i-:Tf-n States
nvironfiiitaI ProtBCiion
Offiw
Pt-sticiusi and Toxic Suo'.tancei
Wasttinjton DC 20430
October 1951
P.-sticicles
A'urni
t> Cuxa • 2 B I
Pesticide Registratio
Standard
n
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Acknowledgemen ts
I. Special Pesticide Review Division (SPRD)
David Brooks Project Manager
II. Support Team
A. Hazard Evaluation Division (HED)
Ed Brittin Residue Chemist
Stan Gross Toxicologist
William Burnam Supervisory Tbxicologist
Robert Hoist Plant Physiologist
Harry Craven Aquatic Biologist
Russel Farringer ' Wildlife Biologist
Hudson Boyd Environmental Chemist
B. Benefits and Field Studies Division (BFSD)
William Gross Entomologist
Roger Hoitor f Economist
E. David Thomas Supervisory Entomologist,
Section Head
C. Registration Division
Lachman Bhatia Product Manager
William Miller Supervisory Product Manager
III. Special Acknowledgement
A. Special Pesticide Review Division (SPRD)
Paul Lapsley Branch Chief
Joan Warshawsky Section Head
Paul Parsons Project Manager
Donna Peacher Secretary
Tonda Hicks Clerk Typist
B. Hazard Evaluation Division (HED)
Ken Bailey Scientific Policy Staff
Julian Donoso Residue Chemist
Nancy Dodd Residue Chemist
Ncsrma Whetzel Residue Chemist
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
I. How to Register Under a Registration Standard 1
A. Organization of the Standard 1
B. Purpose of the Standard 1
C. Requirements to Reregister Under the Standard 3
D. "Product-Specific" Data and "Generic" Data 3
E. Data Compensation Requirements Under
FIFRA 3(c)(l)(D) .' 4
F. Obtaining Data to Fill Data Gaps;
FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B) 5
G. Amendments to the Standard 6
II. Regulatory Position 3
A. Introduction 8
B. Descr iption of Chemical 3
C. Regulatory Position 8
D. Regulatory Rationale 9
E. Criteria for Registration Under the Standard 11
F. Tolerance Reassessment 16
III. Summary of Data Requirements 18
A. Introduction 13
B. Gener ic Data Requirements, Table III .A 18
C. Product-Specific Data Requirements for
Manufacturing-Use,. Table III.B, and End-Use
Products, Table III.C 19
IV. Product Chemistry 41
A. Introduction 41
B. Chemical Identity 41
C. Manufactur ing Process 42
D. Discussion on the Formation of Impurities
(and Unintentional Ingredients) 42
E. Declaration and Certification of Ingredient
Limits 42
F. Product Analytical Methods and Data 43
G. Physical/Chemical Properties 43
H. Summary of Data Gaps 46
V. Environmental Fate 47
A. Use Summary 47
B. Environmental Fate Profile 48
C. Exposure Profile 49
D. Summary of Data Gaps 50
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TABLE OF CONTENTS"(Cont' d)
VI. Toxicology 51
A. Introduction 51
B. Application 51
C. Toxicological Assessment 52
D. Human Poisoning Case Reports 55
E. Permissible ExposTre Limits 55
F. Food Tolerances 56
G. Summary of Data Gaps 56
VII. Residue Chemistry 57
A. Introduction 57
B. Residues Following Aeration 58
C. Metabolism in Plants and Animals 59
D. Analytical Methods 60
E. Residue Data 61
F. Summary of Data Gaps 64
VIII. Ecological Effects 65
IX. Confidential Annex 66
X. Bibliography 67
A. Guide to Use of Bibliography
B. Section 1: Citations Considered to be Part of
the Data Base Supporting Registrations Under
the Standard
C. Section 2: Citations Judged to be Inappropriate
for Use in Developing this Standard
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I. How to Register Under a Registration Standard
A. Organization of the Standard
The first part of this document explains the purpose of a Registration Standard
and summarizes the legal principles involved in registering or reregistering
under a Standard. The second part presents the Agency's regulatory position
and rationale. The third part sets forth the requirements, in tabular form,
that must be met to obtain or retain registration for products covered by this
particular Registration Standard. In the remaining parts, the Agency reviews
the available data by scientific discipline, discusses the Agency's concerns
with the identified potential hazards, and logically develops the conditions
and requirements that would reduce those hazards to acceptable levels.
B. Purpose of the Standard
Section 3 of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
provides that "no person in any State may distribute, sell, offer for sale,
hold for sale, ship, deliver for shipment, or receive and (having so received)
deliver or offer to deliver to any person any pesticide which is not registered
with the Administrator [of EPA] ." To approve the registration of a pesticide,
the /Viministrator must find, pursuant to Section 3(c)(5) that:
(A) its composition is such as to warrant the proposed claims for
it;
(B) its labeling and other material required to be submitted
comply with the requirements of this Act;
(C) it will perform its intended function without unreasonable
adverse effects on the environment; and
(D) when used in accordance with widespread and commonly
recognized practice it will not generally cause unreasonable
adverse effects on the environment.
In making these findings, the Agency reviews a wide range of data which
registrants are required to submit, and assesses the risks associated with the
use of the proposed pesticide. However, the established approach to making
these findings has been found to be defective on two counts.
First, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its predecessor agency,
the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), routinely reviewed
registration applications on a "product-by-product" basis, evaluating each
product-specific application somewhat independently. In the review of products
containing similar components, there was little opportunity for a retrospective
review of the full range of pertinent data available in Agency files and in the
public literature. Thus the "product-by-product" approach was often
inefficient and sometimes resulted in inconsistent or incomplete regulatory
judgments.
Second, over the years, as a result of inevitable and continuing advances in
scientific knowledge, methodology, and policy, the data base for many pesti-
cides came to be considered inadequate by current scientific and regulatory
standards. Given the long history of pesticide regulation in several agencies,
it is even possible that materials may have been lost from the data files.
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When EPA issued new requirements for registration in 1975" (4CTCFR" 162) and1"
proposed new guidelines for hazard testing in 1978 (43 FR 29686, July 10, 1978
and 43 FR 37336, August 22, 1978) and in 1980 (45 FR 72948, tfovember 3, 1930),
many products that had already been registered for years were being sold and
used without the same assurances of human and environmental safety as was being
required for new products. Because of this inconsistency, Congress directed
EPA to reregister all previously registered products, so as to bring their
registrations and their data bases into compliance with current requirements
[see FIFRA Section 3(g)l.
Facing the enormous job of re-reviewing and calling-in new data for the
approximately 35,000 current registrations, and realizing the inefficiencies of
the "product-by-product" approach, the Agency decided that a new, more
effective method of review was needed.
A new review procedure has been developed. Under it, EPA publishes documents
called Registration Standards, each of which discusses a particular pesticide
active ingredient. Each Registration Standard summarizes all the data
available to the Agency on a particular active ingredient and its current uses,
and sets forth the Agency's comprehensive position on the conditions and
requirements for registration of all existing and future products which contain
that active ingredient. These conditions and requirements, all of which must
be met to obtain or retain full registration or reregistration under Section
3(c)(5) of FIFRA, include the submission of needed scientific data which the
Agency does not now have; compliance with standards of toxicity, composition,
labeling, and packaging; and satisfaction of the compensation provisions of
FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D).
The Standard will also serve as a tool for product classification. As part of
the registration of a pesticide product, EPA may classify each product for
"general use" or "restricted use" [FIFRA Section 3(d)]. A pssticide is
classified for "restricted use" when some special regulatory restriction is
needed to ensure against unreasonable adverse effects to man or the.
environment. Many such risks of unreasonable adverse effects can be lessened
if expressly designed label precautions are strictly followed. Thus, the
special regulatory restriction for a "restricted use" pesticide is usually a
requirement that it be applied only by, or under the supervision of, an
applicator who has been certified by the State or Federal government as being
competent to use pesticides safely, responsibly, and in accordance with label
directions. A restricted use pesticide can have other regulatory restrictions
[40 CFR 162.11(c)(5)] instead of, or in addition to, the certified applicator
requirement. These other regulatory restrictions may include such actions as
seasonal or regional limitations on use, or a requirement for the monitoring of
residue levels after use. A pesticide classified for "general use", or not
classified at all, is available for use by any individual who is in compliance
with State and local regulations. The Registration Standard review compares
information about potential adverse effects of specific uses of the pesticide
with risk criteria listed in 40 CFR 162.11(c), and thereby determines whether a
product needs to be classified for "restricted use." If the Standard does
classify a pesticide for "restricted use," this determination is stated in Part
II of this Standard.
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C. Requirement to Reregister Undo: the Standard
FIFRA Section 3(g), as amended in 1978, directs EPA to reregister all currently
registered products as expeditiously as possible. Congress also agreed that
reregister at ion should be accomplished by the use of Registration Standards.
Each registrant of a currently registered product to which this Standard
applies, and who wishes to continue to sell or distribute such product in
commerce, must apply for reregister at ion. This application must contain
proposed labeling that complies with this Standard.
EPA will issue a notice of intent to cancel the registration of any currently
registered product to which this Standard applies, if the registrant fails to
comply v/ith the procedures for reregistration set forth in the Guidance Package
which accompanies this Standard.
D. "Product-Specific" Data and "Generic" Data
In the course of developing this Standard, EPA has determined the types of data
needed for evaluation of the properties and effects of products to which the
Standard applies, in the disciplinary areas of Product Chemistry, Environmental
Fate, Toxicology, Ecological Effects and Residue Chemistry. These determina-
tions are based primarily on the data Guidelines proposed in 1978 (43 FR 29636,
July 10, 1978, and 43 FR 37336, August 22, 1978), and in 1930 (45 FR 72948,
November 3, 1930), as applied to the use patterns of the products to which this
Standard applies. Where it appeared that data from a normally applicable
Guidelines requirement were actually unnecessary to evaluate these products,
the Standard indicates that the requirement has been waived. On the other
hand, in some cases studies not required by the Guidelines may be needed
because of the particular composition or use pattern of products the Standard
covers; if so, the Standard explains the Agency's reasoning. Data guidelines
have not yet been proposed for the Residue Chemistry discipline, but the
requirements for such data have been in effect for some time and are, the
Agency believes, relatively familiar to registrants. Data which the Agency has
found are needed to evaluate the registrability of some products covered by the
Standard may not be needed for the evaulation of other products, depending upon
the composition, formulation type, and intended use of the product in
question. The Standard states which data requirements apply to which product
use categories (see Part III).
The various kinds of data normally required for registration of a pesticide
product can be divided into two basic groups:
1) data that are "product-specific," i.e., data that relate only to the
properties or effects of a product with a particular composition (or a
group of products with closely similar composition); and
2) "generic" data that pertain to the properties or effects of a particular
ingredient, and thus are relevant to an evaluation of the risks of all
products containing that ingredient (or all such products having a certain
use pattern), regardless of any such product's unique composition or use.
The Agency requires certain "product-specific" data for each product to
characterize the product's particular composition and physical/chemical
properties (Product Chemistry), and to characterize the product's acute
toxicity (which is a function of its total composition). The applicant for
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registration or reregistration of any product, whether it is a manufactiring-
use or end-use product, and without regard to its intended use pattern, must
submit or cite enough of this kind of data to allow EPA to evaluate the
product. For such purposes, "product-specific" data on any product other than
the applicant's are irrelevant, unless the other product is similar in
composition to the applicant's. (Where it has been found practical to group
similar products for purposes of evaluating, the Standard indicates guideline
requirements that support similar products.) "Product-specific" data on the
efficacy of particular end-use products are also required where'the formulation
may affect public health or where failure of efficacy could cause public health
problems (see 44 FR 27932, May 11, 1979).
All other data needed to evaluate pesticide products concern the properties or
effects of a particular ingredient (normally a pesticidally active ingredient,
but in some cases a pesticidally inactive or "inert" ingredient). Some data
in this "generic" category are required to evaluate the properties and effects
of all products containing that ingredient, e.g., the acute LDcn °- tne
active ingredient in the technical or purest grade (see proposed 40 CFR 163.81-
l(a), 43 FR 37355).
Other "generic" data are required to evaluate all products which both contain a
particular ingredient and are intended for certain uses (see proposed 40 CFR
163.82-1, 43 FR 37363, which requires subchronic oral testing of the active
ingredient with respect to certain use patterns only). Where a particular data
requirement is use pattern dependent, it will apply to each end-use product
which is to be labeled for that use pattern (except where such end-use product
is formulated from a registered manufacturing-use product permitting such
formulations) and to each manufacturing-use product with labeling that allows
it to be used to make end-use products with that use pattern. Thus, for
example, a subchronic oral dosing study is needed to evaluate the safety of any
manufacturing-use product that legally would be used to make an end-use, food
crop pesticide. However, if an end-use product's label specified that it was
for use only in ways that did not involve a food/feed exposure or repeated
human exposure via the oral route, then the subchronic oral study would not be
relevant to the evaluation of the manufactir ing-use product.
If a registrant of a currently registered end-use product wishes to avoid the
costs of data compensation under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D) or data generation
under Section 3(c)(2)(B) for "generic" data that are required only with respect
to some use patterns, he may elect to delete those use patterns from his
labeling at the time he reregisters his products. An applicant for
registration of a new product under this Standard may similarly request
approval for only certain use patterns.
