United States
             Environmental Protection
             Agency
             Research And
             Development
             (RD-675)
20R-1001
January 1990
v>EPA
Hazardous Substance
Research Centers
Program

Annual Report
FY1989
Office of Exploratory Research
                                          Printed on Recycled Paper

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    U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
       OFFICE OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
            ANNUAL REPORT OF THE








HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE RESEARCH CENTERS PROGRAM



                   FY 1989

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                        TABLE OF CONTENTS
introduction  	 page    l

Map:  Hazardous Substance Research Centers
        and Directors 	 page    5

Chapter 1 (Region-Pair 1/2)   	 page    6
            Contacts 	 page    6
            Budget  	 page    8
            Highlights  	 page   10
            List of Projects  	page   13
            Project Description  	 page   15
            Bibliography  	 page   29

Chapter 2 (Region-Pair 3/5}   	 page   31
            Contacts 	 page   31
            Budget  	 page   33
            Highlights  	 page   37
            List of Projects  	 page   39
            Project Descriptions  	 page   41
            Bibliography  	 page   57

Chapter 3 (Region-Pair 4/6}   	 page   58
            Contacts 	 page   58
            Budget  	 page   59
            Highlights  	 page   60
            List of Proj ects  	page   63
            Project Descriptions  	 page   65
            Bibliography  	 page   7 6

Chapter 4 (Region-Pair 7/8}   	 page   77
            Contacts  	 page   77
            Budget  	 page   79
            Highlights  	page   80
            List of Projects  	  page   82
            Project Descriptions  	  page  83
            Bibliography  	page 103

Chapter 5 (Region-Pair 9/10}  	  page 108
            Contacts  	  page 108
            Budget	page 109
            Highlights  	  page ill
            List of Projects  	  page 116
            Project Descriptions  	  page 118
            Bibliography  	page 136

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                           INTRODUCTION
     The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established the
Hazardous Substance Research Center (HSRC)  program in response to
provisions   in  the   1986   amendments   to  the   Comprehensive
Environmental  Response, Compensation, and  Liability Act (CERCLA,
also known as  "Superfund")  and the Agency's 1988 Appropriation
Act.

     Section  311(d)   of  the  amended Superfund enabled  EPA  to
establish  between five  and  ten  university-based  HSRCs,  whose
missions would be to  study all  aspects  of  the "manufacture,  use,
transportation, disposal, and management of hazardous substances
and publication and dissemination of the  results  of such research."
The law further instructed that these centers must be distributed
"equitably among the regions of the United States", that recipients
must  dedicate not  less than  5%  of  the  center's   resources  to
technology transfer,  and that EPA's contribution to the support of
these centers  could not exceed  80% of the  total funding for each
center.  The law provided a total of $25 million over a five-year
period for the support of this program.

     When EPA  received  its 1988 Appropriation,  that law provided
$5 million annually and  contained language which further defined
the boundaries of the program.   This law  specified that no more
than  five  centers would be  established and that these  must be
established competitively.

     The EPA Administrator delegated authority  for the management
of this program  to  the Director,  Office  of Exploratory Research
(OER).  It is the primary mission of OER to provide  support to the
academic environmental research community through several vehicles,
including  a  program   of   investigator-initiated   grants  and
'competitively  selected  research   centers.     This   office  was,
therefore, the  logical  choice  to design  and manage  the HSRC
program.

     To solve  the problem of equitable geographic distribution  of
the five research centers,  it was decided that EPA would establish
five geographic  subsections  of  the country, corresponding to two
contiguous federal regions.   Each of  these "region-pairs"  would
contain one  HSRC.   The map  depicted on  page  5 of this  report
indicates the  states  contained in each region-pair and the lead
institution  of the  center it contains.   Briefly,  the  geographic
partitions are as follows:

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      Region-Pair 1/2.  which includes the New England states,  New
 York,  New Jersey,  and  the territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S.
 Virgin Islands.

      Region-Pair 3/5.  comprised of the Great Lakes states and the
 mid-Atlantic  states  of   Virginia,   West  Virginia,   Maryland,
 Pennsylvania,  and Delaware.

      Region-Pair 4/6. which is made  up  of  the Gulf  Coast  and
 southern states.

      Region-Pair 7/8. which contains  the states on the eastern side
 of the Great Basin and the Great Plains.

      Region-Pair 9/10. which serves  the states of the West Coast,
 plus Idaho,  Arizona, Alaska,  Hawaii, and Guam.

      A detailed  solicitation for proposals to establish centers in
 these five region-pairs was prepared  and  published  on  March 22,
 1988.    It  appeared  first  in  the  Federal  Register,   then  was
 distributed  directly to the more than 3,000 universities  across the
 country which have declared research capabilities.  Announcements
 of the program were published in Science and Environmental Science.
 and  Technology.   These announcements generated over 200 requests
 for  copies of the solicitation.

      Proposers were given a three-month period to respond to the
 solicitation which, given the  scope and  depth required, was not
 very long.  Nevertheless, 33 proposals were received  from eligible
 competitors.  These proposals were reviewed by five separate panels
 consisting of between  11 and  17  nationally and internationally
 recognized experts in hazardous substance research, engineering,
 and technology transfer.  The reviews were comprehensive  and multi-
 tiered,  and  included two  intensive  scoring  sessions  based on
 proposal  contents and, in two  cases,  site visits to the leading
 contenders.   The  final  panel  recommendations were made  to the
 Agency  in October 1989.    The  five  proposers who   had  been
 recommended were invited to submit formal applications for federal
 assistance.  All five centers were funded and in  place by February
 1989.

     All  fiv« of  the centers  are  multi-university consortiums.
 These center* are:

     Northeast H>i>rdous Substance  Research Center —— The  lead
 institution  is  the New  Jersey  Institute  of  Technology and the
 Center  Director  is Dr.  Richard Magee.   Other  consortium partners
 include   the  Massachusetts   Institute   of   Technology,   Tufts
University,  Rutgers University, Stevens Institute of Technology,
 Princeton University, and the University of Medicine  and Dentistry
of New Jersey.

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            	                                 lesearch
center — This three-university consortium is headed by Dr.  Walter
Weber, of the  University of Michigan.   Michigan State University
and Howard University are the partner institutions.

     Waste Minimiiation and  Management Center — North  Carolina
State  University  heads  this  center,   in  partnership  with  the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Texas Agricultural
and Mechanical University.   The  Center Director is  Dr. Michael
Overcash, of North Carolina State University.

     Hazardous Substance Research Center for Federal Regions
7 St 8 —  This large consortium is  run by Dr.  Larry Erickson,  of
Kansas State University.  The other six participating institutions
are  Montana  State University  and  the  Universities  of   Iowa,
Missouri, Montana, Nebraska,  and Utah.

     Western Region Hazardous Substance Research Center — Stanford
University and Oregon  State  University make up  this consortium.
Dr. Perry McCarty, of Stanford  University, is the Center Director.

     Each center received an initial grant for a three-year project
period.   Subject to successful  completion  of a peer evaluation
after two  years  of operation,  the  centers can  be  renewed  for
another five-year project period, for a total life span, under this
program,  of  eight years.   The budget  for each  center during the
first three years of operation is expected to be approximately $4
million,  with  an expected $1  million  per center annually after
that.

     In  addition to performing quality  innovative  research  on
critical problems associated  with hazardous substances,  each of
these centers  is  required under the  terms of  the solicitation to
dedicate between  10 and  20%  of its total budget  to training and
technology transfer activities in support of the center's mission.
To assist  each center director in selecting  research topics to
pursue and ensure  the continued  high  quality  of  the center's
research, each center is  required to establish and maintain  a
Science  Advisory Committee made up of acknowledged experts in
relevant disciplines from  the  federal  government,  academia, the
private sector,  and state  and  local government.   This body must
convene  at  least  twice  annually.    A  similar group must  be
established  to  help  the  center director  plan  and  manage his
training  and  technology  transfer  program.    The   Training and
Technology  Transfer Advisory  Committee, comprised of  qualified
individuals from EPA, industry,  state and local government,  private
trainers, and  others,  must meet at least once  a year.

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     The  five  centers  have  complementary but  not  overlapping
missions.   Several  mechanisms are  in  place  to  assist in  the
coordination  of activities among  the centers,  including  shared
advisory committee  members,  a required  annual meeting  of  center
directors, frequent conference calls among center directors, mutual
attendance at individual  center functions, joint  sponsorship of
conferences  and workshops,  and  numerous  informal  coordination
mechanisms.

     In  the   chapters  that follow,  the  research, training,  and
technology  transfer programs of  each  center  are described in
detail.   Questions about  the activities of plans of individual
centers  should  be  directed to the center director,  whose names,
addresses, and phone numbers appear at the beginning of the chapter
for  that center.   Questions pertaining  to the HSRC program in
general may be directed to:

               Karen Morehouse
               Director, Centers Program
               Office of Exploratory Research  (RD-675)
               U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
               401 M Street,  S.W.
               Washington, D.C.  20460
               Phone: 202/382-5750

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HRZRRDOUS SUBSTRNCE RESEHHCH CENTERS RND DIRECTORS
                     Or Larry E. Erickson
                     Dept of Chemical Engmeefing
                     DurlandHall
                     Kansas Stale University
                     Manhattan. Kansas 66506
                     913/532-5564
Dr. Walter J. Weber, Jr
DepL ot Civil Engineering
2340 C G Brawn Building
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor. Miehyan 40109-2125
313/763-2274
                      Or Richard Magee, Drector
                      Hazardous Substance Management
                      Research Center
                      New Jersey Institute of Technology
                      Newark. New Jersey 07102
                      201/596-3233
      Or Perry L McCarty
      Center Director
      Dept. of Crvil Engineering
      Stanford University
      Stanford. California 94306
      415/723-4131
    Dr. Michael R. Overcash
    Dept of Chemical Engineering
    North Carohna State University
    Rateigh, Norti Carolina 27695-7001
    91ftT737-2325

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                 Chapter It
Northeast Hazardous substance R««aaroh cant«r

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Center;

Participants;
Director;
Northeast Hazardous Substance Research Center

New Jersey Institute of Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Princeton University
Rutgers University
Stevens Institute of Technology
Tufts University
University of Medicine and
  Dentistry of New Jersey

Richard S. Magee, Director
Northeast Hazardous Substance Research Center
New Jersey Institute of Technology
Newark, New Jersey  07102
Phone:  201/596-3006
  FAX:  201/802-1946
                      THE CENTER AT A GLANCE

     The Northeast Hazardous Substance Research Center  (NHSRC) for
Federal Region Pair 1 and 2 was established in  February 1989.  New
Jersey Institute of  Technology (NJIT)  is the lead institution in
a  seven-member  consortium  formed  to  establish  the  Center.
Consortium members include Massachusetts Institute of  Technology,
Princeton  University,  Rutgers  University, Stevens  Institute of
Technology, Tufts University,  and the University of Medicine and
Dentistry of New Jersey.

     The Center's administrative headquarters  are located in the
new Advanced Technology  Center building at NJIT.   The Center is
guided by an 18-member Science Advisory Committee and  a 14-member
Training and Technology Transfer Advisory Committee.  Key personnel
currently working for the Center  are listed in Table 1.

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               Table  it  Key Personnel in the NHSRC
New Jersey Institute
  of Technology

P.M. Annanente
B.C. Baltzis
J.W. Bozzelli
G. Lewandowski
W. Librizzi
R. Magee

Rutgers University

C. Chess
M.S. Finstein
M. Greenberg
P.M. Sandman
P.P. Strom

Princeton University

P.R. Jaffee
G. Pinder
Massachusetts Institute
       of Technology
                    J.P.  Longwell
                    D.  McLaughlin
                    W.A.  Peters
                    A.F.  Sarofim
R.B. Barat
G.S. Darivaksi
S. Chisolm
A. Ducatman
J.R. Ehrenfeld
J.B. Howard

Tufts University

B. Cole
A. Cortese
S. Krimsky
D.R. Walt
Stevens Institute of Technology

K.K. Sirkar
     Regions 1  and 2 are unique  in  their combination of  age of
industrial  activity,  density of  population,  economic  activity,
concentration  of  chemical  and  pharmaceutical  industries,  and
rapidly developing  high-tech  industries.   Former  waste  handling
and disposal practices created a large number of sites which have
been  identified  and placed  on  the National  Priorities  List.
Remediation of these sites is difficult and costly; approximately
75%  have groundwater  contamination.   Treatment,  storage,  and
disposal  facility capacity in  the region-pair  is insufficient.
Improved technologies for pre-treatment of industrial wastes are
needed.  These needs provide the stimulus for the Center's research
focus.

     After soliciting advice  from its Science Advisory Committee
(SAC), the. Center has decided to focus its  initial research  efforts
on remediation and treatment techniques.  At its November  2,  1989
meeting,  the)  SAC  considered  36 proposals  of   which  11  were
continuations and 25 were new  topics.    The  proposals presented
ideas in the areas of incineration, groundwater remediation,  soil
remediation, and treatment.  The SAC  recommended continued  support
of all but one ongoing study.  The top proposals  in each category,
as ranked by the SAC, will be initiated.

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     The needs of the region-pair also require increased focus on
training and technology transfer as they relate to  the Center's
research  agenda,  as well  as  to  the  expanding scientific  and
engineering  activities  in the  hazardous waste  management field.
The Training and Technology Transfer Advisory Committee  (TTAC)  has
recommended  that the Center focus  its efforts on activities that
advance the  state-of-the-art and do not overlap/duplicate ongoing
activities,  particularly  EPA  and  State on-going  training  and
technology transfer  programs.


                     Table 2:   Center Budget


     FUNDING SOURCES                   FY 1989 FUNDS

     EPA:  Centers Program              $2,000,000

     Consortium                            752,342

     Other Government*                      78.094

          TOTAL                         $2,830,436

*NJ Commission on Science and Technology


                     CENTER DIRECTOR*8 REPORT

     Over 100 faculty and staff are currently working on hazardous
substance related research within the consortium institutions.  The
expertise  covers  chemical,  civil,  and mechanical  engineering;
chemistry; environmental biology; hydrology; geology; toxicology;
risk  assessment;  and  public  policy.    The  Northeast  Hazardous
Substance Research Center  (NHSRC)  was proposed as the  nucleus to
bring  this  research  effort  together  and   focus  on  hazardous
substance problems of concern in Regions 1 and  2.

     The Center's initial program focus is intentionally broad, to
draw on its large pool of talented researchers.  Following a  review
of Northeast Hazardous Substance Research Center's research needs
assessment, the Center's SAC recommended that  the Center focus its
research efforts in technology development and demonstration,  with
emphasis on  remediation  and treatment.   Further, these two major
research  areas  encompass  a  wide  range  of  hazardous  substance
management problems and Superfund remediation challenges facing the
region-pair.    The  SAC  strongly  urged the  need  for  in-situ
remediation  technologies,  while   recognizing   that  sites  will
continue to be remediated using removal/treat technologies.  They
stressed that  researchers  should  pay  special  attention to  the
intermedia efforts,  such as impacts on air quality as a result of

                                8

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in-situ extraction or  impacts  on  water quality which may result
from  in-situ  biotreatment  of  contaminated  soils.    Hazardous
substance treatment technologies  that  address both treatment of
industrial wastes and wastes at  contaminated sites were encouraged.
These  include   incineration,   separation,   stabilization,   and
biotreatment technologies.

     Interest and  participation  from  faculty  at the consortium
schools in the  activities of the  Center are strong.  Thirty-six
research  proposals,   including twenty-five  new  projects,  were
submitted for funding  consideration in 1990.   These proposals were
equally distributed among four major research areas:  incineration,
soil remediation,  groundwater  remediation,  and waste treatment.
The SAC reviewed these proposals  at its November  2,  1989 meeting
and recommended 25 proposals for funding consideration on the basis
of scientific  merit  and relevance to  the research needs of the
region-pair.    Since  the  budget  requests  for  these  proposals
exceeded the Center's funding capacity,  the SAC further reduced the
list to the top 18  proposals.   The Director plans to fund  these  18
projects which include 10 continuations and 8 new research topics.
The  major  thrusts  of  the Center   include  thermal  treatment
(incineration) and remediation  (soil  and groundwater).

     The  Center's  program for Training  and Technology  Transfer
focuses on development and application of approaches that  expand
or complement on-going training and technology transfer  programs,
particularly those of EPA and the  states.  To the greatest  extent
possible, such approaches must  provide innovative and imaginative
concepts that advance the  state of the art, meet the defined needs
of Regions 1 and 2, and be potentially adaptable for broader use.
The TTAC identified three important areas that can have significant
impact on the hazardous substance management program:   project
management,  consideration  and   use   of  alternative   treatment
technologies, and pollution prevention.

     A total  of six proposals were  submitted for  review  by the
Center's TTAC.  These proposals included training initiatives for
alternative  treatment technologies  and  risk  communication,  and
technology transfer  for emerging waste  management technologies,
bioremediation  and groundwater remediation.   The  TTAC reviewed
these proposals  at its November  1,   1989  meeting and recommended
funding for five proposals:  (1) Overcoming Organizational Barriers
to Risk Conunication  (continuation), (2) Emerging Waste Management
Technologies:  A State-of-the-Art  Review and Seminar,  (3) In-Depth
Training in Alternative/Innovative Technology Options for Remedial
Actions at  Hazardous  Waste Sites (this  project is a cooperative
effort among the Center, New York Sate Center for Hazardous Waste
Management-State University  of New York at Buffalo, and the  New
York State Department of  Environmental Protection), (4)  In-Depth
Training in Alternative/Innovative Technology Options for Remedial
Actions at Hazardous Waste Sites (this project expands the delivery
of the Center/New York State agenda),  and (5)  Groundwater

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 Contamination Conference.  Further, they recommended that a four-
 page  newsletter be published quarterly.  The  publication  can be
 topic or issue specific and include research summaries or bulletins
 and a question and answer  column.

      The  Center is off to a strong start with an active research
 program  and  a  comprehensive  technology  transfer and  training
 program.  The Center's two advisory committees  have been extremely
 helpful  in  assisting Center management in refining its focus and
 research  thrusts.   The Director has encountered no difficulty in
 administering a multi-disciplinary,  multi-university  program.   A
 solid foundation has been established upon which the Center will
 build in  the  years ahead.


                        HIGHLIGHTS TOR  1989

 Aquifer Bioremediation

      Bioremediation  of contaminated  aquifers  is  a  promising
 restoration technique.  A  typical bioreclamation design calls for
 the  introduction  of  nutrients  through wells  and  circulation of
 these nutrients through the contaminated zone by  pumping  one or
 more  wells.   Supplementation of the nutrient levels and electron
 acceptors  and  recirculation of the  water allow  the indigenous
 microbial flora to decompose the  contaminants more rapidly than
 under natural  conditions.   Nutrients are  introduced  at point
 sources,  and  clogging of soil  has often  been observed  in the
 vicinity  of  injection wells  due to a large production of biomass
 in aerobic cases, or the production of biogases in anaerobic cases.
 Hence, it is difficult to distribute the nutrients uniformly within
 the contaminated region and achieve biodegradation  in regions that
 are not in the  direct vicinity of the  wells.

      Professor  Peter  Jaffe,  Princeton  University, has developed a
 mathematical model  for the aerobic case and has verified  the model
 with  laboratory data.   This  model is  currently  being used to
 examine  strategies  for the injection of  growth  substrates to
 maximize  the  zone of biologic activity  and minimize plugging of
 soil.  The results will demonstrate an efficient way to inject a
 carbon source into the subsurface,  and should enhance the applica-
 tion of  bioremediation schemes to treat contaminated aquifers. The
 availability  of bioremediation technologies will  enable  EPA to
decontaminate aquifers  in  a  more timely and economic manner.

Remote Sensing  Groundirater Monitor

     Groundwater monitoring  is essential in several environmental
management   scenarios  including   managing   the   integrity  of
underground storage tanks and groundwater  resources,  as well as
when  performing remedial  actions  at waste  sites.   Conventional
 laboratory techniques  suffer from several inherent problems  and

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limitations often associated with alterations to the sample during
the sampling procedure.   Professor David Walt,  Tufts  University,
has been working to develop a  fiber optic sensor that  changes its
fluorescence characteristics when in contact with volatile organic
compounds.  It is constructed  by fixing a vapor-absorbing polymer
to the  distal tip of  an  optical  fiber.   The layer  contains  an
intimately mixed dye that  changes  its  fluorescence  properties  in
response  to  organic  vapors.   Sensors  respond to organic  vapors
between 0.1 and 10,000 ppm.

     A portable instrument  has been constructed and has been tested
in conjunction with  the fiber sensors.   Field test studies  at
contaminated sites in New Hampshire and Massachusetts are underway.
Technology  transfer  from   paper  studies,  laboratory  to  field
demonstrations, or policy implementation is a critical concern for
industry, government agencies,  and academia, and is an  issue of the
highest priority for EPA.   The  proposed project speaks directly to
this  issue  by accelerating a  highly-successful laboratory-based
project  with a  field-based component  to  provide  the  essential
program development necessary to encourage an early application of
the new technology.

Incineration of Chlorocarbons

     Incineration is currently  viewed as a practical option  for the
disposal of chlorinated hydrocarbon (CHC) wastes.  However, it has
been observed that high CHC loadings in fuels fired in rotary kilns
can result  in destabilization  of these  turbulent  flames and may
increase subsequent products of incomplete combustion (PIC).  For
CHC incineration  to  be viable,  a  detailed understanding  of the
effects  of  chlorine  on  hydrocarbon  oxidation  in  flames  is
necessary.

     Mr. R.  Barat, Professors  A.  Sarofim and J. Longwell of the
Chemical Engineering Department of MIT, and Professor J. Bozzelli
of the Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, and Environmental  Science
Department of NJIT,  examined  the destablizing  effects of methyl
chloride  on a  fuel  lean  ethylene/air  flame  in a  toroidal jet
stirred combustor (TJSC).   The  TJSC emulates the highly circulated
flame stabilization zone  in many large  scale burners.   It  is  in
this  zone  vhere  CHCs are most  likely  to affect  incinerator
performance.

     A detailed chemical reaction  mechanism for fuel lean methyl
chloride oxidation has been constructed.  Sensitivity analyses of
near calculated TJSC blowout offer some fascinating insights into
the destablizing effects of chlorine.  The chlorine complicates the
combustion chemistry in a manner which results in significant flame
destabilization.
                                11

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     The  mechanism is  presently being  refined.   Conditions  or
additions which will reduce or eliminate the inhibition by chlorine
are  being  explored.    Once  the full  effects  of  chlorine  are
understood, the incinerator operations can be altered to minimize
the production of PICs when disposing of CHCs.  A reduction in PIC
emissions   supports  EPA's  risk  reduction  goal  when  managing
hazardous wastes.

Alternative Technologies

     Hazardous waste management programs for cleaning up inactive
disposal  sites  have evolved  away from  disposal  of  contaminated
materials  in secure  landfills to  the application  of  permanent
remedies  based on  the use  of  alternative technologies.    This
evolution   has  resulted   from  the  growing  concern  regarding
protection   of   groundwater   resources,   insufficient   landfill
capacity, and the desire to effect a permanent remedy  so that there
remains no  risk to human health and environment.

     To implement alternative treatment technologies successfully,
EPA Project Managers (RPMs) and State Project Managers (SPMs) must
have   a    strong  basic   knowledge   and   understanding   of
these technologies, including the particular conditions under which
such technologies can be effective.   They need  to be familiar with
the  status  of  technology  development and  the  prospects  for
demonstration of  recently developed technologies.   EPA RPMs and
SPMs  need  to  have  a  working  knowledge  of  the  operational
characteristics,   constraints   and   limitations,   and  residuals
management  for each applicable technology.   For these reasons, it
is  critical  that  effective  training  and technology  transfer
programs be conducted  for  EPA and State project managers  to provide
the depth of knowledge  and understanding required to promote and
implement appropriate alternative/innovative technologies.

     The Center maintains close relations with other institutions
in the region-pair conducting hazardous substance research programs
and educational activities. This has resulted in the establishment
of a joint effort  between  the Center, the New York State  Center for
Hazardous Waste Management (CHWM) located at the state University
of New York at  Buffalo,   and  the  New York State  Department of
Environmental Conservation (DEC). The Center and CHWM will develop
and deliver two technical  workshops on these topics related to the
remediation of inactive hazardous waste disposal sites.   These two
technology  areas  are:   (1)  thermal destruction and  (2)  treatment
of soil and groundwater contaminated with metals.  These two  areas
have been selected on the  basis of a needs  survey conducted by the
Hazardous  Waste  Remediation  Division  of  the  New York   State
Department  of Environmental  Conservation,  and represent critical
areas of concern throughout Regions  1 and 2.   These  workshops and
related instructional materials will be suitable  for delivery
                                12

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throughout the  region-pair,  and it is  likely  that they will  be
applicable in other geographic areas as well.

Training Activities

     Successful  implementation  of  a  sustained  and  effective
hazardous waste program requires a well-trained cadre of on-scene
coordinators/regional  project  managers   (OSC/RPM).     EPA  has
initiated  the  Superfund  Training  Institute   (SUTI)  concept  to
contribute to  the development of  staff,  by providing  basic  and
advanced training  in  a  number of critical areas that aid  EPA in
developing experienced and knowledgeable OSC/RPMs, who  are being
called upon to manage  the clean-up  of an expanding number of sites
with complex administrative,  legal, and technical challenges.

     To assist EPA in  this effort,  the Center is developing an in-
depth advanced training program for Federal and State OSC/RPMs in
three   critical  areas:     (1)   legal   issues,  (2)   contract
administration, and (3)  site management.  Experts in the areas of
focus will use  lectures,  case studies, and exercises to provide
OSC/RPMs  with  a  substantial  understanding  of  the  technical
concepts, their practical  applications, and the available tools
that  facilitate  and  enhance  their  ability  to  fulfill  their
responsibilities.   The  successful completion  of this initiative
will  form the  foundation for  the establishment of  a SUTI  to
continue the advanced training activity.


                   SUMMARY OF ONGOING PROJECTS

Investigators       Project Title
          Groundvater Remediation

Jaffe               Design  of   Aerobic  and  Anaerobic  Aquifer
                    Biomanipulation Schemes

Armanente/          Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater with
LewandowsJci         Bioreactors Utilizing a White Rot  Fungus

Pinder              Investigation Into Dissolution of DNAPL in the
                    Subsurface

McLaughlin          Real-Time Monitoring and Control of Groundwater
                    Contamination

Walt                Field  Based Testing of  a New Remote Sensing
                    Groundwater Monitor
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Finstein/           Optimization of Biological Soil Remediation
Storm

Howard/             Fundamental Studies of Solids Devolatilization
Darivakis/          for Hazardous Waste Destruction
Peters

Chisolm             DNA  Characteristics of  Indigenous  Microbial
                    Communities as Indicator of Mutagenic Hazardous
                    Waste Exposure

          Incineration

Barat/              Effects of Chlorocarbons on Flame Intermit-
Sarofim/            tency  Stability  and  Efficiency in  a  Well
Longwell            Stirred Reactor

Bozzelli            Thermal Oxidation Studies on Chloromethane and
                    Chlorobenzene-Detailed Mechanism of Hydrocarbon
                    Flames Doped with Chlorocarbons
          Waste Treatment

Baltzis/            A Dynamic Model of Sequencing Batch Reactors
Lewandowski

Sirkar              Removal and Recovery of Heavy Metals  from Waste
                    Water by Hollow Fiber Contained Liquid Membrane
                    Technique

          Training and Technology Transfer

Cortese             Promotion   of  Existing  Training/Technology
                    Transfer Courses-EMI

Ducatman            Research Laboratory  Hazards Management

Chess               Looking Within:  Organizational Factors in Risk
                    Sandman Communication

Krimsky/            Emerging Paradigms  of Risk and  Risk
Plough              Communication and the Policy  Implications:   A
                    Cultural Synthesis

Ehrenfeld           Conference on Incineration Modeling

Magee/              National Conference on Regional Issues
Fischer
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                      PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS

                     Qroundvatar Remediation

Design of Aerobic and Anaerobic  Aquifer Biomanipulation  schemes:
P.R. Jaffee, Princeton University

Goal;  The  goal  of  this research is to learn through  laboratory
experimentation and  computer  simulations  how to operate  in-situ
bioremediation schemes for the decontamination of aquifers.   The
main emphasis of  the research is on optimizing the injection of
growth substrates into the  subsurface  so  as to obtain a  uniform
region of biostimulation without inducing excessive clogging in the
vicinity of the injection well.

Rationale;    Clogging  of soil  has often  been observed  in  the
vicinity of injection wells due  to a large  production  of  biomass
in aerobic cases, or the production of  biogases, such as  nitrogen
or methane, in  anaerobic cases.   Furthermore, because organisms
that   degrade   chlorinated   solvents  need  additional   growth
substrates, which  are used up  very rapidly  in  the vicinity of
injection wells, it is not clear how to achieve biodegradation of
these solvents in regions that are not in the direct vicinity of
the wells.

Approach;  A mathematical model is being  developed that simulates
the processes involved  in bioremediation schemes, and the model
will be verified against a specially designed experimental column
study.

Status;  A  mathematical  model  has been constructed for the aerobic
case and has been verified against laboratory  data.  This model is
currently being  used to examine strategies  for  injection growth
substrates in order to maximize the zone  of biologic activity and
minimize plugging of the soil.  The simulations will be completed
by December 1989.   Anaerobic experiments are being  conducted in
which the  degradation of TCE is monitored  as a  function of the
growth substrate.   Based on  these results,  experiments  will be
designed to study the anaerobic  scenario  further.   Completion of
the anaerobic work is expected by December  1991.

Treatment of Contaminated Qroundwater  with Bioreactors utilizing
a Whit* Rot Funguss   P.M. Armanente  (P.I.) and G. Lewandowski (Co-
Pi) , New Jersey Institute of Technology

Ooalt  The  goal of the project is to determine the optimal reactor
configuration and the optimal  operating conditions  required  to
maximize the  degradation  activity of  the  fungus Phanerochaete
chrvsosporium  against  a number of  toxic  chlorinated  aromatic
compounds.

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Rational*:   Previous results have  shown that this  fungus  holds
great potential for detoxifying aqueous streams contaminated with
chlorinated compounds.   In  spite  of the current  knowledge on the
microbiology  of this microorganism,  very little  information  is
available  for  engineers to  use  in  designing,  scaling-up,  and
operating a decontamination  system using this fungus.  Without this
information, the fungus  cannot be used in field applications, and
feasibility studies  cannot  be conducted.   The project is focused
on the determination of  such engineering information,  and on the
modeling of the dynamics of the decontamination process.

Approach:    The fungal  detoxification  activity  is studied  in
different  types of  reactors, such  as continuously  stirred tank
reactors   or   packed bed   columns,  under  different  operating
conditions, including critical nutrient concentrations, feed rate
of toxic stream to reactor,  and temperature, against  several toxic
compounds of interest to industry.  The disappearance of the toxic
compound and  the appearance of  non-toxic products are monitored,
and a mathematical model is developed to predict the performance
of the reactors as operating conditions are changed.  This model
can then  be used to determine  reactor scale-up  rules  and other
relevant engineering information  necessary for the implementation
of this technology.

Status:  Experiments are in progress with a model toxic compound
(2-chlorophenol).  Additional toxic compounds have been selected
and experiments with them  will  begin  in  the near  future.   The
mathematical  model  is   being developed and  tested  against the
available experimental data.

Investigation  Into the Dissolution  of DNAPL in the Subsurface:
G. Finder, Princeton University (now at the University of Vermont)

Goal;    The  goal  of  this  research is to  develop  a  method  for
removing  DNAPL   (Dense  Non-Aqueous  Phase  Liquids)  from   the
subsurface so  they can be treated in  surface  facilities.

Rationale;   It is well  known that small  amounts  of alcohol  can
significantly  modify the solubility of organic solvents, such as
TCE,  in water.  It is also recognized that it is  difficult,  if  not
impossible  in  many   instances,   to remove  organic  solvents by
attempting  to  pump  them  using  conventional  well technology.
Finally,  th«  oil  industry  possesses the technology  to  remove
residual oil from reservoirs by displacing and, to a certain degree
dissolving,  the oil using  a  secondary  fluid.    This  research
combines these concepts  to  produce  a technique that will use  oil
reservoir  hydrodynamic   concepts  to dissolve  and displace  DNAPL
using injected water containing selected alcohols.
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Approach:   The project  will proceed  as follows:   (1) various
alcohols will  be evaluated  as  solvents in  the sense  described
above, (2)  of the alcohols tested,  the one that  appears  to  be  the
most  effective and  environmentally  safe  will   be  tested  in  a
laboratory situation involving flow through a  soil column, and  (3)
given successful completion of Step 2, the concept will  be  tested
in the field.   At  this point, Ciba-Geigy Corporation  has  indicated
an interest in pursuing a field level test of the concept.

status:  At this time,  Step 1 has been successfully  completed  and
work on Step 2 has been  initiated.   Even at  this  early  stage,  it
is evident that the concept is probably viable.

Real-Time Monitoring and Control of  Oroundvater  Contamination:
D. McLaughlin, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Goal:  The  overall  goal  of this project is  to  develop  practical
methods  for  characterizing  and  controlling  contamination   at
hazardous waste sites when field data are limited.  The  immediate
objective is to test the feasibility of sequential (or real-time)
methods of designing field sampling programs  at  such sites.

Rationale:   Successful groundwater remediation depends strongly on
the ability to describe  and predict the spatial  distribution of
subsurface contaminant plumes.  This is a difficult task when field
data are limited and soil properties are heterogeneous, as they are
in most  practical  applications.    This project  is  intended  to
provide  new  methods of  designing  monitoring  and  remediation
strategies  which  explicitly   recognize   the  importance   of
heterogene ity.

Approach;   The  key  to  the real-time  approach is to  combine
information gained  from  field  sampling programs with information
obtained from  physically-based models  of contaminant transport.
Field  samples  are  used  to  update  model-based  estimates   of
groundwater velocity and contaminant concentration.  The updated
estimates are,  in  turn,  used to  guide subsequent  sampling  and
remediation efforts.

Status:  During the first year of this project, which is scheduled
for completion on February 14,  1990,  real-time monitoring concepts
were tested at a contaminated coal-tar disposal  site.  The  lessons
learned  tram  this  field test can  then be  used to improve  our
approach.

Field-Based Tasting of  a New Remote Sensing  aroundvater Monitor:
D.R.  Walt,  Tufts University

Goal;  This project aims to  develop  a new fiber optic groundwater
contaminant detector as  a  practical  tool for in-situ sensing, and
                                17

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 to  facilitate an  early transfer of  this  new technology  to  the
 solution   of   environmental  problems  through  the  creation  of
 prototype  equipment,  materials,  and  testing  protocols.    The
 detector   is  based  on  a  fiber optic  sensor  that changes  its
 fluorescence properties in contact with volatile organic compounds.

 Rationale: Groundwater monitoring now plays a pivotal role in the
 management of underground storage tanks,  remedial actions at waste
 sites,  and in the  effort to  preserve and  protect  groundwater
 resources. Current monitoring strategies employing conventional
 laboratory  techniques  have   several  inherent   problems   and
 limitations.   The sampling procedure may  alter  the sample being
 taken, retrieval of results is  often slow and costly. In addition,
 chain-of-custody concerns relative to data  documentation are quite
 expensive.

 Approach;   The sensor  operates on  the basis of  a fluorescence
 signal enhancement when placed  in contact with volatile organic
 vapors.  It is constructed by  fixing a vapor-absorbing polymer to
 the  distal tip  of  an  optical fiber.    The layer contains  an
 intimately-mixed dye that  changes its fluorescence properties in
 response to organic  vapors.

 Status;  Sensors have been prepared and tested in the laboratory.
 They  respond  to organic  vapors between 0.1 and 10,000  ppm.   A
 portable instrument has been  constructed  and has  been tested in
 conjunction  with  the  fiber  sensors.    Field  test  studies  at
 contaminated sites in New Hampshire and Massachusetts began during
 Fall  1989.

                         Soil Remediation

 Optimization of Biological Soil Remediation:   M.S. Finstein and
 P.F. Strom, Cook College, Rutgers University

 Goal;   The goal  of this  project  is to use naturally occurring
 populations of microorganisms  in  the  on-site  detoxification of
 certain  industrially contaminated  soils.     Candidate  soils for
 biological remediation  include those  at  plants  that   formerly
 produced   pipeline  gas   from  coal,  but   were   abandoned  or
decommissioned  as   coal  gas   was  replaced with  natural  gas.
Approximately  2,000 such  sites  in  North America  need  soil
 remediation.

