x>EPA
United StatM
Environmental Protection
Agency
Off lot of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Washington DC 20460
September 1981
Paiticide*
Naphthalene
Pesticide Registration
Standard
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Naphthalene
REGISTRATION STANDARD
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
1981
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NAPHTHALENE
Ackaowledgemen ts
I. Special Pesticide Review Division (SPRD)
Stephanie Roan
Benjamin lemlich
Paul Parsons
Lynda Priddy
II. Technical Support Team
A. Hazard Evaluation Division (HED)
George Beusch
John Jordan
Charles Lewis
Arthur Schlosser
Robert Storherr
Ellen Sullivan
Allen Vaughan
Elizabeth Zucker
lead Project Manager
Project Manager
Project Manager
Project Manager
Douglas Chambers
Hoyt Jamerscn
Russell Scarato
E. David Thomas
Chemist
Microbiologist
Agronomist
Environmental Chemist
Chemist
Pharmacologist
Entomologist
Wildlife Biologist
B. Benefits and Field Studies Division (BFSD)
\fertebrate Biologist
Entomologist
Ffconomist
Supervisory Entomologist
Section Head
C. Registration Division (RD)
Lachman Bhatia
William Miller
III. Special Acknowledgement
A. Special Pesticide Review Division (SPRD)
Paul Lapsley
Joan Warshawsky
Barbara Moore
Tonda Hicks
Biologist
Product Manager
Branch Chief
Section Head
Secretary
Clerk Typist
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
I. How to Register Under a Registration Standard 1
A. Organization of the Standard 1
B. Purpose of the Standard 1
C. Requirements to Reregister Under the Standard.... 2
D. "Product-Specific" Data and "Generic" Data 3
E. Data Compensation Requirements Under
FIFRA 3(c)(l)(D) 4
F. Obtaining Data to Fill Data Gaps;
FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B) 5
G. Amendments to the Standard 6
II. Regulatory Position 8
A. Introduction 8
B. Description of Chemical 8
C. Regulatory Position 8
D. Regulatory Rationale 9
E. Criteria for Registration Under the Standard 10
F. Tolerance Reassessment 14
III. Summary of Data Requirements and Data Gaps 15
A. Table III .A Generic Data Requirements 18
B. Table III.B Product-Specific Data
Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Products 26
C. Table III.C Product-Specific Data
Requirements for End-Use Products 30
IV. Product Chemistry 35
A. Introduction 35
B. Chemical Identity 35
C. Manufacturing Process 35
D. Product Analytical Methods and Data 36
E. Physical/Chemical Properties 36
F. Summary of Data Gaps 38
V. Environmental Fate 39
A. Use Summary 39
B. Environmental Fate Profile 39
C. Exposure Profile 40
D. Summary of Data Gaps 41
VI. Toxicology 42
A. Toxicology Profile: Technical Naphthalene 42
B. Toxicology Profile: End-Use Naphthalene 43
C. Human Hazard Assessment 44
D.' Summary of Data Gaps 44
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VII. Residue Chemistry 45
VIII. Ecological Effects 46
A. Ecological Effects Profile 46
B. Hazard Assessment 47
C. Summary of Data Gaps 47
IX. Efficacy 48
A. Efficacy Profile 48
B. Factors Influencing Efficacy 48
C. Use Sites 48
D. Summary of Data Gaps 49
X. Confidential Annex 50
XI. Bibliography 51
Guide to Use of Bibliography
Section 1: Studies Reviewed and Judged Appropriate
for the Standard
Section 2: Studies Reviewed and Judged Inappropriate
for the Standard
Section 3: References
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I. How to Register Under a Registration Standard
A. Organization of the Standard
This first chapter explains the purpose of a Registration Standard and
summarizes the legal principles involved in registering or reregistering under
a Standard. The second chapter sets forth the requirements that must be met to
obtain or retain registration for products covered by this particular
Registration Standard. In the remaining chapters the Agency reviews the
available data by scientific discipline, discusses the Agency's concerns with
the identified potential hazards, and logically develops the conditions and
requirements that would reduce those hazards to acceptable levels.
B. Purpose of the Standard
Section 3 of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
provides that "no person in any State may distribute, sell, offer for sale,
hold for sale, ship, deliver for shipment, or receive (and having so received)
deliver or offer to deliver, to any person any pesticide which is not
registered with the Administrator [of EPA]." To approve the registration of a
pesticide, the Administrator must find, pursuant to Section 3(c)(5) that:
"(A) its composition is such as to warrant the proposed claims for it;
(B) its labeling and other material required to be submitted comply
with the requirements of this Act;
(C) it will perform its intended function without unreasonable adverse
effects on the environment; and
(D) when used in accordance with widespread and commonly recognized
practice it will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects
on the environment."
In making these findings, the Agency reviews a wide range of data which
registrants are required to submit, and assesses the risks and benefits
associated with the use of the proposed pesticide. But the established
approach to making these findings has been found to be defective on two counts:
First, EPA and its predecessor agency, the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA), routinely reviewed registration applications on a "product
by product" basis, evaluating each product-specific application somewhat
independently. In the review of products containing similar components, there
was little opportunity for retrospective review of the full range of pertinent
data available in Agency files and in the public literature. Thus the "product
by product" approach was often inefficient and sometimes resulted in
inconsistent or incomplete regulatory judgments.
Second, over the years, as a result of inevitable and continuing advances in
scientific knowledge, methodology, and policy, the data base for many
pesticides came to be considered inadequate by current scientific and
regulatory standards. Given the long history of pesticide regulation in
several agencies, it is even likely that materials may have been lost from the
data files. When EPA issued new requirements for registration in 1975 (40 CFR
162) and proposed new guidelines for hazard testing in 1978 (43 FR 29686, July
10, 1978 and 43 FR 37336, August 22, 1978), many products that had already been
registered for years were being sold and used without the same assurances of
human and environmental safety as was being required for new products. Because
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of this inconsistency, Congress directed EPA to reregister all previously
registered products, so as to bring their registrations and their data bases
into compliance with current requirements. (See FIFRA Section 3(g)].
Facing the enormous job of re-reviewing and calling-in new data for the
approximately 35,000 current registrations, and realizing the inefficiencies of
the "product by product" approach, the Agency decided that a new, more
effective method of review was needed.
A new review procedure has been developed. Under it, EPA publishes documents
called Registration Standards, each of which discusses a particular pesticide
active ingredient. Each Registration Standard summarizes all the data
available to the Agency on a particular active ingredient and its current uses,
and sets forth the Agency's comprehensive position on the conditions and
requirements for registration of all existing and future products which contain
that active ingredient. These conditions and requirements, all of which must
be met to obtain or retain full registration or reregistration under Section
3(c)(5) of FIFRA, include the submission of needed scientific data which the
Agency does not now have, compliance with standards of toxicity, composition,
labeling, and packaging, and satisfaction of the data compensation provisions
of FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D).
The £ andard will also serve as a tool for product classification. As part of
the registration of a pesticide product, EPA may classify each product for
"general use" or "restricted use" [FIFRA Section 3(d)]. A pesticide is
classified for "restricted use" when sane special regulatory restriction is
needed to ensure against unreasonable adverse effects to man or the
environment. Many such risks of unreasonable adverse effects can be lessened
if expressly-designed label precautions are strictly followed. Thus the
special regulatory restriction for a "restricted use" pesticide is usually a
requirement that it be applied only by, or under the supervision of, an
applicator who has been certified by the State or Federal government as being
competent to use pesticides safely, responsibly, and in accordance with label
directions. A restricted-use pesticide can have other regulatory restrictions
[40 CFR 162.11(c)(5)] instead of, or in addition to, the certified applicator
requirement. These other regulatory restrictions may include such actions as
seasonal or regional limitations on use, or a requirement for the monitoring of
residue levels after use. A pesticide classified for "general use," or not
classified at all, is available for use by any individual who is in compliance
with State or local regulations. The Registration Standard review compares
information about potential adverse effects of specific uses of the pesticide
with risk criteria listed in 40 CFR 162.11(c), and thereby determines whether a
product needs to be classified for "restricted use." If the Standard does
classify a pesticide for "restricted use," this determination is stated in the
second chapter.
C. Requirement to Reregister Under the Standard
FIFRA Section 3(g), as amended in 1978, directs EPA to reregister all currently
registered products as' expeditously as possible. Congress also agreed that
reregistration should be accomplished by the use of Registration Standards.
Each registrant of a currently registered product to which this Standard
applies, and who wishes to continue to sell or distribute his product in
commerce, must apply for reregistration. His application must contain proposed
labeling that complies with this Standard.
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EPA will issue a notice of intent to cancel the registration of any currently
registered product to which this Standard applies if the registrant fails to
comply with the procedures for reregistration set forth in the Guidance Package
which accompanies this Standard.
D. "Product-Specific" Data and "Generic" Data
In the course of developing this Standard, EPA has determined the types of data
needed for evaluation of the properties and effects of products to which the
Standard applies, in the disciplinary areas of Product Chemistry, Environmental
Fate, Toxicology, Residue Chemistry, and Ecological Effects. These
determinations are based primarily on the data Guidelines proposed in 1978 (43
FR 29696, July 10, 1978, and 43 FR 37336, August 22, 1978), as applied to the
use patterns of the products to which this Standard applies. Where it appeared
that data frcm a normally applicable Guidelines requirement was actually
unnecessary to evaluate these products, the Standard indicates that the
requirement has been waived. Cn the other hand, in some cases studies not
required by the Guidelines may be needed because of the particular composition
or use pattern of products the Standard covers; if so, the Standard explains
the Agency's reasoning. Data guidelines have not yet been proposed for the
Residue Chemistry discipline, but the requirements for such data have been in
effect for some time and are, the Agency believes, relatively familiar to
registrants. Data which we have found are needed to evaluate the
registrability of some products covered by the Standard may not be needed for
the evaluation of other products, depending upon the composition, formulation
type, and intended uses of the product in question. The Standard states which
data requirements apply to which product categories. (See the third chapter.)
The various kinds of data normally required for registration of a pesticide
product can be divided into two basic groups:
1) data that are "product specific," i.e., data that relate only to
the properties or effects of a product with a particular composition
(or a group of products with closely similar composition); and
2) "generic" data that pertain to the properties or effects of a
particular ingredient, and thus is relevant to an evaluation of the
risks and benefits of all products containing that ingredient (or all
such products having a certain use pattern), regardless of any such
product's unique composition.
The Agency requires certain "product specific" data for each product to
characterize the product's particular composition and physical/chemical
properties (Product Chemistry), and to characterize the product's acute
toxicity (which is a function of its total composition). The applicant for
registration or reregistration of any product, whether it is a manufacturing-
use or end-use product, and without regard to its intended use pattern, must
submit or cite enough of this kind of data to allow EPA to evaluate the
product. For such purposes, "product specific" data on any product other than
the applicant's is irrelevant, unless the other product is closely similar in
composition to the applicant's. (Where it has been found practicable to group
similar products for purposes of evaluating, with a single set of tests, all
products in the group, the Standard so indicates.) "Product specific" data on
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the efficacy of particular end-use products is also required where the exact
formulation nay affect efficacy and where failure of efficacy could cause
public health problems.
All other data needed to evaluate pesticide products concerns the properties or
effects of a particular ingredient of products (normally a pasticidally active
ingredient, but in sane cases a pesticidally inactive, or "inert",
ingredient). Some data in this "generic" category are required to evaluate the
properties and effects of all products containing that ingredient [e.g., the
acute LD-50 of the active ingredient in its technical or purer grade; see
proposed 40 CFR 163.81-1(a), 43 FR 37355].
Other "generic" data are required to evaluate all products which both contain a
particular ingredient and are intended for certain uses (see, e.g., proposed
40 CFR 163.82-1, 43 FR 37363, which requires subchronic oral testing of the
active ingredient with -respect to certain use patterns only). Jfaere a
particular data requirement is use-pattern dependent, it will apply to each end-
use product which is to be labeled for that use pattern (except where such end-
use product is formulated from a registered manufacturing-use product
permitting such formulations) and to each manufacturing-use product with
labeling that allows it to be used to make end-use products with that use
pattern, thus, for example, a subchronic oral dosing study is needed to
evaluate the safety of any manufacturing-use product that legally could be used
to make an end-use, food-crop pesticide. But if an end-use product's label
specified it was for use only in ways that involved no food/feed exposure and
no repeated human exposure, the subchronic oral dosing study would not be
required to evaluate the product's safety? and if a manufacturing-use product's
label states that the product is for use only in making end-use products not
involving food/feed use or repeated human exposure, that subchronic oral study
would not be relevant to the evaluation of the manufacturing-use product either.
If a registrant of a currently registered manufacturing-use or end-use product
wishes to avoid the costs of data compensation [under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D)]
or data generation [under Section 3(c)(2)(B)] for "generic" data that is
required only with respect to some use patterns, he may elect to delete those
use patterns from his labeling at the time he reregisters his product. An
applicant for registration of a new product under this Standard may similarly
request approval for only certain use patterns.
E. Data Compensation Requirements under FIFRA 3(c)(l)(D)
Under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D), an applicant for registration, reregistration,
or amended registration must offer to pay compensation for certain existing
data the Agency has used in developing the Registration Standard. The data for
which compensation must be offered are all data which are described by all of
the following criteria:
1) the data were first submitted to EPA (or to its predecessor agencies,
USDA or FDA), on or after January 1, 1970?