E. Data Compensation Requirements Under FIFRA 3(c)(l)(D)
Under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D), an applicant for registration, reregistration
or amended registration must offer to pay compensation for certain existing
data the Agency has used in developing the Registration Standard. Compensation
must be offered for all data which are described by all the following criteria:
1) the data were first submitted to EPA or to its predecessor agency, USDA, or
FDA on or after January 1, 1970;
2) the data were submitted to EPA (or USDA or FDA) by some other applicant or
registrant in support of an application for an experimental use permit or a
4
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tolerance, an amendment adding a new use to a registration, or for reregistra-
tion, or to support or maintain in effect an existing registration;
3) the data ore relevant to the Agency's decision to register or reregister
the applicant's product under the Registration Standard, taking into account
the applicant's product composition and intended use pattern(s);
4) the data are determined by EPA to be valid and usable in reaching
regulatory conclusions; and
5) the data are not those for which the applicant has been exempted by FIFRA
Section 3(a)(2)(D) from the study to offer to pay compensation. (This
exemption applies to the "generic" product, not to "product-specific" data.
The exemption is available only to an applicant whose end-use product is
formulated from another registered manufacturing-use product containing that
active ingredient.)
An applicant for reregisteration of an already registered product under this
Standard, or for registration of a new product under this Standard, accordingly
must determine which of the data used by EPA in developing the Standard must be
the subject of an offer to pay compensation, and must submit with his
application the appropriate statements evidencing his compliance with FIFRA
Section 3(c)(l)(D). An applicant would never be required to offer to pay for
"product-specific" data submitted by another firm. In many, if noc in most
cases, data which are specific to another firm's product will not suffice to
allow EPA to evaluate the applicant's product; that is, will not be useful to
the Agency in determining whether the applicant's product is registrable.
There may be cases, however, where, because of close similarities between the
composition of two or more products, another firm's data may suffice to allow
EPA to evaluate some or all of the "product-specific" aspects of the
applicant's product. In such a case, the applicant may choose to cite that
data instead of submitting data from tests on his own product, and if he
chooses that option, he would have to comply with the offer-to-pay requirements
of Section 3(c)(l)(D) for that data.
Each applicant for registration or reregister at ion of a manufacturing-use
product, and each applicant for registration or reregistration of an end-use
product, who is not exempted by FIFRA Section 3(c)(2)(D), must comply with the
Section 3(c)(l)(D) requirements. This is with respect to each item of
"generic" data that relates to his product's intended uses.
A detailed description of the procedures an applicant must follow in applying
for reregistration (or new registration) under this Standard is found in the
Guidance Package for this Standard.
F. Obtaining Data to Fill Data Gaps; FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)
Some of the kinds of data EPA needs for its evaluation of the properties and
effects of products to which this Standard applies have not been submitted to
the Agency (or, if submitted, have been found to have deficiencies rendering
them inadequate for making register at; ion oriented decisions) and have not been
located in the published literature search that EPA conducted in preparation of
this Standard. Such instances of missing but required data are referred to in
this Standard as "data gaps."
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FIFRA Section 3(c)(2)(B), added to FIFRA by the Congress in 1978*, authorizes
EPA to require registrants to whom a data requirement applies, to generate (or
otherwise produce) data to fill such "gaps" and submit those data to EPA. EPA
must allow a reasonably sufficient period for this to be accomplished. If a
registrant fails to take appropriate and timely steps to fill the data gaps
identified by a Section 3(c)(2)(B) order, his product registration may be
suspended until the data are submitted. A mechanism is provided whereby two or
more registrants may agree to share in the'costs of producing data for which
they are both responsible.
The Standard lists, in Part III, the "generic" data gaps and "product-specific"
data gaps for end-use products. It also notes the classes of products to which
these data gaps pertain. The Standard also points out that to be registered
under the Standard, a product must be supported by certain required "product-
specific" data on one currently registered product, but may lack such data on
another. Only those Standards which apply to a very small number of currently
registered products will attempt to state definitively the "product-specific"
data gaps on a "product-by-product" basis. (The Standard will, in some cases,
note which data EPA possesses that would suffice to satisfy certain "product-
specific" data requirements for a category of products with similar composition
char acter istics.)
As part of the process of reregistering currently registered products, EPA will
issue FIFRA Section 3(c)(2)(B) directives requiring the registrants to take
appropriate steps to fill all identified data gaps, whether "product-spacific"
or "generic" data gaps. The Guidance Package for this Standard details the
steps that must be taken by registrants to comply with Section 3(c)(2)(B).
In addition, FIFRA Section 6(a)(2) requires the registrant to submit factual
information raising concerns of possible unreasonable adverse effects of a
pesticide. The registrant should notify the Agency of interim results of
studies in progress, if those results show possible adverse effects.
G. Amendments to the Standard
Applications for registration which propose uses or formulations that are not
presently covered by the Standard, or which present product compositions,
hazard data, toxicity levels, or labeling that do not meet the requirements of
the Standard, will automatically be considered by the Agency to be requests for
amendments to the Standard. In response to such applications, the Agency may
request additional data to support the proposed amendment to the Standard, or
may deny the application for registration on the grounds that the proposed
product would cause unreasonable adverse effects to the environment. In the
former case, when additional data have been satisfactorily supplied, and
providing that the data do not indicate the potential for unreasonable adverse
effects, the Agency will then amend the Standard to cover the new registration.
Each Registration Standard is based upon all data and information available to
the Agency's reviewers on a particular date prior to the publication date.
This "cut-off" date is stated at the beginning of the Part II.C. Any
subsequent data submissions and any approved amendments will be incorporated
into the Registration Standard by means of addenda, which are available for
inspection at EPA in Washington, D.C., or copies may be requested from the
Agency. When all of the present "data gaps" have been filled and the submitted
data have been reviewed, the Agency will revise the Registration Standard.
Thereafter, when the Agency determines that the internally maintained addenda
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have significantly altered the conditions for registration under the Standard,
the document will be updated and reissued for publication.
While Registration Standard discusses only the uses and hazards of products
containing the designated active ingredient(s), the Agency is also concerned
with the potential hazards of some inert ingredients and impurities.
Independent of the development of any one Standard, the Agency has initiated
the evaluation of some inert pesticide ingredients. Where the Agency has
identified inert ingredients of concern in a specific product to which the
Standard applies, these ingredients will be indicated in the Guidance Package.
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II. Regulatory Position
A. Introduction
This Part presents the Agency's regulatory position and rationale based on an
evaluation of all registered products containing aluminum phosphide as the sole
active ingredient with the same use patterns described in this Standard. After
briefly describing the chemical, this Part presents the regulatory position and
rationale, the criteria by which applications for registration of aluminum
phosphide products will be approved, additional labeling considerations and
requirements related to the tolerance reassessment, if applicable. A summary
of the data requirements is contained in Part III. Discussion of the data upon
which this regulatory position is based is presented in each of the
disciplinary chapters, Parts IV through VIII.
B. Description of Chemical
Aluminum phosphide is a restricted use, nondomestic fumigant, for use only by
certified applicators for the control of insects in raw agricultural
commodities, processed foods and animal feeds, and other nonfood/nonfeed
commodities (including tobacco). The Agency has also given preliminary
acceptance for the control of burrowing rodents in nonce op areas. Although
aluminum phosphide is the registered active ingredient foe this pesticide,
phosphine gas, which is liberated in the presence of moisture, actually
performs the fumigant action for this pesticide. The American Chemical
Society's Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number for aluminum phosphide is
20859-73-8 and the EPA Shaughnessy number is 066501. Currently, there are no
technical or manufacturing-use products registered with the Agency. Aluminum
phosphide end-use products imported into this country are produced in an
intergrated-formulation system. That is, the technical material is formulated
directly into an end-use product. Consequently, although the Agency has some
information on the manufacturing process for end-use products, sufficient
description of the manufacturing process for each technical grade of aluminum.
phosphide used to produce these end-use products is lacking.
C. Regulatory Position
Aluminum phosphide, as deer ibed in this Standard, may be registered for sale,
distribution, and use in the united States. The Agency has considered the
limited amount of scientific data concerning aluminum phosphide and phosphine
obtained from the open literature as of October*, 1981, and the data submitted
to the Agency by the registrants through the time of publication of this
Standard (October, 1981). Based on review of these limited data, the Agency
finds that none of the risk criteria found in Section 162.11(a) of Title 40 of
the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) were met or exceeded for aluminum
phosphide and that it does not appear to cause unreasonable adverse effects
when applied in accordance with proper label directions and precautions.
Aluminum phosphide products currently registered may be reregistered subject to
the conditions imposed for data requirements. New products may be registered
under this Standard and are subject to the same requirements. Revised label
requirements will be addressed in the Guidance Package which accompanies this
Standard and any special label requirements for this pesticide will also be
discribed in Part II.E of this Standard (see 40 CFR 162.10 for a detailed
description of standard labeling requirements).
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D. Regulatory Rationale
A review of the available data regarding the end-use products of aluminum
phosphide and its principle active agent, phosphine, shows that much informa-
tion that could be used to support registration and reregistration is not
available. The Agency has the prerogative not only to request information to
satisfy the data Guidelines proposed in 1978 and 1980, but may also require
additional testing. These additional tests may be requested by the Agency if
it believes that particular concerns regarding the health or environmental
effects of a pesticide must be evaluated. In some cases, this additional
testing may be deferred pending the Agency's review of specific test protocols
developed by the registrant or the completion of other related tests the Agency
requires for registration of a product (e.g., tiered testing).
It is the policy of the Agency not to automatically request guideline
information just because a particular guideline exists. Each element of the
guideline is considered individually with regard to the pesticide's uses,
exposure and risk. If the Agency concludes that specific elements of the data
guidelines are required to prepare a comprehensive Registration Standard, the
data will be requested.
The Agency has concluded that it should continue registration for this product
for the following reasons:
1) Because phosphine gas has a high acute inhalation toxicity, the insecticide
uses of aluminum phosphide are restricted to certified applicators who are
required to wear protective clothing and a respirator during the application
process. Certified applicators will also be required to wear protective
clothing (e.g., gloves) when applying the aluminum phosphide as a rodenticide.
Consequently, the Agency does not believe the use of this pesticide presents
any unreasonable acute risk when used in accordance with label instructions.
2) No significant chronic adverse effects have been uncovered in the review of
studies pertinent to aluminum phosphide or phosphine. These studies include
some which, while failing to meet guideline requirements, provide a level of
qualitative information. As a result of examining these studies, the Agency
has concluded that there is no immediate cause for regulatory concern based on
chronic effects.
3) In accordance with FIFRA, the Agency does not routinely cancel the regis-
tration of products or withhold registration merely for the lack of data (see
Sections 3(c)(2)(B) and 3(c)(7) of FIFRA). Rather, the publication of this
Standard provides a mechanism for identifying data needs, and registration of
aluminum phosphide under this Standard allows for the improvement of labels
during the period in which the required data are being generated. When these
data are received, they will be reviewed by the Agency and the register ability
of the chemical will be reassessed.
4) If the label instructions are followed, applicators should not be exposed
to measurable levels of the pesticide during the fumigation of commodities.
However , reentry data are being required to evaluate more precisely the
concentration levels of phosphine, if any, following the fumigation process.
5) The Agency is requiring label revisions for the rodenticide fumigant
products which will eliminate potential hazards to nontarget organisms.
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In addition, the Agency is waiving or reserving some data requirements for
aluminum phosphide or phosphine for the following reasons:
1) The label requires the application site to be airtight and capable of
containing the liberated phosphine gas. Consequently, there should be no
exposure to the applicator or others who live or work in the immediate fumiga-
tion area. When aerating the application site after fumigation, the label also
requires the applicator to wear protective equipment (e.g., respirator) when
testing the site to certify that phosphine gas has been reduce to levels safe
for reentry. The current reentry level, 0.3 ppm, is based on acute and
subchronic inhalation studies for phosphine gas established through the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Permissible Exposure
Level (PEL). It is possible that this level may not protect the applicator
from other chronic adverse effects. However, the post-fumigation atmosphere
theoretically should decrease to some concentration approaching zero as the
site is further aerated. Thus, the Agency will hold in abeyance further
testing for teratology, mutagenicity, and subchronic inhalation until the
Agency receives and reviews the requested environmental reentry data to
determine the exposure, if any, to the applicator. If there is significant
exposure to the applicator b-sed on this review, the existing PEL may not be
adequate to protect applicators reentering aluminum phosphide-treated storage
areas from other chronic adverse effects and the Agency may require these
studies.
