contingency plans to organize
themselves and to be prepared for a hazardous material incident.
5. To provide accessible and easily understood methods for determining
planning strategies.
6. To provide participants the opportunity to seek a better under-
standing of the operating procedures, personnel and equipment used
by the highway and rail modes of transportation.
7. To enable the participants to discover gaps in existing knowledge
before incidents occur rather than during the performance of
emergency procedures.
8. To encourage the participants to seek additional knowledge and
training for dealing with hazardous materials emergencies.
The coursework generally includes a general presentation and various
worksheets to be completed by the trainees. Among the topics covered are
the chemistry of the various materials, pertinent regulations, common chemi-
cal uses, identification procedures and outside information sources. Simu-
lated spill incidents are also included in the units.
This training manual appears to meet its objective of preparing initial
response personnel to handle emergency incidents. However, it requires
extensive use of outside sources of data for detailed information regarding
hazards and clean-up.
Advantages of this course are:
1. It addresses, in detail, critical information with respect to ini-
tial response to hazardous spills.
2. Specific information on identification is presented.
3. Safety in first response is stressed.
^4. Regulations, placarding and labeling are explained.
Disadvantages are:
1. The training course does not present specific information by
chemical or placard type and therefore does not provide direct
first response information. It is only applicable to hazardous
waste in a general sense.
2. Assessment, control and disposal procedures for any hazardous
spills are not covered.
3. Environmental impact and environmental protection information are
not discussed.
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k. Human health information, by chemical, is not included. Only
potential general hazards are discussed.
5. Notification requirements are not included.
CHEM-Cards Cargo Information Cards Manufacturing Chemists Association
(MCA) (20). Indi vi dual cards have been developed by the Manufacturing
Chemists Association (MCA) for 86 different pure chemicals. These provide
basic first response information to those transporting a spill or first at
the scene of the incident. The cards contain the following information:
1. A brief physical description of the chemical.
2. A summary of fire and exposure hazards.
3- Guidelines for fire, spill, leak or exposure situations.
4. The CHEMTREC phone number.
The cards are clearly written and present the information in a simplified
format. Cards are to be sent with the specific cargo and can be obtained
from the Manufacturing Chemists Association. An example is included in
Appendix A, pages ^9 and 50.
Advantages include:
1. The cards are easy to use and understand. Information is presented
clearly and consistently for the chemicals addressed. Little
previous knowledge is required.
2. Critical first response information is presented clearly and
concisely. It includes fire fighting, leak stopping and first
ai d procedures.
3. Health hazards are discussed.
Disadvantages are:
1. Specific information is limited to 86 chemicals. Mixtures and
identification procedures are not addressed so that applicability
to hazardous waste spills is minimal.
2. Containment, assessment, control and disposal procedures for
hazardous spills are not addressed.
3- Placards and labels are not included.
^. Environmental impacts and protection are not considered.
Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials - National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) (2~]Y~. The NFPA has combined five manuals into one com-
prehensive guide regarding hazardous materials. The five parts include:
1. Flash Point Index of Trade Names - This lists more than 8800 trade
name chemicals, their flashpoint manufacturer, and principal
uses. The flammability hazard can be inferred from this informa-
tion. A typical entry is included in Appendix A page 51-
2. Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and Volatile
Solids. Thirteen hundred flammable materials are listed in alpha-
betical order with appropriate fire fighting information. Various
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properties including flashpoint, specific gravity, water solubility,
hazard identification and boilg point are included. A typical
entry is shown in Appendix A, page 52.
3. Hazardous Chemicals Data - Data on 4l6 chemicals is presented.
(See previous section on National Fire Codes Volume 3 for more
detai Is) .
*». Manual of Hazardous Chemical Reactions - over 3550 mixtures of
chemicals are included. These may involve two or more chemicals
which could cause fires, explosions or other problems. The initial
chemical is listed followed by identification of chemicals which
can cause a hazardous reaction.
5. Recommended System for the Identification of the Fire Hazards of
Materials The NFPA labeling system is described in detail, with
careful explanations of the rating meanings.
This Guide presents a large amount of information but it is limited to
application with pure chemicals. Identification of mixtures is not included.
Users of the guide should have previous experience with the manual since
the information does require interpretation.
Advantages include:
1. A wide variety of chemicals are addressed and some information on
mixtures is included. The data may be pertinent to hazardous
waste spills when the identity of the material is known.
2. Human health protection is addressed with data regarding fire and
explosion hazards, mixture problems, temperature effects and po-
tential toxicity.
3. First aid, safety procedures and labeling systems are discussed.
k. Manufacturers' identities are presented.
Disadvantages are:
1. The manual has limited applicability to unidentified hazardous
wastes .
2. Previous familiarity with the contents is necessary for effective
use of the information.
3- Identification, assessment, control and disposal procedures for
hazardous spills are not addressed.
^4. Notification requirements, legal restrictions and other labels are
not considered.
5- Environmental protection information and impacts are not included.
Transportation Emergency Card (Tremcards) - Redland Purle (22). Red-
land Purle, a British firm, has developed various cards which present
emergency procedures to follow when hazardous wastes are soil led. The
following classifications are included:
1. Acid sludge/solid in bulk.
2. Aci d 1 iqui d in bulk.
3. Alkali liquid in bulk.
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*4. Alkali sludge/solid in bulk.
5. Process waste sludge/solid.
6. Bulk organic liquids - flash point > 21°C.
7. Bulk organic liquids - flash point < 21°C.
8. Bulk organic solids/sludge.
9- Contaminated material.
10. Sodium cyanide.
11. Cyanide solution.
12. Non hazardous.
13. Miscellaneous inorganic-organic chemicals (containers less than
10 ga1 Ions).
These Tremcards identify the hazards and some types of remedial actions
to be taken if one of these materials is released accidentally. The for-
mat is simple and easy to understand. Most of the information is address-
ed to an initial response and an example is included in Appendix A;
page 38.
Each Tremcard discusses the specific cargo, the nature of its hazard,
protective devices, emergency action, spillage, firefighting instructions
and first aid. Space is given for Redland Purle's telephone number, though
it was not listed. Toxicity and identification procedures were not
d i scussed.
This information was the only source which dealt directly with hazard-
ous waste. It is simple to use and generally applicable to a wide range
of situations. However, the information is not presented in sufficient
detail to allow a complete response.
Major advantages include:
1. Hazardous waste mixtures are directly addressed in this source.
2. These cards are easy to use. Major information is highlighted
and presented in a consistent format for all classifications. No
prior training is needed.
3. The general hazards are presented along with first aid informa-
tion.
**. Initial response information is presented clearly and concisely
including fire fighting and leak stopping procedures.
Disadvantages include:
1. Detailed information regarding identification, assessment, control
and disposal of hazardous spills is not included.
2. Notification procedures and legal requirements are not addressed.
3. Environmental impacts are not discussed.
k. The cards are limited to a small number of categories.
Complete Response Manuals
Some manuals have been developed which address or attempt to address
complete response to a spill incident. The EPA's Oil and Hazardous Mater-
ials - Technical Assistance Data System (OHM-TADS) was included in this
70
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category. Each of the response manuals addresses the problem a
di fferently.
U. S. Coast Guard - Chemical Hazard Response Information System
(CHRIS) (23).A major part of this system is the CHRIS Manual. This man-
ual is divided into four volumes which present different types of informa-
tion needed for spill response. The entire set is directed to spill res-
ponse on large water bodies under the Coast Guard jurisdiction.
Volume 2-CG-M6-1 - Condensed Guide to Chemical Hazards - contains
essential Information on those hazardous chemicals that are shipped
in large volumes by marine transportation.
Volume 2-CG-M6-2 - Hazardous Chemical Data Manual - contains detailed
information on the chemical, physical and toxicological properties of
hazardous chemicals, in addition to all the information in Volume 1.
Volume 3-CG-M6-3 - Hazard Assessment Handbook - contains methods of
estimating the rate and quantity of hazardous chemicals that may be
released and methods for predicting the potential toxic, fire and
explosive hazards. Dispersion in water and air is predicted.
Volume k-CG-kk6-k ~ Response Methods Handbook - contains information on
existing methodology for handling spills in large water bodies. The
Appendix to this volume contains a list of manufacturers of equipment
which may be useful in a spill situation.
Other tools involved in CHRIS include the regional contingency plan, a
Hazard-Assessment Computer System (HACS) which is a computerized counter-
part to Volume 3 and response personnel located at selected Coast Guard
stations.
The various volumes present different information and address different
audiences. The four volumes are described below.
Volume 1 is intended for use by those first on the scene of a spill.
The identity of the chemical must be known, however, before the appropriate
information from the manual can be obtained. A typical page is shown in
Appendix A; page 39- This volume also contains a list of the questions
needed to access Volume 3, the Hazard-Assessment Handbook.
Volume 2 which presents a comprehensive summary of hazardous chemical
data is the basis for much of the CHRIS system. This and subsequent volumes
are intended for use by trained personnel at a spill site. A typical data
sheet is also included in Appendix A. Hazard assessment and response mode
codes have been developed to allow cross reference to Volume 3 and k. These
codes reduce the amount of repetition required between volumes.
Volume 3 presents methods for calculating the potential dangers
associated with a spill event. Input information has been categorized into
two types - primary which is mandatory for any assessment, and secondary
which is desirable for obtaining detailed outputs. Primary information in-
cludes name of the material spilled, when, where, and how much was dis-
charged, plus some weather and stream current conditions. Secondary in-
formation involves estimates of rate of release, water depth and tempera-
71
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ture, physical conditions associated with the spilled material and the
accident. The handbook presents information regarding evacuation area,
plume distance, explosion potential, water pollution hazards, etc. In
order to obtain the needed input information, detailed descriptions of
sources or methods are included. Then various calculation steps are pre-
sented. Figures are included whenever possible to reduce associated
calculations.
Volume k presents response methods for use in containment and some
mitigation of spills (primarily oil or floating chemicals). The amount of
instruction detail varies with the type of treatment being considered. It
is, however, intended for use by personnel who have some previous training
in hazardous spill control. The response techniques are limited to control
of spills into large water bodies and have not been developed for individual
chemical types.
In summary, CHRIS is an extensive manual developed for use by the
U.S. Coast Guard and others in controlling hazardous spills. It presents
a tremendous amount of information regarding the listed CHRIS chemicals
and is valuable to a broad range in audience background. The assessment
section provides a logical approach to establishing hazard zones but may
require excessive response times. The response methods are not presented
in detail and are limited in overall scope. It is most pertinent to
spills occurring in large water bodies and coastal waters.
The main advantages of CHRIS are summarized as follows:
1. It addresses a large number of chemicals individually and may be
applicable to hazardous wastes if the identity of the material is
known.
2. Identification and notification procedures are included.
3. Volume 1 is easy to use. It presents information in a consistent
format with highlights for important sections.
l». Assessment techniques are presented in a logical complete manner.
5. Detailed containment procedures are included for water spills.
6. Initial response safety procedures, and first aid information is
included along with human health information.
7. Potential impacts on water bodies are addressed.
Disadvantages are:
1. Mixtures are not addressed at all, so that applicability to
unidentified hazardous wastes is not possible.
2. Spill control procedures are limited to handling spills occurring
in large water bodies, and are not generally applicable in other
s i tuat ions.
3- Disposal of spill residuals is not addressed.
*». Extensive background knowledge is required for effective use of
Volumes 2 - k.
5. Placards and labeling are not presented.
EPA Oil and Hazardous Materials - Technical Assistance Data System
(OHM-TADS) (2k).OHM-TADS is a computerized information retrieval file
which contains data for more than 1,000 oily and hazardous substances. The
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system is on-line with terminals located at various places in the country.
There are some problems associated with access to the terminals, especially
during non-office hours. It should be accessed through the OSC at the
Regional Response Center.
One of the main purposes of OHM-TADS is to provide a method to identify
a hazardous material from various physical/chemical characteristics observed
on scene. The system automatically takes each word and processes it into
an inverted index file, making each word a search component of the data
base. As a result of the search, a list of chemicals which meet the input
is displayed. Further refinement is then possible.
The information available per chemical is divided into 123 segment
headers of which 95 are searchable. The system utilizes input from these
various headings to identify chemicals which match the given inputs. By
elimination, possible chemical identities are established.
These categories listed in Appendix A; page k2 cover a wide variety of
chemical, physical, biological, toxicological and commercial data with the
greatest emphasis on the effects on water quality. This information has
been compiled from a large number of sources but is not complete for every
chemical. In some instances, no data is provided for a certain category.
All of the information presented can be utilized to some extent
during a spill response. Useful information is given on storage and hand-
ling, corrosiveness, problems with mixtures, hazards, in-situ amelioration
actions, and disposal.
Advantages include the following:
I. It addresses a very large number of chemicals individually and may
be applicable to hazardous wastes when the identity of the mater-
ial is known.
2. Some properties of possible mixtures are presented.
3. Identification through computer searching is included.
J*. Human health hazard data is presented with data on toxi city,
flammability and explosion hazard information.
5. Environmental protection information is presented with data on
aquatic toxicity and water pollution affects.
Disadvantages include:
1. The system is not easy to use. Terminals and outputs have limited
accessibility with regard to location and time. The printout can
be difficult to use, unless the reader has previous familiarity
with the format.
2. Detailed assessment, control and disposal information is not pro-
vided. Implementation instructions are not included.
3. Mixtures are not addressed in detail so applicability to uniden-
tified hazardous wastes is limited.
k. Notification requirements, legal restrictions, placards and
labeling are not explained.
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Manual for the Control of Hazardous Material Spills - Volume 1 Spill
Assessment and Water Treatment Techniques (25).This manualincludes
information on many aspects of spill response. The Table of Contents is
presented in Appendix A page *»5- The primary purpose of this document was
to present methods for treating hazardous material spills affecting smaller
water bodies. Improvised treatment processes have been developed which
allow treatment of a contained spill by pumping the contaminated fluids
through the recommended system. The manual also presents a brief review
of notification requirements, information sources, identification techniques
and assessment procedures.
Notification requirements are discussed in general but not specified.
The user is instructed to determine pertinent requirements for the location.
A review of available information sources is also included. Identification
and assessment sections reference CHRIS but include some detail regarding
methods to determine the identity of the spilled chemical associated with
various transportation modes.
Alternate spill handling methods are addressed and a situation specific
approach to choosing the best one is included. Emphasis is placed on hand-
ling a spill in an off-stream but on-site mode. Suggested treatment schemes
for 300 chemicals are presented. Instructions for constructing process
units from off-the-shelf components are presented in detail. A systems
design approach allows establishment of flow rates through one of five unit
processes (filtration, carbon adsorption, ion exchange, gravity separation
and chemical reaction). Other information presented includes: process
component choice, sampling procedures and spill prevention.
This manual attempts to present a tremendous amount of information in
a single volume. As a result, the audience addressed changes from the
generally uninitiated (in Chapters 1, 2 and 3) to the technical expert
(Chapters *4, 5, 6 and 7). The approach is also limited to water spills
which can be treated in an off-stream manner, however a complete under-
standing of the procedures included could allow application of the infor-
mation to other circumstances.
Advantages include:
1. Detailed instructions for implementing treatment of hazardous
spills are included with a decision approach for assessing the best
handling methods.
2. Mixtures are mentioned and many of the laboratory procedures can
be applied to hazardous waste spills.
3. Most chemicals are addressed individually, so the manual is appli-
cable to hazardous wastes when the identity of the material is
known.
4. Notification, identification and assessment procedures are included.
5. Placards and labels are discussed.
Disadvantages are:
1. Initial response information is not presented in detail.
2. Environmental impacts and health hazards are not included.
3. Extensive background knowledge is required for the most effective
use of the information.
-------
k. First aid procedures are not presented in detail.
5. Treatment methods are directed to water spills.
Water Quality Accident Handbook - New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation (26)"The State of New York has prepared a
manual for use by their own personnel when responding to spill incidents.
This document was not available for direct review by project personnel nor
is it considered available to the general public. Therefore a complete
evaluation was not possible. A Table of Contents was obtained, from which
it is possible to infer that a comprehensive document is available.
Topics addressed in the manual include:
1. State and Federal levels of responsibility.
2. Notification, surveillance and communications.
3. Containment and countermeasures.
4. Recovery, clean-up and debris disposal.
5. Investigation and enforcement.
6. Spill prevention control and countermeasure plans.
There is also a section which includes various technical information on
groundwater contamination, petroleum products, etc. The contents indicate
that the manual includes valuable information but further review is not
possible without additional information.
Detection/Assessment or Disposal Manuals
Some manuals or references have been prepared which address detection/
assessment of spill damages or disposal methods. These have been written
to meet very specific objectives and are not intended as overall response
manuals. Nonetheless, information is included which is of use to those
involved in a spill response.
Field Detection and Damage Assessment Manual for Oil and Hazardous
Material Spills - Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Oil and
Hazardous Materials (27).The primary purpose of this manualis to aid
Federal and State officials who are involved with field investigation of
damage after a spill. The overall scope is described in the following
excerpt from the manual.
"Scope of Manual". The manual consists of seven chapters which deal
with methods and procedures, and an appendix which is a compendium of data
on hazardous materials.
Chapter 1: Survey. 'Step-by-step instructions on what to do, from
time of arrival until full damage assessment plan is in
operation.
Chapter 2: Chemical and Physical Equipment and Techniques for Detect-
ion and Identification. What to use in locating a spill
and making presumptive identification. The emphasis is
on portability and simplicity, for qualitative and semi-
75
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Chapter 3:
Chapter k:
Chapter 5:
Chapter 6:
Chapter 7:
Appendix A:
quantitative analysis. Positive identification and
quantitative analysis are not made in the field.
Sampling. General principles on what and where to sample,
for use during planning and through-out the investigation.
Biological Damage Assessment: Equipment and Techniques.
Similar to Chapter 2, but dealing with methods for
biological investigation.
Damage Assessment Procedures. A systematic approach to
the application of field investigations to damage assess-
ment .
Statistics. Comment and guidelines on the use of
statistics in the field, and the requirements for a
damage assessment report.
Reporting and Legal Requirements. A checklist of rules
for meeting legal requirements, and of details to be
eluded in a damage report.
i n-
Dictionary of Hazardous Polluting Substances. Each page
deals with a designated substance or closely related
group of substances, in alphabetical order. Data are:
chemical formula; synonyms; descriptions; toxicity;
precautions; and detection methods. The data are those
useful in the field: for example, the description
emphasizes readily observed properties, and toxicity is
in qualitative terms.
Appendix B: Cross Index. This is for use when the spill is known by
name or by a group title. The index shows whether there
is an entry under that name or whether reference should
be made to another entry.
Appendix C: Categorization of Hazardous Polluting Substances. This is
for use when the spill is not known by name, The sub-
stances in the Dictionary* Appendix A are categorized
here by readily observed properties, such as smell and
color. The investigator matches his observations with
these categories, and finds which substances fit the
observations best. The spill may be one of these."
The manual addresses 329 materials. In most cases they are indivi-
dual compounds but in some instances similar materials are grouped.
Hazardous wastes are not addressed directly, however, three types of sludge
are included (chemical, digested and raw undigested). The basic use of the
manual with respect to planning a field survey, the investigation and re-
port and identification of unknown materials is outlined using a flow chart
76
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approach. Very specific information with regard to sampling is included
and clearly presented.
It should be emphasized that this manual is Intended for damage
assessment of a spill after the fact. Spill handling and control are not
considered as major objectives although some of the information presented
could be used by response personnel. The most noteworthy features in this
regard are the identification procedures which are Included and the
sampling and sample handling information. Basically, the manual is com-
plete for doing damage assessment studies but should not be a primary refer-
ence in control situations.
The advantages include:
1. The manual presents information on a wide variety of hazardous
chemicals individually. Some may be pertinent to hazardous waste
situations, when the identity of the material is known.
2. Human health protection information is given with data on handling
hazards and toxic!ty.
3. An identification procedure was developed and is included.
k. The manual is quite easy to use since the information is presented
in a clear manner.
Disadvantage are:
1. Assessment, control and disposal procedures after hazardous spills
are not addressed.
2. Mixtures are not considered and the identification techniques are
limited to pure substances.
3. Notification procedures and initial response information is not
presented.
k. First aid and safety procedures are not included in detail.
5. Placards and labeling are not explained.
Chemical Disposal Techniques for Hazardous Materials- United Parcel
Service (28).The manual presents disposal techniques for the Hazardous
Materials published as part of DOT Hazardous Materials regulation ^9 CFR 172
Approximately 1,000 hazardous materials are addressed in alphabetical order.
To use the manual, the chemical name is located and verified by reference
to the chemical formula. Then the associated disposal number directs the
user to specific disposal information located at the end of the manual.
The disposal information includes personnel protection recommendations as
well as methods to decontaminate the area affected by the spill. This data
is presented by hazard type and subdivided to apply to specific chemicals
or classes. The disposal methods are actually control techniques which
are limited to handling small amounts of the spilled chemical. Ultimate
disposal of the contaminated material is not actually considered.
Treatment chemicals are limited to twelve materials which can be
safely handled by uninitiated personnel. Brief information is presented
on where they may be obtained.
Basically, the information presented in this manual would be useful to
people in confined areas where small amounts of chemicals are handled
(shipping rooms, laboratories). In these locations, drains and small con-
77
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tainers are available for disposal after preliminary detoxification. How-
ever, even for this limited application, additional safety information may
be desi rable.
Advantages include:
1. The manual addresses a wide variety of chemicals individually. The
information may be applicable to hazardous waste situations if the
identity of the material is known.
2. It is easy to use. The chemicals are presented alphabetically and
the information does not require extensive background knowledge.
3. Personnel protection equipment is recommended.
Disadvantages are:
1. Identification, assessment and ultimate disposal are not
addressed.
2. Mixtures are not considered and the manual is not applicable to
unidentified hazardous wastes.
3. Initial response notification and detailed safety procedures are
not presented.
k. Environmental impacts and protection are not included.
5. Human health hazards are not presented in detail.
Laboratory Waste Disposal Manual (MCA) (29). This manual has been
developed to present information regarding disposal of various hazardous
chemical wastes from a laboratory without injury to personnel or excessive
contamination of the environment. Approximately 1,200 chemicals are listed
and the data is cross-referenced to prevent excessive repetition. A
typical page is included in Appendix A; page J|8.
Treatment techniques for detoxification prior to disposal are inclu-
ded. The extremely toxic chemicals are generally converted to less toxic
materials prior to final disposal. Among the procedures presented are
neutralization, adsorption, burning and dilution.
The manual does meet its objective to provide methods for disposal of
small quantities of wastes. However, it is not generally applicable to
spill situations and its main use is for verification or general reference.
The manual has the following advantages:
1. It addresses a wide variety of hazardous chemicals individually
and may be applicable to hazardous waste materials when the
identity is known.
2. The text is easy to use. Chemicals are presented alphabetically
with a consistent format. Previous training is not required for
effective use.
3. Human health information with respect to flammabi1ity, explosion
hazard and toxicity are included.
Disadvantages are:
1. Mixtures are not covered at all. Applicability of this manual to
unidentified hazardous wastes is difficult.
78
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2. Environmental impacts and protection are not addressed.
3. Identification, assessment and control of hazardous spills is not
presented in detail.
k. Disposal techniques are most applicable to small volume spills.
5. Initial response information including firefighting procedures,
safety and notification requirements is not included.
Recommended Methods of Reduction, Neutralization, Recovery or Disposal
of Hazardous Waste - EPA Report No. 670/2-73-053 (30).This 16 volume
reference does not deal directly with hazardous materials spills, but is
useful for identifying potential treatment and disposal processes for
various materials. Generalized waste streams are not addressed, instead
chemical constituents are considered separately.
Methods for handling these chemicals are evaluated. Profile reports
presenting the general manufacturing processes and treatment methods have
been prepared. Over 500 chemicals are addressed and recommended treatment
techniques are summarized in a large table.
Evaluation of this source identifies that it is not a spill response
reference. However, the information which it presents is extremely useful
to those who must determine methods for clean-up and disposal for various
hazardous materials.
Advantages include:
1. The source presents information on hazardous chemicals indivi-
dually. The information may be pertinent to hazardous wastes if
the identity is known.
2. Human health information on toxicity, flammabi1ity and explosion
hazards is included.
3. Some environmental impact information is included.
k. Good background information is presented.
5. Methods for treatment and disposal are discussed and summarized.
Disadvantages are:
1. Identification, assessment, control and disposal procedures for
hazardous spills are not included.
2. Mixtures are not addressed. The applicability to unidentified
hazardous wastes is minimal.
3. The source is not easy to use. It requires the user to have exten-
sive background knowledge and has a confusing index.
*». Notification procedures and legal requirements are not presented..
5. Initial response information including firefighting techniques,
safety hazards and immediate first aid are not included.
General Summary
From this information, It can be seen that there are many different
resources available which provide input regarding spill response. Most
have been developed to meet varying objectives and, therefore, have limited
overall applicability. A general overview of the reviewed response manuals
and information sources' capabilities is presented in Table 8. The table
79
-------
headings are described as follows:
TITLE.
TYPE OF DATA BASE.
MATERIALS ADDRESSED.
ACCESS.
INPUT NEEDED.
OUTPUT: HAZARDS
An abbreviated title of the information source
or response manual in order of discussion.
This includes an indication of whether a
book, computer, or file system is the basic
mode of operation.
The number of compounds are considered, as
well as the type of materials. Type refers
to pure materials addressed individually.
classification of materials (i.e., flammable
liquids or wastes). A separate category is
included which establishes if a manual ad-
dresses unidentified mixture of hazardous
wastes. Spoiled batches and spent chemicals
would generally be included if the manual
considered pure chemicals, so this heading is
limited to unidentified wastes.
The availability of a 24-hour contact, either
by telephone or other method is indicated.
In addition, the ability of the general public
to access the system is presented.
The required types and amount of input infor-
mation required to access the data is sum-
marized. Among the most critical variables
is the need to know the chemical identity
before the system is accessed. Input may also
require some spill input variables (weather,
wind velocity, population centers nearby,
etc.) or an estimate of the volume of chemical
spilled. The use of labels or placards as
input to the chemical information is also
included.
Among the initial hazard type output is an
available procedure to identify the chemical
spilled. This may require chemical input
data or information on various physical pro-
perties. Other potential outputs may involve
reference to other information sources or
other technical input. Safety procedures to
be followed may be indicated, as well as
toxicity information or flammabi1ity/explo-
siveness hazards. Another important output
at this point may be the name of the manu-
facturer so that further chemical information
can be obtained.
80
-------
OUTPUT: INITIAL RESPONSE,
OUTPUT: CLEAN-UP.
EXPERTISE OF AUDIENCE
The information considered in this category
were those steps which were to be performed
during the initial time at an accident scene.
Among considerations were methods for deter-
mining evacuation distances, directions for
applying containment techniques, input on
what safety equipment or procedures were
necessary for response personnel and first aid
techniques. Environmental protection infor-
mation included those type of outputs which
encouraged reduction in the impact on air,
water or land resources. Diking instruc-
tions, aquatic toxicities, plume travel, etc.
were included.
This section tabulated secondary or addition-
al responses to a spill incident. First, the
amount of detailed information on clean-up
techniques was considered, then it was deter-
mined if the information available was per-
tinent to treatment but did not actually
address techniques which could be utilized
(related information). If criteria for
evaluating the specific situation were uti-
lized before the final control technique was
chosen, this was considered a decision
approach to clean-up. Finally, the amount of
information pertinent to disposal methods was
addressed.
In this category, the general expertise
level needed to use the various manuals and
information sources was estimated.
81
-------
TABLE
SELECTED INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS
oo
fo
Information Source
Lockheed Information
Systems
Editec Inc.
Illinois Institute for Environ-
mental Quality Library
Institute for Scientific
Information
NIOSH Technical Information
Center
National Technical Infor-
mation Service
National Emergency Eqgipment
Locator System (NEELS-Canadian)
National Analysis of Trends in
Emergencies System (NATES-
Canadian
NASA - Scientific 6 Technical
Information Office
NASA - Indus. Applications Cntrs
Univ. of Conn., Storrs, CT
Research Triangle Park, NC
Univ. of Pittsburg, PA
Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN
Univ. of N. Mexico, Albuquerque
Univ. of S. Cal, Los Angeles, CA
On- 1 i ne
computer
system
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Contact
415/493-441 1
Ext. 45635
312/427-6760
312/793-3870
215/923-3300
301/443-3063
202/967-4349
819/997-3742
819/997-3742
202/755-3548
203/486-4533
919/549-8291
412/624-5211
812/337-7774
505/277-3622
213/746-6132
On-Li ne
computer
Information Source system
Global Engineering no
Documentation Services
U.S. Dept. of Commerce no
Maritime Administrator
National Bureau of Standards no
Fire Technology Library
NASA/ Aerospace Safety no
Research 6 Date Institute
Chemical Abstract Service no
Ohio State University
Computer Search Center no
Illinois Institute of Tech.
Research Institute
Fire Rsearch Section no
Southwest Research Institute
Environmental Engineering no
Div., Texas ASM University
Toxicology Data Bank, Natl. no
Library of Medicine
Contact
714/540-9970
213/624-1216
212/967-5136
301/921-3246
216/443-4000
Ext. 285
614/421-6940
312/225-9630
512/684-5111
Ext. 2415
713/845-3011
301/496-1131
-------
TABLE 6. SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND ASSISTANCE FOR HAZARDOUS MATERIAL SPILLS (25)
Informaticxi source
Interagency Regiolog-
ical Assistance Plan
(I RAP)
Organization
Federal
Type of
Information
Assistance
1,2
Access
oo
1. CHEMTREC 800/^24-8300
(202/483-7616 in Washington, O.C.)
2. Regional Offices:
I.
2.
3.
k.
5.
6.
Office
Brookhaven
Area Office
Oak Ridge Oper.
Office
Savannah River
Ooeratlons
Office
Albuquerque
Operations
Office
Chicago
Operations
Office
Idaho
Operations
Office
P.O. Address
Upton L. 1 .
New York 1 1 973
P.O. Box E
Oak Ridge, TN
37830
P.O. Box A
Alken, S.C.
29801
P.O. Box 5
-------
TABLE 6. (continued )
oo
Information Source
Type of
Organization
Type of
Information
Assistance
Access
EPA Oil and Hazardous Federal
Materials - Technical
Assistance Data System
(OHMTAOS)
Lockheed Information Systems Commercial
Missouri Pacific Railroad
Information System
Chemical Transportation
Emergency Center
(CHEMTREC)
Transportation Emergency
Assistance Plan (TEAP)
Privately
sponsored
Canadian,
privately
sponsored
2-A
3-A
2,3
1,2,3,
EPA Regional Office
415A93-W11
Ext. <>56635
Through CHEMTREC 800A2V-9300
(in Washington, D.C. 202/483-7616
Each regional Control Center has
2k hour number:
1. Hooker Chemicals Division
Vancouver, British Columbia
60V929-3M1; geographic loca-
tion: British Columbia
Celanese Canada Ltd., Edmonton,
Alberta <»03A77-8339; geographic
location: Prairie Provinces
3. Canadian Industries Ltd., Copper
Cliff, Ontario 705/682-2881
geographic location: Northern
Ontario _ .
continued
-------
TABLE 6. (continued)
Information Source
Type of
Organization
Type of
Information
Assistance a
oo
ui
Access
-------
TABLE 6. (continued)
Information Source
Chlorine Emergency
Plan (CHLOREP)
Type of
Organization
Pri vately
sponsored
Type of
Informat ion
Assistance
1,2,3
Access
Through CHEMTREC - 800/424-9300
(in Washington, D.C. 202/483-7616
National Agricultural
Chemists Association
(NACA)
Pesticides Safety Privately 1,2,3 Through CHEMTREC 800/424-9300
Team Network sponsored (in Washington, D.C. 202/483-7616
1. Respond to scene with trained personnel if required.
2. Provide information on identity, hazards, or what to do.
3. Refer to knowledgeable contact-
4. On-line computer available.
-------
TABLE 7. SOME ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF BACKGROUND INFORMATION
CO
1. Chemical Rubber Corporation, Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press
2. Handbook of Chemistry - Handbook Publish-
ers Inc. by NA Lange
3. Behavior of Organic Chemicals in the Aqua-
tic Environment - Part 1 - A Literature
Critique, Manufacturing Chemists' Associa-
tion
k. Behavior of Organic Chemicals in the Aqua-
tic Environment - Part 11 - Behavior in
Dilute Solutions, Manufacturing Chemists'
Association, April 1968
5. Chemical Engineers' Handbook, Perry, John H.
et al., eds., 1973-
6. Handbook of Analytical Toxicology, Sunshine,
I., ed., Chemical Rubber Co., 1969
7. Mineral Facts and Problems, US Bureau of
Mines Bull. 630, 1065
8. Organic Chemistry, Morrison, R.T., and
R.N. Boyd, 2nd ed., 1966
9. The Pesticide Review, US Dept. of Agri-
culture, 1970
10. Hygienic Guide Series, American Indus-
trial Hygiene Association
I I. Proceedings or Conference on Hazar-
dous Cargos, (US Coast Guard) July,
1970, New London, CT
12. Proceedings of the various National Con-
ferences on Control of Hazardous Material
Spi11s (For the EPA).
13- Spill Prevention Techniques for Hazar-
dous Polluting Substances, (For the EPA),
Arthur D. Li ttle Co.
1*». Standard Methods For the Examination of
Water and Wastewater, American Public
Water Works, and Water Pollution Con-
trol Federation
15- Water Quality Criteria, McKee, J.E. and
H.W. Wolf, The Resources Agency of Cali-
fornia, State Water Quality Control
Board
16. Water Quality Criteria - Report of the
National Technical Advisory Committee
to the Secretary of the Interior,
April 1, 1968, F.W.P.C.A., Wash.
17. Pollution and Marine Ecology, Olson, T.A.
and R.J. Burgess, 1967
18. Control of Spillage of Hazardous Pollu-
ting Substances, 15090 FOZ (for the EPA),
Battelle Memorial Institute
-------
TABLE 8. SUMMARY OF CAPABILITIES OF MANUALS AND INFORMATION SERVICES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
CO 8.
00
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
1*.
15.
Title
CHEHTREC
TEAP
Ho. Pec. Railroad
CHIOREP
IRAP
Lockheed Info.
Systems
Dang. Prop, of
Hex. Metis.
Herck Index
Toxic t Hex. Ind.
Chem. Sefety Manuel
Chemical Sefety
Dete Sheets
Chemistry of
Hex. Metis.
Fire Officers Guide
to Dangerous Chem.
Hex. Materials
Em. Handling of Hex.
Metis. In Surface
Transportation (AAR)
Guidelines to the
Handling of Hex.
Materials
Type
of
Oete Bese
advice
adv 1 ce
automated
persona 1
personal
files
book
book
book
cerds
textbook
textbook
textbook
book
book
number
3600
chlorine
forms
60
13000
9856
702
86
$0 approx.
11
22
2000
1500
Ma:erlels Addressed
type
pure
pure
chlorine products
radioactive met) .
pure/mixture
pure
pure
pure
pure/mixture
classes
clesses
chemicals/classes
pure
Hazardous
Was tes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Some
No
24 hr.
avail
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes-CHEMTREC
Yes-CHEMTREC
No-IOO+hr/wk
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
General
Public
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Input
Identity
of Material
Yes
Yes
Yes
no, chlorine related
recommended
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Needed
Spill Site
Variables
No
--
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Volune
Spilled
No
--
No
Yes
recommended
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
continued
-------
TABLE 8. (continued)
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Title
Hazardous Materials
Handbook
Hazardous Materials
Saf»ty Manual
National Flra Codas
Haz. Mat Is Emergency
Action Guide
Haz. Mat Is. Tramp.
Emergancles-TC
Cheacards (Cargo
Information Card)
Gulda on Has.
Mails - NFPA
Tremcards
CHRIS
OHM-TADS
EPA - Manual for
Control of HH Spills
Field Detection
Manual
Che*. Disposal
Techniques (UPS)
MCA Laboratory Waste
Disposal Manual
TRW Report
Type
of
Data Base
book
pamphlet
book
bulletin
training
course
card
bulletin
cards
k books
automated
book
book
book
book
book
Materials Addressed
nuaibar
1500
15
. 250
34 class.
43
—
-
— —
13
400
1000
300
329
1000 approx.
1200
500
type
chen leal
materials
classes
combustible
chemicals
pure
—
pure
„_
chemical
wastes
pure
pure S ol 1
pure
pure
pure
pure
•pure
Hazardous
Wastes
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
-3-
No
No
No
Access
24 hr.
Avail.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
General
Public
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Input Needed
Identity
of Material
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Not
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes. phy
chen prop
Yes
Yes, phy
prop.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Spill Site
Variables
No
No
Yes
Yes
Applicable
Ho
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Volume
Spilled
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
continued
-------
TABLE 8. (continued)
1.
2.
J.
*'
5.
6.
7.
8.
\f\ '•
%w
O
10.
11.
12.
13.
It.
IS.
Title •
CHEMTKEC
TEAP
Mo. Pac. Railroad
CHLOMEP
IMP
Lockheed Info.
System
Dang. Prop, of
Haz. Matls.
Merck Index
Toxic t Haz. Ind.
Chen. Safety Manual
Chvelcal Safety
Data Sheets
Che-lstry of
Haz. Natls.
Fire Officers Guide
to Dangerous Chen.
Haz. Materials
fm. Handling of Haz.
Metis. In Surface
Transportation (AAft)
Guidelines to the
Handling of Haz.
Materials
Identlf.
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Further
Information
No
Yes
Advice
Advice
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Output '
Safety
Procedures
Yes
__
Yes
Yes
Depends
Yes
Ho
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Hazards
_ Explosive
F 1 eflynab 1 e
No
__
Yes
Yes
on Available
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Abstracts
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Hanuf .
Name
Yes
can be
contacted
contact
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Evacuation
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Output - Initial Response
Containment Safety First
(details) Equip. Aid
No No Yes
general
Yes Yes Yes
Yes No Yes
Yes Yes Yes
No No No
No Yes Yes
No Yes Yes
No No No
Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes No
No No Yes
Envi ron.
Protection
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
continued
-------
TABLE 8. (continued)
vo
Output - Hazards
Title
16. Hazardous Materials
Handbook
17- Hazardous Materials
Safety Manual
18. National Fire Codes
>9. Haz. Mat Is Emergency
Action Guide
20. Haz. Mat Is. Transp.
Energencies-TC
21. Chmcards (Cargo
Information Card)
22. Guide on Haz.
Metis - NFPA
2). Treacard*
24. CHRIS
25. OHM-TADS
26. EPA - Manual for
Control of HM Spills
27. Field Detection
Manual
28. Chem. Disposal
Techniques (UPS)
29. MCA Laboratory Waste
Disposal Manual
30. TRW Report
Identlf.
Proc. Avail
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Further
Information
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Ho
references
•any sources
given
•any sources
given
No
No
Yes
No
Safety
Procedures
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Toxicity
Yes
Brief
No
Yes
Yes
Ho
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Ho
Yes
Yes
No
Explosive
Flamable
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
Hanuf.
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Evacuation
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Output - Initial Response
Containment
(details)
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
Safety
Equip.
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
First
Aid
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Environ.
Protection
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
continued
-------
TABLE 8. (continued)
1.
2.
J.
*•
5.
6.
7.
1.
9.
10.
II.
12.
u.
I*.
15.
Title
CHEMTREC
TEAP
>*o. Pac. Railroad
CHLOREP
IRAP
Lockheed Info.
Systems
Dang. Prop, of
Haz. Malls.
Merck Index
Toxic * Haz. Ind.
Chem. Safely Manual
Chemical Safety
Data Sheets
Chemistry of
Haz. Hails.
Fire Officers Culde
to tangerous Chem.
Haz. Materials
Em. Handling of Haz.
Malls. In Surface
Transportation (AAR)
Guidelines to the
Handling of Haz.
Materials
Detailed
Inst.
No
general
Yes
extensive
abstracts
No
No
No
Mo
No
No
No
No
No
Output - Clean-Up
Related Decision
Info. Approach
Mo Mo
advice
technical
advice
advice
Mo
No No
No No
Ves No
Ho No
Mo Mo
No No
No No
No No
NO No
Disposal
Methods oth*r
No
gas
dissipation
advice
small scale
Information
No No
No No
No No
No No
No Mo
No No
No Mo
N» stopping
tank leaks
Mo Ho
Expertise
of Audience
lab personnel
police, fire personnel
first person, communication
expert
chemist, engineer
chemist
chemist
chemist, engineer
fire fighter
technical personnel
fire fighter
fire fighter
carrier
fire fighter
carrier
emergency personnel
continued
-------
TABLE 8. (continued)
Output - Clean-Up
Title
16. Hazardous Materials
Handbook
17. Hazardous Materials
Safety Manual
18. National Flr« Codes
19. Max. Natl* Emergency
Action tulde
20. Has. Hat If. Tramp.
Canrgencles-TC
21. Cheawards (Cargo
Information Card)
22. Guide on Haz.
Mat Is - HFPA
2). Treiaeards
2*. CHRIS
2$. OHM-TADS
26. EPA - Manual for
Control of HN Spills
27. Field Detection
Manual
28. Chen. Disposal
Techniques (UPS)
29. HCA Laboratory Waste
Disposal Manual
JO. TRW Report
Detailed
Inst.
No
No
No
simple
approach
Related Decision
^ Info. Approach
No No
Ho
No
Ho
No
No
Disposal . ^
Methods otnar
No No
No
No Ho
No
Expertise
of Audience
fire fighter
emergency personnel
fire fighter
technical personnel
average person
Not Applicable.
No
No
No
Yes
Yes, but
broad
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Vei
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Ho No
No No
No No
Some
No
No Yes
No No
Ho Yes
Yes No
Yes No
carrier
fire fighters
carriers
technical
technical
technical
technical
carriers
technical
technical
-------
SECTION V
RESPONSE TEAMS - CAPABILITIES SUMMARY
General
Various groups have been developed which are capable of actual on site
spill response. These response teams can be sponsored by the government,
industrial associations or specific private industries. Their accessibility
to the general public, capability to handle different spilled chemicals or
wastes, and available equipment are quite variable. Representative response
teams for these different groups have been reviewed and their capabilities
have been summarized. A brief evaluation focusing on the response team
capability to respond to hazardous xvaste spills is included in Section VI.
Federal Response Teams
Various agencies within the Federal government have sponsored response
teams which are capable of handling different types of emergencies. Speci-
fic agencies involved include the EPA, Department of Transportation, Depart-
ment of Defense, and Department of Energy.
National/Regional Response Teams. Both National and Regional Response
Teams (NRT or RRT) have been mandated by the Council on Environmental Quali-
ty in their National and Regional Contingency Plans. These teams are desig-
nated to perform various planning, preparedness and response functions.
The RRT consists of representatives from designated primary agencies and
selected advisory agencies. The defined functions of these teams are speci-
fied as follows (31)-
Planning and Preparedness functions
I. "Develop procedures to promote the coordinated actions
of all Federal, State, and local government and private
agencies in response to pollution incidents.
2. Assist in the preparation of amendments to this Plan.
3. Review reports from the On-Scene Coordinator on the
handling of major spills and pollution incidents for
the purposes of analyzing response actions and recom-
mending needed improvements in the contingency plans.
-------
Response functions
1. Monitor incoming reports and evaluate the possible im-
pact of such spills. Maintain an awareness of proposed
actions of the On-Scene Coordinator.
2. Coordinate the actions of the various agencies in supply-
ing needed assistance to the On-Scene Coordinator. Assist-
ance will normally be obtained through the appropriate mem-
ber of the Regional Response Team.
3. Provide advice as required of the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) and
recommend courses of action for consideration by the On-
Scene Coordinator. The Regional Response Team, however,
has no direct operational control over the On-Scene Coordi-
nator.
k. Determine the nature and extent of Federal response re-
quired.
5. Recommend deployment of personnel to monitor the handling
of the spi11.
6. Request other agencies and groups to consider taking appro-
priate response action.
7. Determine when a shift of On-Scene coordination from the
pre-designated OSC is indicated by circumstances and desig-
nate the appropriate OSC.
8. Provide a focal point for public realtions."
As expected, the degree of response is dependent upon the particular situa-
tion. The actual response activities which involve Federal efforts are to
be directed by a predesignated regional On-Scene Coordinator (OSC). The
Regional Contingency plan specifies OSC's activities are also defined in the
appropriate contingency plan (31).
1. "In the event of a discharge of oil or hazardous pol-
luting substance, the first Federal official on the
site shall assume coordination of activities under
the Plan until the arrival of the OSC.