2) the data were submitted to EPA (or USDA or FDA) by some other
applicant or registrant in support of an application for an
experimental use permit, an amendment adding a new use to a
registration, or for reregistration, or to support or maintain an
existing registration;
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3) the data are relevant to the Agency's decision to register or reregister
the applicant's product under the Registration Standard, taking into
account the applicant's product's composition and intended use
pattern(s);
4) the data are determined by EPA to be valid and usable in reaching
regulatory conclusions; and
5) the data are not those for which the applicant has been exempted by
FIFRA Section 3(c)(2)(D) from the duty to offer to pay compensation.
(This exemption applies to the "generic" data concerning the safety
of an active ingredient of the applicant's product, not to "product
specific" data. The exemption is available only to applicants whose
product is labeled for end-uses for which the active ingredient in
question is present in the applicant's product because of his use
of another registered product containing that active ingredient
which he purchases from another producer).
An applicant for reregistration of an already registered product under this
Standard, or for registration of a new product under this Standard, accordingly
must determine which of the data used by EPA in developing the Standard must be
the subject of an offer to pay compensation, and must submit with his
application the appropriate statements evidencing his compliance with FIFPA
Section 3(c)(l)(D).
An applicant would never be required to offer to pay for "product specific"
data submitted by another firm!TrTinany, if not in most cases, data which are
specific to another firm's product will not suffice to allow EPA to evaluate
the applicant's product; that is, will not be useful to the Agency in
determining whether the applicant's product is registrable. There may be
cases, however, where because of close similarities between the composition of
two or more products, another firm's data may suffice to allow EPA to evaluate
some or all of the "product specific" aspects of the applicant's product. In
such a case, the applicant may choose to cite that data instead of submitting
data from tests on his own product, and if he chooses that option, he would
have to comply with the Section 3(C)(1)(D) requirements with respect to each
item of "generic" data that relates to his product's intended uses.
Each applicant for registration or reregistration of a manufacturing-use
product, and each applicant for registration or reregistration of an end-use
product, who is not exempted by FIFRA Section 3(c)(2)(D), must comply with the
Section 3(c)(l)(D) requirements with respect to each item of "generic" data
that relates to his product's intended uses.
A detailed description of the procedures an applicant must follow in applying
for reregistration (or new registration) under this Standard is found in the
Guidance Package for this Standard.
F. Obtaining Data to Fill "Data Gaps"; FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)
Some of the kinds of .data EPA needs for its evaluation of the properties and
effects of products to which this Standard applies have never been submitted to
the Agency (or, if submitted, have been found to have deficiencies rendering
them inadequate for making registration decisions) and have not been located in
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the published literature search that EPA conducted as part of preparing this
Standard. Such instances of missing but required data are referred to in the
Standard as "data gaps."
FIFRA Section 3(c)(2)(B), added to FIFRA by the Congress in 1978, authorizes
EPA to require registrants to whan a data requirement applies to generate (or
otherwise produce) data to fill such "gaps" and submit those data to EPA. EPA
must allow a reasonably sufficient period for this to be accomplished. If a
registrant fails to take appropriate and timely steps to fill the data gaps
identified by a Section 3(c)(2)(B) order, his product's registration may be
suspended until the data are submitted. A mechanism is provided whereby two or
more registrants may agree to share in the costs of producing data for which
they are both responsible.
The Standard lists, in the third chapter, the "generic" data gaps and notes the
classes of products to which these data gaps pertain. The Standard also points
out that to be registrable under the Standard, a product must be supported by
certain required "product specific11 data. In some cases, the Agency may
possess sufficient "product specific" data on one currently registered product,
but may lack such data on another. Only those Standards which apply to ' ^-ery
small number of currently registered products will attempt to state .
definitively the "product specific" data gaps on a "product-by-product" basis.
(Although the Standard will in some cases note which data that EPA does possess
would suffice to satisfy certain "product specific" data requirements for a
category of products with closely similar composition characteristics.)
As part of the process of reregistering currently registered products, EPA will
issue Section 3(c)(2)(B) directives requiring the registrants to take
appropriate steps to fill all identified data gaps — whether the data in
question are "product specific" or "generic" — in accordance with a schedule.
Persons who wish to obtain registrations for new products under this Standard
will be required to submit (or cite) sufficient "product specific" data before
their applications are approved. Upon registration, they will be required
under Section 3(c)(2)(B) to take appropriate steps to submit data needed to
fill "generic" data gaps. (We expect they will respond to this requirement by
entering into cost-sharing agreements with other registrants who previously
have been told they must furnish the data.) The Guidance Package for this
Standard details the steps that must be taken by registrants to comply with
Section 3(c)(2)(B).
In addition, FIFRA Section 6(a)(2) requires the registrant to submit factual
information raising concerns of possible unreasonable adverse effects of a
pesticide. The registrant should notify the Agency of interim results of
studies in progess if those results show possible adverse effects.
G. Amendments to the Standard
Applications for registration which propose uses or formulations that are not
presently covered by the Standard, or which present product compositions,
product chemistry data, hazard data, toxicity levels, or labeling that do not
meet the requirements of the Standard, will automatically be considered by the
Agency to be requests for amendments to the Standard. In response to such
applications, the Agency may request additional data to support the proposed
amendment to the Standard, or may deny the application for registration on the
grounds that the proposed product would cause unreasonable adverse effects to
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the environment. In the former case, when additional data have been
satisfactorily supplied, and providing that the data do not indicate the
potential for unreasonable adverse effects, the Agency will then amend the
Standard to cover the new registration.
Each Registration Standard is based upon all data and information available to
the Agency's reviewers on a particular date prior to the publication date.
This "cut-off" date is stated at the beginning of the second chapter. Any
subsequent data submissions and any approved amendments will be incorporated
into the Registration Standard by means of addenda, which are available for
inspection at EPA in Washington, D.C., or copies of which may be requested from
the Agency. When all the present "data gaps" have been filled and the
submitted data have been reviewed, the Agency will revise the Registration
Standard. Thereafter, when the Agency determines that the internally
maintained addenda have significantly altered the conditions for registration
under the Standard, the document will be updated and reissued for publication.
While the Registration Standard discusses only the uses and hazards of products
containing the designated active ingredient(s), the Agency is also concerned
with the potential hazards of some inert ingredients and impurities.
Independent of the development of any one Standard, the Agency has initiated
the evaluation of some inert pesticide ingredients. Where the Agency has
identified inert ingredients of concern in a specific product to which the
Standard applies, these ingredients will be pointed out in the Guidance Package.
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II. Regulatory Position
A. Introduction
This chapter presents the Agency's regulatory position and rationale based on
an evaluation of all registered products containing naphthalene as the sole
active ingredient with the same use patterns described in this Standard. After
briefly describing the chemical, this chapter presents the regulatory position
and rationale, the criteria by which applications for registration of
naphthalene products will be approved and the labeling considerations. A
summary of the data requirements is contained in Chapter III. Discussions of
the data upon which this regulatory position is based are presented in each of
the disciplinary chapters, Chapters IV through IX.
B. Description of Chemical
Naphthalene is a crystalline solid which is packaged as balls, flakes or
pellets. Because naphthalene is used to repel certain public hea.lth pests
(bats), proof of its efficacy is a registration requirement (44 FR 27932: May
11, 1979), and is discussed in Chapter IX of this standard.
The accepted chemical name for this compound is naphthalene. The Chemical
Abstracts Registry (CAS) number 91-20-3 and the EPA Shaughnessy number is
055801. The chemical formula is C10"8-
C. Regulatory Position
Naphthalene, as described in this Standard, may be registered for sale,
distribution, reformulation and use in the United States. The Agency has
considered the limited amount of scientific data obtained from the open
literature as of June 1981, and the data submitted to the Agency by the
registrants through the time of publication of this Standard. Based on review
of these limited data, the Agency finds that none of the risk criteria found in
Section 162.11(a) of Title 40 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)
was met or exceeded for naphthalene and that naphthalene does not appear to
cause unreasonable adverse effects when applied in accordance with proper
label directions and precautions. Naphthalene products currently registered
may be reregistered subject to the conditions imposed for data requirements.
New products may be registered under this Standard and are subject to the same
requirements. Rsvised label requirements will be addressed in the Guidance
Package which accompanies this Standard and in Chapter II.E of this standard
(see 40 CFR 162.10 for a detailed description of standard labeling
requirements).
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D. Regulatory Rationale
A review of the available data regarding the manufacturing-use and end-use
products of naphthalene shows that much information that could be used to
support registration .and reregistration is not available. No data were
available to assess possible acute or subchronic dermal and/or inhalation
effects, primary eye and/or dermal irritation, primary dermal sensitization,
teratogenic, reproductive, mutagenic, or onccgenic effects, of naphthalene,
and no data were available to determine the ecological effects or the
environmental fate of naphthalene.
Hie Agency has the prerogative to not only request information to satisfy the
data Guidelines proposed in 1978 and 1980, but also to require additional
testing under 3(c)(2)(B) of FIFRA). These additional tests may be requested by
the Agency if it believes that particular concerns regarding the health or
environmental effects of a pesticide must be evaluated. In some cases, this
additional testing may be deferred pending the Agency's development of specific
test protocols or the completion of other related tests (e.g., tiered testing).
It is the policy of the Agency not to request automatically guideline
information simply because a particular guideline exists. Each element of the
guideline is considered individually with regard to the pesticide's uses,
exposure and risk. If the Agency concludes that specific elements of the data
guidelines are required to prepare a comprehensive Registration Standard, the
data will be requested.
Although the data base for naphthalene is incomplete, the Agency has concluded
that it should continue registration for this product for the following reasons:
1) No significant adverse effects have been uncovered in the review of studies
pertinent to naphthalene when used in accordance with current label
instructions. These studies include some which meet guideline data
requirements and some which, while failing to meet guideline requirements,
provide a level of qualitative information. As a result of examining these
studies, the Agency has concluded that there is no immediate cause for
regulatory concern.
2) The Pesticide Incident Monitoring System's (PIMS) report #155 of February,
1979,reports 191 accidents involving naphthalene. One hundred and sixty-
four of these incidents involved human exposure to naphthalene as a single
active ingredient. Forty-nine percent of the accidents resulted from
ingestion or suspected ihgestion. In fewer than 1% of the cases, the
exposure was reported to be via inhalation. In the remaining
(approximately 50%) of the incidents, the route of exposure was
unspecified. Ninety-four percent of the 164 incidents were accidents which
involved children under five years of age. Case histories reported in the
literature also report 48% of the exposures to naphthalene were through
ingestion with the other half being through dermal or inhalation routes
* The amount of naphthalene ingested ranged from a small portion of one moth
ball to ingestion of one or more moth balls.
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via clothing or blankets. In these incidents the human health effects
range from death or henolytic anemia to no reported effects. Kbwever, the
incidents where death occured resulted from misuses of the pesticide. If
naphthalene is used in accordance with the labeling statements described in
Chapter II.E of this standard, risk to the general population from
naphthalene is considered to be minimal.
3) The chemical is judged by EPA to be efficacious in repelling bats from
attics and wall spaces.
4) In accordance with FIFRA, the Agency's policy is not to cancel routinely
the registration of products or to withhold registration merely for the
lack of data (see Sections 3(c)(2)(B) and 3(c)(7) of FIFRA). Rather, the
publication of this Standard provides a mechanism for identifying data
needs, and registration of naphthalene under this Standard allows for the
upgrading of labels during the period in which the required data are being
generated. When these data are received, they will be reviewed by the
Agency and the registerability of the chemical will be reassessed.
E. Criteria for Registration Under the Standard
To be subject to this Standard, naphthalene products must meet the following
conditions:
contain naphthalene as the sole active ingredient and have the same
use patterns described in this Standard;
bear required labeling; and
conform to the acute toxicity limits, product composition, and use
pattern requirements stated below.
The applicant for registration or reregistration of naphthalene products
subject to this Standard must comply with all terms and conditions described in
this Standard, including a commitment to fill data gaps on a time schedule
specified by the Agency as indicated in Chapter III and, when applicable, offer
to pay compensation to the extent required by Sections 3(c)(l)(D) and 3(c)(D)
of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), as amended,
7 U.S.C. 136(c)(l)(D) and 136(c) (2) (D). As discussed in Chapter I and in the
Guidance Package, applicants for registration of naphthalene products under
this Standard must contact the Agency for specific instructions, including
updated information on data requirements, and companies whose data must be
cited and to whom compensation must be offered.
1. Manufacturing-Use Naphthalene
a. Acceptable Ranges and Limits
i. Product Composition Standard
Tb be covered under this Standard, manufacturing-use naphthalene product must
conform to the requirements stated below:
Active Ingredient: Any percentage acceptable.
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ii. Acute Toxicity Limits
The Agency will consider registration of manufacturing-use naphthalene
products in the following toxicity categories indicated by a "yes":
I II III IV
Acute oral toxicity Yes Yes Yes Yes
Acute dermal toxicity Yes Yes Yes Yes
Acute inhalation Yes Yes Yes Yes
toxicity
Primary eye Yes Yes Yes Yes
irritation
Primary dermal Yes Yes Yes Yes
iii. Use Patterns
Tto be covered under this Standard, manufacturing-use naphthalene products must
be labeled to allow for formulation into end-use insecticides and repellents
which are intended only for the following uses:
1) domestic outdoor nonfood (bulb protection);
2) domestic outdoor nonfood (rabbit repellent).