2) Three types of tolerances have been established for aluminum phosphide for
the amount of phosphine in or on commodities: 1) 0.1 ppm on raw agricultural
commodities [seed and pod vegetables (except soybeans): 0.01 ppm] (40 CFR
Section 130.255); 2) 0.01 ppm on processed foods (21 CFR Section 193.20); and
3) 0.1 ppB on animal feed (21 CFR Section 561.40). The tolerance of 0.1 ppm is
being allowed for raw agricultural commodities since residual phosphine will
probably dissipate from the commodity or will be converted to oxy-acids of
phosphorus which the Agency has determined to be toxicologically insignifi-
cant. Any unreacted aluminum phosphide which might remain if the formulations
are added to the commodity is expected to be converted to minute amounts of
phosphine gas which is readily dissipated from the commodity upon further
aeration. However, radiolabeled phosphorus studies (see Part VI, Residue
Chemistry) indicate that a substantial portion (about 30%) of the phosphine
conversion products have not been identified. Thus the Agency will hold in
abeyance further testing for chronic feeding, oncogenicity, metabolism, and
reproductive until these unidentified residues are identified. If the Agency
concludes, when these residues are chemically characterized that they are
toxicologically insignificant, the requirement for chronic feeding, oncogenic,
metabolism, and reproduction studies will be waived. If no determination can
be made that these unidentifed residues are toxicologically insignificant, the
Agency may require chronic feeding, oncogenic, metabolism, and reproduction
studies.
3) The results of the literature review indicated potential phosphine residues
at levels below the established tolerance on processed foods and animal feed.
Although there are no data establishing the fate of such minute residues,
phosphine oxidizes readily to the relatively innocuous oxy-acids of
phosphorus. Consequently, the Agency has reserved the requirements for animal
metabolism on phosphine, and the data on storage stability of the sample to be
analyzed, until the unidentified residues are identified. If the Agency cannot
determine if these unidentified residues are toxicologically insignificant, the
Agency may require the animal metabolism and storage stability data.
10
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4) The Agency has considered any product containing aluminum phosphide to be
as highly toxic as the phosphine gas which is liberated from aluminum phosphide
and has placed these products in Toxicity Category I for labeling purposes
based on acute and subchronic inhalation studies. The usual toxicity studies
to rate aluminum phosphide products for other categories based on dermal, eye,
or oral effects appear unwarranted. Thus, the Agency is waiving all of the
acute toxicity studies for all aluminum phosphide products.
E. Criteria for Registration Under the Standard
To be subject to this Standard, aluminum phosphide products must meet the
following conditions:
- contain aluminum phosphide as the sole active ingredient which generates
the fumigant, phosphine, and have the same use patterns described in this
Standard;
- bear required labeling; and
- conform to the acute toxicity limits, product composition, and use
pattern requirements stated below.
The applicant for registration or reregistration of aluminum phosphide products
subject to this Standard must comply with all terms and conditions described in
this Standard, including a commitment to fill data gaps on a time schedule
specified by the Agency as indicated in the Guidance Package and, when
applicable, offer to pay compensation to the extent required by Sections
3(c)(l)(D) and 3(c)(2)(D) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA), as amended, 7 U.S.C. 136(c)(l)(D) and 136(c)(2)(D). As discussed
in Part I and in the Guidance Package, applicants for registration of aluminum
phosphide products under this Standard must contact the Agency for specific
instructions, including updated information on data requirements, and contact
companies whose data may be cited and to whom compensation must be offered.
1. Manufacturing-Use Aluminum Phosphide Products
Although there are no manufacturing-use aluminum phosphide products registered
with the Agency, the Agency has considered registration of these products as
indicated below:
a. Acceptable Ranges and Limits
i. Product Composition Range
To be covered under this Standard, manufacturing-use aluminum phosphide
products must conform to the requirements stated below:
Active Ingredient: Any percentage acceptable.
11
-------
ii. Acute Toxicity Limits
The Agency woll consider registration of manufacturing-use aluminum phosphide
products in the toxicity categories indicated by a "yes:"
I II III IV
Acute oral toxicity yes yes yes yes
Acute dermal toxicity yes yes yes yes
Acute inhalation yes yes yes yes
toxicity
Pr invar y eye yes yes yes yes
irritation
Primary dermal yes yes yes yes
irr itation
iii. Use Patterns
To be covered under this Standard, manufacturing-use aluminum phosphide
products must be labeled to allow for formulation into end-use fumigants which
are intended only for one cr a combination of the following use patterns:
1) Food/Feed, Nondomestic, Indoor Use (raw agricultural commodities)
2) Food/Feed, Nondomestic, Indoor Use (animal feed)
3) Food/Feed, Nondomestic, Indoor Use (processed commodities)
4) Nonfood/Nonfeed, Nondomestic, Indoor Use (including tobacco)
5) Nonfood/Nonfeed, Nondomestic, Outdoor Use (rodent control)
iv. Required Labeling
All manufacturing-use aluminum phosphide products must bear appropriate
labeling as specified in 40 CFR 161.10. The Agency may, after review of data
to be submitted under this Standard, impose additional labeling requirements.
2. Fjid-Use Aluminum Phosphide Products
a. Acceptable Ranges and Limits
i. Product Composition Range
To be covered under this Standard, end-use aluminum phosphide products must
conform to the requirements stated below:
Active Ingredient: Any percentage acceptable.
Inert Ingredient: Only those inert ingredients which are exempt from
the requirements of a tolerance [see 40 CFR Section
180.1001 (c)] are acceptable for use on raw agriculture
commodities, processed food, or animal feed. There are
no restrictions on the percentages of inerts currently
being used to formulate the end-use products included
in this Standard.
12
-------
ii. Acute Toxicity Limits
Because the fumigant in this pesticide is acutely toxic, all uses are
restricted to certified applicators. The Agency will consider registration of
end-use aluminum phosphide products in the toxicity categories indicated by a
"yes:"
I II III IV
Acute oral toxicity yes yes yes yes
Acute dermal toxicity yes yes yes yes
Acute inhalation yes yes yes yes
toxicity
Primary eye yes yes yes yes
irr itation
Primary dermal yes yes yes yes
irr itation
iii. Use Patterns
To be covered under this Standard, end-use aluminum phosphide products
formulated as pellets, tablets or dusts must be labeled as a fumigant for one
or more of the following uses*:
1) Food/Feed, Nondomestic, Indoor Use (raw agricultural commodities)
2) Food/Feed, Nondomestic, Indoor Use (animal feed)
3) Food/Feed, Nondomestic, Indoor Use (processed commodities)
4) Nonfood/Nonfeed, Nondomestic, Indoor Use (including tobacco)
5) Nonfood/Nonfeed, Nondomestic, Outdoor Use (rodent control)
iv. Required Labeling
All aluminum phosphide end-use products must bear appropriate labeling as
specified in 40 CFR 161.10**. The Agency may, after review of data to be
submitted under this Standard, impose additional labeling requirements.
Currently, all registered aluminum phosphide products labeling contain adequate
specialized statements regarding the use of protective clothing, appropriate .
* A comprehensive description of application rates, sites, pests and limita-
tions that the Agency has accepted can be found in the Agency's Registration
Standard Aluminum Phosphide Index Entry (,EPA, .1981).
** The aluminum phosphide products should also conform to the June 5, 1930
Federal Register notice (45 FR 37884) announcing the initiation of the Label
Improvement Program. On December 4, 1980, the Office of Pesticide Programs,
EPA, requested that registrants having registered products containing aluminum
phosphide modify their labels if the product has use directions for the
fumigation of boxcars, hopper cars, railroad cars, vans, trailers, trucks,
structures, warehouses, food processing plants, barges or on shipboard
(in transit or shiphold). The labels of the currently registered products
containing aluminum phosphide have been updated to the Agency's labeling
requirements.
13
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application rates, notification of appropriate authorities when applying the
product, safe disposal of spent aluminum phosphide residues, and other labeling
required specifically for aluminum phosphide. There is much specialized
labeling for aluminum phosphide which is contained on all currently registered
products. Only a few of specialized labeling will be indicated below.
Residue Chemistry Statements
For those aluminum phosphide end-use products for use on foods and feeds, the
following statements concerning aeration of the fumigated commodity must
continue to appear on the labeling to prevent the established tolerances from
being exceeded:
"Fumigated foods and feeds shall be aerated for at least two days
(48 hours)."
"Tobacco, when fumigated in warehouse or under tarpaulin, shall
be aerated for at least two days (48 hours), but when fumigated
in hogsheads the aeration time shall be at least 72 hours."
Because aluminum phosphide end-use products must not be added directly to
processed foods during the fumigation process, the following precautionary
statements must continue to appear on the labeling to prevent contamination of
these commodities:
"Under no condition should any processed food, feed or tobacco be
permitted to come into contact with aluminum phosphide or with
the residues of spent aluminum phosphide except when added
directly to processed brewer's rice, malt, and corn grits stored
by breweries for use in the manufacturing of beer."
The following statements must continue to appear on the labeling where
aluminum phosphide pellets or tablets are used with moisture permeable
envelopes to ensure proper disposal of the pesticide and to preclude phosphine
exposure to commodity retailers:
"When pellets (or tablets) of aluminum phosphide are placed in
moisture permeable envelopes, the envelopes shall be fastened to
a substantial support; place no more than 10 pellets (no more
than 2 tablets) into one envelope."
"Aluminum phosphide shall not be placed in or attached to packages
or cartons intended for retailers."
Ecological Effects Statements
The Environmental Hazards section of the labeling for rodenticide uses of
aluminum phosphide must include the following statement:
"This product is highly toxic to wildlife and fish. Ml burrows
should be checked for signs of nontarget animals and if they are
present, burrows should not be treated."
Because the rodenticide use of aluminum phosphide end-use products may be
hazardous to a number of nontarget mammalian, avian, and reptilian species, the
14
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following statements must appear in the precautionary section of the labeling
under the heading "Endangered Species Consideration:"
1) Black-Footed Ferret:
"Do not use this product in the range of the Black-Footed Ferret.
Contact the nearest U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Office
(Endangered Species Specialist) before the product is used. They
will arrange for a ferret survey of the proposed use site."
2) Utah Prairie Dog:
The directions for use for controlling prairie dogs must include
the following restriction: "except Utah prairie dogs."
3) San Joaquin Kit Fox:
"This pesticide should not be used within 1 mile of active dens
of the San Joaquin Kit Fox in the following California counties:
Kern, Kings, Fresno, San Luis Obispo, Merced, Monterey, Santa
Barbara, Ventura, Tulare, and San Benito. Price to use, contact
the California Department of Fish and Game for recommendations."
4) Blunt-Nosed Leopard Lizard:
"This pesticide should not be used in the range of the blunt-
nosed leopard lizard in the following California counties: Kern,
Fresno, Kings, Madera, Merced, and Tulare. Rrior to use, contact
the California Department of Fish and Game for recommendations."
5) Eastern Indigo Snake:
"Do not use this product in the range of the Eastern Indigo snake
in the following states: Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina,
Georgia, and Florida."
6) Desert Tortoise:
"This pesticide should not be used in the Critical Habitat of the
Beaver Dam slope population of the desert tortoise in Utah. This
comprises an area extending from the southwest facing slope of
the Beaver Dam Mountains, across Highway 91, west along the
Arizona border and 10 miles to the Nevada border."
Toxicology Statements
Because the labeling for the currently registered end-use products contains
sufficient specialized precautionary statements regarding complete application
procedures, the use of protective clothing and respirator, and updated precau-
tions required for aluminum phosphide under the Agency's Label Improvement
15
-------
Program, the labeling of the various aluminum phosphide end-use formulations
should continue to include the following statements for all uses:
"RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE"
"For retail sale to and use only by certified applicators
or persons under their direct supervision and only those uses
covered by the certified applicator's certification."
"Not for use or storage in or around inhabited areas."
F. Tolerance Reassessment
1. Tolerances in the United States
The tolerances established for aluminum phosphide in or on raw agricultural
commodities (40 CFR Section 180.225) for residues of the fumigant, phosphine,
are as follows:
Commodity Residue in ppm
Almonds 0.1
Barley 0.1
Beans, cocoa 0.1
Beans, coffee 0.1
Cashews 0.1
Corn 0.1
Corn, pop 0.1
Cottonseed 0.1
Dates 0.1
Filberts 0.1
Millet 0.1
Nuts, Brazil 0.1
Nut, pistachios 0.1
Oats 0.1
Peanuts 0.1
Pecans 0.1
Rice 0.1
Rye 0.1
Safflower 0.1
Sorghum 0.1
Soybeans 0.1
Sunflower, seed 0.1
Vegetables, seed and pod (except soybeans) 0.01
Walnuts 0.1
Wheat 0.1
Tolerances have been established for aluminum phosphide in processed foods
(21 CFR Section 193.20) and animal feeds (21 CFR Section 561.40) for residues
of the fumigant, phosphine. Such residues may not exceed 0.01 ppm on processed
foods and 0.1 ppm on animal feed.
16
-------
2. Canadian and Codex Tolerances
Although not officially accepted, CODEX has recommended phosphine tolerances as
follows:
Commodity Residue in ppm
Cereals, raw 0.1
Flour and other milled products 0.01
Dried vegetables 0.01
Spices 0.01
Breakfast cereals 0.01
In Canada, residues of phosphine >0.1 ppm are not permitted in raw cereals,
soybeans, processed food, or animal feeds.