2. The OSC shall determine pertinent facts about a par-
ticular spill, such as its potential impact on human
health and welfare, the nature, amount, and location
of material discharged, the probable direction and
time of travel of the material, the resources and in-
stallations which may be affected and the priorities
for protecting them.
95
-------
3- The OSC shall initiate and direct as required Phase
11, Phase 111 and Phase IV operations (as outlined in
the Plan). Advice provided by the EPA representative
on the RRT on use of chemicals in Phase 111 and Phase IV
operations in response to discharges of oil or hazardous
substances shall be binding on the OSC, except as
provided for by Annex X.
4. The OSC shall call upon and direct the deployment of
needed resources in accordance with the regional plan
to evaluate the magnitude of the discharge and to ini-
tiate and continue removal operations.
5. The OSC shall provide necessary support activities and
documentation for Phase V activities.
6. In carrying out this Plan, the OSC will fully inform
and coordinate closely with RRT to ensure the maximum
effectiveness of the Federal effort in protecting the
natural resources and the environment from pollution
damage."
It is through this mechanism that most federal spill responses are to be
handled. If additional manpower is needed, provisions are included to
form a National Strike Force (NSF) consisting of three USCG Strike Teams
and an EPA Environmental Response Team (ERT).
U. S. Coast Guard National Strike Force (NSF) (DOT sponsored). The
Strike Force has been formed as mandated by the National Contingency Plan
established by CWA section 311. It includes high seas equipment and per-
sonnel to assist in spill containment, cleanup, disposal and documenta-
tion/cost recovery. There are three strike teams located in the country
(Atlantic, Pacific and Gulf Coast). Each team consists of 18 or 19 men of
which 3 to k are officers. The teams are available at the request of a
Federal OSC as submitted through the National Response Center. Once summon-
ed, the team can respond with 1 or 2 people immediately, four or more
people within two hours and can be at full strength in 12 hours. The team
is familiar with the use of the CHRIS manuals and is able to provide com-
munications support and assistance as well as advice on ship salvage, diving
and removal techniques.
The NSF is equipped mainly for response to ocean incidents. Avail-
able equipment is designed for air transport, including:
1. Air Deliverable Antipol1ution Transfer System (ADAPTS).
consists of a pumping system to off-load stricken cargo
vessels.
2. Yokohama fender, used for side protection during vessel-
to-vessel cargo transfer.
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3. High-seas containment barrier.
k. High seas skimmer.
When responding to an incident, their major priorities are to protect:
1. The general public
2. Their own personnel
3- Property
4. Navigability of a given waterway
They generally respond about 2-6 times/month, although many responses are not
to major spills. Most of their experience has been with oil spill cleanup.
U.S. Army Technical Escort Center Chemical Emergency Response Team.
The U.S. Army Technical Escort Center maintains a fourteen man alert team at
the Aberdeen Proving ground in Maryland which is ready to respond to perti-
nent chemical emergencies within two hours after alert. The team has the
most expertise in handling military chemicals or chemical agents since its
major function is to assist Army personnel in the event of an emergency
situation. The team is not generally available to the public without a
special request through the U.S. Army.
The team is specially trained, has available protective clothing, tanks,
pumps, and detoxifys the waste prior to proper disposal. Incineration can
often be employed. However, it was emphasized that no action is taken or
recommended until the identity of the substance is known and verified.
The Escort Center's response team is activated only by direct order of
a higher command. To obtain the assistance of the team, initial contact
should be made to the regional EPA office. EPA personnel then contact the
Army Operations center who determines if the response team is needed. If
the decision is made to respond, the team is commanded and dispatched. Fund-
ing of the activity is handled through the Army, and the frequency of res-
ponse is quite low. No major activity has been performed in the last two -
three years although some advisory assistance has been given.
Interagency Radiological Assistance Plan (IRAP). The Interagency
Radiological Assistance Plan(IRAP) has been developed to assist response
personnel dealing with radiation emergencies. It is operated and funded
through the Department of Energy. Response has been coordinated in eight
regional offices located in different geographical locations throughout the
U.S.
IRAP is accessed through 2k hour telephone numbers in each region or
through CHEMTREC (see Table 6 for telephone numbers). The caller is reques-
ted to supply 1) name and title of caller, 2) call back number, 3) location
and magnitude of the problem, k) information from shipping papers (type of
material, manufacturer or shipper, carrier). From this input, the duty
officer determines the potential hazard of the situation. When minor haz-
ards are involved, the caller may be advised over the telephone. If the
situation appears serious, the response team may be dispatched within 15
minutes to one hour.
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The main responsibilities of the response team are to give technical
advice, supervise activities (if needed), assess the hazard and inform
people regarding the degree of hazard. Their available equipemnt includes
protective clothing and radiation measurement kits with alpha, beta and
gamma or geiger counters.
IRAP receives approximately ^0-50 calls per year but teams may be
dispatched to one site per year Most spills to date have occurred on
land and are often of small size. However, IRAP personnel feel that they are
capable of handling larger emergencies if they occur.
Industrial Spill Response Groups
Industries involved in the production of various hazardous materials
often have the most expertise with regard to proper ways to mitigate a
spill situation. As a result, many State or Federal OSC's will contact the
manufacturer directly to determine the best control techniques. Many in-
dustries have recognized that their input can be valuable in a spill or
emergency and have developed approaches for handling these situations.
One technique has been the formation of a cooperative response mechanism
specific to a particularly hazardous product. This approach is utilized
by chlorine and pesticide manufacturers. Cooperation through MCA and
CHEMTREC is also common for the industry. Some companies have developed
their own in-house spill response teams who respond with technical advice
plant or transportation spills of the companies own product line. Some of
these groups are available to help OSC's or others in an emergency situation.
Chlorine Emergency Plan (CHLOREP). Chlorine manufacturers in both the
U.S. and Canada have established the Chlorine Emergency Plan to handle
emergencies associated with chlorine. The approach involves mutual aid
between manufacturers, since the manufacturer closest to the scene is in-
volved even if it is another's product. Trained teams equipped with nece-
ssary personnel safety equipment and special capping devices are available
through the plants on a 2A hour basis.
To activate the team, CHEMTREC should be called. At that point,
CHEMTREC will notify the closest manufacturer. The CHLOREP representative
then contacts the personnel at the scene to determine if it is necessary to
provide on site assistance. Most actions are limited to leak stopping
since chlorine gas spills are difficult to treat. The gas is then allowed
to dissipate after proper safety precautions have been taken.
NACA Pesticides Safety Team Network. A national pesticide information
and response network is operated by the National Agricultural Chemicals
Association. The network is designed to offer information or on site res-
ponse, if needed, to a wide variety of pesticide spill incidents. As with
CHLOREP, local manufacturers will respond on scene to a spill incident
even if it does not involve their own product.
The network is accessed through CHEMTREC and has available 2k hour
telephone numbers for emergency response (see Table 6 for numbers). Upon
notification of an incident, action information will be relayed over the
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telephone. If necessary, a response team is dispatched to the site. The
funding for this response is provided by the industries.
The industrial representatives rely on their own expertise when hand-
ling a specific material. Depending on the situation, they may dike an
area and then detoxify or reduce the hazards using fire fighting chemicals or
neutralizing chemicals (soda ash, lye, clay, bleach, lime). Most of their
involvement is associated with land spills and their equipment reflects this.
Besides protective clothing and self contained breathing apparata, they are
equipped with shovels, brooms, etc. Detoxification usually involves some
treatment of the spilled chemical followed by disposal at an acceptable
site. It was estimated that they are involved on either an advisory or
direct response level on approximately 150 spills per year.
Vinyl Chloride. A cooperative group is being formed for response to
spills of vinyl chloride. The program has not been formalized and further
information is not readily available.
In-House Industrial Groups (IHIG). Some of the large chemical manu-
facturers have developed their own in-house response teams for handling
chemical emergencies. These teams will offer technical advice to those
performing the clean-up but seldom get involved in the actual work effort.
The efforts of these teams are usually controlled through the corporate
offices. Due to the expense of maintaining these operations, small
chemical companies do not usually have a response group (32).
Prevention and clean-up of in-plant spills is usually given higher
priority than those associated with transportation emergencies. Many
industries have begun to develop spill prevention control and counter-
measure (SPCC) plans for hazardous substances in addition to oil. Various
dikes and drainage systems have also been installed to reduce the problems
of out-of-plant contamination.
The chemical companies programs usually include a 2k hour telephone
number manned by a trained operator. Response personnel are predesignated
and must be available for emergency notification. Because large companies
have various plants across the country, the personnel can respond quickly.
One example of an industrial response program is the "HELP" plan
established by Union Carbide. This is a program where personnel are trained
in detail how to handle various spill events of Union Carbide chemicals in
transit or storage. A total of about 60 people located at various plants
throughout the company are active in this program.
Each team consists of 2 people who are equipped with personnel protec-
tion equipment such as Scott air packs. They also have drum overpacks, extra
safety relief valves, chemical pumps and patching material. Generally,
field work by the teams !s limited to plugging leaks. The remainder of the
teams' activities are supervisory in nature. A 2k hour telephone number is
available from which technical people are notified. Advice can be given over
the telephone immediately and the teams usually can be deployed within a few
hours. All team team members have a primary knowledge of the chemicals they
deal with. The manufacturers' product specialists are available to advise on
scene personnel at any time. Union Carbide consults on about 25 spills per
month, although less than one spill per month is large.
The usefulness of IHIG for hazardous waste spill clean-up is dependent
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upon the nature of the waste material. If the waste is relatively pure, the
expertise would be directly applicable. However, when mixtures of wastes
from different processes are involved, the information must be carefully
interpreted. These groups offer advice, not clean-up services. In an
emergency, their familiarity with chemical problems and advance training
is desirable for both pure chemical and hazardous waste spills.
Private Industrial Contractors
Various private companies have been developed for the purpose of
supplying spill clean-up or disposal services to a client. Many companies
are involved as third party contractors for clean-up of oil spills and
several states have lists of these companies which the spiller can contact
for clean up at a specific site. These contractors are well equipped to
handle oil spills and have developed a high degree of expertise. Clean-up
contractors for hazardous materials or waste spills are not as numerous, and
it is these companies which have been included in this review.
After clean-up of spilled materials or if clean-up is not possible, the
residuals must be disposed of in acceptable facilities. As a result,
disposal firms also get involved in spill response. These groups have also
been considered in this evaluation.
During the course of this project, various firms involved in spill
response or disposal were contacted to determine their basic capabilities
with respect to handling hazardous waste spills. A list of those contacted
and their basic involvement is presented in Table 9. No attempt has been
made to evaluate their capabilities instead, this brief overview has been
prepared to alert a user to the potential availability of both third party
contractors and disposal firms who may help mitigate hazardous waste spills.
Spill Clean-up Firms. There are various companies who offer services
for clean-up of hazardous material spills. Some of these were originally
involved in oil spill clean-up and others were developed specifically for
response to hazardous materials incidents. All have available 2k hour
emergency telephone numbers and the ability to respond to spills quickly
and efficiently. Available equipment ranges from excavation machinery to
booms and sorbents to pumps, tanks and (in one case) a mobile carbon absorp-
tion system. Generators, compressors and personnel safety equipment are also
common. Most firms offer back-up laboratory services (either in-house or
contracted) as well as on site clean-up crews.
The mode of operation is flexible. Proprietary treatment techniques are
usually not divulged. Some companies have developed their own information
sources which are also proprietary. Any discussion of treatment approaches
or techniques is by necessity general and the private contractors have
developed many of their own methods for solving the problems.
Disposal firms. Most disposal firms do not get directly involved with
spill clean-up, however the various residuals may be detoxified at their
facilities, prior to final disposal. Some groups have expanded to include
an associated spill response section, but this is not common. The disposal
firms contacted are mainly those associated with special handling of
hazardous wastes. The types of wastes handled and the general capabilities
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vary with each Installation. Most sites do provide various physical,
chemical and biological treatment processes to concentrate or detoxify
the wastes. The actual use of these facilities is determined by waste
specific treatability testing. The use of published information sources is
limited because of the extremely variable nature of most waste materials.
Although disposal firms may not have direct on site input to a spill
response, their availability and capabilities are important when assessing
the most cost-effective approach to spill handling. One of the viable op-
tions for spill mitigation is hauling to a treatment/disposal site. In
order to properly evaluate this potential solution, an OSC should be aware
of the private companies involved in this business.
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TABLE 9- PRIVATE CLEAN-UP AND DISPOSAL FIRMS REVIEWED FOR THIS STUDY
Spi11 Clean-up
1. Jet-Line Services, Inc.
441-8 Canton St.
Stoughton , MA 02072
617/843-2824
2. Western Environmental Services
N. Portsmouth Avenue
Portland, OR 97203
503/285-9111
3- EMSERV
2000 West Loop South
Suite 1800
Houston, TX 77027
713/623-0000
4. O.H. Materials, Inc.
Box 1022
Findlay, OH 45840
419/423-3526
5- Marine Pollution Control
8631 West Jefferson Avenue
Detroit, Ml 48209
313/849-2333
6. Ryckman's Emergency Action 6
Consulting Team
689 Craig Rd., Box 27310
St. Louis, MO 63141
314/569-0991
7. Ace Oi1 Corp.
876 Otter Creek Road
Oregon, Ohio 43616
419/726-1521
Pi sposal
1. Newco Chemical Wastes Systems
4676 Royal Avenue
Niagara Falls, NY 14303
716/285-6944
2. Rollins Environmental Services,
Inc.
One RolI ins Plaza
WiImington, DE
302/658-8541
3- Tricil Limited
606 Route B2
C.P. 59
Ville Ste - Catherine, Quebec
CANADA
JOL IEO
514/632-6640
4. Chem-trol Pollution Services,
Inc.
Box 200
1550 Balmer Road
Model City, NY 14107
5. Ohio Liquid Disposal
804 Liberty St.
Freemont, OH 43420
419/547-7791
Clean-up - Disposal
EMSERV
2000 West Loop South
Suite 1800
Houston, TX 77027
713/623-0000
IT Corporation
4575 Pachero Blvd.
Martinez, CA 94553
415/228-5100
Other
Sealand Restorations, Inc.
Clayton, NY
315/686-4220
Rad Services
Pittsburgh, PA 15235
412/823-0810
IT Corporation,
415/228-5100
Cal i fornia
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SECTION VI
EVALUATION OF RESPONSE SYSTEMS
General
The previous sections of the report have presented general summaries
of various notification/reporting requirements, information sources, response
manuals, and response teams which comprise a total response system for
dealing with hazardous spill incidents. Although some discussion has been
included in the summaries, the amount of environmental and public health
protection offered by these systems has not been addressed. Of particular
concern to this study is the degree of protection offered when a hazardous
waste spill occurs. This section presents a general evaluation of these
different systems with respect to the degree of environmental and public
health protection from the dangers associated with hazardous waste spills.
Because few of the reviewed systems actually address the specific problem
of hazardous waste spills, it is necessary to provide a brief evaluation
of the general spill response capabilities for the various systems. This
review is intended only to aid in establishing the ability of a particular
resource to respond to a hazardous waste spill and is not considered a
thorough evaluation of various systems with respect to overall spill response
An effort of this magnitude is being performed elsewhere (l).
Noti ficat ion/Reporting Requi rements
When considering notification and reporting requirements, the most
critical aspect with regard to public and environmental protection involves
notification. As presented in Section IV, these requirements do vary
depending upon both the applicable Federal law and State regulations.
Among the important considerations associated with notification proce-
dures are 1) what is the number of calls required for proper notification
of all concerned, 2) how widespread is the knowledge of who to call, 3) what
is the length of time between a call and the receipt of some technical
assistance and 4) can an uninitiated person properly report a spill.
Calls Required for Notification. The number and type of calls required
for proper notification will depend upon the applicable Federal and State
laws. If a hazardous substance listed under section 311 of the Clean Water
Act (CWA) is spilled, the Regional Response Center (RRC) and appropriate
EPA and USCG authorities must be contacted. Since many of these substances
are also DOT hazardous materials, DOT may have to be informed. When other
legislation is invoked, then different agencies must be contacted. See
Table 3-
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State notification procedures vary considerably. In some states,
there is a central 2^ hour telephone number to call and at that point the
responsibility for notification is met. In other instances, district spill
control personnel must be contacted from a call list. If one person is
not at home, the calls are to continue until someone is notified. Since the
requirements vary from State to State, it is important that the potential
spiller be aware of the various regulations and associated responsibilities,
and then update their in-house listing periodically. It is important to
note that many of the State laws already in effect can be considered to
cover hazardous waste spills, so proper notification may already be manda-
tory.
Widespread Knowledge of Contact. The knowledge of who should be con-
tacted may not be well known to spillers or others who may be affected by
a spill. Federal and regional notification requirements are outlined in
the various contingency plans, however telephone numbers and personnel may
change without all users being aware of the situation.
States may make a concerted effort to distribute a call number or
list to various industries and to emergency personnel. Research indicated
that often the emergency personnel, such as State police, perform the actual
State notification since they generally know who to contact. Some states
have considered this and have allowed notification of the State police as
an acceptable procedure.
Response Time. When a spiller is faced with an emergency situation,
obtaining fast response information may be critical to reducing environment
damage and eliminating a potential safety hazard. Often 2k hour telephone
numbers are actually answering services where an operator or duty officer
takes down the critical information including name of caller and a call-back
number. The operator then contacts appropriate State personnel who are
designated to respond to emergency situations. This contact may be slow,
especially in off duty hours, since a home call list is common and people
may not be specifically designated as "on call". The return call to the
spiller may provide some of the needed emergency information, however it
may not be quickly available.
Uninitiated Personnel Involvement. Notification of a spill incident
may be performed by people with a wide variety of background knowledge and
training. Persons reporting a spill occurrence could be those involved in
the incident, (truck driver, motorists), witnesses or emergency response
personnel. Their protection is critical through the response period.
General Evaluation of Notification Procedures. From the previous dis-
cussion, it can be seen that there are several aspects of notification pro-
cedures which are desirable and others which are not. One of the aspects
which appears to cause conflict involves the use of a 2k hour answering
service or a call list. The 2k hour number allows a spiller to make initial
contact quickly and remove further notification obligations, at least at
that level. However, critical initial response information may not be
immediately available from this source and since the spiHer must keep the
telephone line free for a return call, it may not be possible to contact
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another source. Conversely, if a spiller must notify people through a
call list, the time involved in notification may become excessive although
the spiller should get some technical advice immediately after notification
of response personnel. On a State level, this appears to pose a serious
dilemna. Manning a 24 hour telephone with experienced response personnel is
generally not possible due to manpower and budget limitations. This service
could be supplied on a national or regional basis with joint Federal and
State efforts.
Other important considerations include the distribution of appropriate
notification telephone numbers. There may be some difficulties with regard
to informing hazardous waste spillers of their legal obligations to notify
authorities of a spill incident. Since many of the haulers may not be
familiar with this type of responsibility, a single telephone contact is
simpler, does not require much prior training and would be easier to dis-
tribute.
Reporting Requirements Evaluation. Reporting a spill incident is often
required by law. The primary emphasis of this spill report is usually to
provide documentation of the spill and generally includes the following:
1) a description of the situation and of the incident's cause, 2) a discussion
of the response action taken, 3) an evaluation of the effectiveness of the
response and *») recommendations. The report may be required of either the
spiller or the OSC at the site or both. DOT requires reports for all
transportation related incidents, however, state and other federal reports
may not be mandatory. As a result, records of spills may be incomplete and
proper corrective actions not implemented. Consistency in both format and
requirements is desirable when reports are evaluated.
Information Sources and Response Manual Evaluation
Evaluation of different information sources and response manuals is
extremely difficult since each individual reference or source has been
developed to meet certain specific objectives. Usually these objectives are
met quite well and comparison to other sources is not possible because of
differences in scope. This evaluation has been developed to highlight
various systems' usefulness when a hazardous waste spill occurs. First
telephone contact sources are briefly evaluated and the results are discussed.
Then written information sources and response manuals are considered. This
evaluation is quite extensive and involves both a general evaluation of
the system output as well as consideration of its applicability to hazardous
wastes.
A general evaluation format has been included and the advantages of
various manuals are stressed. Emphasis has been placed on considering infor-
mation outputs which protect the human health and the environment. Other
important considerations have involved the type of audience addressed, the
clarity and general readability of the manual, its availability and its
bulkiness. In addition, the degree to which the manual met its stated objec-
tives is evaluated.
After the general evaluation is completed, then the most acceptable
sources are investigated for their applicability to treating hazardous
waste streams. Defined streams have been identified (33,3*0 and are
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considered in this evaluation. From this information, the applicability of
various manuals to hazardous waste spills can be defined and missing
information can be identified.
Evaluation of Telephone Response Sources. Several important considera-
tions are involved when reviewing telephone response sources. These include:
1. Availability of computerized data
2. Access and response time
3- Degree of input required
A. Variety of chemicals addressed
5- Type of output available
The seven different telephone information sources addressed in Section
IV can be evaluated considering these capabilities.
Availability of Computerized Data Base. Computer systems are generally
desirable since they allow storage of a wide variety of data, are searchable
(in case the material is not identified) and have a fast turnaround time.
However only OHM-TADS contains extensive computerized information directed
to spill response. Lockheed Information Systems is limited to identifica-
tion of background data sources and the Missouri Pacific Railroad System is
designed for use mainly in train derailments and has less general accessi-
bility. Other telephone sources consist of card files which are accessed by
a trained operator. Information available is generally limited to some
initial response input and possibly the manufacturer's identity.
Access and Response Time. Access is quite critical since a spiller
may require information quickly and efficiently. As a result, a 2k hour
telephone contact is important. CHEMTREC and TEAR have this capability.
It is extended to CHLOREP and IRAP since they are contacted through CHEMTREC.
Initial information can be immediately transmitted during the first phone
conversation so the reporter can take proper actions at the spill scene.
Another important aspect is who can access the system. A general number
available to anyone who needs assistance appears best. Again, CHEMTREC
and TEAP offer this service, although OHM-TADS unfortunately does not.
OHM-TADS is not accessible on a 24 hour/day basis nor is it available to the
general public. Many state agencies do not have direct access to OHM-TADS
although it is usually available at the RRC. Lockheed Systems are accessed
when the computer is up and the Missouri System can be used when needed by
the proper officials.
Degree of Input Required. One of the most important concerns when
evaluating an information system is the amount of input data required to
access the data. Most sources require prior knowledge of the identity of
the spilled material before an output is available. When it is necessary
that the material be identified by its generic or trade name, this can be
a serious limitation when controlling mystery spills, unidentified pure
chemicals and especially mixtures of hazardous wastes. Unless the compo-
nents of a hazardous waste are known or unless the waste is a relatively
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pure material (ie. spoiled batch, waste chemicals), most of the information
systems cannot be accessed.
The only source which allows identification of chemicals through a
search technique is OHM-TADS. However, OHM-TADS is limited to identifica-
tion of pure compounds, so has additional limitations when mixtures,
especially wastes, are considered.
Variety of Chemicals Addressed. The type and number of hazardous
materials addressed is crucial for long term evaluation. Most systems
address only pure chemicals and OHM-TADS does mention binary mixtures
but does not present details. Hazardous wastes are included only if they
are spoiled batches, contaminated process chemicals or other relatively
pure materials. Therefore, general applicability of these sources to
hazardous waste is limited.
The number of chemicals addressed is also important. The more chemicals
included, the better are the chances of getting the needed output. This
holds true for hazardous wastes and pure chemical spills. Establishing
how many chemicals and which ones to include is difficult. CHEMTREC pro-
vides the greatest number of materials (3,600 virgin chemicals) and has
been criticized by spill response personnel for not having needed data
when required. When hazardous wastes are evaluated, the problem becomes
even more complex. Mixtures can be comprised of many components in different
amounts which could result in extremely variable combinations in hazardous
wastes. Accessing information for a given mixture would be extremely
difficult.
Type of Output Available. Outputs available from these sources range
from a listing of abstracts to a comprehensive compilation of pertinent
spill response data. Human health protection information (toxicity,
flammability and explosion hazards, first aid procedures, safety equipment)
is available to different extents from the sources. Environmental impact
and protection data is available from OHM-TADS and may be identified
through the computer search of abstracts. Initial response and control
procedures are not usually included in these sources. OHM-TADS is an
exception but it requires previous knowledges of the format and data base
for most effective use.
Lockheed and other information retrieval systems can provide only
abstracts for review. These abstracts may identify pertinent additional
information but obtaining these sources may be difficult. TEAR and CHEMTREC
generally provide general human health information and the name of a
manufacturer who can give further technical inputs to response personnel.
Summary of Telephone Contact Organization Evaluation. In summary, none
of these sources addressed hazardous waste materials or their spillage.
When identified, relatively pure hazardous wastes are involved, the infor-
mation included in these sources may be applicable. OHM-TADS presents
limited accessibility and the output may require technical interpretation.
Although CHEMTREC and TEAR do not provide the comprehensive amount of
information but are readily accessed and provide output immediately. They
also indicate the name of a manufacturer for further contacts or perform
the actual contact. IRAP and CHLOREP provide valuable information but
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are limited to specific product expertise. Lockheed's output is not
directly applicable to spill response and access may be limited,
Environmental impact and human health information are presented in
various degrees of detail. Most offer direct first aid and safety proce-
dures for those people first on the site of the spill. OHM-TADS includes
toxicity information and environmental impact data in detail.
General Evaluation of Written Manual Output. A basic evaluation format
was developed which allowed a simple determination of the available outputs
from the various written manuals and information sources. Three different
ratings will be applied: 0, 1 or 2. A zero (0) rating indicated that the
subject was not addressed or covered at all in the manual. A one (1) rating
meant that the information was mentioned without extensive details or that
the data was sometimes or somewhat available. A two (2) rating indicated
yes, always or that detailed information was included for those specific
evaluation categories. The manuals were rated somewhat subjectively however,
the approach allowed a general comparison between sources. This approach
was consistent between manuals which was considered critical for effective
overall evaluation.
The following paragraphs discuss the various categories included in the
evaluation and summarize the results obtained. Manuals with certain
strengths in various areas have been highlighted in the discussion, other-
wise the presentation is somewhat general. The reader is encouraged to
refer to the completed evaluation forms (Tables 10-13) for detailed informa-
tion on a given response manual.
Materials Addressed. (Table 10) This classification involved an evalu-
ation of materials which were addressed by the different written manuals.
Five different subjects were considered applicable.
The first three discuss how and what materials are addressed In the
manual. The manuals either addressed the specific compound directly, an
approach which usually required an alphabetical listing of all chemicals
addressed or addressed the potential hazards as part of a broad generic
classification of materials.
Other subjects in this category considered whether or not mixtures
and/or hazardous wastes were mentioned in the manual, whether properties
of the chemicals including melting and boiling point, physical states,
vapor pressure etc., were considered and whether chemical interactions with
air, water, or other chemicals were addressed.
The most common approach was identification of individual pure chemical-
from which additional information was accessed. This procedure was used in
approximately 75% of the sources investigated. The other method to address
chemicals was to classify them according to hazard or DOT placard type.
This technique was prevalent for training manuals or guides or for brief
manuals which presented only the most crucial first response information.
Hazardous wastes specifically were addressed in only one source, the
Redland Purle Tremcards, and a general discussion of wastes was presented
in the TRW report on Reduction, Neutralization Recovery and Disposal of
Hazardous Waste. Most manuals mentioned mixtures, but only five actually
addressed the problem. Even when the mixtures were considered it was not
with the frequency or detail associated with pure or virgin materials.
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Properties specific to chemical type were presented to varying degrees.
CHRIS Vol. 2 and OHM-TADS include a very thorough description of chemical
properties that would be important in a spill incident. Several fire-
fighters' guides including the Fire Codes and NFPA Guides, Fire Officer's
Guide and the Chemistry of Hazardous Materials presented and discussed
pertinent properties as relating to initial response. General information
which may also be applied was available in the Merck Index and the Indi-
vidual Chemical Data Sheets. Property changes were mainly addressed in
relation to firefighting, and most sources written for these people addressed
problems such as reactions with water or potentially explosive mixtures.
The specific Chemical Data Sheets also presented information regarding
property changes.
Immediate Action Presented (Table 10). The next evaluation category
involved determination of how the different manuals addressed the crucial
immediate actions needed at the scene of the incident. The data can be
roughly grouped into actions which either protect human health or offer
environmental protection. Human health concern is apparent in subjects
relating to safety hazards, evacuation procedures, and first aid. Environ-
mental impacts are more affected by containment and notification techniques.
The other categories present aspects of both concerns.
One of the first considerations was whether or not containment
techniques (ie. procedures to control the discharge) was included. Then
the inclusion of notification requirements to local, State or Federal
agencies was considered as an important aspect of immediate action. Inclu-
sion of this type of information involves presenting necessary telephone
numbers and/or information regarding how to obtain them. Another critical
aspect of initial response involves establishing both the distance and
direction of evacuation when necessary. Potential safety hazards associated
with initial response should be addressed since there are certain hazards
which are involved when containment or evacuation procedures are implemented.
Discussion of firefighting techniques basically involved determination of
what approaches should be used to contain a fire emergency safely and
effectively. Information sources refer to the manuals' inclusion of
referenced information sources, either quick response or written, which
will allow the user to obtain more detailed data on the potential hazards
and control techniques. First aid procedures are also considered a part
of initial response since unintentional exposures could have occurred
which may require immediate treatment at or near the spill site.
Detailed information regarding containment procedures was not presented
in many of the sources. CHRIS had a good section and the EPA Manual for
Control of Hazardous Material Spills also had some information on contain-
ment. Some general mention of containment, such as "build dikes to contain
flow" was included in selected manuals which highlighted initial response.
Notification procedures were detailed in NFPA/DOT training manual, the EPA
Manual, Chem-cards and the AAR Manual-Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation. Some sources did mention that proper
notification should be performed. Detailed summaries of notification
requirements were not included in any source, although at times the appro-
priate contingency plan was referenced.
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The potential safety hazards and appropriate precautions to take were
then evaluated. Some of the specific safety problems associated with the
initial response were considered. These hazards were most clearly presented
in the various texts directed to firefighters, in the AAR Manual, in CHRIS
and both the Chem-cards and Chemical Safety Data Sheets. Other sources
mentioned that various initial response procedures could be dangerous, and
proper precautions should be taken although detailed instructions were
absent.
Evacuation procedures were not frequently mentioned in the reviewed
sources. CHRIS presented detailed methods for calculating affected areas
and then recommended appropriate action, however this approach may not be
considered an initial response. The DOT Manual - Hazardous Materials
Emergency Action Guide - graphically depicts the evacuation area as a func-
tion of wind velocity. This approach is clear and simple to use for
uninitiated personnel at a spill site. Other manuals directed to fire-
fighters indicate that proper evacuation should be undertaken and some give
definitive directions.
Firefighting information is presented in most detail in those sources
directed to the firefighters themselves. Specific detailed information by
chemical is found in the National Fire Codes - Volume 3. Sax's Dangerous
Properties of Industrial Chemicals also provides necessary information as
does the AAR Manual. Other good sources of firefighting techniques are
tabulated in the Chem-Cards and the Chemical Safety Data Sheets. Tremcards
address firefighting methods for involving hazardous wastes.
.Reference to other sources was also considered important when initial
response was involved. CHEMTREC was the most common source indicated and
the referral number was presented in most of the immediate response manuals.
A brief review of information sources was included in the EPA Manual, and
CHRIS suggested some sources of additional input. The DOT/NFPA training
manual presented a unit on the available information sources.
Finally, first aid techniques were considered. Many of the immediate
response manuals mentioned the appropriate first aid techniques by specific
material addressed. Among those which contained useful first aid procedures
were Vol. 1 of CHRIS, DOT Emergency Action Guide, the AAR Manual, OHM-TADS,
some NFPA Guides, Guide for Handling Hazardous Materials, the Industrial
Safety Manual and Chem-cards and the Chemical Safety Data Sheets. Tremcards
presented first aid procedures to be taken in the event of a hazardous
waste spi 11.
In general, the most complete and applicable initial response informa-
tion was provided in those manuals which considered immediate response the
prime objective. Several background manuals were directed to firefighters
but still included detailed initial response information. The difference
was that these sources tended to address chemicals by classification rather
than by individual identity. The details regarding initial response varied
significantly from one source to another. It appears that containment
techniques and notification procedures received the least amount of elabora-
tion. Firefighting and first aid procedures were generally given the most
emphasis. This condition reflects the major concern with human health
protection during the initial stages of spill response.
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Identification Procedures. (Table 11) One of the most critical aspects
of spill response evolves around knowing the identity of a material which
has been spilled. As indicated previously, most manuals address the sub-
stances by compound or tradename. Some present information by DOT placard
type or general classification, but even in these situations, the person
first on the scene must have access to these markings.
This category attempts to determine how many manuals address the
problems associated with identification and to what degree. Methods to
identify materials through the use of DOT placards/labels, bills of lading
or tracing of the shipper from the car/truck number are considered first.
Physical/chemical property methods for identification are also con-
sidered as a subject heading as well as methods for identification of
unknowns through laboratory testing. The potential safety hazards associated
with attempted identification is another important consideration (ie. how
safe is it to walk up to a leaking drum to inspect a label, etc.). The
amount of material spilled or spilling can also be an important consideration
since the magnitude of the hazard can be established by this information.
There are various techniques which can be used to estimate the volume
spilled. Sometimes these were outlined in the response manual.
Identification of mixtures or hazardous wastes can be even more diffi-
cult than identification of pure compounds. If procedures were included
to provide this type of identification, this was noted.
Unfortunately, complete techniques regarding methods available to iden-
tify a specific material are not presented in any manual. The EPA manual
includes detailed information regarding placarding, bills of lading and ship-
ment tracing but does not detail identification techniques by other methods.
The same general approach was used in the DOT/NFPA Training course in which
a unit was devoted to identification by these techniques but no information
was included regarding what to do if identification was still not
accomplished. The NFPA guides presented a general identification approach
using their diamond label and the AAR Manual included a numbering method
by which specific materials were assigned a code to illustrate their hazards.
This code would be available on the bill of lading. In other sources,
methods to identify the material or at least the imminent hazards were
presented but not discussed in detail.
Identification by physical properties was presented in detail in the
EPA's Damage Assessment Manual. In this text, various noticeable physical
properties were delineated from which the possible identity of the substance
could be determined. OHM-TADS offers a similar computerized search function.
Laboratory evaluation was only briefly mentioned.
The actual safety hazards associated with determining identification
were not often stressed. Some sources mentioned the potential danger
associated with approaching an unknown product but often this hazard was
not emphasized. One suggested treating the material as extremely hazardous
until the identity was known. This approach will safeguard human health
as much as possible.
Methods to estimate the volume of material spilled were presented in
detail in CHRIS and mentioned in other sources. The importance of knowing
this information becomes apparent in establishing the overall degree of
hazard.
When identification for hazardous wastes or mixtures was considered,
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there was no information available. The Tremcard labeling approach could
be applied to provide a preliminary identification of the waste stream but
a detailed evaluation would not be possible using information from this
or any other source.
Spill Danger Assessment. (Table 11) This category involves deter-
mining the extent of human danger resulting from a spill. First the affected
area must be calculated from various on scene inputs. One of the most
critical aspects of this evaluation will be to determine the impact of
weather on a specific situation. Sampling to allow preliminary problem
identification or confirm the assessment could be important along with input
with respect to population patterns or the number of people affected.
Only three of the sources reviewed actually addressed this subject in
detail. CHRIS - Volume 3 has been dedicated to assessing the impact of a
spill and associated hazards to various populations. CHRIS includes various
computerized calculations to estimate plume or cloud travel, flammability
hazard distances, and many other variables. None of the other sources
address this subject in as much detail.
The EPA Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills mentions assessment
techniques but refers to CHRIS for the needed detailed input. The DOT Guide
considers wind direction and speed as well as populations when evaluating
evacuation procedures. CHRIS is the outstanding reference for this type
of information. However, a problem could be associated with a lengthy
response time, since the results may not be available until after the hazard
has passed. Another problem with CHRIS for hazardous waste instances is
its requirement of pure chemical input and its basic limitations to air and
water spill situations. The information may be applicable to land spills
but it is not presented in that manner.
Hazard and Environmental Impact. (Table 12) The specific ways in
which the manuals address human and environmental hazards are evaluated in
this section. Toxicity or health effects are considered for animals and
humans. Where there is a differentiation for inhalation impacts or dermal
effects this has been noted. Aquatic toxicity values are most commonly
available have been included separately from the other considerations.
Their direct value to spill response is slight. Impact on vegetation as
well as general hazards (flammability, explosiveness, corrosivity) are
considered as important outputs. Potential water supply threats (surface
or ground water) and air pollution threats .are also addressed in this
evaluation.
This section also considers damage assessment which involves sampling
after the spill occurrence to establish the amount of environmental damage
which occurred prior to establishing penalties.
Toxicity information is available in varying degrees throughout the
information sources. CHRIS - Vol. 2 and OHM-TADS appear to offer the most
comprehensive information with regard to almost all types of toxicity
hazards. The Chemical Safety Data Sheets also provide a significant amount
of data on toxicity. However, much of this data is technically oriented
and presented in quantitative terms. As a result, it may require Interpre-
tation by trained personnel before being useful.
Other sources provide selected data regarding toxicity. The MERCK
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Index discusses human toxicity as well as skin irritation and inhalation
effects while the Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Safety Handbook addresses
human and animal toxicity and presents flammability hazards. Sax's Dangerous
Properties volume mentions most hazards with respect to human health and
flammabili ty.
Several of the immediate response sources provide abbreviated hazard
information directed to the person at the scene of an incident. In this
approach, direct mention of the hazard is included often with associated
remedial action. Examples are in CHRIS - Volume 1, Chemcards, the DOT Guide,
the AAR Manual, the Fire Codes and some of the texts directed to fire-
fighters.
Hazards to vegetation are generally not discussed, although they are
mentioned in the EPA's Damage Assessment Manual. Threats to water supplies
are sometimes mentioned but are usually not detailed. Finally, methods for
spill assessment are not included in any detail except in the EPA Field
Detection and Damage Assessment Manual for Oil and Hazardous Materials.
Containment Methods. (Table 12) This section considers the detailed
aspects of containment and is intended to evaluate the "how to" instructions
which may be presented in various manuals. Containment for air, land and
water (surface and ground) spills is considered separately. Then the
safety hazards associated with implementing containment are considered. This
includes proximity of personnel to spills for effective containment, etc.
Procedural details involve both establishing the location of proper contain-
ment devices and determining how to locate them.
Containment techniques do not appear to be presented in any depth.
Some detailed information is presented in the EPA Manual for Control of
Hazardous Spills and CHRIS - Vol. k, however, neither are all encompassing.
Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Chemicals also addresses contain-
ment techniques for land and water spills. Other sources mention that '
diking or diversion should be attempted but include no further details.
One important consideration is the safety hazard associated with con-
tainment. Few sources consider this problem. Some of the manuals directed
to firefighters provide part of this information but usually not for specific
materials. Other sources mention that care should be taken when performing
these tasks but few emphasize this warning.
Containment of water spills is most commonly addressed, although some
information is available on containment of land spills. Hazardous waste
spill containment methods are not directly considered, although it may not
be possible to address them separately.
Specific discussions of containment techniques to be utilized are diffi-
cult since the actual approach to containment is both site and material
specific. The same is true of associated health hazards. However, a
description of possible procedures alone with various advantages and disad-
vantages will allow the user to know what techniques are available.
Clean-up Procedure. (Table 13) The actual clean-up is addressed in
many ways by different manuals. For the manual to be most useful, detailed
procedures must be presented either specific to substance or to some dominant
hazardous characteristic of a given mixture. It is also desirable to
present other handling alternatives, along with a situation specific method
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for evaluating which procedure is most appropriate to a given circumstance.
Detailed clean-up implementation instructions will also be necessary.
These may involve end-point specification, testing procedures, etc. The
associated difficulties with clean-up should also be addressed, as well as
necessary safety precautions needed when implementing the treatment
methods.
If possible, discharge standards (how clean is clean) should be
established or a criterion presented. Applicable disposal methods for
sludges, spent media or other residue should be presented. Finally, it
must be determined if the information on clean-up is applicable to hazardous
waste and if it can be accessed.
This type of information Is not generally available either through a
spill response manual or in other forms. The most valuable information in
this regard is presented in the complete response manuals and some infor-
mation is available in disposal manuals. The EPA Manual for Control of
Hazardous Materials Spills includes the most information on this subject.
It addresses treatment of approximately 300 different materials and includes
detailed instructions regarding implementation in a field situation. This
manual also presents a method to evaluate the various handling methods in
order to specify an optimum approach. However, the techniques presented
are generally limited to water spills.
OHM-TADS presents chemical specific information regarding the methods
appropriate for "in-situ amelioration". However, detailed information
regarding implementation or consideration of site specific variables is not
included. CHRIS - Vol. *» includes various response methods but they are
not substance specific, rather they are method specific. They are also
generally limited to clean-up in large water bodies. Details are somewhat
limited regarding all phases of implementation. Some clean-up information
can be inferred from the Fire Codes - Volume 3 or Tremcards, but it may be
difficult to implement without additional technical input. Disposal manuals
including MCA's Laboratory Disposal Methods, the TRW report and the UPS
Chemical Disposal Techniques for Hazardous Chemicals include some critical
information on chemical detoxification procedures but no details regarding
their implementation.
Discharge standards are generally unavailable. Some sources include
arinking water limitations for reference, however, it appears as though more
research will be required to establish the degree of treatment necessary.
Disposal techniques are mentioned but not frequently and without details.
Specific treatment of hazardous waste spills are not addressed at all,
although some available information may be pertinent to hazardous waste
materials which are pure, well identified compound. Access to all clean-up
information requires prior knowledge of the identity of the material
spilled.
Flexibility. (Table 13) This classification considered several cri-
teria including whether the source addressed potential spills contaminating
any of the three media including land, air or water. Other considerations
were whether there were complete procedures for each and if the manuals
could be accessed without knowledge of the specific material identity.
Background sources did not address this category at all. Most
immediate response manuals were not limited with regard to media affected
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although they did not provide complete and detailed full response informa-
tion. Complete response and disposal manuals varied in their limitations.
CHRIS is limited to water and some air related incidents, while OHM-TADS
addresses some aspects of all media. The EPA Manual considers all spill
types but presents clean-up methods for only water spills. The UPS-Disposal
Manual is directed toward land spills while the others are water related
or not limited. The detail involved in the response is mainly a function
of the objectives of the manual and its overall output.
The type of access could be divided into three types: those requiring
knowledge of the specific identity of the material, those requiring know-
ledge of the DOT placard and those requiring knowledge of various physical
properties. Most required knowledge of the identity. Two manuals could be
accessed through the placard type and two more manuals could be utilized
if various physical properties were known.
Summary of Written Manual Output Evaluation. The type and detail of
the outputs associated with the written manuals varies with the individual
source being evaluated. Different initial objectives had the greatest
impact on the type and form of the output presented in each manual. The
complete response manuals generally present the most information but are
usually limited to spills affecting water. CHRIS appears to offer the most
information regarding spills but is also most directed to incidents con-
taminating water bodies. Extrapolation of the information to land spills
is difficult. The EPA Manual for Control of Hazardous Material Spills does
address treatment but is limited to an on-site but offstream mode and does
not consider land spills. Similar critiques can be made for all other .
sources. The most important determination is that no one manual presents
detailed information in all categories and very few sources address the
special problems of hazardous waste spills.
General Evaluation of Manuals' Ease of Use. When considering a manual,
the output is extremely important but it is also critical to know if the
manual or source can be easily used. Evaluation of this quality is even more
difficult than delineation of various outputs since the rating is actually
the contractor's opinion. However, it is felt that this subject should be
evaluated in order to properly assess the overall usefulness of the
various manual. Therefore, four categories have been developed which will
help establish a response manuals ease of use. These are: 1) audience
addressed, 2) clarity, 3) requirements for prior training and A) how well
the manuals met their stated objectives. Ratings are either yes/no or
excellent to poor, depending upon the categories. Since the ratings are
subjective, the major attempt has been to keep them consistent among the
manuals being considered. In this way, a basic comparison between sources
is possible. Tables 10 and 11 include the resultant ratings and should be
referred to during the following discussion.
Audience Addressed. (Table 1^) The type of audience to which the
source addressed itself was important since a wide variety of personnel
could be involved in various aspects of spill response. Four general
classifications were considered: general public; carriers (truck drivers,
railroad employees, etc.); emergency response personnel (firemen or police-
men); and highly trained technical personnel (scientists or -engineers) .
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Review of the results showed that technical personnel were required
when background information sources dealing with hazards were consulted or
when a complete response manual was accessed. Most initial response
resources were directed to carriers or emergency response personnel.