Rationale:  Most hydrocarbon contaminants,  such as  those  found at
coal gas sites, are intrinsically biodegradable under the proper
circumstances.  When the contaminants  persist,  it is because of
 some  combination  of adverse  biological factors.   For  instance,
there  may  be  a   lack  of  inorganic  nutrients  or   of  readily
metabolized organic substrate.   The  contaminants may  exist in
watertight clumps which  create an  unsuitably  dry environment.
Other causes may include low temperatures  or a lack of compatible

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organisms.   Improved  characterization  of operative limitations,
and development  of  techniques  to relieve them, will  aid in the
improvement of remediation practices.

Approach:   Two  approaches are  being  compared.   In  the  first
approach, only the inorganic nutrient and physical  limitations are
relieved.  The second approach does these things, plus combines the
contaminated soil with readily  metabolized bulk organic material,
such as  wastewater  sludge or leaves,  thus creating a composting
operation, in which the mixture increases in  temperature  owing to
microbial  heat  generation.     Each approach   evokes  different
microbial responses and has different process  requirements.  The
first requires  less handling of materials  and fewer processing
requirements.  It relies on the contaminants themselves to support
microbial  processing,   but  results  in  a  massive build-up  of
microbial  populations,  and encourages  in-situ genetic  changes,
possibly favoring degradative competence.  The  information gained
will help delineate  the strengths and limitations of each approach,
and their respective practical  roles.

status;    Each approach was  previously  investigated  separately.
Apparatus have been fabricated  for  their comparative  evaluation.
The comparative study should be completed by January 1991.

Fundamental Studies of Solids Devolatilization for Hazardous Waste
Destruction:   J.B. Howard,  6.S.   Darivakis,  and  W.A.   Peters,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Goal;   The  objective  of   this  project  is to  contribute  to  the
fundamental  understanding of how thermal  treatment can destroy
hazardous solids without generating  adverse by-products.  Specific
aims are to  determine  what,  and how rapidly, products are formed
by thermal decomposition of solids and by further thermal reactions
of chemicals evolved by the decomposing solid.

Rationale:  Initial thermal decomposition of solids and subsequent
thermal  reactions such as pyrolysis and  incomplete oxidation of
ambulatory products of that decomposition, are  important processes
in  incineration  and  in  advanced  thermal   technologies  for
destruction of solid hazardous wastes such as  soils, sludges, and
toxic industrial residues.  Such  reactions can  facilitate easy
burning of the waste  or they may result in hazardous by-products
that, if left undestroyed by  afterburners  or  cleanup equipment,
might escape the process as toxic emissions.  Better understanding
of these reactions gives  guidance  on  how to  design  and  operate
incinerators,  afterburners,  and cleanup  equipment  to  achieve
desired  waste destruction efficiencies without producing adverse
emissions.

Approach:  Yields,  compositions, and generation rates of products
from the reactions described  above are being determined using small
scale laboratory  apparatus that simulates conditions  of  practical

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 interest,  but  does  so  in  such  a  way that  the  effects  of
 temperature,  treatment  time,  heating rate,  sample dimension, and
 type  of  solid can be  independently studied.

 statusi   A quantitative study of the rapid thermal decomposition
 behavior of  polyethylene  and polystyrene,  studied  as  prototype
 solid wastes  was completed in August 1989.  Yields and production
 rates of two  important categories of decomposition products were
 determined.    Future work will  identify  and measure  plastics
 decomposition products,  study  rapid  thermal decomposition  of
 contaminated   soils,   and  examine  thermal   reactions   of  the
 decomposition products  of solids.

 DNA   Characteristics   of  Indigenous  Miorobial  Communities  as
 Indicators of Mutagsnio Hazardous Waste Exposure:   S.W.  Chisolm,
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

 Goal!  The ultimate goal of this project is to develop a system for
 detecting  and identifying  mutagenic chemicals in the environment
 by analyzing  mutations  in the indigenous  bacteria.  The immediate
 goal  is to  determine the  naturally   occurring  DNA  sequence
 variability which  would appear  as "background" in  the  proposed
 test.

 Rationale;  Extensive work with both bacteria and cultured  cells
 have shown that individual mutagenic chemicals induce  specific sets
 of mutations, termed  "mutational spectra" that  can be  used to
 identify the  responsible  agents.   These prior  experiments were
 performed with uniform,  cultured cells.  The current investigations
 will  test the feasibility  of extending  the  approach  to natural
 populations of microorganisms.

 Approach:  The general  scheme of  the proposed  work is as follows:
 (1) select a contaminated watershed in the local area,  (2) isolate
 and identify  a bacterial species that is common in the area,  (3)
pick a highly conserved region of  the genome of this species  to use
 as the assay region  for mutational spectrum analysis,  (4) determine
the  DNA sequence  of this region  in  the  isolate,   (5)  collect
 isolates  of  the   same species  from a variety  of  different
environments  (including pristine  ones), and determine the natural
variability in  the  DNA sequence of  the gene in  question,  (6)
subject  isolates to various known mutagens in  the laboratory, and
determine the mutational spectra they evoke in the  DNA sequence of
the gens in question, and (7) go back to a contaminated site to
see if the mutational spectra can be detected  in samples collected
 in-situ.  This work  is being done in collaboration with  Dr. William
Thilly of MIT's Center  for Environmental  Health and  Sciences.

status:  The Aberjona  watershed near Boston which includes a  highly
contaminated  sits in  Woburn,  has been chosen as the study area.
Several clones of Pseudomonas fluorescens have been  isolated from

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a lake in the  watershed  for  use as the indicator organism.  The
highly conserved genes for 16s  ribosomal  RNA have been  isolated
and sequenced from one of the  isolates.  Work is progressing on the
culturing and sequencing  of additional  isolates.

                          Incineration

The Effects of Chlorocarbons on Flame Intermittency, Stability, and
Efficiency in a Well-Stirred Reactor:  R.B. Barat, A.F.  Sarofim,
and J.P.  Longwell,  Massachusetts Institute of  Technology

Goal;  The goal is to acquire a  quantitative understanding of the
effect of chlorocarbons  on the  escape  of unburned material from
incinerators.

Rationale s  The presence of chlorocarbons  in  combustion  is known
to inhibit ignition in low mixing intensity laboratory flames.  The
effect of chlorocarbons  on highly turbulent combustion  is being
investigated in the laboratory to develop knowledge and techniques
for assessment of the effects in practical systems.    The role  of
chlorine  in  flame  instability  and  the  subsequent  increase  in
products of  incomplete combustion needs to be better understood  to
improve incineration performance.

Approach;   The toroidal  stirred  reactor  has been  specifically
developed to provide  a well-characterized distributed combustor.
Effects of  adding chlorocarbons to  an ethylene-air  mixture  are
studied using Rayleigh scattering with  a sample time of
6.5  x  10  seconds  and a sample  volume of 200  x 200 x 20 urn3.
Unburned material leaving the combustor is determined by chemical
analysis of quenched samples  leaving the reactor.  The effects of
chlorine containing fuels on  combustion will be interpreted by use
of a kinetic model and a mixing model for combustion of the fuels
used.

Status;   Experimental work  is underway and has  demonstrated the
effect of methylchloride on flame intermittency and an increase in
unburned material.   A chemical kinetic model has been developed
with the assistance of Professor  J.  Bozzelli  (NJIT)  and  is being
applied to the interpretation of the results.

Thermal  Oxidation Studies  on  Chloromethane  and Chlorobenz one-
Detailed Iteohanism of Hydrocarbon Flames Doped with Chlorocarbons:
J.W. Bozzelli, New Jersey Institute of Technology
       The objective of this project is to determine how to improve
or provide direction toward optimum operation of incinerators used
in   the   oxidation   (complete   destruction)    of   chlorinated
hydrocarbons.   These  incineration  processes  range  from  refuse
recovery to hazardous waste facilities, and are to be optimized for
minimum effluent and maximum conversion.

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 Rational*i  Chlorocarbon incineration is a complex process and has
 not  been  studied  thoroughly,  but  it  is a  process which  can
 completely  destroy chlorinated compounds by converting them into
 relatively  safe  basic  chemicals — water,  CO2, and chloride salts
 (after the HC1 has been scrubbed) .  It is much better to completely
 destroy  waste chemicals than to store  them until  a  future time,
 when they will again become a problem.  Thus, there  is  a demand for
 safe and effective incineration of hazardous wastes.

 Approach:   Experiments are  being performed in thermal oxidation
 reaction systems where the  physical  properties  in the reactors,
 such as  temperature, turbulence, and  time  can be described.  Once
 this is  accomplished,  the focus shifts to the chemical reactions
 that  are  taking  place in  order to  learn  and  understand  the
 important   chemical  and  mixing  processes.    The   MIT  group
 participates  jointly  in the project  and their aspect  is to focus
 on actual  flame  studies and turbulence using the NJIT models for
 the   chemistry.      The   models   are   based   upon   fundamental
 thermochemical principles and Transition State Theory  in kinetics.

 Status:   The project  has seen the  completion of a  full  set of
 chlorobenzene thermal  oxidation  experiments  and   a  reaction
 mechanism  has been developed  for  this chloroaromatic oxidation.
 In addition,  a  complete  mechanism  has  been  developed for flame
 oxidation  of chloromethane-ethylene  mixtures.   A radically new
 mechanism of chlorine inhibition of flames has resulted from these
 studies.    Experiments  are  continuing  to  further  verify  the
 mechanistic predictions.   Some initial  predictions have been made
 on how to  improve effectiveness in Chlorocarbon incineration and
 these shall be further refined with new experiments.

                         Waste Treatment

A Dynamic Model  of Sequencing Batch Reactors  (SBR):   B.C. Baltzis
and G. Lewandowski, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Goal;  The  goal  of this project is to develop for the first time
a dynamic model  of a sequencing batch reactor  for  hazardous waste
treatment.   The model will employ biochemical reactor analysis, and
consider   both   inhibitory  substrates  and   mixed  microbial
populations.

Rational*!   Generally,  empiricism cannot be relied on to optimize
a  hazardous  waste treatment  process  without  a  great  deal of
expensively obtained data  at a pilot scale or larger.  Even with
such data,  significant deviations in the waste composition,  or the
microbial population  used for treatment,  can result  in a  failed
scale-up and  a considerable financial loss, unless those  factors
are previously accounted for by a  reliable predictive  methodology.
Furthermore, diagnostic tools are needed when the  system does not
perform  as  promised.   A reliable model can also  cover otherwise
unsuspected system properties, such as  the increased  efficiency

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created by drawing down half of the volume in an SBR.  For these
reasons, it is important to develop a  reliable mathematical model
that can  organize and  extrapolate bench and pilot  scale data.
Considering the  importance and complexity of SBRs in hazardous
waste treatment applications, significant economic and operational
advantages can accrue from a successful  modeling  effort.

Approachi   Biodegradation of pollutants in an SBR can  be described
by a set of unsteady-state equations, and these equations  can  then
be solved  numerically.  The model focuses on reaction kinetics, and
currently  does  not include  a  settling phase.   Furthermore,  it
assumes that the  kinetic expressions  are the same for the fill,
react,   and draw  phases.    in  order  to reduce the  number  of
parameters and generalize  the results, the equations are written
in  a dimensionless form.   The model allows us to  predict design
parameters, and optimize  the operating conditions, such  that the
reactor volume is minimized for a given throughput,  and washout of
the  biomass   is  prevented.    The   model   will  be   verified
experimentally.

Status: Biodegradation  of a single compound has been described for
cases where the kinetics follow either a Monod model, which depicts
an uninhibited substrate,  or an Andrews model, which is inhibitory.
Problems of optimization have been addressed,  and  it has been shown
that a  minimum reactor effluent concentration is achieved when 50%
(Honod case),  or 40 to 50% (Andrews case), of the reactor contents
are drawn  down at the end of a cycle.  In addition, for inhibitory
substrates, the model predicts that under certain conditions steady
operation  of  the  unit  is impossible  unless  proper  start-up
conditions are used.  Start-up conditions do not affect operation
if the  substrate is non-inhibitory. Finally, the model shows that
the volume of  a  fill-and-draw  reactor is inherently  smaller than
that of  a continuous  flow,  well-mixed  reactor,  for   the  same
throughput. The model has been experimentally verified with a pure
culture of Pseudomonas  putida.  with phenol  as  the sole carbon
source.    In  all cases,  there  was  excellent agreement between
experimental results and theoretical predictions.  Future  work will
examine mixed populations  and mixed substrates.

Removal and Recovery of Heavy Metal* from Waste Water by Hollow
Fiber Contained Liquid  Membrane Techniquei   K.K. sirkar, Stevens
Institute of Technology

Qoalt   The overall goal  of this project is  to  develop  a stable
liquid  membrane   technique by which  toxic  heavy metals can  be
simultaneously extracted from an  industrial  waste stream on  one
side of the membrane and concentrated  in an aqueous solution on the
other side of the membrane for recycle.   The  immediate goal  is to
study removal and recovery of copper  using a  liquid  ion  exchanger
containing a membrane placed between  two sets of hollow  fibers.
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Rationale;    Earlier  research  results  using  supported  liquid
membranes  or  emulsion  liquid  membranes  suggested  that  copper
removal and simultaneous concentration can be done.  However, these
liquid  membranes were  very unstable and,  hence,  unusable.   By
containing  the liquid membranes between two  sets  of microporous
hollow  fibers  in a shell, we have recently obtained a very stable
liquid  membrane.   Thus, copper removal and  recovery in a stable
fashion should be feasible using the hollow fiber contained liquid
membrane technique.

Approach:   The approach consists of the following:   (1)  build a
membrane  separation  device containing two  sets  of microporous
hydrophobic hollow fibers,  (2) study steady-state removal of copper
from aqueous solution moving through the lumen of one  set of fibers
via the liquid membrane and concentrate the  copper  in the strip
solution moving through the lumen of the other set of fibers, and
(3) demonstrate long tern stability of the process using one-month-
long runs.  Such a  technique then can be scaled up and efforts made
to transfer it to the marketplace.

Status;    A membrane separation device with two  sets of hollow
fibers has been built.   Transport of copper from an  aqueous waste
CuSO4 solution to a strongly acidic H,SO4 solution  for recycle has
been  demonstrated.    Quantitative  modeling and  experiments with
different liquid membranes  to select optimum composition and long
term stability studies are expected to be completed by February
1990.

                 Training and Technology Transfer

Promotion of  Existing Training/Technology Courses—Environmental
Management Institute;   A.Cortese, Tufts University

Goal;  The goal of  the Environmental Management Institute  (EMI)  is
to provide  a  curriculum on technology, policy,  management, and
health topics, as they relate to environmental issues,  to  a  multi-
disciplinary audience of environmental professionals.

Rationale;    Environmental  professionals,  from  government and
industry alike, are playing more important  roles in the management
of  environmental  resources.     These  management  roles  require
practical Knowledge and skills available through curriculums based
on state-of-the-art technology and  research.

Approach;   EMI is  a  month-long  intensive  program.  There  are  10
courses.  Each course is held three nights a week,  two hours  per
night for three-and-a-half  weeks.   The courses  are available on a
for-credit or a non-credit basis.  The instructors  are chosen from
industry, government, and academia.

                                24

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status:  This year,  110 participants were enrolled,  a 40% increase
in enrollment form 1989.   The EMI  Advisory Committee has reviewed
1989's evaluations of courses and  speakers and has  begun planning
for 1990.  Brochures listing courses and instructors will be mailed
by February 1, 1990.

Research Laboratory Hazards Management:  A. Ducatman, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology

Goal:  The goal of  this training  project is to teach  laboratory-
based participants  from a variety of backgrounds what they  must
know to handle, reduce, and  otherwise manage hazardous materials
in  their  laboratory  settings.     Government,  corporate,   and
institutional research laboratory participants  will be  invited.
The thrust of the seminar will be to integrate  laboratory waste
management, a relatively new concern, with traditional laboratory
concerns about health and safety.

Rationale:   Both  waste disposal and  occupational health  problems
are  different  in  laboratories than in  production  facilities.
Typically, quantities of toxic materials are smaller but their uses
are  more  complex  and  innovative.     Regulations  written   for
production facilities require significant revision before they can
be applied to research environments.

Approach:  Relevant social needs and regulations will be described,
and then put in the framework of how  to manage waste safely in the
unpredictable environment of the laboratory.  Special emphasis will
be placed upon administrative solutions that create incentives and
avoid disincentives for responsible waste management among research
personnel.  The potential hazards of excessive waste handling and
alteration by scientists will be emphasized in order to feature the
simplest solutions.

Status:  The seminar is scheduled for January 31,  1990.  Contract
agreements for  space and audio-visual support  are being signed.
A mailing list of potential  participants is being  assembled.

Looking Within:   Organ!cational Factors  in  Risk communication:
C. Chess, P.M. Sandman, and  M. Greenberg, Rutgers  University

Goal:  The goal of this  project is to explore how organizational
factors affect  agency risk communication activities.  The report
resulting  from  the  project  will  tentatively  identify:     (1)
organizational  factors   that  may   be  blocking  effective   risk
communication,  (2)  organizational  factors  that  may  facilitate
effective risk communication,  and (3) suggestions  on how agencies
might reduce  barriers and encourage  effective risk communication.
                                25

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Rational* i  Although many agency risk communicators understand what
must  be done  to  communicate  risk  effectively,  doing so  often
remains  an elusive goal, in part  due  to organizational barriers
within the  agency  itself.  This project explores the question:
"What  do  we  need  to do  internally within  agencies  so we  can
communicate effectively  externally?"

Approach:   Because there has been  little research on the subject,
an exploratory symposium is being  conducted as a first step.  The
symposium  will  bring together approximately  20  agency personnel
from   state  and   federal   levels,   with  both   technical  and
communication backgrounds,  for a day-long roundtable discussion.
A few specialists in organizational dynamics will also participate.
A brief  report,  based on an audio tape  of the day's discussion,
will  summarize  the  issues  identified by  participants  and  their
recommendations  for addressing them.

Status;   The symposium  was held  on  October  16,  1989.   A  final
report is due in February 1990.

Emerging Paradigms of Risk and Risk Communication and the Policy
Implications:  S.  Krimsky, Tufts University

Goal;  The goal  of this project is  to conduct a workshop  that will:
(1) assess  the  state-of-the-art  of research schemata, paradigms,
and conceptual frameworks in risk  and risk communication studies;
(2)  address the  contributions  and limitations  of  the  various
theoretical  approaches;  (3)   examine the  implications  of  the
research  for  practitioners;  and  (4)  assess  future  research
directions.

Rationale;  Risk communication can serve as a bridge between  risk
assessment  and risk management and as a possible means  to resolve
conflicts between  expert and public opinion.  The field of  risk
communication has blossomed in recent years,  and while many  of the
lessons  learned  have  been  synthesized into  guidelines for  risk
communication, risk management remains a complex problem and  risk
communication is no panacea.  It is, therefore, an opportune  time
for academics and practitioners to reflect on  the state-of-the-art
and share their thoughts.

Approacht  A two-and-a-half-day workshop  will be held  from January
10 through January 12.  The first day of  the workshop  will involve
30-50 practitioners  from the private and  public sectors  in the New
England region,  and will  focus  on the  state-of-the-art in  risk
theory and communication  and  the practical  implications.   The
following day-and-a-half will  involve approximately 20 academics
from Europe and the U.S.,  and will  reflect on  and  examine the
central tenets of  the broad range of theoretical perspectives  on
                                26

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risk.   The workshop will encourage  dialogue  among experts,  and
stimulate the production of  a set of  seminal papers which will be
published in the collected volume. The preparation of these papers
will be funded separately under  an assistance agreement from  the
EPA (Cooperative Agreement #CR 813481).

atatuai  Invitations to  academics have been sent out.   Invitations
to practitioners  will  be sent  out  when the  speakers have been
selected and the agenda established.

Conference   on   Incineration   Monitoring:      J.R.    Ehrenfeld,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Goal:  The goal is to inform  state and local governments, industry,
environmental groups, and the general  public about the requirements
for  and  capabilities  of current hazardous  waste  incineration
operations monitoring systems.

Rationale;  Better monitoring systems for hazardous and municipal
solid waste incinerators have been suggested as a means to enhance
public  trust and  acceptance of incineration  facilities.    The
conference is designed to explore the interface between technology
and public decision-making.

Approach:  The conference is planned as a one-day event, in which
two  critical  reviews   of   operating   parameters   and  effluent
monitoring  systems  technology,  respectively,  will be presented.
A third  session  addressing  the  policy  implications  will  follow.
A mini-exhibition of equipment vendors will accompany the technical
presentation.

Status:  Planning is now underway. The conference is scheduled for
Spring 1990.

National  Conference on  Regional Issues:  R.S.  Magee, New Jersey
Institute of Technology

Goal;  The objective of  this project is to identify  and address key
institutional  constraints   impeding   progress  toward  solving
hazardous waste management  problems  and to define future actions
required to remove  these constraints.

Rationale!  The premise  is that  technology development alone  will
be insufficient to  make the necessary progress  in addressing the
hazardous   substance  problems   facing  the   nation  and   that
organizational  restrictions  and limits must  be  surmounted  or
accommodated before significant  inroads can be  made.
                                27

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Approach:  An Engineering  Foundation  Conference  will provide the
framework to achieve the project's goal.  The conference will deal
with  the political,  economic,  insurance,  financial, and  legal
issues surrounding hazardous waste management.  The focus will be
on  institutional  or societal  barriers  to  using  existing  and
innovative technologies.   Contributors  will include legislators,
professionals  from   the  insurance  and  financial  industries,
hazardous  waste  management  professionals,  state  and  federal
environmental regulators, environmental groups, and academia.
Topics for sessions  will include academia/industry relationships
pertaining to technology development, venture capital investment,
environmental policy limitations  and implementation strategies,
technological problems,  legal  issues, insurance constraints, and
the EPA SITE program  initiatives.

Status:  The conference  is planned  for Summer 1990.


                  SUMMARY OF OUTPUTS  IN FY 1989

Refereed Journal Articles Published  	 2
Articles Submitted or In Press  	 3
Books and Bound Proceedings  	 0
Chapters in Books or  Proceedings   	 2
Project Reports  	 0
Conferences and Workshops Held  	
                              TOTAL                      8
                                28

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                          BIBLIOGRAPHY

Refereed Journal Articles

     Graham, W. and  D.  McLaughlin,  "Stochastic Analysis of Non-
     Stationary Subsurface Transport 1.  Unconditional  Moments",
     Water Resource Research.  25(2),  pp.  215-232,  1989.

     Graham, W. and  D.  McLaughlin,  "Stochastic Analysis of Non-
     Stationary Subsurface  Transport 2.   Conditional  Moments",
     Water Resource Research,.  25(11),  1989.

Articles Submitted or In Press

     Barat, R.B.,  A.F. Sarofim,  J.P.  Longwell,  and J.W.  Bozzelli,
     "Effects of Chlorocarbons on Flame Intermittency and Stability
     in a Jet-Stirred Combustor", presented at "First International
     Congress  on  Toxic  Combustion  Byproducts:    Formation  and
     Control". UCLA,  California, August 2-4,  1989.  Submitted  for
     publication to Combustion Science and  Technology.

     Darivakis, G.S., J.B. Howard, and W.A.  Peters, "Release Rates
     of    Condensables    and    Total   Volatiles    From    Rapid
     Devolatilization of Polyethylene and Polystyrene",  presented
     at  the "First  International  Congress  on Toxic  Combustion
     Byproducts; Formation and Control", UCLA,  California,  August
     2-4,  1989.   Submitted  for Peer  Review for  publication to
     Combustion Science and Technology.

     Lewandowski,  G.A.,  P.M. Armanente, and D. Pak,  "Reactor Design
     for Hazardous Waste Treatment Using A White Rot Fungus", Water
     Research, in press.

Chapters in Books and Bound Proceedings

     Graham,  W.  and  D.  McLaughlin,  "A Comparison  of  Numerical
     Solution  Techniques For  The  Stochastic  Analysis of  Non-
     Stationary Transient Subsurface Mass Transport", Proceedings
     of the 7th International Conference on Computational Methods
     in  Water Resources.   Computational   Mechanics   Publisher.
     Southampton, UK, 1988.

     McLaughlin,  D.,   "A  Real-Time   Approach  to  Groundwater
     Monitoring, Prediction and Remediation*1,  Proceedings  of the
     ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic  Engineering.  August 14-
     18,   1989,  New Orleans,   LA,  American  Society  of Civil
     Engineers, New  York, NY, 1989.
                                29

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Project Reports

     None
    i
conferences and Workshops Held

     Basu,  R.  and  K.K.   Sirkar,   "Selection  Separations  Using
     Contained   Liquid  Membranes",   at  the   AIHE  Symposium:
     "Pollution Prevention for the 1990's:  A Chemical Engineering
     Challenge", Washington, DC, December 4-5, 1989.
                                30

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             Chapter 2:
  The Great Lakes and Mid-Atlantic
Hazardous Substance Research Center

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cantart             The Great  Lakes and  Mid-Atlantic Hazardous
                    Substance Research Center

participants:       Tne University of Michigan
                    Michigan State University
                    Howard University

njroetori           Walter J. Weber, Jr.,  Ph.D., P.E.
                    Department of Civil  Engineering
                    181 Engineering Building 1-A
                    College of Engineering
                    The University of Michigan
                    Ann Arbor, Michigan   48109-2125
                    Phone:  313/763-1464
                      FAX:  313/764-4292


                     THE  CENTER AT A GLANCE

     The  University of Michigan and Michigan  state  University
combined  forces  in   1986   to   pursue   cooperative   efforts   in
fundamental, multidisciplinary,  large-scale  hazardous  substance
research.  Howard University joined the  two Michigan universities
in 1988 to develop a proposal to the U.S. Environmental Protection
for designation and funding as one of five new regional hazardous
substance research  centers.  The  proposal was selected and  the
three  universities  were awarded an  initial  $1 million grant  in
February  1989   to  establish the  Great  Lakes  and  Mid-Atlantic
Hazardous Substance Research Center for Federal Regions  3  and 5.
An additional $1 million was awarded in October of the same year.
The  Michigan Department  of Natural Resources  has  provided  the
matching funds.

center Personnel

     The  University of Michigan is the  lead university  in  the
Center, with Dr. Walter J. Weber,  Jr., of  Michigan's  Department of
Civil   Engineering,   the   Center  Director,   having   primary
responsibility  for  its   overall  research   focus  and  program
implementation.  Dr. Thomas C. Voice of the Department of Civil and
Environmental  Engineering   at  Michigan  State  University,  the
Associate  Director, coordinates  the  research at  Michigan State
University  and has principal responsibility  for  overseeing the
training and technology transfer programs.  Dr. James H. Johnson,
Jr., of the Department of Civil Engineering at Howard University,
the Assistant Director, has  primary responsibility for coordinating
the research and  training activities of that Region 3 institution
with the two Region 5 institutions in Michigan.  The Center brings
together  a  resource   of  more than 100  faculty  and staff  with
expertise in hazardous substances and environmental engineering and
sciences.

                                31

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              Table  1:  Kay Personnel in the Center

university of Michigan             Michigan state university

W.J. Weber                              T.c. Voice
L.M. Abriola                            S.A. Boyd
J.J. Kukor                              R.F. Rickey
R.H. Olsen                              J.M. Tiedje
T.M. Vogel                              K. Vigmostad
M.C. Berger                             R. Wallace
P.P. Novak
M.S. Simmons

                     Howard University

                     J.H. Johnson
                     J.N. Cannon
                     R.C. Chawla
                     M.M. Varma


     The Center administration interacts closely with two standing
advisory  groups,  the  Science Advisory  Committee (SAC)  and the
Training  and  Technology  Transfer  Advisory   Committee   (TrAC).
Science and engineering representatives from academic institutions,
industry, and  state and federal  agencies  comprise the 14-member
SAC.   This  committee  critically reviews  the ongoing research
programs  of  the  Center,  recommends  and evaluates  new research
directions and proposals,  and provides general scientific advice
and guidance  to  the Center.    The SAC  met in May  and again in
October 1989.  The  committee  as a whole considered presentations
from  all  the  investigators  at  each  meeting.   At  their  first
meeting, the SAC established  three-member Project Oversight  Teams
for  each  project  to  facilitate hands-on  participation  by SAC
members in activities related to their  particular interests and
expertise.    The   Center   administration  engages  the  SAC  in
discussions of new areas of research and in identifying those  areas
that address  the needs of the two regions.   This  process was
initiated at  the  last SAC meeting  in October  by  drafting a new
"request for proposals'* outlining areas identified by  SAC members
as needing research.

     The T3AC  is  a 7-member committee composed  of representatives
of state,  federal, and independent training and technology experts.
This committee works with  the Center administration to structure
programs that can  effectively use the  technical  and  educational
resources  of  the  Center  to  translate  research  results   into
practical application.
                                32

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ffiaaion and Orientation

     The  Center's  mission  is  to  provide  the  philosophical
framework,  organizational  structure,  and  resources  required  to
foster and support integrated, multidisciplinary, and collaborative
research  that  advances the science and technology of  hazardous
substance management.   The Center promotes integrated university-
based research programs focused on common objectives,  and fosters
joint participation by researchers from different  disciplines  to
ensure   a  rich   resource   of   approaches  and  perspectives.
Collaboration  and  interaction with  industry,  government,  other
academic institutions, and the general public are key elements  of
the Center's  comprehensive  program of  research,  education, and
technology transfer.

     The  Center primarily  serves  the  constituency  of  Federal
Regions  3 and  5;  that  is  Delaware,  the  District of  Columbia,
Illinois,   Indiana,   Maryland,   Michigan,   Minnesota,   Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia,  and Wisconsin.   The heavy
industrialization which characterizes these regions  is  reflected
by  the  fact  that  about  33  percent  of  the Nation's  regulated
hazardous waste generators and  36  percent  of the Superfund sites
are located here.   The most critical hazardous substance  issues in
these  regions  involve synthetic organic chemicals and  petroleum
products.  More than  70  percent of all  hazardous wastes and most
known groundwater contamination problems involve  organic compounds
such as  chlorinated  solvents,  polychlorinated  biphenyls  (PCBs),
pesticides, and petroleum products.  Nearly 10,000 cases of  leaking
underground  storage  tanks  have been  identified in these  two
regions.  The  vast majority  of these  involve petroleum  products.
Accordingly, Center research  emphasizes problems associated with
contamination by organic chemicals and  addresses such problems by
attempting to develop and refine remediation technologies that  are
effective, environmentally compatible, and that conserve  energy  and
other resources.

Funding  Sources

     Initial funding  for the Center has been provided by the U.S.
Environmental  Protection Agency and  the  Michigan Department  of
Natural  Resources  as  shown below in Table  2:

                     Table 2:   Center Funding

          FUNDING  SOURCES          PY 1989 FUNDS

          Michigan DNR             $  500,000

          U.S. EPA                 2.000.000

               TOTAL                $2,500,000
                                33

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                     CENTER DIRECTOR'S REPORT

     The  research program  of the  Great Lakes  and  Mid-Atlantic
Hazardous  Substance  Research Center seeks to develop useable and
cost effective control and remediation techniques which are readily
adaptable  to different site-specific conditions.  As noted above,
the  most serious  and extensive hazardous substance  problems  in
Regions  3  and  5 relate to environmental contamination by organic
substances.   Therefore,  projects funded  by  the Center currently
focus  on schemes to  remediate  organic pollutants by integrating
bioremediation   technologies  with   complementary  chemical  and
physicochemical  technologies in ways that maximize effectiveness
and minimize environmental disruption  and discord.

Strengths  of the Center

     The  Center's  research  program  derives  its character  and
strength from a unique combination of two principal features of the
Center.    The   first  is  the substantial  and  diverse  expertise
residing  within  the  three  institutions.    The  second is  the
structuring of  groups of researchers  from different disciplines
with expertise  in  related topical  areas to work on complementary
or interactive projects.

     Center personnel  interact with the SAC  and Center faculty to
identify and characterize major problems.  This is a dynamic and
ongoing  process.   Once  a  particular problem  is characterized,
resources  from  different  disciplines  —  such  as  fundamental
microbiology,  process engineering,  and  system modeling —  are
brought  together to develop  a  set  of techniques  to address the
problem.   The  Center uses flexible  research groups  to bring its
considerable expertise to bear  most  effectively on  multifaceted
hazardous waste  management  problems.   These groups can be formed
and restructured as new research problems emerge and others mature.
In this  context,  the Environmental  Protection Agency's Centers
Program funding structure enables the Center to do what individual
project grants would not.

     Projects  are deliberately designed to  establish  research
groups and to foster multidisciplinary approaches.   For example,
the Center has drawn together research from microbiology (Olsen and
Kukor,  Michigan),  soil  sciences  (Tiedje,   Michigan  State),  and
environmental engineering (Vogel, Michigan) who work  interactively
to  elucidate  fundamental  mechanisms  and  identify appropriate
conditions  for  microbial detoxification and/or  destruction of
hazardous organic compounds.

     By way  of  further  example, the  effectiveness   of  employing
surface active  agents ~ surfactants  —  for in-sJJtu flushing of
residual organic fluids from  soils  is  being  investigated from the
three different perspectives  of  enhancing bioavaliability  (Chawla


                                34

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and  Cannon,  Howard),  phenoaenological  characterization of  flow
behavior  (Wallace,  Michigan State)  and basic  modeling of  flow
characteristics to permit field predictions of contaminant movement
(Abriola,  Michigan).    These   combined  efforts   facilitate   a
comprehensive understanding of the dimensions of the  problem and
of the requirements  of research to develop appropriate technologies
to  address  it.    The  concept  of  investigator/research-focus
groupings allows  the  Center to be comprehensive in its research
approach  and  flexible and  responsive  to  the needs  of  those
eventually using the research information.

     It  is  the  intent of  the Center  management  to  further
strengthen and refine the use of this concept,  to  foster an even
greater and more  structured collaboration among researchers, and
to promote  linkages among  groupings.   New ways  to  promote the
diversity of scientific interactions  and affiliations and to forge
multidisciplinary research  will  be  explored.   For example, the
Center is planning  a series of  half-day satellite  meetings that
include  all  senior faculty  researchers  and associated research
personnel within a specific grouping.  This approach will be tested
before the end of this  program year  in  a pilot  project involving
the surfactant group cited above  and a small group of other current
and potential investigators having related interests and expertise.

Research Emphasis

     There are  currently thirteen projects  in  the Center which
address this research focus.  Details of the specific projects are
provided later  in this report.   However,  these projects  may  be
grouped into three  loosely defined topical categories.

     1) Microbial degradation phenomena;  Four projects emphasize
research  directed  at  improving our understanding  of specific
organisms that  have demonstrated the ability to  degrade certain
classes of organic chemicals,  of  the  reaction pathways involved  in
degradation,  of   the  interactions  among  organisms,  of  the
relationships  between  organisms and their  environment,  and   of
methods for selecting or producing organisms with enhanced
degradation  abilities.     Typically,  these  projects  emphasize
microbiology, biochemistry, and  molecular genetics.

     2\ Pollutant properties affecting degradation;  Three projects
are  currently   investigating  how  the  physical  and  chemical
properties and the physical environments of waste chemicals affect
the ability of organisms to accomplish degradation.  These efforts
also extend to methods for improving the degradability of  target
compounds.   Current and  future  projects in  this area emphasize
environmental chemistry, physics, and engineering.
                                35

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     3) Engineered  systems;   Six projects  target the development
of  engineered  systems  designed  to  carry  out  degradation  of
hazardous  organic chemicals.   These  approaches include  in  situ
treatment of environmental contamination, engineered reactors for
treatment of hazardous industrial wastes either on-site or at the
site of production,  and process integrations whereby non-biological
and biological processes  are  integrated into treatment schemes with
improved performance.

Added Benefits

     The Center's multidisciplinary approach and successful early
efforts have attracted the interest of  industrial and regulatory
groups  confronted  by  waste management  problems that  cannot be
satisfactorily addressed by current technologies.  In response, the
Center is expanding its role  as a catalyst for establishing related
research activities.   The Center's approach  of flexibly grouping
appropriate expertise serves to  leverage ongoing research.  This,
in  turn,  facilitates  pursuit  of  related  projects   funded  by
different organizations, both public and private.