The residue data supporting the use of aluminum phosphide as a source of the
fumigant, phosphine, are extensive and adequate (see Part VI, Residue
Chemistry). Although these data include occasional reports of phosphine
residues which exceed the established tolerances, the higher residues are
considered aberrant and due to technical difficulties associated with an
analysis for minute «0.1 ppm) residues of phosphine. It is also possible that
a component of the unidentified residue(s) which occurs as the result of a
reaction between phosphine and constituents of fumigated commodities interferes
with the analysis for phosphine. Based on the established tolerances, the
theoretical human dietary exposure to phosphine residues is calculated to be
0.040 mg/day (theoretical maximum residue contribution: TMRC). These phosphine
residues consist of oxy-acids of phosphorus (phosphoric, phosphorous, and
hypophosphorous) which the Agency considers toxicologically insignificant and
about 0.7 ppm uncharacterized residues, which have not been identified. If the
Agency cannot determine that these uncharacterized residues are toxico logically
insignificant, the Agency may require chronic feeding, oncogenic, metabolism
and reproduction studies (see Part VI.F, Toxicology).
17
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III. Summary of Data Requirements
A. Introduction
Applicants fee registration of end-use aluminum phosphide products must cite or
submit the information identified as required in the tables in this Part. The
tables applicable to end-use products indicate whether the product to be tested
is the technical grade or the formulation. Data generated on one formulation
may be used to satisfy the data requirement for a substantially similar
formulation, ba.j<:d on the chemical composition as indicated by the Confidential
Statement of Formula (CSF). Information on which product-specific data
requirements are already satisfied is available in the Guidance Package and in
Table III.B and C of this Standard.
Preceding each requirement, with the exception of Residue Chemistry, are listed
the Proposed Guidelines which describe the type of data and when the data are
required to be submitted. Justification for the test requirement is provided
in the Guidelines (see 43 FR 29696 of July 10, 1978 and 43 FR 37336 of August
22, 1978). A discussion of why data .additional to that already specified in
the Guidelines are necessary, or why data usually required are not necessary
for this chemical, is explained in footnotes to the tables. Areas where
additional data may be required as the result of tiered testing are indicated.
Bibliographic citations in the following tables indicate that the study listed
accomplishes one of the following:
1) provides all the information required by the guideline
requirement; or
2) provides partial information required by the guideline requirement
which is elaborated on by an accompanying footnote.
The word "yes" under the heading "Does EPA have data to partially or totally
satisfy this requirement?" means that the requirement has been fully satisfied,
unless otherwise noted.
B. Generic Data Requirements, Table 111. A
This table discusses those data that pertain to the properties or effects of
aluminum phosphide as an active ingredient. Thus, these data are relevant to
an evaluation of the risks of all products containing aluminum phosphide.
Providing data to fill generic data requirements is generally the responsi-
bility of the registrant(s) of manufacturing-use aluminum phosphide products.
However , because there are no manufacturing-use products registered, the
registrants of end-use aluminum phosphide products must assume this
responsibility.
Registrants of end-use products containing aluminum phosphide are advised that
if the Agency does not receive commitments within 90 days of receipt of the
Guidance Package that they will fill data gaps identified in Table III.A, the
end-use product registrations may be suspended.
Applicants for registration or reregistration of end-use aluminum phosphide
products must acknowledge-reliance on existing data which fill indicated data
requirements under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D). These data are listed under the
column "Bibliographic Citation" in Table III.A.
18
-------
C. Product-Specific Data Requirements for Manufacturing-Use, Table III.B, and
End-Use Aluminum Phosphide Products, Table III.C
These tables discuss those data that relate only to the properties or effects
of a product with a specific composition (or substantially similar composi-
tion). Thus, these data are required of each formulation (or substantially
similar product) to characterize the product's particular composition and
physical/chemical properties, and to characterize the product's acute
toxicity. Providing data to fulfill these requirements is the responsibility
of each applicant for the registration or reregistration of a manufacturing-use
or an end-use aluminum phosphide product. If the Agency has data which
fulfill this requirement for a particular product(s), this is indicated in the
table and in the Guidance Package accompanying this Standard.
Product-specific data may be acknowledged under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D) only
if the Agency has established that one product is substantially similar to
another product for which the Agency has received acceptable data.
19
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Table III.A-1 Generic Data Requirements for Aluminum Phosphide, Product Chemistry (see Part IV)
Guidelines
Citation
163.61-3
163.61-4
163.61-5
163.61-6
163.61-7
163.61-8(c)(l)
Name of Test Are
for
Product Identity:
- Identity of ingre-
dients
- Statement of
composition
Manufacturing
process, described
Discussion on forma-
tion of impurities
Certified limits:
- Actives, all
- Impurities >0.1%
- Analytical
methods
- Composition
data
Color
Data Required Composition toes EPA Have Bibliographic
this Standard? Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID ft)
this Requirement?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
partial-^/
partial—
partial-
no
no
partial-'
partial-/
partial-/
000005762
000005762
005010196, 000005762,
005007199
-
~"
005010196, 000005762,
000005696, 000005746,
000005675
000005696
000005762, 000005911,
005007617
(hst Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard..
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 Months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
October, 1981
20
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Table III.A-1 Generic Data Requirements for Aluminum Phosphide, Product Chemistry (see Part IV) (cont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
Name of Test
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Composition
163.6i-8(c)(2) Odor
163.61-8(c)(3) Melting Point
163.61-8(c)(4) Solubility
163.61-8(c)(5) Stability
163.61-8(c)(6) Octanol/Vfater
Partition
Coefficient
yes
yes
yes
yes
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Technical grade of
active ingrdient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
partial-/
partial^/
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID ft)
000005762
000005762, 000005746
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under F1FRA 3(c)(2)(D)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
163.61-8(c)(7) Physical State
yes
I63.61-8(c)(8) Density or Specific yes
Gravity
Technical grade of yes
active ingredient
Technical grade of partial-
active ingredient
005010196, 000005746 no
000005762, OOOOQ5746 yes/8 months
October, 1981
21
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Table III.A-1 Generic Data Requirements for Aluminum Phosphide, Product Chemistry (see Part IV) (oont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
Name of Test
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Composition
roes EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID I)
163.61-8(c)<9) Boiling Etoint
163.61-8(c)<10) Vapor Pressure
pll
Must Additional
Rata be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
no-/
I/ Even though some of the data rquirements have been partially or completely fulfilled for some technical grade of active ingredients used to
formulate end-use products, the Agency has not received data to support all end-use products. These data requirements must be met by each
applicant at the time of registration or reregistration. Note: Currently, no technical grade of the active ingredient is registered.
2/ A submission by Degesch (MRID #000005672) indicates how their technical grade of aluminum phosphide is manufactured, but the discussion
is not sufficiently detailed . A description is required for the manufacturing procees used to produce each technical grade of aluminum
phosphide used in each registered end-use product.
3/ lliese physical/chemical property data requirements cire riot needed to support the registration of products under this Standard for the fol-
lowing reasons: 1) property #6 (Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient) is not required for inorganic compounds ; 2) properties J9 (Boiling
Point) and »10 (Vapor Pressure) are not required for solids; however, the compound melts above 1,000°C: and 3) property 111 (pll) is not
required because the end-use products do not dissolve, but instead react with water to liberate phosphine gas (Pll ), and the technical
grade of aluminum phosphide decomposes in water to Pll and Al(Oil) .
October, 1981
22
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Table III.A-2 Generic Data Requirements for Aluminum Phosphide, Environmental Fate (see Part V)
Guidelines
Citation
163.62-7(b)
163.62-8(f)
163.62-8(g)
163.62-9(c)
163.62-12
163.62-13
Name of Test
Hydrolysis^/
Microbial
metabolism
(3) effects of
pesticides on
microbes
Activated
sludge
metabolism
Volatility-/
Heentryi/
Disposal and
Storage
Are Data Required Composition Does EPA Have Bibliographic
for this Standard? teta to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (I1RIO it)
this Requirement?
yes Phosphine- no
yes —no
yes —'no
2/
yes Phosphine- no
yes Hiosphine-/ partial-/ 000005735, 000005691,
000005737, 000005662,
000005797, 000005664
n°~/
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(U)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
yes/14 months
I/
I/
yes/14 months
yes/14 months
October, 1981
23
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Table III.A-2 Generic Data Requirements for Aluminum Phosphide, Environmental Fate (see Part V) (cont'd)
I/ While the available phosphine toxicology studies are inadequate, the Agency believes that in most cases the actual exposure bo phosphine is
sufficiently low that a worst case analysis will support present uses of aluminum phosphide in the absence of additional phosphine toxicology
studies. However, the Agency requires additional exposure monitoring data to support the conclusion that current levels of phosphine expo-
sure are toxicologically insignificant. Therefore, for each site or similar group of sites for which entry into treated (confined) areas is
likely, the Agency requires adequate exposure monitoring data. Data should measure the actual concentration)s) of phosphine to which workers
will be exposed following reentry into treated (confined) areas when following accepted aluminum phosphide label directions. To preclude
unnecessary studies from being conducted, the registrant is strongly urged to consult with appropriate Agency scientists (i.e.. Hazard
Evaluation Division, Office of Pesticide Programs) before initiating the phosphine exposure monitoring studies. For useful background
information, consult the reference to hydrolysis and volatility in the Agency's Guidelines.
2/ Because aluminum phosphide reacts with water to release the fumigant, phosphine, studies should analyze for phosphine concentrations.
3/ The requirement for submission of these data is currently being reserved pending the review and modification of testing protocols. Because
the use patterns (enclosed areas) currently registered are not- similar to other agricultural pesticides (outdoor), the Agency is re-examining
the need for these data requirements. '
V The kinetics of phosphine release and dissipation cannot be determined quantitatively from these studies.
5/ Data necessary to meet this requirement will be provided by data from Section 163.62-7
-------
Table III.A-3 Generic Data Requirements for Aluminum Phosphide, Toxicology (see Part VI)
"Nane~oF~Tfest"~
Guidelines
Citation
163.81-1
163.81-2
163.81-3
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
163.81-7
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Acute Oral
Toxicity
Acute Dermal
Toxicity
yes
yes
Acute Inhalation yes
Obxicity
Primary Eye
Irritation
Darmal
Sensitization
Acute Delayed
Neurotoxicity
yes
Primary Dermal yes
Irritation
no!/
3 Composition
3?
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID |)
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
partial
ial-/
005007354
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
October, 1981
25
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Table III.A-3 Generic Data Requirements for Aluminum Phosphide, Toxicology (see Part VI) (cont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
163.82-1
163.82-2
163.82-4
163.82-5
163.83-1
163.83-2
163.83-3
Name of Test Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Subchronic Oral yes
Subchronic Dermal no-
Subchronic Inhala- yes
tion
Subchronic no-
Neurotoxicity
Chronic Feeding yes
Study
Oncogenicity yes
Teratogenicity yes
Composition toes EPA Have Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID »)
this Requiranent?
Technical grade of no
active ingredient
Technical grade of no -
active ingredient
Technical grade of no
active ingredient
Technical grade of no -
active ingredient
Technical grade of no
active ingredient
Must Additional
tota be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
reserved—
reserved-
reserved—
reserved-/
reserved—
October, 1981
26
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Table III.A-3 Generic Data Requirements for Aluminum Phosphide, Toxicology (see Part VI) (cont'd)
Ciiidelines flame of Test
Citation
163.82-4 Reproduction
163.84-1 Mutagenicity
163.84-2
163.84-3
163.84-4
163.85-1 Metabolism
Are Data Required Composition
for this Standard?
yes Technical grade of
active ingredient
yes Technical grade of
active ingredient
yes Radiolabeled
analytical grade
Does EPA Have Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (HRIO ft)
this Requirement?
no
no
no
(lust Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
Cor submission front
published date of Standard.
reserved—
reserved-
reserved—
I/ The acute toxicity studies are required for labeling purposes. The severest labeling restriction (i.e, the signal word DANGER and
skull and crossbones) have been imposed on the end-use aluminum phosphide products due to the highly acute inhalation toxicity of
phosphine which can be readily evolved from the formulation. Therefore, all of the acute toxicity requirements on the technical
grade of active ingredient products have been waived.
2/ This study was considered supplementary because only one sex was tested and complete details concerning all test parameters were not
provided.
3/ This study is required when repeat dermal exposures are expected with the end-use products. There is expected to be no dermal exposure
to these formulations.
4/ Aluminum phosphide or phosphine are not organophosphorus compounds nor do they produce cholinesterase inhibition.
5/ These requirements are being reserved until the Agency receives and reviews the residue chemistry data (e.g., identification of
unknown residues). If the Agency determines that these unidentified phosphine residues are toxicologically significant, these
studies may be required.
6/ These requirements are being reserved until the Agency receives and reviews the required environmental fate data (e.g. volatility
and reentry). If there is any exposure to phosphine during reentry, the Acjency may require these studies.
October, 1981
27
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Table III.A-4 Generic-Data Requirements for Aluminum Phosphide, Residue Chemistry (see Part VII)
Guidelines
Citation
Mame of Test
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Composition
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Nature of the
Residue
Metabolism
in Animals
Analytical
Methods
Residue Data:
1. Raw Agricul-
tural Com-
modities
yes
partial-
yes
yes
yes
yes
Bibliographic
Citation
(HRID ft)
005018681, 005008303,
005007621, 005008840,
005015384, 005013027,
005020467, 000005813,
005012115
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
3/
005007190, 005007724,-'
005007845
005007190,
005013439,
005022032,
005013276,
005012293,
000005767,
005007845,
000005935,
005019407,
000005686,
000005783,
005020467,
000005696,
000006724,
005016260,
000005750,
000005671,
000005905,
000005719,
000005685,
005007830,
005014054,
000005781,
005020562,
005016893,
005015520
yes/12 months
October, 1981
28
-------
Table III.A-4
Guidelines
Citation
Generic-Data Requirements for Aluminum Phosphide, Residue Chemistry (see Part VII) (oont'd)
Compostion
Name of Test
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Residue Data (oont'd):
2.