Special texts written for firefighters were generally classified in this
group. Disposal information generally required technical review before
appli cation.
Clarity. (Table 1A) The clarity of the manual can be assessed through
various criteria. In this evaluation, seven categories were considered.
First it was determined whether a source highlighted important information.
This usually involves the use of colors or bold face print to set off the
subject. Another important consideration was whether or not a manual pre-
sented the data in a short and concise form and in a manner from which it
could be applied quickly and effectively. Excessive repetition was unde-
sirable and referral to other information sources to eliminate repetition
was considered valuable. A subjective determination of the manuals' read-
ability was made which considered the general format, size of print, dif-
ficulty to handle, etc. Finally, the size of the manual was mentioned
since it was felt that extremely bulky books may be undesirable for field
use.
This classification involved many different considerations and a final
concensus with regard to clarity is difficult. Most manuals used some method
of highlighting their instructions although the Merck Index and OHM-TADS
were notable exceptions. The qualities of short and concise seemed to be
somewhat a function of the objectives of the manuals. Texts were not
short nor were most complete response manuals, however many of the resources
directed toward immediate response had short, concise entries designed
to convey critical information to the unihibited user- A similar trend
was noted when evaluating the sources' content for ability to be applied
quickly and effectively. Immediate response manuals were best in this
category. Especially noteworthy were CHRIS - Volume 1, Chemcards, Trem-
cards and the DOT Guidelines.
Most sources had little repetition and referred to outside sources to
some degree. References or inclusion of the CHEMTREC number were most
common. Readability was difficult to assess but basically seemed related
to the other variables, size and objectives of the manual. Most readable
seemed to be immediate response manuals or sheets, most difficult were
the complete response manuals. Size did vary from the size of a roadmap
or small book to 16 volumes. The apparent correlation for field use is
the smaller the better.
Requirements for Prior Training. (Table 15) The types of training
required could be divided into four different types: mandatory technical
training (longer than a 3 day course, probably 2 weeks minimum); short
course (1-3 day training course); orientation (generally a short, less than
four hour, description of the contents) or self-explanatory (no training
required). The ratings were subjective but should allow comparison of the
various sources. In some instances, a higher level of training was
considered desirable but not mandatory for effective use of the manual,
and this was indicated.
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The lowest level of training was required by the immediate response
manuals, especially Chemcards, Tremcards, the DOT Guide, the Guidelines
for Handling Hazardous Materials, and the AAR Manual. Some orientation may
be desirable but these sources are generally quite useful without special
traini ng.
Background information source requirements varied as did those for
immediate response systems directed to firefighters. Technical background
was needed for use of those sources presenting detailed toxicity and hazard
data. It was considered desirable for people to have at least a short
course when utilizing some of the firefighter's background texts. The Fire
Codes themselves included a significant amount of information so that at
least an orientation course would be desirable for their most effective use.
For the Complete Response Manuals, the required level of training
varies. CHRIS - Volume 1 can be used without training, while Volume 2
requires some explanation, and Volumes 3 and k definitely need technical
training. (This fact has been recognized by the USCG who provide various
training courses in the use of the CHRIS Manuals). OHM-TADS definitely
requires interpretation by technically trained people who should be aware
of both the available data and its limitations. The EPA Manual can be used
with a short course training period but a technical training course is
desirable to use the information effectively.
The EPA Detection and Damage Assessment Manual can be used with only
a brief orientation, however, a short course would be desirable and techni-
cal training may be needed if personnel do not have sampling expertise.
Both the UPS and MCA disposal manuals would require only some initial
orientation, while the TRW report needs technical training background or a
college degree in science or engineering.
Ability to Meet Objectives. (Table 15) This category subjectively
rates the way a source met its stated objectives. It can be seen that al-
most all manuals met the objectives well. Sax's Dangerous Properties of
Industrial Chemicals was difficult to use and therefore did not meet one of
its stated objectives. Both the DOT Hazardous Materials Emergency Action
Guide and the EPA Field Detection and Damage Assessment Manual were out-
standing in meeting stated objectives. They both addressed different
topics of relatively limited scope, but presented a large amount of infor-
mation in a clear, useable manner.
Ease of Use Evaluation. A brief review of this evaluation procedure
indicates that, in general, the immediate response manuals were easiest to
use. They generally addressed a broad audience, presented information
clearly, were applicable to a large variety of situations and required
little prior training. All other types of manuals were much more difficult
to utilize from all aspects. Especially difficult were the complete
response manuals (CHRIS, OHMTADS, and the EPA Manual). The CHRIS - Vol. 1
manual is easy to use but the other volumes require previous orientation
and training. OHM-TADS also requires background knowledge for most
effective use. The EPA manual is complex since it covers a large variety
of subjects. The first few chapters may be useful to relatively uninitiated
personnel with guidance, however, other sections on treatment processes
and construction are definitely addressed to trained technical personnel.
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Applicability to Hazardous Waste Streams. The major objective of
this project was to review the response systems overall applicability to
hazardous waste spill incidents. Since the definition of hazardous waste
has not been firmly established, this type of evaluation was difficult.
Information was available which defined waste streams and the associated
hazardous components for seventeen industrial types. A listing of these
streams is presented in Appendix B.
Review of the waste streams indicates that there are innumerable combi-
nations of hazardous materials which may be involved in a spill incident.
The specific components of waste streams may not be known and therefore
cause severe problems for accessing information available in response manuals.
Typical waste streams can be as simple as a spoiled batch or spent chemical
or as complex as a mixture of solvents, and inorganic metal salts. Although
the components of hazardous waste streams have been defined to a certain
extent as shown in Table B-1, the number and combination of these components
as well as some of their interaction products remain undefined and possibly
undefinable. As a result, it is extremely difficult to determine which of
the different waste streams will be addressed by existing information sources
or response manuals. Another problem involves the form of the given waste
stream. Most sources have information available on materials in their
virgin form, not as sludge, slurries or other mixtures. The information
available may not be applicable if the form of the material has been changed
during processing.
It is possible to generalize regarding the applicability of response
systems to hazardous waste spills. When spoiled batches or spent chemicals
of known identity are involved in a spill incident, then the existing
response manuals and information sources could be utilized. When chemically
similar materials are identified, the existing systems could also be help-
ful. Problems occur when the hazardous waste is a mixture of undefined
materials. In this instance; most available identification techniques
established for pure chemicals, are not applicable. Without knowledge of
the specific identity, any response is severely hampered since few sources
can be accessed.
Even when the identities of the components in the hazardous waste
stream are known, care must be taken to consider the impact of inert con-
stituents as well as interaction of the hazardous components. Problems
could be severe when treatment schemes are applied without taking these
factors into account. A plating or paint waste stream provides an example
of the potential problems. This waste stream can contain cyanide and
chromates which are treated using dissimilar approaches. Cyanide requires
oxidation while chromates are usually reduced prior to precipitation.
Application of a single treatment technique or the wrong order of procedures
could be dangerous since hydrogen cyanide may be evolved at the low pH
required for chrome reduction. This example highlights the problem that
even when the identities of the waste components or by products are known,
available information for pure chemicals may not be directly applicable.
Therefore, the fact that technology is developed to handle individual waste
stream components does not necessarily mean that enough information exists
for overall waste stream treatment.
Table B-2 includes an evaluation as to whether the hazardous waste
stream components are addressed by the three complete response manuals
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(OHM-TADS, CHRIS and the EPA Manual for Control of Hazardous Material
Spills - Volume l). Many of the components in their pure state are addressed
by one of the manuals. However, there are quite a few organic chemicals
or organo metallic compounds which are not included. Another problem
which became apparent was the manner in which the hazardous compounds were
specified. Many of the components were addressed in general categories
such as solvents, chlorinated hydrocarbons or organic chlorides. Elemental
metals and certain metal compounds are also not covered.
Eva 1uaition by User's Commen ts. The final method of evaluation of
manuals and response sources had been intended as a thorough discussion of
user's comments. However, it was found that most state spill response
personnel did not use the available manuals and that the federal coordinators
had varying opinions on individual sources.
State response personnel usually contacted the manufacturer directly to
obtain the needed technical input. They obtained identification of the
manufacturer directly from the shipping paper or possibly by contacting
CHEMTREC. The manufacturer was then called through an emergency telephone
number usually available from the city police department. State and some
federal personnel were generally satisfied with this approach.
Another approach used by state personnel was to coordinate in-house
technical resources, both personnel and library, and develop a feasible
approach for spill mitigation. This procedure was also considered basically
successful by those using it.
It was apparent that state spill personnel had only minimal contact
with various manuals, if they were aware of their existance at all.
Therefore their input with respect to evaluation was slight.
Federal OSC's had differing opinions regarding the usefulness of infor-
mation sources and manuals. In general, they were more familiar with
available sources and had utilized the output. Both OHM-TADS and CHEMTREC
were commonly mentioned with some OSC's liking them and others disliking
them. The CHRIS system was not as useful to EPA personnel since it was
basically directed to spills in large water bodies. The EPA Field Detec-
tion and Damage Assessment Manual was usually considered a good source for
its purpose. Since the OSC's had different technical backgrounds and
experience and since they interpreted their own roles differently, a
consensus of opinion was not achieved.
Response Team Evaluation
The various response teams have different capabilities and objectives,
similar to the manuals. However, due to the extreme diversity of the
groups involved and the rapidly changing state-of-the-art, it is difficult,
if not impossible to perform an indepth evaluation of their capabilities.
Instead, the various groups were considered with regard to their applica-
bility to clean-up of hazardous waste spills, their general accessibility
to a spiller, and the type of response advisory of actual clean-up which
they performed.
Summary of Teams. Those groups which are accessed through CHEMTREC or
who may be available at the request of the OSC are listed in Table 16 along
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with a general summary of their capabilities. Specific private contractors
have not been included since complete information was not available for
all groups and since the capabilities for most are rapidly expanding. For
an up-to-date review for a specific contractor, the reader is encouraged
to contact them directly.
It must be reemphasized that the listing of response organizations is
not all inclusive. An attempt was made to include all pertinent groups or
firms, however, due to the rapidly changing nature of the field itself, it
is anticipated that some groups could have been inadvertently omitted.
Government Sponsored Groups. Most government sponsored groups are
limited to handling only specific types of chemicals. The United States
Army Chemical Response Team is basically limited to military type chemicals
and I RAP is involved only with radiation incidents. The Coast Guard Strike
Teams have, to date, not responded to many spills of hazardous chemicals
and when they do get involved, they are limited to those types and locations
listed in CWA - Section 311. The same general approach holds for members
of the Regional and National Response Teams since their formation was
mandated under the CWA and is also limited to the listed 271 chemicals.
Location of spills must also be considered. The MRT, RRT, and Strike
Teams are limited to spills in navigable or coastal waters. Since many
hazardous waste spills are anticipated to occur on land, these response
groups would not be required to be dispatched. A final problem with these
groups involves the type of response offered. In most instances, they are
advisory (with the exception of the Strike Team). As a result a third
party contractor or other industry representative must still be on the
scene to perform the actual clean-up.
Industrial Associations. These groups are limited in their capabilities
to respond to hazardous waste spills. Unless relatively pure "spoiled"
batches are spilled or the specific chemicals can be identified, the
Pesticide Safety Team (PST) may not be utilized. CHLOREP would have little
applicability when dealing with hazardous waste spills. In-house industrial
response groups may become involved with hazardous waste incidents as
needed, although they may not have more detailed information when a waste
is the spilled material.
Accessibility is good for both CHLOREP and the Pesticides Safety Team,
since they are contacted through CHEMTREC.
Private Contractor Services. The private contractors probably have
the most flexibility when spills of hazardous wastes are considered. If the
contractor has a laboratory facility available, effective treatment schemes
may be developed. General equipment such as excavation machinery, tanks,
pumps, etc. are helpful when handling a wide variety of spills including
hazardous wastes. Some chemical treatment capability is necessary and con-
tacts with acceptable disposal facilities are desirable. Accessibility does
not appear to be a problem since most clean-up contractors have 2k hour
telephone numbers available. Depending on their availability, response time
can be quite short. Finally, a main advantage of a third party clean-up
contractor is that they will actually perform the clean-up. Depending on
the situation, they may offer technical input or be directed by the OSC,
but in all instances they are equipped to do the necessary work on the site.
120
-------
TABLE 10. EVALUATION OF RESPONSE SOURCES FOR MATERIALS ADDRESSED AND IMMEDIATE ACTION PROCEDURE,
LEGEND
2 - detailed, yes, most
1 - mentioned
0 - not mentioned
not applicable, no, least
Materials addressed
- Pure
- Categories
- Mixtures/Wastes
- Properties Discussed
- Property Changes
Immediate Action Presented
- Containment
- Notification Procedures
- Safety Hazards
- Evacuation Procedures
- Fire Fighting Information
- Information Sources
- First Aid
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TABLE 10. (continued)
LEGEND
2 - detailed, yes, most
1 - mentioned
0 - not mentioned
not applicable, no, least
Materials addressed
- Pure
- Categories
- Mixtures/Wastes
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Immediate Action Presented
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TABLE 10. (continued)
V*>
LEGEND
2 - detailed, yes, most
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Materials addressed
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TABLE 10. (continued)
LEGEND
2 - detailed, yes, most
1 - mentioned
0 - not mentioned
not applicable, no, least
Materials addressed
- Pure
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- Mixtures /Wastes
- Properties Discussed
- Property Changes
Immediate Action Presented
- Containment
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- Safety Hazards
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- Fire Fighting Information
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- First Aid
,
Field Detection and Damac
Assessment Manual for Oil
and Hazardous Material
Spills
- U.S.E.P.A.
2
0
1
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Chemical Disposal Technic
for Hazardous Materials
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1
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Laboratory Waste Manual -
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' Vol . 1 : Summary Report
TRW Systems Group
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-------
TABLE 11. EVALUATION OF RESPONSE SOURCES FOR IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
LEGEND
2 - detailed, yes, most
1 - mentioned
0 - not mentioned
not, applicable, no, least
i
Identification Procedures
- Placards/labels
• Bill of Lading
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- Phvs/chem Properties
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Patterns
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TABLE 11. (continued)
LEREHP
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TABLE 11. (continued)
to
•sj
LEGEND
2 - detailed, yes, most
1 - mentioned
0 - not men^ hoped
not applicable, no, least
Identification Procedures
- Placards/labels
- Bill of Ladlnq
- Tracing Shipper
- Phys/chem Properties
- Laboratory Testing
- Safety Hazards
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Mixtures/Wastes
Spill Danger Assessment
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TABLE 11. (continued)
oo
LEGEND
2 - detailed, yes, most
1 - mentioned
0 - not mentioned
not applicable, no, least
i
Identification Procedures
- Placards/labels
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Spill Danger Assessment
!
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TABLE 12. EVALUATION OF RESPONSE SOURCES FOR CONTAINMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD INFORMATION.
LEGEND
2 - detailed, yes, most
1 - mentioned
0 - not mentioned
not applicable, no, least
Hazard and Environmental Impact
- Animal Tpx.icJW
- Human Toxicity
- Aquatic Toxic i ty
- Dermal Toxicity
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Containment Methods
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TABLE 12. (continued)
LEGEND
1 ••"-«•
2 - detailed, yes, most
1 - mentioned
0 - not mentioned
not applicable, no, least
Hazard and Environmental Impact
- An I ma) Toxic I ty
- Human Toxicity
- Aquatic Toxicity
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-
[ - Flamm/Exploslve
|
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Containment Methods
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1 - Procedure (eg. details)
.
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TABLE 12. (continued)
LEGEND
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- Animal Toxicity
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TABLE 12. (continued)
LEGEND
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TABLE 13- EVALUATION OF RESPONSE SOURCES FOR CLEAN-UP TECHNIQUES,
LEGEND
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TABLE 13- (continued)
LEGEND
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- Substance Specific
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- Instructions
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VA>
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LEGEND
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- Sampling Procedure
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TABLE 14. EVALUATION OF RESPONSE SOURCES FOR AUDIENCE ADDRESSED AND CLARITY
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TABLE 1>. (continued)
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TABLE 14. (continued)
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yes
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yes
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no
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yes j yes 1 MA
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yes
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-------
TABLE 15. EVALUATION OF RESPONSE SOURCES FOR FLEXIBILITY, PRIOR TRAINING AND MEETING STATED OBJECTIVES
1
! Requirement for Prior Training
1) Mandatory - technical training
2) Short Course Acceptable
3) Orientation Only
A) Self-explanatory w/o training
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-------
TABLE 15. (continued)
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-------
TABLE 15. (continued)
Requirement for Prior Training
1) Mandatory - technical train-
ing
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-------
TABLE 15. (continued)
1
Requirement for Prior Training
1) Mandatory - technical train-
Ing
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3) Orientation Only
4) Self-explanatory w/o training
Degree to which met objectives
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-------
TABLE 16. SUMMARY OF RESPONSE TEAM CAPABILITIES
Access
to
24 Hour General
Response Teams Telephone CHFMTRFC Public
National Response Yes (to Yes
TeW Regional Re-
sponse Team (NRT/RRT)
U.S. Coast Guard Thru 'IRC 'to Yes
National Strike
Force (NSF)
U.S. Arny Yes 'to 'to
Chemical
Enerqency
Team
Into regency Radi- ' r, 2 hrs
'•-'' in. ' Sr
full Team
In 17 I'rs
1 "ours
Plus
Travel
15 m In-
1 Itour
•>'' Hours
Consul t-
in-Slte
or
Remote
noth
in-S!te
On-Site
ir
More
".••note
Both
toth
Actual Actual
Containnent Clean-up
'to 'to
Depends on the Situation
Reconnaissance Yes - incin-
eration is
common
Cover! no 'to
Stoppaoe Of Stop Leaks
Leaks Allows r.as
To Dissipate
continued
-------
TABLE 16. (continued)
~i>sr>onse Teems
!n.T/1P.T
-sr
U.S. '.rmy
Chemical
Enerocncy
Team
RAP
CHL1RFP
!~nu i ivient
faFety ronlainnenl Tre^tr-ent "Uher
Soiie Some 'In ' -ive List ~>f
*v.iilohte
l.iterial s
Some 2ooms, '.'acuun ''o 'Ise
Trucks, Pumps rontractors
Skinners 's 'leeded
Some ''0'- lal Snecial
^3r S s ">econtainnent
Thcnicals Apparatus
Punps
Special Radiation
Clothinn lectors and
founters
Special Cappinn ''ot
Clothino Devices Applicable
ciind i no
f rt" - ri i« '
"ith rost
"ecovery
follut ion
fund "ith
Recovery
Arnv
Department
of Energy
Chlor ine
Fr;r'e:r
f-pi 1 1 s/Ye«r ) ronnents
""eoends ^n ^re Central
^ree* roorJi'ilor
For Spills
".iries "*-(l
">iion - ''ot
Ml 'laior
"o ''ajor Can Access
Response In Throunh Proper
">-"\ Years Channels Only
Some 'ie-'iote
^dvlce
1 Per Year
-------
SECTION VI I
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDED SYSTEMS
Emergency response systems for spill handling and clean-up have been
discussed and evaluated in the previous sections of this report. Only one
source has been directed to handling hazardous waste spills, although other
manuals may be pertinent to identified and relatively pure hazardous wastes.
The major problem associated with spill response to hazardous waste is that
of identification. Only a few hazardous waste streams are pure or mostly
pure materials. Most are liquid mixtures of various batch dumps or continu-
ous streams, sludges, slurries or other undesirable by-products of produc-
tion operation. Even when the hazardous components are known, technical
interpretation may be needed to correctly apply the available information.
Therefore, existing resources must be used with care in order to assure
safe, appropriate response. This section includes a brief summary of the
evaluation results and the contractor's recommendations regarding changes
to existing emergency response systems to allow effective response to hazard-
ous waste spi1 Is.
Summary of Various Response Systems
Notification/Reporting Requi rements. State and Federal laws usually
require notification of proper authorities when a spill occurs. On a
national level, there are different requirements depending upon the type of
material spilled and the spill location. A single toll free number has
been developed although it is generally used for reporting spills of oil
and the EPA hazardous substances. It may be necessary for the spi Her to
notify more than one source depending upon the situation.
State laws are seldom limited by lists of defined hazardous materials
and are more encompassing. Spills of any hazardous materials are covered
and location is often not specified. State laws which may be applicable
include general water pollution laws, specific spill regulations or hazardous
waste generator requirements. Notification usually involves contact to an
answering service - with later follow-up technical spill response personnel.
In some Instances, a call list is available to the spiller who is required
to continue contacts until a responsible party is notified. Neither system
is perfect since technical advice to on-site personnel is seldom available
as quickly as needed. Problems also exist regarding who should be notified
first on the Federal/State level and within the State agencies themselves.
Written reporting requirements are also variable. Although the basic
content Is similar, a spiller may be required to submit different reports
to different agencies. Usually written reports include a brief summary of
why the spill occurred, how it was mitigated and what is being done to
-------
prevent a recurrence. The reports may be completed by the spi1ler and/or
the State/Federal OSC at the spill site.
Response Manuals and Information Sources, The response manuals and
information sources have been classified into five types. A thorough
evaluation of their output, ease of use and applicability to hazardous
waste spills was included in the previous section. These results are sum-
marized by type of response system.
Telephone Contact Sources. Seven different telephone contact sources
of spill information have been evaluated using five main criteria: access
and response time, amount of input needed, variety of chemicals addressed,
availability of computerized data and type of output. Because of the nature
of this source, detailed and complex outputs are usually not desirable.
Instead, availability, applicability to many chemicals, and a fast response
are more crucial .
The general approach used by CHEMTREC or TEAR appears to be feasible.
They are available 2k hours a day and can provide fast initial response
information on a large number of chemicals. Their main limitation is that
they have no way of accessing the information without knowledge of the
identity of the chemical spilled. Therefore, they have little applicability
to mixtures and similarly unidentified hazardous wastes. OHM-TADS has pro-
vision for a search function which can identify chemicals. However, it has
limited accessibility and an extremely technical output which makes it more
difficult to use. Information retrieval systems have long response times,
and a very technical output which may not include the information directly.
These limitations reduce their usefulness for any type of spill response.
Specialty response organizations which offer telephone contacts (CHLOREP,
I RAP) are desirable since fast detailed information can be transmitted to
the spi1ler quickly. However, their limitations with respect to types of
chemicals severely inhibit their applicability to hazardous waste spills.
Background Information Sources. Background information sources can
include a large variety of references, textbooks, handbooks or manuals.
Nine sources were reviewed to provide typical examples of these resources.
Background sources were classified as two types: one which presented
toxicity or other technical data; and one which discussed the dangers to a
firefighter from handling hazardous materials.
The technical background sources present needed information to trained
personnel who must interpret the data for application to a specific spill
incident. Among the information available from these sources are toxicity
data, first aid procedures, handling methods and various physical or chemi-
cal properties of a given compound. These sources are most useful for con-
firming the validity of an approach to spill control. They have no appli-
cability to hazardous waste spills unless the identities of the components
are known.
Texts directed to firefighters have a major objective to alert these
emergency personnel to the potential dangers associated with hazardous
materials spills. They generally group chemicals into generic classifica-
tions and discuss overall hazards with some specific information. Basic
techniques for dealing with spills of chemicals are presented and the
-------
associated safety precautions are stressed. These texts aim to educate the
firefighters and are more valuable when taught in an associated short course.
In most cases, they would not be very helpful in guiding initial response
since the information which they include is not well indexed or all inclu-
sive. Hazardous wastes are not specifically addressed but if they can be
categorized under some of the given generic classifications, appropriate
control techniques have been included.
Immediate Response Manuals. Many different manuals have been written
which address response in the first 30 minutes to 2 hours after a spill
occurrence. These manuals generally recommend initial firefighting proce-
dures, first aid techniques, and general responses required (evacuation,
restriction of access, etc.). The basic hazards associated with the spilled
chemical are also outlined. Probably the most important evaluation criteria
for intial response manuals are the ease of use criteria. These include
audience addressed, clarity, and level of training required. One of the
manuals which meets the criteria best is the DOT1 s Hazardous Materials -
Emergency Action Guide. This guide presents information graphically and
simply enough to be used by almost anyone in any situation. The main in-
structions are highlighted for ease of use. Its major limitations are
that it addresses only *»3 chemicals and is not directly applicable to
unidentified hazardous waste spills.
In general, the initial response manuals are written for carriers and
emergency response personnel. Their clarity varies, depending upon the
number of chemicals addressed and the scope of the information available.
Most initial response manuals are flexible in that they cover spills on land
or water. One significant difference between these initial response manuals
was the way different chemicals were accessed. In some manuals, materials
were accessed only if their specific identity was known, while in others
the access was through DOT placard type which establishes a general hazard
classification. This difference could be significant when dealing with
hazardous wastes which may not be specifically identified at a spill site.
Identification of the immediate hazard as indicated by DOT placard type
can usually be a accomplished more quickly and is useful for initial response,
One of the sources reviewed, the Redland Purle Tremcards, was specif-
ically addressed to hazardous waste incidents. In this system, wastes were
categorized into twelve types, their associated hazards addressed and
initial response actions presented.
Complete Response Manuals. There were very few sources available
which attempted to address the total problem of spill response. Even among
the three sources reviewed and evaluated, there were significant differences
due to variations in scope and certain specific objectives. The CHRIS
manuals presented the most information with respect to overall spill
response. Their four volume format allowed each handbook to address a
different aspect of spill response both with respect to subject matter and
audience addressed. CHRIS Volume 1 Is actually an initial response manual
for some 200 selected chemicals, while CHRIS Volume 2 provides both
background information and assessment/response codes. CHRIS Volume 3
provides detailed methods for assessing spill hazard while Volume k is a
more general approach to In place treatment of spills In large water bodies.
149
-------
Probably the main weaknesses of CHRIS are the lack of a detailed section on
clean-up techniques, its limitation to water spills and the need to know
the identity of the spilled material before information can be obtained.
OHM-TADS has been classified in this report as a complete response
manual even though information is available only through microfiche or a
computer printout. OHM-TADS includes a large amount of information,
especially with respect to toxicity data, chemical properties and shipments.
Response information is available but on a very basic level, since details
are not included with respect to implementation. Another weakness of OHM-
TADS is that it may not include information on a given subject matter which
may be extremely critical (e.g., disposal methods) because no published
information was available when the source was developed. However, the one
page computer printout is very easy to handle and use, once someone is
familiar with the format.
The EPA Manual for Control of Hazardous Material Spills, Volume 1,
mainly addresses clean-up of water spills with an in place but off stream
manner. This manual includes detailed information regarding implementation
of treatment techniques. No toxicity or first aid information is included,
rather other sources are referenced. Emphasis has been placed on methods
of spill identification, evaluation of the best control technique and
implementation of various treatment processes using improvised systems.
Disposal procedures are not addressed. By itself, this manual is not com-
plete, since initial response is not covered, however, it has referenced
other sources which contain this information in an attempt to reduce
repetition and volume.
One of the main limitations with all three of these manuals is the
level of audience addressed. All, except CHRIS Volume 1, present technical
information which will require either interpretation by a technical advisor
or extensive user training through a specific orientation course. None of
the manuals address hazardous wastes and all must be specifically accessed
through the chemical identity. The EPA manual presents methods of identifi-
cation, mentions mixtures and includes techniques for on site testing, all
of which might be helpful when dealing with a hazardous waste spill
although the procedures are directed to pure materials. The application of
this information would require interpretation by a technical advisor since
the intraction of hazardous waste components must also be considered.
Detection/Assessment and Disposal Manuals. These manuals address
different aspects of spill response. With regard to detection/assessment,
the EPA Field Detection and Damage Assessment Manual for Oil and Hazardous
Materials provides complete information which is directed to a technical
field crew. Although this source does not address hazardous wastes directly,
most of the information would still be applicable.
Disposal manuals for spills are usually addressed to small occurrences.
Both laboratory or small parcel type situations are addressed. Little
information is available on full-scale disposal of a large amount of spill
clean-up residues. The techniques presented in the TRW report "Recommended
Methods of Reduction, Neutralization, Recovery of Disposal of Hazardous
Waste" may be applied but only on a general basis. Hazardous wastes mix-
tures are not addressed directly through these sources since even the TRW
report considers identifiable components of the wastes and not mixed
150
-------
batches. It would be difficult to use this available information for a
hazardous waste spill.
Recommended Response Systems For
Handling Hazardous Waste Spills
Noti fication/Reporting Requi rements. Notification requirements for
those Involved in hazardous waste spill incidents should be as simple as
possible and should have the potential to offer needed immediate response
information. Since a toll free number already is being used for pure hazard-
ous material spill notification, the service should be extended to include
accepting notification for hazardous waste spills and to provide some pre-
liminary information pertinent to initial response and protection of human
health.
Upon receipt of a notification call, the duty officer shall as a minimum
receive the following information-
1. Name of caller
2. Cal1-back number
3- Location of the spill (highway number) etc.
k. Identity of the spilled material (if available)
5- Approximate volume of material spilled
6. Type of media affected
7. Length of time since spill occurrence
8. What type of emergency personnel are on scene
If the identity of the waste is known, the duty officer can transmit
some critical initial response information including fire, explosion and
health danger, evacuation distance and general precautions to be taken at
the spill site. If the identity of the waste is unknown, the spiller can
be directed to follow procedures for an extremely hazardous material de-
pending on the location of the spill and the volume involved. In either
event, the spiller can receive pertinent first response information with a
single telephone call.
After the notification, it would then be the responsibility of the na-
tionwide center to transmit the notification information to proper State and
Federal agencies. For this purpose, they must have available up-to-date
information from the States regarding call lists, duty officers, etc.
This procedure offers several advantages. First, the caller can contact
one number, receive some pertinent response information and fulfill notifi-
cation requirements for all spill types. The second contact can be per-
formed by the center to the appropriate agency presented in the regulations.
Using this approach, a single number can be distributed to all concerned
with transportation or handling of hazardous materials.
A single report should be required per incident. The format can be
developed on an interagency basis to allow one record of pertinent informa-
tion. The form, should be completed by the spiller with copies sent to
appropriate FedjaraJ and State agencies. When the spill coordinators are
required to complete a report, the documents should be transmitted together.
It is anticipated that at a minimum, the following information must be
included in a report:
151
-------
1. Type and volume of material spilled
2. Location of spi11
3- Cause of incident
k. Who was noti fied
5- Type of immediate action taken
6. Type of complete action taken
7- Disposal method
8. What is being done to prevent future incidents
Classification and Marking System. The most critical problem associated
with response to hazardous waste spills is the lack of positive identifica-
tion of the materials spilled. This means that the associated hazards of
the waste chemicals are also unknown. This lack of information could result
in a safety hazard for initial response personnel. Due to the nature and
variability of hazardous wastes, it may not be economically feasible to
require an industry to specifically identify every component in a given
waste load, just in case a spill would occur. Even if this information was
required on a bill of lading, it may not be accessible or understandable
to emergency response personnel first on the scene.
Classification. It is therefore recommended that hazardous wastes be
classified into standard categories which will allow the development of
safe response procedures in the event of a spill incident. This approach is
similar to that used by Redland Purle in their Tremcards, although more
categories may be needed for establishing response techniques. The effort
will require review of the waste streams and components with respect to the
hazards associated with the waste (toxic, flammable, explosive, corrosive,
oxidant, etc.), the form of the material (liquid, slurry, solid) and possibly
its potential interaction with water, air and soil (water - float, sink,
mix, soil - adsorb or not, air - heavier or lighter). It may be possible to
attempt classification by industry type if the hazards and associated
response techniques are similar between waste streams.
Marking. After the classification system has been established, it is
recommended that associated vehicle identification markings be developed to
correspond to these categories. These may be similar to the required DOT
placards but possibly should include a color code which indicates that the
contents are a waste material rather than a pure chemical. This code will
alert emergency response personnel who can then refer to those sources of
information developed for control of hazardous waste spills.
The markings will protect the safety of those first on the scene of the
incident, since an immediate indication of the hazards is available. Once
appropriate human health and environmental protection steps have been taken,
the specific identity of the waste can be established and appropriate control
measures initiated.
Telephone Contact Source. Initial response information for waste spills
is not presently available. Since CHEMTREC is an effective, well known
system for obtaining response information during spill incidents, it is
recommended that MCA be encouraged to expand their system to address hazard-
ous waste materials. If the classification procedures and appropriate
152
-------
markings used during hazardous waste transportation, corresponding response
information can be developed by industry and given to the operators of
CHEMTREC. The spiHer can identify the waste by the special marking and the
operator can transmit the appropriate preliminary response information. The
cooperation of CHEMTREC would be beneficial to the overall emergency response
system since no new telephone number would be required. One source would be
equipped to provide information on both pure chemicals and wastes, and the
basic operational mechanism is already in effect.
Background Data Sources. At the present time, a large amount of infor-
mation is being compiled by EPA to define hazardous waste streams. It is
recommended that typical waste streams be evaluated with respect to their
toxicity, detailed hazardous effects, and treatability for compilation into
an appropriate background data source which will help emergency personnel
determine the best way to handle a spill situation. It is possible that
much of this information is already available from ongoing studies sponsored
by the EPA Office of Solid Waste and need only be compiled into a single
source for easy reference. With this information readily available, it will
be much easier to establish the most effective mitigation procedures for
waste spills.
Response Manuals. The complex nature of hazardous spill response makes
the development of a single, comprehensive yet usable response manual
extremely difficult. This problem was highlighted in the previously pre-
sented summaries and evaluations, since few of the sources reviewed attempted
to consider the entire range of spill responses. Depending upon the stage
of response, the audience addressed and the information presented by the
response manuals can vary significantly. Therefore, it is recommended that
two types of manuals be developed for control of hazardous waste spills:
an initial response manual and a secondary response manual. The initial
response manual presents methods for protecting human health and safety
immediately after a spill occurrence. When possible, environmental protection
procedures are also recommended. The initial response manual should be easy
to use and present the needed information simply and clearly. The secondary
response manual may consist of these volumes including containment methods,
identification and assessment techniques, treatment and disposal methods.
These manuals are directed to technical personnel and/or those who have been
prepared through specialized training courses.
It is recommended that the initial response manual be prepared in a
format similar to the DOT Hazardous Materials-Emergency Action Guide. A
typical entry from this reference is shown in Figure 3. The main difference
is that entries would be included corresponding to the hazardous waste
stream categories previously established. The user of the manual could use
the visible markings on the transporting vehicle to access the information
included in the manual.
An example Table of Contents for this manual is included in Figure k.
The Preface should state the objectives of the manual itself, stressing
that information presented is applicable to the first 2 hours after an
incident and that detailed complete response information should be obtained
elsewhere. A brief presentation of the classifications of waste would also
153
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Acrylonitrile
Potential Hazards
— Highly flammable
— Flammable vapors may spread from spill
— Container may explode due lo heat ot lire
— Hunolt may create lire or explosion hazard in sewer
system
— Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes.
— Runolf may pollute water supply
Immediate Action
— Get helper and notify local authorities
— II possible, wear self-contained breathing apparatus and
lull protective clothing
— Eliminate all open (lames No smoking No Hares Keep
internal combustion engines at least 20 yards away from
spill.
— Keep upwind and estimate Immediate Danger Area.
— Evacuate according to Evacuation Table.
Immediate Follow-up Action
Fire —Small Fire: Dry chemical or CO,
— Large Fire: Water spray or log
— Move containers from (ire area it without risk.
— Cool containers with water Irom maximum distance until
well after lire is out
— For massive lire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder
or monitor nozzles
— Stay away Irom ends of tanks.
— Withdraw immediately in case ol rising sound from
venting safety device
Sr . cr ^ea- —Do not touch spilled liquid.
— Stop leak tl without risk.
— Use water spray to reduce vapors
— Large Spills: Dike lor later disposal.
— Small Spills: Take up with sand, earth or other
noncombustible. absorbent material.
f 'V. Aid —Remove victim to Iresh air. Call lor emergency medical
care Ettects ot contact or inhalation may be delayed.
— If victim is not breathing, giwe artificial respiration.
II breathing is difficult, give oxygen
— If victim contacted material, immediately flush skin or
eyes with running water tor at least 15 minutes.
— Remove contaminated clothes
— Keep victim warm and quiet
Figure 3 . Typical entry from DOT's hazardous materials - emergency
acti on gui de (18).
15*.
-------
Additional Follow-up Action
-For more detailed assistance in controlling the hazard, call Chemtrec
(Chemical Transportation Emergency Center) toll free (800) 424-9300.
You will be asked for the following information:
• Your location and phone number.
• Location of the accident.
• Name of product and shipper, if known.
• The color and number on any labels on the carrier or cargo.
• Weather conditions.
• Type of environment (populated, rural, business, etc.)
• Availability of water supply.
-Adjust evacuation area according to wind changes and observed effect on
population.
Water Pollution Control
-Prevent runoff from fire control or dilution water from entering streams or
drinking water supply. Dike for later disposal. Notify Coast Guard or
Environmental Protection Agency of the situation through Chemtrec or your
local authorities.
Immediate ,
Danger '
Area \
Evacuation Table — Based on Prevailing Wind of 6-12 mph.
Approximate
Size of Spill
Distance to Evacuate
From Immediate
Danger Area
For Maximum Safety,
Downwind Evacuation
Area Should Be
200 square feet
400 square feet
600 square feet
800 square feet
20 yards (24 paces)
20 yards (24 paces)
528 feet long, 528 feet wide
528 feet long, 528 feet wide
30 yards (36 paces)
30 yards (36 paces)
528 feet long, 528 feet wide
1,056 feet long, 528 feet wide
In the event of an ex plosion, the minim urn safe distance from flying fragments
is 2.000 feet in all directions.
Figure 3 . (continued).
155
-------
PREFACE
a. Objectives
b. Limitations
c. Safety Considerations
CONTENTS
NOTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS AND OTHER AVAILABLE RESOURCES
a. Summary of Legal Responsibility
b. Appropriate Telephone Number
c. Associated Information for Spill Response
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
a. Hazards
b. Protective Devices
1. Clothing
2. Breathing Apparatus
3. Instrumentation
SPECIFIC WASTE CLASSIFICATION INFORMATION (by waste stream or category)
a. Category or waste
1. Name
2. Summary of hazards
3- Placard
A. Potential hazards
— Fire
— Explosion
— Health
— Environment
5. Immediate action
6. Immediate follow-up action
— Fire
— Spill or leak
-- First aid
7- Additional follow-up action
8. Water/Land pollution control
b. Other Waste Classifications
INITIAL CONTAINMENT TECHNIQUES
a. Spi1 Is on Land
1. Available method summary
— Diking
— Covering
— Leak plugging
Figure 4. Proposed table of contents - initial response manual.
156
-------
2. Choosing methods of containment
3. Directions to implement containment
4. Safety hazards
b. Spills in Water
1. Available method summary
— Floating spi1 Is
— booms
— straw barriers
— other
— Mixing spills
— Sinking spi1 Is
2. Choosing methods of containment
— Factors to consider
— Choice
3. Directions to implement containment
4. Safety hazards
Figure 4. (continued)
157
-------
be desirable. Finally the Preface should stress the importance of safety
for the initial response personnel and the need to be familiar with the
contents of the manual prior to an actual spill incident.
A brief chapter summarizing the legal requirements for notification,
presenting a notification procedure, and listing a brief description of
other available resources providing information pertinent to hazardous waste
spills should be next. This should be brief but include necessary informa-
tion clearly and concisely.
Since initial spill response is potentially dangerous to the emergency
personnel, a brief presentation of safety hazards and ways to minimize
danger is appropriate in this manual. Again the chapter should be brief and
illustrated. Safety hazards associated with identification of the load
and initial containment should be stressed. Personnel protection equipment
and appropriate air quality monitoring instrumentation can then be defined.
As much as possible, the basic data provided per entry should remain
the same as that in the DOT manual including potential hazards; immediate
action; immediate follow-up action; and additional follow-up action. The
water pollution control section should be expanded to consider land spills
more directly. Emphasis on potential groundwater contamination can be in-
cluded.
In addition to these individual entries for each waste classification
or stream, an illustrated presentation of immediate spill containment
techniques is recommended. Since safe, immediate containment, or confine-
ment of the spill to a limited area, could prevent the widespread adverse
affects, this chapter is critical. Land and water spill techniques should
be considered separately. First, available containment techniques should
briefly described and illustrated. These techniques include placement of
earthern dikes, covering or leak plugging for land spills or boom/barrier
placement, air barriers and complete diversion for water spills. The water
spill information may be further divided with regard to spills which float
on water, sink, or mix into the water column. It is important to limit
these techniques to those which can be implemented quickly, safely and
easily with readily available materials. Specialized dikes or booms should
be addressed as part of the secondary response manuals. The user should
also be directed in choosing a containment technique and safely implementing
it. The associated hazards should again be stressed as proper placement
procedures are discussed.
This initial response manual would be directed to carriers and emergency
response personnel. It could be utilized without a training session, al-
though orientation would be helpful especially to emphasize safe applica-
tion of the procedures. This manual would have broad distribution to
almost anyone associated with hazardous waste transportation or handling.
In order to reduce the bulk of a single secondary response manual,
it is recommended that this manual include three separate volumes: contain-
ment; identification and assessment; and treatment/disposal.
A recommended Table of Contents for Volume 1 - Containment is presented
in Figure 5. The information included is much more detailed than that
presented in the Initial Response Manual and can use more sophisticated
equipment. This manual should be introduced by a section which emphasizes
the need for containment to reduce the area impacted and allow response
personnel time to establish the optimum control techniques. Since contain-
158
-------
INTRODUCTION
a. The Need for Containment
b. Safety Hazards
c. Advantages and Disadvantages
WATER SPILLS
a. Floating Materials
1. Techniques
Booms - types
- advantages and disadvantages where applicable
Fences
Wei rs
Other
2. Safety hazards
3. Evaluating techniques
4. Implementing procedures
b. Mixing Materials
1. Techniques
— Diversion
-- Gelling
-- Total containment
-- Other
2. Safety hazards
3. Evaluating approaches
k. Implementing procedures
c. Sinking Materials
1. Techniques
— Excavation
-- Diking
-- Other
2. Safety hazards
3. Evaluation approaches
J». Implementing procedures
LAND SPILLS
a. Impermeable So!1
1. Techniques
Figure 5. Proposed table of contents - secondary response manuals
volume I - containment techniques.
159
-------
-- Surface diking
-- Trenches
-- Gel 1 i ng
-- Covering
-- Vapor suppression
-- Other
2. Safety hazards
3- Evaluating the approach
4. Implementing procedures
b. Permeable Soi1
1. Techniques
-- Grouting
-- Wai 1 barriers
-- Celli ng in-s i tu
-- Excavation
-- Covering
-- Vapor suppression
-- Other
2. Safety hazards
3. Evaluating the approach
A. Implementing procedures
MATERIALS REQUIRED
a. Readily Available
1. Types
2. Where available
b. To Be Stocked
1. Types
2. Common vendors
Figure 5. (continued).
160
-------
ment can be the most dangerous aspect of spill response, the safety hazards
must be stressed along with a general presentation on safety equipment.
Finally, the potential disadvantages of spill containment should be con-
sidered. For example, containment of the spill could concentrate the problem
and cause more long term environmental damage than dilution and in-situ
(in place) treatment.
Detailed information regarding spills on land and in water can be
presented separately. Spills affecting water must be grouped into those
which float, sink or mix in order to address containment in depth. The
techniques presented in the EPA Manual for the Control of Hazardous
Materials Spills - Volume I, should be expanded with emphasis on the safe
way to implement the procedures.
Each category should first identify available or new methods for contain-
ment of a specified spill type. The discussion should illustrate the
technique and explain its strengths and limitations. The potential safety
hazards should be discussed along with a brief approach to choosing the
appropriate technique. Safe implementation procedures can then be included
with examples illustrations.
The various containment techniques mentioned in Figure k are a pre-
liminary listing of procedures which should be included in the manual.
Other applicable procedures, identified through research should be added.
The final section should address the materials which will be required
to actually contain the spill. These can be divided into equipment which
is readily available at local hardware stores or treatment plants, and that
which should be obtained prior to a spill and stockpiled. Both types and
sources of material should be presented.
It is important to note at this point, that containment techniques
are established by the behavior of the material rather than by its specific
identity. Therefore, containment procedures for virgin spills are similar
to those for spills of hazardous wastes. The only information required
to access a manual on containment techniques is a visual observation of
the situation or a key in the initial response manual which indicates the
wastes behavior with water (sink, float, mix).
The second volume should address identification and assessment of
human danger potential associated with the hazardous waste spill. A pro-
posed Table of Contents is presented in Figure 6. The first section
should outline the objective of the manual which is to present procedures
which will allow the safe identification and assessment of the danger
associated with hazardous waste spills. The audience is basically technical,
although the manual can be organized in a manner which allows the technical
coordinator or OSC to direct on site emergency response personnel in ob-
taining information.