     Examples of new initiatives involving  Center research faculty
and  staff include  a  $1.25 million  field remediation research
program supported jointly by the Michigan Oil and Gas Association
and the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, a  four-year  $6.8
million-hazardous substance basic research program funded by the
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, and a $250,000
grant from Dow Chemical  Company  to initiate a hazardous substance
post-doctoral research program.   New opportunities and initiatives
are, in  so far as  compatible with the  interests  of the related
research, used to draw new faculty and research  capabilities  into
the Center's research activities.

     Most recently, Center administration and  faculty are  involved
in discussions with the  EPA's Office of Underground Storage Tanks
(OUST)   and  Sun  Oil  to  establish multi-investigator  research
programs targeted to. the particular needs  of these  organizations.
OUST's  interests  involve  improved  methods  for  assessment  and
remediation activities associated with leaking underground storage
tanks.   Sun Oil is  interested in research  on methods for  cleaning
up soils contaminated with crude oil.   In both cases,  a group  of
                                36

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cross-university faculty is developing  an approach which involves
investigators  from  different disciplines  working together  on a
common problem, and  in  some instances  involving  a common set of
experiments.  This approach is modeled after the Centers Program.
                       HIGHLIGHTS FOR 1989

     reh Proi acts
     The  Center  directly  funds  fifteen  researchers  from  six
departments in the three universities.   In addition  to the direct
interactions resulting from this participation,  a  large  number of
secondary interactions have resulted from the linkages the primary
Center researchers have to  other research  projects  and  programs.
The "extended family" of researchers  is estimated  to include more
than 100 faculty and staff at the three universities.

     Out of  this  group of  faculty and their collective research
programs, a number of intensive research efforts involving multiple
projects  from different  funding sources  have evolved.   These
intensive efforts permit the simultaneous attack on a problem  from
several  angles.    The exchange  of  ideas  among colleagues,   all
addressing similar problems with different backgrounds and skills,
provides a rich intellectual environment for research.

     A brief description of some of the key research interactions
that have been catalyzed and coordinated by the Center is provided
below.  In all cases,  the Center provides some,  but not all, of the
funding support for the activities.  It  should be noted that the
areas are not necessarily parallel.  Different ways of  defining the
themes would result in different groupings.

  o  Reductive dechlorination — Drs. Tiedje, Vogel, and Boyd are
     working  on various  aspects of the detoxification of certain
     classes  of  compounds by reductive  dechlorination,  that is,
     removal  of  toxic chlorine from these compounds.  Different
     classes of compounds — including  PCBs, chlorinated aliphatic
     solvents,  chlorophenols,  and  chlorobenzoate  —  are  being
     investigated  using  both  specifically isolated  groups  of
     organisms and naturally evolving microbial consortia.  These
     efforts   are    addressing   biochemical    mechanisms   and
     environmental influences .

  o  Volatile  organic compound (VOC)  degradation —  Drs. Tiedje,
     Vogel,  Boyd, Olsen,   Kukor,  Hickey,  Weber,   and  Voice  are
     investigating the complete degradation of two classes of  VOCs:
     chlorinated solvents and petroleum-derived contaminants.  This
     work  covers  a full  spectrum  of scientific pursuits  ranging
     from basic microbiology, molecular genetics,  and biochemistry
     to  the  engineering  studies necessary  to develop treatment
     systems.  These efforts are becoming increasingly intertwined,

                                37

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      in a productive sense, as investigators share seed organisms,
      reactors, and  experimental  methods to  further  the overall
      understanding of VOC degradation.

   o  Development of unique organisms — Drs. Tiedje, Kukor, Olsen,
      and Vogel are  actively  involved  in developing or  isolating
      organisms   with  unique  biodegradation   abilities  using
      approaches ranging from sampling contaminated environments to
      genetic engineering.  This  group  benefits greatly from the
      exchange of  ideas on experimental approaches. They frequently
      exchange microbial cultures with  each other  and with other
      investigators to enhance overall mutual  efforts.

   o  Bioreaetors — Drs. Hickey, Vogel, Weber, Voice, Johnson, and
      Varma  are  studying  the  relationships  between   reactors,
      organisms, and degradation activity. Considerable benefit has
      been derived from the exchange of approaches and experimental
      designs.  These investigators also contribute their  expertise
      to other investigators who need to use  reactors but are not
      expert in reactor engineering.

   o  On-sit« remediation of contaminated groundvater —  Virtually
      all of the Center faculty are  involved in some aspect of on-
      site bioremediation  of  groundwater.   These efforts include
      biostimulation,   introduction  of  organisms   with  unique
      degradation  abilities,  combined  above-ground  and in-situ
      approaches,  surfactant mobilization, and forced-air venting.
      Approaches  include  laboratory process  studies,   improved
      analytical  methods  development,   physical  and mathematical
      modeling,  and field studies.   This effort has been  highly
      successful in bringing faculty with diverse backgrounds and
      interests  together  to  attack   a  problem  that   involves
      interfaces between traditional disciplines.

Training and Technology Transfer Projects

      Karen E. Vigmostad came on board  in June  1989 to manage the
Center's training and technology transfer program.  Ms.  Vigmostad
completed a Master of Science degree in Resource Policy,  Economics,
and Management at the University of Michigan.  She did  policy and
communication* work  for  the  Michigan Department  of Natural
Resources b«fore  joining the Center. She is working  closely  with
Dr. Voice at Michigan State University, to  create a comprehensive
publication* package to communicate Center progress and research
results.   They  are  also  developing a  network of  key  hazardous
substance people  in the two regions, and facilitating  additional
multidisciplinary research opportunities for faculty members.

     The  Centers  Program structure enables training and  technology
transfer   CT)  staff  to  develop  close,   cooperative working
relationships with  individual  researchers.   Tr  staff and


                                38

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researchers  are meeting  on  a  one-to-one  basis  to  allow  full
explanations of current research and to help identify people  and
organizations  that  would  be  interested  in particular  research
findings and applications.  For example, Ms. Vigmostad arranged for
the collection of PCB-contaminated sediments by Michigan Department
of  Natural  Resources  personnel  for Drs.  Tiedje and  Boyd,  and
performed a preliminary market analysis for a  cyanide-destroying
enzyme for Dr. Hickey.

     Research  faculty  are  also participating actively  in  the T3
effort.  Dr.  James  Johnson of Howard University held a one-week
hazardous substance training  program for high  school teachers in
the Washington, DC school system in August 1989.   Over  20 science
and math  teachers from  schools  around the city  spent  the  week
learning about hazardous waste  and other  environmental  issues.
They also received  pointers on how to guide  interested students
into environmental careers.  Nine Howard University faculty members
and representatives from the  Environmental  Protection Agency and
the Chesapeake Bay Foundation  gave  lectures.  Issues of particular
interest were Health and Risk Assessment, Challenges for Blacks and
Women  in  Science  and  Engineering,   Career   Opportunities  in
Environmental  Engineering  and Science, and Programs for Student
Involvement at  the  Environmental Protection Agency.   A follow-up
meeting with  Howard University  faculty and  workshop participants
will be  held  in  1990,  and plans  are being  made  to  hold this
workshop in other states.

     Projects in the works include hosting a five-Center national
symposium in  1991,  publishing a Center brochure  and newsletter,
assisting  states  in   the  two  regions  to  develop  and enhance
industrial assistance  programs,  and developing a  waste auditing
program for the electroplating industry.  The five-center national
symposium   will  be   an   invitational   one-week   retreat   for
approximately  100 leading  scientists  with expertise  in on-site
remediation.    Papers  and  discussions will  be  published  in a
proceedings.


                   SUMMARY O7 ONGOING  PROJECTS

Investigators       Pro^ct Title
          Microbie.1 Degradation  Phenomena

Tiedje              Isolating    Organisms   which    Dechlorinate
                    Polychlorinated  Biphenyls  (PCBs)

Vogel               Investigation of Mechanisms Controlling Rates
                    of   Dechlorination  of  Halogenated  Organic
                    Solvents by  Methanogens
                                39

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 01sen/
 Kuror

 Vogel
 Boyd


 Abriola


 Wallace
 Mickey
 Johnson/
 Varma

 Chawla/
 Cannon
 Voice


 Weber


 Simmons
Vigmostad


Vigmostad

Vigmostad

Johnson

Nowak
           Engineered Organisms:  Development of Microbial
           Strains with Enhanced Potential for Degradation
           of  Volatile  Organic Carbon Compounds (VOCs)
           Factors  Affecting Attachment  and  Release of
           Microorganisms to Aquifer Soils

 Pollutant  Properties Affecting Degradation

           Bioavailability    of    Aged    Residues   in
           Contaminated Soils

           Modeling Surfactant Mobilization of Entrapped
           Organic Liquids in Groundwater Systems

           Modeling  Biodegradation in  the Presence of
           Field Complexities

 Engineered Systems

           Development  of   Hazardous   Waste   Treatment
           Schemes Using Modular Laboratory-Scale Reactors

           Detoxification of Hazardous and Substances via
           In-Vessel Composting

           Use of Microorganisms and Surfactants for In
           Situ  Detoxification of  Hazardous  Wastes in
           Soils

           Design and Operation  of Biological Activated
           Carbon Adsorption Systems

           Destruction of Biologically Resistant Organics
           by  Supercritical Water Oxidation

           Methods of Isolation  of Hazardous  Substances
           from Complex Mixtures

Training and  Technology Transfer

           Development  of State   Industrial  Assistance
           Programs

           Newsletter

           Five-center Research Symposium

          Materials and Hazardous Waste Workshop

          Waste Minimization Information and Training
                                40

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                      PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS

                 Microbial Degradation Phenomena

Isolating Organisms which  Dechlorinate Polyohlorinated Biphenyls
(PCBs): J.M. Tiedje, Michigan State University

Goal:  The goal is  to isolate a culture of organisms which occur
in PCB-contaminated river sediments and which have demonstrated the
capacity  to dechlorinate  PCBs,  thus making them less  harmful.
These organisms may prove to be reliable and  inexpensive  tools  to
detoxify PCBs and possibly other chlorinated  hydrocarbons.

Rationale:   Earlier research results  suggest  that some natural
selection for dechlorination occurs and that further selection and
stimulation in the  laboratory is  feasible.   If commercialization
is  possible,  the  technique  would  detoxify  PCBs  and  could
potentially be developed for use in detoxifying other chlorinated
hydrocarbons.

Approach;  Three approaches  will  be  used.  First,  dechlorinating
organisms  will  be  enriched by   incubating  them  in   anaerobic
conditions.  By so doing, the dechlorinating  reaction becomes the
only electron acceptor and may perhaps serve  as an energy source.
This rate of enrichment could be slow, but  it  is the best means yet
known to  enrich dechlorinators  selectively over  other  indigenous
microorganisms.  Second,  information  learned from microorganisms
which  dechlorinate other  compounds  will  be used as  a clue  to
recognize   unique   features  that   may   also   occur   in   PCB
dechlorinators.  Such features  are the unique  16SrRNA  sequences,
and the presence of CO dehydrogenase.  Third,  simplified fractions
of  communities  or isolates will  be inoculated into  sediment
communities that don't dechlorinate.   The  logic is that consortium
is needed and this  is a  way to  recognize  this  missing  but unique
member.

Status;   Work on  approaches one  and  three  are  underway.   Some
positive  results have  been seen  on the ability to  enrich  the
dechlorinating ability on one of the heavily chlorinated commercial
PCB mixtures (Aroclor 1254).

Investigation of Mechanisms controlling Rates of  Dechlorination of
Halogonated  Organic Solvents by Methanogens:  T.M.  Vogel,  The
University of Michigan

Goal:  The goal is  to determine which microbes are most  active in
dechlorination   of  chlorinated   solvents,    to  establish   the
physiological  conditions  which  give   the  highest   rates   of
dechlorination, and to elucidate  the  mechansim of dechlorination.


                                41

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 Rational*!     Dechlorination  of  chlorinated organics  generally
 reduces the health hazard they  present.  Microbial dechlorination
 shows great promise as a  safe, economical technique for cleaning
 some hazardous  waste  sites.    Previous  research  illustrates the
 ability of  some  anaerobic microbes to dechlorinate hazardous waste
 compounds,  particularly those  more  highly  chlorinated.   In many
 cases,   special  adapted microbes  might  not  be involved  in the
 dechlorination.    If this  is  accurate,  then naturally-occurring
 microbes might be induced to dechlorinate some hazardous compounds.
 development  of  techniques  that  enhance  this  process  could
 potentially be valuable in clean-up  activities.

 Approach;     The   microbial   dechlorination  process   is  being
 investigated at the subcellular level and at the organism level.
 In  the  first  approach,  biochemical  studies are  underway  to
 determine  the  role  of  various electron   carriers  and  their
 prosthetic  groups  in  reductive dechlorination.   The kinetics of
 dechlorination  and the  specificity  for  metal  ions  are  being
 examined.  Most of these metal-organic complexes occur in nature
 for other  reasons  than for dechlorination.   Examination of the
 participation of  these  complexes  will  also  involve  microbial
 systems.  In the second approach, isolates known to dechlorinate
 certain compounds  are being tested  to  further characterize the
 physiological mechanisms  of   dechlorination  and  the  range  of
 chlorinated substrates.   In addition,  different  trophic groups
 enriched from anaerobic habitats will be tested for dechlorinating
 activity under normal and hyper-reducing conditions.  Microbes will
 be isolated from the  most active enrichments and tested in pure
 culture  for  their  ability to dechlorinate  highly chlorinated
 organics.

 Status;   Initial  studies  involving  metal-organic complexes have
 begun and have shown some success in  dechlorination of chlorinated
 aliphatic compounds.   Mixed culture  systems  are  also currently
 being  studied  and isolations  from  the  active  dechlorinating
 cultures are  started.

 Engineered  organismss    Development  of  Microbial  strains with
 Enhanced Potential for Degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds
 (VOCs):  R.H.  Olsen and J.J.  Kukor, The University of Michigan

 Goal;     This  project has  five  goals:    (1)  to isolate and
 characterize  microbial strains  which are able to degrade  volatile
 organic  compounds  (VOCs)  which  adhere  to  soil  and/or  granular
 carbon  particles,  (2)  to determine the effect of adhesion  on the
 metabolism  of VOCs, (3) to determine  the effect of  environmental
 fluctuations  on  the performance  of  selected strains,  (4) to use
 genetic  technology  to  extend the   substrate  range  (depth)   of
 selected bacterial strains, and  (5)  to  use generic and  modified
bioreactors  to  evaluate  the  performance of selected bacterial
strains.

                                42

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Rational*;  Prior research suggests that noxious contaminants in
soils from gasoline  spills can be degraded under anoxic conditions
(when only  small  amounts of air is present)  in the presence of
nutrients associated with the  mechanisms  by which the microbial
cell  obtains   energy  and  carbon  for  growth  and  reproduction.
Analogously, when contaminated  groundwater associated with such
spills  is pumped to  carbon  filtration  units  above  ground  for
treatment,  these  noxious  contaminants are removed  beyond  the
granular carbon's  capacity to absorb them.  It has been postulated
that the disappearance of these contaminants may be explained by
indigenous microbial species using the contaminants as food.  These
microbes could be  transported to the carbon filtration  units where
they grow  and  multiply using the  contaminants  as  food.    If  the
degradation activities by such microorganisms can be optimized —
by designing appropriate bioreactors or by adding nutrients to  the
spill in-situ  — then  contaminants could  be  removed at  a faster
rate and limit further contamination at the spill site.   This  has
the  potential  for  more  economical  on-site   remediation  and
eliminates  the need to  remove the soil  and transport  it to  a
landfill.

Approachi  Microorganisms are being isolated from carbon filtration
units and sandy soil  samples from gasoline-contaminated sites.
These microorganisms  are  being screened  for  their  ability  to
degrade gasoline components  — benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,  and
xylene  —  in  the  presence  of air,  as  well  as  under  anoxic
conditions.  From  a  group of many microbial strains with different
physiological  characteristics, a few strains  which  show superior
ability to degrade will be selected for more intensive genetic and
biochemical characterization.   After this,  work  will be started to
manipulate the genetic properties of such strains to enhance their
degradative activities towards the target chemicals.

Status:    Work  progresses on the isolation of superior microbial
strains.    Genetic  and  physiological   characterization  of  such
strains is underway.

Factors Affecting Attachment/Release interactions of Microorganisms
with Aquifer Solids: T.M. Vogel, The University of Michigan

Goaj.;  The 9oal of this project is to understand and describe the
fate  of  microorganisms that  move  through  the environment  by
examining  the  attachment and detachment  phenomena  under  various
nutrient and fluid-flow conditions.

Rationale!  Microbes  are increasingly  being used for degradation
of hazardous  wastes,  but the application  of such  techniques  is
hampered  by poor understanding of factors  related to  microbial
attachment.    For  the  potential  detoxification  of groundwater
contaminants   in-situ.   it  is   important   to  determine  factors
influencing  the  movement  of   native  or  introduced   microbes,
excessive attachment may be unfavorable as the microbes might not

                                43

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 move into the region where the contaminant resides.  Information
 acquired in these studies will also be useful  in understanding and
 manipulating  microbial  attachment  in  bioreactors.    In  this
 application, enhanced attachment is  desirable to  retain a large
 amount  of  active  biomass,  thereby  increasing  rates   of  waste
 degradation.  Bioreactors can be  used on site for the clean up of
 hazardous wastes.

 Approach:  The ability of microorganisms to attach to and detach
 from  surfaces  is  dependent on  the microbe,  the  surface,  and
 environmental conditions, such as pH,  nutrient concentrations, and
 the presence  of  other microbes.    The  approach used here  is to
 separate as many of the phenomena  as is experimentally  possible.
 First,  the  attachment of  a pure  culture fPseudomonas  sp.l  on
 different surfaces is examined to study the effect of the surface
 quality.  Charged hydrophilic and hydrophobia surfaces are used in
 these experiments.  Then the propensity of microbes from natural
 soil  populations to  attach to  one specific  surface  is  being
 examined under various nutrient  regimes.   Samples from soil are
 grown  on  glass   slides  and  then  stained  and   quantified  for
 morphological type and number.  Also,  the influence of shear forces
 on the  detachment of  microbes is being  examined by  growing  a
 biofilm in  a  porous  media and subjecting  the  biofilm  to sudden
 changes in shear stress.   Biomass  that  exits the system is then
 measured.

 Statusi   Experimental work is underway.   Pure culture attachment
 studies illustrated the favored attachment onto charged surfaces
 over those that were  hydrophobic.   Other initial results indicate
 that morphological groups differ  considerably in their ability to
 attach to glass slides under different nutrient conditions.

            Pollutant Properties Affecting Degradation

 Bioavailability of Aged Residues in Contaminated Soils: S.A. Boyd,
 Michigan State University

 Goal;   The  goal  is to  determine the influence  of sorption and
 desorption processes  on the bioavailability and biodegradability
 of soil- and sediment-bound organic contaminants.

 Rationale!   The  working hypothesis  is  that  sorbed  (soil-bound)
 contaminants  are  unavailable   to  microbial   degraders,   that
 desorption of contaminants into  the soil  solution phase  is  a
 prerequisite for  biodegradation,  and  that  the rates  of desorption
may be  sufficiently slow, especially for aged residues, to limit
the   overall  rate   of   biodegradation.      Understanding  the
bioavailability   of  contaminants  under   sorbed  and  desorbed
conditions  is essential  in determining the  appropriateness and
limitations  of bioremediation  strategies.


                                44

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Approach:    Two  approaches  will  be  taken  to  evaluate   the
bioavailability of organic residues in  historically contaminated
soils and sediments.   The first is to  measure the rate  of  release
of soil-bound residues into the soil water,  and to compare these
to those  for  freshly added  chemicals.   It is probable that over
time contaminants occupy more remote sites in the soil  matrix  and
become  increasingly  unavailable.    Thus,  the aged  residues  may
exhibit  much  slower  desorption  rates than  the  fresh residues.
These  experiments   will  be  complimented   by  measurements   of
contaminated  concentrations   in   the  soil-solution  phase   of
contaminated  field  soils.   The  second type of  experiment will
compare the rates of biodegradation of aged contaminants to  the
rates observed immediately after adding the  same contaminants to
soil, when they are presumable more available.  These  studies will
establish whether  limited bioavailability is a  major aspect  of
contaminant behavior  in soils that needs  to  be considered in  the
implementation of bioremediation strategies.

statusi  Several field soils with a history of contamination have
been identified as possible study soils.  Initial  experiments have
been performed with an agricultural soil  that  has received simazine
(an  organic pesticide)  additions annually  for  over  20 years.
Sorption/desorption experiments have been  conducted on field  soils
contaminated with pentachlorophenol and polychlorinated biphenyls.

Modeling Surfactant  Mobilization of Entrapped Organic  Liquids in
Oroundwater Systems:  L.M. Abriola, The University of  Michigan

Goal:   The  intent of this project  is to develop a  mathematical
model  describing  the  process  of  surfactant  mobilization  and
solubilization  of  non-aqueous  phase  organic  liquids  (NAPLs)
entrapped within a groundwater system.   As a  first step, the model
will be implemented in a one-dimensional  computer simulator capable
of analyzing the relative importance of all process variables.

Rationale:  Surfactant  flushing of  contaminated  soils holds much
promise for site remediation  and solubilization of NAPLs entrapped
in soils.   This process has been proposed to reduce   residual
saturation  of  entrapped organic  liquids   by  increasing  their
availability for biodegradation by microorganisms. This model  will
be a  useful  tool to develop surfactant selection criteria  for field
applications.   It could  also be used  to explore  the hydraulic
parameters affecting  the mobilization process, and to  predict the
success  of mobilization for a  given  system  of  chemical   and
surfactant.

     Earlier  petroleum   industry  research  efforts  have   been
successful in modeling the process of enhanced oil recovery using
surfactants.  Thus, a basic rationale for this project is that with
some adaptation the  enhanced  oil recovery modeling can be used to
simulate  the process of cleaning  up  contaminated  groundwater
systems.
                                45

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 Approach!   Two distinct but simultaneously occurring mechanisms to
 remove  entrapped  organic  liquids  will  be  considered:    (l)
 mobilization of organic liquid by immiscible displacement due to
 reduction  of  surface  tension,   and  (2)  solubilization of  the
 entrapped organic liquid resulting in miscible displacement of the
 surfactant/water/organic system.  The relative importance of these
 two removal mechanisms will depend on the type and quantity of the
 surfactant  used,   and   on  the  resulting   equilibrium  phase
 relationship.

      The  physical  model   can  be  described   as  follows.    A
 contaminated zone  is  initially  assumed to exist in  a  saturated
 region of  the  aquifer.    Then  a surfactant solution  is flushed
 through the system.  As the surfactant solution  (an aqueous phase)
 reaches the contaminated  zone,  the entrapped  organic  blobs are
 simultaneously  mobilized  and solubilized.   One or  two flowing
 phases (the aqueous and oleic phases) will then develop  depending
 on the  type of  surfactant  used and  on the  equilibrium  phase
 relationship between  the  surfactant,   water,  and  organic.    A
 compositional mathematical model will be developed to simulate the
 recovery of the entrapped  organic liquids as  a function of several
 process variables.   Functional forms of the parameters used  in the
 model will  be  obtained   from  a literature  review  of   previous
 experiments and from collaboration with other Center investigators
 at Michigan State University.

 Status:   The literature review and mathematical model development
 are complete.   Implementation of the one-dimensional mathematical
 model in  a computer program  is underway.   Model  construction,
 mathematical verification, and sensitivity analysis  is expected to
 extend over the  next year  of the project.

 Modeling Biodegradation  in the Presence of Field Complexities:
 R.B.  Wallace, Michigan State University

 Goal;   The  goal  is to develop  a physical  laboratory model with
 which to study the  mobilization of  residual organic non-aqueous
 phase liquids  (NAPLs)  when adding surfactants and the subsequent
 biodegradation  of the organics  in the  subsurface  area  near the
 water table.

 Rationale:  Earlier research has  demonstrated the value of studying
 the transport of contaminants in the field as well as with small
 one-dimensional laboratory models.  The expense  and difficulty of
 obtaining  permission to  create  spills suitable for  study have
 hampered field experiments, and one-dimensional models oversimplify
 hydrogeologic environments.   Using large physical models to study
 the process of contaminated  spills  remediation with  surfactants
offers  a manageable alternative to  field experiments.   It also
permits a realistic  representation of the hydrogeologic

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 environments than  do  one-dimensional  models.   Developing  large
model experiments focused on remediation of  benzene,  toluene,  and
xylene (BTX) contamination near the water table targets study of
a zone that often contains  large quantities of trapped petroleum
products, such as these components of gasoline.   Establishing  a
sufficiently complex flow situation will allow the assessment of
the significance of preferential flow paths and other hydrologic
complexities.   Data from  a well-documented experiment  will  be
useful in evaluating how well mathematical models can predict which
conditions are most like those encountered  in the  field.

Approachi  A model  aquifer was built as  a two meter  by one meter
by 15 centimeter tank made of glass,  stainless  steel, and  teflon.
The objective is to  learn how to run and measure conditions during
a remediation experiment in the model aquifer.   The preliminary
experimental scenario is as  follows:  (1) create the model  aquifer
with known structural complexity (heterogeneity) representative of
the field,  (2)  produce a well-documented spill,  (3) subject  the
aquifer and contaminant to well-characterized hydrologic conditions
(vertical water  flux, one or more  water table  oscillations),  (4)
remove easily mobilized NAPL with  a  primary recovery method that
depends on NAPL flow to a recovery  well,  (5) apply a surfactant to
mobilize  residuals,  (6)  measure total BTX efflux from the model
over time, and  (7)  measure  microbial  and BTX distribution within
the aquifer prior to introducing the surfactant and at the end of
the  experiment.    Initially,  experiments  will be   conducted in
smaller models to replicate  studies reported by the Texas Research
Institute.   These tests will be used to develop  test  protocols,
including measurement methods and sampling procedures.

Status:  The large tank has  been designed and experiments  in small
tanks are underway.

                        Engineered  Systems

Development  of  Hazardous Wast* Treatment  Schemes  Using  Modular
Laboratory-Seal* Reactors: R.F. Mickey,  Michigan State University
and Michigan Biotechnology Institute

Goalt   This  project  has two  goals:   (1)  to develop a set  of
versatile modular reactors that can be used to evaluate and compare
the capabilities of  isolated organisms and consortia to perform the
desired biodegradation  reactions  in engineered reactors,  and (2)
to monitor these reactors  intensively  to  develop  a database  to
assist in development  of improved process monitoring  and control
strategies.

Rationale:   There are  four principal elements in the  development
of effective, reliable biotechnology  for treating hazardous wastes.
These are:  (1)  isolating organisms with the desired capabilities,


                                47

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 (2)  improving understanding  and  optimization of  the enzymatic
 processes, (3) "housing" the organisms in reactor systems that best
 exploit the  capabilities of  the  organisms,  and  (4)   developing
 process monitoring  and control strategies  that  assure reliable
 performance and help overcome  any user confidence hurdles that may
 impede application of bio-processes.

 Approacht   Sets of one- and two-inch  diameter  reactors  of varying
 heights were  constructed.   Because  of the  versatility of these
 reactors  most process  configurations  such as  suspended growth
 reactors,  biological  fluidized  beds, sequencing  batch reactors,
 etc., can be  comparatively  evaluated for "housing" isolates and
 consortia  of  organisms  that  display  desired  biodegradative
 capabilities.   The reactors are designed to allow easy measurement
 of gas, liquid, and solid phases to  permit  quantification of the
 fate of the toxic materials  (biodegradation,  volatilization, and
 partitioning  to  the  solid phase).    The   gaseous  headspace   is
 designed to enable continuous monitoring  for both major and trace
 gases via an  online computer-controlled  data acquisition system
 available at Michigan Biotechnology Institute.  These reactors will
 be monitored at steady state and under dynamic conditions to allow
 system response to be identified,  and improved process  monitoring
 and control  strategies to be developed.

 Status;   Design  and  construction  of the  modular  reactors   is
 complete and  initial testing is  getting underway.

 Detoxification of Hazardous Substances Via  In-Vessel Composting:
 J.H.  Johnson,  Jr.,  and M.M.  Varma,  Howard University

 Goal; The goal is to quantify and determine optimum conditions  for
 the detoxification of wastewater sludges and  soils containing trace
 amounts of polycyclic  aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via in-vessel
 composting.

 Rationale;  Single contaminant pure and mixed culture studies have
 indicated  that the microbial biodegradation of  PAHs with up to five
 rings is possible.  An  evaluation of the biodegradation of PAHs in
 mixed cultures in the  presence  of other  substrates has not been
 conducted  and is  necessary  for  the  development  of workable
 bioremediation strategies for soils and sludges.

 Approach!  Two approaches are being investigated to  determine  the
 optimum  conditions for biodegradation of  multicontaminant  systems
 containing two or more PAHs.  First,   36  batch-type  reactors were
 used.   Some  of the  reactors  served as controls to determine  the
 stability  of  PAHs  studied  under  experimental conditions.    The
 reactors were  placed in a water bath and the temperature of  the
 bath  was increased  5 degrees Celsius per  day up  to  60  degrees
 celsius.   Samples were withdrawn  every other day up to the  21st
day, when the  experiment  was  ended.

                                48

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     The  second  approach  uses  a  laboratory-scale  continuous
composter.   The composting  mass  will be  contaminated  using  14
Carbon-labeled  PAHs.    The compost  mass  will be  monitored  for
quality of effluent gas,  pH,  temperature,  porosity, and moisture
content.

status:  Three batch-type reactor experiments have  been conducted
using pyrene and anthracene as contaminants.  Reductions of 59  and
46 percent were achieved for pyrene and anthracene,  respectively,
after  21  days.   In the next 12-month period, additional  binary
component studies  as well  as single  component  studies  will  be
conducted using the  previously  described batch procedure.    In
addition,  experiments  will  be   conducted   with   a   continuous
laboratory-scale  composter contaminated  with 14  Carbon-labeled
PAHs.

Use of Microorganisms and Surfactants  for In-situ  Detoxification
of Hazardous Wastes in Soils: R.C. Chawla and J.N.  Cannon,  Howard
University

Goal;   The  goal of  this project  is  to  develop  a  process using
surfactants  and  microorganisms  for  jjj-situ cleanup  of  soils
contaminated with hazardous wastes.

Rationale:    Properly  formulated surfactants  under  controlled
laboratory  conditions  have  been  shown  to be   effective  in
solubilizing organic  contaminants  bound  to soils.   Additionally,
selected  cultures  of   microorganisms  can  detoxify  hazardous
compounds in the liquid phase.   Surfactant washing alone  is only
a dissolution process, while biodegradation works better when the
contaminants  are in  the  liquid  phase  and  not  bound to soil.
Therefore, a combination  of  these processes — when applied in a
single step or sequentially — could provide an in-situ technique
with the advantages of both.

Approach:  A  series  of batch and  column  studies  with a selected
hazardous  material,   such as  trichloroethylene  (TCE),   will be
designed and carried  out.  The studies will determine:    (1)  the
adsorption/desorption  rates  and  limits  in TCE/soil/surfactant
systems,  (2)  the biodegradation  limits  and rates  using  selected
cultures of microorganisms that have been acclimated to TCE,  (3)
the biod«gradation  rates  and  limits in  surfactant/microorganism
systems for both single  (combined) and sequential applications, (4)
the optimum contacting schemes and operating parameters to enhance
biodegradation,  and  (5)  the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters
for development of general design and  site application criteria.

Status:  Adsorption/desorption  studies are underway.   Experiments
are being designed for  biodegradation  studies and  are expected to
be underway by  January 1990.  Preliminary  assessments of optimum
schemes  and  parameters  will be  based  on  the  results  of  the
biodegradation studies.

                                49

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 Design and  Operation of  Biological  Activated  carbon Adsorption
 Systems:  T.C. Voice, Michigan State University

 Goal:  The goal  is to demonstrate that biological activated carbon
 (BAG)  adsorption  systems are  superior  to systems  using either
 adsorption or biodegradation  alone for  the treatment of certain
 hazardous and industrial wastes.   Within this framework,  research
 will  focus   on  demonstrating  the advantages  of  such   systems,
 identifying the mechanisms and the interactions among mechanisms
 which are responsible for  performance advantages, and relating the
 results to design and operational practices.

 Rationale:   Activated  carbon  systems  are  very  effective for
 removing a wide range of organic chemical contaminants from aqueous
 wastes.   The removed  materials  are  simply concentrated on the
 carbon particles.  As a result,  the carbon becomes  exhausted and
 disposal  or  treatment of the spent carbon is required.  Biological
 treatment systems can be designed to  produce complete degradation
 of  many  organic  chemicals  such that  no  further  treatment   is
 required  and the systems may continue to operate indefinitely. One
 of the primary disadvantages of these systems  is their sensitivity
 to variations in  the characteristics of the waste stream  being
 treated.   BAG systems should perform better than either  of  these
 others since biodegradation  will  reduce  the pollutant load to the
 carbon, thereby  extending  its  life.    BAG systems should also
 perform as better biodegradation systems since adsorption by the
 carbon should dampen changes in the waste stream that will tend  to
 destabilize  the system  and  provide  "back-up"  removal capability
 when the  biological  system is  upset.

 Approach;   Bench-scale  laboratory systems  have been designed  to
 simulate  full-scale  systems  using granular  activated carbon  (GAG)
 without  biodegradation,  GAG  with  biodegradation  (BAG),  and
 biodegradation by a  fixed-film (non-activated carbon) on  a poorly
 adsorbing surface.   These systems will be  subjected to different
 types of  "shock-loads"  or changes in the characteristics of the
 waste stream being  treated.   Parallel to this effort  will  be
 studies designed to  develop  methods for  investigating the removal
 mechanisms operative in the columns.   These techniques will then
 be studied to understand why each system  responds as it does to the
 various shock-loads.  In later years,  we will  use  these results  to
 determine  optimal  design and  operational  conditions   for BAG
 columns.

 status:  Bench-scale systems have been designed and  built and are
 being tested to determine their baseline operating characteristics.
 Preliminary  shock-load  studies  indicate   that  BAG  systems are
 significantly more stable than  non-activated  carbon systems and
continue to operate  long after GAG systems  are  exhausted. We are
currently trying to stress the BAG systems to  the  point of failure

                                50

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to determine appropriate test limits.  A test has been developed
to measure the amount of biological material  in  the systems  "non-
destructively,"  without   disturbing  their  operation.     The
measurement  technique  will allow us  to  isolate   the   effects
resulting  from  the  amount  of  biological  material  from  other
mechanisms  that affect  system  performance.    The  technique  is
currently being compared to traditional methods in which the system
is analyzed destructively (that  is, by disturbing the  operation  of
the system).

Destruction of  Biologically Resistant Organic* by Supercritical
Water oxidation: W.J. Weber, Jr., The University of Michigan

floal t  The goal is  to explore and develop the use of supercritical
water  oxidation (SCWO) as  a means  for destroying  biologically
resistant hazardous  organic substances,  such as PCBs and higher
molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in the
concentrates  and  residues  of  more traditional  biological and
physicochemical remediation processes.

Rationale:  Supercritical fluids exhibit properties of both liquids
and gases.   Water  becomes a supercritical fluid at  temperatures
above 374 degrees Celsius and at pressures above 218  atmospheres.
The  oxidation  of   organics in water  at  these  conditions  is
potentially a more rapid, yet more controllable process than more
traditional incineration techniques.  Moreover,  because  the SCWO
process  occurs  in  a  closed   system,  an  essentially  complete
destruction is  possible without release of  harmful  intermediate
products to the environment.

Approach;  The first phase of the research uses a completely mixed
batch reactor (CMBR)  system  designed to handle viscous organics and
solids  as  well as  more  ordinary organic  solutions.    These
experiments involve the injection of small amounts of  organics into
a supercritical  mixture of  oxygen  and water,  then monitoring the
oxidation  of the  organic  compounds.   Analyses  are  to  include
characterization of intermediate products, mechanisms, and reaction
kinetics.

Status:  Design criteria  and specifications  for a 1.8 liter CMBR
system constructed of Hastelloy C-276 to accommodate the extreme
conditions (heat, pressure, corrosion)  of SCWO reactions have been
completed  and construction  initiated.   The  formal experimental
program is scheduled to begin in December 1989.

Methods of Isolation of Hazardous Substances from complex Mixtures:
M.S. Simmons, The University of Michigan

Goal:  The goal is  to establish  conditions for extractions of bound
organics from soils and other materials using supercritical fluid
extraction techniques.