3) domestic indoor nonfood (fumigation);
4) non-domestic indoor (museum specimens);
5) domestic indoor nonfood (bat, bird and rodent repellent)
iv. Required labeling
All manufacturing-use naphthalene products must bear appropriate labeling as
specified in 40 CFR 162.10. The Agency may, after review of data to be
submitted under this Standard, impose additional label requirements.
Use Pattern Statements
All technical and manufacturing-use naphthalene products must list on the label
the intended end-uses of formulated products produced from the manufacturing-
use products. In accordance with data to be submitted or cited, all
naphthalene product labels must bear one or a combination of the following
statements:
1) "For Formulation Into Ehd-Use Fumigant Products Intended Only as a Fumigant
for Protection of Ornamental Bulbs (nonfood) During Storage and at Time of
Planting";
2) "For Formulation Into Bx3 Use Repellent Products for Control of Rabbits".
11
-------
3) "For Formulation Into End-Use Indoor Nonfood Fumigant Products Intended for
Control of Clothes Moths and Carpet beetles";
4) "For Formulation Into End-Use Fumigant Products Intended for Fumigation of
Museum Specimens";
5) "For Formulation Into End-Use Repellent Products for Control of Bats, Birds
and other Rodents"
Ecological Effects Statements
The following statement must appear on the label of the manufacturing-use
products of naphthalene:
"Do not discharge "directly into lakes, streams, ponds or public waters
unless in accordance with NPDES permit. For guidance contact your Regional
Office of the Environmental Protection Agency."
2. End-Use Naphthalene
a. Acceptable Ranges and Limits
i. Product Composition Standard
To be covered under this Standard naphthalene products must conform to the
requirements stated below:
Active ingredient: Any percentage acceptable.
Inert ingredient: There are no restrictions on inert
ingredients when used for nonfood
purposes.
ii. Acute Toxicity Limits
The Agency will consider registration of naphthalene products in the following
toxicity categories indicated by a "yes":
The Agency will consider registration of products in toxicity categories I and
II when all of the acute toxicity data and other required data appropriate for
an amended registration are satisfied. Until the acute data are submitted to
the Agency, PIMS data will be used to support warning and use label
statements. After receipt and review of the requested data, the Agency may
require other appropriate data (e.g., exposure studies, impose additional
labeling restrictions, special packaging or deny registration).
12
-------
II
III
IV
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Acute oral toxicity*
Acute eternal toxicity**
Acute inhalation**
toxicity
Primary eye**
irritation
Primary dermal**
irritation
iii. Use Patterns
To be registered under this Standard, naphthalene products must he labeled as
an insecticide, fumiqant or repellent for one or more of the following nonfood
uses: indoor fumigants, museum specimens, bulb protection, rabbits, and, birds
bats and tree squirrels.
iv. Required Labeling
All naphthalene products must bear appropriate labeling as specified in 40
CFR 16.1.10. The Agency may, after review of data ho be submitted under this
Standard, require additional label requirements.
Ecological Effects Statements
The following statement must appear on all naphthalene products used as
repellents and for outdoor domestic uses of naphthalene products under the
heading "Environmental Hazards":
"Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equipment or disposal of wastes".
Efficacy Statements
To include statements on naphthalene repellent (birds, bats, and tree squirrels
product labels relating to how rapidly the pesticide acts after its application
or relating to the duration of its effectiveness, the registrant will be
required to submit data supporting those claims. Tf claims of rapid
manifestation of efficacy and duration of effectiveness are not included on, or
are removed from the labels, then no data will be required (see Table TII.C-3
in Chapter III of this Standard).
* If the acute oral
cn
for naphthalene is determined to be 1.5 gAg or
less, special packaging may be required.
** If data for naphthalene indicates a toxicity category of I or II, special
packaging may be required.
13
-------
Usage Statements
The following statements must appear en all naphthalene household fumiqmt
products under "Directions for Use"
"Items to be stored should be placed in air-tight containers such as garment
bags, trunks, or chests."
"Keep storage space tightly closed."
Precautionary Statements
The following statement must appear on all naphthalene household fumiqant
products under the heading "Hazard to Humans and Domestic Animals"-
Caution May be fatal if swallownd.
Keep out of the reach of children.
Avoid breathing vapors.
When removing articles from storage, clean and air thorouqhly before using.
The following statements must appear on all naphthalene outdoor repellent and
bulb fumigant products under "Directions for Use":
"Do not use in or around vegetable gardens or food crops."
F. Tolerance Reassessment
The current uses of naphthalene are not subject to a tolerance required under
the provisions of the Federal Food. Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Therefore, no
tolerance reassessment is necessary for this Standard.
14
-------
III. Summary of Data Requirements and Data Gaps
Applicants for registration of naphthalene products must cite or suomit the
information identified as required in the tables in this chapter. The tables
applicable to end-use products indicate whether the product to be tested is the
technical grade or the formulation. Data generated on one formulation may be
used to satisfy the data requirement for a substantially similar formulation
based on the chemical composition as indicated by the Confidential Statement of
Formula (CSF). Information on which product-specific data requirements are
already met is available in the Guidance Package.
*
Preceediijg each requirement, with the exception of Residue Chemistry and
Efficacy , is listed the Proposed Guideline which describes the data
to be submitted. The tables also list when tho data are required to be
submitted. Justification for why the test is required is provided in the
Guidelines (see 43 FR 29696 of July 10, 1978; 43 FR 37336 of August 22, 1978;
and 45 FR 72948 of November 3, 1980). A discussion of why data additional to
that already submitted are necessary, or why data normally required are not
necessary for this chemical, is given in 'footnotes to the tables. The
specified data requirements are the minimum that will be required. Areas where
additional data may be required as the result of tiered testing are indicated
(see tables for Toxicology, Residue Chemistry, Environmental Fato and
Ecological Effects in this Chapter).
Bibliographic citations in the following tables indicate that the listed study
accomplishes ono of tho following:
1) provides all the information required by the guideline requirement;
2) provides partial information required by tho guideline requirement;
3) provides specific information that is elaborated on by an accompanying
footnote; and
4) a (-) is used to indicate guideline information which is not required
because there is no guideline established or because this specific
standard does not require the information.
* There are currently no Proposed .Guidelines for Efficacy. Refer to Chapter
I.D for discussion on tho data requirements for Rosidue Chomistry.
15
-------
Bibliographic citations noted in Chapters IV through IX which are not listed in
this Chapter are provided as reference and background material to the reader;
they do not relate directly to or satisfy the guideline requirements.
The word "yes" under the heading "Does EPA have data to partially or totally
satisfy this requirement?" means that the requirement has been satisfied,
unless otherwise noted.
Table A, Generic Data Requirements, includes those data that pertain to the
properties or effects of technical naphthalene as an active ingredient. Thus,
these data are relevant to an evaluation of the risks of all products
containing naphthalene. Providing data to fill indicated gaps in the data base
is the primary responsibility of the registrant(s) of manufacturing-use
naphthalene. Registrants of end-use products which are not exempted by FIFRA
Section 3(c)(2)(D) are also responsible for the submission of these data.
However, applicants for the registration of end-use products containing
naphthalene are advised that if the Agency does not receive commitments, within
the specified time as indicated in the tables, from manufacturing-use
naphthalene registrant(s) to fill data gaps identified for the manufacturing-
use product (Table A), manufacturing-use product registrations will be
suspended. Formulators must then bear the burden of supplying these data if
continued registration of their product is desired.
Applicants for the registration or reregistration of manufacturing-use
naphthalene products must acknowledge reliance on existing data which fill
indicated data requirements under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D). These data are
listed under the column "Bibliographic Citation" in this table.
Table B, Product-Specific Data Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Products,
include those data that relate only to the properties or effects of a product
with a specific composition (or substantially similar composition). Thus,
these data are required of each product (or substantially similar product) to
characterize the product's particular composition and physical/chemical
properties, and to characterize the product's acute toxicity.
16
-------
Product composition data, physical/chemical properties and acute toxicity are
required for each manufacturing-use product. Providing data to fulfill these
requirements is the responsibility of each applicant for the registration or
reregistration of a manufacturing-use naphthalene product. If the Agency has
data which fulfills this requirement for a particular product(s), then this is
indicated in the table and in the Guidance Package accompanying this Standard.
Product-specific data need not be acknowledged under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D)
unless the Agency has established that one product is substantially similar to
another product for which the Agency has received acceptable data.
Table C, Product-Specific Data Requirements for End-Use Products, include those
data that relate only to the properties or effects of a product with a specific
composition (or substantially similar composition). Thus, these data are
required of each end use product (or substantially similar product) to
characterize the product's particular composition and physical/chemical
properties, and to characterize the product's acute toxicity.
Product composition data, physical/chemical properties and acute toxicity data
are required for each end-use product. Providing data to fulfill these
requirements is the responsibility of each applicant for the registration or
reregistration of a manufacturing-use naphthalene product. If the Agency has
data which fulfills this requirement for a particular product(s), then this is
indicated in the table and in the Guidance Package accompanying this Standard.
Product-specific data need not be acknowledged under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D)
unless the Agency or a registrant has established that one product is
substantially similar to another product for which the Agency has received
acceptable data.
17
-------
Table III.A-1 Generic Data Requirements for Naphthalene, Product Chemistry =*- (see Chapter IV)
Guideline
Citation
163.61-7
163.61-8(1)
163.61-8(2)
163.61-8(3)
163.61-8(4)
163.61-8(5)
Name of Test
Product Analytical
Methods and Data
Galor
Odor
Melting Point
Solubility
Stability
Are Data Required Composition
for this Standard?
Yes Technical
Grade 2^
Yes Technical
Grade^
Yes Technical
Grade^/
Yes Technical
Grade^
Yes Technical
Grade^
Yes Technical
Grade 2/
Does EPA Have Data Bibliographic
To Partially Or Citation
•totally Satisfy (MRIDf )
This Requirement?
No
Yes 3^
Yes 3^
Yes 3^
Yes 3£
Yes *l_
Must Additional Data
be Submitted Under
FIPRA 3(c)2(B)7 If SO,
months allowed for
submission from published
date of standard.
Yes, 12 months
No
No
No
No
No
October, 1981
18
-------
Table III.A-1 Generic Data Requirements for Naphthalene, Product Chemistry ^- (See Chapter IV) (Cont'd)
Guideline
Citation
163.61-8(7)
163.61-8(8)
163.61-8(9)
163.61-8(10)
Name of Test Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Physical Yes
State
Density or Yes
Specific
Gravity
Boiling Point Yes
Vapor Yes
Pressure
Composition
Technical
Grade 2£
Technical
Grade 2£
Technical
Technical
Grade y_
Does EPA Have Data
To Partially Cr
Totally Satisfy
This Requirement?
Yesl£
Yes *l_
Yes 3/
Yes 3£
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRIDt )
-
00004900
00004900
_
Must Additional Data
be Submitted Under
FIFRA 3(C)2(B)7 If so,
months allowed for
submission from published
date of standard.
No
No
No
No
U.
(SctoEer, T9~8l
Based on data for technical naphthalene at 99.9% purity or more. Registrants of technical naphthalene with purity of less than 99.9% must
submit all data in Table A. All registrants and all applicants for registration or reregistration must submit their
supplier's specification sheet for naphthalene.
Nominally 100%, refined grade. Crude grades of naphthalene (< 99.9%) require supplier's specifications.
Pesticide Manual of the British Crop Protection Council (1974) and/or the Merck Index, 9th ed. (1976)
19
-------
Table III. A-2. Generic Data Requirements for Naphthalene, Environmental Fate (see Chapter V)
Guideline
Citation
Name of Test
163.62-7(b) Hydrolysis
163.62-8(b)
Aerobic Soil
Metabolism
163.62-8(£) Miorobial Metabolism:
(2) Effects of Microbes
on Pesticides
(3) Effects of Pesticide
on Microbes
163.62-8(g) Activated Sludge
Metabolism
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Composition
Technical or
Radiolabeled
Analytical Grade
Reserved^
Reserved-2^-^
Reserved^
Does EPA Have Data
Ob Partially Cc
•totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRIDf )
No
Must Additional Data
be Submitted Under
FIFRA 3(C)2(B)7 If SO,
months allowed for
submission from published
date of standard.
Yes, 48 months
October, 1981
20
-------
Toddle III. A-2. Generic Data Requirements for Napthalene, Environmental Fate (see Chapter V) (Cont'd)
Guideline Hame of Test Are~Data Required CoSpoeition Does EPA~Have Data BibliographicMusr~AdHiFionar~Dati
Citation for this Standard? Do Partially Or Citation be Submitted Under
Totally Satisfy (MRIDf ) FIFRA 3(c)2(B)? If so,
This Requirement? months allowed for
submission from published
f date of standard.
163.62-9(d) Adsorption/ reserved
Desorption
163.62-10(b) Terrestrial
Field Dissipation:
(4) Domestic outdoor, reserved
parks, ornamental
and turf uses
October, 1981
21
-------
Table III. A-2 Generic Data Requirements for Naphthalene, Environmental Fate (see Chapter V) (Cont'd)
Guideline
Citation
163.62-13
Name of Test
Storage and
Disposal
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Reserved ^
Composition Does EPA Have Data
Ho Partially Or
•totally Satisfy
This Requirement?