Identification of hazardous wastes can be extremely difficult if
mixtures are involved in the spill. The degree of difficulty will partly
be established by the amount of information available on the bill of lading
and that which has been compiled separately and is readily accessible to
response personnel. If it is assumed that the waste classification and
compilation of background information has been accomplished, the format
presented in this report can be employed.
Since the initial stages of response require emergency personnel to
deal with an unknown material, the safety hazards are extensive. Instruc-
161
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INTRODUCTION
a. Objectives
b. Audience Addressed
IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES
a. Discussion of Potential Safety Hazards
b. Markings (corresponding to waste classification)
c. Shipping Papers
1. Truck transport
2. Train transport
3. Other
d. Background Records
1. Copies of shipping papers - where/how access
2. Sources(s) of waste - (from industry)
3. Typical waste stream compositions
A. Other
e. Physical Properties (if possible)
1. Types to consider
2. How to observe
3- Ways to identify materials
f. Laboratory Testing
1. Sampling methods
2. Testing procedures
-- Organics
— Inorganics
ASSESSMENT
a. Interrelationships with CHRIS
b. Needed additional information
c. Site specific information
1. Volume spi1 led
2. Rate of discharge
3- Location of spi11
— Media
— Populations
— Area/volume affected
— Condition of source
— Meteorological conditions
— Size of source
Figure 6. Proposed table of contents - secondary response manuals
volume II - identification and assessment.
162
-------
d. Interpretation of information coordinator
1. Development of needed inputs to the assessment system
2. Outputs available
— Vapor cloud travel
— Water plume travel
— Explosion danger
— Distance of Flammability hazard
3. Recommended secondary action
Figure 6. (continued).
163
-------
tions must direct emergency response personnel to deal with the spilled
waste as if it were extremely hazardous until a positive identification
can be made. The safety hazards associated with direct contact, inhalation
or skin adsorption should be explained. Preliminary identification can be
done using the markings on the transporting vehicle or, if accessible,
labels on containers. These markings could correspond to waste stream and/
or hazard type. The general markings will allow effective initial response,
however, total clean-up will require knowledge of the component identities.
The methods to perform a more complete identification from markings should
be included.
It may be possible to use shipping papers to identify waste stream
components, depending upon what is legally required to be included on these
documents. An example of a typical document and information regarding
their location on the vehicle should be included so that on site personnel
can obtain the needed information. Identification can also be established
through reference to copies of shipping papers or documentation of waste
streams by industry. Examples and instruction regarding ways to obtain and
use this information should be included. The composition of typical waste
streams should be presented for quick reference.
If possible, identification procedures using the physical properties
should be included. These may be limited to "pure" hazardous wastes rather
than mixtures due to the difficulties associated with identification in a
mixed system. When physical properties are to be identified, the manual
should include instructions on safe ways to observe these properties and
methods to perform the actual identification. When direct physical property
observation will not result in positive identification, laboratory testing
may be needed. The manual should discuss sampling methods as well as
testing procedures for both organic and inorganic wastes.
The assessment information should be patterned after that presented
in CHRIS - Volume 3- A similar approach should be utilized but expanded
to address hazardous waste materials and spills onto land. If possible,
information already presented in CHRIS should be referenced so that dupli-
cation is minimized. The first section can discuss possible interrelation-
ships with the existing systems and then identify the areas which have been
modi fied.
The next chapter should outline the information needed from the spill
site. Directions should include the information needed by on scene
personnel in order to obtain the site specific data. Then instructions
to the coordinator can be included to allow interpretation of the informa-
tion for input to the assessment system. Directions for use of the out-
puts with regard to secondary action such as evacuation, access restric-
tion etc. should be included.
The final volume of the secondary response manuals for handling
hazardous waste spills should present clean-up and disposal techniques.
This manual must be comprehensive and offer the user a procedure for
establishing the most feasible technique for handling a hazardous waste
spills. A set approach is not always the best due to site specific limita-
tions. In some cases, the actual treatment of hazardous waste spills may
not be the most feasible way to handle these materials in any situation.
One of the first steps in the response would be to assess typical modes of
transportation and distances to acceptable disposal sites which will
-------
establish the economics of on site treatment as opposed to direct excava-
tion. A recommended Table of Contents for this manual is included in
Figure 7-
The manual should begin with a brief presentation of its objective
and limitations. It should be emphasized at this point that the other
manuals an0 background information sources should be used as reference
throughout the manual's application. The objective itself is to present a
clear description of treatment and disposal options applicable to hazardous
waste spill handling and to establish a procedure for identification of
the most viable technique.
The manual would be quite technical and should have a limited distri-
bution. It should be available to Federal OSCs and their technical
advisors. Due to the nature of the manual, an associated training program
would be desirable. The program could be about one week long and include
detailed instructions on the manuals use and limitations. Simulation
exercises would be desirable.
The next section should be devoted to determining the best method for
handling a spill. The options can include hauling the affected media
directly to disposal, in-situ (in place) treatment or off-stream treatment.
The advantages of these general procedures and the critical variables for
establishing their usefulness can be identified. Then the manual should
present a procedure for evaluating the specific incident and determining
the best control technology.
The general treatment techniques can then be discussed. The section
should present 1) an overview of the process, 2) a brief indication of
which waste streams should be handled by that technique and 3) various
methods for process implementation (in-situ, off stream but on site, or off
stream at the disposal site). Because of the complex nature of wastes,
unusual treatment systems such as calcination, dissolution or evaporation
may be included as potential treatment processes. The chapter should also
include a brief presentation on how to reduce the volumes of wastes trans-
ported by various solids dewatering techniques.
In order to establish the most applicable treatment process by waste
stream, small scale treatability testing will be needed. As much as possi-
ble, the appropriate treatment processes for each waste stream can be
identified. However, sometimes it is not possible to generalize and
chemical dosages are always specific to the spill incident. This chapter
should also present methods for scale-up from laboratory to full size and
for establishing treatment flow rates.
Implementation of the treatment processes must also be addressed.
First the available equipment should be identified. This can be specialty
systems built for spill response or improvised treatment equipment con-
structed using off the shelf materials. For improvised water treatment
units, the users should be referred to the EPA Manual for Control of
Hazardous Materials Spills - Volume I. Implementation should be considered
separately for both land and water spills.
The final chapter should address disposal techniques. These can
include incineration, pyrolyses, land disposal, encapsulation, etc. The
manual should present a method for evaluating the procedures and choosing
the best one. If possible, typical techniques for waste streams can be
listed. The manual should also include a sample listing of available
165
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INTRODUCTION
a. Objectives and Limitations
b. Audience Addressed
DETERMINATION OF BEST CONTROL TECHNIQUES
a. Presentation of Options
b. Identification of Critical Variables
c. Evaluation of Specific Situation
d. Choice of Control Technology
IMPLEMENTATION OF TREATMENT SYSTEMS
a. General Treatment Methods Available
1. Process
2. Typical waste streams
3- Treatment modes
-- In-situ
— Off stream/on-site
— Off stream/disposal site
k. Dewatering Procedure
b. Determining Appropriate Treatment Methods
1. Common types by waste stream
2. Verification by treatability tests
3- Scale-up
*». Establishing treatment flow rates
c. Implementing Treatment Techniques
1. Types of available equipment
-- Improvised equipment
-- Specialty systems
2. Land spi1 Is
3. Water spi1 Is
DISPOSAL
a. Methods
b. Choosing the Best Method
1. Variables involved
2. Evaluation
c. Typical Techniques per Waste Stream
d. Available Si tes
e. Implementation
Figure 7. Proposed table of contents - secondary response manuals
volume III - treatment and disposal.
166
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disposal sites and their treatment capabilities. Implementation considera-
tions can involve safe loading, transport and handling of the wastes prior
to ultimate disposal.
In summary, the four recommended response manuals must be used in con-
junction with background information on hazardous waste to be most effec-
tive. Associated training courses are desirable since they insure that the
user is somewhat familiar with the manual contents before the spill inci-
dent. The emphasis has been placed on identification of the hazardous
waste prior to any response. This identification may be preliminary from
markings but it must be refined prior to effective complete response.
Unfortunately few available manuals are applicable to use with mixtures of
hazardous wastes, so little introduction is feasible. It should be noted
however, that the containment techniques are independent of chemical type
(waste or pure) and this manual could be developed separately.
Response Teams. Of the three types of response groups: government
sponsored, industrial sponsored or third party contractor, the last group
is best equipped at this time to handle hazardous waste spills. However,
no response team can function effectively without technical resources and
background information regarding the spilled material. It is recommended
that all three groups develop the capabilities for handling hazardous
wastes associated with the production or transportation of pure materials.
This should not be a serious problem once the technical background informa-
tion is available. If the various groups are willing to cooperate, all
emergency response to hazardous material spills (including wastes) can be
coordinated through available teams. The development of a separate team to
respond to hazardous waste spills is not recommended.
167
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SECTION VIII
REFERENCES
Ongoing study entitled Response to Environmental Emergencies Involv-
ing Any Substance Which is Hazardous, USEPA Office of Planning and
Management EPA Contract No. 68-01-3961.
Preliminary Draft Report - Integrated Economic Impact Assessment of
Hazardous Waste Management Regulations, A. D. Little, EPA Contract
No. 68-01-A67T , May 1978.
State of Texas. Oil and Hazardous Substance Pollution Contingency
Plan. Pg. 1 Definitions "Hazardous Substance". June,
A. State of Wyoming. Water Quality Rules and Regulations for Spills of
Oil and Hazardous Materials into Waters of the State of Wyoming.
Chapter IV section 3 "Spill", 1976.
5. State of South Dakota, Solid Waste Rules and Regulations Chapter 3*»:
17:01:01 Definitions; "Emergency".
6. Sax, N. Irving, Ed. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials,
New York, Van Nostrand Re inho Id Company, 1975, 1258p.
7. Windholz, M. , Ed. The Merck Index. New Jersey, Merck and Company,
Inc., 1976, 9$56 entries.
8. Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Japan, The
International Technical Information Institute, 1976, 59'p.
9. Chemical Safety Data Sheet. Manufacturing Chemists Association.
10. Meyer, Eugene. Chemistry of Hazardous Materials. New Jersey, Pren-
tice-Hall, Inc., 1975, 370p.
11. Bahme, Charles W. Fire Officer's Guide to Dangerous Chemicals.
Boston, Massachusetts, National Fire Protection Association, 1972,
239P-
12. Schieles, L. and D. Pauze. Hazardous Materials. New York, Van Nos-
trand Reinhold Company, 1976, 2*»9p.
168
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13. Bureau of Explosives - Association of American Railroads. Emergency
Handling of Hazardous Materials In Surface Transportation. Associa-
tion of American Railroads, A Pamphlets, 20p. , 695p. , Up- , 7p .
1*4. Behrendsen, D.J., Guidelines to the Handling of Hazardous Materials.
Denver, Source of Safety, Inc., 1977. l^p. ~~~
15. Meidl, J.H. Hazardous Materials Handbook. California, Glencoe
Press •
16. State of Minnesota, Department of Public Safety. Hazardous Mater-
ials Safety Manual . State of Minnesota, 35p.
1 7 . National Fire Codes - Vol. 3: Combustible Solids, Dusts and Explo-
s i ves , Boston, National Fire Protection Association, updated annually.
18. U.S. Department of Transportation. Hazardous Materials - Emergency
Action Guide. Washington, U.S. DOT, 1977, 87p.
19- McDowell. C. and A.R. Senneti, NFPA, Handling Hazardous Materials
Transportation Emergencies - A Training Course for Emergency Ser-
vices. DOT Report No. DOT/MTB/OHMO-77/6, December, 1977.
20. Manufacturing Chemists Association. MCA CHEM CARD - Transportation
Emergency Guide, Cargo Information Card, Chemical Safety Data Sheet.
Manufacturing Chemists Association, Washington, D.C. 1965, '970, 1961.
21. National Fire Protection Association. Guide on Hazardous Materials.
Boston, MA., NFPA, updated periodically.
22. Redland Purle Limited. Seventh Edition, 1978. Transportation Emergency
Cards (Tremcards) . Essex, England, W. Ashley & Son, Ltd., 13 cards.
23. Department of Transportation. Chemical Hazards Response Information
System (CHRIS) Manuals. Volumes !-*». CG M6-]-k, 197*».
2*». U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Oil and Special Materials Con-
trol Division. Oil and Hazardous Materials - Technical Assistance
Data System, Washington, D.C.
25- Huibregtse, K.R., et al. Manual for the Control of Hazardous Material
Spi lls - Volume 1, EPA Report No. EPA-60012-77-227, November, 1977.
"
26. New York State, Department of Environmental Conservation. Environ-
mental Conservation Handbook -Water Quality Accident Handbook.
September, 1977.
27. Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Oil and Hazardous Materials
Field Detection and Damage Assessment Manual. Prepared under Con-
tract No. 68-01-0113, June, 1972. "
169
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28. United Parcel Service, Chemical Disposal Techniques for Hazardous
Materials,
29. Manufacturing Chemists Association. Laboratory Waste Disposal
Manual. Washington, MCA, 1974, 1?6p.
30. TRW Systems Group. Recommended Methods of Reduction, Neutraliza-
tion Recovery or Disposal of Hazardous Wasted16 Volumes.
EPA report number 670/2-73-053, August, 1973-
31. Region V, EPA. Regional Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution
Contingency P 1 anTEPA, February, 1971*-
32. Preliminary Draft Report - Report of a Limited Survey of Industry
Capacity to Respond to Environmental Emergencies Arising from
the Release of Hazardous Chemicals, A. D. Little, Inc., EPA Contract
No. 68-01-3857, August 1978.
33- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste. Waste
Stream Profiles by Industry Class. Compiled from existing reports
on 17 industries.
3k. Office of Solid Waste, EPA. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act:
Criteria, Identification Methods, and Listing of Hazardous Wastes,
Draft Regulations (kO CFR 250, subpart A), March 2k, 1978.
170
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APPENDIX A
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
CONTENTS PAGE
TABLE
A-1 Source - Listing for Various Response Systems A-A
FIGURE
A-1 Typical Entry from Dangerous Properties of Industrial
Materials (6)A-8
A-2 Table of Contents from Dangerous Properties of Indus-
trial Materials (6) A-9
A-3 Table of Contents from the Merck Index (7) A-10
A-*t Typical Entry from the Merck Index (7) A-11
A-5 Explanatory Notes from the Merck Index (7) A-12
A-6 Explanatory Notes from Toxic and Hazardous Industrial
Chemicals Safety Manual"!?! A-16
A-7 Typical Entry from Toxic and Hazardous Industrial
Chemicals Safety Manual (8)A-17
A-8 Table of Contents from Chemistry of Hazardous Materials
(10) A-18
A~9 Table of Contents from the Fire Officers Guide to
Dangerous Chemicals (11) A-21
A-10 Table of Contents from Hazardous Materials (12) A-22
A-11 Typical Entry from Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transportation Q3l A-23
A-1
-------
CONTENTS (continued)
PAGE
A-12 Table of Contents from Guide Lines to the Handling
A- 13
A-14
A-15
A- 16
A- 17
A- 18
A- 19
A-20
A-21
A-22
A-23
A-25
A-26
A-27
A-28
of Hazardous Materials (l4)
General Explanation from Guide Lines to the Handling
of Hazardous Materials (14")
Typical Entries from Guide Lines to the Handling of
Hazardous Materials (14)
Typical Listing from the Hazardous Materials Hand-
book (15)
Table of Contents from the Hazardous Materials Safety
Manual (16)
Typical entry from the Hazardous Materials Safety
Manual (16)
Table of Contents - National Fire Codes - Volume 3 (17)
Typical Entry - National Fire Codes - Volume 3 (17)
Typical Entry from Hazardous Materials - Emergency
Action Guide (18)
Example Tremcard (22)
Typical Entry from CHRIS Volume 1 (23)
Typical Entry from CHRIS Volume 2 (23)
Listing of Subject Headings for OHMTADS (24)
Table of Contents from Manual for Control of Hazardous
Material Spills - Volume 1 (25)
Typical Listing from the Laboratory Disposal Manual (29)
An Example of an MCA Chem-Card - Transportation
Emergency Guide (20)
An Example of a Cargo Information Card (20)
A-25
A-26
A-27
A-28
A-29
A- 30
A- 32
A-34
A- 36
A-38
A- 39
A-40
A- 42
A-45
A-48
A- 49
A-50
A-2
-------
CONTENTS (continued)
PAGE
A-29 A Typical Entry from Section 1: Flash Point Index
of Trade Names of the Fire Protection Guide on
Hazardous Materials (27)A-51
A-30 A Typical Entry from Section 2: Fire Hazard
Properties of Flammable Liquids, Gases and
Volatile Solids of the Fire Protection Guide on
Hazardous Materials (211A-52
A-31 U.S. Department of Transportation Guide for Pre-
paring Hazardous Materials Incident Reports A-53
A-32 State of Wisconsin Toxic and Hazardous Incident
Report Form A-55
A-3
-------
TABLE A-1 SOURCE-LI STKIG FOR VARIOUS RESPONSE SYSTEMS
RESPONSE MANUAL OR INFORMATION
SOURCE REVIEWED
SOURCE
I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial
Materials - .1. Irving Sax, ed.
2. The Merck Index -
M. Windholz, ed.
3. Toxic and Hazardous Industrial
Chemicals Safety Manual
k. Chemical Safety Data Sheets
5. Chemistry of Hazardous Materials,
E. Meyer
6. Fire Officers Guide to Dangerous
Chemicals - C.V/. Bahrne
7. Hazardous Materials -
L. Schieles and D. Pauze
Van Most rand Reinhold Publishing Co.
;Jew York, i.'ew York
Merck and Company, Inc.
P.ahway, ;lew Jersey
The International Technical Info. Insti
tute, Toranomon-Tachikawa Bldg.6-5.1
Chrome, tlishi-Shimbashi , Minato-Ku
Tokyo, Japan
Manufacturing Chemists Association
1825 Connecticut Avenue
Washington, D.C. 20000
Prentice Hal 1, Inc.
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
National Fire Protection Association
Publications Department
J»70 Atlantic Ave.
Boston, Mass. 02210
Van I Jostrand Reinhold Publishing Co.
New York, Mew York
-------
TABLE A-l (continued)
vn
RESPONSE MANUAL OR INFORMATION
SOURCE REVIEWED
8. Emergency Handling of Hazardous
Materials in Surface Transporta-
tion
9. Guidelines to the Handling of Haz-
ardous Materials - D.J. Benrendsen
10. Hazardous Materials Handbook -
J.H. Meldl
II. National Fire Codes - Volume 3,
Combustible Solids, Dusts and
Explosives
12. Hazardous Materials - Emergency
Action Guide
13- Chem-cards
SOURCE
Bureau of Explosives, Amer.Ass. of RR
1920 L Street
Washington, D.C. 20036
Source of Safety, inc.
3303 E. Kenyon Drive
Denver, Colorado 80237
Glencoe Press
Beverly Hills, Calif.
National Fire Protection Association
Publications Department
4?0 Atlantic Ave.
Boston, Mass. 02210
U.S. Department of Transportation
Materials Transportation Bureau MT H-21
Office of Hazardous Materials Operations
2100 Second Street, SW.
Washington, D.C. 20590
Manufacturing Chemists Association
1825 Connecticut Avenue
Washington, D.C. 20009
-------
TABLE A-1 (continued)
RESPONSE MANUAL OR INFORMATION
SOURCE REVIEWED
\k. Guide on Hazardous Materials
15. Transportation Emergency Cards
(Tremcards)
16. Chemical Hazards Response Informa-
tion Systems (CHRIS) Manuals
17. Manual for Control of Hazardous
Material Spills - Volume 1
13. Field Detection and Damage Assess-
ment Manual for Oil and Hazard-
ous Material Spills.
19* Chemical Disposal Techniques for
Hazardous Materials
SOURCE
National Fire Protection Association
Publications Department
470 Atlantic Ave.
Boston, Mass. 02210
Redland Purle Limited
Claydons Lane
Rayleiqh, Essex
England
Superintendent of Documents
U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402
U.S. Department of Commerce
National Technical Information Service
Order Number PB-276 73VH/P
5285 Port P.oyal Road
Springfield, Va. 22161
Environmental Protection Agency
Division of Oil and Hazardous Materials
Washington, D.C.
United Parcel Service
Contact local office for help
-------
TABLE A-1 (continued)
RESPONSE MANUAL OR INFORMATION
SOURCE REVIEWED
20". Laboratory Waste Disposal Manual
SOURCE
21. Recommended Methods of Reduction,
Neutralization, Recovery or Dis-
posal of Hazardous Waste
Manufacturing Chemists Association
1325 Connecticut Ave.
Washinqton, D.C. 20009
U.S. Department of Commerce
National Technical Info. Service
Order Dumber PB-22*»580
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Va. 22161
-------
ACACIA WOOD. See sawdust.
ACANTHITE. See silver sulfide.
ACCELLERENE. See p-nitroso dimethyl aniline.
4,10-ACE U-BENZANTHRACENE
An exp. carcinogen (Section 8). Subcul LD (mouse) =
0.1 mg 'kg (Section 9).
8.9-ACE-14-BENZANTHRACENE
An exp. carcinogen (Section 8). Subcul LD (mouse) -
10 mg/kg (Section 9).
ACE NAPHTHANTHRACENE
An exp carcinogen (Section 8). Probably highly toxic
(Section 9).
ACENAPHTHENE
General Information
Synonym: 1,8-ethylene naphthalene.
While, elongated crystals.
Formula: Q.H.fCH,),.
Mol wt: 154.2, mp: 95'C, bp: 277.5'C, d: 1.024 it
99V4*C. vap. press.: 10 mm at 131.2'C, v«p. d.:
5.32.
Hazard Analysis
Toxicily: Details unknown. Irritating to skin and mu-
cous membrane. An exp. neoplast.
Caution: May cause vomiting if swallowed in large
quantities.
Fire Hazard: Slight: reacts with oxidizing materials (Sec-
tion 7).
Countermeaiures
Storage and Handling: Section 7.
ACERDOL. See calcium permanganate and manganese
compounds.
ACETAL
General Information
Synonyms: 1,1-diethoxyethane; diethylacelal, acetalde-
hyde diethylacetal and eihylidene diethyl ether.
Colorless, volatile liquid, agreeable odor; nutty after-
taste.
Formula: CH,CH(OC,H.),.
Mol wt: 118.17, bp: 102.7'C. flash p.: -5*F (C.C.), lei -
1.65%, uel = 10.4%, d: 0.831, autoign. temp.: 446*
F, vap. press.: 10 mm at 8.0*C, vap. d.: 4.08, mp:
-100-C.
Hazard Analysts
Toxic Hazard Rating:
Acute Local: Inhalation 1.
Acute Systemic: Ingestion 2; Inhalation 2.
Chronic Local: U.
Chronic Systemic: Ingestion I; Inhalation 1.
Toxicology: No cases of industrial intoxication are
known. It is narcotic and more toxic than paralde-
hyde. Conclusions are based upon animal experi-
ments. Oral LDM (rat) = 4.6 g/kg.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or
flame; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.
Spontaneous Heating: No.
Explosion Hazard: Moderate, when exposed to flame.
Old samples have been known to explode upon
heating.
Disaster Hazard: Dangerous, due to fire and explosion
hazards.
Conntenneasures
Ventilation Control: Section 2.
To Fight Fire: Carbon dioxide, alcohol foam, dry
chemical or carbon letrachloride (Section 7).
Personal Hygiene: Section 2.
Storage and Handling: Section 7.
• This material has been assigned a Threshold Limit Value
by ACG1H. See complete reprint of TLVs in Section t.
Shipping Regulations: Section II.
Regulated by 1ATA.
ACETALDEHYDE *
General Information
Synonyms: acetic aldehyde; ethyl aldehyde.
Colorless, fuming liquid; pungent, fruity odor.
Formula: CH.CHO.
Mol wt: 44.05, mp: -123.5'C. bp: 20.8°C. lei = 4.0%
uel = 57%, flash p: -36'F (C. C), d: 0.7827 at
20' /20'C. autoign. temp.: 365' F. vap. d.: 1.51
Hazard Analysis
Toxic Hazard Rating:
Acute Local: Irritant 3; Ingestion 3; Inhalation 3.
Acute Systemic: Ingestion 2; Inhalation 2.
Chronic Local: Irritant 1.
Chronic Systemic: Ingestion 2; Inhalation 2.
Toxicology: A local irritant. CNS narcotic Oral LDM
(rats)- 1.9. g/kg. A synthetic flavoring substance
and adjuvant. See Section 10. A common air con-
taminant.
Fire Hazard: Dangerous, when exposed to heat or
flame; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials
(Section 7).
Spontaneous Heating: No.
Explosion Hazard: Severe when exposed to flame.
Disaster Hazard: Highly dangerous due to fire and
explosion hazard.
Couolennearares
Ventilation Control: Section 2.
Personnel Protection: Section 2.
Personal Hygiene: Section 2.
Storage and Handling: Section 7.
To Fight Fire: Carbon dioxide, dry chemical, alcohol
foam or carbon tetrachloride (Section 7).
Shipping Regulations: Section II.
Regulated by Coast Guard. DOT and IATA.
m-ACETALDEHYDE. See metaldehyde.
^-ACETALDEHYDE. See paraldehyde.
ACETALDEHYDE AMMONIA. See aldehyde xn-
monia.
ACETALDEHYDE CYANOHYDRIN. See laclcni-
irile.
ACETALDEHYDE DIETHYLACETAL. See acela!
ACETALDEHYDE OXIME
General Information
Synonym: acetaldoxime, ethylidene hydroxylamine.
A crystalline material, very sol. in water, alcohol einer.
Formula: C.H.NO.
Mol wt: 59.1, mp: 46.5'C, mp: I2'C, d: 9.966, bp:
114.5'C.
Hazard Analysis
Probably highly toxic. Acute intraperitoneal LD
(mouse) = 100 mg/kg (Section 9).
ACETALDEHYDE SODIUM BISULFITE
General Information
White crystals decomposed by acids, sol in watri.
insol. in alcohol.
Formula: CH,CH(OH)OSO,Na ViH.O.
Mol wt: 157.
Hazard Analysis
Toxic Hazard Rating: U. Limited animal experiments
suggest low toxicity and irritation.
Disaster Hazard Rating: Dangerous. When heaic ' to
decomposition it emits highly toxic fumes.
ACETALDOL. See aldol.
Noit: For an in-depth discussion of Morale and hmrilini
and control of Ares see Section 7.
Figure A-1.
(6).
Typical entry from Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials
A-8
-------
CONTENTS
Preface
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
1
2
3
4
5A
SB
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
The Historical Perspective
Robert Hcrrick
Industrial Air Contaminant Control
Benjamin Feiner
Industrial Noise-Effects and Control
Robert D. Bruce, Sanford A. Fidell, and John R. Shadley
The Effects of the Air Environment In Industrial and Residential
Facilities
James R. Mahoney
Radatlon Hazards
John H. Harley
Large Radiological Sources and Safeguards
Joseph J. Fitzgerald
Hazards of Solid-Waste Treatment
David Gordon Wilson
Industrial Fire Protection
N. Irving Sax
Industrial Cancer Risks
Elizabeth K. Weisburger
Toxicology
William F. Durham
Food Additives
Bernard L. Oser
Labeling and Identification of Hazardous Materials
Richard J. Lewis, Sr.
General Chemicals
V
1
40
116
131
135
198
237
246
274
289
299
330
345
N. Irving Sax
Figure A-2. Table of contents from Dangerous Properties of Industrial
Materials (6).
A-9
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Periodic chart inside front cover
Editor's preface v
Acknowledgments . . . . vi
Explanatory notes . . viii
Abbreviations xii
MONOGRAPHS 1-1313
ORGAMIC NAME REACTIONS . ONR-l-ONR-98
MISCELLANEOUS TABLES . . MiSC-l-Misc-115
Table of radioactive isotopes ... ... .Misc-1
Radioactive isotopes used in medical therapy and diagnosis MISC-15
First aid in poisoning Misc-21
Poison control centers Misc-27
Maximum allowable concentration of air contaminants . . . Mlsc-29
Abbreviated terms used by the U.S. Adopted Names Council (USAN)
for pharmacologically inactive radicals found in drugs . . Mtsc-32
International non-proprietary names for radicals and groups proposed
by WHO Misc-33
Code letters used by companies for experimental substances Misc-34
Company register .... Mtsc-37
Greek and Russian alphabets . . Misc-48
Roman numerals . Misc-48
Numerical prefixes commonly used in forming chemical names . Mlsc-49
Alchemical symbols used in biology and botany . . . Misc-49
Prescription notation Misc-49
Latin terms ... Misc-50
Measures and weights
International system of units (SI) prefixes used in metric system Misc-52
Metric system (SI) of measures and weights. . . . Misc-52
U.S. system of measures and weights. . . . Misc-53
Comparison of U.S., British, and metric systems . ... Misc-53
Molar volumes of frequently used laboratory chemicals . . . Misc-56
Weight of liquids (Ib/gal; kg I) Misc-59
Specific gravity comparisons.... .... Misc-62
Percentage solution tables .... Misc-64
Concentration of acids and bases Misc-65
Saturated solutions . Misc-66
Cooling mixtures .... Mtsc-71
Constant humidity solutions ... Misc-71
Isotonic solutions Misc-72
Indicators. . . Misc-94
Standard buffers for calibration ot pH meters . . . Misc-97
pH values of standard solutions. ... .... Misc-97
Thermometric equivalents (conversion of temperature scales) . . Mtsc-98
Four-place logarithms ... Misc-103
Multiples of element weights Misc-107
Wiswesser chemical line notation—an introduction . . . Misc-110
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS REGISTRY NUMBERS for title
compounds REG-l-REG-40
FORMULA INDEX Fi-l-Fi-87
CROSS INDEX OF NAMES ci-l-ci-281
APPENDIX APP-1-APP-3
About the publisher . . . APP-4
Atomic weights inside back cover
Figure A~3- Table of contents from the Merck Index (7)
A-10
-------
4-AceUraida-2-methyl-l -luphlhol
« (l«25> 10O g water dissolve 3 | acetal Miscible with
alcohol. 6O"« alcohol, ether Soluble in heptane, melhylcy-
clohexane. propyl-. isopropyl-. butyl-, isobutyl alcohol, and
clhyl icelile Tend! to polymerise on Handing Stable to
jlkahn LDM orally in r«ls 457 g'kg. Toxic Suoaanca
Lin. H r Chnitenien. Ed (1973) p 2
l « Solvent, in lynlhetic perfumes such as jaunine: in
organic tynlhetev
THFRAP CAT Hypnotic
27. Acetsldthyoe. Elhanal. "aldehyde": acetic alde-
hyde, eihylaldehyde C,H,O. mol wi 4409 C 5453%. H
4 I51--. O 3632", CH,CHO Produced by oxidation of
alcohol with Na,Cr,O, and HjSO,. luually from acetylene.
dil HjSO, and mercunc oude a> catalyst: alfo by palling
alcohol vapor over a heated metallic catalyst Lab proce-
dure from ethanol- Wen ham. J. Am. CHtm. Sac 44, 2658
(1922); Fncke. Havestadt. Angtw. CHtm. 36, 546 (1923):
Gallermann-Widand. Praxis dts organucntn Chtmtktn (de
Gruyler. Berlin. 4Olh ed . 1961) p 180; (ram acetylene:
Gailermann-Wieland. op. CIL IS): from paraldehyde: A. I
Vogcl. Practical Organic Chtmixtry (Longmans. London.
3rd ed. 1959) p 324
Flammable liquid: characteristic, pungent odor dj* 0 788
mp-1235* bp 21* /if I 3316 Misable with water, alco-
hol Kttp told. Chill iHoroutUy of/on opening. LDH orally
in rats 1.9 g/kg. Handbook of Toxicology. »ol. IV W. S
Specior. Ed (Saunders. Philadelphia. 1956) p 6
Human Taxicity: General narcotic action. Large dotes
may cause death by respiratory paralysis. Symptoms of
chronic intoxication resemble those of chronic alcoholism.
HE Manuf paraldehyde. acetic acid, butanol. perfumes.
flavors, aniline dyes, plastics, synthetic rubber: silvering
mirrors, hardening gdann fibers Caution: lrritalin| to
mucous membranes.
2». AceUldehyde AousKwit. I-Aminottnanot; o-ami-
noelhyl alcohol, aldehyde ammonia. CjHTNO: mol wt
61 08 C 39 32%. H 11 55%. N 22.93%. O 26.19% CH,CH-
(OH)NH, Prepd from acetaldebyde and ammonia: Asch-
an. Brr 48. 874 (1915).
Crystals, gradually turns yellow to brown in air. mp 9T.
bp IIOV partly decomposing Frady sol in water, slightly in
ether Proltct from light and air.
USE For preparing pure acetaldebyde: in organic synthe-
>!.• Imtat
tes Cautton:
ales eyes, mucous membranes.
29. Acetaldefcyde SodloB Bovilfllc. 1-HjdHujtOuuu-
tuljonic acid todium mlL C.H.NaO.S. mol wt 157 13. C
I 5 29".. H 3 85%. Na 14 64< O 45.12%. S 20.41%. CH,-
CH(OH)SO,N.
Hemihydrate. crystals. Decomposed by acid* Freely sol
in water, insol in alcohol
lu Making pure acelaldehyde. in organic synthesis.
Caution Irntales skin, mucous membranes
30. Acetaltfoitokt. ActiaUtHydt oximt; aldoxime. eth-
)lidenehydroxylamine C.H.NO, mol wl 5907 C 40.66%.
H S 53".. N 23.72%. O 2709% CH.CH-NOH Prepn
Ounilan. Dymond. J Chtm. Sac. «l, 470 (1892) Manuf
Donaruma. VS. pal 2,T<3,«t« (1956 to du Pont)
Two crystalline modifications, mp 12* (4-form). mp 46.5*
(o.lorml d0966 bp 114.5" itjf 1.415 Dec by «q HO
into acelaldehyde and hydroiylanune. Very sol in water.
•Icohol. ether.
31. Acctaaslde. Acetic acid amide C.H.NO. mol wt
? C 40.66T,. H 853".. N 2372%. O 2709%. CH,-
CONH, Prepd by fractional distillation of ammonium aoe-
»tr Coleman. Alvarado. Org. Syn. 1, 3 (1923): coll. vol. I
'2nd ed . 1941) p 3; Gailermann-Wieland. Praxis da orga-
"vhtn Cntmiktn (4Oth ed.. 1961) p 118: Vogd. Practical
°*Mmc OwmtarjrOrd ed.. 1959) p 401. From ethyl ace-
'**' Vogd. of. at. p 403. Studies of acetamide as an ionit-
'"I tolvent: Jauder. Winkler. / Inorg. NueL CHtm. 9. 24.
12. 39 (|459)
Deliquescent heugonal crystals. Odorless when pure, but
[fluently has a mousy odor, df 1.159. mp «r. bp_ 22r:
"Pw 158'. bp. 136'; bp. 120"; bp- IOF: bp. 9r. n»T4274
Neuirsl rc.ction Kb at 2? - 3 I x 10 » One gram dis-
>°lv« in O 3 ml water. 2 ml alcohol. 6 ml pyndinc Sol in
chloroform, glycerol. hoi benzene Toaicologjcal study
Wasburger rl al.. Toxicol Appl Ptlannacot 14, 163 (1969)
LIE Solvent, molten acetamide i* an excellent volvenl for
many organic and inorganic compounds. Solubilizer. ren-
ders sparingly soluble substances more soluble in water by
mere addition or by fusion Plasticizer. stabilizer Manuf
methylamme. denaturing alcohol In organic syntheses
Caittion: Mild irritant
32. AccUasidlM Hydrochlorid*. Elnanimidamidt hr-
drocntorid*: ethanamidme hydrochlonde. a-amino-o-imino-
ethane hydrochlonde. ethenylamidinc hydrochlonde: acedi-
amine hydrochlonde. SN 4.45) C,H,C1N,. mol wt 94 55
C 25.41%. H 7.46%. Q 37.50%. N 2963". Prepd by pass-
ing HO into a soln of acetomtnle in abs alcohol, then pass-
ing NH. into the reaction mixture Pinner. S«r 14. 1634
(1883); 17, 178 (1884)-. Don. Or, Syn.. coll. *o4. I. 3 (New
York. 2nd ed.. 1941) Stt alto Fargher. / Chtm. Soc. 117.
674 (I92O) Rnitw: Shnner. Neumann. Cntm. Rr* 35.
331-423 (1944)
Long prisms from alcohol, somewhat deliquescent, mp
174* (Fargher): mp 164-166' (Dos) Very sol in water Sol
in alcohols. Practically msol in acetone, ether. Should be
stored in a closed container and in a cool place. If alkali is
added to an aq soln. the free base is liberated
Free base. CjH.N, uv max: 224 nm (« 4000) pK, (25")
12.1 Has a strong alkaline reaction and on slight warming
dissonatn into ammonia and acetic acid
Utt: In the synthesis of imidazotes. pynnudines. tnazines
Caution. Irritate* mucous membranes, skin. Avoid tasting.
swallowing, inhalation of the dust, skin contact
33. 2-Acetuil4o-6'-anlaobeniotkluole.
fto-2»btmtot*iazolyl)*ettamidt: 2-«cetylamino-6-sjninoben-
zothiuole. C.H.N.OS: mol wt 207 24 C 52.16%. H 4 38%.
N 20.28%. S 15.47%. O 7 72% Synthesis Kyosuke Tsuda
II ai. J. Mann. Soc. Japan 60. 184 (I94O): Ckrm. Ztnlr
IMI, II. 335: c/ Kaufmann. Ann. Pnarm. 273, 46 (1935)
Crystals, mp 264*
USE: Detection of indium Nodi. Fish. C.A. 35. 10OO
(1941).
34. (-AcetOBltfttcaprolc Acid. 6- Actumidohtxanoic
acid: acetammocaproic acid, acexamic acid. A/-acetyl-6-
aminohexanoic aod. C,H,,NO,. mol wt 173.21 CS547-,.
H 8.73%, N 8O9%. O 27.71% CH.CONH(CH,),COOH
Prepn: Offe. Z. Nanirfonch. 2b. 182 (1947). Fr. pal M2332
(1964 to Rowa). C.A. «1. 577b (1964)
Crystals from acetone, mp 104- IO5 V (Fr. pal M2332).
mp 1 12* (Offe. lac. citA LD,, i.p in mice 7 g/kg
Sodium salt. C,HuNNaO,. Plaarman
THERAP CAT Anti*mDamnutory
35. * *
rtmflttkmltmtacttmmidt; 4-acetylam»no-2-melhyl-
l-naphlhol: l-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-acetylaminonaphlha-
lene: rV-acetyl vitamin K.. K-Vitrat. CuHuNOr mol wt
215.24. C 72.54%. H 6.09%. N 651%. O 1487^, Prepd
from 4-«mmo-2-melhyl-l-naphlhol hydrochlonoe by treat-
ment with acetic anhydride and anhydr sodium acetate in
glacial acetic acid: Vddslra. Wiardi. Rtc. Tra* Chim. 62. 73
(1943)
•BOOi,
Figure A-4. Typical entry from the Merck Index (7)
A-11
-------
EXPLANATORY NOTES
The ninth edition of The Merck Index contains nearly 10,000 mono-
graphs, approximately 8000 structural displays or line formulas, and over
50,000 synonyms representing the most important chemicals, drugs, pesti-
cides and biologically active substances known. They do not represent a
list of Merck products. Almost 1000 new entries have been added since
the last edition; over 50% of the old monographs have been extensively
revised and an attempt has been made to eliminate material of minor im-
portance. The compounds selected by the editorial staff for inclusion were
generally limited to single substances, with very few exceptions synthetic
mixtures were deliberately omitted. A small number of natural mixtures,
such as cytochalasins, leucomycins, ubiquinones, etc. have been included.
The information contained in each monograph has been carefully extracted
from the published literature. The length of a monograph is by no means
a measure of the relative importance of a compound, but more likely a
reflection of the amount of available material published on the specific
compound.
Although the monographs detail vastly different types of compounds, an
effort has been made to present the material according to a general format:
Monograph Number. Sequential numbers are assigned to monographs
to provide access to the monographs through the Cross Index of Names and
the Formula Index. Indexes are referenced to these numbers rather than
to titles or page numbers.
Title. Titles are arranged in alphabetical order; generic (USAN, WHO
or INN), trivial or simple chemical names are preferred as monograph head-
ings. A trademark (designated by ®) is used in limited instances.
Chemical Abstracts Name(s). The uninverted form of the Chemical
Abstracts (C.A.) name is generally given in boldface italics as the first
synonym. Stereochemical descriptors, are incorporated into the name
wherever possible. The second synonym in boldface italics represents a
name used by C.A. for that specific compound prior to the nomenclature
revision of 1972. The large number of C.A. names that can be found in
The Merck Index provide an entry point to the literature through Chemical
Abstracts. In addition. Chemical Abstracts Registry Numbers correspond-
ing to title compounds included in The Merck Index have been provided by
Chemical Abstracts Service and are listed beginning on page REG-1.
Alternate Names. Whenever available, other chemical names, trivial
names, experimental drug codes and trademarks are given. Trademarks
are indicated by first letter capitalization; absence of capitalization, how-
ever, does not exclude the possibility that a name may be a proprietary name
or the subject of proprietary rights. Note: Synonyms appearing elsewhere
Figure A-5- Explanatory notes from Merck Index (7).
A-12
-------
Chemical AbMracli nmmt
9th collective period.
1972-1976
(boldface iulK)
Monograph number •
f mpincal
formula
Literature ^
references
Struciure '
Chemical Abttracu name
8th collective period.
1967-1971
(boldface italic)
Tilk
-*>3643. Elhacrynk Acid. [IJ-Di
tnt-l-oxobiUyl)plu*oxf \acttic acid; [2-dieUor+4-<2- Alternate chemi
mtthjUnt-butyrjDfktntucj^tcHit acid; |4-(methylene-4- cal name ihghi
butyryl)-2.3-dichlorophem»iy|acetic acid; MK-595: face>
'Crinuryl; Edecril; Edecrin; Endccril; Hydromedinrv Dnj code
Reomax; Uregil. C,jH,rCI,O,; mol wt 303.15. number
C\ 23.390?. O 2
Schultz ft al.. J MeTtnfot^Chem. 5. 660 (198
Schullz. Sprague. B«l«. pat. 6l2jJST<;»4^5il 2712b
(1963) and VS. pat. 3.255,241 (1962 and 1966?!
Merck & Co.). Pharmacology: Beyer el at .J Phar-
macol. Exp. Ther. 147.1 (1965). Review: Kim elal..
Am.J. Cordial 27.407-415 (1971).
OCH2COOH
Cl
COCCH9CH,
II
CH-
Phyucal data
Crystals, mp 121-122° (corr). pKa'3.50. Sparingly
sol in water, aqueous acids; soluble in chloroform.
,Dw in mice: 176 mg/kg i.v.; 627 mg/kg orally. Peck
l al.. fed. Proc. U, MJU (I'MlI.
f Sodium salt. CuH,,CI,NaO,. titutcrjnat* lodium.
Denvative of J iJw*c ^odium Edecrin. uv max (water): 225Vm («
tale compound ~~\ 15.287). Soly in water at 25': upto9Sf. Solnsat>H
I 7 at 2J • stable for short periods of time. Stability de\
^.creased with an increase in pH. temperature and time.
THERAP CAT: Diuretic.
THERAP CAT (VET): Has been suggested as diuretic
in dogsT
Therapeutic category (in humani\
Therapeutic caiefory
(veterinary)
Toucily data
Cenenc name and
trademark of
derivative
(boldface italic)
in the monograph are in boldface italics and also appear in the Cross Index
of Names.
Empirical Formula, Molecular Weight. % Composition. This informa-
tion is provided for all compounds having a specific known structure. Em-
pirical formulas are listed in the Formula Index which provides a key back
to the monographs.
Literature References. This portion of the monograph represents a con-
cise reference history of the compound. It often contains a capsule state-
Figure A-5- (continued).
A-13
-------
menl followed by citations of isolation, preparation, structural studies, phar-
macology, and patent information and reviews, where available. In the
case of families of compounds, especially inorganics, review articles are
generally cited only in the monograph for the parent clement or compound.
Literature references are reported in the conventional manner; journal abbre-
viations correspond (with the few exceptions listed in the table of Abbrevia-
tions, p. xii) to those in Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI).