Processed
Foods and
Feeds
yes
yes
3. Milk, Meat, Eggs
and Poultry
Residue Data Follow-
ing Aeration of
Commmodity
Storage Stability
Data for Residues
in Commodities
yes
yes
Bibliographic Must Additional
/ Citation
Ey (MRID 1)
?
000005750,
000022007,
000005776,
000005786,
000005696,
000022017,
000005777,
000005905,
000005935,
005022032,
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
000005775, no
000022026,
000005774,
000022008,
000022015,
005012293,
000005768,
005007190,
000020578 ,
000022913
000020578, 000022017,
000005686
October, 1981
29
-------
Table III.A-4 Generic-Data Requirements for Aluminum Phosphide, Residue Chemistry (see Part VII) (cont'd)
32
I/ In support of this Standard, recent studies (see Part VII), conducted with radiolabeled phosphine ( P), were reviewed which indicate
phosphine reacts irreversibly with grain and other fumigated commodities to form oxy-acids of phosphorous and unidentified, water-insoluble,
residue(s). Ihe Agency is therefore requesting further study on the nature of the residue, specifically that the unidentified residue
(ca 0.7 ppm) be identified. After reviewing the requested data, if the Agency cannot determine that these unidentified residues are toxioo-
logically insignificant, the Agency may requested additional studies to support the continued registration of aluminum phosphide products
(refer to those data requirements indicated by footnote #2).
2/ Because of the very small residues of phosphine which result from the currently accepted uses of aluminum phosphide, the fugitive nature oi;
phosphine per se, and the labeling restriction against mixing the end-use products with animal feeds, the Agency will not require these data
at this time. However, if the Agency determines that these unidentified residues are lexicologically significant, these studies may be
required.
3/ An acceptable analytical method can also be found in Volume II of the Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM), Pesticide Reg. Sec. 180.225, 1901
Edition (Mote: PAM is published and revised periodically by the Food and Drug Administration).
October, 1981
30
-------
Table III.B-1 Product-Specific Data Requirements for Aluminum Ptiosphide Manufacturing-Use Products, Product Chemistry (see Part IV)
Guidelines
Citation
163.61-3
163.61-4
163.61-5
163.61-6
163.61-7
Name of Test Are
for
Product Identity:
- Identity of ingre-
dients
- Statement of
composition
Manufacturing
process, described
Discussion on forma-
tion of impurities
Certified limits:
- Actives, all
- Impurities >0.1»
- Analytical
methods
- Composition
data
Data Required
this Standard?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Composition
Each manufacturing-
use product
Each manufacturing-
use product
Each manufacturing-
use product
Each manufacturing-
use product
Each manufacturing-
use product
Each manufacturing-
use product
Does EPA Have Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID #)
this Requirement?
no
no
no
no
no
no -
partial-/ 005010196, 000005762,
000005696, 000005746,
000005675
partial-/ 000005696
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
yes/8 months-/
yes/8 months—
yes/8 months^/
yes/8 months-/
yes/8 months-X
yes/8 months-'
yes/8 months-/
yes/8 months—
October, 1981
31
-------
table III.B-1 Product-Specific Data Requirements for Aluminum Phosphide Manufacturing-Use Products, Product Chemistry (see Part IV) (cont'd)
Guidelines Name of Test Are
Citation for
163.61-8 Physical/Chemical Property
-8(c)(l) Color
-8(c)(2) Odor
-8(c)(8) Density
-8(c)(ll) pll
-8(c)(12) Storage Stability
-8(c)(13) Flamnablility
-8(c)(14) Oxidizing/Reduction
-8(c)(15) Explosiveness
Data Required
this Standard?
Data-/
yes
yes
yes
no!/
yes
yes!/
yes
yes
Composition
Each manufacturing-
use product
Each manufacturing-
use product
Each manufacturing-
use product
Each manufacturing-
use product
Each manufacturing-
use product
Each manufacturing-
use product
Each manufacturing-
use product
Does EPA llave Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Ttotally Satisfy (MRID 8)
this Requirement?
no
no -
no
no
no
no
no
tlust Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
yes/8 months-'
yes/8 months-
yes/8 months—
yes/8 months-'
yes/8 months-
yes/8 months-
yes/8 months—'
October, 1981
32
-------
Table III.B-1 Product-Specific Data Requirements for Aluminum Phosphide Manufacturing-Use Products, Product Chemistry (see Part IV) (cont'd)
Guidelines Name of Test Are Data Required Composition Does EPA Have Bibliographic Must Additional
Citation for this Standard? Data to Partially Citation Data be Submitted
or Totally Satisfy (MRID f) under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
this Requirement? If so, months allowed
for submission from
. published date of Standard.
163.61-8 Physical/Chemical Property Data (cont'd)-/
-8(c)(16) Misciblility nc4/
-8(c>(17) Viscosity
-8(c)(18) Corrosion Character- yes Bach manufacturing- no - yes/8 months—
istics use product
-8(c)(19) Dielectric Breakdown
\foltage
I/ Even though some of the requirements have been partially or completely fulfilled for some products, references cannot be cited to support
other products, except for 163.61-7. These data are not required to be submitter) since there are currently no manufacturing-use products
registered; data indicated will be required to support the registration of each such product at the time of registration. Mote: The data
requirements for products intended for manufacturing-use and those end-use products produced by an intergrated-formulation system are the same.
2/ The Agency has information to support some products. Data must be submitted for other manufacturing-use products.
3/ for the technical aluminum phosphide used to formulate the manufacturing-use product, data are also required for the physical/chemical
properties as indicated in Table III.A-1.
4/ These physical/chemical property data requirements are not needed to support the registration of products under this Standard for the following
reasons: 1) property Kll (ptl) is not required because the products do not dissolve, but instead react with water to liberate phosphine gas
(PH,), and the aluminum phosphide decomposes in water to Pll and Al(OII) ; 2) property 813 (Flamnability) is normally required only for
flammable liquids. (However, aluminum phosphide is classified by the UTS. Dept. of Transportation as a flammable solid and flammability data
are not required for unregistered technical chemicals. These data will be needed for manufacturing-use products of aluminum phosphide);
3) properties 116 (Miscibility) and »17 (Viscosity) are required only for liquids; and 4) property 119 (Dielectric Breakdown Voltage) is not
required because the product is not applied directly to electrical wires.
October, 1981
33
-------
Table III.B-2 Product-Specific Data Requirements for Hanufacturing-Use Aluminum Phosphide Products, Toxicology (see Part VI)
Guidelines
Citation
163.81-1
163.81-2
163.81-3
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
Name of Test
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Composition
Acute Oral
Toxicity
Acute Dermal
Toxicity
yes
yes
Acute Inhalation yes
Toxicity
Primary Eye
Irritation
Primary Dermal
Irritation
Dermal
Sensitization
yes
yes
no3-/
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID «)
Each manufacturing- no
use product
Each manufacturing- no
use product
Each manufacturing- partial-
use product
Each manufacturing- no
use product
Each manufacturing- no
use product
005007354
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
noi/
no-
no-
October, 1981
34
-------
Table III.B-2 Product-Specific Data Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Aluminum Phosphide Products, Toxicology (see Part VI) (cont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
163.81-7
Name of Test
Acute Delayed
Neuro toxicity
Are Data Required Composition Does EPA Have
for this Standard? Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
«&
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID I)
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)U)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
I/ The acute toxicity studies are required for labeling purposes. The severest labeling restriction (i.e, the signal word DANGER and
skull and crossbones) have been imposed on the end-use aluminum phosphide products due to the highly acute inhalation toxicity of
phosphine which can be readily evolved from the formulation. Therefore, all of the acute toxicity requirements on the
manufacturing-use products have been waived.
2/ This study was considered supplementary because only one sex was tested and complete details concerning all test parameters were not
provided.
3/ This study is required when repeat dermal exposures are expected, 'there is expected to be no dermal exposure to these formulations.
4/ Aluminum phosphide or phosphine are not organophosphorus compounds nor do they produce cholinesterase inhibition.
October, 1981
35
-------
Table III.C-l Product-Specific Data Requirements for Aluminum Phosphide End-Use Products, Product Chemistry!/ (see Part IV)
Guidelines
Citation
163.61-3
163.61-4
163.61-5
163.61-6
163.61-7
Name of Test Are
for
Product Identity:
- Identity of ingre-
dients
- Statement of
composition
Manufacturing
process, described
Discussion on forma-
tion of impurities
Certified limits:
- Actives, all
- Impurities > 0.1%
- Analytical
methods
- Composition
data
Data Required
this Standard?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Composition
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
yes'/
yesi/
partial-/
no
110
no
partial-''
partial-''
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID «)
-
000005762, 000005746
000005696
-
:
000005696, 000005746
000005762, 005010196
000005675, 000005761
000005696
(lust Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(D)7
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
no
no
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
, yes/8 months
,
yes/8 months
October, 1981
36
-------
Table III.C-1 Product-Specific Data Requiranents for Aluminum Phosphide End-Use Products, Product Chemistry-*' (see Part IV) (cont'd)
Guidelines Name of Test Are
Citation for
163.61-8 Physical/Chemical Property
-8(c)(l) Color
-8(c)(2) Odor
-8(c)(8) Density or
Bulk Density
-8(c)(ll) pH
-8(c)(12) Storage Stability
-8(c)(13) Flammablility
-8(c)(14) Oxidizing/Reduction
-8(c)(15) Explosiveness
-8(c)(16) Misciblility
-8(c)(17) Viscosity
Data Required
this Standard?
Data
yes
yes
yes
no*/
yes
yes*/
yes
yes
nd/
nd/
Composition
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end -use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
partial-/
partial-/
no
partial-/
partial-
no
no
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID i)
000005907
000005907, 005007818
-
000005759, 000005760,
000005763, 000005746
000005675, 000005681,
000005813, 000005669,
005020086
-
-
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFKA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
October, 1981
37
-------
Table III.C-1 Product-Specific Data Requirements for Aluminum Phosphide End-Use Products, Product Chemistry-i/fsee Part IV) (cont'd)
Guidelines Name of Test Are Data Required "Composition noes EPA Have Bibliographic Must Additional
Citation for this Standard? Data to Partially Citation Data be Submitted
or -totally Satisfy (HMD ft) under FIFKA 3(c)(2)(B)?
this Requirement? If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
163.61-8 Physical/Chemical Property Data (cont'd)
-8(c)(18) Corrosion Character- yes Each end-use rt> - yes/8 months
istics product
-8(c)(19) Dielectric Breakdown no-/
Voltage
I/ Even though some of the requirements have been partially or completely fulfilled for some products, references cannot be cited to support
other products, except for 163.61-7. These requirements must be submitted by each applicant at the time of registration or reregistration.
Data indicated in Table III.A-1 will also be required to support the registration of each end-use product since no technical grade or
manufacturing-use products are registered. Hie data requirements for products intended for manufacturing-use and those end-use products
produced by an intergrated-formulation system are the same.
2/ The Agency has information to support all currently registered end-use products [information was provided in the Confidential Statements of
Formula (CSF)).
3_/ The discussion on descriptions of the manufacturing process used to formulate the end-use products are not sufficiently detailed.
£/ The Agency has information to support some products. Tirese data must be submitted for other end-use products.
5/ These physical/chemical property data requirements are not needed to support the registration of products under this Standard for the following
reasons: 1) property Jll (pll) is not required because the end-use products do not dissolve, but instead react with water to liberate phosphine
gas (PH.,), and the technical grade of aluminum phosphide decomposes in water to PIL and AKOII)^; 2) property 113 (Flammablility) is normally
required only for flammable liquids. (However, a 1 omnium phosphide is classified by the U.S. Dept. of Transportation as a flammable solid a'rvl
fjammablility data will be needed.); 3) properties »16 (Misciblility) and §17 (Viscosity) are required only for liquids; and 4) property »19
(Dielectric Breakdown Voltage) is not required because the product is not applied directly to electrical wires.
October, 1981
38
-------
Table III.C-2 Product-Specific Data Requirements for End-Use Aluminum Phosphide Products, Toxicology (see Part VI)
Guidelines
Citation
163.81-1
163.81-2
163.81-3
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
Name of Test Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Acute Oral yes
Tbxicity
Acute Dermal yes
Toxicity
Acute Inhalation yes
Toxicity
Primary Eye yes
Irritation
Primary Dermal yes
Irritation
Dermal no—
Sensitization
Composition
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end-use
product
Each end -use
product
Each end-use
product
Does EPA Have Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID i)
this Requirement?
no -
no -
partial-/ 005007354
no
no -
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
noi/
nd/
noi/
nd/
noi/
October, 1981
39
-------
Table ITI.C-2 Product-Spedfic Data Requirements for End-Use Aluminum Phosphide Products, Toxicology (see Part VI) (oont'd)
Guidelines Name of Test Are Data Required Composition Does EPA Have Bibliographic Must Additional
Citation for this Standard? Data to Partially Citation Data be Submitted
or Totally Satisfy (MRID «) under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
this Requirement? If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of Standard.