-
Bibliographic
Citation
(HRID* )
—
Must Additional Data
be Submitted Under
FIFRA 3(c)2(B)? If so,
months allowed for
submission from published
date of standard.
=£- Significant hydrolysis is not expected under guideline test conditions.
2/
— The data are needed to support the outdoor domestic use.
— The requirement for the submission of these data is currently being reserved pending the Agency's review and modification
of the testing protocols.
4/
— The requirement for the submission of these data is currently being reserved pending the results and review of the
aerobic soil metabolismm testing.
— Specific data requirements and testing protocols needed to generate these data are being developed.
22
-------
Table III. A-3 Generic Data Requirements for Naphthalene, Toxicology (see Chapter VI)
Guideline
Citation
163.81-1
163.81-2
163.81-3
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
163.82-3
163.82-4
163.83-1
Name of Test
Acute Oral Toxicity
Acute Dermal Toxicity
Acute Inhalation Toxicity
Primary Eye
Irritation
Primary Dermal
Irritation
Dermal
Sensitization
Subchronic 90-Day Dermal
Toxicity
Subchronic Inhalation
Toxicity
Chronic Feeding
Are Data
for this
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Required Composition
Standard?
Technical
Grade
Technical
Grade
Technical
Grade
Technical
Grade
Technical
Grade
Technical
Grade
Technical
Grade
Technical
Grade
Technical
Grade
Does EPA Have Data Bibliographic
To Partially Or Citation
Totally Satisfy (MRIDt )
This Requirement?
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Wast
be Si
FIFRI
montl
subm:
date
Wast Additional Data
be Submitted Under
FIFRA 3(c)2(B)7 If so,
months allowed foe
submission from published
Yes, 12 months
IL
Yes, 12 months
Yes, 12 months
Yes, 12 months
Yes, 12 months
Yes, 12 mmonths
Yes, 24 months
Reserved -^
October, 1981
23
-------
•Cable III. A-3 Generic Data Requirements for Naphthalene, Toxicology (see Chapter VI) (Cont'd),
Guideline
Citation
163.83-2
163.83-3
163.83-3
163.84-2,3,4
163.85-1
Name of Test
Oncogenicity
Teratogenicity
Reproduction
Mutagenicity
Metabolism
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Yes
Ye
Reserved -L-
Yes
Yes
Composition
Technical
Grade
Technical
Grade
Technical
Grade
Technical
Grade
Technical
Grade
Does EPA 'Have Data
To Partially Or
Totally Satisfy
This Requirement?
No
No
No
No
Yes
Bibliographic Must Additional Data
Citation be Submitted Under
(MRIDf ) FIFRA 3(c)2(B)7 If SO,
months allowed for
submission from published
date of standard.
».*
Yes, 24 months
Reserved -/
Yes^
05020080 No
-*-
October, 1981
Acute oral toxicity data are being generated by the National Cancer Institute. Vtien these data have been reviewed and
found acceptable, this data requirement may be waived.
The need for this data requirement will be assessed when acute inhalation toxicity data are available.
Naphthalene is currently undergoing chronic onoogenicity and mutagenicity testing by the National Toxicology Program,
(NTP). The EPA and the NTP are coordinating their efforts bo ensure that guideline requirements will be satisfied as
a result of these tests. However, if data requirements are not satisfied, the registrants will be required to submit
additional data.
The reproductive studies are reserved pending the completion of the National Toxicology Program Testing. Upon
oonpletion of the National Toxicology Program testing, the Agency will reevaluate the need for reproductive studies on
naphthalene (see rationale in Chapter VI.D).
-------
Table III. A-4 Generic Data Requirements for Naphthalene, Ecological Effects (see Chapter VIII)
Guideline
Citation
163.71-1
163.71-2
163.72-1
163.72-2
Name of Test
Avian Single
Dose Oral U)-.
Avian Dietary
Fish Acute UgQ
Acute Toxicity to
Aquatic Invertebrates
Are Data Required Composition
for this Standard?
Yes Technical
Grade
z£- Technical
Grade
=*- Technical
Grade
Yes Technical
Grade
Does EPA Have Data
To Partially Or
Totally Satisfy
This Requirement?
No
No
NO
No
Bibliographic Must Additional Data
Citation be Submitted Under
(MRIDf ) F1FRA 3(c)2(B)7 If so,
months allowed for
submission from published
date of standard.
- Yes, 24 months
Yes, 24 months
Yes, 24 months
Yes, 24 months
October, 1981
- Given the extremely snail naphthalene exposure to fish and wildlife, upland game species IC^ study is waived. One !£-- study will be
required however on a mallard duck.
=L Given the extremely small naphthalene exposure to fish and wildlife, the bluegill trout 96 hour UC^ study is waived.
Che LC-Q study will be required however on a coldwater fish species (rainbow trout).
25
-------
Table III.B-1
Product-specific Requirements foe Manufacturing-Use Products, Product Chemistry =*- (see Chapter IV).-
Guideline
Citation
163.61-3
163.61-4
163.61-5
163.61-6
163.61-7
Name of Test
Product Identity
and Disclosure
of Ingredients
Description of
Manufacturing
Process
Discussion on
Formation of
unintentional
Ingredients
Declaration and
Certification
of Ingredient
Limits
Product Analytical
Methods and Data
Are Data Required Composition
for this Standard?
Yes Each
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Yes Each
Manuf actur ing-
Use Product
Yes Each
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Yes Each
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Yes -t- Each
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Does EPA Have Data
To Partially Qc
Totally Satisfy
This Requirement?
Yes^
Yes^
Partial^
No
No
Bibliographic Must Additional Data
Citation be Submitted Under
(MRIDt ) FIFRA 3(c)2(B)7 If SO.
months allowed for
submission from published
date of standard.
No
005010379 No
050008684
Yes, 12 months
Yes, 8 months
Yes, 12 months
October, 1981
26
-------
Table III.B-1 Product-Specific Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Products, Product Chemistry =*- (see Chapter IV) (Cont'd)
Guideline
Citation
163.61-8(7)
163.61-8(8)
163.61-8(12)
Name of Test
Physical
State
Density or
Specific
Gravity
Storage
Stability
Are Data Rec
for this Stc
Yes
Yes
Yes
Composition
163.61-8(13) Flammability
163.61-8(14) Oxidizing/
Reducing
Action
Yes
Yes
Each
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Each
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Each
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Each
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Each
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Does EPA Have Data
To Partially Or
Totally Satisfy
This Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRIDt )
No
No
Must Additional Data
be Submitted Under
FIFRA 3(c)2(B)7 If so,
months allowed for
submission from published
date of standard.
No
NO
October," 195T
27
-------
Table III.B-1 Product-Specific Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Products, Product Chemistry ^ (see Chapter IV) (Cont'd)
Guideline
Citation
164.61-8(15)
163.61-8(18)
Name of Test
Explosiveness
Corrosion
Characteristics
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Yes
Yes
Composition
Each
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Each
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Does EPA Have Data
To Partially Cr
Totally Satisfy
This Requirement?
No
No
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRIDt )
_
_
Must Additional Data
be Submitted Under
FIFRA 3(C)2(B)7 If so,
months allowed for
submission from published
date of standard.
October, 1981"
-£- Registrants of new manufacturing use products are not required to submit data if the new product is identical or
substantially similar to currently registered manufacturing use products.
-£• The Agency has information to fulfill this requirement for currently registered manufacturing-use products; EPA Reg. No.
1475-20 and EPA Reg. No. 9121-3 (information was provided in. the Confidential Statement of Formula (CSF)].
-*- This data requirement is fulfilled for currently registered manufacturing-use products, EPA Reg. No. 1475-20 and EPA
Reg. No. 9121-3.
-£• For manufacturing use products which contain 99.0% or more naphthalene, this data requirement is considererd
to be satisfied (manufacturing use products with 99% active ingredient are considered substantially similar to 99.9%
active ingredient naphthalene) All applicants for registration or reregistration are required to submit their supplier's
specification sheet for naphthalene.
-*- The information required on the technical and manufacturing use products need only be submitted for
one product where they are identical.
-^ The Agency has information for manufacturing use products containing, at a minimum, 99.9% naphthalene; manufacturing use
products with 99.0% active ingredient are considered substantially similar to 99.9% active ingredient naphthalene.
-*- Merck Index, 9th edition (1976). Because the manufacturing use naphthalene proucts contain 99.0% or more naphthalene,
these data requirements are waived as the information is available in the open literature (See Chapter IV.E).
-*- Based upon the physical-chemical characteristics of naphthalene, this requirement is being waived for 99.0% or greater
active Ingredient in naphthalene.
28
-------
Table III B-2 Product-Specific Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Products, Toxicology -*- (see Chapter VI)
Guideline
Citation
163.81-1
163.81-2
163.81-3
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
Name of Test Are Data Required Composition Does EPA Have Data Bibliographic Must Additional Data
for this Standard? To Partially Or Citation be Submitted Under
Totally Satisfy (MRIDf ) FIFRA 3(c)2(B)7 If so.
This Requirement? months allowed for
submission from published
date of standard.
Acute Oral Toxicity Yes
Acute Dermal Toxicity Yes
Acute Inhalation Toxicity Yes
Primary Eye Yes
Irritation
Primary Dermal Yes
Irritation
Dermal Yes
Sensitization
Bach No - Yes, 12 months ^
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Each No - Yes, 12 months
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Each No - Yes, 12 months
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Each No - Yes, 12 months
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Each No - Yes, 12 months
Manufacturing-
Use Product
Each No - Yes, 12 months
Manufacturing-
Use Product
October, 1981
• The chemical composition of technical naphthalene and manufacturing use naphthalene are identical. Therefore data submitted
in response to the "A Tables" will also satisfy the data requirements on the "B Table*.
t
• Acute oral toxicity data are being generated by the National Cancer Institute. Vtoen these data nave been reviewed and found
acceptable this data requirement may be waived.
29
-------
Table III.C-1 Product-Specific Requirements for End-Use Products, Product Chemistry =*- (See Chapter IV)
Guideline
Citation
163.61-3
163.61-4
163.61-5
163.61-6
163.61-7
Name of Test Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Product Identity Yes
and Disclosure
of Ingredients
Description of Yes
Manufacturing
Process
Discussion of Yes ^~
Formation of
Unintentional
Ingredients
Declaration and Yes
Certification of
ingredient
Limits
Product Analytical Yes
Methods and Data
Composition
Each
Product
Each
Product
Each
Product
Each
Product
Each
Product
Does EPA Have Data
To Partially Or
Totally Satisfy
This Requirement?
Yes^
Partial^
Partial
No
No
Bibliographic Must Additional Data
Citation be Submitted Under
(MRIDI ) FIFRA 3(c)2(B)? If so,
months allowed for
submission from published
date of standard.
No
Yes, 8 months
Yes^
Yes, 8 months
Yes, 12 months
October, 1981
30
-------
•Table III.C-1 Product-Specific Requirements for End-Use Products, Product Chemistry ^- (see Chapter IV) (Cont'd)
Guideline
Citation
163.61-8(1)
163.61-8(2)
163.61-8(7)
163.61-8(8)
163.61-8(12)
163.61-8(13)
Name of Test
Color
Odor
Physical
State
Density or
Specific Gravity
Storage
Stability
Flanroability
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Yes
Yes
Xes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Composition
Each
Product
Each
Product
Each
Product
Each
Product
Each
Product
Each
Product
Does EPA Have Data
Ho Partially Or
Totally Satisfy
This Requirement?
Yes
Yea
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Bibliographic Must Additional Data
Citation be Submitted Under
(MRIDf ) FIFRA 3(c)2(B)7 If SO,
months allowed for
submission from published
date of standard.
No*
No*
No*
K>*
NO^
*to*
October, 1981
31
-------
Table 1II.C-1 Product-Specific Requirements for End-Use Products, Product Chemistry =*- (see Chapter IV) (Cont'd)
Guideline
Citation
163.61-8(14)
163.61-8(15)
163.61-8(18)
Name of Vest
Oxidizing or
Reducing
Action
Explosiveness
Corrosion
Characteristics
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Yes
Yes
Yes
Composition
Each
Product
Each
Product
Each
Product
Does EPA Have Data
To Partially Or
Totally Satisfy
This Requirement?
No
No
No
Blbliogi
Citatior
(MRID*
-
-
Must Additional Data
be Submitted Under
FIFRA 3(c)2(B)7 If SO,
months allowed for
submission from published
date of standard.
No
1L
October, 1981
-- The chemical composition of technical and manufacturing use naphthalene are substantially similar. Data submitted in
response to the A or B Tables will satisfy the data requirements on the C Table unless the active ingredient is less than 99.0%
(99.0% naphthalene is considered substantially similar to 99.9% naphthalene).
-*- The Agency has information to support all currently registered end-use products containing 99.9% or more active ingredient
naphthalene (information is provided in the Confidential Statement of Formula (CSF)]. All naphthalene products containing
less than 99.9% naphthalene active ingredient will require an updated Confidential Statement of Formula (CSF).