                                 51

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 Rational*i  Most  methods  for extracting hazardous organics from
 complex  mixtures  are  not only  tedious,  but  also inefficient.
 Extractions using a  supercritical fluid  which  possesses good
 solvating power as well  as diffusivity offer potential means to
 isolate  bound  organics from different  matrices  associated with
 hazardous  wastes.   One  of the drawbacks  against  using this
 technique  is   the  lack  of knowledge and  experience  of  its
 performance compared  to the conventional methods of  extraction
 already  approved  as test  methods.   This  study  focuses  on the
 comparison  of  the  extraction  efficiency  and  selectivity  for
 selected organics using both conventional and supercritical fluid
 extraction techniques.

 Approach; Mixtures of selected chemicals representing a wide range
 of polarity are being used.  Selection criteria are based  on how
 frequently the  chemicals  are found in hazardous waste samples,
 commercial  availability  of  pure  samples,  and  availability  of
 existing methods for their analysis.  Recovery  of  these chemicals
 in different  matrices such  as  soils,   activated  carbon,   clays,
 plastic materials, etc., will be studied by varying the conditions
 of the  supercritical  fluid extraction.    Recovery  from  these
 matrices will  be related in terms of the solvating ability  of the
 supercritical  fluid at  different temperatures  and pressures for
 extraction.

 Statust  Mixtures of chemicals have been selected  and conditions
 for their analyses established.   Several samples have  been  spiked
 with  the standard mixtures and split  for  both conventional and
 supercritical  methods  of extraction.

                 Training and Technology Transfer

 Development  of State Industrial  Assistance Programs:
 K.E. Vigmostad,  Michigan State University

 Goal:    The  goal  is to  assess  the  current situation of state
 programs for  industrial  assistance  to  small  and medium-sized
 hazardous substances companies  in Region 3 and  5  states.

 Rationale:   All  states  have small to medium-sized  industries that
 can benefit from  state assistance programs  designed  to  improve
 industrial management  of hazardous substances.  Industries often
 need help to understand state and federal hazardous substance laws
 and regulations.  They also can gain from improved plant processes,
 and other industry-specific guidance.   Regulatory  and  enforcement
 costs are believed to decrease when this type of  state assistance
 is provided.  Of the eleven states and the  District of Columbia  in
Regions  3 and  5,  only  five states have an industrial assistance
program.  This project will provide assistance to  help establish
such programs  as needed.
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Approachx  State industrial assistance comes in many forms  such as
telephone consulting services, centralized information referral,
industry-specific  written materials,  in-plant  audits,   applied
research, and  grants  for innovative waste management practices.
Some states — North Carolina, Minnesota, and  California  — have
programs which are considered to  be very successful.  The  factors
that make them successful will be  studied by looking at how they
are structured, what steps were  taken to set them up, and their
successes and failures.   The  information will be used to determine
if there are any elements that might  be  incorporated into Region
3 and 5 state programs.   Each Region 3 and 5 state will be  visited
to explore individual state needs and visit their facilities first
hand.   Every  effort will be made to avoid  duplication  and to
develop   referral   services  to   existing  clearinghouses  and
information sources.   Information  needs will be evaluated and  a
final report with recommendations will be written and presented to
the Region  3  and  5 states at a forum such as  the  National Waste
Reduction Roundtable.

gtatuai   Initial  telephone  contacts have been made.  Brochures,
fact  sheets,   project  reports,   enabling legislation  and other
information  are being   collected  and  will  be  assessed.   The
feasibility  of a  simple computerized data  base  to  serve  as  a
referral tool  about the capabilities and personnel  in the state
programs is being  explored.  A Spring 1990 tour  of each state  is
being planned.  Completion of a final report is expected in  1990.

Newsletter: K.E. Vigmostad,  Michigan State University

Qoalt    The goal  is  to develop  an  extensive  list  of  people
interested in the  research findings of Center researchers, and to
produce a  newsletter  to communicate  our  research activities  and
progress to these  individuals.

Rationale;    A  newsletter  is  a  useful  tool   to  communicate
information to a given audience on a specified topic.  Despite many
excellent newsletters available on a full range of topics,  there
is a need to produce a  newsletter which communicates highlights  of
selected research  conducted under  the auspices of  the Center.   In
this way, research findings as well as discussions of potential  or
actual  applications  of the  research  will  reach  those  most
interested.

Approachi  Rather  than trying to be  all things to all people, the
Center's newsletter will focus on informing a select audience about
critical   research  and  research   findings   involving  Center
researchers.   No  attempt will be made to  announce meetings  or
events of other organizations which would duplicate the  efforts of
other newsletters.  The  Center's newsletter  will also serve  as an
information referral service, rather than primary source,  steering
people to existing sources of information.  It will be written for

                                53

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 an audience with some understanding  of hazardous substance issues
 and research.   It will communicate highly technical  information in
 an easy-to-understand way.  Center staff will refine the format and
 content of the newsletter over time  as needed.

 status;   Many  different  newsletters  have  been  collected  and
 analyzed for the effectiveness of their  format  and content.   An
 initial format has  been designed  to  meet  the needs  of the Center.
 A mailing list of people interested in hazardous substance research
 is being compiled.  Arrangements for producing and distributing the
 newsletter are being made.   The first issue  is  scheduled to be
 ready by early 1991.  The newsletter will be an ongoing semi-annual
 Center publication.

 Research Symposium: K.E. Vigmostad,  Michigan State  University

 Goal;  The goal is to summarize and disseminate the latest research
 information  about  on-site   remediation   at  a   national   or
 international,  invitational research symposium involving all five
 regional EPA  centers.   Published  proceedings  on  the research
 findings and summary conclusions will be finalized  and distributed
 six to nine months  after the symposium.

 Rationalei     Research  symposia   are often   designed  to  share
 information among  researchers from  the  same  discipline  who are
 engaged in  related  research  on a specified topic.   Seldom is there
 any attempt to critically examine the state-of-the-knowledge on a
 single topic by presenting and discussing current research findings
 with  peers  in  many  disciplines in order  to  reach consensus
 conclusions about the overall findings.   Involving all five EPA
 Centers together will result in a comprehensive approach and will
 help build  bridges  among researchers across the nation.  On-site
 remediation is a critical topic with many people in industry and
 government  eager for information and guidance about research and
 application on  this subject.

 Approach:   The five center  directors will select co-conveners to
 oversee participant selection for a few  focal areas.   Having two
 conveners for each  focal area  will spread the work load as  well as
 help stimulate ideas.   The  co-conveners  will be responsible for
 developing a list of not more  than 100 people to invite to  present
 papers and otherwise participate.  Participants will take  part  in
 a   one-weak  intensive  symposium  in  a retreat-like setting.
 Participants   will   present   prepared   papers  that   have  been
distributed in advance.   The conclusions  reached at the symposium
will  be recorded and a draft version will be  ready by  the end  of
the week for participants to take home.   Co-conveners will  monitor
the publishing of the complete proceedings which will  include the
conclusions reached at the  symposium.


                                54

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gtatua:  The Kellogg Biological Station, located on Gull Lake  in
southwestern Michigan,  has been reserved for the week of June  9-
14, 1991.  One-hundred people can be comfortably accommodated for
the week.  Initial exploration with the other center directors  is
underway,  and  focal   area  possibilities  are  being  discussed.
Conference  coordinators have  been  contacted  and  a  conference
planning budget has been drafted.  Completion is expected in 1991.

Materials  and  Hazardous Waste  Workshop:  J.H.  Johnson,  Howard
University

goal:    The goal   of  this  project  is to  orient  science and
mathematics teachers to environmental issues, career opportunities,
and challenges  in the  field.   The teachers are expected to share
this information with  students in junior and senior high schools
and eventually  to develop teaching modules and/or  class projects
which can be incorporated into future environmental programs.

Rationale:  Teachers  and counselors are the cornerstones  of the
education of  future scientists and engineers.   By training this
target group,  it is  expected that their students will obtain a more
profound  awareness  of  environmental  issues  and  become  more
interested  in  pursuing   careers  in  environmental   science,
mathematics, and engineering.

Approach:   Twenty  participants   from  the  Washington,  DC  school
system were selected  to attend  a five-day  workshop.   Hazardous
waste   issues  were   defined,   described,   and  discussed  by
participants.   Lectures,  discussions, and interactive sessions were
given by nine Howard University faculty members  and representatives
from the US Environmental Protection Agency and the Chesapeake  Bay
Foundation.   The  topics included Hazardous  Waste,  Health/Risk
Assessment, and Interactive Outreach  Programs and Environmental
Careers.

Status:  The workshop was held August 1989.  As a  follow-up,  Howard
University faculty will meet with  the teachers and counselors again
in 1990.  At that meeting the teachers and counselors  will  present
environmental  issue teaching  modules and class projects that  can
be  used for  future programs.    Based on an evaluation  of  the
workshop, a refined version  will be  presented  in another  urban
center  in  Region  3 and 5  during the next  funding period  and
possibly made available  for national  distribution.  Completion is
expected in 1991.
                                55

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 waste Minimisation  and  Training:  P.P. Nowak,  The  University of
 Michigan

 Goal;  The goal is  to develop information and training materials
 that will  help soil and  hazardous waste generators  reduce the
 amount of  waste  they generate.    This will be  done by creating
 technology transfer materials designed directly to focus on this
 problem.    Both industry and government  representatives  will be
 involved as advisors on  this project.

 Rationale; Both EPA and  industry representatives have acknowledged
 the need to develop information and  training in this area since
 Congress mandated a  25  percent  reduction in wastes generated by
 1992.  Education,  training,  and  information  transfer appear to be
 most important  current tools for making an immediate sizable impact
 on the problem.

 Approach;   The  project managers have previously developed a series
 of EPA-funded  training  projects that use written  materials and
 video to bring organized information to professionals in the field.
 The same approach  is planned for this  project.   The value of this
 system is that it can be used by individuals in widely separated
 locations.   It is developed from  the experience of working with
 involved professionals  and  guided by their insights  to create
 practical  solutions  that will work.

 Status:   An outline of the basic points of this program has been
 developed.   Currently,  industry officials are being contacted to
 see if they would be interested in supporting the project with both
 advisory help and  financial  support.   Additional support is being
 provided  through EPA's Office of  Solid  Waste.   Project planning
 should be completed  in  1989.   The final  project  is expected in
 1991.
                   SUMMARY OF OUTPUTS  IN FY  1989

Refereed Journal Articles  	  0
Articles Submitted or  In  Press   	  0
Books and Bound Proceedings  	  0
Chapters in Books  or Proceedings  	  1
Project Reports  	  1
Conferences and Workshops Held   	4

                              TOTAL                       6
                                56

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                           BIBLIOGRAPHY


Chapters in Books and Bound Proceedings

     Kukor, J.J. and R.H.  Olsen, "Diversity of Toluene Degradation
     Following Long-term Exposure to BTEX In-Situ." Biotechnology
     and Biodearadation. Kamely, D.,  A. Chakrabarty,  and G.  Omenn
     (eds.)r Gulf Publishing Co.,  Houston, TX (in press).

Project Reports

     Johnson, J.H.,  Jr.,  "Teacher  Notebook  for  the Materials and
     Hazardous Waste Workshop," Howard University, Washington, DC,
     August 1989.

Conferences and Workshops

     Anaerobic Dechlorination of PCBs — General Electric-sponsored
     workshop, Tiedje, J.M., June  1989 (by invitation).

     American   Society  of  Civil  Engineers   1990  Conference
     "Biodegradation and Stabilization of Sludges Containing PAHs"
     — J.H. Johnson, Jr. and M.M. Varma, Washington, DC, July 9-
     11, 1990 (abstract submitted)

     Biotechnology  and Biodegradation Workshop  — "Diversity of
     Toluene Degradation Following Long-term Exposure to BTEX In-
     Situ."  —  J.J.  Kukor  and R.H.  Olsen,  Portugal,  1989 (by
     invitation).

     Soil Science  and Society  of  American 1989 Annual Meeting —
     "Bioremediation of Contaminated  Soils" — J.M.  Tiedje, October
     1989 (by invitation).
                                57

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             Chapter 3
 Waste Minimisation and Management
Hazardous Substance Research Center

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 Center:             Waste Minimization  and Management Center

 Participants:       North Carolina State University
                     The University of North  Carolina, Chapel Hill
                     Texas A&M University, Galveston  and College
                          Station

 Director:           Michael Overcash
                     Department of Chemical Engineering
                     Box 7905
                     North Carolina State University
                     Raleigh, North Carolina  27695-7905
                     Phone:  919/737-2325
                       FAX:  919/737-3465


                      THE  CENTER AT A GLANCE

      Following a competitive selection process, in February 1989
 a hazardous  substance  research  center was  awarded to  a three-
 university consortium headed by North Carolina State University.
 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and two  campuses
 of Texas A&M  University  (College Station  and  Galveston)  are
 partners in the consortium.

      According to EPA guidelines,  the broad  mission of the Center
 is  to  perform  innovative  research  and  technology   transfer
 activities on topics of concern to the States  in  Federal Regions
 4  and  6  and to the  Nation  at large.   Within  that context, the
 specific mission of the Center is three-fold:

      o    to develop practical means for industry to eliminate the
           use and generation of  hazardous substances;

      o    to treat those wastes  that cannot  be  eliminated; and

      o    to provide secure  containment for  treatment residues.

      The role of the partner institutions in the Center is dictated
by  the  skills  aix  that each school  has to  offer.    Under the
direction of Dr. Kirk  Brown,  Texas A&M University has taken the
lead  in research on solids and long-term containment.  Dr. William
Glaze heads  the  research team at the University of North  Carolina
which is investigating treatment  and discharge of pollutants to the
air and  aquatic  environments.  Waste minimization  and transporta-
tion  research efforts are spearheaded by the researchers  at  North
Carolina  State University.
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     The Center  offers a creative  research staff from  numerous
disciplines   including   engineers   committed   to    industrial
productivity   improvements,   environmental   scientists,    and
researchers from several basic sciences.   These  individuals  work
together  to  devise  inventive  solutions  to  critical  hazardous
substance  management   problems.     This  teamwork   extends   to
collaborative, multidisciplinary studies, based on the philosophy
that a  major  benefit of the  center approach to research  is  the
opportunity to put talented  minds  from diverse backgrounds to work
solving key problems.

     A list of key individuals currently associated with the Center
appears below as Table 1.

              Table it   Key  Personnel in the Center
North Carolina state University

Dr. Michael R. Overcash
Dr. Richard M. Felder
Dr. Ruben G. Carbonell
Dr. Peter K. Kilpatrick
Dr. H. Henry Lamb
Dr. P.K. Lim
Dr. Edward P. Stahel
Dr. Dale A. Denny
Dr. Cliff M. Kaufman
Dr. Thomas W. Joyce
Dr. Josef S. Gratzl
Dr. John R. Stone
Dr. John Sutton
Dr. Thomas W. Stephenson
University    of    North
Carolina at Chapel Hill

Dr. Bill Glaze
Dr. Fran DiGiano
Dr. Rich Kamens
Dr. Debbie Amaral
Dr. Judy Charles
Dr. Don Francisco

Texas A&M University

Dr. Kirk Brown
Dr. C.S. Giam
Dr. R. Lytton
     A core of  funding  is provided by EPA.  Important additional
support is received  from the states of North Carolina and Texas.
A synopsis of center funding  is given below in Table 2.
                        Table 2:  Funding
     FUNDING SOURCES
     EPA: Centers Program

     Other Government
                         TOTAL
FY  1989 FUNDS

$2,000,000

    898.464

$2,898,464
                                59

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                     CENTER DIRECTOR'S REPORT

      Managing waste of any kind has become an increasingly complex
 process requiring a hierarchy of decision-making and technologies,
 including minimization  of wastes  at  the source,  treatment or
 detoxification of wastes, and containment of residues.  Although
 the Center conducts research at each level of the hierarchy, its
 major  goal   is   to prevent  chemical  losses  and reduce  waste
 generation by industry.   The focus on waste reduction evolved in
 North Carolina a decade ago as a centrally  identified collection
 of technologies  for improving waste management.  As a result, the
 Center has benefited from a historical  perspective  as well as a
 multi-university commitment.

      A critical  job for the Center is to identify the leading edge
 of research needs to advance the technologies used at each level
 of the hierarchy, particularly with respect to waste minimization.
 This is  a difficult and  evolving  task.   Although  the Center's
 emphasis has  been   on issues  in Regions  4 and 6,  the Center's
 contributions to  waste  reduction  can  be  expected  to  be  of
 significant  value across  the Nation.  Because of that, the Center
 is committed to achieving and maintaining  continuing cooperation
 among the HSRCs  and other organizations  engaged in related work.

      When it comes  to waste minimization,  most  large corporations
 actively employ  any effective  technology known  to them.   The
 Center,  therefore,  is concentrating its efforts  on  identifying the
 difficult processes and  chemicals  for  which waste  reduction
 alternatives are not available or cost-effective. Another priority
 within the Center is to perform innovative research on treatment
 techniques and  long term containment  of wastes.    The Center's
 contributions in these  areas  should significantly  enhance the
 Nation's progress in detoxifying and  containing waste.


                       HIGHLIGHTS FOR 1989

      Although the Center has been operating for less than one year,
 some  significant results  have  already been  generated.   Some of
 these are summarized below.

      Public  disclosure  of fugitive emissions of listed chemicals
 from  industrial  sites  is  required  under Superfund.   Reliable
 emission data are  scarce and  hard to  interpret.  Much  of the
 emissions estimation data come  from  refineries, which  do not
 accurately   represent  emissions  from   other .industries.    For
 instance,  refineries do  not  characteristically  emit methylene
 chloride or chlorofluorocarbons  (CFCs).  Polyurethane manufacturing
plants,  on the other hand, produce  significant  quantities  of


                                60

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fugitive methylene chloride  and  CPCs.   The Center is conducting
projects  which   seek  to   understand  the   reason   for  these
unintentional  emissions and to  devise ways  to  recover these
compounds.  Preliminary analysis has determined that fugitive loss
from  mechanical  design  flaws,  such as leaking valves,  may be
significant.  Similarly,  laboratory investigations of polyurethane
foam have established  the dynamics of emissions and, hence, have
provided a starting point for developing recovery  strategies.

     Many  manufacturing  processes  require   a high  degree  of
cleanliness on the surface  of the manufactured article.  Such  a
need for purity frequently results in  the generation of significant
quantities of hazardous wastes.  This is  true, for instance, in the
production of integrated circuits and optical storage media.  With
an  ultimate  goal of  developing  alternative  surface   cleaning
techniques which employ fewer hazardous  substances, the Center  has
undertaken  research   to understand  the mechanisms  of   particle
deposition  from  solvents  and  the  adhesion  forces  which  are
responsible for particle attachment.  Early results show that glass
particles and polystyrene latex  spheres, which have little  or no
affinity for a silicon wafer surface  with a thin native oxide film
can, nevertheless, be deposited on the wafer,  as it is removed from
the  solution through  the air-water  interface.    The   number  of
particles deposited is directly proportional  to the bulk particle
concentration.  When the wafer is completely  immersed, the number
of particles  adsorbed to the  wafer  does  not  increase  with time
because of the low particle  fluxes in the  aqueous  phase.   If the
aqueous  film containing  the  particles is allowed to  dry,  the
adhesion forces increase considerably.  Even this discovery greatly
increases our  understanding  of the complex processes  involved in
microchip  manufacture.   As  a first step in developing better
cleaning  methods,   investigators are   simultaneously   pursuing
research to determine whether efficient gas-phase processes, such
as ultraviolet/ozone cleaning, may supplant conventional solvent-
based  techniques,  thus  eliminating   a  major  portion  of  the
objectionable waste generated by the microelectronics industry.

     The  Center  is  developing an expert  system to help  locate
disposal sites and plan transportation routes for hazardous wastes.
The Federal Highway Guidelines for Transporting Hazardous Materials
provides   the  basis   for   the   system   which   analyzes   route
characteristics,  accident   probabilities,  property  value,  and
population exposure  for route and site  access  alternatives.   The
project  will  provide  an  easy-to-use  systematic  method   for
identifying  safe route and  disposal   site  access alternatives.
Future application  of the routing and  planning method will  help
provide needed accuracy to truck manifests which  currently depend
on the "honor  system".
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      Effluent biomonitoring  of  wastewater is  fast  becoming the
 cornerstone of policy for state  regulatory agencies as they  issue
 new National Pollution Discharge Elimination Permit System  (NPDES)
 permits for control of toxic pollutants.   While EPA is developing
 a  protocol  for  toxicity  reduction  evaluations, experience  is
 lacking and the knowledge base for relating chemical structure  to
 toxicity is limited.   The goal of one Center project is to  develop
 a systematic approach to toxicity identification that can be easily
 adopted by major classes  of industry in EPA Regions IV and VI,  with
 the  eventual  goal  of  providing  recommendations  on  chemical
 replacement or treatment.   A list of 13  industrial  effluents  in
 Tennessee, North Carolina,  and South Carolina that exhibit  aquatic
 toxicity and that contain  specific chemicals of concern to  human
 health was developed by screening available data sources  in Region
 IV.  From this list,  textile and  organic  chemicals manufacturing
 plants have been targeted for closer examination as candidates for
 laboratory research on fractionation  schemes  to identify specific
 sources of toxicity that may be  applicable industry-wide.

      For atmospheric emissions, the Center effort  on treatment has
 focused on  developing a framework to  decide  among alternative
 technologies.  This is a potentially important tool for industry
 and government to enhance decision-making rather than  to  avoid the
 selection of one  alternative over another.  Currently, the Center
 is examining  the  disposal of flame-retardants.   Waste products
 containing  flame-retardant  materials  such   as  polybrominated
 biphenyls (PBBs)  must  be disposed of cautiously:   the PBBs are
 themselves hazardous  and,  if deposited in  landfills  or  treated
 chemically,  may end up  in the water table  or  degrade into  more
 toxic compounds.   When  such materials  are incinerated,  they can
 generate toxic by-products, such as polybrominated  dibenzo-p-dioxin
 or furans.   The fate of  these  compounds in  the atmosphere  is
 currently unknown.   However, preliminary work  suggests  that they
 may be fully photodegradable.  Should this prove to be  the  case,
 incineration may present a clearly better treatment alternative
 than other chemical or physical  options.

      Past  waste disposal practices have caused contamination  of
 landfills  by hazardous compounds which cannot be  removed from the
 landfill,  but which must be contained,  to avoid  leakage into the
 groundwater or runoff onto  public or private lands.   Landfill
 containment  has proven to be difficult enough that the Center has
 made  a commitment to  investigate effective methods for securing
 these  sites.   The initial focus  of the Center's effort  is  on the
 study of multiple liners in  hazardous waste containment facilities.
 Preliminary  data show  that the addition of cement (3% by  weight)
 to  clay  soils used  for landfill  liners will  reduce the  hydraulic
 conductivity by one order of magnitude below that  of the  unamended
 soil.  Additions of 3%, 7%,  and 9% hydrated lime appear to increase
the hydraulic conductivity  of compacted clay soils. This research
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brings us closer to the eventual goal of minimizing the possibility
that  present  waste  disposal  activities  will   require   future
remediation.

     In  a separate  research  project,  the  technique of  in-situ
bioremediation of contaminated vadose zone soils is being studied.
This effort will  advance our  ability to  reclaim  subsurface soils
which otherwise serve  as  continued sources for migration.   This
research will develop a scientific basis on which others may base
the design of  future field  installations for  in-situ degradation
of hazardous organic compounds in the vadose zone.  The preliminary
study has been  conducted using undisturbed  soil  cores  taken from
the vadose  zone  of an area  contaminated  with  diesel fuel  and
gasoline  from  leaking  underground storage tanks.   The  results
indicate that the microbial  activity and consequent degradation of
the pollutant chemicals can be increased through the addition of
oxygen and heat.   Analysis of  the concentrations  present  in the
residual  soil  after treatment will  provide estimates  of  the
degradation rates which can potentially be achieved in  the field.

     Several technology transfer and training  activities have been
undertaken.  A university-level course entitled Waste Minimization
- Legal.  Technical,  and Human Factors,  is being  developed.  This
appears to be one  of the first universities offering to incorporate
at  the level  of  a  full  course  to  advanced undergraduates and
graduate students the concepts of waste minimization.  In addition,
eleven continuing education courses on hazardous waste management
and technology  have been  offered in  conjunction  with the Center.
These have been in Texas, Pennsylvania, and North Carolina.

     A primary  Center  goal is  the actual demonstration of  waste
minimization technology in  industrial plants.  A current emphasis
is given to identifying hydrofluoric acid users to complete a reuse
loop  with   generators   of   such  materials  from   semiconductor
manufacturing.  In  order to transfer environmental research at an
even larger  scale,  the Center is sponsoring  a conference  called
Environmental Research  in the Sunbelt.
                   SUMMARY 07 ONGOING  PROJECTS

Investigator*                 Pro-tect  Title

          Waste Minimization

  Lamb                    Surface  Cleaning  in   Microelectronics
                          Fabrication

  Lim                     Minimization   and  Recovery  of  Volatile
                          Organic Losses

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 Felder                 Trace Hazardous Substance  Reduction  in
                        Chemical  Manufacturing
 Overcash               Multi-Industry  Waste Reduction Model
 Denny                  Analysis   of North  Carolina  Super fund
                        listed Air Emissions for Waste Reduction
                        Potential
         Transportation
 Stone                  Optimal Routing Strategies  for the  Truck
                        Transport of Hazardous Materials
         Treatment t Management
 DiGiano                Aquatic Toxicity Mechanisms of Compounds
                        in Industrial Wastewater Discharges
 Kamens                 A Methodology  for Analyzing  Hazardous
                        Waste Materials from Incineration &  Other
                        Treatment Alternatives
               run ant i  Clean-u
Brown                   Effectiveness  of Multiple Liner  Systems
                        for Hazardous Waste Containment Facilities
Giam                    In-Situ  Bioremediation   of   Hazardous
                        Substances  in  the Vadose  Zone
        Training  and Technology Transfer
Denny                   Waste  Minimization-Legal Technical,  and
                        Human  Factors
Denny                   Hydrofluoric Acid Reuse
Kaufman                 Research Conference
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                       PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS

                       Wast* Minimilation

surface Cleaning in Microelectronics Fabricationt  Alternatives to
Aqueous (RCA) Solutions and CFCst  R. Carbonell and H.  Lamb, North
Carolina State University

Goal;  The  objectives  of this project are to:  (1) elucidate the
mechanisms of particle deposition from solvents onto silicon wafers
during microelectronics  fabrication, and  (2) devise alternatives
for removing particles and  organic films  from wafers  that do not
involve corrosive aqueous solutions (as in conventional RCA cleans)
or chlorofluorocarbons.

Rationale:     The   microelectronics   industry   has   stringent
requirements for  surface cleaning of silicon wafers.   During the
manufacturing process,  particles are deposited from bulk solution
and  when the wafer  passes  through the  gas/liquid  interface.
Electrostatic, van der  Waals,  and capillary forces affect particle
deposition  and the  strength  of particle  adhesion on  surfaces.
Understanding  of  the deposition mechanisms and knowledge of  the
strengths  of  adhesion  of  particles on  wafers  should lead  to
rational selection and  use  of  alternative solvents and surfactant-
based cleaning systems.  UV/ozone cleaning  has  been  demonstrated
to remove organic contamination from silicon wafers, producing CO2
and H2O.   To facilitate acceptance of this technology  by the
microelectronics  industry,  the detailed surface  chemistry  of
UV/ozone cleaning, which has a critical impact on wafer viability
in  subsequent  processing,  needs  to  be  assessed  by  in-situ
spectroscopic  characterization.

Approach:    Micron-   and   submicron-size  particles   of  glass,
polystyrene, metals, ceramics,  and silicon are deposited on silicon
wafer surfaces from the aqueous phase.   The number  of adherent
particles is measured  using a laser wafer scanner, as a function
of suspended particle concentration, immersion time, and the number
of passes through the gas/liquid interface.  The  relative strengths
of  adhesion are  measured  using  a  megasonics  unit  that allows
variation of the  power and  time of exposure.

     A   gas-phase   wafer   cleaning   station   with    additional
capabilities  for in-situ  surface  analysis by  multiple  internal
reflection infrared spectroscopy and for deposition of thin Si  and
SiO2 films is being  constructed.  Initial studies will focus on the
kinetics for removal of  adsorbed organic  films  and of concomitant
oxide growth  during UV/ozone surface  cleaning.   Factors  to  be
considered are ozone concentration,  radiation intensity, substrate
temperature, and  surface chemical structure of the adsorbate  film.
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 Statusx  The investigation of particle deposition and removal is
 underway and results are forthcoming.  The equipment for the gas-
 phase  cleaning  with  in-situ  surface characterization  has been
 received.    Construction  of  the  apparatus  is  underway  and
 experimentation should begin by  1/90.

 Minimization and Recovery of Volatile Organic Losses:  P. Lim and
 C.  Kaufman, North Carolina State University

 Goal:  For two separate projects underway, the goals are to:   (1)
 identify and study the principal loss mechanisms by which fugitive
 emissions  of volatile  substances  occur  from valves,  flanges,
 pressure relief  devices,  drains, and the  seals  of compressors,
 pumps,  and agitators, and  (2) quantify the volatization dynamics
 of  blowing agent loss and to examine innovative means to maintain
 safe worker conditions  and  current  soft  polyurethane product
 formulations while simultaneously recovering the auxiliary blowing
 agent.    The goal  is to  increase the ambient  concentration of
 auxiliary blowing  agents  to  the level where recovery/recycle is
 economically feasible.    Subsequently,  air emissions  of  either
 ozone-depleting CFCs or of a volatile organic (methylene chloride)
 would be minimized.

 Rationale:  The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
 and  Liability  Act  (a.k.a.   "Superfund")  mandates  the   public
 disclosure  of  fugitive  emissions  of  listed   chemicals   from
 industrial sites.  Reliable emission data -are scarce and hard to
 interpret,  and estimates of chemical emissions based on refinery
 emission factors are considered  to be  excessive.   The study seeks
 to  rectify the present  lack of  fundamental understanding  of  the
 emissions mechanisms, so that, ultimately, sensible and  effective
 control measures  may be  developed which would  reduce volatile
 emissions that  are of concern  under Superfund  regulations.    A
 second  diffuse  atmospheric emission occurs  in manufacturing open-
 cell  polyurethane  foam.   Polyurethane foam density is  currently
 reduced by  the use  of chlorofluorocarbons or methylene chloride as
 auxiliary  blowing  agents  which  are  promptly   emitted  in   the
 manufacturing process.  The recovery of an auxiliary blowing agent
 is  a complex  issue coupled directly  with another manufacturing
 requirement,  the maintenance of safe plant working conditions  in
 the presence of  small quantities of isocyanates.

 Approach i    The  first step  is  a  theoretical  study  and model
 development of fugitive  organics.   Next,  an experimental study
will be  performed to verify, extend,  or modify these models.   For
the polyurethane  foam research,  a series  of  experiments  have  been
completed  using  laboratory prepared  foams  with representative
 formulations  to  determine overall weight loss, auxiliary  blowing
agent weight loss,  and  foam  temperature profiles  versus time.
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These data allow a basic understanding of the  timing and sequence
of  events  in the  laboratory  foam  reactions,  comparison with
analogous plant experiments, and development of possible strategies
for recovery/reuse of the auxiliary blowing  agent.

status:  The results of the model analyses suggest that for the  so-
called "non-leakers",  which are defined by EPA as leak sources with
concentration levels below 10,000 ppm,  capillarity is the principal
mechanism  governing  the  emissions of  condensible  vapors from
valves,  flanges,  drains,  and  pressure  relief  devices.   Five
dimensionless groups  composed of the  properties of the capillary
flow  fluid,  pore  dimensions  and surface  characteristics,  and
temperature have been identified.  A sorption-diffusion model  and
a hydrodynamic lubrication model are being developed,  respectively,
for the emission of  non-condensible vapors from valves and flanges
and for volatile emissions from the seals of  rotating equipment.
An  apparatus  consisting  of  an  emission   chamber  and   a  gas
chromatograph is near  completion for testing the capillarity model.

     In the next year, a coalition  of foam manufacturers,  chemical
suppliers,  and relevant machinery  manufacturers,  as  appropriate,
will be formed to develop the necessary design modifications  for
tunnel retrofit/isolation and collection of tunnel and post-tunnel
emissions  on one foam line.   The goal for  this  demonstration
project at one plant would be to accomplish the following tasks to
determine costs versus benefits:

  -  determine foam quality with recycled auxiliary blowing agent,
  -  determine  worker  exposure  levels  to  TDI  (and  methylene
     chloride),
  -  serially vary operating parameters to quantify an appropriate
     range of design variables and costs,
  -  quantify any changes  in productivity and yields, and
  -  quantify collection  efficiencies  for all emissions  from the
     tunnel area.

Trace Hazardous Substance Reduction in Chemical Manufacturing:
R. Felder, C. Chen, J. Gratzl, T. Joyce, P. Lodrini, North Carolina
State University

Goal*  This is actually two projects in one.   Task Number  1 has two
objective*.   They  are to:   (1)  evaluate processes that minimize
the  production of  toxic  effluents  in  bleach  plants,   and  (2)
recommend  alternate  bleach  sequences  that  do not favor   the
production  of such compounds.   Task Number  2  seeks to formulate a
procedure for selecting hazardous  chemical  substances amenable to
waste minimization solutions, catalog chemical processes that give
rise   to   these   solutions,   and   identify   possible   process
modifications  or  alternative   processes  that  could  lower  or
eliminate the occurrence  of  these  constituents in wastes.

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 Rational**   Part of the Center's mission  is  to demonstrate the
 utility of a broad variety of approaches to waste minimization.
 Tha two activities described herein represent completely different
 approaches.  The pulp bleaching study focuses on determining the
 formation  chemistry of  a  specific class  of  pollutants  in  a
 particular process.  The benzene effort  is  a component of a broad
 literature survey  intended to identify  candidate processes that
 might serve as targets for subsequent focused  research studies.

 ADDroachi  For Task Number 1,  Kraft  pulp (Kappa  32.6) is prepared
 from loblolly pine.  The pulp is bleached  (3% - active alkali).
 The leachate and the black  liquor (BL) are extracted with ether at
 pH 8.  The unbleached pulp is also  extracted with ether followed
 by acetone.  The extracts are then analyzed by  gas chromatography-
 mass spectroscopy.

      Benzene has been chosen as the substance to be studied  in Task
 Number 2.  A great deal is known about benzene emission rates and
 alternative  pathways exist for  a  number  of  the  products that
 utilize benzene as a  feed material.  The production of ethylbenzene
 has been chosen as a first production process.   Three alternative
 processes have  been developed for  producing  ethylbenzene:   the
 A1C13 process, the Alkar process, and the Mobil/Badger process.  As
 much technical  data as  possible will  be  collected  on benzene
 emissions in these three  processes.  A primary  data source will be
 the  "benzene docket",  a large  collection  of information about
 gaseous benzene emissions compiled by the Environmental Protection
 Agency and kept on file at the Office of Air Quality Planning and
 Standards  in Durham,  North  Carolina.    Other  needed data  —
 primarily having to do with process technology  and condensed phase
 emissions —  will be identified, and preliminary efforts to locate
 sources of these data will be  undertaken.

 8tatus»    In Task  Number  1,   the  first  phase  (isolation and
 characterization of  monomeric phenols  in  the  BL and  pulp)   is
 completed.  The BL contains considerable amounts of vanillin and
 acetoguaiacone.   GC-MS studies  further  indicate that both  these
 compounds are absorbed on the  pulp.   These  compounds could be the
 possible precursors for chlorophenols during bleaching  in addition
 to some high-molecular mass compounds from the pulp in the residual
 lignin. The  second phase (bleaching and kinetic studies)are being
 initiated. In Task Number 2,  contacts have been established with
 the EPA office in Durham,  and arrangements have been made to access
 the benzene docket.

Multi-Industry Waste Reduction Model:  M. Over cash,  North Carolina
State University

Goal:    The  purpose  of  this  project  is to  develop  and use  a
computer-based framework  to assess the overall reduction of waste
to  determine if  particular  changes  at  individual   facilities
actually lead to net waste  reduction.

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Rationale!   Industrial  manufacturing  is a  complex phenomenon,
involving a wide range of inputs and products.  The field of waste
minimization is  complex  and necessitates a far-reaching view  of
potential consequences:  too often improvements are  made in one
medium, but at the cost of off-setting decrements in another.  The
result is not minimization of waste,  but relocation.