Structure. An attempt has been made to depict the structures with the
most modern stereochemical representations. Spatial drawings are used
where appropriate as well as the standard conventions of heavy and dotted
lines to show spatial arrangements of bonds directed above or below the
plane of the paper.
Physical Data. The data reported has been extracted from references
cited within the monograph and is presented in its original form. Whenever
possible, the color of the substance is stated, but the absence of color (white,
colorless) is often omitted. Temperatures are given in degrees Celsius
(centigrade) unless otherwise noted. When solubilities are determined at
room temperature, about 25 °C, the temperature is generally omitted. When
optical rotations are measured in water, the solvent is usually not specified.
In the case of ultraviolet absorption measurements, the solvent is provided
within parentheses. Solubility and stability data are given whenever avail-
able, using terminology found in the original papers.
A great effort has been made for this edition to provide toxicity data in
the form of LDi,,, LCw etc. and include the source of this toxicity informa-
tion in the monograph. In addition. Caution or Human Toxicity state-
ments are provided where applicable. Specific caution statements are given
for drugs and compounds on the U.S. Government's Schedules of Controlled
Substances, for additives controlled by the Food and Drug Administration
and for compounds listed as carcinogens by the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration. Note: Absence of toxicity data does not imply that
toxic effects do not exist.
Derivatives. The presentation of chemical data for derivatives follows
the same format as that used for the parent compound. The empirical
formula corresponding to a derivative is listed in the Formula Index only
if there is a specific C.A. name, generic name or trademark associated with it.
Use. Specific uses which are not of a medical or veterinary nature are
described here.
Therapeutic Category. For this edition, the medical editors have followed
as closely as possible the categories of activity proposed by the USAN
Council to describe the major therapeutic indications of drugs.
Therapeutic Category (Veterinary). The veterinary staff has provided
short, descriptive phrases detailing the major veterinary applications.
Indexes. Each listing in the Formula Index and Cross Index of Names
directs the reader to the monograph number1 in which the compound is
described. An attempt has been made to match trademarks with company
ownership and to include that information in the Cross Index Names. An
abbreviated form of the company name appears in brackets following a
Figure A~5. (continued),
-------
large number of trademarks. The addresses of the companies for which
there are multiple trademarks are compiled in a Company Register which
starts on page Misc-37. This is an initial effort and will be expanded in
future editions.
The Merck Index has a strong medical character, but it must be empha-
sized that it is not intended as a therapeutic guide. Inclusion of a drug in
this book is not to be taken as an endorsement but merely as a statement of
the fact that such a drug exists. The THERAPEUTIC CATEGORY and THERA-
PEUTIC CATEGORY (VETERINARY) paragraphs which appear under most
drugs are intended only as summary statements of major pharmacological
properties or indications for the individual drugs. For additional informa-
tion on uses, dosage, side effects and adverse reactions, readers are referred
to pertinent scientific and professional literature and to product circulars
published by the respective manufacturers.
Great care has been taken to assure the accuracy of the information con-
tained in The Merck Index. However, the Editorial Staff and the Publisher
cannot be responsible for errors in publication or for any consequences
arising from the use of the information published in The Merck Index.
Accordingly, reference to original sources is encouraged as is reporting of
errors and omissions in order to assure that appropriate changes may be
made in the next edition.
Figure A-5- (continued).
A-15
-------
Explanatory Notes on Manual
1 Composition
1 Names of Chemicals
2 Handling and Disposal Manual for Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals with
Toxicity and Hazard Data
3 Index
II Items inlcuded in Manual for Each Chemical
1 Chemical Name and Synonyms
2 Constitutional Formula or Rational Formula
3 Uses
4 Properties
5 Criteria for Hazard
a) flash point b) ignition point c) vapor pressure d) explosion limits
e) vapor density f) others
6 Criteria for Toxicity
a) TLV LD LC TD TC
b) Acute and chronic symptons
7 Handling and Storage
a) Storage precautions b) Safety devices and protectors
c) Hazardous reaction data
8 Emergency Treatments and Measures
1) Hygienic precautions
a) Human Hygiene b) Work environmental administration
c) Safety devices
2) Hygienic Treatments (First Aid)
3) Fire Precautions
Extinguishing chemicals and fighting precautions
9 Spills and Leakage
10 Disposal and Waste Treatment
III Index
The alphabetical index contains both chemical names (printed in bold faces) and synonyms,
and is so arranged that search is made not by the page number, but by the index number
assigned to each chemical, assuring rapid and accurate searches.
IV Key to Abbreviations
ALR-»llergenic effects BLD-blood effects
BCM—blood clotting mechanism effects BPR—blood pressure effects
bdw—wild bird species brd—bird (domestic or lab)
Figure A-6. Explanatory notes from Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals
Safety Manual (8).
A-16
-------
001 Acetaldehyde
CH3CHO
Synonyms:
Uses:
Properties:
Hazardous Potentials:
A) Flammability:
B) Toxicity:
Handling & Storage:
Emergency Treatment
and Measures:
A) Hygienic Precau-
tions:
B) Hygienic Treat-
ments (First Aid):
Spills and Leakage:
Disposal and Waste
Treatment:
Acetic aldehyde. Aldehyde. Ethanal, Ethyl aldehyde.
Manufacture of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, n-butanol, 2-cthyl-
hexanol, peracetic acid, pentaerythritol, pyridine, chloral, 1,3-butyle-
neglycol and trimethylolpropane; intermediate for various chemicals.
Mol wt 44.05; sp gr 0.78 (18/4); bp 20.2°C; mp -123.5°C; ref ind
1.3116 (20). Colorless liquid with irritant fruity taste; freely soluble in
water, alcohol, ether, benzene, gasoline, solvent naphtha, toluene,
xylene, turpentine oil and acetone.
Flash point -40°C (open cup), -38.89°C (closed cup); ignition point
185°C; explosive range 4 - 57%; vapor density 1.5; vapor pressure
740.0 mmHg (20). Exceedingly volatile; vapor may travel * consider-
able distance to a source of ignition and flash back: readily oxidized in
the air, forming explosive peroxides.
TLV: 200 ppm
TDL: ihl-hmn TCL0: 134 ppm TFX: IRR;
ipr-rat LDL0: 500 mg/kg; orl-rat LDSo: 1930 mg/kg;
scu-rat LD5 o: 640 mg/kg;
scu-rat TDL0: 60 mg/kg/79WI TFX: CAR;
scu-mus LDj o: 560 mg/kg
Symptoms: Irritates eyes, skin, and respiratory organ, leaving serious
inflammation especially in eyes; sometimes shows headache.
bronchitis, pulmonary edema, dermatitis, and albuminuna; affects
central nervous with anesthesia by long term inhalation; shows
chronic intoxication similar to that of chronic alcoholism.
Store in cool and dark areas. Enclose nitrogen or other inactive gas in
the container. Wear rubber gloves, self-contained breathing apparatus.
and rubber-coated coveralls.
Adequate ventilation. Carry out gargling.
Irrigate eyes with water. Wash contaminated areas of a body with
water. Gastric lavage (stomach wash), if swallowed, followed by saline
catharsis.
Absorb the spills with rags or other available absorbing materials.
Evaporate in hood and dispose by burning the rag or the absorbing
materials.
Dissolve in a combustible solvent, thence spray the solution into the
furnace with afterburner.
Figure A-7-
Safety Manual
Typical entry from Toxic and Hazardous
(8).
Industrial Chemicals
A-17
-------
CONTENTS
Preface
1 Introduction
1-1 Chemistry in the World Around Us 5
1 -2 Hazardous Materials 6
1-3 Classes of Fire 7
1 -4 Identification of Hazardous Materials 8
1-5 CHEMTREC 18
2 Matter and Energy
2-1 Matter Defined 21
2-2 Units of Measurement 23
2-3 Density of Matter 26
2-4 Energy Defined 31
2-5 Temperature 32
2-6 Pressure 35
2-7 Effects of Heat on Matter 38
Figure A-8. Table of contents from Chemistry of Hazardous Materials (10)
A-18
-------
o
2-8 Flammabilily 46
2-9 General Hazards Thai Accompany
the Gaseous Slate 18
2-10 General Hazards of Cryogens 54
3 Subdivisions of Matter
3-1 Elements and Compounds 59
3-2 Atoms. Molecules, and lorn 63
3-3 Valence 60
3-4 Chemical Formulas 69
J-S Hydrates 7J
3-6 Periodic Classification of the Elements 74
4 Principles of Chemical Reactions
4-1 Introduction 78
4-2 Types of Chemical Reactions 79
4-3 Factors that Influence the Rate
of a Chemical Reaction 82
4-4 Chemistry of Combustion 06
4-5 Chemistry of Fire Extinguishment 88
5 Chemistry of Some Common Elements
5-1 Oxygen 100
5-2 Hydrogen JOS
5-3 Fluorine. Chlorine, and Bromine 109
5-4 Carbon 117
5-5 Phosphorus ' Ml
5-6 Sulfur 124
6 Chemistry of Corrosive Materials
6-1 Acids 112
b-2 Sulfurk Acid 135
t.-3 Nitric Acid 140
t,-4 Hydrochloric Add 142
59
78
100
131
6-5 Perchloric Add 144
6-6 Hydrofluoric Acid I4S
6-7 Phosphoric Acid 147
6-9 ChloratuHonk Acid 148
6-9 Formic Acid 149
6-10 Acetic Acid 150
6-11 Alkalis 151
6-12 Sodium Hydroxide 152
6-13 Potassium Hydroxide 153
7 Chemistry of Water-Reactive Materials
7-1 Alkali Metals 157
7-2 Magnesium, Zirconium, Titanium,
Aluminum, and Zinc '61
7-3 Organomelallic Compounds (67
7-4 Hydrides 170
7-5 Peroxides 175
7-6 Nitrides. Carbides, and Phosphides 176
7-7 Water-Reactive Inorganic Chlorides 177
7-8 Water-Reactive Organic Compounds 182
8 Toxic Materials
8-1 Biological Implications of Toxiciry (06
8-2 Measurement of Toxiciry 180
8-3 Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide 190
8-4 Hydrogen Cyanide 197
8-5 Hydrogen Sulfide and Sulfur Dioxide 199
8-6 Oxides of Nitrogen 201
8-7 Ammonia 203
8-8 Toxic Heavy Elements 205
8-9 Organic Pesticides 207
8-10 Protection from Toxic Materials 2(2
156
185
Figure A-8. (continued).
-------
ro
9 Oxidation-Reduction Phenomena 2/6
4-1 Introduction 21'
9 J Mil/ardour Features of Oxidi/mg Agenls 221
9- 1 Hydrogen Peroxide and Metallic Peroxides 222
9-4 Hypochlonles. Chlorite*. Chlorate*.
and Perc Morales 224
9-5 Ammonium Compound* 228
9-6 Oxidising Agents That Contain Chromium 231
9-7 Permanganates 233
9-B Nitrates and Nilrilei 234
9-9 Hydrazine 236
10 Organic Compounds 240
10-1 Classification of Organic Compounds 241
10-2 Hazards of Organic Compounds 248
10-3 Products ol the Petroleum Industry 250
10-4 Common Caseous Hydrocarbons 252
10-5 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2?/'
10-(S Alcohols 2f>0
10-7 OrKanic Peroxo Compounds . 263
10-8 eihi-rs 2(>7
10-9 TuriK'iilInc 21,6
10-10 Carbon OisulfidO 270
10-11 Mistellam-ous Organic Solvent* 271
10-12 Fire Tetrahedron 271
11 Plastics, Rctint, and Fiber* 270
11-1 Polymerization 278
11 -2 Burning of Orxanic* Polymers 281
11-3 Cellulow *nd H> DerivMlvx 26)
11-4 Polyvinyl Polymers 2fl7
11 -5 Polyacelals, Polyethcrt, and Polynion 294
1 I-b I'oly.inndi'N and Polyurrihjfirs ~"'~
11-7 Du-ne PolynH'rs (Rubl>cr) )()/
12 Chemical Explosives 306
12-1 Characteristics and ClassilKalion of Explosives ID'
12-2 Encountering Explosives Whilf Fire FiRhimR 1/0
12-3 Nilroglycerm 312
12-4 Dynamite 311
12-5 Trinitrotoluene 314
12-6 Cyclonile 316
12-7 Tetryl 317
12-8 PETN j/fl
12-9 Picric Acid J/9
12-10 Primary Explosives 319
12-11 Homemade Bombs 320
12-12 Caseous Explosions 32)
13 Radioactive Materials 328
13-1 Nuclei, Isotopes, and Radioactivity 328
1 3-2 Types ol Radiation 130
13-3 Unit". o( Measurement of Radioaclivily I )-J
13-4 Biological Effects of Radiation HS
13-5 Fissionable Isotopes and Nuclear Reactors 3-10
1 3-6 DOT Classification of Radioactive Materials 344
Appendices 352
I First-Aid Measures for Poisoning 352
II Specific Poisons. Symptoms,
and Emergency Treatment 35-1
III Safety Chan For Common Solvents 360
Figure A-8. (continued).
-------
Table of Contents
PAGE
FOREWORD vii
AUTHOR'S PREFACE . . ix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XI
CHAPTER 1 THE CHEMICAL FIRE PROBLEM 1
CHAPTER 2 COMBUSTIBLE CHEMICALS 21
CHAPTER 3 OXIDIZING CHEMICALS 54
CHAPTER 4 AIR- AND WATER-REACTIVE CHEMICALS ... 76
CHAPTER 5 UNSTABLE CHEMICALS 90
CHAPTER 6 EXPLOSIVES AND BLASTING AGENTS . . . .114
CHAPTER 7 CRYOGENIC CHEMICALS 137
CHAPTER 8 ROCKET PROPELLANTS 149
CHAPTER 9 CORROSIVE CHEMICALS 169
CHAPTER 10 TOXIC CHEMICALS 179
CHAPTER 11 HALOGENS AND HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS 204
CHAPTER 12 RADIOACTIVE CHEMICALS 221
INDEX 231
Figure A-9- Table of contents from the Fire Officers Guide to Dangerous
Chemicals (IlK " s
Chemicals
A-21
-------
CONTENTS
SECTION I BASIC SCIENCES
Unit 1 Atomic Structure ind Chemical Reactivity
Unit 2 Chemical Formulas and Equation!
Unit 3 Combustion Mechanisms
Unit 4 Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
Unit S Heat and the Kinetic-Moleculai Theory . .
Unit 6 Gai Laws Governing Temperature, Pressure, and Volume
Unit 7 Explosion Mechanisms .
Unit 8 Shock Wives and Explosions .
Unit 9 Toxcity.
SECTION 2 COMBUSTION
Unit 10 Physical Properties Which Affect Combustion Behavior
Unit 11 Reactivity With Oxygen
Unit 12 Reactivity With Water
Unit 13 Reactivity With Chemical Extinguishing Agents .
SECTION 3 GASES
Unit 14 Compressed Gases
Unit 15 Cryogenic Cases
SECTION* COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
Unit 16 Metals . . .
Unit 17 Nonmetals
Unit 18 Hydrocarbons ... . .
Unit 19 Substituted Hydrocarbons .
Unit 20 Plastics . .
SECTIONS EXPLOSIVE MATERIALS
Unit 21 Principles of Explosives
Unit 22 Nitto Explosives . .
Unit 23 Nithc Ester Explosives .
Unit 24 Other Specialty Explosives
SECTION 6 REACTIVE MATERIALS
Unit 25 Peroxides
Unit 26 Hydmines
Unit 27 Miscellaneous Reactive Materials
SECTION? CORROSIVE MATERIALS
Unit 28 Acids
Unit 29 Bases .
SECTIONS TOXIC MATERIALS
Unit 30 Principles of Toxicology
Unit 31 Respiratory Poisons .
Unit 32 Nerve Poisons .
Unit 33 Liver Poisons .
Unit 34 Corrosive Poisons
SECTION 9 RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS
Unit 35 Principles of Radioactivity
Unit 36 Hazards of Radioactivity
SECTION 10 UNIFYING PRINCIPLES
Unit 37 Official Regulations for Handling Hazardous Materials
Acknowledgments
Index
1
8
II
14
17
22
25
29
31
35
42
45
49
55
72
79
88
93
100
109
121
124
127
130
135
139
142
147
153
159
164
173
176
184
189
194
205
245
246
Figure A-10. Table of contents from Hazardous Materials (12)
A-22
-------
Wash away My material which may have contacted the body with copious
amounts of water or soap and water
BENZALDEHYDE «M3III
COMBUSTIBLE UQU1D
Benzaldehyde is a clear colorless to yellowish liquid with an almoodlike odor. It Has
a flash point of M8 deg. F. It is heavier than water and insoluble in water. Its vapors
are heavier than air.
If BMterial ON Ire or ktrohed te Are
Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped
Use water in flooding quantities as fog
Solid streams of water may be ineffective
Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water
Apply water from u far a distance as possible
Use 'alcohol' foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical
If iMUertai mot am Bra ud mot hnohred bi Bra
Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away
Keep material out of water sources and sewera
Build dikes to contain flow as necessary
Use water spray to knock-down vapors
Avoid breathing vapors
Keep upwind
Wear boots, protective gloves, and safety glasses
Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment
Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious
amounts of water or soap and water
BENZENE 4M§110
FLAMMABLE LIQUID
Benzene is a clear colorless liquid with a characteristic aromatic odor. It has a flash
point of 12 deg. F.. and solidifies at 42 deg. F. It is lighter than water and insoluble in
water. Its vapors are heavier than air.
If arterial OB fire or hnorred fa fire
Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped
Use water in flooding quantities as fog
Solid streams of water may spread fire
Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water
Apply water from as far a distance as possible
Use 'alcohol' foam, carbon dioxide or dry chemical
If auterial not oa Are s*4 Dot knotted 1st Bre
Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away
Keep material out of water sources and sewers
Build dikes to contain flow as necessary
Attempt to stop leak if without hazard
Use water spray to knock-down vapors
Penooacl protecdoB
Avoid breathing vapors
Keep upwind
Wear boots, protective gloves, and safety glasses
Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment
Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious
amounts of water or soap and water
Evafiiirioo
If fire becomes uncontrollable or container is exposed to direct flame — evacuate
for a radius of 1500 feet
If material leaking (not on fire), downwind evacuation must be considered
Figure A-11. Typical entry from Emergency Handling of Hazardous Materials
In Surface Transportation (13).
A-23
-------
BENZENE PHOSPHORUS BICHLORIDE 4WI7IS
CORROSIVE MATERIAL, ACIDIC
Benzene phosphorus dichloride is a colorless Turning liquid. 11 is decomposed by
water lo give hydrochloric icid with release of heal. It is corrosive to metals and tissue.
If aaalcrial OB Are or Involved la Ore
Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide
Do not use water on material itself
If large quantities of combustibles are involved, use water in flooding quantities as
spray and fog
Use water spray to absorb vapors
Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water
Apply water from as far a distance as possible
If asaurial snt OB Arc and not Involved hi Are
Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away
Keep material out of water sources and sewers
Build dikes lo contain flow as necessary
Use water spray lo knock-down vapors
Do not use water on material itself
Neutralize spilled material with crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime
Avoid breathing vapors
Keep upwind
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus
Avoid bodily contact with the material
Wear boots, protective gloves, and safety glasses
Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment
Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious
amounts of water or soap and water
If contact with the material anticipated, wear full protective clothing
BENZENE PHOSPHORUS THIODICHLOR1DE 49317*
CORROSIVE MATERIAL, ACIDIC
Benzene phosphorus thiodichloride is a colorless fuming liquid. It is decomposed by
water to give hydrochloric acid with release of heat. It is corrosive to metals and tissue.
IT BMtttlal OB Ire or lovorred ID Are
Use dry chemical or carbon dioxide
Do not use water on material itself
If Urge quantities of combustibles are involved, use water in flooding quantities as
spray and fog
Use water spray to absorb vapors
Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water
Apply water from as far a distance as possible
If •Mttrfal Bot on Are aad BOI involved In fire
Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away
Keep material out of water sources and sewers
Build dikes to contain flow as necessary
Use water spray to knock-down vapors
Do not use water on material itself
Neutralize spilled material with crushed limestone, soda ash, or lime
PbtW^^Ml MV^M^feMl
Avoid breathing vapors
Keep upwind
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus
Avoid bodily contact with the material
Wear boots, protective gloves, and safely glasses
Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment
Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious
amounts of water or soap and water
If contact with the material anticipated, wear full protective clothing
Figure A-11. (continued).
A-24
-------
INDEX
CHAPTER 1 DEFINITIONS AND
CLASSES OF
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 6
Explosives, Class A or B 9
Explosives, Class C 10
Flammable Liquids 11
Combustibles 12
Flammable Solids 13
Organic Peroxide and
Oxidizing Materials 14
Corrosive Liquids 15
Non-Flammable Compressed Gases
and Chlorine 1®
Flammable Compressed Gases 17
Poisons, Class A (Liquids/Gases) 18
Poisons, Class B (Liquids/Solids) 20
Irritating Materials 21
Radioactive Materials 22
Radioactive Materials —
Fissile Class III 23
CHAPTER 2 LABELS 27
CHAPTER 3 PLACARDS 32
CHAPTER 4 GENERAL LOADING
REQUIREMENTS 40
CHAPTER 5 SHIPPING PAPERS,
WAYBILLS, MANIFESTS 46
CHAPTER 6 TRANSPORTATION OF
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
DRIVING AND PARKING
RULES 51
CHAPTER 7TELEPHONE NUMBERS 54
CHAPTER 8 COMMODITY LIST
OF DANGEROUS ARTICLES . 1A
Figure A-12. Table of contents from Guide Lines to the Handling of
Hazardous Materials (14).
A-25
-------
CHAPTER 8
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
TABLE
The Information listed below Is a very brief description of the
information contained In each column. Refer to 172.100 of the
Code of Federal Regulations for complete detailed Information.
Column 1—Contains three symbols— , "A" and "W". An
asterlk before a material described In column 2 means the
material may or may not be regulated. The symbol "A" means
the material Is subject to the requirements only for aircraft
shipment. The symbol "W" means the material Is only subject
to shipments made by vessel.
Column 2—Items listed In Bold type are proper shipping
names of hazardous materials. The words in Italics are not
proper shipping names, but may be used In addition to the
proper shipping name.
Column 3—Is a designation of the hazard class corresponding
to the proper shipping name. Material listed as forbidden must
not be offered or accepted for transportation.
Column 4—Specifies the label required for each outside pack-
age.
Column S—References the applicable packaging section of Pan
173. Exceptions from some of the requirements of this sub-
chapter are noted In column 5
-------
1172.101 Hazardous Material* Tatola
(i)
*
w
(2)
mrdowt nwMrlijIi dMcrlpllonB
M pnpv (Mppkig n*m»
(vnyo>iuK;
mgtt
AeffD Mnmrl pwodtto.
UM. »«uM. «o~
i quart
i quart
10 e*>om
i quart
'mown
1 quavt
i quart
'MO*.
"*«*"
1 quirt
XtRxxai
ISODOuKOi
Fo*dd»
'«-*"
tlMrt
N=«,
50 pound!
Ik)
Gin*
«rt
19*°"
300DOUXOI
t giflon
< quirt
5g>*oni
5^,
• q-rt
i quart
:i
iWpounov
300 poixxh
SSOpOunm
n PO»XM
-00-0,
NO-I
200pOurtdi
(7)
Wtttf iMpfnantt
(•)
*m«M
•*
I 3
1 3
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 3
,
i 2
'
,2
1
1
t
1
i 2
12
'
1 2
12
1
12
'2
I 2
13
1 3
1 2
1 2
1 2
(til
Pn-
•••iSLii
VOTMI
1 2
4
4
t 2
12
1 2
<
i
1
4
1
,
t
'
1
'
1 2
4
'
i
I
5
12
T 2
5
4
I
i 2
i 2
adt from raoanf n*at
Kaao 0*v GWM c G*iit c«rtx»r* ««
parmrtiad on Daiaartqar waaa«n
GUMS ca^oyi ^ Mmoar* not
parmrnaa undar (jack
Ka*P cool
;sr --—•-•
Kaac COtf
K««D COOl And *>
Figure A-14. Typical entries from Guide Lines to the Handling of Hazardous
Materials (14). a
A-27
-------
Name of Material
(Description and
Flash PoinU)
NFPA
704M
ID
D.O.T.
Classi-
(Ication
Acetoione (See: Acetyl Benzoyl Peroxide)
Aectyl Benzoyl Peroxide Not accepted
(Flammable solid) for shipment
Flreftgbtlnf
Proeedurti
13
Explosive
Hazards
Shock sensitive
Delay overhaul
WaUr/Atr Mixture
Reactivity Hazards
Water: heats —
Toxlcity
Hazards
Izzitatinc
Solid ac*fyl benxoyl peroxide It too unstable to be shipped.
13
Acetyl Benzoyl Peroxide
Solution
(Flammable liquid)
Oxidlzini material:
Yellow
Strong oxidizer
Unstable
Delay overhaul —
Heat sensitive
Stroni oxidizer
— Irritating
Solutions contain organic peroxide and a nonvolatile solvent. When igptttd, bums rapidly, with profRMsfvciy
Increasing Intensity.
Acetyl Bromide
(Nonflammable liquid)
21 — Water: 47
corrosive
Water: decompose
Violent decomposition with water. Whin heated, emits bromine /umes.
/&\
21
Acetyl Chloride V'
(Flammable liquid: 40°F.)
Corrosive liquid: 21 Flammable Water: 47
White vapors corrosive
Water: decompose
Violent reaction with water. Liquid and vapor especially irritating to moist skin and body part*.
Corrosive
Corrosive
(Flammable fas)
Flammable B»s:
Red
unstable
Flammable vapors
13
14
Shipment authorised only when go* Is stabilized by balnf absorbed by a solvent—acetone—Insld* cylinders
filled with a porous material
Acetylene Chloride — 6
(Pyrophoric (as)
£xplod« in juniifhf. Wfhtn heated, emits phosfene fumes.
Acetylene Dichlorule \S Flammable liquid: 4
(Flammable liquid: 36°F.) Red
HigHtr vapor concentrations are irritating and narcotic.
Acetylene Tetrabromide — 20
(Nonflammable liquid)
Shock sensitive Pyrophoric
Flammable —
vapors
Becomes —
mutable
Decomposes at 374° F. to release flammable and toxic vapors.
Acetylene Tetrachloride — — —
(Nonflammable liquid)
Considered to be the most toxic common chlorinated hydrocarbon.
Water: heats
Acetylldes (various]
(Explosive compounds)
Aeetyl Iodide
(Nonflammable solid)
Explosives A
IS High explosive —
21 —
Water:
corrosive
— Irritating
19 Skin
penetrant
Irritating
39 -
47 Corrosive
Figure A-15- Typical listing from the Hazardous Materials Handbook (15).
A-28
-------
INDEX
EXPLOSIVES 1
CORROSIVE 3
FLAMMABLE/COMBUSTIBLE 5
FLAMMABLE SOLID 7
FLAMMABLE GAS 9
FLAMMABLE SOLID - DANGEROUS WHEN WET 11
POISON 13
POISON GAS 15
OXIDIZER 17
ORGANIC PEROXIDE 19
NON-FLAMMABLE GAS 21
RADIOACTIVE 23
CHLORINE 25
OXYGEN 27
DANGEROUS 29
SHIPPING PAPERS 30
PLACARDS 31
PLACARD PLACEMENT 32
NOTIFICATION CHECKLIST 33
GLOSSARY 34
EMERGENCY NOTIFICATION LIST 35
Figure A-16. Table of contents from the Hazardous Materials Safety Manual(16)
A-29
-------
CORROSIVE
PLACARD
LABEL
Definition:
A liquid or solid chat causes visible destruction or Irreversible damage
to skin tissue at the point of contact, or that has a corrosion rate on
steel.
Examples: Phosphorus pentachlorlde, solid; Potassium fluoride
solution; Sulfurlc acid.
POTENTIAL HAZARDS
Fire - Hay catch fire.
Health - Vapors extremely Irritating.
Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. If Inhaled, nay be
harmful.
Runoff nay pollute water supply.
IMMEDIATE ACTION
Identify material Involved.
Keep unnecessary people away.
Keep upwind, Isolate hazard area.
Wear full protective
IMMEDIATE FOLLOW-UP ACTION
Fire - Hove containers from fire area if without risk.
Small fire - Dry chemical or C02.
Figure A-17-. Typical entry from the Hazardous Materials Safety Manual (16),
A-30
-------
IMMEDIATE FOLLOW UP ACTION (continued)
large fire - Foam or water.
Cool containers with water from maximum distance until
wall after the fire 1« out.
SPILI. or LEAK
Stop leak if without risk.
Do not touch spilled material.
Small Soill - Flush area with water.
Large Spill - Dilute with large amounts of water and dike for later
disposal.
FIRST-AID
Remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
In case of contact with material immediately flush skin
or eyes with running water for at least IS minutes.
Keep patient warm and quiet.
Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed.
Call physician.
*For detailed assistance in handling the hazard, call CHEOTREC (Chemical
Transportation Emergency Center) toll free (800) 424-9300. Refer to
page 33 for agencies available for information and/or assistance.
Figure A-17- (continued).
A-31
-------
VOLUME 3
Table of Contents
Titles Pages*
Cellulose Nitrate Motion Picture Film, Storage and Handling of . 4»-l
Model Rocketry, Code for 41L-1
Pyroxylin Plastic IB Factories, Storage, Handling and Use of 42-1
Pyroxylin Plastic in Warehouses, Wholesale, Jobbing and Retail
Stores, Storage and Sale of 43-1
Liquid and Solid Oxidizing Materials 43A-1
Fireworks, Manufacturing, Transportation and Storage of 44A-1
Magnesium,. Storage, Handling and Processing of 4S-1
Titanium, Production, Processing, Handling and Storage of 4S1-1
Zirconium, Fire and Explosion Prevention in Plants Producing
and Handling 482M-1
Hazardous Chemicals Data 49-1
Ammonium Nitrate, Storage of 490-1
Separation Distances of Ammonium Nitrate and Blasting
Agents from Explosives or Blasting Agents 492-1
Model State Fireworks Law 494L-1
Explosive Materials, Manufacture, Transportation,
Storage and Use of 495-1
Explosives, Motor Vehicle Terminals 49R-1
Pulverlzed-Fuel Systems, Installation and Operation of
(ANSI Z12.I) *»-l
Manufacturing and Handling Starch (ANSI Z 12.2) C1A-1
Grain Elevators and Bulk Handling Facilities (ANSI Z12.4) *1B-1
Feed Mills, Prevention of Dust Explosions in 61C-1
Agricultural Commodities for Human Consumption 61D-1
Pulverized Sugar and Cocoa, Prevention of Dust Explosions in the
Production, Packaging and Handling of (ANSI Z12.6) 62-1
Industrial Plants, Fundamental Principles for the Prevention of Dust
Explosions in (ANSI Z12.2I) 63-1
Aluminum, Processing and Finishing of (ANSI Z12.19) 65-1
'Boldface numbers indicate NFPA numerical designation for each standard.
Figure A-18. Table of contents National Fire Codes - Volume 3 07)
A-32
-------
Titles Page**
r, Prevention of Dust Explosions in the
Manufacture of (ANSI Z12.ll) 651-1
Magnesium Powder or Doit, Explosion and Fire Protection in Plants
Producing or Handling (ANSI Z12.15) 652-1
Coal Preparation Plants, Prevention of Dust Explosions in
(ANSI ZI2.7) 653-1
Plastics Industry, Prevention of Dust Explosions in the
(ANSI Z12.16) 654-1
Sulfur Fires and Explosion*, Prevention of (ANSI Z12.12) 655-1
Spice Grinding Plants, Prevention of Dust Ignitions in
(ANSI Z12.9) 656-1
Confectionery Manufacturing Plants, Prevention of Dust
Explosions in (ANSI Z12.18) 657-1
Pneumatic Conveying System* for Handling Feed, Floor, Grata,
and Otber.Agricnltural Dusts (ANSI Z12.22) 66-1
Woodworking and Wood Flour Manufacturing Plants, Prevention
of Dust Explosions in (ANSI Z12.20) 664-1
Fire Test! for Flane-Resistant Textile* and Films, Performance
Requirements Under Recommended Test Methods 791-1
of Wearing Apparel, Classification of 7*2-1
* Boldface numbers indicate NFPA numerical designation for each standard.
Figure A-18. (continued).
A-33
-------
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS DATA
NOTE: Thli publication present* data on certain hazardous chemicals
and omlMlon of a chemical does not signify that It is nonhazardous.
ACETALDEHYDE CH.CHO
DESCRIPTION: Colorless liquid at temperatures below
69° F. but rapidly volatilizes at this temperature;
suffocating, fruity odor.
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Reactive and flammable liquid
which rapidly volatilizes at 69° F. Vapor forms explosive
mixtures with air over a wide range. Flammable limits, 4%
and 60%. Flash point, minus 36° F. Ignition temperature,
365° F. Liquid is lighter than water (specific gravity. 0.8).
Vapors are heavier than air (vapor density, 1.5), ana may
travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash
back. Very reactive and can be oxidized or reduced readily.
Combines with halogens and amines, and forms a great num-
ber of condensation products with alcohols, ketones, acid
anhydrides, phenols and similar compounds. Hydrogen
cyanide, hydrogen sulfide and anhydrous ammonia react with
acetaldehyde readily. Acetaldehyde oxidizes readily in air
to unstable peroxides that may explode spontaneously. Easily
undergoes polymerization which is accompanied by evolution
of heat. All of these reactions can be violent. Vapor oxidizes
readily with air and may form highly explosive and unstable
peroxides. Acetaldehyde is soluble in water.
LIFE HAZARD: Eye, skin and respiratory irritant. Capable of
producing serious eye burns. Prolonged inhalation may have
a narcotic effect, resulting in drowsiness.
PERSONAL PROTECTION: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus;
wear goggles if eye protection not provided.
FIRE FIGHTING PHASES: In advanced or massive fires, fire fight-
ing should be done from a safe distance or from a protected
location. Use dry chemical, "alcohol" foam, or carbon dioxide.
Water may be ineffective (see Explanatory), but water should
be used to keep fire-exposed containers cool. If a leak or spill
has not ignited, use water spray to disperse the vapors. If it is
necessary to stop a leak, use water spray to protect men
attempting to do so. Water spray may be used to flush spills
away from exposures and to dilute spills to nonflammable
mixtures.
Figure A-19- Typical entry National Fire Codes - Vo 1 ume 3 07)
-------
USUAL SHIPPING CONTAINERS: One-quart glass pressure bottles,
5- to 55-gallon metal drums, insulated tank cars and insulated
tank trucks, tank barges.
STORAGE : Protect against physical damage. Store bulk quantities
outside in detached tanks provided with refrigeration and
inert gas blanket, such as nitrogen, in void space above
liquid level. Smaller container storage should be in a detached
noncombustible building, provided with cooling facilities,
adequate ventilation and free of sources of ignition; no alkaline
materials (such as caustics, ammonia, amines), halogens,
alcohols, ketones, acid anhydrides, phenols, nor oxidizing ma-
terials, permitted in storage room. Inside storage should be in
a standard flammable liquids storage room or cabinet. Isolate
from other storage.
REMARKS: Electrical installations in Class I hazardous loca-
tions, as defined in Article 500 of the National Electrical
Code, should be in accordance with Article 501 of the Code.
If explosionproof electrical equipment is necessary, it shall be
suitable for use in Group C. See Flammable and Combustible
Liquids Code (NFPA No. 30), National Electrical Code
(NFPA No. 70), Static Electricity (NFPA No. 77), Lightning
Protection Code (NFPA No. 78), Fire-Hazard Properties of
Flammable Liquids, Gases and Volatile Solids (NFPA No.
325M), and Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-43 (Manufac-
turing Chemists' Association. Inc.).
ACETIC ACID (Glacial) CH.COOH
DESCRIPTION: A clear, colorless liquid with strong
pungent odor of vinegar.
FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDS: Gives off flammable vapor above
its flash point, 109° F. Vapor forms explosive mixtures with
air. Dangerous in contact with chromic acid, sodium peroxide,
nitric acid, or other oxidizing materials. Soluble in water.
LIFE HAZARD: May produce severe acid burns to skin and eyes
Prolonged breathing of concentrated vapor may be harmful.
Glacial acetic acid contracts upon freezing (specific gravity of
liquid at G2.1° F is 1.05 and of the solid at 62° F is 1.27).
PERSONAL PROTECTION: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus;
wear goggles if eye protection not provided.
Figure A-19. (continued).
A-35
-------
Acrolein
Potential Hazards
—May be ignited by heat, sparks, (lames
— Flammable vapors may spread from spill
—Container may explode due to heat of fire
— Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard in
sewer system
—Vapors extremely irritating. Contact may cause
burns to skin and eyes
— Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases
— Vapors may be latal il inhaled
— Runoff may pollute water supply.
Immediate Action
— Get helper and notify local authorities
— If possible, wear self-contained breathing apparatus and
full protective clothing
— Eliminate all open flames No smoking. No flares. Keep
internal combustion engines at least 20 yards away.
— Keep up wind and estimate Immediate Danger Area.
— Evacuate according to Evacuation Table.
Immediate Follow-up Action
Fire —Small Fire: Dry Chemical or CO2.
— Large Fire: Water spray or fog.
— Move containers from fire area if without risk.
— Cool containers with water from maximum distance until
well after fire is out.
— For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder
or monitor nozzles.
— Stay away from ends of tanks
— Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting
safety device.
ii or LeaK —Do not touch spilled liquid.
— Stop leak if without risk
— Use water spray to reduce vapors
— Large Splllt: Dike for later disposal.
— Small Spills: Take up with sand, earth or other
noncombustible, absorbent material
First AIG —Remove victim to fresh air. Call for emergency medical
care. Elfects ol contact or inhalation may be delayed.
— If victim is not breathing, give artificial respiration.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.
— If victim contacted material, immediately flush skin or
eyes with running water lor at least 15 minutes.
— Remove contaminated clothes
— Keep victim warm and quiet.
Figure A-20. Typical entry from Hazardous Materials Emergency Action
Gu i de (18).
A-36
-------
Additional Follow-up Action
-For more detailed assistance in controlling the hazard, call Chemtrec
(Chemical Transportation Emergency Center) toll free (800) 424-9300.
You will be asked for the following information:
• Your location and phone number.
• Location of the accident.
• Name of product and shipper, if known.
• The color and number on any labels on the carrier or cargo.
• Weather conditions.
• Type of environment (populated, rural, business, etc.)
• Availability of water supply.
-Adjust evacuation area according to wind changes and observed effect on
population.
Water Pollution Control
-Prevent runoff from fire control or dilution water from entering streams or
drinking water supply. Dike for later disposal. Notify Coast Guard or
Environmental Protection Agency of the situation through Chemtrec or your
local authorities.
Immediate •
Danger /
Area '
\
Probable Ignition Area-
Flammable Materials Only
Evacuation Table — Based on Prevailing Wind of 6-12 mph.
Approximate
Size of Spill
Distance to Evacuate
From Immediate
Danger Area
For Maximum Safety,
Downwind Evacuation
Area Should Be
200 square feet 360 yards (432 paces) 2 miles long, 1 mile wide
400 square feet
600 square feet
530 yards (636 paces) 3 miles long, 2 miles wide
650 yards (780 paces) 4 miles long, 2 1/2 miles wide
800 square feet 760 yards (912 paces) 5 miles long, 3 miles wide
In the event of an explosion, the mini num safe distance from flying fragments
is 2.000 feet m all directions.
Figure A-20. (continued).
A-37
-------
Cargo
CHEMICAL WASTE-
ACID LIQUID IN BULK
Nature of Hazard
Protective Devices
Corrosive
Attack! clothing
Contact with liquid can causa skin burns, and possibly severe damage to eyes and air paasagei.
Do not breathe vapour.
May react with moist air to produce a mist which has strongly Irritant effect on eyes, akin, and air
passages.
Attacks many metals to give hydrogen which is inflammable, and can give rise to explosive
mixtures.
May react with combustible substances creating fire or explosion hazard, and the formation of toxic
fumes
Se>'«re poisoning, perhaps fatal if swallowed
Symptoms may develop after several hours.
Suitable respiratory protective device
Goggles giving complete protection to eyes
Plastic or synthetic rubber gloves, apron, and boots
Eyewash bottle with clean water
EMERGENCY ACTION - Notify Police and Fire Brigade immediately
Stop engine.
Keep public away from danger area
Mark roads and warn other road users
Keep upwind.
Spiilage
Avoid all contact with skin, clothing and leather footwear.
Shut off leaks if without risk.
Neutralise spillage with lime or soda ash if available.
Contain liquid with sand or earth — call an expert.
Prevent liquid entering sewers, vapour may create toxic atmosphere.
If substance enters water course, sewer, or contaminates soil or vegetation
advise Police.
Cover sewers — ensure that basements are evacuated.
Subsequently flush road with water. Do not allow to enter sewers or drains.
If vapour cloud drifts towards populated area, warn inhabitants.
Fire
First aid
Keep containers cool with water spray if exposed to fire.
If substance in eyes, immediately wash out with plenty of water for several minutes.
Remove contaminated clothing immediately, and wash affected skin with plenty of
water.
Seek medical treatment when anyone has symptoms apparently due to inhalation,
swallowing, or contact with skin or eyes. Applies to fumes produced in a fire.
Even if no symptoms are present, send to a doctor and show this card.
TELEPHONE: REDLAND PURLE LIMITED,
Telephone No:
AND QUOTE RPDS No. ON DRIVER'S WORK TICKET.
Figure A-21. Example tremcard (22).
A-38
-------
ACETALDEHYDE
AAD
Common Svnonymi
Acetic aldehyde
Elhinal
Watery liquid
Color-tea
Sharp, fruity odor
Floats and mixes with water. Flammable, irritating vapor is produced.
Boiling point is 69° F.
Avoid contact with liquid and vapor. Keep people .iwav.
Wear goggles and self-contained breathing apparatus
Shut off ignition sources and call fire department.
Slay upwind and use water spray to "knock down" vapor.
Slop discharge if possible.
Isolate and remove discharged material.
Notify local health and pollution control agencies.
Fire
FLAMMABLE
Flashback along vapor trail may occur.
Vapor may explode if ignited in an enclosed am.
Wear goggles and self-contained breathing apparatus.
Combat tires from safe distance or protected location.
Extinguish with dry chemical, alcohol foam, or carbon dioxide.
Water may be ineffective on lire.
Cool exposed containers with water.
Exposure
CALL FOR MEDICAL AID.
VAPOR
Irritating to eyes, nose and throat.
li inhaled, will cause nausea, vomiting, headache, difficult breathing,
or loss of consciousness.
Move In fresh nir.
If brc.iihmc has slopped, give .irlinci.nl respiration.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen.
LIQUID
Will burn skin and eyes.
Harmful If swallowed.
Remote confrnmnalcd clothing jnd thoes
I lush al faded .ircas with plenty of wjicr.
IF IN EVES, hold evelids open ami flush with plenty of water
IF S\\ ALLO\vF.D and victim is CONSCIOUS, lute Victim drink w.ilcr
or milk.
Water
Pollution
HARMFUL TO AQUATIC LIFE IN VERY LOW CONCENTRATIONS.
May be dangerous if it enters water intakes.
Nulil* Incat health anil "iK'lile oii'.ojK
Noun operators »i ni-jiut water niuki-N
Figure A-22. Typical entry from CHRIS Volume I (23)
A-39
-------
UD
ACETALDEHYDE
Flr«
Expo«ur«
Water
Pollution
Mil *_*n »>*•
MAftMTUL 1O MJWAfK LM •) VUT LOM OOMCBVT«Ana**
1 CMIMIOU DCHCUIKM1
i NttttN NA£Mt3
i tm WUMOS
«•• -»••> t i ->••» ot
amuai njcrmn
i ICUCTU H
f Hi-rT* "•—-trtj P—-m
a MUtfo UUUHUII COM
4 K. t. L-M •*
it NUMB cuamanoiis
u nrmeM in atone* raonma
<»f t
• I t) •
Figure A-23- Typical entry from CHRIS - Volume 2 (23),
A-40
-------
ACETALDEHYDE
AAD
13.17 SflTURRTCO LIQUID DENS1TT 13.18 LIQUID HCHT CRPKCITr
^
.,
^ Ss
V
.
^
"• ^
X
^ ^^
r~ ^ ^
f
^
-••»«•« i* i* a • • « tf • m tit
ID^LJTujC in TO*WTUK ""i
13.19 LIQUID THCRMflL CONOUCTIVITr 13.20 LIQUID VISC05ITI
13.21 SOLUBILITl IN HfliTR 13.22 SflTURHTEO VflPOR PRCSSuRE
MISCI8CE - 10' -
S
'
;s
• M • !•
13.23 SHTURHTCD VflPOR DENSITY 13.21 IDCflL GRS HEflT CflPRCITr
C
J :-:
:z~- =
^
—
— 0 •»'
_
7"
..-
s
/
^_ -
TDTOWniK in TP»t*«Tl*C if.