-£- The Agency does not have c^ta describing the formulation process. Data which are available describe the manufacturing process
for 99.9% naphthalene. Therefore, this requirement is fulfilled for those end-use products containing 99.9% naphthalene.
-^ All applicants for registration or reregistration are required to submit their suppliers specification sheet for naphthalene.
-^ For those end-use products which contain 99.9% or more naphthalene, this data requirement is considered as satisfied.
-^ Because the end-use naphthalene products contain 99.0% or more naphthalene and are considered substantially similar to 99.9% naphthalene,
these data requirements are waived as they are available in the open literature (See Merck Index, 9th edition (1976)).
-^ Based upon the physical/chemical characteristics of naphthalene, this requirement is being waived for products containing
99.0% naphthalene (for these data, 99.0% naphthalene end use products are considered substantially similar to 99.9% naphthalene).
32
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Table III C-2 Product-Specific Requirements for End-Use Products, Toxicology =*- (see Chapter VI)
Guideline
Citation
163.81-1
163.81-2
163.81-3
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
Name of Test Are Data Required Composition Does EPA 'Have Data Bibliographic
for this Standard? To Partially Or Citation
Totally Satisfy (MRIDf )
This Requirement?
Acute Oral Toxicity Yes
Acute Dermal Toxicity Yes
Acute Inhalation Toxicity Yes
Primary Eye Yes
Irritation
Primary Dermal Yes
Irritation
Dermal Yes
• Sensitization
Each No
Product
Each No
Product
Each No
Product
Each No
Product
Each No
Product
Each No
Product
Must Additional Data
be Submitted Under
FIFRA 3(c)2(B)7 If so,
months allowed for
submission from published
date of standard.
Yes, 12 months =f-
Yes, 12 months
Yes, 12 months
Yes, 12 months
Yes, 12 months
Yes, 12 months
October, 1981
-*- The chemical composition of technical and manufacturing use naphthalene are substantially similar. Therefore data
submitted in response to the A or B Tables will satisfy the data requirements on the C Table unless the active ingredient
is less than 99.0% (99.0% naphthalene is considered substantially similar to 99.9% naphthalene).
-^ Acute oral toxicity data are being generated by the National Cancer Institute. Vhen these data have been reviewed and
found acceptable this data requirement may be waived.
33
-------
Table III C-3 Product-Specific Requirements for End-Use Products, Efficacy (see Chapter IX)
Site
Name of Pest
Are Data Required"
for this Standard?
Composition
Does EPA Have Data
"R> Partially Cr
Totally Satisfy
This Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRIDt )
" Must Additional Data
be Submitted Under
FIFRA 3(c)2(B)7 If SO,
months allowed for
submission from published
date of standard.
Attics Bats Yes Each
Between Product
Attics Birds, including Yes Each
Between Pigeons, Starlings, Product
Walls Sparrows
Yes GS0022025, No -^
GS0022026,
GS0022028,
GS0022029,
GS0022030,
GS0022031,
GS0022032,
GS0022033,
GS0022034,
Yes GS0022025, No -^
GS0022026,
GS0022028
GS0022029,
GS0022030,
GS0022031,
GS0022032,
G50022033,
GS0022034,
October, 1981
Registrants will be required to supply supporting data to include claims on a product label relating to the
period between application of the pesticide and manifestation of its efficacy or relating to the duration of
effectiveness.
34
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IV. Product Chemistry
A. Introduction
The Agency published "Proposed Guidelines for Registering Pesticides" which
explains the minimum product chemistry requirements for registering pesticide
products in the United States (see 43 FR 29696, July 10, 1978). The Agency
requires information on chemical identity, manufacturing process, active
ingredient limits in pesticides products, product analytical method and data,
and physical/chemical properties, in order to assess a pesticide's product
chemistry. In the case of naphthalene, the information required on the
technical and manufacturing use products need only be submitted for one
product. This is because the chemical composition of technical naphthalene and
the manufacturing use product are considered identical (99.9 - 100% active
ingredient (a.i.)). Further, most of the end-use products also have the same
chemical composition as the manufacturing-use products. When this is the case,
or where the 99.0% a.i. is considered substantially similar to the 99.9% a.i.
The data submitted for the technical material may also be used to support
the registration of the end-use products. With regard to product chemistry,
there are a few end use products which vary slightly in chemical composition
from the manufacturing-use product. For these end-use products separate data
requirements may be required. These data requirements are identified in Tables
III.A-1, III.B-1, and III.C-1.
B. Chemical Identity
The Agency requires identifying information including chemical names, product
names, and numerical codes of all substances known or assumed to be present in
pesticide products.
As discussed in Chapter II.B, naphthalene is the chemical name, and is the
name by which this chemical substance is generally known. The empirical
formula for naphthalene is C10Hg (Martin and Miles, 1953, MRID #005010941);
it has a molecular weight of 128.16 and its chemical structure is shown below:
The Chemical Abstracts Registry (CAS) number for naphthalene is 91-20-3, and
the EPA Shaughnessy number is 055801. Thus, the nomenclature of naphthalene
has been adequately defined.
C. Manufacturing Process
Because the process by which the pesticide is produced influences the nature
and amount of potentially toxic impurities, a detailed description of the
manufacturing process is required.
Prior to 1961 naphthalene was derived from coal tar, and from 1961 to the
present it has been derived from crude petroleum (Ballard, 1965, MRID#
005010379; Liepins, et al.,1977, MRIDf 005008684). It is obtained from
35
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petroleum distillates by a hydrodealkylation process (removal of an attached
alkyl group by saturation of the fragments with hydrogen using a catalyst and
high temperatures as in the Hydeal and Unidak Process). Hie resulting product
may be further fractionated and/or cooled to induce crystallization.
Filtration or centrifugation yields the crude naphthalene. Purification may be
achieved by pressing, or washing with sulfuric acid, formaldehyde, alkali, and
water with redistillation or sublimation (for high purity), (Ballard,
1965, MRID# 005010379; Liepins, et al.,1977, 0050008684).
Naphthalene is commercially available as an industrial chemical and is
purchased by registrants for use in their pesticide products. IJhder these
conditions, the requirements regarding a description of the manufacturing
process have been adequately defined. However, the requirement of the
Proposed Guidelines as to the description of impurities that exceed 0.1%
may or may not be fulfilled depending on the purity of the naphthalene. For
any degree of purity less than 99.9%, the description of impurities data
requirements are not fulfilled and a data gap exists. All
applicants/registrants must furnish the Agency with a copy of their supplier's
specifications on the composition of naphthalene.
In addition, the Guidelines require upper and lower limits be established for
each active ingredient in a pesticide product and require registrants to
certify that the limits will be maintained for all quantities of the product
sold or distributed in commerce (40 CFR Section [163.61-6).
Upper and lower limits have not been established and certified for any product
containing naphthalene. Refined grades at nominally 100% purity are usually
used in fumigants and single active ingredient repellents. For purpose of this
Standard, only products containing naphthalene as the sole active ingredient
are considered. The Confidential Annex lists the available products which
have naphthalene as the sole active ingredient.
D. Product Analytical Methods and Data
No analytical methods have been submitted to the Agency to determine
naphthalene in any pesticide product. Many methods are described in
the literature and some of them may be adopted to satisfy this guideline
requirement. However, the lack of data submitted for this purpose constitutes
a data gap. The Agency needs analytical methods for naphthalene analysis in
the manufacturing-use product and in the end-use formulations because these
products may contain inert ingredients which affect the chemical analytical
results; the available literature describes the analytical analysis of
naphthalene in the pure state. If the percentage of active ingredient is the
same for both the manufacturing use and end use products, only one analytical
method need be submitted.
E. Physical/Chemical Properties
Naphthalene may be repackaged or reformulated. Thus, for* the purposes of
this Standard, naphthalene may be considered,a technical material, a
manufacturing-use product, an end-use product, or an active ingredient of an
end-use product. As discussed in Chapter IV.A, technical grade and
manufacturing-use naphthalene products are identical in composition and the end-
use or formulated products of naphthalene may also be identical to the
manufacturing-use products. For the purpose of the standard,, this is
considered the case if the end use product's active ingredient is 99.9%
36
-------
or greater naphthalene. Formulated products whose active ingredients range
from 99.0 to 99.9% naphthalene are considered substantially similar and some
of the data used to support the technical naphthalene will also be used to
support the end-use products see Tables III.A-1, III.B-1 and III.C-1.
Because naphthalene used in pesticide products is in a high state of purity,
the usual requirements for physical chemical properties are waived when these
are available in the literature.
Color:
Odor;
Melting Point;
Solubility;
Stability;
Physical state;
Colorless (white)*
Aromatic*
80.0°C (Nowak, 1975, MRID #000004900), 80.2C°*
Solubility in water is 30 ppm at room temperature. One gram
dissolves in 13 ml methanol or ethanol, and in 3.5 ml
benzene or toluene.*
Inflammable, and stable.*
Crystals, flakes, powder, balls or cakes.*
Density or specific gravity;
1.162*
Boiling point;
Vapor Pressure;
Flash Point:
217.9 C at 760 mm Hg.*
4.92 x 10 mm Hg at 20 C (Volatilizes at room
temperature; sublimes above melting temperature)*,
Open cup, 174°F (79°C)*
Closed cup, 190°F (88°C)*
* "Pesticide Manual of the British Crop Protection Council," H. Martin and
C.B. Worthing, ed.r 9th edition, London, England (1974); and "Merck Index", 9th
ed., Merck and Co., Rahway, N.J. (1976).
\
37
-------
F. Summary of Data Gaps
The possible formulation of unintentional ingredients is a data gap for
manufacturing-use and end-use naphthalene. All applicants for registration or
reregistration are required to submit their suppliers' specification sheet for
naphthalene. The upper and lower limits for naphthalene have not been
established and certified for manufacturing- and end-use products containing
naphthalene. In addition, a description of the formulation process of the end-
use products has not been submitted to the Agency.
Analytical methods for naphthalene in the technical material and naphthalene in
end-use formulations have not been submitted to the Agency.
The storage stability, oxidizing or reducing action, explosiveness, and
corrosion characteristics data requirements on the manufacturing- and end-use
products which contain 99.0% or more naphthalene are waived based on the
Agency's knowledge of the physical-chemical characteristics of naphthalene.
38
-------
7. Bw iron mental Fate
A. Use Summary
Naphthalene is a general household insecticidal fumigant for use against
clothes moths and carpet beetles. Minor use patterns of naphthalene are:
protection of bulbs during storage and planting; fumigation of museum specimens
(dried insects and stuffed animals); and a repellent of bats, pigeons,
sparrows, squirrels and starlings in dormers and eaves, and rabbits in nardens.
Naphthalene has no registered food uses.
The percentages of naphthalene in tine various formulations are as follows:
crystalline naphthalene: 99.99, 99.75, 99.50, and 99.0%; Pellet/tableted
naphthalene: 99.50%. The remaining 0.01 to 1.0% are essential oils and
perfumes.
Crystalline naphthalene is used in tine form of flakes, balls and cakes
predominantly for control of clothes mothes and carpet beetles. Irss than 1%
of tine pesticidal use of naphthalene is used as a repellent or to protect bulbs
during storage and planting or to repel rabbits from gardens. Th0 household'
fumigant rates of application range from 1.0 Ibs naphthalene/100 cu. ft. to A.O
lbs/100 cu ft. The recommended frequency of application is 6 months or is
unspecified. The rates of application to protect stored bulbs range from 3.75
Ibs naphthalene per 100 cu. ft. to 4.0 lbs/100 cu. ft. The frequency of
application is once before storing. The rate of application for treatment of
bulbs at planting is unspecified. The recommended frequency of application is
a single application par planting.
The rate of application for repellents in eaves and dormers is 5.0 Ibs
naphthalene/2000 cu ft. The frequency of application is unspecified.
The Agency estimates that the total pesticidal usage of naphthalene as a single
active ingredient is between 6 to 10 million Ibs/year*. The quantity of
naphthalene used for protection of bulbs during storage and planting** and
the single active ingredient repellent uses are minor use patterns. At one
time naphthalene was used more widely in noth control; however commercial
competition from p-dichlorobenzene, moth proofing material, and the increasina
substitution of synthetic fibers for wool have resulted in a steady decline in
the demand for naphthalene as a pesticide.
B. Bwircnmental Fate Profile
The available data are insufficient to assess tine environmental fate of
naphthalene.
Preliminary studies showed bioaccumulaticn factors for Hytilus edulis (blue
mussel), Daphnia pulex, and Grassestrea virginica (oyster) of 25-40, 130,
*
Scarato, R., "Preliminary Quantitative Usage Analysis of Naphthalene", EAB,
BFSD, EPA 1980
**
Personal communication with registrants.
39
-------
6,000, respectively, after exposure to £ 1 ppm naphthalene (Southworth et
al.; 1978, MRID #005018634; Hansen et aT., 1978, MRTD #005019904; lee .et
aT., 1978, MRin #005006779). SeveraT species of marine/estuarine copepods,
including Calanus helgolandicus and Eurytemora affinis, were also shovn to
readily accumulate naphthalene (Comer et al , 1976, MRID #005007545, Harris
e^ad., 1977, MRID #005009021, and Harris" et al_., 1977, MRID
#005006550). Jn all these species, depuration was rapid.