Approacht   In  the first phase  of  this study,  data  are being
collected from available  sources to  couple energy  use or savings
with increases or decreases in pollutant emissions to the air and
water are being considered.  This analysis will include thermal and
radioactive wastes, as well as listed pollutants.   Case studies
will be conducted in the  second phase, in which data are  available
to track the wastes produced at all stages of the raw materials and
the influence, if any, on product use.  These will better describe
the mass  and thermodynamic  information  from which  the  computer
frame can be started.

Statust  The collection of reports and data are underway.

Analysis of North Carolina Super fund-listed Air Emissions  for Waste
Reduction Potentials  D.  Denny, North Carolina State University

Goali  The work product from the analysis will be a book containing
a technical description  of  waste  reduction  technologies in place
at North  Carolina industrial plants  and other sites with similar
manufacturing processes.  Opportunities for technology  transfer,
cost  information, and research  needs  for  difficult-to-control
emissions will be  included.

Rationale:  Staff  at  the North Carolina Pollution Prevention Pays
Program (PPP) provide waste reduction assistance to North Carolina
companies.   An  organized  record of  installed  waste   reduction
technologies and recommended opportunities for technology transfer
would greatly  enhance PPP staff  productivity.  Identification of
research needs will be useful to the Center program.

Approachi  The 1988 and 1989 SARA emissions data base were obtained
from the  North Carolina  Environmental Defense Fund.  Software to
manipulate the data base has been obtained and installed.  A draft
workbook format has been  completed and will be submitted to PPP  for
review and approval.

Status t   Completion  of the workbook is planned for June 30,  1990.
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                          Transportation

 Highway  Routing  strategies  for  Safely  Transporting  Hazardous
 Substances:  J. Stone, North Carolina  State University

 Goal;  The goal of this project  is to develop an expert system
 which is  capable of aiding planners for hazardous waste  routes and
 for access to disposal sites.

 Rationale!  Current research elsewhere indicates that  documented
 guidelines for transporting hazardous waste have been effective  in
 reducing  highway accidents and spills.  Furthermore,  expert systems
 within the broader field of  artificial intelligence have  provided
 frameworks  for  solving  data-intensive,  heuristically   defined
 routing and other problems.  The premise is that various rules-of-
 thumb and  documented  guidelines  may be efficiently  incorporated
 into easy-to-use computer programs based on artificial intelligence
 methodologies.

 Approach;  An expandable approach to developing a  route  planning
 tool will be followed.  Initially,  Federal Highway  Administration
 Guidelines will form the basis of an expert system  using  software
 called "EXSYS"  to  rank route alternatives.   A top-level command
 file controls the flow of the system with  a customized  menu  which
 includes  options for entering route information, route analysis and
 selection, and  reporc  generation.   The route  information option
 interfaces with a series of  spreadsheets used  to determine  route
 characteristics, accident probabilities, property value,  and
 population exposure for individual route alternatives.  The  route
 analysis   and  selection  option  ranks the  routes  according  to
 estimated risk,  and the results will be displayed by a  customized
 report generator in EXSYS.

      Provisions have been made  for future extensions to  the expert
 system so that a geographic  information system can provide  route
 and  other  characteristics.    There is  also the  flexibility  to
 incorporate network route optimization algorithms.

 Status:   The  EXSYS framework has  been designed and linked with
 Lotus  spreadsheets which perform  the  calculations  from  the FHWA
 Guidelines.  A working prototype  expert system  is expected in the
 summer of 1990.

                      Treatment ft Management

Aquatic Toxicity Mechanisms  of Compounds in Industrial  Wastewater
Discharges:    F.  DiGiano, J.  Charles, D. Amaral,  D.  Francisco,
University of  North Carolina  -  Chapel  Hill

Goal:   The immediate goal of this project is to  cooperate with a
direct industrial discharger  in a study of  fractionation  schemes


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aimed at  identifying the  specific chemical source(s) of effluent
toxicity.  The ultimate goal is to develop and test a  laboratory
protocol  that can  be  adopted by  various  classes  of industry
important to  Regions  IV and VI to  solve their aquatic toxicity
problem.

Rationale:   The  fractionation  schemes  developed so  far  by  EPA
focus  on  identifying  non-polar  agents  using  one   specific,
fractionating column material:  CIS Solid Phase Extraction  Column.
However, this may not even separate compounds like phenol that are
moderately non-polar.  In addition,  polar compounds,  such  as  dyes
used in the textile  industry,  may contribute  to  aquatic toxicity
and will not be identified.  Another concern  is the  complexity of
the EPA protocol  which  links aquatic  toxicity testing  with high-
pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)  and mass spectrometry  (MS).
The need exists,  therefore, for exploration of other  solid phase
extraction  procedures   aimed  at  more  polar  compounds  and  for
practical ways to  combine sophisticated HPLC/MS  analyses  with
biomonitoring.    Ultimately,   aquatic toxicity  information  for
specific  industries  should   be  a   key element   of  pollution
minimization plans.

Approacht   A  listing  of  industries  whose  discharges  may  cause
aquatic toxicity and that discharge organic chemicals of possible
human health concern has been generated for North Carolina,  South
Carolina, and  Tennessee  (this will be  repeated later  for  other
Region IV states and then for Region VI states).   General  classes
of organic chemicals in use will be developed using available data
from NPDES permits  and  effluent guideline documents.   Initially,
one industry representative of  an important class will be selected
for investigation of fractionation procedures; others will be added
later.  Various solid phase extraction options will be tested, as
will subsequent analytical approaches for specific identification
of  those chemicals causing  acute  toxicity  to Ceriodaphnia.
Chronic toxicity  aspects  are in the long-range plans.  Protocols
will be developed for industry-wide use.

Status:  An industry is soon to be selected for initial testing.
Over the next  2.5 years (March 1992), four to six representative
industries should be tested.

Strategy  for Analysing Hazardous  Wast* incineration  and  other
Treatment  Technologies:    R.   Kamens,   D.  Amaral,   J.   Charles,
University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill

Goal:   The  objective of  this  project  is to  provide  a framework
model  for analyzing sets of  alternatives  for  the treatment of
different types  of hazardous materials.   In this study, we will
compare,  as  a model  situation, the  thermal  treatment of  flame
retardant materials  such as polybrominated biphenyls  (PBBs)  with
other physical or chemical  disposal alternatives.


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 Rationale:  Upon incineration of discarded materials which contain
 flame retardant chemicals,  toxic polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins
 and  furans  (generally  referred to  as  PBDDs  &  PBDFs)  can be
 generated.   Little  is known about the  atmospheric  stability of
 PBDDs and PBDFs although very preliminary work suggests that  some
 of  these PBDDs  may  photodegrade .    Should this  be  the  case,
 incineration  may be a more attractive disposal alternative  than
 landfill ing or chemical treatment.  Using these compounds as  test
 cases we can develop  a model to provide information which would
 help  one decide  between  discarding  materials  containing  fire
 retardants in  a land  fill (knowing  all the costs,  risks,  and
 societal concerns associated with this option) versus incineration,
 with all the   costs,  risks,  and societal  concerns.

 Approach:  The potential  treatment   alternatives  for discarded
 materials  which   contain   fire-retardant   materials   will   be
 investigated.   Potential health and environmental impacts will be
 combined with potential costs to provide an integrated analysis of
 each relevant alternative of treatment and disposal.   To provide
 information on the stability of potentially  toxic materials  from
 the incineration of fire retardants we will  burn these materials
 in a high temperature ignition vessel and  add  them  directly to
 existing 25m  outdoor transparent Teflon film chambers.  This  will
 permit us to age brominated dioxins in a captured air  parcel under
 realistic outdoor conditions and assess the  overall  stability or
 reactivity.

 status;    Work on  the  framework model  has  already  begun.   An
 ignition vessel has been developed and used to generate chamber
 samples of brominated dioxins and furans.  Atmospheric stability
 experiments are planned for the 1989 fall months.

                            "inent t clean~up
Effectiveness  of  Multiple  Liner  Systems  for  Hazardous  Waste
Containment  Facilities:  K. Brown, R.  Lytton,  C.  Giam, Texas  A&M
University

Goal;   The  immediate goal  of this  project is  to evaluate  the
potential  use of  stabilizing agents  and additives  for clay  to
enhance the ability to withstand chemical attack and to retard the
migration  of organic  contaminants.    Future goals include:  (1)
evaluation   of   ventilation  systems  to  extract  the  volatile
constituents  from  the  leachate  collection  and  leak  detection
systems, and  (2)  development of a mathematical model  to  describe
the transport  of organic  contaminants through a composite  liner
system.

Rationale;  Many of the wastes resulting from RCRA waste treatment
and cleanup of  Super fund  sites which need  to be  disposed  in
landfills still contain small quantities of hazardous constituents
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which could drain from the waste, adversely impact the integrity
of landfill liners, and migrate through them to the groundwater.
Recent data by  Haxo indicate that certain organic contaminants,
even when occurring in  dilute solutions,  will solubilize in and
migrate through the plastics utilized for  lining landfills.  More
secure waste containment may  be possible  through  improvements  in
liner technology.  These include addition of stabilizing agents  to
prevent chemical attack,  the addition of polymeric chemicals  to
clay to increase the sorption capacity, and the use of ventilation
systems  to  remove  volatile  organic vapors  before penetrating
liners.

Approacht   The  effects  of  several  stabilizing  agents  on the
hydraulic conductivity of compacted  clay  soils will be evaluated
through a laboratory  study  employing fixed wall permeameters and
three  soils  of  differing mineralogies.   Specially constructed
diffusion test chambers similar to those used by Haxo will be made
and employed to measure the diffusion constants of various  organics
through several  thicknesses  of high-density  polyethylene (HOPE).
A mathematical model to describe the  movement of chemicals through
a multicomponent state-of-the-art  landfill liner will be assembled
and calibrated using the laboratory data.   This will then provide
a means  to  design  an optimum liner needed for  long-term  waste
containment.

statusi  The laboratory testing of amendments  (lime and cement)  is
nearing  completion.    The  diffusion test  chambers  have  been
fabricated and diffusion measurements will begin in October 1989.
Preliminary work on assembling the model has begun and calibration
should be completed in the forthcoming year.  The project will be
completed in February 1991.

In-Bitu Bioremediation of Hazardous  Substances in  the Vadose Zone:
C. Giam and K. Brown, Texas A&M University

Goal:   The  goal of this project is to  develop  and  calibrate a
mathematical model  to describe the in-situ biodegradation rate of
hazardous organics  in  vadose  zone  subsoils  under given soil,
moisture, fertility, temperature, and oxygen conditions.

Rationale:   Microorganisms  indigenous to  soils  are  capable of
degrading momt organic  contaminants if  the environment  can be
adjusted to  enhance  the  activity.    Possible soil environmental
parameters  to  be  adjusted  may  include:   temperature,  oxygen,
moisture, and fertility.  A mathematical model based on scientific
principles  is needed  so  that large-scale  field  systems can be
properly  designed   and   operated   for   optimum  efficiency   and
productivity.

Approach:   This study  is being  conducted  using  a  three-level
approach.  First, a mathematical  model  is being developed to

                                73

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 describe the in-situ biodegradation rate  of hazardous organics  in
 vadose  zone  subsoils  under  given  soil,  moisture,   fertility,
 temperature, and oxygen conditions.  The second level will  involve
 laboratory measurements of biodegradation  rates needed to calibrate
 the model.   In the third level,  field experiments will be conducted
 to  document  the  effectiveness  of  the  optimum  treatments  as
 predicted from the level 1 and 2  studies.

 Statuat  Preliminary work  on  assembling  the  model (level 1) has
 begun and  calibration  using laboratory data  (level 2)   should  be
 completed  in the forthcoming  year.   Field experiments  and  final
 model adjustments will  be completed by February 1991.

                  Training and Technology Transfer

 waste Minimisation - Legal/ Technical, and Human Factors:
 D. Denny, North Carolina State University

 Goal;    The  goal  is   to  provide  the necessary  background for
 engineering  students   to  design,  sell,  and  implement  a  waste
 reduction program in an industrial  environment.

 Rationale:    Current  engineering  educational  curricula  emphasize
 the techniques  and controls necessary to manufacture  profitable
 products.  Most  major companies are now committed to manufacturing
 those products   in  a   socially  responsible manner.    The  waste
 reduction course is consistent with this  attitude and supplements
 the rest of the  engineering curriculum.

 Approach:    An   advisory  committee  was  formed,  consisting  of
 representatives    from   academia,   state  government,   federal
 government, state  industry, national  industry,  and environmental
 groups.    A  course outline has  been prepared and sent to the
 advisory committee for  comment.   The first module of the course
 material is in preparation.  The course has been scheduled for the
 spring semester  in the Chemical  Engineering  Department  at  North
 Carolina State University as a pilot.

 Status;   Course  material preparation and review is scheduled to  be
 completed by the end of calendar  year 1989.

 Hydrofluoric Acid Reuse:  D. Denny, North Carolina State University

 Goal:   Th« goal  is to  identify users of spent  hydrofluoric acid
 from the electronics industry.

 Rationale:   Electronics component manufacturers  use hydrofluoric
 acid for etching and cleaning purposes. The spent acid must be dis
 disposed of as a hazardous  waste.   Research has shown  the spent
 acid can  be used to treat  steel and aluminum.   Finding  a user for
 the  spent  acid  would  reduce  the  amount  of  hazardous  waste
generated.

                                74

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Approach:  A feasibility study will be designed,   simultaneously,
interested  companies which  generate  hydrofluoric acid  will  be
recruited to assist in locating users.

statusi  A feasibility study is planned for completion by the end
of  February 1990.   Two  of  the  three  companies that  supplied
material for the research no longer have a need to find a  user for
the spent acid.  The third is interested in the project and plans
to participate.  One other spent acid generator has been identified
as has a potential user for the spent acids.

Research Conference:  C. Kaufman,  North Carolina State University

Goal:  The goal  is to transfer environmental research information
from Sunbelt university and government laboratories  to  regional
industries.

Rationale:   There is a  very large amount of  relatively unkown,
steadily developing environmental research underway at universities
and  research  institution.    It is  important  for  industry  and
government personnel to better understand these efforts since few
resources  exist to  duplicate this research.   Thus,  a  regional
research conference  and compendium were selected to  bridge this
information transfer need.

Approach:    A   series  of  invited  plenary  lectures  on  current
environmental  legislative activities and selected research topics
will   be  complimented   with  an  extensive   poster  session.
Additionally,   a  comprehensive   compendium  of  all  regional
environmental research will be appropriately indexed and published.

Status:    A   two-day   regional  conference,  The  First  Annual
Exposition:  Environmental  Research In The  Sunbelt  — 1989,  was
held  in  Raleigh,  North Carolina  on November  14 and  15,  1989.
To ensure complete coverage of Regions 4  and  6, state  coordinators
facilitated  the  dissemination  of  conference  materials  and  the
collection of  research abstracts for publication.


                  SUMMARY OF OUTPUTS  IN FY 1989

Refereed Journal Articles   	  1
Articles Subaitted or In Press  	  0
Books and Bound  Proceedings   	  0
Chapters in Books and Proceedings   	  0
Project Reports   	  0
Conference or  Workshops Held  	•	 0
Presentations   	_2—

                              TOTAL                      3
                                75

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                           BIBLIOGRAPHY
Refereed Journal Articles
     Brown, K. W.  and J. C. Thomas 1989.  "Variability of Hydraulic
     Conductivity with Depth within a Lift of Compacted Clay Soil,"
     Agronomy Abstract, p. 32.
Presentations
     D. Amaral, J.  Charles,  R. Kamens.   "Strategy for Analyzing
     Hazardous Waste  Incineration of Fire  Retardant Materials,"
     presented to the  Brominated  Flame  Retardant Industry Panel,
     Research Triangle Park, NC, August 31, 1989.

     D. Amaral.   "Incinerator  Risk Management for Polybrominated
     Flame Retardants," presented at the Society for Risk Analysis,
     San Francisco,  November 1, 1989.
                               76

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             Chapter 4

Hazardous Substanc* Research C«nt«r
        for R«gion Pair 7/8

-------
center:        Hazardous Substance Research  Center for
               U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8

Participant**  Kansas state University
               Montana State University
               University of Iowa
               University of Missouri
               University of Montana
               University of Nebraska
               University of Utah

Directori      Larry E. Erickson
               Department of Chemical Engineering
               Durland Hall
               Kansas State University
               Manhattan, Kansas  66506-5102
               Phone:  913/532-5584
                 FAX:  913/532-7810


                      THE CENTER AT A GLANCE

     Kansas  State  University  (KSU)  leads the seven  institution
consortium comprising the Hazardous Substance Research Center for
Federal Regions 7 and 8.   The other universities are Montana State
University,  and the Universities  of  Iowa,  Missouri,  Montana,
Nebraska, and Utah.  All  of these states  are  located in Region-Pair
7/8, as are  Colorado,  Wyoming, and the Dakotas.  The  Center was
established in February 1989 to conduct  research pertaining to the
identification, treatment,  and reduction  of hazardous substances
resulting from agriculture,  forestry/ mining, mineral processing,
and other activities of  local  interest.

     The Center is headed by Dr. Larry  E. Erickson, Professor of
Chemical Engineering at  KSU.    Dr.  Erickson is  responsible for
coordinating  all  of the  Center's activities.    He  is assisted
primarily by Dr. Richard Hayter, of KSU's Engineering Cooperative
Extension  Service,  who  oversees   the  conduct  of  the Center's
training and technology transfer program.  The Center benefits from
guidance supplied  by a 15  person Science Advisory Committee  which
meets twice a year and a  24 person Training and Technology Transfer
Advisory Committee which meets annually.

     Researchers from several  specialties are interacting  in the
Center, bringing a diversity of perspectives to address the complex
problems associated with hazardous substances.   Table  1 provides
a list of key personnel  from each  participating  institution.
                                77

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              Table it
 Kansas  State Univ.

 B.R.  Biles
 L.  Erickson
 L.T.  Fan
 L.A.  Glasgow
 R.B.  Hayter
 J.R.  Schlup
 w.P.  Wa1awender

 University of Missouri
      Bajpai
      Banerj i
      Clevenger
      Harbourt
      Hinderberger
R.K.
S.K.
T.E.
C.O.
E.J.
S. Kapila
T.J. O'Keefe
D.S. Viswanath
J.L. Watson
A.F. Yanders
University of Montana

No researchers this round
                        Key Personnel  in the center
                                   Montana  state

                                   W.G.  Characklis
                                   F.D.  Culver
                                   A.B.  Cunningham
                                   W.L.  Jones
                                   R.S.  Hunter
University of Iowa

D.T. Gibson
B.C. Kross
G.F. Parkin
J.L. Schnoor

University of Nebraska

M.W. Gilliland
G.B. Keefer
W.E. Kelly

University of Utah

S. Ghosh
     Region-Pair  7/8  has  a  curious  diversity  of  interests,
resulting  from  the grouping  of  mineral-rich  states,  such  as
Colorado  and  Utah,  with  the  states  of  the  great plains  and
chaparral,  whose economic  foundations rest  on agriculture  and
animal husbandry.  The Center has defined its original mission in
terms of these wide-ranging activities  and has undertaken research
in the following areas, listed in order of their current priority
within the region-pair:

1.   Studies of soil and water contamination by heavy metals such
     as cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc associated with
     mining wastes and other industrial activities.

2.   Research  on groundwater  contamination  from  a variety  of
     souro«*.  Wood preservatives including pentachlorophenol and
     creosote,   polynuclear    aromatic    hydrocarbons,    carbon
     tetrachloride,  trichloroethylene, vinyl  chloride,  and other
     chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls
     (PCBs), and dioxin have been identified as priority substances
     contaminating  groundwater.    Numerous  pesticides have been
     identified to be hazardous  substances;  the  fate  and transport
     of pesticides  are  of particular interest  because  of  the
     agricultural orientation of Regions 7 and 8.  A general need
     exists  for research to develop treatment technologies to clean
     up contaminated soil.
                                78

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3.   Development of  incineration,  biodegradation,  and immobili-
     zation technology.  Research is needed for  rendering wastes
     nonhazardous before they are returned to  the environment.

4.   Development  of   simplified  and  inexpensive  methods   for
     analyzing contaminated soil.

5.   Hazardous waste minimization.   This  is a  desirable long term
     goal.

6.   Research on hazardous substance release to the  atmosphere at
     waste sites.

7.   Determination of  the  safe  concentration  levels of hazardous
     substances in soils and in water.

     The diversity  of  the region-pair's  interests and the large
geographic area represented are further reflected in the  training
and technology transfer  program currently  being  supported by  the
Center.  Much of the Center's efforts are dedicated to  the support
of activities which can reach large audiences with a minimum of
resources.  For instance, the Center is collecting audio and video
training materials  relating  to hazardous substances and  making
these materials available for loan,  three issues of the newsletter
"HazTech Transfer"  have  been disseminated throughout  the region-
pair,  an  information  clearinghouse  has  been established,   and
general public education efforts are underway.  These  activities,
augmented by some carefully selected  special  audience functions,
appear  to  provide   the  most  effective   means of  disseminating
necessary technical information across  this large and varied area.

     The  Center's  base  support comes  from  EPA.   However,  the
participating schools  have all  made substantial contributions as
well.  It  is hoped  that private industry and  other public sector
organizations will  find  the center concept  attractive  and   will
contribute  funds  in the future.  The Center's first-year funding
is summarized in Table 2.

                     Table 2i   Center Budget

          FDMDIMQ SOURCES               PY 1989  FUNDS

          SPA: Centers Program                $2,000,000

          Private Sector                        10,000

          Consortium                          1.530.068

               TOTAL                         $3,540,068
                                79

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                     CENTER DIRECTOR'S REPORT

      The establishment of the Center has provided a focal point for
 hazardous substances research, training,  and technology transfer
 in Federal Regions 7 and 8.  A long term goal is to serve the  needs
 of the  10-state area  using  as many of  the available  resources
 within the region-pair as possible.  Through personal visits,  the
 newsletter, telephone calls, and direct mailings, efforts have been
 made to emphasize inclusiveness and the idea of  "working together
 for a better  environment."   Visits have  been  made to all of  the
 consortium  universities,  several  other  universities, the  EPA
 regional offices, other State and  Federal offices, and  a variety
 of professional gatherings and conferences have been sponsored and
 atended.

      The  research and technology  transfer  projects   currently
 underway were selected prior to the award of the center, based on
 our understanding of the priorities within  the  region-pair,  plus
 the particular strengths brought to the Center by the participating
 universities.    As  the  Center grows, it  can be assumed that  its
 priorities will  change.   The  advisory committees will be  most
 valuable in guiding the Center in selecting research and  technology
 transfer areas to pursue.

      One other aim for  the Center is to use the resources provided
 by the EPA-supported Hazardous Substance Research Center to solicit
 support for academic  environmental research  from other Federal
 agencies,   states,  and  private industry.   The Center  has  the
 potential  to be a powerful magnet  for attracting such support.


                        HIGHLIGHTS  FOR 1989

 Stabilization  and Solidification of Wastes

      One of the  research projects  in support  of mining, mineral
 processing,  and  heavy  metal  wastes is an  experimental study of
 stabilization/solidification  of hazardous wastes.  Statistically
 designed experiments  are being carried out  on  arsenic-containing
 wastes and baghouse dust  from a steel plant.  There is  a critical
 need  for  such work  because  it  is  possibly  the  only  feasible
 technique  for  treating  heavy metals.  These  wastes  are  being
 immobilized using appropriate pozzolanic materials,  such as fly ash
 and Portland  cement,   and  solidification-aiding  reagents.    An
 important objective of this research is to identify conditions that
 reduce  the  leaching  rate  of the hazardous  substances  to  an
 acceptable level.  The  process must be economically feasible,  also.
 This technology has advanced  to the point that it may be employed
 in  field applications  following successful  laboratory  studies to
 identify the optimal  conditions for immobilization of  the waste.
 The investigators presented a paper on their research at the 1989
 Conference  on  Hazardous Waste Research held  at  Kansas  State
University.
                                80

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     An enzymatic ozonation process to render hazardous substances
nonhazardous has been investigated and shown to have considerable
potential as a water treatment method for rural water supplies that
are contaminated  with  low levels of pesticides.   Cost  effective
methods to treat  rural water  supplies  are extremely important  in
Regions 7  and 8 because many  farm  families depend on their own
wells  for  their  drinking water and  for  agricultural  uses. The
results presented in  the master's  thesis  of Lee  Hunter  Odell
indicate  that  the  extent of oxidation  is dependent  upon the
concentration of ozone and the contact time  between  the  ozone and
the pesticide.   The  process  appears to eliminate the functional
groups  on  pesticides  such   as  atrizine  and   alachlor.    The
concentration of  the active  pesticide can  be  reduced to  values
below the health advisory level.  A granular activated carbon bed
may be  used  to  adsorb refractory organic compounds which  remain
after  the ozonation.    These results  are   beneficial  to  those
designing and operating ozonation water treatment processes.

Training and Technology Transfer

     The University  of Missouri has developed and  presented  its
three-day  training  course "Introduction  to Hazardous  Substance
Management."    The   course,  which  is designed  for  individuals
responsible for hazardous waste management programs, was attended
by  a  near  capacity  audience  of approximately  60  participants.
Those who participated offered highly favorable written evaluations
at the  end  of the course.  The  course is being  offered in Sioux
Falls,  South  Dakota  in November; Lincoln,  Nebraska  in  December;
Denver, Colorado  in January;  Kansas City, Kansas in February; and
Helena, Montana in March, 1990.  The course  assists employers and
employees in meeting Resouce Conservation and Recovery Act  (RCRA)
and Occupational  Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) training
requirements.

     The two-day  Conference  on Hazardous Waste Research was held
May 23 and  24,  1989.   More  than 90  papers  were  presented by
researchers from  academia, industry, and government, and over  200
representatives attended.  The proceedings  of the conference  are
being  published.   The conference was appreciated by all  of  the
attendees  as  a  valuable   opportunity  for   the  exchange  of
information.

     The newsletter, "HazTech Transfer", is distributed  without
charge to appropriate professionals in Regions 7 and 8,  and it has
been  well received.    Three  issues  have  been published.   The
newsletter is useful because  professionals  from  several different
disciplines are involved  in hazardous substance  research,
technology,   and  management   and  there   is  no   professional

                                81

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 organization  which  reaches  all  of  these  individuals.    The
 newsletter  is  also  circulated  to  EPA's  four  other  hazardous
 substance research centers, and others as appropriate.
 Investigator

           Research

 Fan


 Clevenger


 Keefer


 Ghosh



 Parkin


 Erickson


 Banerj i


 Characklis

 Yanders


 Schnoor



Glasgow

Walawender

Viswanath
SUMMARY OF ONGOING PROJECTS

         Title
 Experimental    Study   of    stabilization/
 Solidification of Hazardous  Substances

 Reclamation of Metal- and Mining-Contaminated
 Superfund Sites Using Sewage/Fly Ash Amendments

 Metal Recovery and Reuse Using an Integrated
 Vermiculite Ion Exchange-Acid  Recovery System

 Removal of  Heavy Metals  from Hazardous Wastes
 by Protein  Complexation for  Their  Ultimate
 Recovery and Reuse

 Feasibility of In-Situ Anaerobic Bioreclamation
 of Mixtures of Toxic Chemicals
Development
Technology
               of    In-.Situ    Biodegradation
 Migration    and    Biodegradation
 Pentachlorophenol  in Soil  Environment
                                           of
 Microbial  Processes  in Groundwater Formations

 Time Dependent Movement of Dioxin and Related
 Compounds  in Soil

 Modeling  Dissolved   Oxygen,   Nitrate,   and
 Pesticide   Contamination  in  the  Subsurface
 Environment

 Vadose Zone Decontamination by Air Injection

 Thermochemical Treatment of Hazardous Wastes

 Development,  Characterization, and Evaluation
 of  Adsorbent Materials for Waste Streams
                                82

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Fan                 Computer-Aided Design and Control of Systems
                    for   Treatment   of   Hazardous  Waste   and
                    Minimization of  Waste Products
Hunter              Computer Method to Estimate Safe Level Water
                    Quality Concentrations for  Organic Chemicals
Kross               Removal of Nitrogenous Pesticides from Rural
                    Well  Water  Supplies  by  Enzymatic Ozonation
                    Process
O'Keefe             Characterization and  Treatment of Hazardous
                    Materials from Metal/Mineral Processing Wastes
Schlup              Adsorption of Hazardous Substances onto Soil
                    Constituents
          Training and Technology Transfer
Harbourt            Introduction to  Hazardous Substance Management
Gilliland           Hazardous Waste Management in Rural  States
Hayter              Audio and Video Training
Hayter              Newsletter
Hayter              Electronic Bulletin Board
Hayter              Seminar Program
Hayter              HSRC  Contribution  Repository and Information
                    Clearinghouse
Hayter              Conferences
Hayter              Public Education
Biles               Technology  Data Base

                  RESEARCH PROJECT  DESCRIPTIONS
Experimental  Study of  Stabilisation/Solidification of  Hazardous
Wastes:  L.T. Fan,  Kansas State University
Goal:    The   objectives  of  this  research  are  to   determine
experimentally    the    feasibility     and     suitability    of
solidification/stabilization for typical and prevailing hazardous
wastes  and  to  establish  extensive  knowledge  and  data  bases
necessary for optimal treatment of  such wastes.
                                 83

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 Rational*;  For many heavy metals and mine tailings, stabilization/
 solidification  is   the  only  economically  feasible  management
 alternative.    A better understanding  of  the  immobilization of
 hazardous substances in soils is imporant for commercial products
 and waste management.   Various factors affect  the immobilizing
 mechanism  of  stabilization/solidification  of  hazardous  wastes.
 These  include  the  type and amount  of  pozzolanic  materials and
 solidification-aiding reagents,  and  the characteristics  of the
 wastes.   To identify environmentally acceptable and economically
 feasible  stabilization/solidification   techniques  for  treating
 organic and  inorganic hazardous wastes generated in EPA Regions 7
 and 8, it  is necessary to  carry  out a series  of statistically
 designed experiments for each of these wastes.

 Approachi  Statistically designed experiments are being conducted
 for three  diverse   types   of  wastes.    The  leachability  and
 compressive strength of the solidified samples are being measured.

 Status:   Experimental work has been  completed  on three specific
 studies,  a   low-level   radioactive   liquid  waste,  an  arsenic
 containing waste,  and a baghouse dust waste  from a steel plant.
 Manuscripts describing  the  results are being prepared for two of
 the studies.  The results from the third  study have been presented
 and are to  be published in  the Proceedings  of  the Conference on
 Hazardous Waste  Research.

 Reclamation of Metal and Mining  Contaminated Superfund sites  Using
 Sewage  Sludge/Fly   Ash  Amendment:    T.E.  Clevenger  and   E.J.
 Hinderberger,  University of Missouri (Columbia and Environmental
 Trace Substances Research Center)

 Goal:  The goal of  this project is to investigate the utility of
 sewage  sludge/fly ash  mixtures in  the reclamation  of  a  metal
 contaminated  Superfund site.

 Rationale:  Through the use  of a mixture of sludge and  fly ash, one
 can increase  the organic content of the  soil.  As a result,  plant
 cover can be established, the pH is increased, and the mobility and
 availability  of  the  metals  is controlled.

Approach!  An abandoned lead tailings pile in Desloge,  MO, has been
selected for the study site.  Different ratios of sewage sludge and
fly ash will  be tested with different herbaceous species.   Total
metal analysis  and  speciation methods are  being used to evaluate
the potential  for mobilization  of  the metals.   Sewage sludge and
fly ash amendments are being evaluated as cover materials in column
studies.
                                84

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           Preliminary  experimental  work  indicates  that  the
predominant forms of lead in the tailings are oxide and sulfide.
Thirty-six columns  have  been  constructed and the column studies
have begun.

Metal  Recovery and Reuse Using  an  Integrated  Vermioulite Ion
Exchange-Acid  Recovery  Bysteas    G.B.   Keefer,  University  of
Nebraska-Lincoln
        The goal of this  research  is  to evaluate and optimize a
system  for zinc recovery and  reuse  from plating wastewaters or
contaminated groundwater.

Rationale i   The metal  plating process  currently creates  large
quantities  of metal -contaminated  waste  (pickle  liquor) .   This
wastewater is commonly treated by neutralization resulting  in  the
production of metal  laden waste sludges.  The  proposed  research
would evaluate a system for metal recovery for reuse in the plating
process while producing  a nonhazardous liquid waste stream and a
spent vermiculite which  could  also be disposed  as a  nonhazardous
material.

Approach i      A system   which uses  a  multiple  countercurrent
vermiculite ion exchange  column treatment scheme  is being developed
to   treat  zine   plating  wastewaters  or  zinc   contaminated
groundwaters .  Three columns are used in series,  with the pH of the
influent wastewater to each being adjusted progressively higher to
aid  in  the zinc removal process.   In  addition, as  the  columns
become  expended  on the  front  end  of  the system, they  have been
exposed  to the  lowest   system pH.   This  pH adjustment  scheme,
therefore, aids in both  the metal  removal process and in the acid
recovery of the zinc by minimizing  the acid requirement.  Once the
columns are exhausted, they are acid leached for  zinc recovery.

Status i  The results of a series of batch experiments show that the
exchange capacity increases as  the  pH is increased. Confined fixed
bed  ion exchange columns gave better results than columns which
were allowed to expand under normal flow conditions.  A paper was
presented at the Nebraska APWA/NWPCA/AWWA Conference, November 9,
1989.

Removal  of   Heavy  Metals   from  Hazardous  wastes  by   Protein
Complexities  for Their  Ultimate  Recovery  and   Reuses   S.Ghosh,
University of Utah

goal i   The  objectives   of the research are to  develop a basic
understanding of the mechanism, kinetics, and parametric dependence
of  complexation  of  heavy  metals with  microbial  protein,   and
ultimately  to develop an innovative continuous-flow process  to
remove these potentially hazardous  elements from aqueous wastes for
subsequent recovery  and  reuse.


                                85

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 Rationale;   It  is well known that many strains  of bacteria, yeast,
 and mold are resistant to high concentrations of heavy metals which
 could be removed from the aqueous environment  by extracellular or
 intracellular uptake.  The metals may bind by interacting with the
 anionic sites at the hydrophilic surface  of  the outer membrane of
 a microbial cell.   Extracellular uptake  is  effected by physical
 entrapment  by the polysaccharide matrix outside of the cell wall,
 adsorption,  ion exchange, chelation,  and complexation by ligand
 formation.   Metals  also  form  complexes  with small  intracellular
 globular proteins, the syntheses of which  are induced by the metals
 themselves.   Protein complexation could account for  the uptake of
 up to several milligrams of metal per gram of dry cell mass and the
 organisms may be tolerant to heavy metals concentrations of up to
 100 g/1.  Should the process prove feasible, it would provide an
 economical and  natural way to remove and  reuse  toxic  heavy metals.

 Approach;  In the initial phase of the research, experimental work
 is being conducted  to  study  the effects  of  metal and protein
 concentrations,  growth phases,  culture  temperature and  pH,  and
 electrode   potential  on   the  kinetics  and  efficiencies  of
 intracellular  and  extracellular   uptake  of   metals.    Mutual
 inhibition  or  stimulation  of  the uptake of some metals  by the
 antagonistic  and synergistic actions  of  others  will be studied.
 Both aerobic  and anaerobic cultures  will  be  investigated.

      In the second phase of the project,  a continuous-flow process
 scheme involving a bioreactor harboring a protein filter  (biotrap)
 and a metal extractor will be developed to demonstrate  the concept
 of cyclical  uptake,  concentration and recovery  of  heavy metals.
 The  optimum  bioreactor   and   extractor  designs  and  operating
 conditions will be delineated by conducting  bench-scale runs.

 status:   A review of  the literature was conducted.   Aerobic and
 anaerobic chemostats have been designed, fabricated, and installed.
 Three metal  uptake runs  have  been  conducted using  aerobic batch
 reactors.

 Feasibility  of   In-8itu  Anaerobic Bioreclamation  of Mixtures of
 Toxic Cheaicalss  G.F. Parkin and D.T. Gibson, University of  Iowa

 Goal:    The  goal of this research  is to  assess the impact of
 mixtures of toxic chemicals on the biotransformation of individual
 organics, with  toxic organic concentrations in the  range of  1 to
 100  mg/liter.    The  feasibility of  using genetically engineered
 bacteria to  degrade selected organics in a laboratory  activated
 sludge system is being investigated.