Figure A-23. (continued).
-------
*1. TADS Accession No.
2. Material Name
3. Synonyms
k. Trade Names
5. Chemical Formula
*6. Species in Mixture
7. SIC Code
8. Common Uses
*9. Rail (fc)
*10. Barge U)
*ll. Truck (*)
*12. Pipeline (*)
13* Containers
1*4. Shipment Size
15. General Storage Procedures
*16. General Handling Procedures
*17. Personal Safety Precautions
18. Production Sites
*19. Use Areas
20. Hydrolysis Product Of
*2l. % Additive
22. Flammabi1ity
23. Explosiveness
2k. Air Pollution
*25. Action Levels
*26. Field Detection, Limit (ppm) Techniques
*27- Laboratory Detection Limit (ppm). Techniques
28. Major Hazards
29. Standard Codes
30. Melting Point (°C)
31. Melting Characteristics
32. Boiling Point (°C)
33. Boiling Characteristics
3k. Solubility (ppm 25°C)
35. Solubility Characteristics
36. Specific Gravity
37. Probable location and state of material
38. Binary Reactants
39. Lower Flammabi1ity Limit (%)
kO. Upper FlammabiIity Limit U)
(Asterisk indicates non-searchable components, for display only)
Figure A-2A. Listing of subject headings for OHM-TADS (2A).
A-42
-------
41. Toxic Combustion Products
42. Extinguishing Methods
43. Lower Explosive Limit (%)
44. Upper Explosive Limit (%)
45. Flash Point ( C)
46. Auto Ignition Point ( C)
47. Inhalation Limit (Value)
48. Inhalation Limit (Text)
43. Irritation Levels (Value)
50. Irritation Levels (Text)
51. Direct Contact
52. General Sensation
53. Lower Odor Threshold (ppm)
54. Lower Odor Threshold (Text)
55> Medium Odor Threshold (ppm)
56. Medium Odor Threshold (Text)
57. Upper Odor Threshold (ppm)
58. Upper Odor Threshold (Text)
59* Lower Taste Threshold (ppm)
60. Lower Taste Threshold (Text)
6). Medium Taste Threshold (ppm)
62. Medium Taste Threshold (Text)
63. Upper Taste Threshold (ppm)
64. Upper Taste Threshold (Text)
65. Corrosiveness
66. Synergistic Materials
67. Antagonistic Materials
68. Degree of Hazard to Public Health
69- Exchange Capacity with Natural Soils
70. Industrial Fouling Potential
71. Effect on Water Treatment Process
72. Direct Human Ingest ion (mg/kg wt)
*73- Reference for Direct Human Ingestion
74. Recommended Drinking Water Limits (ppm)
*75. Reference for Recommended Drinking Water Limits
76. Body Contact Exposure (ppm)
*77« Reference for Body Contact Exposure
78. Fresh Water Toxicity
79. Limiting Water Quality
80. Salt Water Toxicity
8). Animal Toxicity
82. Livestock Toxicity (ppm)
*83- Reference for Livestock
84. Waterfowl (ppm)
Figure A-24. (continued).
A-43
-------
*85. Reference for Waterfowl
86. Aquatic Plants (ppm)
*8?. Reference for Aquatic Plants
88. Irrigable Plants (ppm)
*89. Reference for Irrigable Plants
90. Major Species Threatened
91. Acute Hazard Level
92. Etiological Potential
93- Emergency Water Quality Std (ppm)
9*i. Prolonged Human Contact (ppm)
*95. Reference for Prolonged Human Contact
96. Potential for Accumulation
97' Chronic Aquatic Toxicity Limits (ppm)
*98. Reference for Chronic Aquatic Toxic Limit
99' Taste Imparting Characteristics (ppm)
*100. Reference for Taste Imparting Characteristics
101. Chronic Animal Toxicity Limits (ppm)
*102. Reference for Chronic Animal Toxicity Limits
103. Chronic Waterfowl Toxicity Limits (ppm)
*\0k. Ref. for Chronic Waterfowl Toxicity Limits
105. Chronic Plant Toxicity Limits (ppm)
*106. Ref. for Chronic Plant Toxicity Limits
107. Soil Transformation Properties
108. BOD (lb/lb)
109. In Situ Amelioration
110. Beach and Shore Restoration
Mil. Availability of Countermeasure Material
112. Disposal Methods
*113. Disposal Notification
114. Chronic Hazard Level
115' Food Chain Concentration Potential
116. Persistency
117. Major Water Uses Threatened
118. Adequacy of Data
119. Carcinogenic!ty
120. Mutagenicity
121. Teratogenicity
122. Color in Water
123. Fields Containing Data
Figure A-24. (continued).
-------
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD I! I
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF FIGURES viil
LIST OF TABLES xli
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiv
SECTION
I INTRODUCTION 1
II CONCLUSIONS 5
III RECOMMENDATIONS 8
IV METHODOLOGY FOR SPILL CONTROL 10
CHAPTER 1 - NOTIFICATION II
1.1 General II
1.2 Pertinent Federal Regulations II
CHAPTER 2 - INFORMATION SOURCES 2A
2.1 Introduction 2k
2.2 EPA Oil t Hazardous Materials Technical
Assistance Data System 24
2.3 US Coast Guard CHRIS 33
2.4 Interagency Radiological Assistance
Plan 35
2.5 US Coast Guard National Strike Force 36
2.6 US Army Technical Escort Center Chemical
Emergency Response Team 36
2.7 Chemical Transportation Emergency Center 37
2.8 NACA Pesticides Safety Team Network 38
2.9 Transportation Emergency Assistance Plan 39
2.10 Chlorine Emergency Plan 39
2.11 Information Retrieval Systems 1*0
2.12 National Emergency Equipment Locator
System 1*0
2.13 National Analysis of Trends for
Emergencies System 41
2.14 Useful Guides and Reference Handbooks 41
Figure A-25- Table of contents from Manual for Control of Hazardous
Material Spills - Volume 1.
A- 45
-------
CONTENTS (continued)
SECTION
CHAPTER 3 - IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT
3.1 General
3.2 Directions for the First Man on Scene
3.3 Directions for the OSC
CHAPTER 4 - DETERMINATION OF THE BEST METHOD FOR
SPILL HANDLING
4.1 General
4.2 Containment of Spilled Materials
A.3 Collection of Spilled Materials
4.4 Decision on Spill Handling
4.5 Handling a Spill by Hauling
4.6 Handling by Dilution and Dispersal
4.7 Handling by Treatment on Site
CHAPTER 5 - SAFETY CONSIDERATION & PROCESS DESIGN
5.1 General
5.2 Available Equipment Sources
5.3 Safety Precautions
5.4 System Design Criteria
CHAPTER 6 - PROCESS CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
6.1 General
6.2 Filtration
6.3 Carbon Adsorption
6.4 Ion Exchange
6.5 Gravity Separation
6.6 Chemical Reaction
CHAPTER 7 - PROCESS COMPONENTS & TREATMENT CHEMICALS
7.1 General
7.2 Process Pumps
7.3 Process Tanks
7.4 Process Components and Flow Control
7.5 Chemical Feed Components
7.6 Air Compressors and Blowers
7.7 Selection of Corrosion Resistant
Materials of Construction
7.8 Information on Treatment Chemicals
7>9 Suppliers Information
7.10 Calculation Aids and Definitions
93
93
93
108
117
124
125
125
185
185
188
188
195
239
239
239
253
267
281
304
336
336
336
359
373
382
390
390
399
423
427
Figure A-25- (continued).
A-46
-------
CONTENTS (continued)
SECTION Page
CHAPTER 8 - STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES DURING CLEANUP 439
8.1 Sampling Procedures 439
8.2 Records 445
V METHODOLOGIES FOR SPILL PREVENTION 447
In Plant Prevention 447
Spill Prevention During Transport 455
Safety or Prevention Devices 462
REFERENCES 467
Figure A-25. (continued).
A-47
-------
SUBSTANCE/FORMULA
Mtethyl Sulloild*. SM
Dicntthyl Sulfoiid*
684 N-M*thyl-N.2.4.6-TMr«nitro-
•nilin* C7HBN508
695 Methyl p-TolwnMulfontu
CH3C6H4SO3CH3
696 Methyl Vinyl Ettwt
HjC-CH-O-CHs
697 M...4 AcMh
9
iniol.
m«ol
•1 Ml
lol.
» w(
oe
Oth«
Son-cnU
•1 »l
bi . ale
org tolv
•Ic.
•Ic
Off. »tv
MIK. H*«
MCA
BOH,
MCA.MGB
I
-c-
oo
Figure A-26. Typical listing from the Laboratory Disposal Manual (29).
-------
MCA CHEM-CARD —Transportation Emergency Guide
NITROGEN TETROXIDE
(N-two-O-four)
A brown, corrosive liquid; yellow to brown fumes; strong odor
HAZARDS
FIRE
Strong oxidizer. May cause fire on contact with combustibles,
including clothing. Reaction with fuels may be violent.
CVD/"\Cl IDC Vapor may cause severe lung and eye damage and
tArUoUiAU i . i ,. • • •• i i
I skin burns, liquid causes severe skin ana eye burns.
IF THIS HAPPENS
DO THIS
Shut off ignition. Evacuate area. Keep public upwind.
OP ^se self'cor|ta'necl breathing apparatus and impermeable
full protective clothing to enter spill area. Flush area with
I C Al^ water using spray or Tog nozzle. Shut off leak if without
risk.
' T i •
vj
V*'
Use water spray or fog nozzle. Do not use carbon tetra-
chloride. Cool tank with water.
EXPOSURE
Remove to fresh air. If not breathing apply artificial res-
piration, oxygen. Immediately flush affected parts with
plenty of water; remove contaminated clothing and shoes.
Get prompt medical attention for any exposure. Effects
may be delayed.
bel»e»c3 reliable, ifif Aiiotm-on
ut Atenge. Nw. W»jfnn|lon. D C ?0009,
information n, m in c«ei. correct OT lufli
°f 3n MCA CHEM-Card - Transportation Emergency
-------
CARGO INFORMATION CARD
AMMONIA, ANHYDROUS
Compressed, liquefied gas; extremely pungent odor. Liquid is
clear and colorless. Gas is colorless and lighter than air.
CARGO TRANSFER — Use authorized personnel only, properly protected.
HAZARDS
FIRF an exP'00
-------
Flash Point Index of Trade Name Liquids
Ninth Edition
-A -
fink fatal Principal Uiei
Manufacturer
tefer*nce
A-12
A-*4
A-1M
AB-515
A-l« Chaseis Stencil
Ink
A-ll Chassis Stencil
Cleaner
A.A.I., Animal Arc*
Insecticide
Aba IT*
ABATE
A bat* 4-K
Abate »-E
Abate 200-E
Abate 500-E
Abbott "Leather-
neck" Floor Flnl.h
A. B. D. Solvent
No. 7
A. B. D. Solvent
No. IS
A. B. D. Solvent
No. *•
Abltol
Abltol «*T
Abitol MX
Abltol «OX
Abeorptlon Oil
Acaraben IK 4E
Accelerator B
Accelerator Ml
Accelerator 0*4
Accelerator 045
ISS F
12* FOG
175 r
235 FOC
47 f
27 f
147 F PMCC
above
JOO F TOC
140 F OC
U7 F CC
io» PCX;
IU F CC
142 r CC
IP] F
100 F
•n FCC
52 F
above
JOO FTOC
»2 F Seta CC
115 FTCC
UO F Seta CC
I2S F CC
104 F TCC
45 F OC
11* C CC
115 C OC
280 C CC
rubber accelerator
aolveot
rubber accelerator
detergent inter-
mediate
inateueide
fuel oil additive
inaerticide dt
larvictde.
loacc'.icuie A
larvicide
inaecucide- A
tarvictde
inaecticide &
larvictde
Boor varmAh
•olvent for brake
lining fixture
aoivent for brake
lining fixture
•olvent for brake
liotng fixture
absorption oil
insecticide
catalyst
accelerator for
epoxy rduns A
anh> dnde hard-
ener syitem
accelerator for
epoxy resins 4c
anhydride hard-
ener system
accelerator for
cylloaliphatic
epoxy /an hy dnde
system
Monaanto Co.
Anchor Chemical Co..
Inc.
Monaanto Co.
Conoco Chemicals
Puritan Chemical Co.
Hercules. Inc.
Penetone Corp.
American Cyaoamld Co.
American C>anamld Co.
Arnerlcan CyanAmld Co.
American Cyaoamld Co.
Abbott Co.
American Brake Block
American Brake Block
American Brake Block
Herculee. Inc.
Hercules, Inc.
Hercules, Inc.
Hercules, Inc.
Texaco Canada Ltd.
Clba-Celfty Corp.
Afirlcultural Ulv.
Rohm Bt lisas Co.
Clba-Geloy Corp.
Clba-CJelo Corp.
Clba-Celey Corp.
Mir
Mfr.
Mfr.
Mfr.
g
u
Mfr.
Mtr.
Mfr
Mfr.
Mir
Mfr
Mfr.
4
t
4
4
Mfr.
Mfr.
M(r
Mfr
Mfr.
Mfr
Mfr.
Mfr
Mfr
Mfr
Figure A-29. A typical entry from Section 1: Flash point index of trades
names of the Fire Protection Guide On Hazardous Materials (21).
A-51
-------
Ac*llc AcK n— rSopyl
Eihw
Ac. Ik Aloohyo*
Acetic AnhyoVttfo
ICM,COI,O
lftt.or.c-c Anhydride)
Ac*ll< fttor
Acvtlc Elhor
Ac*ta*c*tonllWa
CM,COCM,COMHC4H,
e— Ac*N.acel Anl.ldld*
CH|COCH,CONMC«.
M4OCM,
A c* tcto c« t— par*— Ptt • na tio*
CH|COCM,CONMC,M,.
OCM,CH|
Anloaot— orH>o— TeliiUM*
OlCOCMjCONHC.H.CHl
m— Ac*loac*l Xyllcfro.
CH,COCM,CONHC.-
M,ICM,|,
Ac*looc*ll> AcM. t*yl
tilor
Acere*rhylomlp«. - 1 1 .||
S** Propyl Acetol*.
S.. A«,old-.,d..
120 600 103 II 35
149) 1316)
No.. S.. Hoiotdowi Ch*nriolt Ooto
S*« Ethyl AMIOI*.
S*« Ethyl Ac*tot*.
365 Mb
II 151 -.It*,,
loci point
Not* M.lti.g poml 113 1151
325 l.lfe 70
11681 r..ll,n,
Not* MMtng pottil 1179 117) """
325 l.o*
II 631
Not., MctlMcj pont 210-219 199 I04|.
320
II 601
Not* Molting pcknt 214 ' 1 0 1 1
340 1 2
(171)
Nor. M*rhng poxl 197 1921
&•• fthyl Ac*looc«lol».
S.. N— fthyloc.lor.-d..
-4 169 2.15 13 08 20
1-20) 14631
(Und. lob. Clou 90)
165 1270 22 120 09 2.5
Nol*i So* Hotordowi Chomrcoli Oolo
(6) (524)
loci
Noi.: So* Hoiordowl Ch*m.
frolhng. ~
Wale, or loom rray 210*
COWM frofhing. ™
n
WoKtr or (oor. tMy ] 1 1 C
COWM frothing. C
C
Water or loam «oy 2 1 1
COWM frothmg. Q
01
Alcohol" foam. J 1 0 S
Walet or loam may
cawM rrorhfcng. Qp
11 ' • _
O
V.
Water may be 1 3 0
Akohol" foom. Q
Tl
'Akohol" foom. 4 1 2 =
i
o
Akohol" foam >
Akohol" foam. 1 1 0 >
3
r
m
1 2 0 £
C
G
' ' /'
>
X
Do not -*• waf»r 1 3 1** X
\
Slop How of got. < 4 } —
J.
CrJ
X
S
hazard properties of
; Fire Protection Guide
On Hazardous Materials (21).
A-52
-------
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
0*H Mo. Q4.SA13
HAZAI
INSTRUCTIONS: Submit this report in dup
Transportation. Washington. D.C. 20590,
item under Section H, "Remark*", keyin
may be obtained from the Secretary, Ha*i
A
1
C
0
E
F
tDOUS MATERIAL
licale to the Secreta
(ATTN Op. Div.).
; to the entry number
rdous Materials Regu
$ INCIDENT REPORT
y, Hazardous Material! Regulations Board. Department of
being completed. Copies of this form, in limited quantities,
lations Board. Additional copies in this prescribed format
apvr.
INCIDENT
1. TYPE OF OPERATION
1'~]AIR 2Q1 HIGHWAY 3~]RAIL 4 Q] WATER
2. DATE AND TIME Of INCIDENT (Month • O*r • Y*">
a.m.
p.«.
, . FREIGHT _ . OTHER
5 mBWABI-lFB 6 'frf.nr//r>
3. LOCATION OF INCIDENT
REPORTING CARRIER, COMPANY OR INDIVIDUAL
4. FULL NAME
«. TYPE Of VEHICLE OB FACILITY
SHIPMENT INFORMATION
7. NAME AND ADDRESS OF SHIPPER lO'if"
arfdret •>
». SHIPPING PAPER IDENTIFICATION NO.
DEATHS. INJURIES, LOSS AND DAMAGE
6 NAME AND ADDRESS OF CONSIGNEE fDtfnnmiion metdmti
'" 'CARRIER ^SHIPPER
'~ "] OTHER
i /d*nn ty)
DUE TO HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INVOLVED
NUMBER PERSONS KILLED
14. ESTIMATED TOTAL QUANTITY OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS RELEASED
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INVOLVED
IS. CLASSIFICATION
(Sac. 172.4)
NATURE OF PACKAGING FAILURE
It, (Cd.clr mil applicant* fco«.D
1 11 DROPPED IN HANDLING
141 WATER DAMAGE
(71 EXTERNAL HEAT
, ... DEFECTIVE FITTINGS.
VALVES. OR CLOSURES
113) BOTTOM FAILURE
1 '61 CHIME FAILURE
p'orm DOT F 5800.1 (10-70)
13. ESTIMATED AMOUNT OF LOSS AND OR
lollmr,)
1
16. SHIPPING NAME
(S.e. 17J.5)
1 7. TRADE NAME
121 EXTERNAL
PUNCTURE
ISl DAMAGE FROM OTHER LIQUID
181 INTERNAL PRESSURE
( til LOOSE FITTINGS. VALVES OR
CLOSURES
M4I BODY OR SIDE FAILURE
I 171 OTHER CONDITIONS Hdiniily;
131 DAMAGE BY OTHER FREIGHT
(61 FREEZING
19> CORROSION OR RUST
1 12) FAILURE OF INNER
RECEPTACLES
I 151 WELD FAILURE
)». SPACE FOK DOT USE ONLY
Figure A-31. U.S. Department of Transportation Guide
for preparing hazardous materials incidents reports.
j
A-53
-------
PACKAGING INFORMATION - // motm rh«n • n*.rf,d. uav Section M "K.»fn«r*»" ht>Jow fcry.ntf f.
ifMK number.
ITEM
TYPE OF PACKAGING INCLUDING INNER
RECEPTACLES fSr»»/ drum., ivoodcn boi.
CAPACITY OR WEIGHT PER UNIT
' 35 fcllon*. 63 /be.. *rc.J
NUMBER OF PACKAGES FROM WHICH
MATERIAL ESCAPED
NUMBER OF PACKAGES OF SAME TYPE
IN SHIPMENT
OOT SPECIFICATION NUMBER'S) ON
PACKAGES 'HP. I7E. 3AA. rlt.. of none)
SHOW ALL OTHER OOT PACKAGING
MARKINGS (P*rl 171)
NAME. SYMBOL. OR REGISTRATION
BER OF PACKAGING MANUFACTURE
NUM- I
EH I
SHOW SERIAL NUMBER OF CYLINDERS.
CARGO TANKS. TANK CARS. PORTABLE
TANKS
TYPE OOT LABELISI APPLIED
IF RECONDITIONED
OR
REOUALlFIEO. SHOW
REGISTRATION
NO. OR SYMBOL
DATE OF LAST
TEST OF INSPEC
TlON
if SHIPMENT IS UNDER OOT OR USCG
SPECIAL PERMIT. ENTER PERMIT NO.
• 3
M REMARKS - Describe essential facts ol in< irli-nt including lull ri"t limited to defec-ls. clam.n'r. prubablc- i .ui-.i . SI»VV.IKP.
rfi'tlun taken 'it the lime discovered, and action taken t > ^ri-vcnt future incidents, lit lude ^ny r<>cofnmrntfdti»ns ti> improve
ptirkagmK. handling, or transportation of hazardous m.itcnals. F'h'ii«t'rnphs and diagram* should be submitted when
rtf *-ssary for clarification.
11. NAME OF PERSON PREPARING REPORT (Typ* or print}
). TELEPHONE NO.
32. SIGNATURE
14. DATE REPORT PREPARED
Reverse ..( Form DOT F S800.I (10-70)
Figure A-31. (continued)
-------
STATE DIVISION OF EMERGENCY GOVERNMENT 608/266-3232
U.S. NATIONAL RESPONSE CENTER 800/424-6802
CHEMTREC/PESTICIOES 800/424-9300
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
2239
•'.«.! W.V'HMWiTTI
|501
10
DATE OF INCIDENT (V/M/D)
TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS INCIDENT REPORT FORM
FORM 3200-47 8-77
6] TIME OF INCIDENT (24 HR)
4| INUOtNl HbMDHIbU I
(AGENCY)
DATE INCIDENT REPORTED
TIME INCIDENT REPORTED
INCIDENT INVESTIGATED BY 3
AGENCY TELEPHONE NUMBER IO
DATE INCIDENT INVESTIGATED
TIME INCIDENT INVESTIGATED 4
ONR DISTRICT/AREA INVOLVED 3
COUNTY OF INCIDENT LOCATION
TOWN, RANGE, SECTION, Vk. Wi* SECTION
T N, R E. . ,
10 EXACT LOCATION DESCRIPTION (HIGHWAY INTERSECTION, MILEAGE, ETC.)
MADISON USE ONLV
502 R6
R8
SUBSTANCE OR TRADE NAME OF MATERIALS) INVOLVED 52
QUANTITY LOST
7IUNITS
MAD SOts
USE ONLY
18
PERSON OR FIRM RESPONSIBLE FOR INCIDENT
50ITELEPHONE NUMBER
503
R6
R8
MADISON
USE ONLY"
TTT
ZIP CODE T
18
P.O. BOX. STREET OR ROUTE
32 CITY
23
STATE
504
MAO
505
R6
SON USE ONLY
R6J
R8
IB
R8
CAUSE OF INCIDENT 4
DISTANCE TO NEAREST WELL 4
FT.
DISTANCE TO NEAREST 4
SURFACE WATERS
FT.
LlS'f HAZARDS. INJURIES OR DEATHS TO HUMANS 3
SURFACE WATERS AFFECTED 2
CDYES CD NO CD POTENTIAL
GROUND WATERS AFFECTED 2
CDYEsCDNO CDPOTENTIAL
NAME OF SURFACE WATER AFFECTED 2T]
URAINAUt 3
BASIN
LIST HAZARDS TO VEGEI AT ION, F- IbH. BIKUb UK WILUUlt-E *
DNR:
CUlMo Action Taken
1 ] Investigation Only
1 1 Containment Only
HI Containment & Cleanup
CD Cleanup Only
CD Disposal
CD Enforcement
LJ Splller Required to Take Action
CD Contractor Hired by DNR
CD Splller Billed for Expenses
CD Contractor Hired by Splller
CD Other Action
CD Yes D No D N/A SPCC
ACTION TAKEN BY
SPILLER:
CD No Action Taken
CD No Notification Made
I I Delayed Notification
CD Containment Only
I— 1 Containment & Cleanup
CD Cleanup Only
CD Disposal
Plan
ADDITIONAL REMARKS:
MADISON OFFICE COPY
Figure A-32. State of Wisconsin toxic and
hazardous incident report form.
-------
APPENDIX B - WASTE STREAMS
The general applicability of hazardous spill response manuals to hand-
ling hazardous waste streams has been addressed in the body of this report.
A more in-depth evaluation has been prepared and the detailed results are
presented in this Appendix. The three complete response manuals identified
were considered and the chemicals which they addressed were utilized in the
review. The three sources were 1) OHM-TADS, (Oil and Hazardous Materials
Tehcnical Data Assistance System), 2) CHRIS, (Chemical Hazards Response In-
formation Systems and 3) the EPA Manual for Control of Hazardous Material
Spills, Volume 1. The CHRIS review was limited to the approximately 400
chemicals included in the currently available Volume 2 - Hazardous Chemical
Data. Additional chemicals have been added to the "CHRIS List". However the
data are not published. Therefore, the current manual was the one reviewed.
The results have been presented in two forms. First, a summary table
presents the waste streams and a general comment regarding the manuals use-
fulness in handling the specific hazardous waste constituents (Table B-1) .
The second table presents the waste stream components and a general rating
regarding whether or not they are addressed by the manual. This detailed
evaluation allows reference to a specific component of a given waste stream
and provides much additional information.
In general, it was difficult to evaluate the manuals' applicability be-
cause many of the waste stream constituent identifications were non specific.
This was true of categories such as hazardous solvents, toxic pigments, dye
stuff, solvents, chlorinated and non-chlorinated materials, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, organic chlorides. Other problems were encountered when heavy
metals were involved. In these situations, the metal ion was identified but
not its corresponding anion. Therefore, it was not possible to determine
specifically if the needed information was available. In Table B-2, this
situation was addressed by identifying the number of metal salts included in
the different manuals. Finally, there were some pure materials which were
not addressed in any of the manuals. This fact was noted in the comments.
Another consideration is that the waste streams exist in various forms
and their variation in handling techniques due to physical differences is
not addressed in the manuals. Also, the impact of mixing different chemi-
cals together has not been considered. Therefore, when mixtures are invol-
ved, the proposed treatment processes must be carefully evaluated with
regard to potential interferences prior to their applications.
B-l
-------
TABLE B-1. SUMMARY OF RESPONSE MANUAL APPLICABILITY
TO HAZARDOUS WASTE STREAMS
Industry
Waste Stream
TEXTILES
I. Dye and Chemical
Containers
2. Waste Water Treatment
SIudges
3. Solvents and 'Solvent
Recovery Still Bettor
k. Waste Scavenging
Catalyst
5- Refinery Waters
6. Chlorinated Solvent
Reclaiming Operations
Hazardous Components
ApplicabiIi ty
Dyes tuff; Zinc Compounds
Dyes tuff; Chlorinated Organics;
Compounds of: Arsenic; Barium; Cadmium;
Chromium; Copper; Iron;
Lead; Magnesium; Manganese;
Mercury; Zinc
Flammables
Copper Chlorides; Oiphenyl Ether; Organics
Lead; Aluminum Chloride; Hydrochloric
Acid; Salts
Sludge containing Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
General categories, such as dyes tuffs,
salts, chlorinated organics, flammables,
or sludges containing chlorinated hydro-
carbons, are not specific enough to be
addressed in any manual. Metal compounds
are addressed mostly in OHM-TAOS and the
EPA manuals, although specific compounds
may or may not be Included. Oiphenyl
ether is not considered in any manual.
Both aluminum and copper chlorides are
not universally covered. Pure metals may
or may not be considered.
PLASTIC MATERIALS
& SYNTHETICS
7. Phenolic Resin Pro-
duction Wastes
8. Ami no Resin Produc-
tion Wastes
9. Polyester Production
Catalyst Waste
10. Still Bottom Wastes
from Solvent or
Monomer Tanks
Phenols
Formaldehyde
Antimony; Cadmium; Manganese
Solvents
General categories including various organ-
ic solvents, polymer solids, cuprammonium
wastes, phenols, solvents, and heavy met-
als are not specific enough to be addre-
ssed In any manual. The selenium and
manganese compounds were not addressed in
all three manuals. For the specific chem-
icals Included In this category, OHM-TAOS
had Information most consistently on alt
compounds. Dlthlocarbamate, aliphatic
mercury compounds, aromatic mercury com-
pounds, selenates, methyl mercuric chlo-
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
PLASTIC MATERIALS
& SYNTHETICS
(cant, from
previous page)
Waste Stre
II. Waste Solvents from
Silicone Resin Pro-
duction
12. Wastes from Dust
Control Equipment
13. Wastewater Treatment
Sludges
\k. Residuals from Manu-
facturing of Ethy-
lene Dlchloride.
Vinyl Chloride
15. Urethane Manufactur-
ing Wastes
16. Synthetic Rubber
Industry Wastes
I?. Pigment Wastes
18. Cellulose Ester
Production Wastes
19. Vinyl Resins Manu-
facturing Wastes
20. Rayon Fiber Production
Was tes
21. Other Synthetic Polymer
Wastes
Hazardous Components
Applicability
Solvents
01thlocarbamate; Ethylenedlamlne
Heavy Metals
Solvents; Chlorinated and Non-Chlori-
nated Materials (Ally) Chloride;
Methyl Mercuric Chloride)
Mercury; Aliphatic Mercury Compounds;
Aromatic Mercury Compounds
Nitrobenzene; Antimony Pentafluoride
Cadmium; Selenates; Selenium
Acetic Acid; Sulfuric Acid; Mercury
Chlorides; Methyl Methacrylate;
Ethyl Cellosolve
Phenols; Carbon Tetrachloride;
Chloroform
Zinc Chloride; Cuprammonium Wastes;
Copper; Sulfuric Acid; Ammonia
Adiponitrile; Polymer Solids; Various
Organic Solvents; Hydrogen Cyanide;
Phosgene; Toluene Disocyanate; Toluene
ride, and mercury chlorides were not Inclu-
ded in any of the manuals. Ethyl cello-
solve Is not a common chemical ten* and was
not addressed. Except for antimony penta-
flouride, the other pure chemical waste
stream components were considered In two or
three of the manuals reviewed.
con t i nued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Indus t ry
PHARMACEUTICALS
W.iste Strudm
22. Wastes from Organic
Medicinal Chemical
Manufacturi ng
Hazardous Components
CD
I
Xr-
a. Heavy Metals: Copper; Mercury;
Arsenic; Zinc;
Chromium; Selenium
b. Halogenated Waste Solvents:
Ethylene Dichloride; Methylene
Chloride
c. Non-Halogenated Waste Solvents:
Acetone; Hethanol; Isopropyl
Alcohol; Toluene; Benzene;
Acetoni trile; Xylene
d. Non-Halogenated Wastes from Manu-
facturing of Antibiotics:
Amy I Acetate; Butanol; Butyl Ace-
tate; MethylisobutyI Ketone; Ace-
tate; Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl
Ether
e. Non-Halogenated Wastes from Manu-
facturing of Botanicals: Met Hanoi;
Acetone; Ethanol; Chloroform;
Heptane; Naptha; Benzene
f. Non-Halogenated Wastes from Manu-
facturing of Medicine from Animal
Glands: Ethanol; Hethanol;
Acetone
g. Organic Chemical and Biological
Resi dues :
Terpenes; Steroids: Vitamins;
TranguiIi zers
Aqueous Ethanol; Antiviral Vaccine;
Toxoids; Serium; Various Contaminated
AppIi cab i Ii t y
The -iha riiacou t i ca I industry ,-jaste stream
is not covered to an extensive deqree by
OHM-TADS. CHRIS or the EPA manual.
OHM-TADS lists heavy metals, halogenated
waste solvents, and non-halogenated waste
solvents. Non-halogcnated wastes from
the manufacturing of antibiotics are not
consistently listed in any of the manuals.
OHM-TADS covered non-halogenated wastes
from botanicals and medicine manufactured
from animal glands. Organic chemical and
biological residues along with arsenic
wastes are not covered specifically by anv
of the manuals. OHM-TADS covers most
general organic chemical wastes. Heavy
metals include copper, mercury, arsenic,
zinc, chromium, and selenium. Some of
their salts are addressed in all manuals.
Halogenated waste solvents include ethy-
lene dichloride, methylene chloride and
are covered in OHM-TADS. Methylene di-
chloride, mononiethyl ether, terpenes, ste-
roids, vitamins, tranquiIizers, serium,
arsenylic acids, antiviral vaccine, tox-
oids, aliphatic mercury compounds, aroma-
tic mercury compounds, organic arsenites,
fluorobenzoic, activated carbon, tetra-
chlorethane, benzo trifluoride, and di-
phenylamine wastes are not listed by any
ot eh three manuals.
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
PHARMACEUTICALS
(cont. from
previous page)
Waste Stream
00
I
V/l
INORGANIC
CHEMICALS
23. Mercurial Wastes
24. Nitrite containing
Was tes
2$. Pharmaceutical
Arsenic Waste
26. Organic Chemical
Wastes
Hazardous Components
Mercury; Aliphatic Mercury Compounds;
Aromatic Mercury Compounds
Phosgene
Inorganic Arsenites; Organic Arsenites;
Arsenylic Acid; Sodium Chloride
Dimethyl Foramide; Methylethyl Ketone;
Acetonitrile; Caustic; Benzy(chloride;
Flurobenzoic Acid; Dichlorobenzene;
Trichlorobenzene; Activated Carbon;
Chlorobenzene; Toluene; Methanol;
Methylene Dichloride; Pyridine;
Tetrachtoroethane; Trichloroethylene;
Benzo-Trifluoride; Chlorosulfonic Acid;
Oiphenylamine Wastes
Appllcabllity
27. Diaphragm Cell Process:
Sludges from Brine
Treatment and Waste
Separation In the pro-
duction of Alkalles
and Chlorine
28. Mercury Cell Process:
Sludges, Muds and Filter
Cakes from Brine Puri-
fication, Process
Waste Treatment and Cell
Room Cleanup in the
production of Alkalies
and Chlorine
Lead; Asbestos; Chlorinated Hydrocar-
bons
Mercury; Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Inorganic chemicals cover a large variety
of hazardous compounds. Categories too
general to be covered by any manual incl-
ude chlorinated hydrocarbons, phosphates,
phenols, and organic chlorides. All met-
als have at least one compound listed in
every manual. OHM-TADS and EPA have the
most complete list of heavy metal compounds.
Pure metals may or may pot be considered.
Asbestos, aliphatic organomercury, nickel
carbonyl, chlorine trifluorine, chlorine
pentafluoride, bromine pentafluoride,
silicon terrafluoride, carbon tetrafluo-
ride, carbon dioxide, barium sulfide, tar,
tetranitromethane, dlphenylamine, amyl
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
INORGANIC
CHEMICALS
(coot, from
previous page)
Waste Stream
29. Filter Cakes and
Sludges from Waste-
water Treatment in the
production of Chrome
Colors and Other Pig-
ments
30. Wastewater Treatment
Sludge in the produc-
tion of Hydrofluoric
Acid
31. Wastewater Treatment
Sludge in the produc-
tion of Sodium Sllico-
fluorlde
32. Waste Treatment Huds
and Sludges In the
production of Chro-
mates
33- Waste Treatment Sludges
in the production of
Phosphorus
34. Chlorine Production
Brine Sludges
35. Inorganic Chemicals
36. Nickel Carbonyl
Production Wastes
37- Waste Chlorine
Trl fluoride
Hazardous Components
Chromium; Cadmium; Cyanide; Lead; Zinc
Appllcability
Fluoride
Fluoride
Chromium
Phosphorus; Phosphates; Arsenic
Mercury Salts; Aliphatic Organo-
mercury; Calcium Oxide; Asbestos;
Lead; Chlorinated Hydrocarbons;
Sulfurlc Acid
Dlborane; Pentaborane-9; Decaborane
Nickel Carbonyl
Chlorine; Trlfluorine
amlne, meta-nltrochlorobenzene, para-nitro-
chlorobenzene, hydrogen bromide, ammonium
silicofluoride, fluoracetlc acid, lead
carbonate, ammonium fluoride, ammonium
blfluoride, potassium fluoride, potassium
blfluorlde, sodium bifluorlde, trlchloro-
meltrane, and trichloromeltrene are not
included In any manual.
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
INORGANIC
CHEMICALS
(cont. from
previous page)
Waste Stream
7
38. Waste Chlorine Penta-
fluorlde
39. Waste Bromine
Pentafluorlde
40. Arsenic Production
Wastes
41. Co-Synthesis Methanol
Production Wastes
42. Contaminated Fluorine
43. Sodium Dichromate
Production Wastes
44. Waste from production
of Barium Compounds
45. Waste or Contaminated
Perchloric Acid
46. Wastes from production
of Mercuric Cyanide
47. Contaminated Antimony
Pentafluorlde
48. Fluorine Production
49. Ethylene via Thermal
Pyro lysis
Hazardous Components
Applicability
Chlorine Pentafluorlde
Bromine Pentafluorlde
Arsenates
Organic Chloride; Chromic Sulfate;
Zinc Chloride
Silicon Terrafluorlde; Carbon Tetra-
fluorlde; Hydrogen Fluoride; Carbon
Dioxide; Fluorine
Chromium Salts; Sodium Sulfate
Barium Carbonate; Barium Chloride;
Barium Cyanide; Barium Nitrate;
Barium Sulfide
Perchloric Acid
Mercuric Cyanide
Antimony Pentafluorlde
Hydrogen Fluoride; Fluorine
Phenols; Organic Chlorides
cont t nued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
INORGANIC
CHEMICALS
(coot, from
previous page)
Waste Stream
SO. Cumene Oxidation
Process Phenol Pro-
duction Wastes
Hazardous Components
Oichlorobenzene; Trlchlorobenzene; Tar
Appl icabi 1 i ty
00
51. Contaminated Tetra-
ni trome thane
52. Diphenylamlne Wastes -
Pharamaceutlcal Indus-
tries
53. Liquid (off-spec)
Toluene Dl-isocyanate
5^. Off-grade Halelc
Anhydride
55. Off-spec or Waste
Phenol
56. Organic Liquid
Contaminated Nitro-
benzene
57- Solid Off-Spec or
Overage Dlnltro-
phenol
58. Still Bottoms from
Halelc Anhydride
Manufacturers
59> Wastes from production
of Nltrochlorobenzene
60. Waste Stream from
Wasteweter treatment
Tetranltromethane
Oiphenylamlne
Toluene Ot-isocyanate
Halelc Anhydride
Phenol
Nitrobenzene; Aniline; Chlorobenzene;
Substituted Amy) Amine
Dlnltrophenol
Halelc Acid; Tars; Haleic Anhydride
Meta-N11 rochlorobenzene
Meta-HItrochlorobenzene; Para-Nitro-
ch lorobenzene
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
INORGANIC
CHEMICALS
(cant, from
previous page)
Waste Stream
61. Hydrogen Bromide
Wastes
62. Waste from Hydrogen
Hazardous Components
Hydrogen Bromide
Hydrogen Cyanide
Appl icabi 1 i ty
CD
Cyanide Production
63. Manufacturing Wastes
from Ammonium Slllco-
fluoride
64. From the manufacture
of Lead Nitrate, Ace-
tate and Carbonate
65. From the manufacture
of Sodium Azlde
66. Production Wastes
Phosphorous
67- Wastes from Fluoride
Salt Production
68. N-Butane Oehydrogen-
ation Burtadiene Pro-
duction Wastes
69. Formaldehyde Produc-
tion Wastes
70. Cyanide Production
Wastes
Ammonium SI IIcofluoride;
Fluoracetic Acid
Lead Carbonate; Lead Acetate; Lead
Nitrate
Sodium Azide
White or Yellow Phosphorous 309;
Sodium Phosphate 371; Sodium
Fluoride 359
Ammonium Fluoride; Ammonium Bi-
fluoride; Potassium Fluoride;
Potassium Blfluoride; Sodium Fluoride;
Sodium Bifluoride; Hydrofluoric Acid
Chromic Sulfate; Organic Chloride;
Sodium Sulfides 372
Chromic Sulfate; Carbon Tetrachlorlde;
Chloroform; Trlchloro-meltrane;
Trlchloromeltrene
Sodium Cyanate; Sodium Cyanide;
Sodium Hypochlorite
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
INORGANIC
CHEMICALS
(cont. from
previous page)
Waste Stream
?<• Potassium Chromate
Production Waste
Hazardous Components
Potassium Chrornate; Potassium Dichromate
Appli cabi1i ty
PRIMARY METALS
OB
I
72. Slurries and Sludges
from Primary Smelting
and Electrolytic
Refining of Copper
73- Digestion Residue
(Filter Cake) from
primary refining of
Tungsten
/
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
Waste Stream
PRIMARY METALS
(cont. from
previous page)
78. Decanter Tank Tar In
the smelting and re-
fining of ferrous metals
79. Electric Furnaces:
Dust from dry emissions
control in the smelting
and refining of ferrous
metals
80. Sludge from wet
emissions control in
the smelting and re-
fining of ferrous
metals
81. Process and wastewater
treatment sludges from
mills (primary, con-
tinuous casting, hot
rolling, tin plating,
galvanizing)
82. Hill scale from primary,
continuous casting, hot
rolling, cold rolling
mi I Is In the smelting
and refining of ferrous
metals
83. Pickle liquors from cold
rolling and galvanizing
mills in the smelting
and refining of ferrous
metals
Hazardous Components
Appllcabillty
Phenol; Oil and Grease
Lead
Chromium, Lead
Chromium; Copper Manganese; Nickel;
Lead; Zinc; Oil and Grease
Acid; Chromium; Copper; Manganese;
Nickel; Lead; Zinc
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
PRIMARY METALS
(cont. from
previous page)
Waste Stream
CD
N)
S't. Dust and sludges from
air pollution control
In the primary smelting
and refining of ferro-
manganese and silico-
manganese a)loys
85- Dust and sludges from
air pollution control
in the manufacture
of ferrochrome
86. Tailings from skull
plant in the manu-
facture of ferro-
n i eke I
87. Mercury Ore Extrac-
tion Wastes
88. Nickel Carbonyl
Production Wastes
89. Old or Contaminated
Thailium Sulfate or
Rodenticlde
90. Consolidated Steel
Wastes Sludge
91. Iron Manufacturing
Wastes; Sludge
Hazardous Components
Appli cabiIi ty
Zinc; Lead
Chrome; Lead
Copper; Zinc
Mercury
Nickel Carbonyl
Thallium; Thallium Sulfate
Phenols; Sodium Cyanide; Sodium
Fluorides; Ammonia; Sulfuric Acid;
Chromic Sulfate; Zinc Chloride;
Hydrochloridic Acid
Phenol; Ammonia; Sodium Cyanide
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
Waste Stream
PRIMARY METALS
(cant, from
previous page)
CD
I
92. Coke plant raw waste
sludge
93. Stainless steel
pickling liquor
94. Brass mill wastes
95. Arsenic Trloxide from
smelting Industry
wastes
96. Selenium production
wastes (particulates)
97* Thallium production
wastes
98. Beryllium production
'wastes
99. Zinc plating wastes
100. Waste Scavenging
Catalyst
101. From Laboratories and
Plants using Lead
Hazardous Components
Phenol; Sodium Cyanide; Ammonia 19;
Tar Acids; Thlocyanate; Thiosulfate;
Nitrogen Bases as Pyridlne; Hydrogen
Cyanide
Hydrofluoric Acid; Sulfurlc Acid;
Iron; Chromium; Nickel; Cobalt;
Nitric Acid
Copper Sulfate; Zinc; Sodium Dlchromate
Sulfurlc Acid; Bright Dip Liquor
Arsenic Trloxide; Selenium; Sulfuric
Acid; Hydrochloric Acid; Copper; Lead;
Mercury; Antimony
Selenium
Thallium
Beryllium Powder; Beryllium Carbonate;
Beryllium Chloride; Beryllium Hydroxide
Beryllium Oxide; Beryllium Selenate
Zinc plating; zinc cyanide; sodium
hydroxide; Hydrogen Cyanide
Copper Chlorides; Organ Ics (Dlphenyl
Ether)
Lead Carbonate; Lead Acetate; Lead
Nitrate
ApplIcabi 11ty
conti nued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry Waste Stream
PRIMARY METALS 102. Refinery Waters
(cont. from
previous page)
Lead;
Acid
Hazardous Components Applicability
Aluminum Chloride; Hydrochloric
CO
103. Refinery Brines
\0k. Wastes from Chlorinated
Solvent Reclaiming
Operations
105. Nickel Ore Extraction
106. Tube Manufacturing
Manganese Wastes
107. Metal Finishing Pickle
Liquor
108. Wire Drawing Waste
109. Copper Tube Extruding
Waste
110. Antimony and Antimony
Trioxide Waste from
smelting industry
111. Nickel Alloy Manu-
facturing Sludges
112. Aluminum and Copper
Roll ing Mi II
113- Cold Finishing Wastes
Lead; Other Salts
Sludge containing Chlorinated Hydro-
carbons
Nickel Sulfate; Sulfuric Acid;
Isobutyl Ketone; Hydrofluoric Acid
Sodium Hydroxide; Potassium Per-
Hanganate; Iron; Copper
Sulfuric Acid; Hydrochloric Acid
Copper; Alkaline Wetting Oils
Copper; Nickel; Hydrofluoric Acid;
Nitric Acid
Antimony; Antimony Trioxide; Antimony
Pentoxide
Nickel Sulfate; Copper Sulfate;
Sodium Fluoride; Sodium Hydroxide
Copper; Chromium; Aluminum; Sulfuric
Acid; Bichromate
Cyanide; Ferrous Sulfate; Sodium
Chromate; Zinc Chloride; Chlorinated
Solvents
cont inued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Waste Stream
Industry
PESTICIDES AND
EXPLOSIVES
(Organic Chemi-
cals)
CO
vn
}^k. Cadmium-Selenium
Pigment Wastes
115. Spent Wood Preserving
Liquid
116. Wastes from Dye
Manufacturing
117. Chromates Wastes
from Pigments and
1)8. Wastes from the
manufacture of
Chloropicrin
119. Wastes from the
manufacture of
Tetraethyl - and
Tetramethyl Lead
120. Wastes from Carbonated
Pesticide Manufactur-
ing and certain DOD
activities
121. Wastes from Production
of Phenoxy Herbicides
122. Contaminated Antimony
Trlfluoride
123. Contaminated Antimony
Pentafluorlde
Hazardous Components
Cadmium; Selenium; Selenates
Pentachlorophenol; water
Copper; Chromium; Phenols; Hydrogen;
Cyanide; Ami line; Disulfonic Acid
Chromates (Cr ); Chromic Hydroxide
Sludge; Sulfides; Diphenyiamine;
Chloropicrin
Tetraethyl Lead; Tetramethyl Lead
Manganese Thiocarbonate; Zinc; Bux Ten;
Carbaryl; Carbofuran
2,'i-D; 2,6-D; Mono & Trichloro Phenoxy;
Acetic Acids; 2,I|,5-T
Antimony Trifluoride
Antimony Pentafluoride
Applicability
Pesticides, herbicides, high explosive con-
taminated wastes, and wastes from propel I-
ant manufacturers are not adequately cover-
ed by any of the manuals. Dye manufactu-
ring wastes are best covered by OHM-TADS
but are included in CHRIS and
EPA to some extent. Selanates, water, di-
sulfonic acid, chromic hydroxide sludge,
diphenylamine, manganese thiocarbonate,
buxten, carbofuran, 2, 6-D. monophenoxy,
trichlorophenoxy, alpha methyl styrene,
TNT, HMX, TOX, PETN, TETRYL, RDX. PNC,
nitrocellulose, smokeless powder, lead
chromate, tetranitro methane, sodium nit-
rate, nitrotoluene, dinitrotoluene, lead
azide dextrinated, lead styphanate, man-
nitol hexanitrate, mercury fulminate, and
dinitro benzene furoxam are not included
in any manual. Chromates are listed in
the EPA manual but are not specific enough
for the other manuals. Sulfides, powdered
metals and nitro-phenols are too general
to be addressed by any manual.