Available volatility data indicate that crystalline naphthalene (99.9% active
inqredient) volatilizes at a rate of 1.86 q/surface m /h when air temperature
and speed are 15-19 C aid 0-2 m/s, respectively (Bramscn , 1960, MRID
#005017183). Naphthalene dissolved in water volatilizes with a half-life of 3
and 8 hours at 25 and 19 C, respectively (Mackay and Wblkoff, 1973, MRID
#005005660 and Soto et al., 1977, MRID #005006598).
The use patterns and low volume usaqe for the outdoor domestic uses of
naphthalene en ornamental plants and as a rabbit repellent indicate that larqe
quantities of this chemical will not be introduced into or on the soil.
In addition , loss of naphthalene via volatilization and microbial metabolism
would tend to limit the persistence of naphthalene in or on soil. (Mackay and
Wblkoff, 1973, MRID #005005660; Shtein,et al., 1976, MRTD #005012039; Soto,
et aJ_., 1977, MRID #005006598; CemiglTa and Gibscn , 1977, MRID #005005354;
Cemiglia and Gibson 1978, MRID # 005005353; Gemiglia, et al.,1978, MRID
#005005937; Cm dell and Traxler, J973, MRID #005007776; CTh3ell and Traxler,
1973, MRID #005012107; Cundell and Traxler, 1976, MRID #005008688; Kaneko, et
al., .1969, MRID #005014797; Kvasnikov, et al., 1Q70, MRID *005016326;
Eosane, et_ a_l_. , 1974, MRID #005006197, TJssaTe, et al., 1976, MRTD
#005006198; Lopatick, 197/1, MRID #005015494; SkrydbTh and Starovoitov. 1975,
MRTD #005015998; Slavnina, 1970, MRTD #005017304; Starovoitov, et a_U, 1974-
1975, MRID #005009267; Traxler, 1973, MRID #005017184; and Walker and Colwell,
1976, MRID #005005371).
C. Exposure Profile
A human exposure profile cannot be generated at the present time (September,
1981) because of the scarcity of data.
The principal population at risk is expected to be the homeowner, as the major
use of naphthalene is for clothes moth control. The Agency estimates that 26 x
10 persons use fumigants to protect household articles and one third of
these products contain naphthalene.-
The volatility of naphthalene enhances the potential for respiratory exposure.
Respiratory exposure to naphthalene is expected to be the highest when the
compound is used indoors. However, no data are available to assess the level
of such exposure (Branson , 1960, MRID #005017183). Dermal exposure while
handling naphthalene also cannot be assessed due to lack of data.
Although data on the exposure of humans via contamination of groundwater from
pesticide use is not available, the potential appears to be low, due to the
limited outdoor use of naphthalene.
In summary, no data are available to quantify the magnitude of dermal and
respiratory naphthalene exposure to persons handling and applying naphthalene,
and to persons living or working in treated areas (museums).
40
-------
D. Sunmary of Data Gaps
The environmental fate data gaps for the outdoor domestic use of naphthalene
are: hydrolysis, aerobic soil metabolism, terrestrial field dissipation, and
adsorption/desorption. Hydrolysis data will not be required as naphthalene is
not expected to hydrolyze sifhificantly under test conditions. Further, due to
the limited outdoor use of naphthalene, only aerobic soil metabolism data are
required at this time, (see Tab.le III.A-2). The terrestrial field dissipation
and adsorption/desorption data requirements are reserved pending the results of
the aerobic soil metabolism testing.
Vhile there are no data available to assess human exposure to naphthalene, the
Agency is not requesting human exposure data at this time.
There are data gaps for disposal and storage, microbial metabolism and
activated sludge. However, pending the Agencys1 review and possible
modification and development of the testing protocols, it is currently not
necessary to satisfy these data gaps. Further testing details are in Table
III. A-2.
41
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VI. Toxicology
A. Toxicology Profile: Technical Naphthalene
No data were available to assess the acute dermal and acute inhalation
toxicities of naphthalene.
]h a supplementary study* by Mams (1930, MRID #005015698), 4 rats were given
2.5-3g naphthalene (in paraffin) orally and 1 death was observed. These data
suggest that the acute oral toxicity of naphthalene is low; however the study
is insufficient to fulfill the acute oral toxicity testing requirement for
naphthalene
No data were available to assess the primary dermal irritation and the dermal
sensitization potential of naphthalene.
Insufficient data were available with respect to the eye irritation potential
of naphthalene, fri a study by D'Asaro Bicndo (1973, MRID #005019746), rabbits
with partially removed nictitating membranes exhibited severe eye irritation
whan exposed to the vapors of naphthalene for 3 or 10 minutes. However, the
inadequacies in the methodology used in this study precludes the use of the
study to assess the primary eye irritation potential for naphthalene.
The subchronic toxicity of naphthalene could not be adequately assessed.
In a subchronic oral toxicity study in rats, the maximum tolerated dose
was estimated to be 200 mgAg/day, (Battelle Columbus laboratories, 1980, MRID
*GS0022023 and GS0022024). However, subchronic oral toxicity testing is not
required for naphthalene since repeated human exposure through the oral route
is unlikely with this pesticide.
No subchronic dermal toxicity data were available for naphthalene, and no data
were available to assess the subchronic inhalation toxicity of naphthalene. An
assessment of the subchronic inhalation data requirement will be made once data
for acute inhalation toxicity are available.
* "Supplementary" studies and/or "supplementary" data provide some valid
information, but do not satisfy a Guideline requirement.
** Acute oral toxicity data may be available from the NCI and these data may
satisfy the acute toxicity testing requirement.
42
-------
Insufficient data were available to assess the chronic effects of naphthalene.
H a study by Schmaehl (1955, MRID #005015285), rats fed 10 to 20 mg of
naphthalene in the diet, 6 tiroes per week, for approximately 700 days, or 20
mg of naphthalene given to rats by intraperitcneal or subcutaneous injection
once a week for 40 weeks, did not produce toxicity, tumors, or affect the life
span. While this study was inadequate to permit an assessment of the chronic
toxicity of naphthalene due to deficiencies in reporting and methodology, the
data suggested that chronic low dose exposure to naphthalene is we] 1-tolerated
in rats.
Naphthalene is scheduled to be tested by the National Toxicology Program for
oncogenicity, chronic feeding, and mutagenicity.As of publication of this
standard, (September 1981) no data were available to assess the mutagenic
potential of naphthalene. When the NTP testing is completed, the Agency will
evaluate it to determine if the results satisfy the FIFRA guideline testing
requirements for oncogen icity, chronic feeding and mutagen icity.
No data were available to assess the teratological potential or the
reproductive toxicity potential of naphthalene. Teratology testing in two
mammalian species is required. The reproductive toxicity data requirement is
being held in reserve until all of the acute and chronic toxicity data
mentioned above as well as teratology data requested from the registrants are
available. At that time, a toxicological assessment can be made of the need
for a reproductive test.
A number of investigators have provided supplementary information about the
metabolism of naphthalene in rats, rabbits, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, and
humans. Table VI. 1 lists naphthalene metabolites that have been identified in
the urine of naphthalene-dosed animals. Adequate data were available to assess
the metabolism of radiolabeled naphthalene in rats. ]h a study by Chen and
Dorough (1979, MRID #005020080) it was demonstrated that the metabolism of
naphthalene occurs by (at least) a two phase elimination process. In the
initial rapid phase, approximately 74% of the naphthalene is eliminated;
urinary exretion accounts for approximately fiO% of this elimination while fecal
excretion accounts for approximately 14%. The major urinary metabolite is N-
acetyl-S-(l,2-dihydro-2-hydroxyl-l-naphthyl) cysteine, a premercapturic acid.
Tissue accumulation (greater than 20%) accounts for the s]ow elimination of
naphthalene in the second phase. While these and additional in vitro studies
indicate the presence of metabolic intermediates of naphthalene which may be of
toxicological concern, the full significance of these materials cannot be
evaluated until the chronic testing data are available for review.
B. Toxicology Profile: Bid-Use Naphthalene
The Confidential Statements of Formula do not indicate an anticipated change in
toxicity due to inert ingredients; see Chapter IV, Introduction, for
rationale. Separate discussions or profiles of naphthalene end-use products,
therefore, will not be included in this standard.
43
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TABIE VI.1
NMWTHAI£NE URINARY METABOLITES
Metabalites
Babbit Guinea Pig Mice
Rat
Hamster
Han
Citation
1-Kaphtol
2-Waphthol
l,2-dihydro-l,2-dihydroxy naphthalene
1-naphthyl sulfate
1-naphthylmercapturic acid
1-naphthylgluooeiduronic acid
1 , 2-dihydrt>-2-hydroxy-l-naphthyl-
glucosiduronic acid
1 , 2-dihydro-l , 2-dihydroxy-l-naphthal
sulfate
H-acetyl-S-( 1 , 2-dihydro-2-nydroxy-
1-naphthyl )-L-cysteine
2-hydroxy-l-naphthyl sulfate
l-hydroxy-2-naphthyl sulfate
1 , 2-dihydroxynaphthalene
1 , 2-naphthaquinone
1 , 4-naphthaquinone
nethylthionaphthalene
1,3,5 1
1,5 1
1 1
1,3,4 1
4 1
1,3
2
5 5
5
4
1 1,3,7,
8,10
1 1,7,8
1 1,7,8
1 1,3
1 6
1 1,3
1,10
10
5 5,10 5
3,8
7,8
1 - HRID: 005005367
9 2 - MRID: 005005368
9fll 3 « MRID: 005006213
4 « HRID: 005006208
5 - HRID: 005006209
6 • HRID: 005007954
7 - HRID: 005005671
8 - HRID: 005005672
9 - HRID: 005005949
10 - HRID: 00502080
11 - MRID: 005012927
5
9
9
-------
C. Human Hazard Assessment: Naphthalene
The use of naphthalene may result in human exposure through the dermal and
inhalation routes. However, at present, no adequate exposure or toxicology
data are available to perform a human hazard assessment on naphthalene.
Supplementary data describing the cataractogenic and hemolytic effects of
naphthalene were available. Naphthalene-induced cataracts have been produced
experimantally in rats and rabbits; rabbits appear to be tine more sensitive
species. Single high oral doses of naphthalene (l-3g) have been shown to cause
eye damage and/or opacities in rabbits as early as 6 hours to one week
following treatment. (Adams, 1930, MRTD t005015698 and Pirie,-1968, MRTD
#0050005197).
In humans, the hemolytic properties of naphthalene have been well
documented. Case histories report incidents of acute hemolytic anemia in
humans following naphthalene poisoning. Ifersons with glucose-6-phosphate
dehydroganase deficiencies appear to be more susceptable to this type of
toxicity. In addition, naphthalene induced acute hemolytic anemia has been
observed experimentally in dogs (Zuelzer and Apt, 1949, MRID #005005235'; and
Mackell et al., 1951, MRID * 005005949). It should be noted that this effect
has generally been observed, following high dose exposure or misuses of the
pesticide.
D. Summary of Data Gaps
The data gaps for technical grade and end-use naphthalene are acute oral
toxicity, acute dermal toxicity, acute inhalation toxicity, primary eye
irritation, primary dermal irritation , and dermal sensitization. The data gaps
for technical naphthalene are teratogenicity, and subchronic dermal toxicity.
Chcogenicity (in the rat and mouse), chronic feeding, mutagenicity and
reproduction data are also insufficient to meet the guidelines requirements
and would normally be required. Naphthalene, however, is scheduled to be
tested under the National Toxicology Program. This testing will most likely
encompass the required oncogen icity, mutagen icity and chronic feeding studies.
Therefore, at this time the Agency will not require oncogen icity, chronic
feeding, and mutagen icity studies.*
In addition , the Agency has decided to reserve its decision to require
reproductive testing with naphthalene -until the results of all the above cited
studies are available, and a toxicological assessment of the need for a
reproductive test can be made.
* If naphthalene is not tested under the NTP, the registrants may be required
to submit the outstanding chronic studies.
44
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VII. Residue Chemistry
An allowable residue level (tolerance) for specific chemicals is determined by
the Agency for the commodities on which they may occur. Since no naphthalene
product is currently registered for use on food or feed crops, its use should
not result in such residues. Therefore, there are no residue chemistry data
requirements for this chemical.
45
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VIII. Ecological Effects
A. Ecological Effects Profile
No acceptable data were available for the evaluation of manufacturing-use* and
end-use products of naphthalone with respect to effects en non-target fish and
wildlife species.
Several studies did provide supplementary information on the potential effects
of crystalline naphthalene on non-target plants. Forty-three plait types
showed no effect in the greenhouse when exposed to air saturated to 13% with
naphthalene vapors. These plants included vegetables, grassesr and
ornamentals. However, slight to severe injury was observed on soybeans,
buckwheat, aid tabasco pepper (Hartzell 1930, MRID #005007239).
In another study, one variety of chrysanthemum showed no adverse effects when
sprayed with a 50% solution of naphthalene. A second variety was not adversely
affected when a 100% solution was used (Kofranek, 1967. MRID *005015700).
In a third study, naphthalene mixed with maize seed and stored for several
months caused no adverse effects on germination (Moutia, 1943, MRID
#005009023).
* Technical naphthalene and manufacturing-use naphthalene are considered to be
substantially similar.