 Rationale:  Recent research has shown that  chlorinated  aliphatic
 compounds, such  as trichloroethylene and  carbon tetrachloride are
degraded under  anaerobic conditions.  Such  conditions are  likely
to  exist at  a wide  variety  of Superfund sites.   At the present
time, very little is known about the biodegradation of mixtures of

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these and related compounds in the concentration ranges likely to
be found  at  or near Superfund sites  (1-100 mg/1) .   In order to
assess  the  feasibility  of   using   bioreclamation  techniques,
information concerning the anaerobic biotransformation of mixtures
of these compounds is  required.   Such information will be useful
in  determining  the  potential for  using  anaerobic biological
processes for remediating contaminated soils and groundwaters .

Approach:  Anaerobic biofilm  reactors with glass beads or gravel
are being used to investigate the biodegradation of chloroform,
methylene  chloride,   and   1,1,1-trichloroethane  alone  and  in
combination.  Acetate is provided as a carbon  and  energy source.

status x   Several experiments  have  been  completed.   The results
indicate that biodegradation processes are dependent  upon the mix
of chemical compounds  which are present.   For example, methylene
chloride was degraded more  completely when fed in combination with
chloroform and 1,1,1-trichloroethane with acetate  as  a  carbon and
energy source compared to experiments in which methylene chloride
and acetate were fed together.

Development of In-Situ Biodegradation Technology:  L.E. Erickson
and L.T. Fan, Kansas State University

Goal :  The goal of this research is to conduct an investigation of
in-situ biodegradation both through experimentation and  through
model-based simulation.

Rationale:  In-situ bioremediation has many potential applications.
However, a better understanding of the technology is desirable for
many field applications. Laboratory experiments and a model-based
simulation  are  being  used  to   generate  new  knowledge.    The
development of methods for supplying oxygen and maintaining optimal
water activity for aerobic biodegradation in  the vadose zone are
of particular interest.

Approach:   Microcosm  studies are  being conducted  with  various
levels of soil moisture to study the effects of soil moisture and
oxygen transfer  limitation on biodegradation  rate.   Soil columns
will be investigated  with  air supplied  to the vadose zone  of the
column.  Mathematical  models  of bioremediation in the three-phase
environment of the vadose  zone are being  formulated.
status:  Modeling and simulation of in-sitU bioremediation  in the
saturated  zone was conducted  by Jianchu Wu  under the  principal
investigator's  guidance.   The  results  show that  the  rate  of
biodegradation  may be  limited not  only by  insufficient  oxygen
supply,  but  also  by  transport  resistance  to  the  contaminant
(substrate) desorption.  The simulation of the operation involving
recycle  of unreacted contaminants  indicates that biodegradation
takes  place mainly in the  upper zone  of the  bed.   Additional
research is in progress.

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 Migration  and  Biodegradation  of   Pentachlorophenol   in  Soil
 Environments  S.K. Banerji and R.K. Bajpai,  University of Missouri-
 Columbia

 Goals;    The  objectives are to  determine  the migration  rate of
 pentachlorophenol   (PCP)   and  other  additives   used   in  wood
 preservation  and to evaluate the feasibility of above-ground and
 in-situ biodegradation of PCP containing  leachate under laboratory
 and field conditions.

 Rationale:  Wood preservatives  are used  extensively in Regions 7
 and  8.    Research  on  the  migration   and  biodegradation  of
 pentachlorophenol will be useful  in developing plans to clean sites
 which have been affected  by wood  preservative wastes containing
 pentachlorophenol.

 Approach;   Laboratory studies will be conducted to determine the
 migration of  PCP  formulations  used  in  wood  preservation.   The
 amount  of vaporization and photodegradation of the  components will
 also  be  evaluated.    Later,  lysimeter  field  studies   will  be
 conducted to  verify the laboratory results.

 Status;   The  experimental  work is underway.

 Microbial  Processes in Groundvater Formations:  W.G. Characklis,
 A.B.  Cunningham, and W.L.  Jones, Montana State University

 Goal;    The goal  of the  research is  to  improve the  rate  and
 efficiency of   in-situ   microbial   degradation   of  subsurface
 contaminants  through an improved understanding of  processes which
 govern    transport,   attachment,   growth,    and   activity   of
 microorganisms  in porous media.

 Rationale;  Subsurface biofilm growth is  complicated by the nature
 of  fluid  and  nutrient transport which, in a porous medium, occurs
 along tortuous  flow paths  of various dimension and geometry.  The
 wide  distribution  of  pore velocities  introduces considerable
 variation in the microbial  processes of desorption,  attachment, and
 detachment.   An understanding of  cause  and effect relationships
 which influence  these and  other biofilm processes  is essential in
 order  to   describe   net  subsurface   biofilm   accumulation.
 Accumulation  of biofilm   in  porous  media   is   of  fundamental
 importance  because  it  governs  the potential for:  (1)   in-situ
 biodegradation  of  groundwater  contaminants  and  (2)  subsurface
biofouling, such as,  reduction of  permeability  due  to  biomass
plugging  of pore space—both of which are crucial considerations
 in the design of subsurface biodegradation systems.
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ApproachI   The project will be  carried  out through a carefully
designed  program  of   laboratory  experimentation.    Microbial
transport and  activity will  be investigated in media containing
pentachlorophenol.    Image  analysis  will  be  used  to  monitor
microbial   processes   including   transport  rates,   adsorption/
desorption, growth, and filtration.

Status:  The results  show that the accumulation of biofilm follows
an "S" shaped progression with time and ultimately reaches a  quasi-
stable  maximum thickness.   The  presence  of  extensive biofilm
accumulation in  porous media results  in decreased porosity  and
permeability and an increased hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient.
A  variety  of  microorganisms  are  capable  of  growth  on  penta-
chlorophenol;  however,  a  significant  lag phase may  precede
subsequent  good  removal rates.   Two papers are included  in  the
Proceedings of the Conference on Hazardous Waste Research.

Tim* Dependent Movement of Dioxin and  Related  Compounds  in Soil:
A.F. Yanders and  S.  Kapila,  University of Missouri Environmental
Trace Substances Research Center

Goal:  The objective is to study the rate of migration of loss of
2,3,7,8   tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin   (TCDD)   in  soil  at   a
contaminated site.

Rationale!  This  study will  establish  parameters  for  the rate of
migration and loss of TCDD and similar compounds in  soil which will
be important in determining the most appropriate cleanup procedures
to  be  used at  the various sites  in  Missouri   and  comparable
situations elsewhere.

Approach;    The  degree  of  translocation  and  loss  of  TCDD in
contaminated  soil will  be  determined  at  Times  Beach,  MO,  the
state's  most  extensively  contaminated  site,   by measuring  the
concentration  profiles of TCDD  in experimental  plots  and  soil
columns located at the experimental site and in the laboratory.

Status:  The results indicate  that  there has been practically no
volatilization/photolysis loss of TCDD from experimental plots at
Times Beach. Experiments are underway to delineate the role of co-
contaminant* on partition  behavior.  The results obtained  so far
indicate that apparent solubilization at the contaminated sites can
be attributed to the colloidal  suspensions of the co-contaminants.

Modeling Dissolved Oxygen, Nitrate and Pesticide Contamination  in
the  Subsurface  Environment:    J.L.   Schnoor   and G.F.  Parkin,
University of Iowa

Goal:    There  are  three  objectives:     (1)  to  develop  better
mathematical model  formulations  for  the fate  and transport  of
pesticides  in the unsaturated  zone and saturated groundwater, (2)


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 to  perform  field  and laboratory  experiments  on  the  fate  and
 transport of alachlor  and atrazine to test model formulations, and
 (3)  to assess  the effects of  best management practices.

 Rationalei  Both  models and field studies are necessary to improve
 our ability to estimate toxic  organic concentrations in groundwater
 using different agricultural management practices.   Better kinetic
 formulations that can be used in models are to be developed in this
 work.  These will be used to assess the effects of best management
 practices on the  fate  and transport of pesticides.

 Approach: Experiments are being conducted at an  instrumented field
 plot site.  Three types of  sites  will be examined,  one  barren
 ground,  one  planted with corn,  and one covered with poplar  trees.
 The  quantitative mass balance is  based on measurements  in the
 plants,  soil,  and groundwater.  The data will be used  to test the
 model formulations.

 Statusi   The results of the first field  season show that alachlor
 is more mobile than atrazine; it showed greater runoff rates and
 percolation  to the  groundwater, but it also disappeared at  a more
 rapid rate than atrazine.  Atrazine was tightly bound  to the soil,
 especially in  the small plot  planted  in popular trees.

 Vadose Zone Decontamination by Air Injection:  L.A.  Glasgow,  Kansas
 State University

 Qoalt  The goal of this research is to provide a preliminary  design
 protocol  that  can be  employed when air stripping is  contemplated
 as a  remedial  measure.

 Rationale:    The  efficiency  of  and  coverage  provided by air
 injection/venting have not been  reliably characterized.   It  is
 necessary to develop design methods that can be  used to employ air
 injection/venting processes efficiently and economically  to  remove
 volatile  contaminants.

 Approach:  A simple computer code is being developed  that  can  be
 used to calculate gas  flow patterns obtained with various venting
 arrangement*.  Numerical simulation is being used  to investigate
 the effect* of injection and  withdrawal well placements.

 statust   Thai initial  numerical results  show  that  in  cases where
withdrawal/suction  is  applied only at the surface, the  effective
treatment area is confined to  a small region (a three meter radius)
 in the vicinity of the injection well.  Preliminary  calculations
 indicate properly located withdrawal wells can maintain high rates
of mass transfer  over  larger  areas.
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Tnermochemioal Treatment of Hazardous  Wastest w.p. Walawender and
L.T. Fan, Kansas stats Univsrsity

2211»  Ths goals ars to obtain experimental performance data with
a bench-scale incinerator for ths thsnnal destruction of hazardous
substances and to develop models for  the design and operation of
hazardous substance incineration systems.

Rationalei    This  research is  designed  to  provide  extensive
information  on  the influence  of operating  conditions  on  the
performance of hazardous waste incinerators.   The results should
provide  a  basis  for  development of  models  for the  design and
effective operation of hazardous waste incineration  systems.

Approachi    A  bench-scale incinerator  has  been   designed  and
constructed for the  investigation. Experiments are being conducted
with model chlorinated compounds.

status:   The  results  of  preliminary  experiments  using carbon
tetrachloride with  hexane  as  liquid carrier show that effective
destruction was achieved with chlorine loadings up to 33%  with low
excess air.   Operating temperatures were typically  around 2000°F
under near stoichiometric conditions.

Development,   Characterization,   and   Evaluation  of  Adsorbent
Materials  for Treatment of Waste 8treamst   D.S.  Viswanath,  S.
Kapila, and T.E.  Clevenger, University of  Missouri  (Columbia and
Environmental Trace Substances Research Center)

Qoali  The objectives of the project are to investigate the use of
adsorbent materials, such as surface modified resin and covalently
bonded sulfurated siloxanes,  for effective removal  of extremely
toxic substances from waste streams  and to study  the effective
regeneration  (desorption)  of  adsorbents with supercritical fluid
extraction.

Rationale!    Adsorption  is commonly used  for the  removal  of
hazardous  organic*  from waste  streams.   Adsorbents that can be
regenerated using supercritical fluids may provide significant cost
and efficiency  advantages.  The methods may also have analytical
chemistry applications.

Approacht   Experiments  have  been carried  out to  determine the
efficacy  of  desorption/regeneration  of  bonded alkyl   siloxane
adsorbents with supercritical carbon dioxide.   Substances desorbed
using   supercritical    carbon   dioxide   have   been    analyzed
chromatographically.   Sensitivities below parts per trillion  can
be measured with this  method.

statust  The  experiments were started in March 1989.   Covalently
bonded sulfoxide stationary phase adsorbents have  been  prepared.
The experiments on the regeneration of carbon-based adsorbents are
underway.
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 Computer-Aided Design  and  Control of  Systems for  Treatment of
 Hazardous Waste and Minimization of Waste Production:  L.T. Fan,
 Kansas State University

 Goal:   The goal is to develop intelligent computer-based process
 design and  control  tools for creating optimal systems  for the
 treatment of  hazardous  wastes  and  the  minimization of  waste
 production.

 Rationale:    Improvements  in process design and  control  methods
 which  incorporate waste minimization as  an  integral part of the
 synthesis process are needed to  achieve pollution prevention and
 waste  reduction  objectives.   This study  will yield a  set of
 rudimentary  heuristics  for design and operation of hazardous waste
 treatment systems and process plants with minimal waste production.

 Approach:   A significant portion of the  research  effort  will be
 directed    towards   the   identification   of   the   important
 characteristics  of process  systems for treating hazardous wastes
 and  the  minimization  of  waste  production.    Specifically,  the
 investigation will focus on the various processing schemes, design
 guidelines,  safety  regulations,  and  economic aspects of waste
 treatment and disposal.   The  integration of  process design and
 control in the synthesis of processes is part of the investigation.

 Status:  Three specific studies are in progress. These include the
 synthesis  of mass exchanger networks,  the  application of neural
 networks to hazardous waste processing, and the application of an
 artificial intelligence approach to the design of a process with
 a high degree of structural controllability.  Papers were presented
 at the 3rd Oklahoma Symposium on Artificial Intelligence  in Tulsa
 and  at the  1989  Annual Meeting  of  the American  Institute of
 Chemical  Engineers in San Francisco.

 Computer Method to Estimate Safe Level Water Quality Concentrations
 for Organic Chemicals:  R.S.  Hunter and F.D. Culver,  Montana State
 University

 Goals:  The  objective is to design and implement a  microcomputer
 prototype system capable of estimating  advisory concentrations and
 water quality criteria  for organic chemicals.

 Rationalei   EPA  has  established ambient National  Water  Quality
 Criteria  for only about 73  toxic  organic chemicals.  Meanwhile,
 thousands of other chemicals,  mostly  organic  chemicals,  have no
established criteria or  safe level estimates.
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Approacht  Two concentration levels are necessary to estimate Water
Quality  Criteria   for   a  chemical:     the  criterion  Maximum
Concentration  (CMC)  and  the  Criterion  Continuous Concentration
(CCC).   The QSAR System, developed by  the  U.S.  EPA and Montana
State  University,  is being  enhanced  to  give  approximations or
estimates for CMC and CCC for organic chemicals.   The QSAR system
contains  EPA's AQUIRE  database  compilation  of  60,000 aquatic
toxicity test results for 2,800 organic chemicals.  A modified  QSAR
system  using these  test  results,  guided by  EPA guidelines  and
methods, would estimate CMC and CCC values for the chemical.   The
proposed system, besides  providing values, would  summarize those
tests and arrive at CMC and CCC estimates.

Status:   The necessary software  is being  developed.   The basic
requirements   to   estimate    ambient   aquatic   life    advisory
concentrations have been identified.

Removal of  Nitrogenous  Pesticides  from  Rural Well-Water  Supplies
by Enzymatic Ozonation Process:  B.C.  Kross,  University of Iowa

Goal:   The  goal  of this study is to determine the  mechanisms by
which nitrogenous pesticides are removed from well water using an
enzymatic ozonation process.

Rationale;   This research will contribute  needed information for
the development of a point-of-use water  treatment system to remove
pesticides  from well water.   The need  for inexpensive, effective
point-of-use water  treatment  systems for  rural  water  supplies is
critical.   Rural residents with  shallow wells who have herbicide
contamination problems are most likely to use this technology.

Approach:  A pilot-scale enzymatic ozonation process will be built
and tested.  Whenever possible, commercially available components
such as the ozone  generator,  filters,  and reaction chambers  will
be used in  the process.

Status:   Results of preliminary  work indicate  that ozonation  in
association with the hydrogen peroxide radical renders atrazine and
alachlor more hydrophilic and eliminates the  functional groups for
the two pesticides.

The  Characterization and  Treatment  of Hazardous Materials  from
Metal/Mineral  Processing Wastes:  T.J.  O'Keefe  and J.L. Watson,
University  of Missouri-Rolla

Goal:   The  objective of  the  research is  to  develop  processing
procedures to treat waste oxides  generated by the mining and metals
industry.
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 Rational*:  A major problem associated with physical and chemical
 processing  operations  involving  metals  and  minerals   is  the
 treatment of  waste streams.   This research  is  directed toward
 developing a generic approach to the treatment of hazardous waste
 products from the mineral industry.

 Approach:  The slag generated by a Missouri lead smelter  (Doe Run
 Company) has been selected for investigation.  This slag  will be
 processed in a small furnace to obtain a  non-hazardous  residue and
 an oxide fume containing zinc,  cadmium,  and lead.  The oxide fume
 will be used as a  feed to an electrolytic plant.  Characterization
 and processing feasibility tests are being conducted.

 Status:  The experimental research is underway.   A small  furnace
 run on the slag was made.   The results were quite successful.  It
 may be  possible  to  process the  oxide  fume economically in an
 existing metal processing facility.

 Adsorption of  Hazardous  Substances onto Soil Constituents: J.R.
 Schlup, Kansas State University

 Goal:   The objective of  the research is  to investigate adsorbate-
 adsorbent interactions between inorganic solids representative of
 soil constituents and  hazardous organic  compounds.

 Rationale:  Very  little information is available  on adsorbate-
 adsorbent interactions involving hazardous organic compounds and
 soil  constituents;  however,  such  knowledge  is  essential  for
 modeling and design of remediation processes.

 Approach;  Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy
 is  being used  as  the  detection scheme  for the adsorbed  species.
 The phenanthrene/silica system has been studied to test the ability
 of   the   instrument  to  observe  polynuclear  aromatic compounds
 adsorbed onto  solids.  The adsorption of naphthalene onto  alumina
 is  being investigated.

 Status:    The  results show that  photoacoustic  spectroscopy can
 provide Fourier transform infrared spectra of polynuclear  aromatic
 hydrocarbons adsorbed onto model  soil  constituents.   Adsorption
 isotherms are being obtained  for polynuclear aromatic compounds
 adsorbed onto  several  soil constituents.

                 Training and Technology Transfer

 Introduction to Hazardous Substance Management:  C.O. Harbourt,
University of  Missouri-Columbia

Goal:    The  goal  is  to  provide  the  knowledge  necessary  for
participants  to properly store,  treat,  and dispose of hazardous
materials  produced or used by  regulated facilities under 40  CRF

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Parts 264 and 265.   In addition, the participants  receive training
which can be applied toward the requirements of RCRA and OSHA for
employers and employees engaged in operations  involving hazardous
materials.

RfrtJpnalf«   Regulated  industries need continuing  education to
satisfy  state  and  federal  requirements  in  the  management of
hazardous  materials  with  the  ultimate  goal   of  reducing  or
eliminating  both short  and long  term  negative effects  on the
environment.    This training  is  needed  by  a  broad  range of
professionals including engineers, chemists, managers  of affected
facilities,  public  officials,  owners  and  operators of hazardous
waste facilities, generators, and transporters. The course was the
result of the promulgation of requirements for training in response
to regulations regarding hazardous materials.

Approach:   The course evolved over eight  years from a five-day
annual institute presented by the University of  Missouri-Columbia
Engineering Extension.  The training is provided over  a  three day
period in  a classroom setting using  a variety  of  instructional
media, and experts on each facet of the program.    The  faculty
include a  core  group  of  professors and  staff  from  the university
who  are  active  in  hazardous  waste  management   research  and
applications as well as specialists drawn from the geographic area
of each  training site who are experts  on local  requirements and
technology which affect the regulated community  in  the area.

Status:   The  first session was  conducted on the University  of
Missouri-Columbia campus.  Fifty-seven individuals participated in
the workshop.   The  second  site was in Sioux Falls,  South Dakota,
where  ten  individuals attended.   Although  small in  number,  the
South Dakota participants included an excellent mist of individuals
who  will  have  a  positive impact on  the proper  management  of
hazardous  substance.   They included  consulting  engineers,  state
regulated  facility  managers,  and university  engineering  faculty.
Future site  include Lincoln, NE;  Denver, CO;  Kansas City. KS; and
Helena, MT.

Hazardous  Wast* Management in Rural  States:  M.w.  Gilliland and
W.E. Kelly, University of  Nebraska-Lincoln

Goal:    The  objective  is to  provide sufficient knowledge   to
participants to assure that hazardous  materials unique to the rural
areas of the great plains and mountain states are properly  managed.

Rationale:   Many of the hazardous substances encountered  by  the
rural  areas of  the midwest include  wastes  from agriculture  and
mining industries.   The individuals who handle  the materials  may
not have sufficient technical knowledge to manage hazardous wastes
properly.   In  addition,  they  represent  a geographically dispersed


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 population.   This program provides the  needed  information in a
 delivery format to meet their needs and to assure  proper disposal
 and management of the hazardous substance.

 Approach!  The  delivery  mechanism will use video tapes and will
 expand on the experience of the University of Nebraska  at  Lincoln
 in  developing and delivering  live,  two-way  interactive  TV  for
 hazardous waste management for professionals.  Three video tapes
 are presently under development.   The content  of the training
 materials was developed after communication with the rural states
 to  determine their  specific  needs  and  topics  that  should  be
 included to meet those needs.  It was  determined that three video
 tapes could best respond to the needs  identified.

      The first tape deals with a basic understanding of hazardous
 materials and is  entitled  "Hazardous  Waste:   What It  Is,  Why  We
 Have It, and Who  is Regulated."  The  second  deals with hazardous
 materials in rural areas and is entitled "What are the  Sources  of
 Hazardous  Waste  in  Rural Areas,  and  What  are  the   Management
 Problems in these  Areas?"  The third deals with problems  associated
 with use and disposal  and is entitled  "What are  the  Impacts  of
 Improper Use and  Disposal of Hazardous Waste."  Consideration  is
 being given  to  development of a  fourth  tape on hazardous waste
 management strategies.

 status:   Contacts have been made with states  having needs unique
 to the rural  areas for program content and delivery opportunities.
 These states  have  provided an individual to serve on a review team
 as the  tapes are developed to assure that they meet the needs  of
 each state.   The  information received plus that which presently
 exists  at the University of Nebraska at Lincoln formed the basis
 for scripts for the tapes.  The three scripts are presently out for
 review.   Production of the tapes will soon be underway.  The first
 three tapes when completed will be distributed to the states in the
 two regions for use through their  individual delivery networks such
 as those of state environmental  agencies, extension services  and
 trade organizations.

 Audio and Video  Training:   R.B. Hayter,  Kansas State University

 Goalsi    The  goal is  to  provide information  needed by  those
 developing  new technology  in the  minimization,  management,  and
 disposal of hazardous materials and those generating the materials
 in  a format   that is  timely, accessible given  the  geographic
 distribution  of those involved, and effective in transferring new
 information.

 Rationalet  The effective transfer of  new  technology is inhibited
 by  the   distances   and  time  of  travel  previously  required  in
 traditional on-site delivery  formats.   Although print  media  will
continue  to  serve  a  critical   role  in  technology  transfer,
experience has demonstrated that  electronic delivery is an

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effactive  tool in  transferring information.   Video  and  audio
programming can include simple teleconferencing between researchers
to discuss  research results,  capturing presentations before live
audiences,   transmitting   live  satellite   presentations   with
interactive audio, or entire non-credit courses.  Opportunities for
inexpensive  training  occur  when  materials  developed  at  other
locations are  made  available at reasonable  cost.   This  project
allows  the  Center  to  take  advantage  of  these  opportunities.
Industry and government use video tapes  extensively for training.

Approacht    Audio  and  video materials  are  being produced  and
collected from a variety of sources and made available through the
Center  and  the Kansas  State University  library.   For  example,
approximately  20 people participated in the live  teleconference
"Ask the Experts:   2nd Annual Hazardous  Materials Teleconference"
which originated at  Oklahoma  State University; others have watched
the video  tape.   The Training  and Technology Transfer  Advisory
Committee will assist in identifying special  needs for technology
transfer that  could be  delivered electronically.   Where  cost can
be justified,  Kansas  state  University  or another participating
school will use their  satellite transmissin capabilities for video
conferencing.   Uplinking   from  the great plains  states  has the
advantage that a single transmissin is  all that  is required for
reception  throghout  North America.    In addition to  training
specifically designed for  electronic  delivery,  opportunities for
taping other programs will regularly  be reviewed.   This may be a
single lecture or an  entire  conference.   Selection will be based
on needs identified by  the advisory  committee  or judgment of the
Center  Director  as  the cost to  produce these  tapes  is  quite
economical.  The availability of the tapes  will be promoted through
the Center's newsletter and  will  be maintained  on file  in the
Center's special collection in the  KSU library.

statust  The collection  of audio and video  materials includes video
tapes from  a hazardous  waste minimization short course, training
for automotive maintenance  hazardous waste managers, and a modeling
study of organic vapor  releases  and site  remediation.  Materials
are being  made  available through the  Kansas  State University
library.  Audio conferencing has already successfully been used to
communicate  between both  the Science Advisory  Committee and the
Training and Technology Transfer Advisor Committee. This low cost
method of inetant communication between members of the committees
proved effective and  economical.   Some  of the tapes will be  used
during the coming term for students both on campus and  remote from
the university.  A  tape produced in Iowa was given to the  Center
for cataloging and distribution,  and various  other tapes have been
recored  and preserved.    These  acquisitions are  too  recent  for
extensive demand.   However,  their availability has been  announced
in the Center's newsletter,  and the materials are  being  used.
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 Newsletters  R.B.  Hayter,  Kansas  State University

 Goal:  The objective is to provide useful information to hazardous
 substance professionals  who are involved in research, management,
 and technology transfer.

 Rationalet No single professional society serves all those working
 with hazardous substances.  The newsletter provides a mechanism for
 the Center to communicate  useful information within the region-
 pair.

 Approacht  A newsletter, HazTech  Transfer, is published quarterly
 and distributed without  charge to professionals in Regions 7 and
 8.   It is distributed to professionals who are actively involved
 in  the development of new technology or who have need for applying
 that technology.  Included  in the distribution of approximately
 3000 are  state  and  federal  regulatory  agencies, researchers and
 educators, generators of hazardous materials, and consultants.

      HazTecfr  Transfer   contains   announcements  of   training
 opportunities, descriptions of research, calendars of meetings and
 other events, and  accomplishments of the Center.  In addition, the
 newsletter lists  recent  acquisitions   of  the  Center's  special
 library collection, calls for proposals,  and announcements of major
 events sponsored  by  the  Center such  as  the  annual  research
 conference.

 status:    Three issues  have  been published;  April,  July,  and
 October.   To date, information has been contributed by Missouri,
 Iowa,  Montana, Nebraska, and Kansas.

 Electronic Bulletin Board:  R.B.  Hayter,  Kansas State University

 Goal;   The goal  is to make important information on conferences,
 short courses,  and other Center  activities  available through  an
 electronic bulletin board.

 Rational*;  The electronic bulletin board provides a mechanism for
 inexpensive  communication  between two   individuals  or  all  the
 Center's   associates.    It  is typically  less  costly  to  post
 information that need not be interactive as in a traditional phone
 communication,  and by  virtue of its  accessibility by  all  the
 associate* of the Center  it is less  costly  than  FAX.    Much
 information that was once transmitted by letter or memorandum will
 now  be posted on  the board electronically.   This expedites  the
delivery  of the information and  at a  substantial cost savings,
particularly  if  the  information  is  to  be  sent to  multiple
recipients.
                                98

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Approachx  The calendar of events and other important  information
will  be made  available electronically.   Opportunities  to  use
existing electronic bulletin boards are being  investigated.   One
option is to use the OSWER technology transfer electronic bulletin
board.

Status:  There has been a delay in activating the  bulletin board.
The  original  intent  was  to  use the  Kansas  State  University
"Sunflower Dispatch" which  is  used by the Cooperative  Extension
Service.  However, access ports were  limited.  As  a result,  other
boards presently available through EPA as well as other sources are
being investigated.

HSRC Contribution Repository and Information Clearinghouse:   R.B.
Hayter, Kansas State University

Goal:   The  goal  is  to  collect  and make  available  technical
information  produced  by the  Center  and  others.    Users  of  the
repository will primarily be Center associates, generators in the
ten state region,  state and federal regulatory agencies, and others
needing the  technical  information.   In addition,  the repository
will be  available to those outside  the immediate sphere  of the
Center who have need of information on hazardous substances.

Rationalet  An  important aspect  of a successful research  program
is  the dissemination  of the  results of  the research.    It is
critical that there be a convenient,  single source of  information
generated  by the  Center and  others  for effective  use  of  the
information.  As  technology is being developed by a large number
of  individuals,  access  to that information  would  be  hindered if
those needing it were required to  individually request information
from each laboratory or agency.   In addition, it is important that
this information be safely archived for future reference.

Approach:  The  Kansas State University library is the repository
for   technical   reports,   theses,   dissertations,  and   other
publications produced as a result of Center  funding.  The library
will make these  materials  available  to  all  interested  parties
through interlibrary loan.  The library is developing a hazardous
substance collection of literature in support of the  research and
technology transfer activities of the Center.  In addition  to the
information produced by the Center, the library has agreements with
EPA's  Center for  Environmental  Research  Information  as  well as
other  agencies   and   research  centers  to  insure  receipt of
appropriate documents on a timely basis.

     Through the generation of a master bibliography  and  computer
searching capabilities, the library provides members of the Center
consortium with subject specific  access to all  items  added to the
collection.  Materials are available through interlibrary loan to
all interested parties.
                                99

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 Status:  This project is underway.  Several members of the library
 staff  are  assisting with this  project.    In  addition to  the
 materials  which  the  library has  acquired  on  Superfund,  RCRA
 Treatment processes, waste minimization, analytical methods, risk
 analysis, etc.,  the Center has provided seven videos, proceedings
 of conferences on hazardous waste  research sponsored by the Center,
 and other research  reports and papers.

 Conferences:  R.B.  Hayter,  Kansas State University

 Goal:     The  goal  is to  hold an annual conference  on hazardous
 substance research  and  to encourage  and   support other related
 conferences  in  the  region-pair  to  provide  opportunities  for
 individuals from the public and private sectors  to share technical
 information regarding the  management of hazardous substances.

 Rationale;   Conferences provide  excellent opportunities for the
 exchange of  informtion.    Professional  societies that  organize
 technical conferences should have  the support of the Center as this
 is an effective method for holding conferences.   There are many
 advantages  to working with professional societies to make their
 conferences stronger technically, more cost effective, and better
 attended.

 Approach;   The Center is  working with professional  societies  to
 have several  conferences  each year.   The Center  plans to host  an
 annual  conference each May.   The  conferences  are  normally open  to
 all who wish to register unless there are space  limitations.  Some
 serve  the needs of  one  or two states while  others  are national
 conferences.  Each  conference has a specific purpose which helps
 the Center  meet  its technology transfer goals.

 Status;  A conference on hazardous waste research was held May 23-
 24,  1989.   The  Center co-sponsored a waste minimization training
 event  on  April 24-25,  1989,  in conduction  with  a conference
 organized by  the St. Louis Section of the American Institute  of
 Chemical Engineers.  The Center is a co-sponsor of the cluster  of
 conferences to be held February 20-22, 1990, being organized by the
 National Water  Well  Association/Association  of   Ground  Water
 Scientists  and Engineers.

 Public  Education:   R.B. Hayter, Kansas State  University

 Goal:    Th« objective is  to provide  printed,  video,  and audio
 materials on  hazardous  substances in support of  the education  of
 the  public to elevate  their consciousness and  understanding  of
hazardous substances so that they  can better manage that which they
use  or  produce, and  to give them  the information  they need  in
making decisions dealing with waste minimization.
                                100

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Rational*i  Public education in hazardous substance management is
needed  for public  participation in  decision making  and  waste
minimization.  A better educated public will have a positive impact
on hazardous substance management.

Approach*   Locally  prepared and purchased printed  materials  and
video materials from a variety  of  sources are being made available
to the public through the Kansas State University library.  Center
staff provide public  education programs  on Center  activities  and
hazardous  substance  management in response  to requests  as time
permits.  Printed materials on Center activities  are prepared for
publication in newspapers and magazines.  Print and electronic news
media are used to  increase  awareness by the public regarding their
role  in hazardous  waste  management.    Media releases  describe
sources of technical information available to  the public, including
limited  consumer  information  from  the  Center  and  the  Center
repository.    In  addition,  certain   releases contain  technical
information of benefit to  the  lay public in  proper management of
their hazardous wastes.

status;  Some video materials  are available  for  loan through the
Kansas  State  University   library.     Center staff  have  made
presentations to  groups, participated in radio and TV programs,
and interviews with journalists.   Several news releases have been
prepared and released for publication.

Technology Data Base: B.R.  Biles, Kansas State University

Goal:  The goal  is to develop a data base of professional expertise
in hazardous substance research for the region-pair.

Rationale;   Information  on the expertise of hazardous substance
professionals in  the consortium  universities  of  the region-pair
will be helpful to the Center, government, and industr.

Approach;   An  electronic  data   base will  be -prepared through
interviews with hazardous  substance  professionals.  Software has
been  developed by  Kansas State  University  for  this  specific
purpose.  It is presently being used to catalogue expertise  within
the state supported universities  so that sources of expertise are
readily  available  to researchers  as  well  as  industry.    The
information has the potential  to  be guarded  so that those seeking
the information may  work through a central  system to maintain  a
certain degree of privacy.


                               101

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     The Center will use this technique to electronically catalogue
sources of expertise within  the  two  regions.   Access to the data
base will be available on disc  (or  possibly by  modem)  to Center
participants and  appropriate agencies.   Availability beyond that
will be determined by the Center's advisory committee.

statust  This project is scheduled to start in year 2.


                  SUMMARY 0? OUTPUTS ZN FY 1989

Refereed Journal Articles Published  	  0
Articles Submitted or In Press   	 13
Books and Bound Proceedings  	  1
Chapters in Books or Proceedings  	  0
Projects Reports  	 20
Conferences and Workshops Held   	4

                              TOTAL                     38
                               102

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                          BIBLIOGRAPHY

Articles submitted or In Press

     Berry,  N.  and  J.   Schlup,  "initial  FT-IR studies  of  the
     Adsorption of Polycyclic  Aromatic Hydrocarbons  onto  Soil
     Constituents," Proceedings  off the  Conference  on  Hazardous
     Waste Research.  Erickson  L.E.  (ed.), Kansas State University,
     Manhattan, Kansas,  1989.

     Chou, S.T. and L.T.  Fan, "Stabilization/Solidification of Low-
     Level Radioactive Liquid  from a BWR Nuclear Power  Plant with
     Pozzolan-Based   Fixation  Process,"  Proceedings   of   the
     Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Erickson, L.E,  (ed.),
     Kansas State University,  Manhattan, Kansas, 1989.

     Cunningham,   A.B.,   F.  Abedeen,  W.G.  Characklis,  and  E.M.
     Bouwer,  "Influence  of Microbial  Transport on  the  In-Situ
     Bioremediation   of   Organic   Groundwater   Contaminants,"
     Proceedings of the  Conference on Hazardous Waste  Research.
     Erickson, E.E.  (ed.),  Kansas  State University,  Manhattan,
     Kansas, 1989.

     Dhawan, S.,  L.E. Erickson,  L.T.  Fan,  P. Tuitemwong,  and R.
     Mahadevaiah,   "Microcosm  Techniques for  Investigating  the
     Biodegradation Potential of Light-Non Aqueous  Phase Liquids
     and  Dense-Non Aqueous Phase  Liquids,"  Proceedings  of  the
     Conference on Hazardous Waste  Research. Erickson, L.E. (ed.),
     Kansas State University,  Manhattan, Kansas, 1989.

     Gilliland, M.W., W.E. Kelly,  and 0. Lokke, "Hazardous Waste
     Management in Rural Communities  in EPA  Regions  7  and 8,"
     Proceedings  of  the  Conference on  Hazardous Waste Research.
     Erickson, L.E.  (ed.),  Kansas State University,  Manhattan,
     Kansas, 1989.

     Glasgow, L.A., "Some Engineering Considerations in the  Venting
     of  Vadose Zone  Soils,"  Proceedings  of  the  Conference on
     Hazardous Waate Research.  Erickson L.E.  (ed.), Kansas State
     University, Manhattan, Kansas, 1989.

     Huang, Y.L.,  Y.W. Huang,  and L.T. Fan,  "An Artificial Approach
     to the  Synthesis of a Mass Exchanger  Network for  Hazardous
     Waste  Minimization and  Treatment,1*  Proceedings   of  the
     Conference on Hazardous  Waste Research. Erickson  L.E. (ed.),
     Kansas State University,  Manhattan, Kansas, 1989.