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
PESTICIDES AND
EXPLOSIVES
(Organic Chemi-
cals)
}2k.
125-
Waste Stream
Contaminated PC8
High Explosive Con-
Hazardous Components
Polychlor inated Bi phenols; Alpha
Methyl Styrene
TNT; HHX; TDX; PETN; TETRYL; TDX
Appl icabi I i ty
laminated Solid
Wastes
126. Wastes from Solid
Propel I ant Manufac-
turing, PropeIIant
Contaminated Waste,
Industrial Propellant
Explosive Waste
127- Wastes from Manufacture
Jeletlnized (PNC); Nitro Cellulose;
Smokeless Powder; Single Base;
Multiple Base
Lead Carbonate; Lead Acetate;
128. Jet and Rocket Fuel
Storage and Use
Wastes
129. Waste Pyrotechnics
and Inclndlarles
130. Pyrotechnic and In-
clndtary Contaminated
Wastes
131- Contaminated Tetra-
ni tromethane
132. TNT - Red Water Waste
Hydrazlne
Powdered Metals; Phosphorous;
Tungsten; Potassium Perchlorate;
Barium Chromate; Lead Chromate
Phosphorous; Tungsten
Tetrani tromethane
Sodium Sulfite; Sodium Nitrite;
Sodium Nitrate; Nltrotoluene;
Dlnltrotoluent; Trinitrotoluene;
Acetic Acid
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
PESTICIDES AND
EXPLOSIVES
(Organic Chemi-
cals)
Waste Stream
133- Contaminated Wastes
from Manufacture of
Primary Explosives
Hazardous Components
Lead Azide Dextrinated; Lead Styphanate;
Hannltol Hexanltrate; Mercury Fulminate;
Potassium Dinitro Benzene Furoxam;
Nitro-Phenols
Applicability
PAINT AND
ALLIED PRODUCTS
CO
I
134. Cleanings and Waste-
water Treatment
Sludges from the Pro-
duction of Solvent-
thinned Trade Sales
Paints
135. Raw materials bags and
packages from the pro-
duction of solvent-
thinned trade sales
136. Cleanings and waste-
water treatment
sludges from the pro-
duction of water-
thinned trade sales
paints
137- Raw materials bags and
packages from the pro-
duction of water-thinned
trade sales paints
138. Cleaning and waste-
water treatment
sludges from the pro-
duction of lacquers
139. Raw materials bags and
packages from the pro-
duction of lacquers
Hazardous Solvents* and Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents" and Toxic Pigments
Toxic Pigments
Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents*
Hazardous Solvents*
Hazardous components contain lead comp-
ounds, chromium, cadmium, selenium, cya-
nides, mercury, hazardous solvents and
toxic pigments. Typical hazardous sol-
vents are: acetone, n-butyl acetate,
ethanol, diacetone alcohol, ethyl ace-
tate, heptane, hexane, isopropanol, methyl
ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl isobutyl ketone
(NIBK), methane!, mineral spirits, toluene,
VM and P naphtha, and xylene. Hazardous
solvents are too general to be listed
specifically in any of the manuals. Lead
carbonate, lead oxide, cleaners, resins,
selenates, and mineral spirits are not
listed in any of the manuals. Heavy met-
als are covered the most completely by
OHM-TADS. Both OHM-TADS and CHRIS list
the majority of the hazardous solvents and
toxic pigments. Some naptha are inclu-
ded in CHRIS but VM naptha and P naptha
are not listed explicitly.
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
PAINT AND
ALLIED PRODUCTS
(cont. from
previous page)
Waste Stream
140. Cleanings and waste-
water treatment
sludges from the pro-
duction of factory-
applied coatings
Hazardous Components
Hazardous Solvents" and Toxic Pigments
Appl icabi 1 i ty
09
I
1<*l. Raw materials bags and
packages from the pro-
duction of factory-
applied coatings
142. Air pollution control
residues from the pro-
duction of factory-
applied coatings
143. Spoi led batches from
the production of
factory-applied
coatings
144. Spills from the pro-
duction of factory-
applied coatings
145. Cleanings and waste-
water treatment
sludges from the pro-
duction of putty and
miscellaneous paint
products
146. Raw materials bags and
packages from the pro-
duction of putty and
miscellaneous paint
products
Hazardous Solvents" and Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents4 and Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents* and Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents* and Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents- and Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents* and Toxic Pigments
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
Waste Stream
PAINT AND
ALLIED PRODUCTS
(cont. from
previous page)
I
(3
I1!?. Air pollution control
residues from the pro-
duction of putty and
miscellaneous paint
products
1<|8. Spoiled batches from
the production of putty
and miscellaneous
paint products
1*49. Spills from the produc-
tion of putty and
miscellaneous paint
products
ISO. Paint Manufacture
S1udge
151. Solvent-Based Paint
Sludge
152. Water-Based Paint
Sludge
153. Cadmium-Selenium
Pigment Wastes
154. Typical Hazardous
Solvents are:
Hazardous Components
Hazardous Solvents" and Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents* and Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents4 and Toxic Pigments
Lead Carbonate; Lead Oxide; Cleaners;
Resins
Lead; Chromium; Cadmium; Selenium;
Cyanides
Chromium; Mercury
Cadmium; Selenium; Selenates
Acetone; N-Butyl Acetate; Ethanol;
Diacetone Alcohol; Ethyl Acetate; Hep-
tane; Hexane; Isopropanol; MEK; MIBK;
Hethanol; Mineral Spirits; Toluene;
VM & P Naphtha; Xylene
ApplicabiIity
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
STORAGE AND
PRIMARY BATTERIES
Waste Stream
CD
I
ro
O
155- Wastewater Treatment
Sludges in the manu-
facture of lead-acid
storage batteries
156- Rejected and scrap
carbon-zinc primary
batteries
157- Rejected and scrap
carbon-zinc air cells
batteries
158. Battery Manufacture
Sludges d
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS
MANUFACTURING
(cont. from
previous page)
Waste Stream
I6
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
ELECTROPLATING
AND METAL
FINISHING
(cont. from
previous page)
Waste Stream
CD
I
to
172. Process wastes (pre-
and post plating pre-
paration wastes and
miscellaneous metallic
wastes)
173- Degreaser sludges (sol-
vents and removed
sol Is in cleaning
operations)
17*. Salt precipitates from
electroless nickel
bath regeneration
175- Aluminum anodizing bath
with drag-out
176. Brass plating wastes
177. Cadmium plating wastes
178. Chrome plating wastes
179- Cyanide Copper plating
wastes
180. Silver plating wastes
l8l. Waste scavenging catalyst
Hazardous Components
Metals (noted above); Oil and Grease;
Asbestos; Cyanides; Solvents
Solvents
Nickel
Chromium; Aluminum Sulfate; Sulfuric
Acid
Copper Cyanide; Zinc Cyanide; Zinc
Phosphate; Zinc Chromate; Hydrogen
Cyanide
Cadmium; Cadmium Cyanide; Hydrogen
Cyanide
Chromates (Cr+6) Sod.; Fe202;
CuO; Chromic Sulphate; Chromic
Hydroxide Sludge
Copper Cyanide; Hydrogen Cyanide
Silver Cyanide; Hydrogen Cyanide
Copper Chlorides; Organlcs (Diphenyl
Ether)
ApplicabiIi ty
EPA. OHH-TADS has the most complete list,
and yet that does not cover many wastes.
Metals are covered by all three manuals.
The EPA manual has a complete listing for
hazardous components generated by acid,
copper plating wastes, and nickel plat-
ing wastes. Metals, oil and grease,
solvents, and phosphates are too general
to be covered by any manual. Asbestos.
copper cyanide, zinc phosphate, zinc
Chromate, cadmium cyanide, ferric oxide,
cupric oxide, chromic hydroxide sludge,
diphenyl ether, lead carbonate, copper
pyrophosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, and
stannic chloride are not included in any
manual.
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
Waste Stream
ELECTROPLATING
AND HETAL
FINISHING
(cant, from
previous page)
182. From Laboratories and
Plants using lead
183. Acid Copper plating
wastes
)8
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
LEATHER AND
LEATHER PRODUCTS
Waste Stream Hazardous Components
191. Trim and shavings from Chromium
complete chrome
tanneries
192. Unfinished leather Chromium; Lead
trimmings, buffing
dust, finished leather
trim, wastewater
screenings from com-
plete chrome tanneries
Appl i cabi 1 i ty
All components are listed by at least one
manual with the exception that solvents
is too general. CHRIS and EPA manuals do
not always list the metal element but in-
clude compounds of the metal. The EPA
manual only lists copper and sodium sol-
fide specifically, while CHRIS only lists
the latter.
193. Finishing residue from
complete chrome tanner-
ies
Solvents; Chromium; Zinc; Lead
Wastewater treatment
sludge from complete
chrome tanneries
Chromium; Lead; Copper
00
10
195. Chrome fleshings, un-
finished leather trim-
mings, buffing dust,
wastewater screenings
from sheepskin tanner-
ies
Chromium; Lead; Zinc; C*pp«r
197.
Buffing dust from
leather finishers
Finishing residue
from
Chromium; Zinc
Solvents; Chromium; Zinc; Lead
198. Wastewater sludge
from tanhouse
Chromium; Lead
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
LEATHER AND
LEATHER PRODUCTS
(cent, from
previous page)
Waste Stream
199- Trim and shaving wastes
from tannery finishers
e.g., unfinished leather
trimmings, wastewater
screenings, buffing dust,
finished leather trin
200. Residues from tannery
finishers
201. Chrome Tan Liquor from
manufacture of leather
products
Hazardous Components
Chromium; Lead
Solvents, Chromium; Zinc; Lead
Sodium Chromate; Sodium Sulfide
ApplicabiIi ty
SPECIAL
MACHINERY
MANUFACTURING
00
I
K>
U1
202. Spent coolants and cut-
ting oils from machine
shop operations, e.g.,
machining; tool and
dye; stamping, blank-
Ing and forming; plate
and structural fabri-
cation; assembly
203- Sweepings and grindings
from machine shop
operations
204. Spent Cleaning Solvents
from machine shop
operations
205. Metal Rinsing Salts
from molten salt bath
heating
206. Quenching bath solu-
tions from cooling
operations
Oil; Heavy Metals (Cadmium; Lead)
Oil; Heavy Metals
Solvents (Trichloroethylene), Heavy
Metals (Including Lead)
Cyan!de
Oi Is
Hazardous components generated by
special machinery manufacturing include,
cadmium, lead, trichloroethylene, cyanide,
oils, acids, alkalies, solvents, copper,
nickel, sodium hydroxide, arsenic, arsenic
triselenide, sodium cyanide, sodium ferri-
cyanlde, freon, ammonium fluoride, hydro-
fluoric acid, cadmium chrornate, and Thallium.
Oils, acids and alkalies are not listed
specifically by any of the manuals. Most
of the hazardous components listed are too
general to be listed by manuals. Sodium
sulfide, cadmium, lead, cyanide, copper.
nickel, sodium hydroxide, zinc, chromium,
sodium cyanide, and hydrofluoric acid are
Iisted in alI manuals.
cont i nued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
SPECIAL
MACHINERY
MANUFACTURING
(cont. from
previous page)
Waste Stream
207- Wastes from cleaning
operations
208. Surface preparation
and cleaning wastes
from electroplating
processes.
Hazardous Components
Acids and Alkalies
Acids and Alkalies, Solvents
Appl i cabi 1 i ty
to
209. Plating tank wastes
from electroplating
operations
210. Paints, Solvents,
Sludges, Cleaners,
Residues from coating
operations, e.g.,
Painting and cleaning
211. Rotogravure printing
plate wastes
212. Duplicating and photo
equipment manufac-
turing wastes
213. Computer manufacturing
wastes
4. Graphic arts photo-
graphy wastes
Heavy Metals
Heavy Metals, Solvents
Copper; Nickel; Lead; Sodium
Hydroxide; Zinc; Chromium; Organic
Acids
Selenium; Sodium Hydroxide; Arsenic;
Arsenic Triselenide
Sodium Cyanide; Sodium Ferrlcyanide;
Nickel; Zinc; Freon; Ammonium Fluoride;
Hydrofluoric Acid; Cadmium Chromate;
Thallium
Ammonium Chromate
PETROLEUM
REFINING
215- Slop Oil Emulsion
Solids
Phenols; Heavy Metals; Oil
Hazardous components generated as by-
products from petroleum refining include
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry
Waste Stream
PETROLEUM
REFINING
(cent, from
previous page)
216. Cooling Mater Sludge
217. Spent Lime from Boiler
Feedwater Treatment
218. Exchanger Bundle clean-
ing sludge
2)9- Separator Sludge
220. Dissolved Air Flotation
Wastes
221. Kerosene Filter Clays
222. Crude Tank Bottoms
223. Leaded Tank Bottoms
22V Non-Leaded Tank
Bottoms
22$. Cooling Tower Sludge
226. Neutralized Hydro-
fluroic Acid Alkyla-
tlon Sludges
227- Storm Water Silt
228. Biological Treatment
Sludges
Hazardous Components
Phenols; Heavy Metals; Oil
Phenols; Oil
Phenols; Heavy Metals; Benz-A-Pyrene;
Oil
Phenols; Heavy Metals; Oil
Phenols; Heavy Metals; Oil
Phenols; Heavy Metals; Benz-A-Pyrene;
Oil
Phenols; Benz-A-Pyrene; Oil
Phenols; Heavy Metals; Benz-A-Pyrene;
Oil
Phenols; Cyanide; Heavy Metals; Benz-A-
Pyrene; Oi I
Phenols; Heavy Metals; Oil
Phenols; Fluoride
Phenols; Heavy Metals; Benz-A-Pyrene;
Oil
Phenols; Heavy Metals; Oil
Applicabillty
phenols, heavy metals, oil, benz-A-
pyrene,cyanide, fluoride, sulfldes,
mercaptans, acids, bases, organic tar
wastes, hydrazine, arsenic compounds,
lead salts, mercury salts, tetramethyl
lead compounds, Isoprene, alcohols
aldehydes, carbon tetrachloride and ben-
zene derivatives. Benz-A-Pyrene, dlnitro
creosol, mercaptans, ethyl mercaptans.
methyl mercaptans, butyl aldehydes, dl-
phenyl amine tars, tar, tetramethyl lead
gasoline, lead cyanide, and copper cya-
nide are not listed. Phenols, oil, heavy
metals, nitrogen bases, and suI fates are
not specific enough to be listed in any
manual. OHM-TADS. CHRIS and EPA have
numerous listings of the other hazardous
components.
continued
-------
TABLE B-1. (continued)
00
i
10
oo
Industry
PETROLEUM
REFINING
(cont. from
previous page)
229-
230.
231.
Waste Stream
Catalyst Fines
Coke Fines
Fl Iter Clays
Hazardous Components Applicability
Phenols;
Phenols;
Phenols;
Heavy
Heavy
Heavy
Metals;
Metals
Metals;
Oi 1
Benz-A-Pyrene;
232. Petroleum Refining
Sour Wastes
233- Petroleum Refinery
Spent Caustics
23*4. Petroleum Refining
Aldehyde Wastes
235- Organic Tar Wastes
236. Copper and Lead
Bearing Wastes
237. Jet and Rocket Fuel
Storage and Use
Wastes
238. Still Bottoms
(stored)
Oil
Sodium Sulfides; Hydrogen Sulfide;
Ammonium Sulfide; Phenol; Mercury
Mercaptans; Ethyl Me reaptans; Methyl
Mercaptans; Acetic Acid; Cyanides;
Nitrogen Bases
Sulfates; Oinitrocresols; Mercaptans;
Phenol; Lead; Sodium Hydroxide
Acetaldehyde; Butyl Aldehyde; Formal-
dehyde; Furfural
Oiphenylamine Tars; Toluene; Ethyl
Benzene; Ethylene Dichloride; Ethylene
Glycol; Ethylene Oxide; Formic Acid;
Tar; Thallium; Toluene; Vinyl Acetate;
Chloric Acid; Nitric Acid; Phosphoric
Acid; Sodium Hydroxide
Lead Cyanides; Lead Nitrates; Copper
Nitrate; Copper Cyanide
Hydrazine
Arsenic Trichloride
continued
-------
CD
I
N>
VO
TABLE B-1. (continued)
Industry Waste Stream Hazardous Components Applicabi I ity
PETROLEUM 239- Waste Brine Sludges Lead Salts; Mercury Salts
REFINING
(oont. from 2<)0. Wastes from Gasoline Tetranethyl Lead; Tetramethyl Lead
previous page) Cleansing Operations Gasoline
241. Off-Specification Isoprene
Liquids
2*12. Miscellaneous Petro- Ally! Alcohol; Amy I Alcohol; Butanol;
leum Refining Wastes Ethol; Isobuty! Alcohol; Isopropyl
Alcohol; MetHanoi; Benzene; Butadiene;
Carbon Tetrachloride
-------
TABLE B-2. DETAILED EVALUATION OF MANUAL
APPLICABILITY TO WASTE STREAMS
Legend
Y:
N:
S:
NS
SI:
Yes, the element or compound is listed
No, the element or compound is not listed
Some, denotes that various compounds are covered in addition
to the pure element
Not specific
Sludge, denotes that the waste is in the form of a sludge
A number will denote the types covered and a suffix of "?" denotes isotopes
while "s" denotes synonyms. A number without a suffix denotes the number of
compounds listed.
Waste Stream
(SPECIAL CHEMICALS)
Aloperidin
Amantadine
k-Aminoant i py ri n
Acetami de
Aminopterin
3-Amino-1,2,4-
triazole
Asbestiform fibers
6-Azuridine
Azo dyes
Benzene
Bisulfan
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloroquine
Chlorambuci1
Cobalt Salts
Colchicine
Coumarin derivatives
Cyasin
Cyclophosphamide
Dext roamphetami ne
Sulfate
OHM-TADS
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
3
N
N
N
N
CHRIS
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
EPA*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
k
N
N
N
N
continued
EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-30
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
Waste Stream
Diazepan (valium)
Diethylsti Ibesterol
Di me thy 1 ami noazo-benzene
Dimethy Ini trosamine
D i pheny 1 hydan to i n
Ethionine
Grisefulvin
1-Hydroxysafrole
Maleic Hydrazide
Methotrexate
Methylthiouraci 1
Mytomycin-C
d-Penici 1 lamine
Pheny lal an ine
Phorbal esters
Quinine
Res per ine
p-Rosani lin
Saf role
Serotonin
Streptomycin
Testosterone
Thioacet amide thiourea
Trimethadione
d-Tubocurarine
(PHYTOTOXICITY LIST)
2,4-D and Salts
Da 1 apon
Dichlobenil
Diquat
Fenac
Silvex
Picloram
OHM-TADS
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
CHRIS
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
EPA*
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
continued
* EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-31
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
1.
2.
3.
k.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9-
10.
11.
Waste Stream
Dye stuff
Zinc compounds
Dye stuff
Chlorinated organ! cs
Compounds of:
Arsenic
Bar! urn
Cadmi urn
Chromi urn
Copper
1 ron
Lead
Magnes i urn
Manganese
Mercury
Zinc
Flammables
Copper chlorides
Diphenyl ether
Organ ics
Lead
Aluminum chloride
Hydrochloric acid
Salts
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Phenols
Formaldehyde
Antimony
Cadmium
Manganese
Solvents
Solvents
OHM-TADS
NS
k
NS
NS
Y
6
&
Y
5
7
f
2
Y
2
*
NS
1
N
NS
6
N
Y
NS
NS
NS
Y
5
k
Y
NS
NS
CHRIS
NS
1
NS
NS
N
1
N
1
1
1
1
N
N
Y
1
NS
N
N
NS
N
Y
Y
NS
NS
NS
Y
1
1
N
NS
NS
EPA*
NS
16
NS
NS
6
N
3
16
13
9
H
N
N
6
16
NS
Y
N
NS
1*
N
N
NS
NS
NS
Y
7
3
N
NS
NS
continued
* EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-32
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
12.
13.
14.
15-
16.
17.
18.
19-
20.
21.
Waste Stream
Dithiocarbamate
Ethylenediamine
Heavy Metals
Solvents
Allyl chloride
Methyl mercuric chloride
Mercury
Aliphatic mercury compounds
Aromatic mercury compounds
Nitrobenzene
Antimony pentaf luoride
Cadmium
Selenate
Selenium
Acetic acid
Sulfuric acid
Mercury chlorides
Methyl methacrylate
Ethyl cellosolve
Phenols
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroform
Zinc chloride
Cuprammonium Wastes
Copper
Sulfuric acid
Ammonia
Adiponi tri le
Polymer solids
Various organic solvents
Hydrogen cyanide
Phosgene
Toluene disocyanate
Toluene
OHM-TADS
N
Y
NS
NS
Y
N
2
N
N
N
N
4
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
NS
Y
Y
Y
NS
5
Y
Y
Y
NS
NS
N
Y
Y
Y
CHRIS
N
Y
NS
NS
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
1
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
NS
Y
Y
Y
NS
1
Y
Y
Y
NS
NS
Y
N
Y
N
EPA*
N
Y
NS
NS
Y
N
6
N
N
Y
Y
3
N
1
Y
Y
N
Y
N
NS
N
Y
Y
NS
13
Y
Y
Y
NS
NS
Y
Y
N
Y
continued
* EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-33
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
22a.
22b.
22c.
22d.
22e.
22f.
22g.
Waste Stream
Copper
Mercury
Arsenic
Zinc
Chromi urn
Ethylene dichloride
Methylene chloride
Acetone
Methanol
Isopropyl alcohol
Toluene
Benzene
Acetoni tri le
Xy lene
Amyl Acetate
Butanol
Butyl Acetate
Methyl isobutyl Ketone
Acetate
Ethylene Glycol
Monomethyl Ether
Methanol
Acetone
Ethanol
Chloroform
Heptane
Naptha
Benzene
Ethanol
Methanol
Acetone
Terpenes
Steroids
Vitamins
Tranqui 1 izers
aq. Ethanol
Antivival vaccine
OHM-TADS
5
2
Y
J»
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
NS
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
NS
NS
CHRIS
1
Y
N
1
1
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
NS
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
3
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
NS
NS
EPA*
13
6
6
16
16
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
NS
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
NS
NS
continued
* EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
22g.
23-
24.
25.
26.
27-
28.
Waste Stream
(continued)
Toxoids
Serium
Mercury
Aliphatic mercury compounds
Aromatic mercury compounds
Phosgene
Inorganic arsenites
Organic arsenites
Arsenyl ic acid
Sodium chloride
Dimethyl foramide
Methyethyl Ketone
Acetonitri 1e
Caustic
Benzyl chloride
Fluorobenzoic acid
Dichlorobenzene
Tri chlorobenzene
Activated carbon
Chlorobenzene
Toluene
Methanol
Methylene di chloride
Pyridine
Tet rach 1 o roethane
Trichloroethylene
Ben zo-tri fluoride
Chlorosulfonic acid
Diphenyl amine wastes
Lead
Asbestos
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Mercury
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
OHM-TADS
NS
N
2
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
2
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
6
N
NS
2
NS
CHRIS
NS
N
Y
N
N
Y
2
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
2
N
N
2
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
1
N
NS
Y
NS
EPA*
NS
N
6
N
N
Y
3
N
N
N
N
N
N
2
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
14
N
NS
6
NS
continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills * Volume 1
B-35
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
29-
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39-
40.
4i.
Waste Stream
Chromi urn
Cadmi urn
Cyanide
Lead
Zi nc
Fluori de
Fluori de
Chromi urn
Phosphorous
Phosphates
Arsenic
Mercury salts
Aliphatic organomercury
Calcium Oxide
Asbestos
Lead
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Sulfuric acid
Di borane
Pentaborane
Decaborane
Nickel carbonyl
Chlorine Triflourine
Chlorine Pentaf luoride
Bromine Pentaf 1 uoride
Arsenates
Organic Chloride
Chromic Sulfate
Zinc Chloride
OHM-TADS
Y
4
7
6
4
2
2
Y
Y
NS
Y
N
N
N
N
6
NS
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
2
NS
N
Y
CHRIS
1
1
4
]
1
2
2
1
N
NS
N
N
N
Y
N
1
NS
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
NS
N
Y
EPA*
16
3
6
14
16
7
7
16
Y
NS
f
6
N
Y
N
14
NS
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
3
NS
Y
Y
continued
* EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-36
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53-
54.
55.
Waste Stream
Silicon Terraf luoride
Carbon Tetraf luoride
Hydrogen Fluoride
Carbon Dioxide
Fluori ne
Chromium Salts
Sodium Sulfate
Barium Carbonate
Barium Chloride
Barium Cyanide
Barium Nitrate
Barium Sulfide
Perchloric Acid
Mercuric Cyanide
Antimony Penta fluoride
Fluorine
Hydrogen Fluoride
Phenols
Organic Chlorides
Dichlorobenzene
Trichlorobenzene
Tar
Tet ran i t rome thane
Dipheny lamine
Toluene Oi-isocyanate
Maleic Anhydride
Phenol
OHM-TADS
N
N
N
N
Y
5
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
NS
NS
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
CHRIS
N
N
Y
N
Y
1
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
NS
NS
2
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
EPA*
N
N
N
N
7
15
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
7
N
NS
NS
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-37
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63-
6k.
65-
66.
67.
Waste Stream
Ni trobenzene
Ani 1 ine
Chlorobenzene
Amyl Amine
Dini trophenol
Maleic Acid
Tars
Maleic Anhydride
Meta-N i t roch 1 orobenzene
Me ta-N i t roch 1 o robenzene
Para-Nitrochlorobenzene
Hydrogen Bromide
Hydrogen Cyanide
Ammonium Si 1 icof luoride
Fluoracetic Acid
Lead Carbonate
Lead Acetate
Lead Nitrate
Sod i urn Az i de
Phosphorous(309) no specific
Sodium Phosphate(370 isomers
Sodium Fluoride(359)
Ammonium Fluoride
Ammonium Bi fluoride
Potassium Fluoride
Potassium Bif luoride
Sodium Fluoride
Sodium Bif luoride
Hydrofluoric Acid
OHM-TADS
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
CHRIS
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
EPA*
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
3
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
continued
*EPA » Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-38
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Waste Stream
Chromic Sulfate
Organic Chloride
Sodium Sulf ides (372) no sp. isomer
Chromic Sulfate
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloroform
Tr i ch 1 oro-me 1 1 rane
Tri ch 1 o rome 1 t rene
Sodium Cyanate
Sod i urn Cyan i de
Sodium Hypochlorite
Potassium Chroma te
Potassium Dichromate
Chromium
Copper
Cadmi urn
Mercury
Manganese
Nickel
Lead
An t i mony
Selenium
Zinc
Copper
Lead
Zinc
Copper
Arsenic
Lead
Zinc
Copper
Manganese
Nickel
Lead
OHM-TADS
N
NS
NS
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
5
Ji
2
Y
5
6
5
Y
4
5
6
it
5
Y
6
4
5
Y
5
6
CHRIS
N
NS
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
1
1
1
Y
N
1
I
1
N
1
1
1
1
1
N
1
1
1
N
1
1
EPA*
Y
NS
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
16
13
3
6
N
6
14
7
1
16
13
14
1*
13
6
}k
16
13
N
6
14
continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-39
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
76.
77.
78.
79-
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
Waste Stream
Copper
Lead
Zinc
Phenol
Cy an i de
Phenol
Oi 1 and Grease
Lead
Chromium
Lead
Chromi um
Copper
Manganese
Nickel
Lead
Zinc
Oi 1 and Grease
—
Acid
Chromi um
Copper
Manganese
Nickel
Lead
Zinc
Zinc
Lead
Chrome
Lead
Copper
Zinc
OHM-TADS
5
6
4
Y
7
Y
NS
6
Y
6
Y
5
Y
5
6
4
NS
NS
Y
5
Y
5
6
4
4
6
N
6
5
4
CHRIS
1
1
1
Y
4
Y
NS
1
1
NS
NS
N
N
1
1
1
EPA*
13
14
16
Y
6
Y
NS
14
16
14
14
13
N
6
14
16
NS
NS
16
13
N
6
14
16
16
14
N
14
13
16
continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-40
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
87-
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93-
9*».
Waste Stream
Mercury
Nickel Carbonyl
Tha 11 i urn
Thai lium Sulfate
Phenol
Sodium Cyanide
Sodium Fluorides
Ammon i a
Sulfur Acid
Chromic Sulfate
Zinc Chloride
Hypochloridic Acid
Phenol
Sodium Cyanide
Ammonia
Phenol
Sodium Cyanide
Ammonia (19) no specific isomer
Tar Acids
Thiocyanate
Thiosulfate
Pyridine
Hydrogen Cyanide
Hydrofluoric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
1 ron
Chromium
Nickel
Cobalt
Nitric Acid
Copper Sulfate
Zinc
Sodium Dichromate
Sulfuric Acid
Bright Dip Liquor
OHM-TADS
2
N
2
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
7
Y
5
i»
Y
Y
k
Y
Y
N
CHRIS
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
1
1
1
it
Y
Y
1
Y
Y
N
EPA *
6
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
q
6
6
N
Y
Y
16
Y
Y
N
* EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-41
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103-
104.
Waste Stream
Arsenic Trioxide
Seleni um
Sulfuric Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Antimony
Seleni um
Thai 1 i um
Beryl 1 um Powder
Beryl 1 um Carbonate
Beryll um Chloride
Beryll um Hydroxide
Beryl 1 um Oxi de
Beryll um Selenate
Zi nc plati ng
Zinc Cyanide
Sodi um Hydroxide
Hydrogen Cyanide
Copper Chloride
Diphenyl Ether
Lead Carbonate
Lead Acetate
Lead Ni trate
Lead
Alumi num Chlori de
Hydrochloric Acid
Lead
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
OHM-TADS
N
Y
Y
Y
5
6
2
5
Y
2
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
6
N
Y
6
NS
CHRIS
N
N
Y
Y
1
1
Y
1
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
1
Y
Y
1
NS
EPA A
Y
1
Y
Y
13
\k
6
7
1
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
lit
N
Y
U
NS
continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-k2
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
105-
106.
107-
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
Waste Stream
Nickel Sulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Isobutyl Ketone
Hydrofluoric Acid
Sodium Hydroxide
Potassium Permanganate
1 ron
Copper
Sulfuri c Aci d
Hydrochloric Acid
Copper
Alkal ine Wetting Oi Is
Copper
Nickel
Hydrofluoric Acid
Nitric Acid
Antimony
Antimony Trioxide
Antimony Pentoxide
Nickel Sulfate
Copper Sulfate
Sodium Fluoride
Sodium Hydroxide
Coppe r
Chromium
Aluminum
Sulfuric Acid
Bichromate
Cyanide
Ferrous Sulfate
Sodium Chroma te
Zinc Chloride
Chlorinated Solvents
OHM-TADS
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
7
5
Y
Y
5
NS
5
5
Y
Y
5
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
5
•
4
k
Y
N
7
Y
Y
Y
NS
CHRIS
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
1
1
Y
Y
1
NS
1
1
Y
Y
1
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
1
1
2
Y
N
k
Y
N
Y
NS
EPA -'--
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
q
13
Y
Y
13
NS
13
6
Y
Y
7
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
13
6
1
Y
N
6
Y
Y
Y
NS
continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
m.
115-
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
Waste Stream
Cadmi urn
Seleni um
Selenates
Pentachlorophenol
Water
Copper
Chromi um
Phenols
Hydrogen
Cyanide
Ami 1 ine
Disulfonic Acid
Chromates
Chromic Hydroxide Sludge
Sulf ides
Diphenylamine
Chloropicrin
Tetraethyl Lead
Tetramethyl Lead
Manganese Thiocarbonate
Zinc
Bux Ten
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
2,4-D
2,6-D
Mono Phenoxy
Trichloro Phenoxy
Acetic Acid
2,1»,5-T
Antimony Trifluoride
Antimony Pentaf luoride
OHM-TADS
1»
Y
N
Y
N
5
Y
NS
Y
7
Y
N
NS
N
NS
N
Y
Y
Y
N
k
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
CHRIS
1
N
N
Y
N
1
1
NS
N
it
Y
N
NS
N
NS
N
N
Y
Y
N
1
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
EPA71
3
1
N
Y
N
13
16
NS
N
6
Y
N
11
N
NS
N
N
2s
N
N
16
N
Y
N
2
N
N
N
Y
2
Y
Y
continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
12A.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
Waste Stream
PCB
Alpha Methyl Styrene
TNT
HMX
TDX
PETN
TETRYL
RDX
PNC
Nitro Cellulose
Smokeless Powder
Lead Carbonate
Lead Acetate
Hydrazine
Powdered Metals
Phosphorous
Tungsten
Potassium Perch lorate
Barium Chroma te
Lead Chroma te
Phosphorous
Tungsten
Te t ran i t rome thane
Sodium Sulfite
Sodium Nitrite
Sodium Nitrate
Nitro toluene
Oinitrotoluene
Trini trotoluene
Acetic Acid
OHM-TADS
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
NS
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
CHRIS
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
NS
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
EPA"
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
NS
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-45
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
133-
13*.
135.
136.
137-
138.
139.
1*0.
1*1.
1^2.
1*3.
14*.
1*5.
1*6.
Waste Stream
Lead Azide Dextrinated
Lead Styphanate
Mannitol Hexanitrate
Mercury Fulminate
Potass! urn
Dinitro Benzene Furoxam
Ni tro- phenols
Hazardous Solvents
Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents
Toxi c Pi gments
Toxic Pigments
Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents
Hazardous Solvents
Hazardous Solvents
Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents
Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents
Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents
Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents
Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents
Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents
Toxic Pigments
OHM-TADS
N
N
N
N
Y
N
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
CHRIS
N
N
N
N
N
N
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
EPA*
N
N
N
N
N
N
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-*6
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
147.
148.
149-
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
Waste Stream
Hazardous Solvents
Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents
Toxic Pigments
Hazardous Solvents
Toxic Pigments
Lead Carbonate
Lead Oxide
Cleaners
Res i ns
Lead
Chromi urn
Cadmium
Selenium
Cyanides
Chromi urn
Mercury
Cadmi um
Selenium
Selenates
Typical hazardous solvents are:
Acetone
N-Butyl Acetate
Ethanol
Di acetone Alcohol
Ethyl Acetate
Heptane
Hexane
Isopropanol
MEK
MIBK
Methanol
Mineral Spirits
Toluene
VM Naphtha
OHM-TADS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
N
N
N
N
6
Y
4
Y
7
Y
2
4
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
CHRIS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
N
N
N
N
1
1
1
N
4
1
Y
1
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
NS
EPA "
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
N
N
N
N
14
16
3
1
6
16
6
3
1
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-47
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
15*.
155.
156.
157-
158.
159-
160.
161.
162.
Waste Stream
(continued)
P Naphtha
Xy lene
Lead
Lead Compounds
Mercury
Zi nc
Mercury
Zinc
Cadmium Carbonate
Hydroxide
Nickel Carbonate
Copper Hydroxide
Lead Sulfate
Arsenic
Antimony
Cadmi urn Oxi de
Nickelic Oxide
Mercury
Potassium
Sodium Hydroxide
Lead
Nickel
Chromi urn
Copper
Hydrochloric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Hydrocyanic Acid
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloroform
Cupric Hydroxide
Calcium Phosphate
Nickl ic Hydroxide
OHM-TADS
N
N
6
6
2
4
2
4
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
5
N
N
2
q
Y
6
5
Y
5
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
CHRIS
NS
Y
1
1
Y
1
Y
1
N
N
N
N
N
N
1
N
N
Y
5
Y
1
1
1
1
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
EPA *
N
Y
14
14
6
6
6
6
N
N
N
N
Y
6
7
N
N
6
2
Y
14
6
16
13
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-48
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
Waste Stream
(continued)
Mercury
Barium Compoun d s
Hydrogen Fluoride
Ammonium Dichromate
Dirt
Organ ics
Chromic Oxide
Ethylene Dichloride
Boric Acid
Trichloroethylene
1 ,1 ,1-Trichloroethane
Perch lorothylene
Freon
Methyl ene Chloride
Mixed Solvents
Sludges
Cadmi urn
Lead
Zinc
Chromium
Oils
Acetone
1 sop ropy 1 Alcohol
Methanol
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Photoresist
Xy 1 ene
Mixed Solvents
Methanol
Acetone
1 sop ropy I Alcohol
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
Heavy Metals
Fluoride
OHM-TADS
2
6
N
Y
NS
NS
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
NS
NS
i»
6
k
Y
NS
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
NS
Y
Y
Y
Y
NS
2
CHRIS
Y
1
Y
N
NS
NS
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
NS
NS
1
1
1
1
NS
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
NS
Y
N
Y
Y
NS
2
EPA1'
6
N
N
Y
NS
NS
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
NS
NS
3
14
16
16
NS
N
N
N
N
N
Y
NS
N
N
N
N
NS
7
— continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
Waste Stream
169. Oil
Cadmi um
Chromi um
Copper
Lead
Zinc
170. Lead
Zi nc
Chromi um
Solvents
171- Cyanides
Copper
Chromi um
Tin
Nickel
Zi nc
Lead
Cadmi um
Fluoride
172. Metals
Oi 1 and Grease
Asbestos
Cyani de
Solvents
173. Solvents
174. Nickel
175. Chromium
Aluminum Sulfate
Sulfuric Acid
176. Copper Cyanide
Zinc Cyanide
Zinc Phosphate
Zinc Chromate
Hydrogen Cyanide
OHM-TADS
NS
4
Y
5
6
k
6
ji
•
Y
NS
7
5
Y
2
5
it
6
4
2
NS
NS
N
7
NS
NS
5
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
CHRIS
NS
NS
4
1
1
N
1
1
1
1
2
NS
NS
N
4
NS
NS
1
1
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
EPA *
NS
3
16
13
14
16
14
16
1 w
16
NS
6
13
16
N
6
16
14
3
7
NS
NS
N
6
NS
NS
6
16
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-50
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
Waste Stream
Cadmium
Cadmium Cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide
Chromates
Ferric Oxide
Cupric Oxide
Chromic Sulphate
Chromic Hydroxide Sludge
Copper Cyanide
Hydrogen Cyanide
Si Iver Cyanide
Hy d rogen Cy an i de
Copper Chlorides
Diphenyl Ether
Lead Carbonate
Lead Nitrate
Copper Sulfate
Sulfuric Acid
Nickel Chloride
Nickel Sulfate
Copper Pyrophosphate
Sodium Pyrophosphate
Stannic Chloride
Stannous Chloride
Hydrogen Fluoride
Phosphates
1 ron
Zinc
Sod i urn
Nickel
Lead
Calcium
OHM-TADS
k
N
Y
NS
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
NS
7
4
42
5
6
11
CHRIS
1
N
Y
NS
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
NS
1
1
17
1
1
5
EPA*
3
N
Y
11
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
N
NS
Q
16
12
6
14
4
continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-51
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
187.
Waste Stream
OHM-TADS CHRIS E,PA*
(conti nued)
Manganese
188.
Hexane
Oi Is
Solubles
Dipentene
Coal Tar
Petroleum Resins
189.
Pheny 1 -P-Naphthy 1 ami n
Benzothiazyl
Disulf
Pheny 1
Lead
ide
ene Diamine
Dimethyl Di thiocarbonate
Trimethyl Dihydrogumol in Polymer
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
Nitrobenzene
Chromi
Chromi
Lead
urn
urn
Solvents
Chromi
Zinc
Lead
Chromi
Lead
urn
urn
Copper
195-
Chromi
Lead
Zinc
urn
Copper
196.
Chromi
Zinc
urn
Y N
NS NS
NS NS
Y N
N N
N
N
NS
N
N
N N N
N N N
N N N
N N N
N N N
6 1
14
N N N
N N N
N Y Y
Y 1
Y 1
6 1
16
16
14
NS NS NS
Y
4
6
Y
6
5
Y
6
•
5
w
*
16
16
14
16
14
13
16
14
16
13
16
4
continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volumel
B-52
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
197.
198.
199-
200.
201.
202.
203.
20k.
205.
206.
207.
208.
209.
Waste Stream
Solvents
Chromi urn
Zinc
Lead
Chromi urn
Lead
Chromi urn
Lead
Solvents
Chromi urn
Zi nc
Lead
Sodium Chroma te
Sodi urn Sulf ide
Oil
Cadmium
Lead
Oil
Heavy Metals
Trichloroethylene
Lead
Cyan i de
Oils
Acid
Alkalies
Acid
Alkalies
Solvents
Heavy Metals
OHM-TADS
NS
Y
4
6
Y
6
Y
6
NS
Y
4
6
Y
Y
NS
4
6
NS
NS
Y
6
7
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
CHRIS
NS
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
NS
1
1
1
N
Y
NS
1
1
NS
NS
Y
1
4
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
EPA*
NS
16
16
14
16
14
16
14
NS
16
16
14
Y
Y
NS
3
14
NS
NS
N
14
6
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
continued
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-53
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
210.
211.
212.
213-
214.
215-
-
216.