46
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B. Hazard Assessment
There are two outdoor uses of naphthalene in a single active ingredient
formulation. Crystalline naphthalene is used to protect bulbs during storage
and at the time of planting, and to repel rabbits from gardens. It is possible
that exposure to non-target terrestrial, wildlife could result from crystals
being ingested directly or alonq with typical dietary matter. Hawever, because
of its repellency characteristics and its localized use, it is highly unlikely
that these outdoor end-uses of naphthalene would have any unreasonable effects
on populations of non-target terrestrial wildlife. Also, end-use naphthalene
products would not be expected to reach the aquatic environment in significant
amounts; thus fish and other aquatic organisms will most probably not be
seriously affected under the current fumigation and repellent use patterns. It
should be noted that naphthalene is also used as a repellent of pigeons,
sparrows, squirrels and bats within dormers and eaves of buildinqs, however,
this is not considered on outdoor use.
There is some information on the effects of naphthalene vapors on ornamental
plants. Species such as Calendula officinal is, Centaurea imperialis, Cyclamen
indicum, Fuchsia speciosa, Callistephus chinensis (China aster), Hnysalis
fracnheti , rose seedlings and geranium were not adversely affected when
exposed to naphthalene vapors at 13% saturation in a greenhouse. Based on the
current minor outdoor use patterns, it is unlikely that non-target plants would
be exposed to hazardous concentrations of naphthalene vapors in the field.
Due to the limited acceptable information available, a detailed hazard
assessment for technical (manufacturing-use) or end-use products of naphthalene
cannot be made for non-target animal and plant species.
C. Summary of Data Gaps
Six basic studies are generally required when a pesticide has outdoor uses.
Given the extremely small exposure expected to fish and wildlife resulting from
the use patterns of naphthalene, the bluegill Qfi IC^ and the upland game
species LCcn requirements can be waived. The following four studies will
still be required:
1) The Avian Single Dose Oral LD_n . This studv should he performed on
either an upland avian species (preferably bobwhite quail or ring-necked
pheasant) or a wild waterfowl species (preferably the mallard duck);
2) The Avian Dietary I£5Q . Che eight-day dietary LC^g study is
required. The study should be performed on a mallard duck.
3) Fish Acute Toxicity . Che 96-hour LC5Q study should be performed.
The study should use a coldwater fish species (preferably rainbow trout) and;
4) Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates. Che 48-hour LCen study
should be performed. The preferred species for this study is Daphnia magna.
47
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IX. Efficacy
A. Efficacy Profile
The review of naphthalene data and the identification of data qaps are limited
to efficacy data only as it relates to public health applications. The Agency
has provided for the waiver of efficacy data submission as a part of the
registration process in all other instances (44 FR 27932? May 11, 1979).
Supportive efficacy information will be required for products intended for use
inside premises to repel pests of public health significance such as bats and
birds.
According to Marsh and Howard (1977, MRID *GS0022030), there are no known
studies or "good information" as of the date of this Registration Standard
(September 1981) which addresses the topic of naphthalene's efficacy as a bat
or bird repellent in public health uses. Due to the lack of experimental data
on the subject, the" efficacy of naphthalene could not be determined. However,
all information reported regarding the efficacy of naphthalene has been
assessed, based primarily on statements made by authors in published articles.
B. Factors Influencing Efficacy
Several factors can affect the efficacy of naphthalene as a repellent. 'The
concentration of naphthalene fumes in a treatment area seems to be the pivotal
factor. A relatively confined treatment area, such as a fairly tight attic or
a space between walls, greatly improves the chance of repelling birds and bats
from these areas. The reduced ventilation of the repellent fumes allows the
concentration of the fumes to build up in these areas, (Constantine, 1.97P,
GS0022028; Marsh and Howard, 1977, GS0022030; Clark 1975, GS0022026. Also, the
amount of naphthalene actually applied to a treatment area directly affects the
concentration of tine repellent fumes in the area.
C. Use Sites
1. Attics; Wall Voids
The articles reviewed by the Agency on the efficacy of naphthalene agree on one
point. The efficacy of n phthalene to control bats whidn are considered
public health problems is contingent upon the repellent being applied in
enclosed spaces such as attics and wall voids.
2. Target Pests
Pests currently on federally-registered naphthalene labels are often listed
in general terms. The terms "birds" and "bats" are used along with some
specific bird names (i.e., pigeons, starlings, and sparrows). Since
naphthalene is used as a repellent, which implies lack of toxicity to target
pests, and since articles reviewed by the Agency seem to indicate that tine
repellency of naphthalene for public health uses does not vary significantly
between species of birds or bats, the Agency believes that the general terms
"bats" and "birds" are acceptable for these products.
48
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a. Bats (Chiroptera)
Because bats leave their roosts at night, they are less resistant to be in g
repelled by naphthalene as night time nears. Conversely, it is harder to repel
bats from a roost during the day and, therefore, this oould require a higher
canceltration of naphthalene fumes to do so. Bats' olfactory senses are
developed sufficiently to enable them to smell naphthalene, although the
primary mode of repellent action appears to be its irritation of the bats'
mucous membranes. Dosage recommendations in the literature range from 2 to 5
poinds of naphthalene for the "average" bat roost in dwellings (Ccnstantine,
1979, GS0022028; Marsh and Howard, 1977, GS0022030; Silver, 1935, GS0022034),
to 5 pounds of naphthalene per 2000 cubic feet of enclosed space (Clark 1975,
GS0022026).
b. Birds, including Pigeon (Cplumba livia), Starling f Stum us vulgaris),
and Sparrow (Passer domesticus)
Although no specific dosage information was found in the literature, current
label instruction recommend using 8 oz. of naphthalene for every 200 cu. ft.
to repel birds.
Due to the scarcity of pertinent information, claims of efficacy for the bird
repellent uses are not unequivocally supported by the currently available
literature.
D. Summary of Data Gaps
The reviewed literature supports general claims of repellency for public health
related uses of naphthalene. The existing information does not support
claims relating to the length of the initiatory period (the period
between application of the pesticide and manifestation of its efficacy) or
claims relating to the duration of effectiveness of naphthalene products.
If these claims are not currently on the product labels then registrants will
not be required to submit data supporting the claims. Tn order to keep the
aforementioned claims on an existing label or to add such claims to a label,
these data will he required, (see table IIT.C-2).
49
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X. Confidential Mnex
Persons wishing to read the on tents of this annex, which contains Confidential
Business Information . are requested to contact the thited States Environmental
Protection Agency for further details.
50
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XI. Bibliography
A. Guide to Use of This Biblioqraphy
1. Cm tent of Biblioqraphy
This bibliography contains citations of all the studies reviewed by EPA in
arriving at the positions and conclusions stated elsewhere in this standard.
The bibliography is divided into 3 sections: 1) citations that contributed
information useful to the review of the chemical and considered to be part of
the data base supporting registrations under the standard; 2) citations
examined and judged to be inappropriate for use in developing the standard;
and 3) standard reference material. Primary sources for studies in this
bibliography have been the body of data submitted to EPA and its predecessor
agencies in support of past regulatory decisions, and the published technical
literature.
2. Units of Entry
The unit of entry in this bibliography is called a "study". In the case of
published materials, this corresponds closely to an article. In the case of
unpublished materials submitted to the Agency, the Agency has sought to
identify documents at a level parallel to a published article from within the
typically larger volumes in which they were submitted. The resulting "studies"
generally have a distinct title (or at least a single subject), can stand alone
for purposes of review, and can be described with a conventional bibliographic
citation. The Agency has attempted also to unite basic documents and
commentaries upon them, treating them as a single study.
3. Identification of Entries
The entries in this bibliography are sorted by author, date of the document,
and title. Each entry bears, to the left of the citation proper, an nine-digit
identifier. This number is unique to the citation, and should be used at any
time specific reference is required. This number is called the "Master Record
Identifier", or "MRID". It is not related to the six-digit "Accession Number"
which has been used to identify volumes of submitted data; see paragraph 4(d(4)
below for a further explanation.
4. Form of the Entry
In addition to the Master Record Identifier (MRID), each entry consists of a
bibliographic citation containing standard elements followed, in the case of
materials submitted to EPA, by a description of the earliest toiown
submission. The bibliographic conventions used reflect the standards for the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), expanded to provide for certain
special needs. Some explanatory notes of specific elements follow:
a. Author
Vhenever the Agency could confidently identify one, the Agency has chosen to
show a personal author. Whm no individual was identified, the Agency has
shown an identifiable laboratory or testing facility as author. As a last
resort, the Agency has shown the first known submitter as author.
51
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b. Document Date
When tiie date appears as four digits with no question marks, the Ago-icy took it
directly from the document. When a four-digit date is followed by a questicn
mark, tiie bibliographer deduced the date from evidence i"i the document. When
the date appears as (19??), the Agency was unable to determine or estimate the
date of the document.
c. Title
This is the third element in the citation. Jn some cases it has been necessary
for the Agency bibliographers to create or enhance a document title. Any such
editorial insertions are contained between square brackets.
d. Trailing Parenthesis
For studies submitted to us .in the past, the trailing parenthesis include (in
addition to any self-explanatory known submission.
1) Submission Date . Immediately following the word 'received1
appears the date of the earliest knowi submission.
2) Administrative Number . The next element, immediately
following the word 'under', is the registration number.
experimental permit number, petition number, or other
administrative number associated with the earliest known
submission.
3) Submitter . The third element is the submitter, following the
phrase 'submitted by1. When authorship is defaulted to the
submitter, this element is omitted.
4) Volume Identification . The final element in the trailing
parenthesis identifies the EPA accession number of the volume in
which the original submission of the study appears. The six-
digit accession number follows the symbol 'CDL1, standing for
"Company Data Library". This accession number is in turn
followed by an alphabetic suffix which shows the relative
position of the study within the volume. For example, within
accession number 123456, the first study would be 123456-A; the
second, 123456-B; the 2fith, 123455-Z; and the 27th 123456-AA.
52
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OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Case GS0022 Naphthalene
Section 1
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Product Chemistry
005010379
005008684
005010941
000004900
Ballard, H.D., Jr. (1965) Naphthalene from petroleum.
Petroleum Chemistry and Refining 10:219-273.
Advances in
Liepins, R.; Mixcn, P.? Hudak, C.; Parsons, T.B. (1977) Industrial
Process Profiles for environmental Use: Chapter 6. The
Industrial Organic Chemicals Industry. Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory. (Environmental protection technology
series no. EPA-600/2-77-023f; available from: NTIS,
Springfield, VA; PB-281 478)
Martin, H.; MMes, J.R.W. (1953) Guide to the Chemicals Used in
Crop Protection. 2nd ed. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canada
Department of Agriculture.
Nowak, L.M. (1975) Interim Material Safety Data Sheet for Naphtha-
lene. (Unpublished study received May 6, 1977 under unknown
admin, no.; prepared by Ashland Oil, Inc., submitted by Renova
Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.; CDL:229765-A)
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Case GS0022 Naphthalene
Section 1
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations thder the Standard
Bivircnmantal Fate
005017183
005005354
005005353
005005937
005007776
005012107
005008688
005019904
005014797
Bramson, L.M. (1960) K voprosam ob isparyaemosti naphtalina i eqo
predelno dopustimoi ccncentracii. [The volatility of
naphthalene and its maximum permissible concentration in the
atmosphere of industrial premises.1 Gigiena Truda i
Professional "n ye Zabolevan iya. [Labor Hygiene and Occupational
Diseases.] 4(6):50-52.
Cemiglia, C.E.; Gibson, D.T. (1977) Metabolism of naphthalene
by Curtn inghamella elegans. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology 34(4):363-370.
Cemiglia, C.E.; Gibson, D.T. (1978) Metabolism of naphthalene by
cell extracts of Cum inghamella elegans . Archives of
Biochemistry and Biophysics 186(1):121-127.
Cemiglia, C.E.; Hebert, R.L.; Szaniszlo, P.J.; Gibson, D.T.
(1978) Fingal transformation of naphthalene. Archives of
Microbiology 117(2):135-143.
Cindell, A.M.; Traxler, R.W. (1973) Microbial degradation of
petroleum at low temperature. Marine Pollution Bulletin
4(8)-.125-127.
Cindell, A.M.; Traxler, R.W. (1973) The isolation aid
characterization of hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria from
Chedabucto Bay, Nova Scotia. Pages 421-426, "Sn Proceedings of
Joint Conference on Prevention and Control ofTH.1 Spills; Mar
13-15, Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C.: American Petroleum
Institute.
Cindell, A.M.; Traxler, R.W. (1976) Psychrophilic
hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria from Narragansett Bay,
Island, U.S.A. Material und Organismen 11(1):1-17.
Rhode
Hansen, N.; Jensen, V.B.; Appelquist, H.; Morch, E. (1978) Ihe
uptake and release of petroleum hydrocarbons by the marine
mussel Mytilus edulis. Progress in Water Technology
10(5/6):351-359.
Kaneko, Y.; Saino, Y.; Hoi, S. (1969) Biseibutsu ni yoru takan
hokozoku tankasuiso no taisha ni kansuru kenkyu (Dainippo)
S-210, 592 kin no fuenansuren taisha. [Studies on the
metabolism of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons by
microorganisms: II. Ehenanthrene metabolism of strain S-210
and 592.] Nippon Nogei Kagaku Kaishi. [Journal of the
Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan.] 43(1):21-27.