163.81-7 Acute Delayed
Neurotoxicity
I/ The acute toxicity studies for end-use products are required for labeling purposes. The severest labeling restriction (i.e. the signal
word DANGER and skull and crossbones) have been imposed on the end-use aluminum phosphide products due to the highly acute inhalation
toxicity of phosphine which can be readily evolved from the formulation. Therefore, all of the acute toxicity requirements on the
end-use products have been waived.
2/ This study was considered supplementary because only one sex was tested and complete details concerning all test parameters were not
provided.
3/ This study is required when repeat dermal exposures are expected. There is expected to be no dermal exposure to these formulations.
4/ Aluminum phosphide or phosphine are not organophosphorus compounds nor do they produce cholinesterase inhibition.
October, 1981
40
-------
IV. Product Chemistry
A. Introduction
FIFRA 3(c)(2)(A) requires the Agency to establish guidelines for registering
pesticides in the United States. Subpart D of these guidelines requires a
registrant to provide data on the composition of his product and the physical
and chemical properties of both the formulated product and the active
ingredient(s) in the product. These data are needed by the Agency to
characterize products and to assess environmental and health effects from their
use.
To evaluate product composition, the Agency requires: 1) the submission of a
detailed manufacturing process for pesticides including data on the composition
of starting and intermediate materials; 2) a discussion of the presence in a
product of unintentional ingredients formed during, or subsequent to,
manufacture; 3) declaration of the upper and lower limits for each active and
intentionally added inert ingredient, and the upper limit for each impurity; 4)
certification that ingredient limits will be maintained for all quantities of
the product sold or distributed in commerce; and 5) analytical methods, and
data obtained by these methods, for each active ingredient and identifiable
impurity at or in excess of 0.1% of the product weight. The Agency may require
methods and data for impurities below 0.1% of the product weight when highly
toxic impurities are present.
The Agency also requires data on the physical and chemical properties of the
pesticide. For example, data are needed concerning the identity and physical
state of the active ingredient (e.g., melting and boiling points, vapor
pressure, and solubility). Data are also required on those properties of the
formulated product that are clearly related to necessary labeling cautions
(e.g., flammability, corrosion characteristics, and storage stability).
To assist applicants in meeting these requirements and to accelerate the
Agency's review and evaluation of the submitted data, the guidelines include
criteria for acceptable testing of products and an appendix with references to
literature sources containing appropriate testing protocols.
B. Chemical Identity
In the United States, aluminum phosphide is the preferred name for the pesti-
cide which is the subject of this Registration Standard. It is also the name
recommended by both the U.S. Department of Transportation and the American
Chemical Society's Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS). Additional identifying
characteristics of aluminum phosphide include: molecular formula, A1P; CAS
Registry No., 20859-73-8; and molecular weight, 57.95. Aluminum phosphide end-
use products are imparted into this country are produced in an intergrated-
formulation system; some end-use products may be formulated in this country.
Although aluminum phosphide is stable when dry, it reacts with water , including
atmospheric moisture, to liberate the fumigant phosphine [British Crop
Protection Council (1974) Pesticide Manual]. The identifying characteristics
of phosphine are: molecular formula, PH.,; molecular weight, 34.00; and CAS
Registry No., 7803-51-2.
41
-------
C. Manufacturing Process
The Agency has received inadequate information and data describing both the
manufacturing process for technical aluminum phosphide (White and Bushey, 1953,
MRID #00510196, DEGESCH America, Incorporated, 1977, MRID #000005762, and White
and Bushey, 1944, MRID #005007199) and the formulating process for end-use
aluminum phosphide products (DEGESCH America, Incorporated, 1977, MRID
J000005762, Research Products Company, 19??, MRID #000005746, and Ftosebrook,
1972, MRID #000005696). However, the product composition data contained in the
manufacturing process are protected under Section 10 of the FIFRA.
All of the currently registered end-use products of aluminum phosphide are
produced by means of an integrated-formulation system. In this type of
formulation system, the unregistered technical material is formulated directly
into an end-use product. The Agency requires for each such technical grade of
aluminum phosphide a description of the manufacturing process*.
An adequate description must be sufficiently detailed to indicate whether the
aluminum phosphide is produced by a continuous or batch process, provide
information and data on the "beginning" or starting materials (their identity
and composition), the manufacturing equipment, the physical conditions
controlled during the process, and a flowchart listing the chemical reactions
(and their duration) which ace used to manufacture the aluminum phosphide.
This description is also expected to indicate the steps taken to purify the
technical chemical and the measures taken to assure the quality of the final
end-use product.
D. Discussion on the Formulation of Impurities (and Unintentional
Ingredients)
In accordance with Section 163.61-5 of the proposed product chemistry
guidelines (July, 1978), the registration of each aluminum phosphide end-use
product produced by an. integrated-formulation system is to be supported by a
discussion of the impurities that may be present in the product at a level
equal to or greater than 0.1% (1,000 ppm). The discussion is expected to be
based on established chemical theory and the required description of the
manufacturing process (Section 163.61-4), with consideration given to the
impurities present in both the manufacturing reactants and formulating
materials. Data to meet this requirement have not been submitted to support
the registration of any aluminum phosphide product.
E. Declaration and Certification of Ingredient Limits
The Confidential Statements of Formula for the products registered under this
Standard (those containing aluminum phosphide as the sole source for generating
the active agent, phosphine) should be revised to indicate upper and lower
limits for both the aluminum phosphide and any intentionally added inerts which
are X).l%. Upper limits must also be stated for product impurities X).l%
and those known to be potentially hazardous regardless of concentration.
* Currently there is no manufacturing-use aluminum phosphide products
registered with the Agency-
42
-------
F. Product Analytical Methods and Data
Official methods of analysis by the Association of Official Analytical Chemists
(AOAC), or by similar organizations, have not been established far aluminum
phosphide. However, the submissions reviewed for this Standard include
analytical procedures for formulations. In these procedures, the aluminum
phosphide content of the product is calculated on the basis of its phosphide
content. This is accomplished by reacting the product with water and acid;
the phosphide is converted to phosphine [AlP + 3H20 —> PH., + Al(OHK);
the phosphine is swept with nitrogen into an adsorption vessel containing a
solution of mercuric (II) chloride; a reaction occurs [PH., + 3HgCl2—>
P(HgCl)3 + 3HC1]; the hydrochloric acid produced is titrated with standard
alkali; and the aluminum phosphide content is then calculated.
The basis of this procedure was suggested in 1953 (White and Bushey, 1953,
MRID #005010196). Recently, a variation of this procedure, using dilute
sulfuric acid to assure complete reaction of the aluminum phosphide (Ftosebrook,
1972, MRID #000005696) was submitted to the Agency as the recommended procedure
for analyzing some end-use formulations of aluminum phosphide. Typical
aluminum phosphide product composition data determined by Rosebcook (1972, MRID
#000005696) showed acceptable analytical results. Similar methodology is
included in other submissions (DEGESCH America, Incorporated, 1977, MRID
#000005762;. Research Products Company, 19??, MRID #000005746; Wallis, 1964,
MRID SOQOOQ5675; and DEGESCH America, Incorporated, 1944?, MRID #000005761).
(Note: The phosphine evaluation procedure as described in the "EPA Manual of
Chemical Methods for Pesticides and Devices" is the recommended procedure for
analyzing zinc phosphide. This method would also be applicable to aluminum
phosphide with modifications.)
G. Physical and Chemical Property Data
The data requirements for the end-use products produced by an integrated-
formulation system are properties #1, #2, and #7 through #19 in Table VI.A.
For the unregistered technical grade of aluminum phosphide used to formulate
such end-use products, data are required for properties #1 through #11.
However, because of the special characteristics of aluminum phosphide,
exceptions to these requirements have been made for this Standard. These
exceptions are summarized in Table IV.A. The Agency does not have data to
support all end-use products currently registered or information regarding each
technical grade of aluminum phosphide used to formulate these end-use products.
43
-------
TABLE IV.A
Physical/Chemical PCopacities foe Aluminum Phosphide
Physical/Chemical Pcoperty End-use products Technical material
(MRID #) (MRID ft)
(1) Color
(2) Odor
(3) Melting point
(4) Solubility
(000005907) V Gray to yellow
(000005762, 000005911, 005007617!
(000005907, V Data required
005007818) (000005762)
Not required
Not required
>1,000°C
(000005762, 000005746)
Data required 2/
(5) Stability
(6) Octanol/Water
partition coefficient
(7) Physical state
(8) Density
Bulk density
(9) Boiling point
(10) Vapor pressure
(11) pH
(12) Storage stability
(13) Flammability
(14) Oxidizing/Reduction
Potential
Not required
Not required
Solids, all
products
(000005672)
Data required
Data required
Not required
Not required
Not required
>46 months
000005759,
000005760,
000005763,
000005746
Data required 4/ Not required 4/
Data required 4/ Not required
Data required 3/
For polar or ionic
inorganics; not required
Crystals; cubic
zinc blend.
(005010196, 000005746)
2.85 gm/cc
1.00 gm/cc
(000005762, 000005746)
Not required due to high
melting point
Not required due to high
melting point
Insoluble; decomposes
in water to PH-,
and A1(OH)3
Not required
44
-------
TABLE IV.A (Cont'd)
Physical/Chemical Proper ities for Aluminum Phosphide
Physical/Chemical Property
(15) Explosiveness
(16) Miscibility
(17) Viscosity
(18) Corrosion Charact-
er istics
(19) Dielectric Constant
Voltage
End-use products
(MRID ft)
Technical material
(MRID #)
Data required 4/ Not required
Not required; Not required
need for liquids
only
Not required; Not required;
need for liquids Liquids only
only
Data required
Not required
Mot required;
because the
applicator does
not directly applied
AlP to electrical
components
Not required
I/ On the basis of the submitted Confidential Statements of Formula, the end-
use products would be gray and relatively odorless; however, information on
these properties is needed for each product.
2/ For the technical material, data are required for the solubility of
aluminum phosphide in common laboratory solvents (e.g., chloroform and
carbon disulfide) in accordance with guidelines.
3/ Data showing the effect of small amounts of impurities (alkali, acids,
and metallic ions) on the stability of aluminum phosphide (technical) are
required.
4/ While oxidizing/reduction and explosiveness data are required for
aluminum phosphide in accordance with the guideline requirements, it should
be noted that the principle flammability and explosion hazards of these
products are associated with their reaction with moisture and the evolution
of phosphine. Phosphine, like other ignitable gases, is explosive in air
between certain concentrations. For phosphine these concentrations are, by
volume, 1.79% to 1.89% (Dittmar, 1960, MRID 4000005669). Note: Aluminum
phosphide is classified by the U.S. Dept. of Transportation as a flammable
solid and flammability data are not required for the technical chemical.
Flammability data, however, will be needed for manufacturing-use products of
aluminum phosphide.
45
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In concentration of 1.79% to 1.89% by volume, phosphine air mixtures are
explosive (Dittmar, 1960, MRID #000005669). The temperature needed to initiate
ignition (which might be provided by a heated surface) is reported to range
between 100 C to 150 C (Duford, 1961, MRID #000005631). This variation is
reported to be dependant upon the presence of impurities [such as diphosphine;
P^HJ in the evolved phosphine which, in turn, is dependent upon the purity
01 the aluminum phosphide (Fluck, 1973, MRID #000005313). Atmospheric
moisture, and gases such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, which may be
incorporated into the product as ammonia carbamate, are also reported to effect
the ignition temperature.
Using an electric spark and conditions associated with the fumigation of wheat
[i.e., humidity 15%, moisture in the wheat 9.4%, Phostoxin^ tablets (0.19 gm
AlP/meter )], Duford (1961, MRID #000005631) provided data indicating that
under fumigation conditions, ignition of phosphine-air mixtures does not
occur. Wallis (1964, MRID #000005675) also showed that under conditions
typical to those associated with the fumigation of grains, phosphine-air
mixtures are not flammable or explosive. These daf: , since its proprietary,
are reported in the Confidential Appendix of this Standard (see Part IX).
H. Summary of Data Gaps
In accordance with the proposed product chemisbry guidelines, additional data
and information are required regarding the description of manufacturing
process, discussion on formation of impurities, declaration and certification
of ingredient limits, and product analytical methods. These information and
data are required for all currently registered end-use products containing
aluminum phosphide and for the technical grade of active ingredient used to
formulate the end-use products. Physical/chemical data required for the
technical grade of active ingredient are: color, odor, melting point,
solubility, stability, and density or specific gravity. The physical/chemical
data required for the currently registered end-use products by an intergrated-
formulation system are: color, odor, density, storage stability,
oxidizing/reduction, explosiveness and corrosion characteristics.
46
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V. Environmental Fate
A. Use Summary
Aluminum phosphide is a fumigant registered for the control of insects,
primarily Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, in raw agricultural commodities,
processed food, animal feed, and nonfood/nonfeed products (including tobacco)
stared in warehouses, grain elevators, and ships. Phosphine gas, generated
from the reaction of aluminum phosphide with ambient moisture, is the toxic
agent. Annual use of aluminum phosphide is approximately 0.5-1.0 million
pounds of active ingredient. The major use sites are unprocessed agricultural
commodities and tobacco (70-80%) and processed foods (15-25%).