217-
. Waste Stream
Heavy Metals
Solvents
Copper
Nickel
Lead
Sodium Hydroxide
Zinc
Chromi urn
Organic Acids
Selenium
Sodi urn Hydroxi de
Arsenic
Arsenic Triselenide
Sodium Cyanide
Sodium Ferrocyanide
Nickel
Zi nc
Freon
Ammonium Fluoride
Hydrofluoric Aci d
Cadmium Chromate
Thai 1 i urn
Ammon i urn C h roma t e
Phenols
Heavy Metals
Oi 1
Phenols
Heavy Metals
Oil
Phenol s
Oil
OHM-TADS
NS
NS
5
5
6
Y
k
Y
NS
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
5
4
N
N
Y
N
2
Y
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
CHRIS
NS
NS
Y
NS
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
1
1
N
N
Y
N
N
N
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
EPA *
NS
NS
13
6
]k
Y
16
16
NS
1
Y
6
N
Y
N
6
16
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
continued
»EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
-------
TABLE B-2. ' (continued)
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
22k.
225.
226.
Waste Stream
Phenols
Heavy Metals
Benz-A-Pyrene
Oil
Phenols
Heavy Metals
Oil
Phenol
Heavy Metal
Oil
Phenols
Heavy Metals
Benz-A-Pyrene
Oil
Phenols
Benz-A-Pyrene
Oil
Phenols
Heavy Metals
Benz-A-Pyrene
Oil
Phenols
Cyanide
Heavy Metals
Benz-A-Pyrene
Oil
Phenols
Heavy Metals
Oil
Phenols
Fl uori de
OHM-TADS
NS
NS
N
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
N
NS
NS
N
NS
NS
NS
N
NS
NS
7
NS
N
NS
NS
NS
^NS
NS
2
CHRIS
NS
NS
N
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
N
NS
NS
N
NS
NS
NS
N
NS
NS
It
NS
N
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
2
' EPA.,
NS
NS
N
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
N
NS
NS
N
NS
NS
NS
N
NS
NS
6
NS
*N
NS
NS,
NS*
NS
NS
7
continued
-EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spiels -, Volume :1
B-55
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
227-
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
Waste Stream
Phenol
Heavy Metals
Benz-A-Py rene
Oi 1
Phenol
Heavy Metal
Oi 1
Phenol
Heavy Metal
Oi 1
Phenols
Heavy Metals
Phenol s
Heavy Metals
Benz-A-Py rene
Oi 1
Sodi urn Sul f i de
Hydrogen Sulfide
Ammonium Sulfide
Phenol
Mercury
Mercaptans
Ethyl Mercaptans
Methyl Mercaptans
Aceti c Acid
Cyani des
N i trogen Bases
Sulfates
Dini tro cresols
Mercaptans
Phenol
Lead
Sodium Hydroxide
OHM-TADS
NS
NS
N
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
N
NS
Y
Y
Y
Y
2
NS
N
N
Y
7
NS
NS
N
N
Y
6
Y
CHRIS
NS
NS
N
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
N
NS
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
I*
NS
NS
N
N
Y
1
Y
E PA-
NS
NS
N
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
N
NS
Y
N
Y
Y
6
N
N
N
Y
£
NS
NS
N
N
Y
1ft
Y
continued
•EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-56
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
23k.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
Waste Stream
Acetal dehyde
Butyl Aldehyde
Forma 1 dehyde
Furfura 1
Di pheny 1 ami ne Tars
Tol uene
Ethyl Benzene
Ethylene Dichloride
Ethylene Glycol
Ethylene Oxide
Formi c Aci d
Tar
Thai 1 i urn
Vinyl Acetate
Chloric Acid
Nitric Acid
Phosphoruc Acid
Sodium Thydroxide
Lead Cyanide
Lead Ni trate
Copper Ni trate
Copper Cyani de
Hydrazi ne
Arsenic Trichloride
Lead Salts
Mercury Salts
Tetramethyl Lead
Tetramethyl Lead Gasoline
OHM-TADS
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
N
5
N
Y
N
CHRIS
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
N
1
N
Y
N
EPA '•'
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
N
Y
14
6
Y
N
2k]. Isoprene
cont inued
- Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-57
-------
TABLE B-2. (continued)
Waste Stream OHM-TADS CHRIS EPA"*
2*»2. Ally] Alcohol Y Y Y
Amyl Alcohol Y Y N
Butanol N Y N
Ethanol Y Y N
Isobutyl Alcohol Y Y N
Isopropyl Alcohol Y Y N
Methanol Y Y N
Benzene Y Y Y
Butadiene N Y N
Carbon Tetrachloride Y Y N
*EPA - Manual for Control of Hazardous Spills - Volume 1
B-58
-------
APPENDIX C
SUMMARY OF STATE SPILL RESPONSE PROGRAMS
The following pages summarize the comments of state spill response
personnel who were contacted during the course of this study. The informa-
tion is not all inclusive but is intended to provide a broad overview of
state response activities. The details by State are included later in this
Appendix, after the general discussion.
1. Regulations Requiring Spill Notification
States had various regulations which could be pertinent to spill clean-
up or response. Some had no legislation which was directly applicable,
although the general nuisance or water pollution control laws could be
interpreted to apply to spill instances. In other instances, actual oil or
hazardous spill legislation has been adopted; and sometimes broad hazardous
waste laws have been defined to include hazardous spills as non-permitted
generation of hazardous wastes. However, these laws are not as common
as general water pollution laws which cover any discharge of pollutants
into the defined "waters of the State". Some States indicated that they
did not need any specific spill regulations since the federal laws were
sufficient.
It should be noted that more legislation may be applicable but was not
indicated by those who are involved in spill clean-up. Since most spill
response personnel felt that hazardous wastes were covered under their
general legislation, further inquiries into other appropriate laws were not
considered necessary.
2. Materials Covered (applicability to Hazardous Wastes)
Few states require direct notification of specific hazardous waste
spills, however, most people felt that hazardous waste spill incidents
would be covered under whatever type of legislation required notification.
3. Land Spills
Depending on both the type of legislation and the basic definition of
"waters of the state", land spills may or may not be covered by specific
State legislation. However, more land spills were covered by State laws
than under Federal requirements.
C-l
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*«. Definitions
Most State laws had definitions pertinent to their type of legislation.
In some, common terms such as spill, emergency, waste, hazard were defined,
while no specific information was included in others.
5. Number of Spills Reported
The number of spills reported was dependent on many factors including
notification requirements, types of materials and locations covered, and
whether or not minor or medium spills were included in the compilation.
There was not a uniform definition of major or minor- The number of
reported spills per year ranged from 10-3,000 events, depending on the State.
6. Types of Sp?11s
Many spills were oil but again the percentages varied with the response.
Basically, 50-95% of the reported spills were oil.
7. Notification Procedures
Most states did require some type of notification in the event of a
spill, although it was not unanimous. The most common procedure was the use
of a "hot line" manned by an operator on a 2k hour basis. The number was
publicized to emergency response personnel, haulers, conservation agencies,
industries and others. Generally, the operator is responsible to contact
a designated staff member "on call" for the given time period. Some States
have district officers assigned to spill response rather than a centralized
agency staff member.
An alternative procedure is to distribute home call-lists for notifica-
tion during non-duty hours. The spiller or other reporting person must call
the names on the list until someone has been notified. In one state,
notification of the state police was considered sufficient.
After the notification, the type of response will vary significantly.
In some States, all spills are responded to, however, this is not common.
Most spill response personnel consider the type and quantity of material
spilled, as well as location before determining the type of response. Some
have developed a general criteria to use in evaluating response modes but
this is not usually available to outside personnel. Further notification
may be done by state personnel to the EPA, Coast Guard, Civil Defense etc.,
depending on spill location and severity.
8. Requi red Reports
The states varied in their requirements for written reports. In some
instances, there is a consistent legal obligation for the spiller to file
a report, while in others the requirement is determined by state response
personnel on a site specific basis. Often the request to file a report was
established by the severity of the spill incident. The reports generally
include the following information:
C-2
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Section A.) Circumstances which caused the spill incident.
Section B.) Containment and clean-up actions which were
taken with regard to the spill event.
Section C.) What was done to prevent future occurrences
of spills caused by similar circumstances
mentioned in the first section of the report.
When States did not require reports from the spiller, there were two main
reasons :
1. On site State personnel would prepare an adequate report.
2. There were no requirements and the State did not see the
usefulness of spill reports.
9. Use of the Response Teams
Most States did not do the clean-up themselves but usually hired a
third-party contractor to perform the tasks. At times government or private
response teams were involved in a clean-up incident, but the frequency of
their use was quite low.
The use of third-party contractors was common, although most states re-
quired the industry or spiller to hire them. Often states had available
lists of contractors for spill clean-up or hauling, however, most were oil
spill contractors. Contacts indicated that less than ten firms were availa-
ble with the capability to clean-up hazardous material spills.
Industrial and government response teams mentioned included EPA groups,
U.S. Coast Guard Strike Teams and some industrial mutual aid groups; few
names were indicated. The State personnel were happy with these teams but
found that it was not necessary to use them very often.
10. Use of Information Sources and Spill Manuals
The only information source mentioned with any frequency was CHEMTREC.
Those using it had differing comments but the majority liked the source.
Of special note was the fact that this information source provided the
name of the product manufacturer which was very desirable for response per-
sonnel. Usually the State people went directly to the manufacturer if
they needed more detailed information. Commonly, states had their own
in-house libraries and staff experts on whom they relyed, rather than de-
pending upon outside data banks.
Very few response manuals were used. Some utilized the contingency
plans, others used the EPA Field Detection and Damage Assessment Manual,
which was well-liked. Response personnel sometimes had access to the DOT
Emergency Response Manual or CHRIS but some were not aware of these resources
or could not obtain them. OHM-TADS was unfamiliar or unavailable to
almost all States and the EPA Manual was not yet published and distributed
at the time of this study. Some states had developed their own response
manuals which they used, however, these were not generally available to
outsiders.
C-3
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11. Hazardous Waste Handling
The use of State solid waste or hazardous waste sections varied in
the State. Most spill personnel indicated that they coordinated their
efforts with this group when appropriate. This practice was most common
when locating a proper ultimate disposal site for the clean-up residues. In
some states, the hazardous waste people were involved in all responses.
12. Use of Placards for Identification
State responses varied considerably. In many instances, State personnel
were not affected by identification techniques since the spilled material
was usually identified by the time they were contacted. Therefore there
was no opinion with regard to placarding. When personnel did have an
opinion, it was contradictory. Some felt placards were very helpful in
identifying hazardous properties of chemicals, while others felt that the
information from a placard was not detailed enough and sometimes misleading.
-------
STATE: ALABAMA
(based on telephone conversation)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: (l) Civil Defense
(2) State Police
(3) Railroad
No telephone numbers were given.
The State will also notify the EPA.
REPORT: Responsible official fills out report.
PENALTY: $10,000/day for failure to notify the state.
PERTAINS TO: Any type of spill.
COMMENT: There were approximately 50 spills in the State's waters last
year. Third-party contractors clean up spills. The State
will work with the U.S. Coast Guard's Response Team. The State
will only respond to spills which threaten water.
C-5
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STATE: ARIZONA
(based on telephone conversation)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: During working hours one telephone number is used.
For non-working hours five home telephone numbers
are listed. No telephone numbers were given.
REPORT: None indicated.
PENALTY: None indicated.
PERTAINS TO: Water spills are responded to. A land spill
is left untouched unless it is toxic or threatens
any natural waters.
COMMENT: Approximately 30 spills occurred in 1977. Most of
the spills involve oils or hydrocarbons.
C-6
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STATE: ARKANSAS
Act k2\ of 1977
The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act of 1977
Hazardous material means any substance or mixture of substances
which is toxic, corrosive, an irritant, a strong sensitizer, or
flammable, generates pressure through decomposition, or has been
defined as such by the United States Government.
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: Police or State Highway Patrol
In the event of a spill the State requires that the Department
Transportation be notified.
REPORT: No written report needs to be submitted to the State. However,
one for EPA Region IV Report must be completed.
PENALTY: Illegal discharge is a misdemeanor.
$1,000 and/or 30 days in jail.
PERTAINS TO: Hazardous materials and hazardous wastes transportation.
Land, water, air.
COMMENT: Spill cleanup is private responsibility. Approximately 100
spills occurred in 1977 half of which involved oil or hydro-
carbon. The State will respond to oil spills including those
occurring on land.
C-7
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STATE: CALIFORNIA
Health and safety code--Di vis ion 20
Chapter 6.5 Hazardous Waste Control
(Hazardous Waste Control Law)
Title 22 Environmental Health
Division k. Environmental Health
(Hazardous Waste Regulations)
(Ammended September 1977)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS:
The State Department of Health registers all business
involved in handling hazardous wastes. The registra-
tion fee is $50.
NOTIFY:
Not discussed.
waste spi1 Is.
Both Law and Regulations do not address hazardous
REPORT: None indicated for reporting a hazardous waste spill.
PENALTY: Article 8 of the Law addresses enforcement. Violations, such as
illegal discharges, non compliance, are subject to a $25,000 fine.
Violators can be imprisoned for up to one year. Unauthorized
discharges can be treated as a violation of the Law and/or handled
as a civil suit. A $5,000 fine is assessed for disposal without
a permit, misrepresentation or violating any regulation.
PERTAINS TO:
The handling, storage, use, processing, transportation and
disposal of hazardous wastes.
COMMENT: Specific attention is given to the transportation of hazardous
wastes. Although hazardous waste spills are not discussed
specifically. Spills including those involving hazardous wastes
are covered under separate legislation.
C-8
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STATE: COLORADO
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: Colorado has a 2^-hour emergency telephone number. The call is
screened ?n order to direct the proper state agency to reply to
the emergency. Within the Water Quality division one of the
engineers is on call. A judgement can be made to respond to the
spill and turn-around time is normally 3~^» hours. The state
highway patrol is also involved in spill notification.
REPORT: The on-scene coordinator documents the spill.
PENALTY: Fines are levied in relation to their volume and damage. Most
violations are considered for failures to report a spill, rather
than for an actual spill. A person who violates a provision of
any permit issued under the Water Quality Act is subject to a
penalty of not more than $10,000 per day.
PERTAINS TO:
Colorado has only had truck transport problems which mainly
involve spills on land.
COMMENT: Both the EPA and the Division of Water Quality respond to
spills. Colorado's Pesticide and Air Pollution Control Acts
discusses prohibited discharges. A disaster emergency service
is in existence for the purpose of aiding and abating man-made
catastrophes. The Water Quality Control Act deals with
emergencies along with nuclear, toxic and radioactive wastes.
C-9
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STATE: CONNECTICUT
Public Act 765 (1969)
An Act concerning the Oil Pollution of Connecticut Waters.
This act now listed in the general statutes of the state of
Connecticut as §§25~54 bb-kk discusses pollution of waters of
state by oi1.
"Oil means any floating oil of any kind or in any form including
but not limited to fuel oil sludge, oil refuse and oil mixed with
other matter".
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: Those collecting disposal of waste products (includes
oil) must have a permit from Commissioner of
Environmental Protection.
NOTIFY: Department of Environmental Protection, Water Compliance and
Hazardous Substances, State Office Building, Hartford, CT
(203) 566-3338 (8:30-4:30)
Department of State Police, Hartford, CT (203) 566-4240 (all other
times)
Effective January I, 1977
National Response Center, Washington, DC (800) 424-8802
REPORT: Report of Petroleum or Chemical Product Discharge, Spillage,
Seepage, Filtration is to be filed with:
filed with Department of Environmental Protection (DEP)
Water Compliance and Hazardous Substances
State Office BuiIding
Hartford, CT 06115
PENALTY: $1,000 to $5,000 for failure to report a spill.
Liable for all damages, costs and expenses incurred.
PERTAINS TO: Pollution of land and water in state by oil.
COMMENT: There are nearly a dozen oil spill clean-up contractors in
the area. A list of these oil spill clean-up contractors is
kept. DEP keeps track of all spillage of oil, chemicals
and hazardous substances which are covered under the Oil Pollu-
tion Act of 1969. Approximately 550 spills were reported from
mid-1976 to mid-1977-
C-IO
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STATE: DELAWARE
Senate Bill No. 300
Chapter 62. Oil Pollution Liability.
"Oil shall mean petroleum, including crude oil or any fraction or
residue therefrom. Oil pollution shall mean any discharge of oil
that results in a film on, emulsion in, or sludge beneath the
waters of the state of Delaware or its shoreline".
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: A 24-hour telephone number is available. In turn, the operator
notifies the on-duty officers. The Environmental Protection
officer coordinates the clean-up.
REPORT: A report is required after clean-up.
PENALTY: The bill discusses liability for oil pollution. Liability limits
are discussed for the transport of oil on land or water and a
$50 million limit is set for an industrial facility which is a
source of oil pollution. Any vessel which uses state waters must
demonstrate financial responsiblity in order to satisfy the
maximum amount of liability.
PERTAINS TO: Spills on land and water.
COMMENT: Delaware puts responsibility on the polluter. If the state has
to assume responsibility for the clean-up of an oil spill, the
secretary of the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental
Control has the power to assess the polluter for damages.
Approximately 100 spills occurred in 1977, most of which involved
oil.
C-11
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STATE: GEORGIA
(based on telephone conversation)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: There is a 2k hour telephone number in existence to allow the
responsible party to contact the State of the earliest possible
momen t,
REPORT: A report is often requested of the responsible party. The
content of the report varies on a case by case basis.
PENALTY: None indicated.
PERTAINS TO: Water spills. Land spills are responded to only
if a waterway is threatened.
COMMENT: Approximately 100 serious spills occur per year.
C-12
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STATE: IDAHO
(based on telephone conversation)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: No present notification requirements. The State has an
in-house committee which has a draft of a response plan
of spill situations and will have regulations.
REPORT: Reports are required.
PENALTY: None indicated.
PERTAINS TO: Not indicated.
COMMENT: Most spills involve petroleum products and number less
than a dozen per year- Hazardous wastes are covered in
the regulations.
C-13
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STATE: ILLINOIS
The Environmental Protection Act (1970)
Illinois Pollution Control Rules and Regulations
Chapter 3: Water Pollution (1977)
Various sections of Chapter 3: Water Pollution discuss relevant
regulations pertaining to spills of hazardous materials.
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated for the hauling of hazardous materials
NOTIFY: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA)
Division of Water Pollution Control
2200 Churchill Road
Springfield, Illinois 62706
Emergency 24-hour hotline telephone number: (217) 782-3637
REPORT: Caller should note: description of material, exact location,
quantity of material spilled and type of container, time of
spill, estimated direction of spill, anticipated adverse effects
of spill, personnel at scene and action by personnel at scene.
PENALTY: None indicated.
PERTAINS TO:
Water and Land spills. Saturated soil must be hauled
away. Hazardous wastes are covered in the regulations.
COMMENT: The Illinois Environmental Protection Agency has a one page
sheet which can be mailed entitled, "Emergency Reporting
Procedures for Oil and Hazardous Material Spills".
C-14
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STATE: INDIANA
Stream Pollution Control Board
Regulation SPC 17 (effective December 9, 197*0
Industrial Waste Hauler Permit Regulation
Liquid or Solid Industrial Waste: Any waste material resulting
from industrial activity.
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS:
All persons creating, hauling, and accepting
wastes must be licensed.
NOTIFY: In an emergency, Secretary of the Indiana State Board of Health.
Responsible party reports to the State spill section office
2k hours/day. The State then notifies (1) water supply section,
(2) EPA, (3) County Health Department, (*») Conservation Department
and (5) other pertinent agencies.
REPORT: Records must be kept of the transportation of any waste for a
period of 3 years. After all spill operations are over, a
formal report should be submitted.
PENALTY: $10,000 per day of violation under
1C 1971, 13-7
The Environmental Management Act of Indiana, as amended.
PERTAINS TO: Water, land and air.
COMMENT: Regulations SPC 15 or SPC 18 allows a person to accept liquid
industrial wastes for disposal or treatment from a waste hauler.
133 spills were reported last year. Spills may not be
reported by spillers. Hazardous wastes are covered in the
regulations.
C-15
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STATE: IOWA
(based on telephone conversation)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: A 2k hour answering service exists.
REPORT: Reports are required after clean-up.
PENALTY: None indicated.
PERTAINS TO: Land spills, water spills and fires also.
COMMENT: Approximately 250 spills occurred last year. Petroleum
products are involved in 2/3 of the spills. Hazardous
wastes are covered in the regulations.
C-16
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STATE: KANSAS
Kansas State Board of Health
Regulations
28-16-27: Pollution Spills and By-Passes (May 12, 1969)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: Oil spills are reported to the Division of Environmental Health,
Kansas State Department of Health 53 South Kansas Avenue, Topeka,
(913) 862-9360, or the Department's area office. At other times
field personnel should be called directly.
REPORT: Discharges shall be reported to the state department of health
and environment. Written reports should be sent to either
Topeka or the area office. It may be brief but should include
the data, location, cause of spill, type of spill, quantity
spilled and the method and effectiveness of the clean-up.
PENALTY: None indicated.
KS,
PERTAINS TO:
Pollution spills in state waters and oil spills on land and
water.
COMMENT: The Kansas State Board of Health has changed its name to the
Kansas Department of Health and Environment. Several hundred
spills were reported in 1977.
C-17
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STATE: KENTUCKY
(based on telephone conversation)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: In the event of a spill, the responsible party should contact
the state immediately. This can be accomplished via. a
2k hour/day telephone number. Efforts are made periodically
to remind the public of this service.
REPORT: A written report is to be submitted to the State describing
the spill as well as what is being done to prevent a report
of the incident.
PENALTY: None indicated.
PERTAINS TO: Land spills a responded to depending on the severity.
COMMENT: Between 600 and 700 spills are reported each year-
Most of these are not serious spills. Hazardous wastes
are covered in the regulations.
C-18
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STATE: LOUISIANA
(based on telephone conversation)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: There are no regulations concerning the notification of
authorities about the spillage of a hazardous substance.
An individual is only required to report any discharges
which the state has not authorized. However, the responsi
ble party is asked to contact the Stream Control Office
by calling a 24 hour/day telephone number.
REPORT: None indicated.
PENALTY: None indicated.
PERTAINS TO: Not indicated.
COMMENT: Most reports involve pipeline breaks or spills, with
less than 10 barrels of oil having been spilled.
There are few major spills.
C-19
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STATE: MAINE
Maine Revised Statutes Annotated, Title 38, Chapter 3.
October 1977.
Concerns pollutants of any type (sewage, chemical, rediological,
solid, petroleum, thermal, etc).
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: Needed for any discharge into state waters.
NOTIFY: The State has a 2k hour telephone number which is well
distributed. This number is intended for oil spills.
REPORT: None indicated except those needed for acquisition of a
discharge permit.
PENALTY: Criminal: $25,000 per day of violation
Civil: $10,000 per day of violation
$10,000 fine and/or 6 months in jail for falsification and
tempering.
PERTAINS TO: Land and water.
COMMENT: It is the responsibility of the Commissioner of Environmental
Protection to detect hazardous waste and use his authority
to enforce its safe disposal. Approximately 400 spills per
year are reported.
C-20
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STATE: MARYLAND
Title 8 Natural Resources Article
Annotated Code of Maryland (1974 Volume)
Water pollution control regulations 08.05.OA.01., 08.05-04.07
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: All operations involving transport, transfer, handling,
and storage of oil must have a permit.
NOTIFY: Navigable waters: U.S. Coast Guard National Response Center
(800) 424-8802
Non-navigable waters: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(215) 597-9898
All state waters: Maryland Water Resources Administration
(301) 269-3551 (office hours)
(301) 269-3181 (other hours)
REPORT: The initial report (which may be made in person, writing or by
telephone) required for an oil spill or a discharge should include
the following: (l) time of discharge, (2) location of discharge,
(3) type and quantity of oil, (4) assistance required, (5) name,
address and telephone number of person making the report, and
(6) all other important information. A written report
must be submitted after clean-up and removal has been completed.
PENALTY:
None indicated.
PERTAINS TO:
Oil spills in water. Land spills are also covered since
they can threaten water.
COMMENT: Control and removal of the spilled oil is the responsibility of
the person involved with the illegal discharge. Approximately
3.000 oil spills occur annually. Problems exist with the
identification of a spilled substance. Hazardous wastes are
covered in the regulations.
C-21
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STATE: MASSACHUSETTS
Regulation Booklet - January II. 197^
Hazardous Waste - Waste substances which because of their chemical,
radioactive, flammable, explosive, or other characteristics,
constitute a danger to the public health, safety or welfare or to
the environment (Classification given on Page 5).
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS:
NOTIFY (for oi1 only):
Dumping site must be state approved, annual license
needed for those who transport hazardous waste.
Commonwealth of Massachusetts:
Hazardous Waste Board
Water Resources Commission
Division of Water Pollution Control
Person causing spill is responsible for having
immediate corrective action taken.
REPORT (for oil only): Date, time, place of oil spill or discharge.
Type and amount of oil lost.
Cause of spi1lage.
Action taken to prevent recurrence.
PENALTY: $5,000 or 6 months in jail per violation.
PERTAINS TO: Water and land.
COMMENT: 90% of the reported spills involve oil. Hazardous
wastes are covered in the regulations.
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STATE: MICHIGAN
The Michigan Water Resources Commission Act (Act 2^5 as ammended)
Part 5 of rules: Spillage of oil and polluting materials.
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY:
REPORT:
The Department of Natural Resources Emergency Response System is
to be notified in the event of a spill. It is operated on a
2k hr/day, 7 day/week basis. Response is specific to each spill.
Reports are required
Reports are filed by
Natural Resources.
to be submi tted by
the sp iIler and by
spiller and within 10 days
the Department of
PENALTY: None indicated.
PERTAINS TO: Not indicated.
COMMENT: Response depends on the amount of a spill and whether it
affects surface or groundwater. Response is immediate for
surface water spills. 1,^50 spills were reported in 1977-
10-15% are hazardous material spills.
C-23
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STATE: MINNESOTA
Statue I 15.06 I
Applies to anyone who has had a pollutant spill, leakage or discharge.
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None mentioned in this brief summary.
NOTIFY: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency immediately:
2A-hour telephone (612) 296-7373.
REPORT: Advice during spill is offered, as well as final method of waste
disposal requires approval.
PENALTY: None mentioned here.
PERTAINS TO: Land, water and air.
COMMENT: Copy of statute is not available, only a one page summary was
accessible. About 1,000 spills per year are reported. SQ% of
the spills involved oil. Many of the incidents involve subsurface
storage tank leaks.
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STATE: MISSISSIPPI
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: See comment.
NOTIFY: The Department of Pollution Control and Ecology handles water
and air pollution. The Health Department handles solid waste
and drinking water. The Highway Patrol is usually first on
the scene of an accident. After hours the Civil Defense Emergency
operation center contacts the Director of Enforcement for the
Air and Water Pollution Control Commission.
REPORT: None indicated.
PENALTY: A spiller must at least reimburse the department for clean-up
costs.
PERTAINS TO: Spills on land and water.
COMMENT: Under the Solids Wastes Disposal Law of \31k, hazardous
wastes are required to be disposed of in landfills or
incinerators separate from ordinary wastes as determined by
the health department or other responsible agency.
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STATE: MISSOURI
Title 10-Department of Natural Resources
Division 20 - Clean Water Commission
Chapter 5 ~ Hazardous Materials
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: Any person discovering a spill should immediately notify the
Missouri Clean Water Commission. All reports of spills and
discharges should be made by telephone (319) 751-32**!. This
number is available 2*4 hours a day.
REPORT: Nothing indicated.
PENALTY: Nothing indicated.
PERTAINS TO: Spills in water.
COMMENT: Approximately 250 spills are reported annually.
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STATE: MONTANA
State Department of Health and Environmental Sciences
Environmental Sciences Division
Water Quality Bureau
MAC 16.2.14(10) - SIM80 Water Quality Standards
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated for the transportation of hazardous
materials.
NOTIFY: There are telephone numbers to call for radioactive materials,
stream pollution, gases and volatile substances, pesticides and
chemicals. These numbers are to be used in the event of highway
spills.
REPORT: None indicated'.
PENALTY: Penalties for violation of provisions, rules, permits, effluent
standards are $10,000 per day for a civil penalty, $25,000
per day or I year imprisonment is the penalty for not getting a
permit to discharge for an initial violation. Subsequent
violations are $25,000 per day or 2 year imprisonment.
PERTAINS TO: Surface water and ground water.
COMMENT: The Water Quality Bureau has an Oil and Hazardous Materials
Pollution Control Contingency Plan. Approximately 50 sr''!c
are reported annually. 10% are major spills and ' ., involve
hazardous materials. Most spills involve petroleum products.
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STATE: NEW HAMPSHIRE
Laws Relating to the Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission
June 1976.
LICENSING REQUIREMENTS: None Indicated.
NOTIFY: Water Supply and Pollution Control Commission who will oversee
cleanup.
REPORT: The State asks for a general report describing what happens,
cleanup and what is done to prevent future incidents.
PENALTY: Double the amount of liability, plus possible felony charges
to responsible person.
PERTAINS TO: Spills in water.
COMMENT: Cleanup is a private responsibility. Approximately 50 oil
spills are reported annually.
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STATE: NEW JERSEY
Docket No. DEP OOV-77-OI:
Rules concerning discharges of petroleum and other hazardous substances,
"Spill" or "spillage" means any escape of hazardous substances from
the ordinary containers employed in the normal course of storage,
transfer, processing or use. A "spill" becomes a "discharge" only
when hazardous substances reach waters of the state or lands from
which they might flow or drain into said waters.
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS:
None, but all persons who intend to engage in the
clean-up of discharges are required to submit relevant
information to the Division of Water Resources.
NOTIFY: Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Water Resources
P.O. Box 2809
Trenton, New Jersey 08625
Attention: Discharge confirmation
N.J. Bureau of Water Pollution Control
Hotline: (609) 292-7172
Oil and Hazardous Materials
Program: (609) 292-5560
REPORT: Required within 60 days, including a description of the discharge
incident, the source of the discharge, a description of the
measures taken to clean up and remove the discharge and any
steps planned or already taken to prevent a recurrence of the
discharge incident.
PENALTY: $25,000 for deliberate negligence
$2,500 is the minimum penalty.
PERTAINS TO: Spills in water and on land which threaten water.
COMMENT: Approximately 1,300 spills, of which 80% are petroleum related,
occur annually.
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STATE: NEW MEXICO
Senate Bill 219, Chapter 313
Approved April 7, 1977
Hazardous waste is defined as any chemical or combination of chemicals
intended for disposal. Relinquishes authority to "Oil Conservation
Commission" Jn overlap.
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: Disposal sites need licensing.
NOTIFY: Environmental Improvement Agency or the State Police.
REPORT: None indicated.
PENALTY: Criminal: $5,000 or 1 year imprisonment for violation.
Civil: $1,000 per day of violation.
PERTAINS TO: Water, Jand and air.
COMMENT: Currently, the Environmental Improvement Agency has proposed
Hazardous Waste Regulations. Most spills involve oil and about
10 spills are reported annually.
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STATE: NEW YORK
New York Codes Rules and Regulations
Title 6: Department of Environmental Conservation
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: A spill clean-up contractor must be registered
with the New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation under Part 36^», title 6 of the New
York Codes Rules Regulations (NYCRR).
NOTIFY: A 2k hour answering service exists.
REPORT: Report is to be filled out by the state people.
PENALTY: None indicated.
COMMENT: The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation puts
out a Water Quality Accident Handbook which covers notification
and surveillance, containment and counter measures, clean-up,
recovery and debris disposal, investigation and enforcement,
regional contingency plans and additional technical information.
The handbook was unavailable for review but a copy of the
Table of Contents was received and was found to be extensive
in the coverage of a pollutant spill in water. Hazardous wastes
are covered by the regulations.
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STATE: NEVADA
(based on telephone conversation)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: Not indicated.
REPORT: A report must be filed with the state within 10 days
describing the procedure followed in preventing the
spill material from reaching any body of water. The
steps to be taken to prevent a recurrence of the
problem should also be included in the report.
PENALTY: None indicated.
PERTAINS TO: Not discussed.
COMMENT: Between 10 and 20 spills per year are reported. The
State requires that hazardous waste landfill sites
be approved. Hazardous wastes are covered in the regula-
tions.
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STATE: NORTH CAROLINA
Article 2IA: Oil Pollution Control Act of
U3-2I5.75 to U3-2I5.IOI
1973
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS:
Any person who desires to discharge oil onto state
land or into state waters must secure a permit from
the Environmental Management Commission. Permits
will not be issued to those facilities having an
adverse environmental effect on water quality,
flora and fauna.
NOTIFY: The state Environmental Management Commission should be notified
in the event of an oil spill.
REPORT: The state Environmental Management Commission should receive a
report describing the discharge of oil.
PENALTY: There are civil and criminal penalties. A person can be fined
up to $5i000 per day for each violation. Also, a violater can
be guilty of a misdemeanor which could lead to imprisonment of
up to 6 months or by fine not to exceed $10,000.
PERTAINS TO: Oil discharges onto state land or into state waters.
COMMENT: The state Environmental Management Commission can inspect
facilities for compliance with the Act. A person who violates
the act is liable for damage to public resources. Approximately
100 spills are reported annually. Most spills involve oil.
Hazardous wastes are covered in the legislation.
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STATE: NORTH DAKOTA
(based on telephone conversation)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: A notification number is in existence.
REPORT: A report must often be submitted to State officials for
serious spills. The size of the spill is used to
gauge its seriousness.
PENALTY: None indicated.
PERTAINS TO: The State will respond to hazardous material spills on
land but generally does not respond to oil spills on
land.
COMMENT: Approximately 100 spills per year are reported. Most of
the incidents reported are small oil spills.
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STATE: OHIO
(based on telephone conversation)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: Two numbers are provided for notification. Both are an
answering service which gets pertinent information.
REPORT: None indicated.
PENALTY: The penalty is $10,000 to $25,000 per day for not
ameliorating a spill.
PERTAINS TO: Anything that degrades or threatens a waterway.
COMMENT: Approximately 1,500 spills are reported annually.
50% involve hydrocarbons and 20% involve other
chem i ca1s.
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STATE: OKLAHOMA
Environmental Permit Directory
Oklahoma Department of Pollution Control
Publication No. 90
Oklahoma Oil and Hazardous Substances
Pollution Contingency Plan
Hazardous polluting substances are defined as elements or compounds
other than oil which when discharged in any quantity to the waters
of the state threaten the natural environment and the public welfare
or safety.
NOTIFY: Notification will be made initially be telephone followed by a
written report. The appropriate agencies are listed in the
Pollution Contingency Plan.
REPORT: A written report should contain the following information:
location, material discharged and amount, stream affected or
endangered, cause or probable cause of discharge, steps taken for
removal and measures taken to insure the discharge cannot
reasonably recur. The written report is to be made to the
appropriate agency within ten days after the discharge is first
reported.
The on-scene coordinator (OSC) must also file a report at the
conclusion of the state activity. A specific Discharge Report
Form is given in the Contingency Plan.
PENALTY: None indicated
PERTAINS TO: Oil and hazardous substance spills.
COMMENT: The Contingency Plan does not deal specifically with notification
and reporting procedures. Oklahoma does have a state response
team and its members are listed along with state and
federal agencies. The Permit Directory lists government
procedures and permits for state and federal environmental
management agencies. Major spills are from oil well accidents.
C-36
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STATE: OREGON
Oregon Accident Response System (OARS)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: First person on the scene calls local police, fire or other
emergency group if necessary. Then he calls the state police
at Salem (503) 378-30/1 and Emergency Services (800) 452-031 I.
CHEMTREC, (800) 42^-9300 can also be called.
REPORT: Various parties are responsible for reports, whether they be a
chemist who reports on the analysis of a spilled substance or a
foreman who works for the Highway Division. Response team files
a report with the OARS Clearing House Council.
PERTAINS TO: Spills in the state of Oregon.
PENALTY: None indicated.
COMMENT: Oregon has put out a book on its Accident Response System.
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STATE: PENNSYLVANIA
Title 25 Rules and Regulations
Part I Department of Environmental Resources
Subpart C Protection of Natural Resources
Article II Water Resources
Chapter 101 Special Water Pollution Regulations
Public Law 657: Hazardous Substances Transportation Act
Hazardous substance is defined as flammable liquid or solid, an
oxidizing substance, corrosive liquid, compressed gas, a
poisonous or radioactive substance, explosive, molten metal or
similar substance.
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: The Department is to be notified at regional offices. After
business hours the Capitol operators at Harrisburg (7'7) 787~2I2I
will receive telephone calls if unable to contact regional
offices of the Department of Environmental Resources.
REPORT: None indicated specifically for hazardous waste spills. However,
industrial discharges which are improperly or inadequately treated
must be reported.
PENALTY: Violations of the hazardous substances transportation act are
subject to fines up to $500 or imprisonment up to 30 days for
operators of vehicles. Shippers, carriers or consignees face
fines up to $5,000 or up to 60 days imprisonment for violations.
Violations are considered misdemeanors.
PERTAINS TO: Spills in water.
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STATE: RHODE ISLAND
(based on telephone conversation)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: The State desires immediate notification. A 24 hour telephone
number is maintained for this purpose.
REPORT: The State personnel who are on the scene of the spill, are
responsible for submitting a report on the incident.
PENALTY: None indicated.
PERTAINS TO: The State responds to land spills and oil spills.
COMMENT: Approximately 75 spills are reported annually. Almost
all spills reported involved oil.
C-39
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STATE: SOUTH CAROLINA
Act No. 179
Approved June 13, 1977
Concerned with oil and gas and "physical waste as that term is
generally understood in the oil and gas industry". Also
included is pollution resulting from energy dissipation.
Pollutant means any emission that significantly deteriorates the
quality of the air, water or land.
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: Registration of all parties handling oil and its
products is required.
NOTIFY: Department of Health and Environmental Control. Immediate
notification is desirable. A 2k hour answering service is
available.
REPORT: A copy of all records should be sent to the Department of
Health and Environmental Control. The State often requests
that a report be submitted even though there are no formal
requi rements.
PENALTY: None indicated.
PERTAINS TO: Water, land and air.
COMMENT: Regulations are restricted to oil, gas, and their
by-products. Approximately 350 spills are reported
annually. Hydrocarbons are involved in most spills
in volumes varying from 1 to 10,000 gallons. Hazardous
wastes are defined in Act No. 179.
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STATE: SOUTH DAKOTA
SDCL 34-I6B-4 Law
Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
Hazardous and Toxic Wastes are defined as those wastes that require
special handling to avoid illness or injury to persons or damage
to property.
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: Permits needed for operation of a sanitary landfill
site, incinerator, or other disposal method.
NOTIFY: National Response Center (NRC)
Washington, DC
(800) 424-8802 24 hour telephone number
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Regional Response Center 8S-EP (RRC)
I860 Lincoln Street, Suite 103
Denver, CO 80295
(303) 837-3880
REPORT: The State generally requires information regarding the spill
from the responsible party.
PENALTY: None indicated.
PERTAINS TO: Not indicated.
COMMENT: There are approximately 100 spills reported per year. 95% of
all spills involve oil or related hydrocarbons. Hazardous
wastes are covered under the legislation.
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STATE: TENNESSEE
(based on telephone conversation)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: DOT, Civil Defense and the State Division of
Water Quality Control.
REPORT: None indicated.
PENALTY: None indicated.
PERTAINS TO: Land spills are responded to when any body of
water is threatened.
COMMENT: Approximately 200 spills are reported annually of which
60% involve hydrocarbons in some form.
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STATE: TEXAS
Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan
- Texas Water Quality Board, revised April 1978
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: Notify one of the following agencies within 2k hours.
-Texas Water Quality Board
-Texas Railroad Commission
-Texas Parks and Wildlife Department
REPORT: Telephone reports should include names, location, type of material
discharged, estimate of quantity, extent of pollution and steps
being taken to contain and/or clean-up the spill. Telephone numbers
to call are those mentioned above. Other agencies that could be
contacted are the Texas departments of: Public Safety, Health;
Air Control General Land Office, Governor's Office, EPA, and the
Coast Guard. The following form is available: Oil or Hazardous
Materials Accidental Discharge or Spill Report (WQB 100, revised
4-1-7*0.
PENALTY: The State of Texas can initiate legal action for injunctions,
fines or damages against any party involved with the spill of a
hazardous material.
COMMENT: The Texas contingency is well written and fairly complete. The
discharger is responsible for cleaning up the hazardous material
spill. Approximately 60 spills per year are reported. Crude oil,
hazardous materials and hazardous wastes are representative of
the materials involved in the spills. The new regulations include
hazardous waste.
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STATE: UTAH
Oil and Hazardous Spills Directory, August 1977
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: Environmental Protection Agency, immediately
Lincoln Towers
i860 Lincoln Street
Denver, Colorado 80203
2l» hour telephone: (303) 837-3880
Environmental Health Bureau of Water Quality
150 West North Emple
P.O. Box 2500
Salt Lake City, Utah 84110
2k hour telephone: (801) 533-6145
REPORT: None indicated.
PENALTY: $10,000 or 1 year in Jail for failure to notify the Water
Quality Bureau in the event of a spill.
$5,000 for each offense.
COMMENT: A large list of sources of local help is supplied in the
Directory. Approximately 100 spills are reported annually,
About 50% of the spills involve oil or hydrocarbons.
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STATE: VERMONT
(based on telephone conversation)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: The State is to be contacted during the working hours.
The State police are to be contacted at other times.
REPORT: The State personnel at the spill scene determine whether
or not the responsible party will be required to submit
a report.
PENALTY: None indicated.
PERTAINS TO: Landspills are included ?n the current regulations
when they threaten subsurface water.
COMMENT: Approximately 100 spills are reported in a year. 80%
of the spills involve oil.
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STATE: VIRGINIA
State Water Control Law
(Chapter 3.1 of Title 62.1-.Waters of the State, Ports and Harbors,
Code of Virginia 1950, as ammended).
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: No legal requirements exist which require notification. A 24-hour
telephone number exists.
REPORT: None indicated.
PENALTY: None indicated.
COMMENTS: About 450 spills are reported per year. 325 of these spills
involved oil.
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STATE: WASHINGTON
RCW 90.48 Various sections reprinted in "Laws and Oil Spil
Emergency Procedures"
-Department of Ecology
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: Both State and Federal authorities responsible for policing oil
spills should be notified when oil is discharged into state
waters. The Coast Guard, Environmental Protection Agency and the
State Department of Ecology are listed as the agencies to contact
REPORT: None indicated.
PENALTY: Any person found guilty of willfully violating any provisions of
the chapter (RCW 90.48) can be fined up to $10,000 and incur the
cost of prosecution. A violator is also liable for the total
amount of damages caused by pollution. A violator can be fined
up to $5,000 a day.
PERTAINS TO: Oil spills on land and in water.
COMMENT: The Washington State Department of Ecology has put out a small
pamphlet that contains the state oil pollution control laws as
they pertain to oil spills. Liability for damages, oil spill
reporting procedures, oil spill cleanup procedures, oil spill
cleanup firms, and the addresses (including telephone numbers)
for various federal and state agencies involved in oil spill
are also listed. Hazardous wastes are covered in the regulations.
About 2,400 general spills are reported each year.
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STATE: WEST VIRGINIA
Water Pollution Control Act
Chapter 20 - Article 5A
(Administrative Regulations State Water Resources Board)
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: The Division of Water Resources, State Department of Natural
Resources should receive prompt notification by telephone in
the event of a spill or an accidental discharge.
REPORT: None indicated.
PENALTY: The State must know why the spill occurred and methods used
to prevent further damage.
PERTAINS TO: Spills in water
COMMENT: The Water Pollution Control Act does not address toxic and
hazardous waste spills. Hazardous wastes are covered in
the Water Pollution Control Act.
C-48
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STATE: WISCONSIN
Assembly Bill 880
July 13, 1977
Hazardous Waste (Defined Pg. 27,
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: Persons engaged in the transportation, treatment,
storage, or disposal of hazardous wastes are required
to obtain an annual license.
NOTIFY: Division of Emergency Government
2k hour telephone (608)266-3232
REPORT: Submit report to the Department of Natural Resources with informa-
tion on cause, containment, cleanup and disposal of spilled
material.
PENALTY: $25,000 per day of violation and/or I year imprisonment,
PERTAINS TO: Water, land and air.
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STATE: WYOMING
Wyoming Water Quality Rules and Regulations, 1976
"Hazardous Material" - Any matter of any descritpion or origin
other than petroleum or radioactive products which when discharged
presents an imment and substantial hazard to public health.
(Separate and similar regulation concerns petroleum).
LICENSE REQUIREMENTS: None indicated.
NOTIFY: Environmental Quality Control
Water Quality Division
REPORT: Method of disposal needs approval. A written report must be
submitted to the State within 7 days after the termination
of the cleanup operation.
PERTAINS TO: Water.
COMMENT: About 100 spills per year are reported. 30% of the spills
involve oi1.
yol766
SW-Ulc
9U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICEi 1879-281-147/25
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