     Huang, Y.W.,  L.T. Fan,  and  W.w. Olson, "Potential  Application
     of Neural Networks to Hazardous Waste Processing,"  Proceedings
     of the Conference on Hazardous Waslpe Research.  Erickson L.E.
     (ed.), Kansas State University,  Manhattan,  Kansas,  1989.

                                103

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     Jones,  W.L., K.B.  Bucklin,  A.K.  Camper,  and  P.  Stoodley,
     "Optimization of In Situ Biodegradability of Subsurface Soil
     Contaminants,"  Proceedings of  the Conference  on  Hazardous
     Waste Research. Erickson, L.E. (ed.), Kansas State University,
     Manhattan, Kansas, 1989.

     Seybert,  R.A.,  W.P.  Waiavender, and  L.T.  Fan, "Preliminary
     Evaluation  of  Carbon  Tetrachloride Destruction in  the KSU
     Bench-Scale  Incinerator,"  Proceedings of  the  Conference or\
     Hazardous Waste  Research.  Erickson L.E.  (ed.), Kansas State
     University,  Manhattan, Kansas, 1989.

     Wu,  J.C.,   L.T.  Fan,  and  L.E.   Erickson,   "Modeling  and
     Simulation   of   Bioremediation   of   Contaminated   Soil,"
     Environmental Progress, submitted 1989.

     Wu, J.C., L.T. Fan, and L.E. Erickson, "Three-Point Backward
     Finite  Difference Method  for  Solving  a  System  of  Mixed
     Hyperbolic-Parabolic   Partial    Differential   Equations,"
     Computers and Chemical Engineering, submitted  1989.

     Wu,  J.C.,   L.T.  Fan,  and  L.E.   Erickson,   "Modeling  and
     Simulation of  Bioremediation  of Contaminated  Soil:   A Case
     Study with Recycle of Nutrient Solution," Proceedings of the
     Conference on Hazardous Waste Research. Erickson, L.E.  (ed.),
     Kansas State University,  Manhattan, Kansas, 1989.

Books and Bound Proceedings

     Erickson.  L.E.   (ed.),  Proceedings  of  the   Conference  on
     Hazardous Waste Research. Kansas State University, Manhattan,
     Kansas, May 23-24, 1989.

Project Reports

     Banerji, S.K. and R.K. Bajpai, "Migration and  Biodegradation
     of Pentachlorophenol  in Soil Environment, "Technical Progress
     Report, Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S. Regions
     7  and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, September
     29, 1989.

     Clev«ng«r, T.E.  and E.J.  Hinderberger, "Reclamation of Metal
     and  Mining  Contaminated   Superfund  Sites   Using  Sewage
     Sludg«/Fly Ash Amendments,  "Technical Progress Report,
     Hazardous Substance Research Center  for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and
     8,  Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, September 27,
     1989.
                               104

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Cunninhgam, A.B.,  W.B. Characklis, and W.L. Jones,  "Influence
of Microbial Transport Processes on In-Situ Biodegradation of
Groundwater   Contaminants,   "Technical   Progress   Report,
Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S. Regions 7 and 8,
Kansas  State University,  Manhattan,  Kansas,  September  15,
1989.

Erickson,  L.E.  and  L.T.  Fan,  "Development  of  In-Situ
Biodegradation  Technology,   "Technical  Progress   Report,
Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S. Regions 7 and 8,
Kansas  State University,  Manhattan,  Kansas,  September  29,
1989.

Fan, L.T.,  "Experimental Study of Stabilization/Solidification
of  Hazardous Wastes,"  Technical Progress Report,  Hazardous
Substance Research Center  for U.S. EPA Regions 7 and 8, Kansas
State University,  Manhattan, Kansas,  September 29,  1989.

Fan, L.T., "Computer-Aided Design and Control  of Systems for
Treatment  of  Hazardous  Waste  and  Minimization  of  Waste
Production," Technical  Progress Report,  Hazardous  Substance
Research  Center  for  U.S.  Regions  7  and  8,  Kansas  State
University, Manhattan,  Kansas,  September 29, 1989.

Ghosh, S., S. Bupp, and L.  DeBirk,  "Removal of Heavy Metals
from  Hazardous Wastes  by  Protein Complexation   for  Their
Ultimate  Recovery  and  Reuse,   "Technical  Progress  Report,
Hazardous Substance Research Center  for  U.S. Regions  7 and 8,
Kansas  State University,  Manhattan,  Kansas,   September  30,
1989.

Gilliland, M.W. and W.E.  Kelly,  "Hazardous Waste Management
in Rural Communities in  EPA Regions 7 and 8," Progress Report,
Hazardous Substance Research Center for  U.S. Regions  7 and  8,
Kansas  State University,  Manhattan,  Kansas,   September 30,
1989.

Glasgow, L.A., "Vadose Zone Decontamination by Air Injection,"
Technical Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research Center
for U.S. Regions 7 and  8,  Kansas State University,  Manhattan,
Kansas, September  29, 1989.

Harbourt, C.O., "Introduction to Hazardous Waste Management,"
Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research  Center for U.S.
Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
September 30, 1989.
                           105

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 Hunter, R.S. and  F.D.  Culver,  "Computer Method to Estimate
 Safe   Level   Water  Quality   Concentrations   for  Organic
 Chemicals," Technical  Progress  Report,  Hazardous Substance
 Research  Center  for  U.S.  Regions  7 and  8,  Kansas   State
 University, Manhattan,  Kansas,  September 20,  1989.

 Keefer, G.B.  and  G.J.  Theis,  "Metal  Recovery  and Reuse  Using
 an Integrated Vermiculite Ion Exchange-Acid Recovery System,"
 Technical Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research Center
 for U.S.  EPA  Regions 7  and  8,  Kansas  State University,
 Manhattan, Kansas,  September  30,1989.

 Kross,  B.C., "Removal  of Nitrogenous Pesticides from  Rural
 Well Water Supplies by Enzymatic Ozonation Process,  "Technical
 Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S.
 Regions 7 and 8,  Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
 September 30,  1989.

 O'Keefe,   T.J.,  J.W.  Watson,  L.  Chia,   and  Z.  Wang,  "The
 Characterization  and Treatment  of  Hazardous Materials from
 Metal/Mineral Processing Wastes," Technical Progress Report,
 Hazardous Substance  Research Center for U.S. Regions 7  and 8,
 Kansas  State University,  Manhattan,  Kansas,  September  30,
 1989.

 Parkin,   G.F.   and   D.T.  Gibson,  "Feasibility of  In-Situ
 Anaerobic Bioreclamation of  Mixtures of  Toxic  Chemicals,
 "Technical Progress  Report,   Hazardous  Substance Research
 Center  for U.S. Regions  7  and  8,  Kansas State University,
 Manhattan,  Kansas, September  30, 1989.

 Schlup,  J.R.,  "Adsorption of  Hazardous Substances onto Soil
 Constituents," Technical Progress Report, Hazardous Substance
 Research  Center  for U.S.  Regions  7 and  8,  Kansas   State
 University, Manhattan,  Kansas, September 30,  1989.

 Schnoor,  J.L.  and G.F. Parkin,  "Modeling Dissolved Oxygen,
 Nitrate,   and   Pesticide  Contamination   in  the   Subsurface
 Environment,  "Technical Progress Report,  Hazardous Substance
 Research  Center  for U.S.  Regions  7 and  8,  Kansas   State
 University, Manhattan,  Kansas, September 30,  1989.

 Visvanath, D.S., K.  Shubhender, T.E. Clevenger, and R.K.  Puri,
 "Development, Characterization and Evaluation of Regenerable
Adsorbent Material for Treatment of Waste Streams," Technical
 Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research Center  for U.S.
Regions 7  and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
September  30, 1989.
                          106

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     Walawender, W.P. and L.T. Fan,  "Thermochemical  Treatment of
     Hazardous  Wastes,"  Technical  Progress  Report,   Hazardous
     Substance Research Center for U.S.  Regions 7 and  8,  Kansas
     State University, Manhattan,  Kansas,  September 29.  1989.

     Yanders, A.P.,  K.  Shubhender, and R. Puri,  "Time  Dependent
     Movement of Dioxin and Related Compounds in Soil,  "Technical
     Progress Report, Hazardous Substance Research Center for U.S.
     Regions 7 and 8, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas,
     September 30, 1989.

Conferences and Workshops Held

     Two-day Workshop — "Waste Minimization Workshop," St. Louis,
     MO, April 24-25, 1989.

     One-day  Teleconference  —   "Ask the  Experts:  2nd  Annual
     Hazardous Materials and Waste Management Update," Manhattan,
     KS, May 10, 1989 (provided by Oklahoma State University).

     Two-day  Conference   —  "Conference  on   Hazardous  Waste
     Research," Manhattan, KS, May 23-24, 1989.

     Three-day Training Course —  "Introduction  to Hazardous Waste
     Management," Columbia, MO,  August 7-9, 1989.
                                107

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                    Chapter 5





Western Region Hazardous Substance Research Center

-------
 Center:              Western Region Hazardous  Substance Research
                          Center

 Participants:        Stanford University
                     Oregon State University

 center Director;     Perry L. Mccarty
                     Department of Civil Engineering
                     Stanford University
                     Stanford, CA  94305-4020
                     Phone:  415/723-4131
                       FAX:  415/723-5599


                      THE CENTER AT A GLANCE

      The  Western  Region  Hazardous  Substance  Research  Center
 (WRHSRC)  is a cooperative activity between Stanford University and
 Oregon State  University that  was established in February 1989 to
 address  critical  hazardous substance problems in EPA  Regions  9 and
 10.    These  regions  include  the  states  of   Alaska,  Arizona,
 California, Hawaii,  Idaho, Nevada,  Oregon, Washington, and  Guam.
 The  objectives  of the  Center are:

 1.    To  promote  through  fundamental and  applied  research the
 development of  alternative and advanced  physical, chemical, and
 biological processes for treatment of hazardous   substances in the
 surface  and subsurface environments.

 2.   To disseminate the results  of research to the industrial and
 regulatory  communities,  to foster  exchange of  information with
 these  communities,  and to promote  a  better understanding of the
 scientific  capability  to  detect,   assess,  and  mitigate   risks
 associated  with  all aspects of hazardous  substance  usage and
 disposal.    The  research and training activities of the Center
 fqcus  on  the major hazardous substance problems  in  EPA Regions  9
 and  10,  including  chlorinated  and non-chlorinated solvents,
 petroleum products, pesticides,  and toxic  inorganic ions including
 heavy metals.    Environmental problems from these substances,  which
 often  occur in  mixtures,  result largely from  the production of
 electronic equipment,  chemicals,  forestry products,  and food, as
well as mining and military activities,  all of which  are important
 in the region-pair.  Table 1 below  lists  key center  personnel.
                               108

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              Table It   Key Personnel  in  the Center


Stanford University                    Oregon state University

D.L. Freyberg                          J.D. Istok
D. Grbic-Galic                         P.O. Nelson
S.M. Gorelick                          K.J. Williamson
P.K. Kitanidis                         S.L. Woods
J.O. Leckie
P.L. Mccarty
D.W. North
M. Reinhard
P.V. Roberts


     The Center receives its base financial support  from the U.S.
Environmental  Protection  Agency,  but also  is  supported  through
grants, contracts, and gifts from other federal  agencies,  states,
municipalities, and industry.  A summary  of the  Center's funds is
shown in Table 2:

                     Table 2:  Center Budget


     FUNDING SOURCES               FY 1989 FUNDS

     EPA:  Centers Program           $2,000,000
     Other Government                   130,000
     Consortium                         346,093
     Private Sector                     186.467

          TOTAL                  *   $2,662,560


                    CENTER DIRECTOR*8  REPORT

     The Western Region  Hazardous Substance  Research  Center is
focusing its activities  on the  development  of alternative  and
advanced processes  for treatment of  hazardous  substances in the
surface and  subsurface environment.   Two specific goals  relating
to  subsurface  contamination are:   (1)  development of  a greater
understanding  of processes  governing the movement and  fate of
contaminants in groundwater, and (2) development and evaluation of
schemes for groundwater clean-up.   Contamination of groundwater by
hazardous substances  is one of the  major environmental  problems
facing the western region and the nation as a whole.  The team of
researchers assembled in the Center have a long history of research
on groundwater problems, so this is a logical topic  for  the Center
to address.  In  addition, this focus complements the missions of

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 other research centers that address  hazardous substance problems,
 both within Regions 9  and  10  and in other parts of the country.
 By  concentrating on  a  carefully  selected few  of  the  several
 environmental problems of significance, the center increases  its
 chances of solving important,  but complex, problems.  This  focus
 also accommodates a multidisciplinary approach to problem-solving,
 which  is vital  to  the  successful resolution  of  the  complex
 physical, chemical,  biological,  and  geological problems caused by
 subsurface contamination by hazardous substances.

      In  addition to  research  on subsurface  contamination,  the
 Center is developing  new treatment systems that  are capable of
 removing, concentrating, and in some cases, destroying hazardous
 substances.   Such processes are urgently needed  to  treat hazardous
 substance-containing   waste   streams   from   industries    and
 municipalities.  The center's studies on groundwater are helping
 to define new processes that are potentially applicable in surface
 treatment systems as well.  For example,  studies on groundwater
 processes have  lead  to the  finding  that  there  are  naturally
 occurring  microorganisms  which  can   destroy  man-made  organic
 chemicals that were  previously believed to persist in the natural
 environment.   often these microorganisms grow slowly, or degrade
 the compounds fortuitously by  co-metabolism while  consuming  other
 organic materials for food.  Efforts  are being made to capture this
 natural ability in engineered systems so that the reaction  rates
 can be greatly increased and  the overall process can  be better
 controlled.    The  development  of such advanced treatment systems
 requires  new engineering concepts and increased knowledge about the
 physical, chemical,  and biological processes involved.   Again,  a
 team approach is  essential to address the various difficult issues
 inherent  in  complex  technology development.

      The  Center initially supported 14  research projects, six to
 address subsurface contamination, four  to focus on  above-ground
 treatment systems,  and  four  to research  basic  mechanisms of
 hazardous substance removal and transformation that are applicable
 both in above-ground and subsurface treatment systems.  Since its
 inception, five additional projects have been added to the Center's
 activities.   Industries have found the  interdisciplinary activity
 fostered  by  the Center to be beneficial to the solution of  their
 environmental problems  and  have  consequently contributed funds to
 support projects  conducted  by  the Center.  The U.S.  Department of
 the  Navy  has  also agreed to sponsor a  Center  project.   This is
 anticipated  to be a  strongly positive aspect of  the Center's
 program.

     In addition to research, the Center has fostered training and
technology transfer initiatives.   Kenneth Williamson, head  of the
Center's  training  and  technology  program,   led  an  effort to
determine the training and technology transfer needs throughout the
region-pair, through discussions with state and  federal  regulatory
                                110

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agencies and  from  input  by the Center's Training and  Technology
Advisory Committee.  Several needs emerged:   (1)  development  of  a
university-based continuing education hazardous substance training
program,  (2)   establishment of  an  annual  hazardous   substance
conference in the Northwest region,  similar to programs presently
in  operation    in  California,  and  (3)  a series  of seminars to
present results  of research that has  direct application in  the
field.  In response to these needs, two short courses on hazardous
substance chemistry and  management  were given in Oregon, and an
advanced  workshop  was  held  on   chemical   transformations  in
groundwater and biological approaches to in-situ remediation.


                    HIGHLIGHTS FOR  1989

     Groundwater contamination continues to be one of the country's
most pressing environmental problems.   Contamination has resulted
from  a  variety of past  activities  including seepage  from waste
storage  lagoons  and  dumps,    accidental  spills,   and  leaking
underground storage tanks.  While preventive measures are now being
taken to reduce the incidence of  such  contamination, the country
is faced with  the consequences of poor waste practices in the past.
Indeed, the majority of  designated  and potential  Superfund sites
have groundwater contamination as the major health concern.

     A  major  emphasis  of  the  Center's  activities  is  to  obtain
greater knowledge of natural biological processes, both to obtain
a better  understanding  of  how hazardous  chemicals move in  the
natural environment and to take advantage of the natural processes
in  engineered  systems   for contaminant  control.      Biological
degradation is particularly attractive  as  it has the potential for
ridding the environment  of  harmful  chemicals,  rather than simply
moving  them from one location to another.    To  apply  biological
treatment  at  contaminated sites,   knowledge  of  interrelated
chemical,   physical,  and geological  phenomena  is  required  and
research by an interdisciplinary team is essential. There are two
particularly exciting research areas that have stemmed from past
studies at the Center and elsewhere, and are highlighted here.  One
is the  use of  methanotrophic  bacteria  for in-situ biodegradation
of chlorinated solvents.   The other is research  on the natural
degradation of aromatic  hydrocarbons in the absence of oxygen.

In-8itu Biodagradation of Chlorinated Solvents

     Among  the  most  prevalent  groundwater  contaminants  are
chlorinated organic solvents, such  as trichloroethylene (TCE) and
1,1,1-trichloroethane   (TCA),   gasoline   and   other   petroleum
hydrocarbons including benzene,  toluene,  and xylene (BTX),  and a
broad group of homocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic compounds that
are  associated  with  preserving  wood.    The  latter  include
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons  (PAH) and  pentachlorophenol
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 (PCP).   In the past, it was thought that most of these compounds
 were not degraded  by  natural  biological  processes under the
 environmental conditions existent in soils and groundwaters.  In
 recent years, however,  research by the Center faculty and others
 has clearly demonstrated that  TCE  and TCA can slowly  disappear in
 groundwater,  as a result of both biological  and chemical processes
 that occur in  the absence  of  oxygen (anaerobic  processes).   The
 transformations  usually  result  in   the   formation  of   other
 less-chlorinated products, such as vinyl chloride, dichloroethylene
 (DCE),   1,1-dichloroethane  (1,1-DCA),   or  1,1-dichloroethylene
 (1,1-DCE)  and  acetic   acid.      In   some  instances,  complete
 mineralization to harmless  end products is possible but often the
 final step occurs so slowly that it is difficult  to make use  of it
 in an engineered system.

      EPA researchers John T. Wilson and Barbara Wilson reported in
 1985 that when oxygen  and natural  gas were added  to soil, TCE
 degradation occurred.  They showed that the effect resulted from
 growth  of bacteria  that  consume methane and oxygen  in  order to
 derive  energy for growth (methanotrophic bacteria).  Fortuitously,
 the enzyme (MMO)  used by  these organisms to oxidize methane, also
 initiates the oxidation of TCE  by the  process of co-metabolism.
 Subsequently, the TCE intermediate formed is chemically hydrolyzed
 and the products are converted by other bacteria to  harmless end
 products.

      As used  in this sense,  co-metabolism is a process in which the
 chlorinated compound is incidentally  degraded by an enzyme produced
 by the  bacteria to oxidize its primary energy source,  in this case
 methane.   Since the organism gains no advantage by degrading the
 chlorinated  compound, the  process cannot work  unless an energy
 source  is provided.  The reaction kinetics are complicated because
 the co-metabolized compound competes  with the primary energy source
 for this key enzyme.   Before it  is possible  to take commercial
 advantage of  the  abilities of these methanotropic organisms,  it  is
 necessary  to develop a  complete understanding  of the chemical,
 biological, and physical processes  which occur, and the limitations
 involved.  Toward that  end, Center faculty have just completed  a
 four-year laboratory and field study to evaluate  the  potential for
 this  complex  process at the Moffett  Naval Air Station in Mountain
 View, California.   In addition  to advancing our understanding  of
 the process of  co-metabolism,  the  study sought to demonstrate the
 potential  for  using the process  in the  field, and to develop
methods   for  applying   the   process  to   contaminated  sites.
Methanotrophic bacteria were found to be  naturally present at the
 field site,  and when stimulated  to grow by the addition of methane
and oxygen dissolved in water,  they degraded TCE, DCE, and VC. The
latter were degraded faster and more completely than the  former.
Because of the  success of this research,  several Center projects


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are now underway to obtain greater fundamental understanding of the
several processes involved, and to speed the application  of  this
in-situ biorenediation method at contaminated sites.

     An industrial site in Michigan has been chosen for an initial
full-scale  application  of  the  methanotrophic  process.    The
engineering and economic feasibility of applying the process  here
is  being  evaluated  through  a  Center project  funded  with  an
industrial contract with the company  involved  and  additional EPA
support.  Through natural  biological  processes,  TCE  at  this  site
has been transformed in the groundwater into DCE and VC,  compounds
that are  degraded faster  than  TCE  itself by  the  methanotrophic
process.   Subsurface  samples have been obtained with the aid of
EPA's Kerr Laboratory  in Ada, Oklahoma, to  determine whether the
methanotrophic bacteria of interest are naturally present in  this
system,  and  to  assess   their  respective rates  of   chemical
transformations.   A  computer  model  is  being  used to  evaluate
alternative ways for adding methane and oxygen, and to select the
best operating procedures for the system.

     One  of  the significant  findings from  past studies  is the
important effect on the rate of groundwater mineral movement when
contaminants are sorbed onto these minerals.  A new finding is the
relatively slow rate at which some  chemicals desorb from ground-
water minerals,  a fact that has important  implications  for any
engineered solution to a subsurface contamination problem as well
as for in-situ biodegradation.   The sorptive properties of aquifer
material at the  Michigan  site  are being studied because  of  this
need.  In addition, two Center projects are specifically addressing
the question of just how sorption affects the rates of biological
degradation.

     In many  subsurface clean-up schemes,  contaminated water is
pumped to the surface,  and volatile organic  compounds such as TCA,
TCE, DCE,   and VC  are air stripped and transferred either to the
air  or  onto  sorbing  material  such as  activated  carbon.    Vapor
extraction is another  process used.    In an above-ground  surface
reactor, biodegradation of the contaminants so removed  could lead
to their destruction,  thus achieving  a permanent remedy.  Toward
this end,  one  Center project is  developing basic information on
mass  trancf«r  and  kinetics of biodegradation  of chlorinated
solvents for application in surface reactors.

     In enter  to implement engineered systems to reduce  ground-
water contamination,  strategies are needed to detect and assess the
presence of groundwater contaminants and to design  reliable  and
cost-effective  mitigation  schemes.    Two  Center  projects  are
directed towards satisfying these needs.  The projects specifically
consider the great uncertainties  involved in groundwater

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 remediation because of the complexity and variability of subsurface
 geology.     These  studies  will aid  in  the  design of  in-situ
 bioremediation schemes,  such as methanotrophic oxidation, as well
 as other cleanup approaches.

      Such studies by  the Center  cover short term  and  long term
 needs for  the remediation of  contaminated  groundwaters  and for
 treatment of contaminated water supplies as well.   The approach
 being taken is to develop a basic understanding of the physical,
 chemical,  and  biological processes  involved, and  to  develop as
 rapidly as  possible engineered applications that make use of these
 processes.   The new approach of using co-metabolism for degradation
 appears very  promising  for permanent  disposal of chlorinated
 solvents,  which  are  among the most  prevalent,   difficult,  and
 costly hazardous substance problems before the country.

 Anaerobic Biological  Transformations of Aromatic Compounds

      Leakage  of  gasoline   and   other   petroleum  hydrocarbons
 represents  another major source of subsurface contamination.   Of
 the  many  components  in  gasoline,     the  compounds  benzene,
 ethylbenzene,  toluene, and xylenes (BTX)  are the most soluble in
 water and thus  are  the  ones most commonly  found as groundwater
 contaminants.   These aromatic compounds,  so named because they all
 contain the benzene  ring  structure,  are  readily degraded  by
 bacteria  when oxygen  and other inorganic  nutrients required for
 bacterial growth are  present.   However, oxygen often is deficient
 in groundwater because of lack of contact with air, and for this
 reason, aromatic compounds often persist for years.   While  it has
 been  clearly demonstrated that natural microorganisms exist that
 can degrade aromatic hydrocarbons such as  BTX  in the absence of
 oxygen,  the rates are  slow,  and  very little is known about the
 microorganisms involved or of their biochemistry.  Through previous
 studies by Center  faculty and their students, disappearance  of BTX
 under anaerobic conditions was first observed at landfill leachates
 from  North  Bay,   Canada,  and  was confirmed through laboratory
 studies.

      Aromatic  hydrocarbons are also common  contaminants in wood
 preservatives,  such as creosotes, and in wastes  from consumer-gas
 production  plants, widely used in  the past.   Recent studies by
 Center faculty have demonstrated some of  the  aromatic hydrocarbons
 in these wastes are also slowly degraded  in groundwater under some
 conditions.  Anaerobic degradation of pentachlorophenol, which  is
 another  important wood  preservative,  has  also  been found.  The
 recent  observations   that  other  highly   chlorinated  aromatic
compounds  such  as  polychlorinated  biphenyls   (PCBs),  can  be
transformed  in the absence of oxygen as well, have  led to
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considerable interest in anaerobic processes.  Chlorine atoms  from
highly  chlorinated  compounds  are  often  removed  faster under
anaerobic conditions than aerobic conditions.

     These very recent and important findings  indicate that under
the proper  conditions,  some groundwater contaminants  of  concern
will naturally disappear with time  so that  no  costly  remediation
will be required.   If we had the ability to predict when and where
such degradation would occur, then scarce financial resources could
be used elsewhere to  solve  more  intractable problems.   Also,  the
potential exists  for engineered  approaches to speed  along these
natural  processes.   This   requires  a  much   better   scientific
understanding  of   the   microorganisms   involved,  pathways   of
degradation, and factors affecting rates of reaction.   Several of
the Center projects have these objectives in mind.

     In aerobic systems,  bacteria use  oxygen to  oxidize  organic
compounds for energy.  In the absence of oxygen, there are bacteria
that can  use alternative oxidants  (electron  acceptors)  such as
nitrate, sulfate,  or carbon dioxide.    The bacteria  capable of
using these different oxidants are  themselves  quite different as
is their biochemistry.  A  potentially important group of anaerobic
bacteria are the sulfate reducers because sulfate is commonly found
in groundwater.  However,  knowledge  about their ability to degrade
aromatic compounds  is almost nonexistent.  For  this reason, three
Center projects are concerned with  biotransformation  of aromatic
compounds  under  sul fate-reducing  conditions.  One  is  directed
towards  evaluating  the  degradation   of   chlorinated  aromatic
compounds  in pulp  mill  bleaching  effluent,  and  the other is
directed towards the polycyclic compounds (PAHs) that are commonly
present at creosote sites  and consumer gas plants.   Another Center
project  funded  by  the U.S.  Navy  and  the  Orange County Water
District is directed towards understanding  factors affecting rates
as  well  as  nutrient requirements  in  BTX destruction  by  the
different groups of bacteria that use nitrate, sulfate, or carbon
dioxide as  oxidants.  These studies are difficult because of the
necessity to  exclude  oxygen from the cultures,  and the slow  rate
of organism growth and adaptation to these hydrocarbons.   However,
because of the long  residence times of groundwaters , transformation
processes that are very  slow can be quite significant,  and thus are
worth understanding.   In spite of the slow and complex nature of
this research, significant  progress  is being made.

International
     A significant event co-sponsored by the Center  this  year was
the International Symposium on Processes Governing the Movement and
Fate of Contaminants in the Subsurface Environment.  This three-day
meeting, held at  Stanford  University on July 23 to  26, 1989, was
also sponsored by the International Association on Water Pollution

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 Research and Control, with financial support from EPA, the National
 Science Foundation, and the U.S. Geological Survey.  The purpose
 of the meeting was to bring together  leading  research  scientists
 and  engineers  from  around the  world  to evaluate  the  current
 knowledge  about  the  processes  that  affect  the  way  in  which
 chemicals interact with the soil,  move with the  flow of water and
 air through the  subsurface environments,  and are transformed  or
 degraded by both abiotic and biotic  processes.   A total of 175
 individuals attended the meeting,  including 28 foreign participants
 from 14 different  countries.   There  were 35  oral and  40 poster
 presentations.   The symposium focused  on  the  physical,  chemical,
 and  biological  processes  that  are  most important to  chemical
 migration and transformation in both the saturated and unsaturated
 zones.    Considerable  scientific  interaction occurred at  this
 meeting,  and it sharpened the  focus of the Center faculty, staff,
 and students on the important issues  requiring  further research.
 The symposium was highly successful in meeting its  objectives.


                   SUMMARY OF ONGOING PROJECTS
 Investigators            Project Title

           Above-Ground Treatment Systems

 Reinhard,  McCarty,        Treatment of Complex Mixtures
 Roberts, Grbic'-Galic',
 Leckie

 McCarty, Roberts         Oxidation  of  Chlorinated  Solvents  by
                          Methanotrophs

 Woods                     Interactions Between Electron  Acceptors
                          in the Treatment of Wastewaters Containing
                          Sulfate,  Chlorophenols  and Acetate

 Williamson,  Nelson        Enhancing Biodegradation with Sorption and
                          Alternating Aerobic/Anaerobic Environments


           julyurface  Assessment and Treatment

 Kitanidis                 Detection and  Assessment of Subsurface
                          Contamination

Corelick                  Design of  Reliable  and  Cost-Effective
                          Mitigation Schemes
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Roberts, Kitanidis
Reinhard, Roberts
Istok, Woods
McCarty,  Reinhard
McCarty, Roberts
Reinhard, McCarty
Kitanidis, Freyberg
Reinhard, McCarty
Spatial Distribution and Mass Transfer of
an Organic Liquid Contaminant in a Porous
Medium

Gaseous Stripping of  Nonaqueous  Liquids
from the Vadose Zone

Development   and    Verification   of   a
Numerical Model to  Predict  the Fate and
Transport  of  Chlorinated   Phenols  in
Groundvater

In-Situ Biological Treatment of Aromatics
in Groundwater

In-Situ  Bioremediation  of  Chlorinated
Aliphatics with Methanotrophs

The    Effect    of    Surfactants    on
Biodegradation of  Chlorinated Biphenyls
in Soils

FASTCHEM  Application  and  Sensitivity
Analysis

Long  Term  Chemical  Transformation  of
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCA) and Freon 113
under Aquifer Conditions
          Mechanistic Studies
Grbic'-Galic'



Mccarty, Roberts


Leckie

Reinhard
Anaerobic  Microbial  Transformation   of
Homocyclic  and Heterocyclic Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Effects of Sorption on Biodegradation of
Halogenated Organics

Trace Metal Removal Processes

Abiotic  Dehalogenation of  Haloaliphatic
Compounds in Aqueous Solutions Containing
Hydrogen Sulfide
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           Training and Technology Transfer

 McCarty, Roberts         International   Symposium  on  Processes
                          Governing  the  Movement  and  Fate  of
                          Contaminants in the Subsurface Environment


 Williamson, Nelson       Fundamentals  of Chemistry  of Hazardous
                          Substances

 Williamson, Nelson,       Fundamentals   of  Hazardous  Substances
 Istok, Woods

 Grbic'-Galic,             Biological  Transformation of Chlorinated
 McCarty, Roberts,         Solvents in Subsurface Systems
 Semprini


                      PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS

                  Above-Ground Treatment Systems

 Treatment of Complex Mixtures:   M.R. Reinhard, P.L. McCarty,
 P.V.   Roberts,   D.  Grbic'-Galic1,  and  J.O.  Leckie,  Stanford
 University

 Goal:   The long term goal of this project is  to develop a computer
 based  information  system which can be used to develop criteria  for
 choosing appropriate treatment combinations  for complex wastes.

 Rationale;  Waste streams and waters containing complex mixtures
 generally cannot  be treated  using  a  single  treatment process.
 Depending on the types of contaminants present and their physical,
 chemical,   and  biological  properties,   combinations   of   several
 different processes  must  be  employed.

 Approach;   A computerized data base will be developed  which may be
 used to retrieve or to estimate the compound properties that  are
 relevant for assessing their behavior in treatment systems, such
 as physico-chemical properties of contaminants, energetics concepts
 for evaluating the thermodynamic  feasibility of biotransformations,
 and correlations  for estimating mass transfer rate coefficients.

 Status:   Presently,  two chemical information systems, EICHEM  and
 SECHEN  are being employed.   These were  developed  at the Technical
University in  Munich.    Dr.  Drefahl,   the  developer of  the  two
 systems, has joined  the Center and is currently in the process of
setting  them up.   EICHEM  is capable  of  estimating  a  range of
environmentally    relevant    substance   properties,    such   as
n-octanol/water partition coefficients, vapor pressure, and heat

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of evaporation, on the basis of substituent  constants.   SECHEM  is
designed  to evaluate  contributions of  substructures  based  on
discriminant analysis  techniques  and  a test set  of data.   Work
during this project  period  is focusing on the  implementation  of
algorithms which consider the effect of solution  variables,  such
as  cosolutes,  temperature,   pH,  and  ionic  strength,  on  solute
properties.    In  future work,  programs  for  the  evaluation  of
contaminant behavior in treatment processes  will be developed.

Oxidation of Chlorinated Solvents by Kethanotrophss  P.L.  Mccarty
and P.V. Roberts,  Stanford University

Goal;  Methanotrophic bacteria,  which  oxidize methane for energy,
have  been found  capable of  oxidizing chlorinated solvents  by
co-metabolism.  The  goals of  this  project are: (1)  to obtain a
better basic understanding of the relationship between the relative
concentrations of methane and chlorinated compounds and the overall
chlorinated solvent degradation rate, (2) to assess the importance
of mass transfer limitations to methanotrophic  reactions,  and (3)
to  use the knowledge  gained  about reaction  kinetics and  mass
transfer limitations to determine the most suitable reactor design
for enhancing chlorinated solvent degradation.

Rationale:   There are many current attempts to devise treatment
processes for degrading chlorinated aliphatic compounds.  However,
there  is  a  lack  of basic understanding of  the  factors affecting
reaction rates for co-metabolized  compounds.   In  addition, since
the energy substrates,  methane and oxygen,  and the contaminants are
all poorly soluble in water, mass transfer properties of treatment
systems become of great significance.

Approach!  It  is hypothesized that oxidation rates for methane  and
chlorinated  contaminants  can  be  described  by  a  competitive
inhibition model.  Here, the  rate  limiting  step is the oxidation
of  either methane  or  TCE  by methane monooxygenase  (MMO).   To
evaluate this hypothesis, reaction coefficients for methane and  TCE
alone  are  being evaluated  using a mixed methanotrophic  culture
derived from the Moffett Field aquifer.  Reaction  rates when they
are used  in  combination will  then be predicted  and measured  in
order  to  test  the hypothesis.   In mass  transfer studies,  model
calculations are being made for a  variety  of  fixed-film  reactor
configurations  in  order to  determine  flow  patterns  that  are
realistic  and  optimal  for    given treatment objectives.    These
calculations consider mass transfer effects and  biological reaction
kinetics.  The model results are expected to guide reactor design
as well as help to determine  important knowledge  gaps  that may be
in need of further research.
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 statusi   Preliminary laboratory studies have  been conducted to
 determine   basic   reaction   coefficients   for   methane   and
 trichloroethylene  utilization  alone  by  methanotrophs.    Model
 calculations have been carried out for  a fluidized bed reactor,
 and results are being evaluated to  determine where  knowledge gaps
 may exist.

 Interactions  between Electron  Acceptors  in  the  Treatment  of
 Wastewaters Containing Sulfate, Chlorophenols  and Acetate:
 S.L.  Woods, Oregon State University

 Goal;   The goal  of  this  project  is  to develop  and  verify a
 mathematical model for anaerobic biodegradation in the  presence of
 competing electron acceptors.   Biodegradation  constants will be
 measured to describe sulfate reduction,  acetate fermentation, and
 reductive  dechlorination.    Resulting  kinetic  expressions  and
 constants will be  used  to:    (1) develop  an effective anaerobic
 biological treatment  process  for wastewaters  from the pulp and
 paper industry, (2) model sequential reductive  dechlorination of
 chlorophenols   in   soils,  and  (3)   model  the   anaerobic/aerofc_c
 treatment  of  chlorophenols  in biological  wastewater treatment
 systems.

 Rationale;   A  better  understanding  of  biodegradation  in  the
 presence of multiple substrates is  needed.  Additionally, kinetic
 constants for  biodegradation are  necessary to understand the fate
 of hazardous  wastes in  soils  and  to  develop  bioremediation or
 wastewater treatment systems.