Aluminum phosphide is available in pelleted/tableted (P/T) formulation with
55, 57, or 60% active ingredient or as a 57% active ingredient dust (D)
preparation prepacked in special paper sackets (bags). Aluminum phosphide is
applied by uniformly distributing the product (P/T or D) throughout the site or
material to be fumigated. Pelleted/tableted products are inserted directly
into the commodity to be treated, or the product is placed in moisture-
permeable envelopes and/or cardboard trays which are placed on the floor or
attached to a support timber or other support structure within the fumigation
site. Dust products are distributed in gas-exchange bags (moisture-permeable
envelopes). The specific application method is determined by the material to
be fumigated and the available equipment. Label instructions require the
collection and disposal of spent aluminum phosphide product after fumigation of
processed foods and when gas-exchange bags or cardboard trays are used. Label
instructions also require that processed food products and their containers
must not come in direct contact with aluminum phosphide or with the spent
aluminum phosphide product.
The Agency has given preliminary acceptance for aluminum phosphide as a
restricted use rodenticide for the control of burrowing moles and rodents:
Marmot sp. [wcodchucks and yellow-belly marmot (rockchucks)], prairie dogs
(except Utah prairie dogs), Norway and roof rats, ground squirrels, voles,
house mice, gophers, and chipmunks. The products can only be used in nonorop
areas and must not be applied within 15 feet of inhabited structures (i.e., the
distance of linear diffusion for phosphine gas does not exceed 15 feet under
this application condition) or to burrows which may open under or into occupied
buildings. Aluminum phosphide is applied by adding 2 to 4 tablets (57% active
ingredient) to the rodent burrow, packing the opening with crumpled newspaper
and finally sealing the opening tightly by shoveling soil over the entrance.
The newspaper prevents the soil from covering the tablets and slowing their
action. The lower rate (2 tablets) is required for smaller burrows (e.g.,
rats, voles, ground squirrels, house mice, chipmunks) or under moist soil
conditions, and the higher rate (4 tablets) for larger burrows (e.g.,
woodchucks, prairie dogs, gophers) or when the soil moisture is very low.
Reopened burrows may be retreated 1 to 2 days after initial treatment. Because
of the small amount of product used in this manner , the Agency does not expect
the phosphine gas liberated from the aluminum phosphide product to remain in
soil or water, or to remain in the vapor state for any measurable period of
time such. Thus, an assessment of potential reentry hazard is not necessary
for this use.
47
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B. Environmental Fate Profile
The available data are insufficient to fully assess the environmental fate of
aluminum phosphide or phosphine.
1. Microbiological - Effects of Pesticides on Microbes.
Ruschel and DaCosta (1966, MRID #005016261) treated "Rico 23" bean
(Phaseolus vulgar is L.) seeds with aluminum phosphide by using three 3-g
Phostoxin*11 tablets per cubic meter of defined area. Treated and control seeds
were inoculated with a pure culture of Rhizobium phaseoli F33 (a nitrogen-
fixing bacterium), sown in pots containing sandy soil (pH 4.5), and maintained
under greenhouse conditions. The plants were sampled during the blooming
period, and the following determinations for each plant were made: nodule
number, dry weight, and percentage of nitrogen in the aboveground part of the
plant. Phosphine had no apparent effect on nodulation (number of nodules) in
bean plants grown from treated seed. However, the competency (i.e., ability to
fix nitrogen) of the nodules was not reported.
2. Reentry
Childs et al. (1968?, MRID #000005691; 19??, MRID #000005735) reported
phosphine gas concentrations in tobacco warehouses declined from 100-400 ppm
to 1-5 ppm after aeration for 24 hours when fumigated with 3-g aluminum
phosphide tablets (55% AlP) at 20 tablets/1,000 cubic feet. Phosphine gas
concentrations were the same at the 1- and 14-foot sampling heights above the
floor. Concentrations of phosphine gas in air within tobacco hogsheads
declined from 100-400 ppm to £13 ppm after aeration for 48 hours. Warehouse
temperature and relative humidity were monitored continuously at a central
point in the building with a 7-day hygro thermograph located 4 feet above the
floor next to the center aisle. In all warehouses the temperature ranged from
63 to 96 F (20° to 35 C) and the relative humidity from 47 to 63%.
However, temperature and humidity effects on phosphine gas release and
dissipation were not discernible from the data.
Levels of phosphine gas peaked at 1,200 ppm 3 days after application of
aluminum phosphide (Phostoxin® at 165 pellets/1,000 cubic feet, purity
unspecified) in a polyethylene-covered enclosure containing lined fiber board
cases of tobacco (Edmond et ai_., 1971, MRID #000005737). Phosphine gas
dissipated to nondetectable levels «0.1 ppm) in air surrounding the cases
24 ho'urs after removal of the cover even though the gas was present at
111-125 ppm inside the lined cases. Therefore, under warehouse conditions with
aeration, the phosphine gas released from closed cases should be present at
<0.1 ppm in the surrounding air.
Nelson (1970, MRID #000005797) found that phosphine concentrations in the air
inside enclosed stacks of raisins peaked at 761 ppm and declined to 479 and
7 ppm within 6 and 50 days, respectively, after application of aluminum
phosphide (purity unspecified) at 45 tablets/1,000 cubic feet. The rate of
decline was not linearly related to the application rate. However, 99% of the
phosphine gas inside enclosed stacks of raisins would be dissipated in the
treated area 50 days after treatment without aeration. The level of phosphine
gas in the treatment area with aeration was not determined for reentry.
48
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Tuft (1960, MRID £000005664) detected phosphine gas in the air surrounding
wheat* (approximately 200 pounds) treated with aluminum phosphide
(Phostoxin^, 55% A1P) at 10 tablets per ton of wheat. The concentration in
the air space around the wheat v/as 193 ppm one hour after treatment. This
concentration had increased to a maximum level of 1,5.35 ppm at 56 hours after
treatment and then decreased rapidly for about 150 hours without aeration.
After 260 hours no phosphine was detected in the air surrounding the wheat.
The level of phosphine gas in the treatment area with aeration was not
determined for reentry.
Lauhoff Grain Company (1966, MRID #000005662) fumigated cornmeal in sealed
boxcars with aluminum phosphide (Phostoxin^, 55% AlP) at a rate of 165
pellets/1,000 cubic feet. When whole pellets were used, phosphine gas levels
42-46 hours after fumigation ranged from <10 to 68 ppn (median 17 ppm)**. Data
were extremely variable in boxcars treated with crushed or ground pellets,
where phosphine gas concentrations ranged from <10 to 384 (median 26 ppm) 24
hours after fumigation. Therefore, the kinetics of phosphine release and
dissipation cannot be generalized from these data.
In summary, phosphine gas generated from aluminum phosphide pellets and tablets
is expected to decline rapidly in treated areas upon aeration. These levels of
phosphine gas in the air surrounding the treated commodities should not be
confused with the amount of residues in or on treated commodities (see Part
VII, Residue Chemistry). Temperature and moisture also influence the release
and dissipation of phosphine gas, however , data from these studies were
insufficient to assess these factors. Therefore, reentry intervals and the
kinetics of phosphine release and dissipation cannot be determined
quantitatively from these studies.
C. Exposure Profile
Adequate data are not available to fully assess the potential for exposure of
humans and wildlife to aluminum phosphide. Soil mobility data for assessing
the groundwater contamination potential and bioaccumulation data are not
available; however, the registered uses of aluminum phosphide are not expected
to result in these types of exposure hazards. Exposure of wildlife (nontarget
organisms) is unlikely to occur for the insecticide uses, given the use of
aluminum phosphide as a fumigant for enclosed areas. However, the Agency is
concerned about the fumigation of rodent burrows which may result in exposure
hazards to endangered species (see Part VIII, Ecological Effects).
The greatest potential for direct exposure of humans is during handling,
application, and reentry operations. Respiratory exposure is expected to be
the main route of exposure because the toxic agent, phosphine, is a gas. Data
for quantifying such exposures are lacking. Preliminary studies show that
concentrations of phosphine gas released during fumigation with aluminum
* Air samples were removed at intervals (time) from a 60-gallon fiber dcum
containing common California red wheat through a glass tube inserted into the
center of the dcum, and approximately 2 feet below the surface of the grain.
** Samples of the gas were removed just before the boxcars were opened.
49
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phosphide decline rapidly in treated areas upon aeration (Childs et al.,
19??, MRID* 000005735; Childs et al., 1963?, MRID #000005691; Bdmond
et al., 1971, MRID #000005737; Nelson, 1970, MRID #000005797; Tuft, 1960,
MRID £000005664; and Lauhoff Grain Company, 1966, MRID #000005662). However,
inconsistencies in the data make it impossible to quantitate the duration, air
volume, and method of aeration required to dissipate phosphine gas to safe
levels in the application sites. After the Agency receives and evaluates the
required reentry data for the insecticide use, the Agency may require that
phosphide levels be monitored prior to reentering work areas*. Approved
respirators by the U.S. Burea of Mines (designed for phosphine gas protection)
should be worn by workers entering the fumigated areas until the phosphine gas
dissipates to a safe level. The post-fumigation levels theoretically should
decrease to some concentration approaching zero as the site is further aerated,
but data is needed to determine the exposure levels, if any, to the applicator.
Dermal exposure may occur even when protective clothing is used because
phosphine gas can penetrate a variety of materials, including polyethylene.
Data for assessing such exposures are unavailable.
D. Summary of Data Gaps
The data gaps that are to be filled are hydrolysis, volatility and reentry.
There are data gaps relating to disposal and storage, miorobial metabolism
(effects of pesticides on microbes) and activated sludge metabolism. However,
pending review and modification of the testing protocols or a reassessment for
the necessity for these data, it is currently not necessary to satisfy these
data gaps.
* Due to the lower volume of use (two or four tablets/bucrow) and the use of
the product away from inhabited areas, reentry data requirements will not be
required for the rodenticide use.
50
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VI. Toxicology
A. Introduction
Because of the highly toxic nature of phosphine and the ease with which it
can be released from aluminum phosphide, the toxicity of aluminum phosphide has
been assumed to be that of phosphine itself. Thus, the Agency has utilized the
toxicological data on phosphine in regulating aluminum phosphide formulations
and has not required the usual toxicological studies on aluminum phosphide or
its formulations.
B. Application
The following discussion includes the application procedure which is required
by the current labeling. The applicator, who must be certified, is required
to notify the authorities such as the health departments, police departments
and the fire departments so that any additional precautions may be taken, and
emergencies may be handled promptly. The applicator should verify that the
application site will properly contain the liberated phosphine and that the
site is adequately secured against possible exposures to the surrounding
areas. Posting warning signs and securing the areas with locks may be
necessary to prevent vorkers from accidently entering a fumigated site.
After the aluminum phosphide is applied, concentrations of phosphine are
allowed to build to the level (1,000 ppm may be necessary) needed for the
fumigation process. The theoretical maximum concentration of phosphine in the
air ranges from 1,500 to 3,000 ppm (pellets) and 1,500 to 11,000 ppm (tablets).
which represents the highest possible level of exposure within the fumigation
site. Field sampling methods nay be used to verify the level achieved within
the site (above 1,000 ppm). "High level" air sampling tubes which measure
phosphine levels from 15 to 3,000 ppm are commercially available. When
checking the levels of phosphine, the applicators are required to wear gas
masks and canisters approved by the U.S. Bureau of Mines. . Such gas masks are
to be retained at the fumigation site in cases of emergencies requiring entry
into the site.
The applicator or his designee are required to measure the areas surrounding
an application site to verify that there is no leakage from the site into
surrounding living or working areas. For this, the applicator may use "low
level" sampling tubes which measure levels of phosphine in the range of 0.1 to
4 ppm.
After the fumigation process is completed, the applicator is required to
aerate the site until phosphine levels are at or below 0.3 ppm so that the site
may be opened and workers may safely enter the area. The applicator should
verify that the aeration procedures do not discharge directly into areas in
which humans may be working or living. The applicator, wearing protective
clothing and a respirator , measures the air over and around the commodity which
has been fumigated using low-level sampling tubes to insure that phosphine
levels are at or below 0.3 ppm.
For the rodenticide use, the aluminum phosphide is applied by placing 2 to 4
tablets per burrow. The burrows are sealed tightly with soil over the
entrance.
51
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C. Toxicological Assessment
1. Acute Exposure Toxicity Summary
Table VI .A, Acute Inhalation Toxicity Summary for Phosphine, provides a
comparison of different inhalation studies by descending chamber concentra-
tions. Exposures generally lasted until animals started dying. Overall, the
higher the concentration, the smaller the time interval to death. One study
(Waritz and Brown, 1975, MRID #005007354) determined a LC^Q concentration of
11 ppm or approximately 0.014 mg/liter. Although the study was classified as
supplementary*, the LDcn derived from this study and information from the
other studies cited in Table VI.A are sufficient to indicate that phosphine is
highly toxic by the inhalation route, and for labeling purposes is in toxicity
category I. Signs of toxicity resulting from acute exposure were primarily
respiratory irritation and dyspnea (Waritz .and Brown, 1975, MRID #005007354).