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Case GS0022 Naphthalene
Section 1
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Older the Standard
Eh vi ran mental Fate Continued
005016326 Kvasnikov, E.I.; Tin'yanova, N.Z.; Krivitskii, I.P. (1970)
Naftalinokyslyuyuchi bakteriyi zakhidnoukrayins'kykh
naftorodovyshch. [Naphthalene-oxidizing bacteria of the
western Ukrainian oil-bearing deposits.] Mikrobiologichnii
Zhumal (Kiev), fJournal of Microbiology. 1 32(3):294-297.
005006779 lee, R.F.; Gardner, W.S.; Anderson, J.W.; Blaylock, J.W.;
Barwell-Clarke, J. (1978) Fate of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in controlled ecosystem enclosures. Environmental
Science and Technology 12(7):832-838.
005006197 Innsane, B.K.; Barua, P.K.; Singh, H.D.; Mathur, R.K.; Baruah,
J.N.; lyengar, M.S. (1974) Formation of salicylic acid from
naphthalene by microorganisms: Part I—Studies on isolation,
characterization and growth of bacterial isolates utilizing
naphthalene. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology
12(2):158-161.
005006198 Lcnsane, B.K.; Vadalkar, K.; Singh, H.D.; Baruah, J.N. (1976)
Hydrocarbon utilization by Brevibacterium, Azotomonas,
Protaminobacter ium, Mycococcus and Aeromonas spp. Indian
Journal of Experimental Biology 14(6):734-736.
005015494 Lopatik, M.D. (1964) Izuchenie sposobnosti mikobakterii okislyaf
uglevodorody. [Hydrocarbon-oxidizing capacity of
mycobacteria. 1 Mikrobiologiya. [Microbiology. 1
XXXIIK 2): 236-238.
005005660 Mackay, D.; Wblkoff, A.W. (1973) Rate of evaporation of
low-solubility contaminants from water bodies to atmosphere.
Bivironmantal Science and Technology 7(7):611-614.
005012039 Shtein, A.L.; Dumova, M.S.; Trcndina, G.I. (1976) Issledovanie
ravnovesiya naftalina, ammiaka i piridina pri malykh
kontsentratsiyach mezhdu rodoi i rozduchom. [Equilibrium
distribution of naphthalene, ammonia, and pyridine in low
concentrations between water and air.] Zhumal Prikladnoi
Khimii. [Journal of Applied Chemistry.] 49(3):650-651.
005015998 Skryabin, G.K.j Starovoitov, I.I. (1975) ft\ alternative pathway of
naphthalene catabolism in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Doklady
Biochemistry (Biglish Translation.) 221 (1/6): 141-143.
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OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Case GS0022 Naphthalene
Section 1
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Environmental Fate Continued
005017304 Slavnina, G.P. (1970) Bakterii, ispol'zuyushchiye aromaticheskiye
uglevodorodi. [Bacteria which utilize aromatic hydrocarbons.1
Trudy, Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Institut Yadernoi
Geofiziki i Geokhimii. [Transactions, All-Union Scientific
Research Institute of Nuclear Geophysics and Geochemistry.1
(8):247-254.
005006598 Soto, C.; Hellebust, J.A.; Hutchinson, T.C. (1977) Effect of
naphthalene and aqueous crude oil extracts on the green
flagellate Chlamydomonas angulosa. III. Changes in cellular
composition. Canadian Journal of Botany 55(22):2765-2777.
005018634 Southworth, G.R.; Beauchamp, J.J.; Schmieder, P.K. (1978)
Bioaccumulation potential of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
in Daphnia pulex. Water Research 12(11):973-977.
005009267 Starovoitov, I.I.; Nefedova, M.Y.; Yakovlev, G.I.; Zyakun, A.M.;
Adanin, V.M. (1975) Gentisic acid as a microbiological
oxidation product of naphthalene. Bulletin of the Academy of
Sciences of the USSR, Division of Chemical Science. A
translation of: Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya
Khimicheskaya 24(9):1974-1975.
005017184 Traxler, R.W. (1973) Bacteria] degradation of petroleum materials
in low temperature marine environments. Pages 163-170, In The
Microbial Degradation of Oil Pollutants, Proceedings of a
Workshop; Dec 4-6, 1972, Georgia State University, Atlanta,
Georgia. Edited by D.G. Ahearn and S.P. Meyers. Baton Rouge,
La.: Louisiana State University, Center for Wetland Resources.
(Sea Grant publication no. LSU-SG-73-01; available from: NTIS,
Springfield, VA; COM-74-11013)
005005371 Walker, J.D.; Colwell, R.R. (1976) Measuring the potential
activity of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology 31(2):189-197.
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OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PRDGAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Case GS0022 Naphthalene
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Toxicology
005015698 Adams, D.R. (1930) A study of the correlation between the
biochemical and intra-ocular changes induced in rabbits by the
administration of naphthalene. British Journal of
Ophthalmology 14 (11): 545-576.
GS0022024 Battelle's Columbus Laboratories, Subcontract No. 76-34-106002,
March 4, 1980. Subchrcnic Toxicity Studyzt Naphthalene
(C52904) in Fischer 344 Rats.
GS0022023 Battelle's Columbus laboratories, Subcontact No. 76-34-106002,
March 4, 1980. Subchrcnic Toxicity Study? Naphthalene (C52904)
in B6C3F1 Mice.
005006208 Boyland, E.; Sims, P. (1957) Metabolism of polycyclic compounds:
11. The omversion of naphthalene into 2-hydroxy-l-naphthyl
sulphate in the rabbit. Biochemical Journal 66(1):38-40.
005006209 Boyland, E.; Sims, P. (1958) Metabolism of polycyclic compounds:
12. An acid-labile precursor of 1-naphthylmercapturic acid and
naphthol: an
N-acetyl-S- (1:2-dihydrchydroxjnaphthy 1) -L-cysteine.
Biochemical Journal 68(3):440-447.
005006213 Boyland, E.; Wiltshire, G.H. (1953) Metabolism of polycyclic
compounds: 7. The metabolism of naphthalene, 1-naphthol and
l:2-dihydroxy-l:2-dihydrcnaphthalene by animals. Biochemical
Journal 53(4):636-641.
005020080 Chen, K.C.; Borough, H.W. (1979) Glutathicne and mercapturic acid
ccn jugations in the metabolism of naphthalene and 1-naphtyl
N-fflethylcarbamate (carbaryl). Drug and Chemical Toxicology
2(4):331-354.
005005368 Comer, E.D.S.i Billett, F.S.j Young, L. (1954) Biochemical
studies of toxic agents: 6. The conversion of naphthalene into
l:2-dihydro-2-hydroxy-lHnaphthyl glucosidurcnic acid in the
rabbit. Biochemical Journal 56(2):270-274.
005005367 Comer, E.D.S.; Young, L. (1954) Biochemical studies of toxic
agents: 7. The metabolism of naphthalene in animals of
different species. Biochemical Journal 58:647-655.
005019746 D'Asaro Biondo, M. (1933) L'azione dei vapori di naftalina
sull'occhio (richerche sperimentali). [The action of
naphthalene vapors on the eyes (experimental research).]
Rassegna Italian a d'Ottalmologia. [Italian Review of
Ophthalmology.] 2:762-773.
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OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Case GS0022 Naphthalene
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Ihder the Standard
Toxicology Continued
005005949 Mackell, J.V.; Rieders, F.; Brieger, H.; Bauer, E.L. (1951) Acute
hemolytic anemia due to ingesticn of naphthalene noth balls.
Pediatrics 7:722-728.
005007954 Marsden, C.M.; Yoing, L. (1958) Biochemical studies of toxic
agents: 10. Observations on the metabolism of 355 labelled
mercapturic acids. Biochemical Journal 69(2)?257-265.
005005197 Pirie, A. (1968) Pathology in the eye of the naphthalene-fed
rabbit. Experimental Eye Research 7(3):354-357.
005012927 Prochorow, M.; Nowotarska, T. (1965) Cztery przypadki zatrucia
naftalina niemowlat. [Four cases of naphthalene poisoning in
infants.! Pediatria Pol ska. [Polish Pediatrics.!
XL(9):999-1000.
005015285 Schmaehl, D. (1955) Pruefing von Naphthalin end Anthracen auf
cancerogene Wirkung an Ratten. (Testing of naphthalene and
anthracene for carcinogenic effect in rats.] Zeitschrift fuer
Krebsforsching 60(6):697-710.
005005672 Stillwell, W.G.; Bouwsma, O.J.; Homing, M.G. (1978) Formation in
vivo of deuterated methylthio metabolites of naphthalene from
L-methicnine (methyl-d-). Research Gormanications in
Chemical Pathology and Biarmacology 22(2):329-343.
005005671 Stillwell, W.G.; Bouwsma, O.J.; Thenot, J.P.; Homing, M.G.;
Griffin, G.W.; Ishikawa, K.; Takaku, M. (1978) Methylthio
metabolites of naphthalene excreted by the rat. Research
Comminications in Chemical Pathology and Eharmacology
20(3):509-530.
005005235 Zuelzer, W.W.; Apt, L. (1949) Acute hemolytic anemia due to
naphthalene poisoning: a clinical and experimental study.
Journal of the American Medical Association 141(3):185-190.
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OFFICE OF PESTCIDE PROGAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Case GS0022 Naphthalene
Section 1
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Ecological Effects
005007545 Corner, E.D.S.; Harris, R.P.; Kilvington, C.C.; O'Hara, S.C.M.
(1976) Petroleum compounds in the marine food web: short-term
experiments on the fate of naphthalene in Calanus. Journal
of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
56(1):121-133.
005009021 Harris, R.P.; Berdugo, V.; Corner, E.D.S.; Kilvington, C.C.;
O'Hara, S.C.M. (1977) Factors affecting the retention of a
petroleum hydrocarbon by marine planktonic copepcds. P&ges
286-304, Jh Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in
Marine Organisms and Ecosystems. Edited by D.A. Wolfe.
Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergammon Press.
005006550 Harris, R.P.; Berdugo V.; O'Hara, S.C.M.; Corner, E.D.S. (1977)
Accumulation of 14C-l-naphthalene by an oceanic and an
estuarine copepod during long-term exposure to low-level
concentrations. Marine Biology 42(3):187-195.
005007239 Hartzell, A.; Wilcoxon, F. (1930) Naphthalene fumigation at
controlled concentrations. Journal of Economic Entomology
23:608-618.
005015700 Kofranek, A.M.; Markiewicz, L. (1967) Selected naphthalenes as
disbudding agents for chrysanthemums: part 2 of a 2-part
discussion. Florists' Review 140(3617):20-21,54-57.
005009023 Moutia, L.A.; Mamet, R. (1943) Experiments on the storage of maize
seeds. Revue Agricole et Sucriere de 1'Ile Maurice
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NRID
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Case GS0022 Naphthalene
Section 1
Citations Considered To Be Part Of The Data Base Supporting
Registration thder The Standard
Efficacy
Citation
GS0022025 Anon. (1949). Bird Repellents. Pest Control 17(12):20.
GS0022026 Clark, D. O. (1975). Vertebrate Pest Control Handbook. Cal.
Bept. of Food and Agri., Div. of Plant Industry; pp. 508-1.
GS0022028 Cbnstantine, D. G. (1979). Rabies and Bat Management. Bull.
Soc. Vector Ecol. 4:1-9.
GS0022029 Ebeling, W. (1975). Urben_Entomology. thiv. of Cal. Div. of
Agri. Sci. pp. 603.
GS0022030 Marsh, R. E. Howard, W.E. (1977). Vertebrate Control
Manual. Pest Control 45(10):34.
GS0022031 Murphy, K.T. (1975). Bat Problem Abated Temprarily. The
Patriot Ledger. Wed., July 9, pp. 16.
GS0022032 Scott, H. G. (1961). Bats: Public Health Importance,
Identification, and Control. Pest Control 29(8): 23-29.
GS0022033 Scott, H. G. (1961). Pigeons: Public Health Importance and
Control. Pest Control 29(9):9 & 60-61.
GS0022034 Silver, J. (1935). Eliminate Bats from Buildings. USDA leaflet
109:4-5.
005000993 British Crop Protection Council (1974) Pesticide Manual: Basic
Information on the Chemicals Used as Active Components of
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OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Case GS0022 Naphthalene
Section 2
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For
Use in Developing the standard
Registrations Under the Standard
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OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
Registration Standard Bibliography
Case GS0022 Naphthalene
Section 3
Standard Reference Material Used
in Support of this Standard
MRID Citation
GS0022037 Benefits and Field Studies Division, September, 1979. Pesticide
Chemical Use Pattern Profile for Naphthalene. USEPA
Office of Pesticide Programs.
GS00220036 Scarato, R. (1980) Preliminary Quantitative Usage Analyses of
Coumaphos. Economic Analysis Branch, Benefits and Field
Studies Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
GS0022035 Stecher, P.G.,ed. (1968) the Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of
Chemicals and Drugs, Eigth Edition. Merck and Company,
Rahway, N.J.
050193616 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water Planning
and Standards (1978) Naphthalene: Ambient Water Quality
Criteria, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Water Planning and Standards. (Available
from; NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB-296 786).
•U.S. GOVBMWEHT PRINTING OFFICE: 1981—361-082/267
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