 Approach:   Progress  curves  for compound  biotransformation are
 generated in batch reactor systems, and biodegradation constants
 are determined by  fitting  a mathematical model to the progress
 curves generated under varying  initial  conditions (concentrations
 of acetate, sulfate, and chlorophenols).  The  initial biomass  is
 held   constant.     The  reactor  system has  been  designed   and
 constructed to permit strictly  anaerobic  transfers.   The  system
 consists of two 9-liter mother reactors and 2-liter batch reactors.
 The mother reactors are  operated  at a 10 hour hydraulic retention
 time.   The first reactor is fed a  solution of  pentachlorophenol,
 acetate,  and  nutrients.   The  second  reactor  is  fed a similar
 solution except for the  addition  of sulfate.  Progress curves  are
developed with the 2-liter batch  reactors.

statusi  S«v«ral batch experiments have been  conducted. Reductive
dechlorination of  pentachlorophenol has  been observed  in  the
presence  and absence  of  sulfate.  Experimental  work is continuing
to  evaluate  biodegradation   kinetics under  varying  initial
conditions.   Completion  of  the project is  expected  in  February
1992.
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Enhancing   Biodegradation   with   florption   and    Alternating
Aerobio/Aaaerobia  Environment*:  K.J.  Williamson,  P.O.   Nelson,
Oregon State University

Qoalt  The  goal  of this project is to develop and verify  a  mass
transport and  biokinetic model  of the  sorption and  biological
degradation  of  chlorophenols  by  an  aerobic-anaerobic  layered
biofilm on granular activated carbon.

Rationale!  Granular activated carbon  (GAG) has  been  shown to be
useful  for  enhancing  biological   treatment   of  toxic  organic
compounds   by   adsorption,    resulting   in    reduced   aqueous
concentrations to below  inhibitory levels.  This enables biological
degradation by both suspended bacteria and the biofilm attached to
the GAG.   Haloaromatic compounds undergo different biodegradation
pathways under anaerobic and  aerobic conditions.  Either anaerobic
or aerobic  pathways may result in the production  of  metabolites
that cannot undergo further metabolism in that particular pathway.
It may be possible  to increase the potential for biodegradation of
these compounds and their metabolites by alternating their exposure
to  aerobic  and  anaerobic conditions.    GAG  will serve  as  an
adsorbing medium for the halogenated organic  compounds and their
metabolic products that do not undergo rapid biodegradation.   GAG
will  also serve as  a   support  medium  for  the biofilm  to allow
physical  separation from the liquid stream and  transfer between
aerobic and anaerobic  environments with a  controlled frequency.

Approach: The  project has been broken down into several individual
tasks  to  meet the  overall  project goal.   The  tasks are:   (1)
determine the aerobic biodegradation kinetics of chlorophenols in
batch biological reactor experiments,  (2) determine the anaerobic
biodegradation  kinetics  of  chlorophenols  in  batch  biological
reactor  experiments,  (3)   measure the  sorption  and desorption
kinetics  and  equilibria of  chlorophenols  on  granular activated
carbon in complete-mix batch reactors,  (4) investigate  the combined
sorption-biodegradation  of   chlorophenols   sorbed   on   GAG  in
alternating aerobic-anaerobic complete-mix flow  reactors,  and  (5)
develop a combined kinetic model.

Status*   Experiments  are in progress  for the first  three  tasks
identified above.  Reactors are being designed for the experiments
in task four.   Individual components of the  combined kinetic  model
are  under development  for   representing the   results of  aerobic
biodegradation, anaerobic biodegradation, and sorption  experiments.
Expected completion date for the project is February  1991.
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 Detection and Assessment  of  Subsurface Contamination:   Peter K.
 Kitanidis, Stanford University

 Goal;   The  thrust of this project  is  the development of better
 techniques  for  characterizing  contaminated  sites.   Objectives
 include the development of better methods for the detection and
 assessment of groundwater contamination and the determination of
 the mechanisms and parameters which govern the transport and fate
 of pollutants.  Another important objective of this project is to
 develop practical  methods  for determining the  effective properties
 of heterogeneous media from measurements of the  local parameters.

 Rationale:  There is seldom enough  information to determine with
 certainty the precise values  of all parameters,  especially at the
 local scale.  Measurements of some critical transport parameters,
 such as hydraulic conductivity,  indicate variability of orders of
 magnitude  over  short  distances.    Other parameters,  such  as
 thermodynamic constants  and   rate  coefficients, are  also quite
 variable.    In many cases, one  is  interested in the "effective"
 parameters of the heterogeneous  formation,  meaning  those which
 govern the net or  "macroscopic" rate of advection, dispersion, and
 chemical attenuation, rather than the highly variable local rates.

 Approach;      The   developed   approach  combines  measurements,
 mechanistic  models describing the transport and fate of pollutants,
 and statistical methods.  In recognition of spatial variability and
 scarcity  of  information,   the  parameters  which determine  flow
 transport and fate of solutes,  such as  conductivity, retardation,
 and reaction coefficients, are characterized in statistical terms.
 The mathematical formalism of random functions is used to describe
 spatially variable quantities through statistical moments,  such as
 mean and covariance  functions.   These  moments are obtained from
 data and other information using geostatistical techniques.  Then,
 through the  governing flow  and  mass  transport  equations,  the
 statistics of  solute  concentration can  be derived.  These methods
 are applied to two problems of practical interest:   the evaluation
 of  the macroscopic or  field-scale flow and transport parameters
 and the conditioning  of predictions on  data.

 Status:  Initial efforts have  focused on determining the relation
 between the measurable but highly erratic local parameters  and the
 effective parameters which govern the flow and solute transport at
 macroscopic scales of interest.  Significant progress was achieved
 in  the  problem of  effective conductivities.  Consider the  problem
 of  flow in  a porous medium  with  hydraulic  conductivity which
 fluctuates locally about a mean value.   The flow is unsteady but
gradually varying,  i.e., the scale of head fluctuations  is
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larger than  the scale  of  hydraulic-conductivity fluctuations.
The equations  have  been derived which must  be  satisfied by the
effective conductivity  tensor under general  conditions using a
method of volume averaging  and  spatial  moments.    The  effective
conductivity  is defined  as  the conductivity  of  a  fictitious
homogeneous medium which would effect the same rate  of  spreading
on a pressure mound as  the  actual heterogeneous medium.  The key
result of the analysis was  that  the  effective conductivity matrix
of the hydraulically  heterogeneous  medium  is given by  solving a
well-defined   boundary   value  problem  and   carrying  out   an
integration.   Even  if  those  have to be performed numerically, this
approach  is  potentially  a  significant  improvement  over other
numerical methods.   Another numerical  method is being  developed
which takes  advantage of the structure  of  the problem at hand.
Work is  also progressing on the problem of  effective  dispersion
coefficients.

Design of Reliable  and  Cost-Effective Mitigation Schemes:
S.M. Corelick, Stanford University

Qoalt  The aim of this project is to develop and test methods  for
design of    pump-and-treat  aquifer  remediation  systems.    These
methods can target  reliable  strategies that identify the best well
locations and  pumping rates to successfully  capture contaminant
plumes.  Reliable strategies  also must be made  cost effective  by
determining  the lowest pumping  rates   that  assure  contaminant
capture.

Rationale:  Simulation models can be powerful tools for designing
aquifer  remediation schemes.  Unfortunately,  there is tremendous
uncertainty  associated  with our predictive models  of subsurface
contaminant transport, even  for substances whose chemical behavior
is  well  understood.    This uncertainty stems  from  the  spatial
variability of aquifer properties which dictate flow.  Given this
uncertainty,   one  must  over-design any pump-and-treat  system.
Knowledge of the nature of simulation model  uncertainty  and the
development  of risk-based  design  strategies   are  therefore
essential.

Approach:   The project is being conducted  in  cooperation with
Environment Canada. Efforts focus on the Gloucester  Special Waste
Compound in  Ontario,  Canada.   In  1989, work began  to design a
pump-and-treat  remediation  scheme  for  this  research  site which
contains hazardous organic  solvents.  The best remediation design
requires optimal well selection  and the determination  of optimal
pumping  rates.  This  research  team approaches the  problem by
developing stochastic simulation models  based upon available field
data,  then combining these  models with  nonlinear  optimization
methods in order to identify reliable strategies.  Model parameter


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 uncertainty is considered as an  indicator of design  reliability.
 In   this  approach,   model   parameters  are   first   described
 statistically and  these  statistical  measures  of uncertainty  are
 then used to overdesign the remediation system.

 Status:  Preliminary analysis of the  hydraulic  and  chemical  field
 data for the  Gloucester site has  been completed.   A  stochastic
 simulation model of the site is currently under development.   The
 model  is a two-dimensional  plan view finite-element  simulation
 model in which the  transmissivity, porosity,  and dispersivitiy  are
 considered  the    critical   uncertain  parameters.      Geologic
 characterization is complete  and calibration  of  the  model   is
 underway.  Completion is expected by  3/92.

 Spatial  Distribution  and  Mass  Transfer of  an Organic Liquid
 Contaminant in a Porous Medium:   P.V. Roberts and  P.Kitanidis,
 Stanford University

 Goal;  The goal of  this project is to improve understanding of  the
 physical processes  that govern the distribution and  mass transport
 of residual organic liquid contaminants in the  subsurface, in par-
 ticular the effects of  mass transfer limitation and  heterogeneity.
 Rationale; These phenomena are believed to influence significantly
 the design and economics of groundwater quality restoration efforts
 in situations where  immiscible organic liquids  have  contaminated
 the subsurface.

 Approach;  This project will proceed  by  formulating  a  conceptual
 model  for the  distribution of  the   residual  liquid,  applying
 interphase mass  transfer models  to  the situation of  a  uniform
 medium,  testing  the models  against  the results  of  laboratory
 experiments,   and  developing  mathematical  models  to  simulate
 behavior in nonuniform  media.

 Status;   The evaluation of  mass transfer of residual  liquid
 contaminant phases  has  commenced with the development of a simple
 conceptual model which  envisions the residual contaminant as being
 held in the form of pendular rings in the narrow spaces surrounding
 the  solid contact points.  The relationship between  the relative
 saturation and the  interfacial area for various packing  geometries
 has   been calculated  under  these  idealized  conditions.      A
 manuscript in preparation summarizes  the  basic  theory and results
 of the  preliminary computations, and  points out the  implications
 for  groundwater  contamination  problems.   Also, a new  modeling
 approach was developed for simulating  transport of a sorbing solute
 under conditions  of spatially variable retardation; a closed-form
 analytical  solution was  obtained  using  the  method  of  small
perturbations  (Chrysikopoulos,  Kitanidis, and Roberts,  1989).
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Gaseous  stripping  of Nonaqueous  Liquids from  the  Vadose  zona:
M.Reinhard, P.V. Roberts,  Stanford University

Goal:  The goal of this project is to develop an understanding  of
the basic processes which  govern the behavior of organic vapors  in
the unsaturated zone.

Rationale»  Vapor  stripping  has  become a widely used method for
removing volatile organics from the subsurface.  However, there  is
no  basis for assessing when conditions are  favorable for this
procedure,  nor  is  there  any  way  of predicting  the  rate   of
contaminant removal.

Approacht  Chromatographic columns packed with aquifer material and
model sorbents are being used to simulate vapor phase sorption  in
the vadose zone. The data will be used to to evaluate the existing
transport models.

Statusi  Two similar vapor sorption  systems  consisting  of  a soil
column  connected to a  gas   Chromatographic detector  have been
constructed and tested.   Work  with two  aquifer  materials and
several model solids is expected to be completed in early 1992.

Development and Verification of a Numerical  Model  to Predict  the
Fate and Transport of Chlorinated Phenols in Groundvatert
J.D. Istok and S.L. Woods, Oregon State University

Goal:  The objectives are to develop a numerical model to predict
the fate and transport  of 2,4-dichlorophenol,  pentachlorophenol,
and their primary anaerobic degradation products in field soils and
groundwater aquifers, and  to  verify the model using laboratory and
field experiments.

Rationale:  Predictive models are needed for site characterization
and to design effective biological remediation strategies.

Approach!  A preliminary mathematical model was developed based on
processes  of  advection,   dispersion,  diffusion,  sorption,  and
anaerobic  degradation  for each  solute species  in  the anaerobic
degradation  pathway  for   pentachlorophenol,   an electron donor
(acetate), and  biomass.   Monod kinetics and a "macroscopic bulk
concentration" concept are used to describe growth.  The resulting
set of nonlinear differential  equations  are solved by  the  finite
difference method.   Experiments are conducted using a Chehalis soil
in batch reactors, columns, and in large soil tanks consisting of
an aluminum box  (2m wide x 4 m long x 20 cm deep) supported by a
steel framework.   The  tanks each hold  1500 kg of  soil and  are
designed to provide controlled temperature,  atmosphere, and water
pressure and flow rate during long-term (many months)  experiments.
The tanks  are  instrumented with pressure and temperature  sensors
and sampling ports  for liquid, solid,  and gas phases.

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 status:  Soil samples have been collected from an uncontaminated
 site.  Batch sorption experiments with chlorophenol to determine
 sorption kinetics and equilibrium have been completed.  Continuous
 flow column experiments  are  underway and should be completed by
 February 1990.   The results will be used to validate numerical
 models of movement and transformation, following which larger-scale
 studies in the tanks are planned.

 In-aitu Biological Treatment of Aromatics in Groundvater:
 P.L. Mccarty and M.  Reinhard, Stanford University

 Goal:   This project attempts  to  evaluate the  rate of  aromatic
 hydrocarbon biotransformation  under methanogenic,  sulfate, and
 nitrate reducing conditions under field and laboratory conditions,
 and  to  assess  the  potential  of  these  processes  for   aquifer
 remediation.

 Rationale:    Although  most  gasoline  constituents are   readily
 degraded under  aerobic  conditions,  the  groundwater environment
 impacted by the  gasoline spills  is typically  anaerobic,  thus
 precluding aerobic degradation pathways.   In the absence of oxygen,
 there is the potential  that  alternate electron acceptors,  such as
 nitrate,  sulfate, and carbon dioxide  may  be utilized.

 Approach:  This  study  is a  combined field and laboratory study.
 The laboratory study  concerned with anaerobic biotransformation is
 being conducted  at the  Center.   Laboratory studies  concerned with
 aerobic conditions are being conducted  at the Laboratory  of the
 Orange County Water  District  (OCWD)  in Southern  California under
 the direction of Dr. Harry F. Ridgway.  The  field study  is being
 conducted at the  Seal  Beach  field  site  which is  near the  OCWD
 laboratory.    In the field   studies,  degradation  rates  will be
 determined  in 30 L bioreactors which will be emplaced in the ground
 at  the  site.    Both aerobic and  anaerobic  conditions  will be
 studied.

 Status:    The  laboratory studies  have   focused  on  the  growth
 conditions  of denitrifying microorganisms which  utilize  aromatic
 hydrocarbons as their sole carbon and energy source.  At the field
 site,  a mobile  laboratory is being developed  and within  the next
 few months,  the  reactors  will be installed and instrumented.

 In-8itu    Biorraediation   of   Chlorinated   Aliphatic*   with
Methanotrophss  P.L. Mccarty and P.V.  Roberts, Stanford University

Goal:   The  goal  is to  evaluate the feasibility of  remediating  a
groundwater    contaminated    with    trichloroethylene    (TCE),
dichloroethylene  (DCE),  and vinyl chloride  (VC) through stimulation
of   the  growth   of   indigenous   methane   oxidizing   bacteria
 (methanotrophs).
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Rational*:  A four-year field steady of in-fiitil biodegradation of
chlorinated solvents  by methanotrophs at  the  U.S.  Navy  Moffett
Field site, funded  by EPA and conducted by Stanford  University,
demonstrated the potential of this  process for aquifer  clean-up.
Stimulation of the growth of  indigenous methanotrophs at this site
by  injection  of water  containing  dissolved methane  and  oxygen
resulted in in-situ  degradation of chlorinated aliphatic compounds
injected  into the  aquifer.    The  next  step  in  application  to
full-scale  is  a   technical  and   economic  evaluation  of  the
feasibility of the process, as is being conducted  here.

Approach:  A contaminated  groundwater  site in  Michigan  was found
to   have  suitable   conditions   of   aquifer   homogeneity   and
permeability,  distribution of  TCE,  DCE,  and  VC contaminants, and
access to make in-situ bioremediation attractive.  Aseptic samples
of aquifer material  from two separate wells were obtained from this
site with the assistance  of  the  EPA Robert S.  Kerr  Environmental
Research  Laboratory,  Ada, Oklahoma.   The possible presence  of
indigenous methanotrophic bacteria and their  rates of  chlorinated
chemical  transformation are  being  determined  through  laboratory
studies with  these  materials,  as are  their  sorptive  properties.
Computer simulation models will be used to help design a treatment
strategy that will  be used by the engineering  firm  involved in a
comparative  evaluation  of  in-situ  bioremediation  with  other
treatment alternatives.

Status:  Aquifer samples have been obtained and laboratory studies
have been initiated.  The feasibility study should be completed by
June 1990.

The  Effect  of  surfactants  on  Biodegradation  of  Chlorinated
Biphenyls  in  Soils:    M. Reinhard and P.L.  Mccarty,  Stanford
University

Goal;  The goal of this study is to develop a data base which can
be used to  judge the feasibility of surfactant treatment of PCB
contaminated soils,  and to study the effect of surfactants  on the
aerobic biotransformation of PCBs.

Rationale:  Addition  of surfactants has  been proposed as a  means
to desorb and solubilize hydrophobic contaminants in groundwater
aquifers and  from  contaminated soils.   Because sorption of  PCBs
onto solids Bay slow or  prevent biotransformation,  solubilization
using surfactants  followed  by  biotransformation is  a potential
treatment scheme to purify soils contaminated  by  PCBs.

Approach:  First, PCB sorption onto  a sorbent such as diatomaceous
earth will be studied using  a single PCB congener, such  as para-
chlorobiphenyl (PCB).  Then,  a microbial culture will  be developed
(derived  from the  Palo  Alto  Sewage  Treatment  Plant)  which  is
capable of degrading PCB. Finally,  the effect of surfactant on the
biotransformation rate  will be  studied with  and without  solids
added.
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 statust   Currently,  analytical  quality  assurance  and control
 protocols  are  being   developed   and  current  models  of  the
 solubilization process are being reviewed.  The expected completion
 date is September 1990.

 FASTCHEM Applications and  Sensitivity Analysis:   P.K.  Kitanidis
 and D.L. Freyberg, Stanford University

 Goalt  FASTCHEM is a collection of computer programs  which  can be
 used  to  predict  the  advection,  dispersion,   and   geochemical
 transformation of chemicals emanating from utility waste disposal
 sites.  The objectives of the work to be performed include:   (i)
 quantifying  the   sensitivity  and   uncertainty  of   predicted
 parameters,  and  (2)  developing  a  set of computer programs which
 apply state-of-the art estimation methods for the  interpolation of
 parameters from sparse measurements.

 Rationalei  Amendments to the Resource Conservation  and Recovery
 Act in 1984  and reauthorization of the Safe Drinking  Water  Act in
 1986 have prompted the formulation of several new regulations to
 protect groundwater quality.  To respond to new regulations  and to
 develop a capability to assess the potential success  of remedial
 actions, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)  has supported
 the development of the interim hydrogeochemical  modeling package
 FASTCHEM.  This package of  codes can  be  used  to  simulate the
 advection,  dispersion,  and  chemical  attenuation  of  inorganic
 chemicals that  may be leached from electric utility waste disposal
 sites.   EPRI is  interested in determining the applicability the
 model and in incorporating subroutines for the utilization of data.

 Approach:   The  model's  sensitivity  and  uncertainty will  be
 evaluated using first-order analysis  and Monte  Carlo  simulations.
 Methods for incorporating available measurements  will be based on
 linear estimation methods.

 status:   Since the project  was initiated  in September  1989, the
 computer codes have  been  installed  and  tested.     Next,  the
 sensitivity and uncertainty of predictions will be evaluated.

 Long  Term Cneaical  Transformation of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCA)
 and  Freon 113  under  Aquifer Conditions:    M.Reinhard and  P.L.
Mccarty,  Stanford  University

Goal: This project is designed  to determine the transformation rate
of TCA  and Freon 113  under conditions closely   simulating those
of a contaminated  aquifer.
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Rational*i  It is generally difficult to determine  transformation
rates occurring at contaminated field sites from field data because
of uncertainty about the input, the variability of the data,  and
the lack of mass balances.   Moreover,  extrapolation of  laboratory
data obtained  in pure  water to field conditions is  fraught  with
uncertainty, because environmental  factors  such as  the  role  of
sorption  and  nucleophilic  and  redox  active  reagents  are  not
considered  in  pure  water  experiments.    Therefore,  laboratory
experiments are needed  which simulate the natural conditions, and
which allow us  to determine  products,  accurate mass balances, and
rates.

Approacht  TCA and Freon 113 will be  added to  flame  sealed vials
which  contain  groundwater  and sediment from  the site   and  the
organic contaminants at realistic concentrations.  The glass vials
will be  incubated  at  ambient  temperature  and disappearance  and
product formation will be  analyzed  at  regular intervals  over a
period of four years.

Status;   All quality  assurance and  control  protocols have  been
developed, the  soil  and the  water have been characterized, and the
rate experiment will be  set up in the near future.  The project
should be completed in 1993.

                       Mechanistic studies

Anaerobic Microbial  Transformations of Romocyclic and Hetarocyclic
Polynuclear  Aromatic Hydrocarbons:    0. Grbic'-Galic',  Stanford
University

Goali  Recently, this research  team demonstrated that monoaromatic
hydrocarbons such as  toluene and benzene, and some of the nitrogen-
and sulfur-heterocyclic polynuclear  aromatics such  as quinoline or
benzothiophene,  could be  anaerobically  degraded   by  complex
microbial communities  derived  from groundwater  aquifers or from
municipal   sludge,   under  the   conditions   of   methanogenic
fermentation.   The  goal  of this project  is  to  investigate  the
capabilities of bacteria under two  types of  strictly anaerobic
conditions —  sulfate-reducing and  methanogenic  —  to transform
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons  (PAH),  more complex nitrogen  and
sulfur hetsrocycles, and  oxygen heterocycles (NSO-compounds).   The
transformation  routes,  intermediates,   and  products  are  to be
studied for single compounds of interest, as well  as for  mixtures
of compounds, such as  occur in real contamination  incidents.

Rationale:  PAH and NSO, which are constituents of fossil fuels and
creosote  and  are  also  formed  through  incomplete  combustion
processes, are common  environmental  pollutants  characterized by
relative    chemical   stability,    toxicity,    and    potential
carcinogenicity.   These compounds  had  been  shown to  biodegrade
efficiently due to the activity of aerobic microorganisms, in the
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 presence of molecular oxygen which serves as a reactant for the PAH
 or NSO oxygenation and also as an ultimate electron acceptor for
 the microorganisms.  However,  oxygen is frequently  limited — and
 sometimes completely absent — in certain contaminated habitats,
 such  as  numerous  ground  water aquifers.   Therefore, it is  of
 interest to learn how significant the anaerobic microbial processes
 may  be  in  determining   the   fate  of  PAH  and NSO  in  anoxic
 environments, how complete the anaerobic transformations  of these
 compounds are,  and whether the  intermediates and products  of these
 transformations  are more or  less  hazardous  than  the  parent
 compounds.

 Approach;   It  is  hypothesized  that  relatively small PAH  and NSO
 molecules   (such   as   naphthalene,    acenaphthene,   acridine,
 dibenzothiophene,   etc.)   are   amenable  to   anaerobic microbial
 transformations, and that  the transformation routes  are similar  to
 those  determined  for  monoaromatic  hydrocarbons  and   simpler
 heterocycles under identical conditions.  It  is not known how PAH
 and NSO  influence the transformation of  one another  in  complex
 mixtures, where  the interactions may  range  from  transformation
 inhibition,  over  sequential  transformation,  to acceleration
 (through cometabolism,  or other mechanisms) of  transformation  of
 certain compounds by other compounds in the mixture.   In  order  to
 evaluate  the  hypothesis  and  answer  these   questions,  batch
 microcosms containing single  PAH  or NSO  or  mixtures  thereof  as
 substrates, and sulfate or carbon dioxide as  electron acceptors,
 are being  studied.   These microcosms  contain microbial  inocula
 derived from PAH- and NSO-contaminated  ground water aquifers,  or
 from stable methanogenic cultures degrading aromatic hydrocarbons,
 which  were developed  in  this laboratory.    Several different
 analytical techniques (gas chromatography, high performance liquid
 chromatography, and GC/mass spectrometry)  and 14C-labeling of the
 substrates,  are used to detect  and identify the intermediates and
 products  of  transformation,  and  to  follow  the  degradation  of
 substrates over time. The most active  microcosms will be used  to
 inoculate   larger-size   microcosms    (batch-fed  glass   columns
 containing saturated  aquifer material) in which the  transformation
 processes on a  larger scale can be evaluated.   They will be  used
 also  to attempt to enrich  stable suspended cultures of the active
 microorganisms, in which details of the transformation pathways and
 mechanisms  of interactions in mixtures  can be studied.

 Status:    Batch microcosm studies  are  underway and  the  tested
 microbial inocula  have  been shown to transform  some of the model
 substrates  under  anaerobic conditions.   Degradation  routes for
 these  compounds are  being determined.    Upon completion  of  this
 stage  of  research,  the  scale-up of microcosms to column  size,  as
well  as  enrichment  of  suspended microbial  cultures,  will  be
undertaken.
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Effect* of  Sorption on Biodegradation  of Halogenated Organ!cs:
P.L. McCarty and P.V.  Roberts,  Stanford  University

Goa^i   The goal  of this project  is to  determine  how  compound
sorption onto solid  surfaces such as soil and sorption media (e.g.,
activated carbon) affects the rates of biological degradation  of
organic compounds.

Rational*t  Rates of biodegradation of organic compounds are known
to be affected by  sorption onto surfaces,  but the nature of this
effect is not well  understood.    Whether it  enhances  or reduces
transformation  rates  appears to  depend upon  properties of the
sorbed compound,  the  surface  to  which it  is sorbed,  and the
biological process  involved.  Greater knowledge of the effect  of
sorption is needed in  order  to better predict fate of chemicals  in
the environment, and to devise treatment schemes where sorption  is
involved.

Approach;  An experimental approach  is being used to determine the
availability of trichloroethylene (TCE)  to biological degradation
by methanotrophic bacteria.   First, biotransformation kinetics for
methanotrophic  oxidation  of TCE   are  being  determined,  using
existing laboratory cultures derived from the Moffett Field site,
and then parameters associated with sorption kinetics of TCE on a
well-defined synthetic media (silicalite) as well as aquifer solids
are being determined.  A numerical  model  is also  being developed
to  relate  desorption  and  biotransformation kinetics, using the
hypothesis  that  transformation  rates  are  directly  related  to
solution concentration of TCE.   If this hypothesis does not prove
correct,   then alternative  hypotheses that  are  consistent with
experimental results will be sought and tested.

Statust      Preliminary   kinetic   studies   of   methanotrophic
transformation  of  TCE have been  completed, as  has  been the
development  of   sorption   isotherms  on   aquifer  material  and
silicalite.  Preliminary biodegradation rate studies have also been
conducted with sorbing solids present.   Progress  is on  schedule.

Trace Metal Reaoval Processess   J.O.  Leckie, Stanford University

Goal:  The  long  term goal of  this  project  is  to develop a
mathematical model  of  mass  transport limited adsorption  of toxic
trace metal*  in porous particles.   The premise  is  that  hydrous
metal oxide particles  with  the  proper pore structure  can  be used
to concentrate and remove the trace metals in engineered processes.

Rationale!    Previous experimental work  with  both  porous  and
nonporous  particles  indicates  that  the  porous  particles  can
dramatically increase  the capacity  for removal of the trace toxic
metals from solution.  The engineering  application of  particles
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 with tailored  pore size distributions could  provide  a means of
 removing the trace metals in a  sufficiently concentrated  form to
 allow economic recycle where appropriate.

 Approach:  The approach taken on this project  involves  the design
 and  implementation  of a  parametric  study of  the adsorption of
 cadmium and selenite onto porous amorphous alumina particles.  The
 first  phase  of  the  project   involves  the   physical-chemical
 characterization of the alumina  particles, including particle  size
 distribution,  pore  size  distribution,  site  density,  specific
 surface  area,   surface   acidity  constants,   and  the   surface
 complexation constants  for  the trace  elements.   The  second and
 longest phase will  be the experimental work evaluating  the  mass
 transfer limited  adsorption  process.   On the  basis of the  data
 developed in the second phase, a mathematical model describing the
 overall  physical-chemical  process  will   be  developed  to allow
 simulations over a range of operational variables such as pH, solid
 to liquid ratio, and adsorbate and adsorbent concentrations.

 Status:  Experimental work has begun,  with completion expected in
 March 1992.

 Abiotic  Dehalogenation of  Haloaliphatio  Compounds  in   Aqueous
 Solutions  Containing  Hydrogen  sulfide:   M.   Reinhard,  Stanford
 University

 Goal:  The goal of  this  project is  to  study the reactivity of
 hydrogen  sulfide towards  simple haloaliphatic  compounds.

 Rationale:   Relatively little research has been directed towards
 studying  the rates and pathways of abiotic reactions that may be
 significant under anaerobic conditions.  Recent research of  this
 and other laboratories  has shown that hydrogen sulfide may promote
 the dehalogenation of haloaliphatic contaminants at rates  that are
 significantly faster than the competing reactions with water,  i.e.
 hydrolysis  and  dehydrohalogenation.

 Approach;    1,2-Dichloroethane   and  1,2-Dibromoethane   (EDB)  were
 reacted in glass ampules under anaerobic and aseptic conditions for
 periods of months to years.  Products and rates were analyzed using
 chromatographic  techniques.

 Statusi   This  project was initiated several  years  ago  and was
brought to  conclusion under the  aegis of  the WRHSRC.  The results
will be published in Environmental Science and Technology in 1989.
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                 Training and Technology Transfer

International Symposium on  Process** Governing th* Movement  and
Fat* of Contaminant* in th« 8ub*urfae* Environment:   P.L.  Mccarty
and P.V. Roberts, Stanford University

Goal:  The goal of this symposium,  co-sponsored by the Center and
the  International  Association  on  Water  Pollution  Research  and
Control,  was to bring together leading  scientists  and engineers
from around the world to evaluate the current knowledge about the
processes that affect the way in which chemicals interact with the
soil, move with  the  flow of water  and  air through the subsurface
environments, and are transformed or degraded by both abiotic and
biotic processes.

Rationale:  Basic understanding of such processes is necessary in
order to  develop realistic models  for  the movement and  fate of
contaminants in the environment.

Approach:  The symposium was held at Stanford University from July
23 to 26, 1989.  There were presentations on eight special topics
by invited speakers,  twenty-seven  additional oral presentations,
and forty-four poster presentations.  The  symposium focused on the
physical,  chemical,  and  biological  processes  that  are  most
important  to  chemical  migration  and   transformation  in  the
unsaturated  zones  above  aquifers  as  well as  in  the groundwater
zone.   This  includes information  regarding  both  equilibrium and
rate processes, and the various environmental variables that affect
them.  Among the processes of  importance that were emphasized at
the   symposium  were   sorption,   dissolution,   volatilization,
diffusion,   multi-phase    flow,    and    abiotic   and   biotic
transformations.    Experimental  investigations were stressed, but
presentations  were  also  included  that  were   oriented  toward
simulation  of  transport  if  they  emphasized   fundamentals  of
processes affecting  the transport  and  fate of contaminants.  The
meeting was  partially supported  financially   by EPA,  the  U.S.
Geological Survey, and the U.S. National Science  Foundation.

statue t    The symposium  went  very  well,   with much valuable
interchange of information.  From all indications, the meeting was
highly successful in meeting its objectives.

Fundamental* of Cbeaiatry of Hasardoue Substances, Training Course,
Portland Metropolitan Area:  K. Williamson and P. Nelson

Goal:   The  goal  of  this course was to meet a need  for  training
hazardous waste personnel in the electronics industry.
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 Rationale*  Employees who are involved with management,  transport,
 or treatment of  hazardous substances at  manufacturing  firms  need
 a better basic understanding of  chemistry related to  hazardous
 substances in order to address the many hazardous substance issues
 with which they are faced.

 Approach;  The class was held in six 4-hour  sessions in the Spring,
 1989.  A total of 34 individuals completed the course.   The class
 focused upon chemical nomenclature, hazardous waste identification,
 and chemical processes  including  oxidation,  reduction,  acid-base
 hydrolysis, and precipitation.  One session  involved a  series  of
 laboratory exercises.

 Status:  The class provided strong educational development to  most
 of the participants.  The greatest difficulty proved to be meeting
 the wide variety of interests and abilities of the students.

 Fundamentals of  Hazardous Substances,  Training Course,  Portland
 Metropolitan Area:  K. Williamson, P. Nelson, J.  Istok, and
 S. Woods

 Goal;  The goal  of  this  course  was  to  provide professional level
 education concerning the fate and transport of hazardous materials
 to hazardous waste managers, regulatory personnel, and professional
 engineers.

 Rationale:   Many engineers,  managers,   and  regulators who  have
 degrees in environmental engineering or related fields find a  need
 now to deal with hazardous substance problems, but have  not had
 formal training in the current approaches  for handling and disposal
 of these  materials.  This course was developed to help correct  this
 deficiency.

 Approach;  The class  consisted  of 10 three-hour  sessions in the
 Spring,   1989.   Twenty-one  persons  attended  the  sessions.  The
 approach  was to focus on  fate and  transport  mechanisms including
 biodegradation, volatilization, precipitation, oxidation-reduction,
 and  sorption.   A wide variety of  organic and inorganic hazardous
 substances were described.   For each fate and transport mechanism,
 an  example problem  was developed  and  an  above-ground  treatment
 process was described.

 Status;     The  class   successfully  provided  professional-level
 development for the students. Student evaluations were excellent.

 Biological  Transformation  of Chlorinated Solvents  in  Subsurface
 systems,  Workshop,  Portland Metropolitan Area:  P.L. Mccarty,
 P.V. Roberts, D.  Grbic'-Galic1,  and L.  Semprini

Goal;  The goal of this workshop was to provide information on the
current  knowledge  concerning  chemical  movement  and   fate,   and
bioremediation  of  subsurface  environments   contaminated  with
chlorinated solvents.
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Approach:   The  workshop  was  offered  at  Intel  Corporation  in
Hillsboro, Oregon, on  April  18,  1989,  to a variety  of attendees
including  hazardous  substance  managers,  regulatory  personnel,
professional engineers, academic personnel, and graduate students.
The information included physical transport processes, biological
reaction rates and pathways,  sorption and desorption processes and
rates,   and   mathematical   modeling  of  a   field  application.
Information was  provided on a variety  of small-molecular-weight
chlorinated solvents.

Status:  The workshop was well received.   It was decided to repeat
the workshop at other locations within EPA Regions 9 and 10 during
1990.
                  SUMMARY OF  OUTPUTS  IN FY  1989

Refereed Journal Articles Published  	 0
Articles Submitted or In Press  	 2
Books and Bound Proceedings  	 1
Chapters in Books or Bound Proceedings  	 2
Proj ect Reports   	 0
Conferences and Workshops Held  	2

                                   TOTAL                        7
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                           BIBLIOGRAPHY


Articles  Submitted or In Press

      Lee, S.B., J.O. Istok, and S.L.  Woods,  "A Numerical Model for
      Interpreting  Results of  Column Transport  Experiments with
      Nonlinear, Nonequilibrium  Sorption."   Submitted to Computer
      and  Geosciences. 1989.

      Kitanidis,  P.K.,   "Effective  Hydraulic   Conductivity  for
      Gradually Varying Flow."  Water Resources Research. 1989.

Books and Bound Proceedings

      International Symposium  on Processes  Governing the Movement
      and  Fate  of  Contaminants  in  the Subsurface  Environment,
      Abstracts, Stanford University, July 23-26, 1989.

Chapters  in Other Books or Bound Proceedings

      Gorelick, S.M.,  "Incorporation  of Uncertainty Analysis into
      Management  of Groundwater  Quality,"  Report  from  the SCOPE
      Workshop on Groundwater  Contamination, Stanford University,
      Stanford, California, July 27-28,  1989.

      Gorelick,  S.M.  and  R.M.  Gailey,  "The Relationship  Between
      Model Calibration and Engineering Overdesign for Heterogeneous
      Aquifers,"  Proceedings   of  International   Conference  on
      Calibration  and Reliability  in  Groundwater Modeling,  The
      Hague, the Netherlands, September  3-6, 1990.

Conferences and Workshops Held

      International Conference on Processes  Governing the Movement
     and  Fate of  Contaminants  in  the Subsurface  Environment,
     Stanford University, July 23-26, 1979.

     SCOPE  Workshop   on  Groundwater   Contamination,   Stanford
     University, July 27-29, 1989.
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