The Agency requires no further acute toxicity studies using any route of
administration (i.e., oral, dermal, inhalation, eye) for aluminum phosphide or
phosphine.
2. Repeat Exposure Toxicity Summary
Table VI.B, Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity for Phosphine, summarizes the
results of two major subchronic inhalation studies (Muller, 1940, MRID
i?GS0025022 and Klimmer, 1969, MRID SGS0025018). The results showed that as the
exposure concentrations of phosphine decreased from 20 ppm to 5 ppm, the time
interval to death canerally increased. However, the increased time interval to
death differed between the two studies.
Klimmer v/as able to maintain three species of animals without overt signs of
toxicity for over 300 hours. The study was conducted over a six month period
in which the test animals were exposure to phosphine at 2.5 ppm and 1 ppm for
six hours/day for five days/week and four hours on Saturdays. At the next
highest dose of 5 ppm, there were deaths in two of three species after approxi-
mately 30 hours. Thus, 2.5 ppm of phosphine can be considered as a no-observed-
effect level (NOEL) for lethal effects and overt signs of toxicity during
subchronic inhalation exposure.
Neither study would be judged adequate in evaluating all biological parameters
deemed necessary by more modern toxicological requirements. Body weight
changes, hematology, blood chemistry, organ weights, gross and histopathology
evaluations were not performed in either study. Numbers of animals per dose
were usually too low. Nevertheless, the studies do provide a good estimate of
the dose-response relationship for the toxic effects of phosphine with
different species.
Until the results of reentry data are received and evaluated concerning
exposure to phosphine from registered uses of aluminum phosphide, the Agency
will not request additional subchronic inhalation studies at this time.
* This study is considered supplementary because only one sex was tested and
complete details concerning all test parameters were not provided.
52
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TABLE VI.A
Acute Inhalation Toxicity Study Summary for Phosphine
Concentration
(ppm)
60,000-
70,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
600
540
403
400
300
205
167
167
167
ISO
151
150
140
120
120
120
60
54
54
54
50
42-50
25
25
25
25
25
11
(0.014 mg/1)
Exposure
Continuous
25 minutes
Continuous
10 minutes
Continuous
Continuous
46 minutes
30 minutes
Continuous
75 minutes
100 minutes
100 minutes
100 minutes
Continuous
Continuous
Continuous
110 minutes
130 minutes
130 minutes
130 minutes
Continuous
6.5 hours
6.5 hours
6.5 hours
150 minutes
Continuous
4 hours
4 hours
8.5 hours
8.5 hours
8.5 hours
4 hours
Species
Frog
Cat
Rabbit
Rabbit
Rat
Mouse
Rat
Rabbit
Guinea pig
Rat
Cat
Rabbit
Rat
Hen
Turkey
Cat
Rat
Cat
Rabbit
Rat
Rat
Cat
Guinea pig
Rat
Cat
Rat
Guinea pig
Rabbit
Cat
Rabbit
Rat
Rat
Time to Death
3 hours
51 minutes
33 minutes
10 minutes
1 hour
35 minutes
36 minutes
50 minutes
2 hours
66 minutes
93 minutes
90-98 minutes
70-75 minutes
50-64 minutes
63, 74, 80
minutes
160 minutes
97 minutes
103-130 minutes
110-125 minutes
79-123 minutes
4 hours
5-6.5 hours
4-5.5 hours
4-5.5 hours
4-5 hours
5-7 hours
4 hours
4 hours
8.5 hours
5-8.5 hours
7-8 hours
LC
~J\J
Citations
Brilliant, 18323
Brilliant, 18323
Henderson & Bubois,
i ,-i «_ _ O
1879
Meissner, 192£a
Rebmann, 1933
Jakote, 1904
Kliitmer , 1962
Jakote, 1909
Rebnann, 1933
Klimmer , 1969
Klimmer , 1959
Klimmer , 1969
Klimmer, 1969
Klimmer, 1969
Klimmer , 1969
Jakote, 1904a
Klimmer , 1969
Klimmer , 1969
Klimmer , 1969
Klimmer , 1969
Rebmann, 1933
Klimmer , 1969
Klimmer , 1969
Klinmer , 196|
Jakote, 1904
Muthu, 1980
Muller , 1940
Muller, 1940
Klimmer , 1969
Klimmer, 1969
Klimmer , 1969
Waritz «< Brown,
1975
a. Parkin, 1972.
53
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Table VLB
Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity Summary for Phosphine
Concentr a-
tion (ppm)
20
20
14.8 and
10
8.3
3.3
5
5
5
2.5
1
Exposur e
[he/day (hr)
x days (d)]
4 h: x 2 d
4 he x 2 d
4 h: x 6 d
4 he x 7-14 d
4 hr x 4-5 d
4 hr x 47 d
4 tr x 5 d
48 hr
(continuous)
80 he
(continuous)
320 he
316 hra
Species
Rabbit
Guinea pig
Rabbit
Rabbit
Rabbit
Rabbit
Rabbit
Cat
Guinea pig
Rat
Guinea pig
Rat
Cat (2)
Rat (2)
Cat
Guinea pig
Rat
Cat
Rat
Time to
death
[hours (hr )or
days (d)]
2 d
2 d
5 d
7-15 d
4, 6 d
-
6 d
35.5-45.5 he
24-32 hr
27-36 hr
30 hr
32-48 hr
-
b
0/4b
0/4°.
0/1QD
0/4 b
0/10°
Reference
Muller ,
Muller ,
Muller ,
Muller ,
Muller ,
Muller ,
Muller ,
Klimmer
Klimmer
Klimmer
Klimmer
Klimme:
Klimmer
XI immer
Klimmer
Klimmer
Klimmee
Klimmer
Kl immer
1940
1940
1940
1940
1940
1940
1940
, 1959
, 1969
, 1969
, 1969
, 1969
, 1969
, 1969
, 1969
, 1969
, 1969
, 1959
, 1969
a. Six hr/day, 5 day/wk, 4 hr on Saturdays.
b. Zero deaths out of four (or ten) treated animals.
54
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D. Human Poisoning Case Reports
The Agency's Pesticide Incident Monitoring System (1931) reported 29 incidents
involving human pesticide exposure from aluminum phosphide. These incidents
occurred from 1966 to March, 1931 and involved an estimated 80 to 90 people.
Seventy-one of the exposed persons received medical treatment while an
additional 33 persons were hospitalized, with a total of 2 fatalities.
In 22 incidents, pesticide exposure occurred when aluminum phosphide was used
as a grain fumigant. Truck drivers, pesticide applicators, railroad, warehouse
and mill workers, laborers and cargo crew members constituted the majority of
personnel exposed in this manner. Two home-related incidents, involving 9
children under the age of 16 (one of which died) and one adult, were also
reported. These two home-related incidents were clearly a misuse since the
user disregarded the label instructions. The other incidents were attributed
to accidental pesticide spills or were of undetermined origin. In all of these
incidents, exposure to aluminum phosphide or phosphine occurred through
improper handling of the pesticide (not .wear ing required protective clothing),
incomplete aeration procedures (i.e., not determining phosphine levels prior to
reentry or not wearing the required respirator), or improper rates of
application of the pesticide to the commodities.
In the literature, 12 studies dating from 1936 to 1980, reported case
histories of human exposure to phosphine gas. A total of 129 persons were
exposed to the gas in varying situations. These studies have described
gastrointestinal disorders which included vomiting and diarrhea, and nausea as
the most prevalent symptoms. Headache, dizziness and breathing difficulties
were also noted. In the survivors, recovery times ranged from 24 hours to
1 month following exposure. Autopsy findings indicated that pulmonary edema
and congestive heart failure were the most frequent causes of death from
phosphine gas exposure.
One of these studies (Zipf et jal., 1967, MRID #005017653) which addressed a
suicide attempt with Phostoxin^ provided a description of medical treatment
following aluminum phosphide poisoning. The authors recommended a rapid and
thorough stomach evacuation irrigation, irrigation with 1% potassium
permanganate solution or magnesium peroxide and treatment with activated
charcoal and sodium sulfate. Thereafter, immediate administration of oxygen,
they indicated, will help to prevent death from circulatory system collapse and
pulmonary edema. When renal insufficiency is present, extracorporeal
hemodialysis proved effective.
E. Permissible Exposure Limits
The American Conference of Industrial Hygienists (ACIH, 1971) has established
a normal allowable occupational exposure limit (TLV) of 0.3 ppm for phosphine
based on acute and subchronic inhalation studies. This has also been adopted
by National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH, 1979) and
Occupational Safety and Health administration (NIOSH/OSHA, 1978) as a
permissible exposure limit (PEL). Both the TLV and the PEL represent time
weighted averages of airborne concentrations which should not cause harm to
workers exposed eight hours per day, five days per week throughout a working
lifetime.
Because the Agency is concerned about adverse chronic effects, other than overt
symptoms and lethality, we reserve the decision to require some studies, such
55
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as mutagenicity and teratology, until1 the results of reentry data can be
evaluated. If there is significant chronic exposure to the applicator based on
this review, the Agency may require these studies.
F. Food Tolerances
Considering that phosphine is a gas and thus only low levels of phosphine
residues are expected in treated food commodities, it is anticipated that the
public which consumes phosphine-treated food commodities will be exposed to
toxicologically insignificant quantities of phosphine per se (see Part VII,
Residue Chemistry). As no significant dietary exposure to phosphine is
expected, no chronic feeding, oncogenic, metabolism or reproduction studies are
required for phosphine.
However, chemically uncharacterized residues are found in food commodities as a.
result of phosphine treatment (see Part VII, Residue Chemistry). There is a
chronic feeding/oncogenic study (Hackenberg, 1969, MRID #000026937; 1971, MRID
#000026933; 1972, MRID #000006000) in which rats were fed a phosphine-treated
diet and were presumably exposed to levels of chemically un characterized
residues which result from phosphine treatment. The Hackenberg study is an
inadequate measure of the possible hazards arising from the consumption of
these residues. The levels of this chemically uncharacterized substance are
unknown and are very likely below the maximum tolerated dose. Therefore, the
study, at best, is very insensitive. Nevertheless, it provides no evidence
that any harm will result from consumption of phosphine-treated food
commodities. It is therefore reasonable to defer the requirement for chronic
feeding, oncogenic, metabolism and reproduction studies pending a determination
of the chemical nature of the chemically uncharacter ized residues.
If the Agency concludes, when these residues are chemically characterized, that
they are toxicologically insignificant, the requirement for chronic feeding,
oncoganic, metabolism, and reproduction studies will be waived. If no
determination can be made, chronic feeding, oncogenic, metabolism, and
reproduction studies may be required. Therefore, the requirement for these
studies is being deferred until the residues are chemically characterized, and
the Agency reviews the results.
G. Summary of Data Gaps
All required toxicology studies are reserved pending the receipt and evalution
of residue and reentry data. When the chemically uncharacter ized residues
which result from the treatment of food commodities with phosphine are
characterized and evaluated, the Agency will determine whether chronic
feed ing/oncogen ic, metabolism and reproduction studies are required. When the
reentry data are received and evaluated to determine if there is any exposure
to the applicator , the Agency will determine whether mutagenicity, teratology
and additional subchronic inhalation studies are required.
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VII. Residue Chemistry
A. Introduction
Aluminum phosphide (AlP) is used for the control of insects in raw agricultural
commodities, processed foods, and animal feeds. Two types of fumigation
treatments are recommended. To fumigate grain that is unbagged and stored in
bulk (i.e., grain elevators, rail cars, and bins), the registered aluminum
phosphide product (i.e., pellets, tablets) is blended with the commodity either
manually or with a special applicator to assure uniform blending. The other
procedure is to fumigate grain that has been bagged, processed foods and feeds,
and miscellaneous commodities (e.g., tobacco) by placing the product in
moisture-permeable envelopes and/or cardboard trays. In this procedure,
aluminum phosphide cannot be mixed directly with these commodities*. Because
the application process for aluminum phosphide determines the amount of
residues which might remain in the treated commodity, appropriate application
rates must be used to assure that phosphine do not exceed the established
tolerances. A detailed use pattern concerning application rates, sites, pests,
and limitations that the Agency has accepted for end-use products containing
aluminum phosphide as the sole active ingredient can be found in the Agency's
Registration Standard Chemical Aluminum Phosphide Index Entry (EPA, 1931)
and is summarized below:
1. Raw Agricultural Commodities (e.g., wheat)
When blended with unbagged grains stored in bulk, the accepted application
rates are from 2.7 to 10.3 grams of aluminum phosphide per short ton of grain,
and from 40 to 308 grams of aluminum phosphide per 1,000 bushels of grain
(wheat), depending on the conditions of fumigation.
2. Raw Agricultural Commodities (other than wheat, etc.), Processed Food,
and Feed
When the aluminum phosphide is not directly blended with the commodity, the
accepted application rates range from 34 to 206 grams of aluminum phosphide per
1,000 cubic feet of space.
3. Miscellaneous Applications
a. Tobacco: The accepted rates range from 33 to 248 grams of aluminum
phosphide per 1,000 cubic feet of space.
b. Empty Beehives: The accepted rates range from 49.5 to 74.3 grams of
aluminum phosphide per 1,000 cubic feet of space.
* Except for making beer, aluminum phosphide is prohibited from being blended
directly with processed foods and feeds since small amounts of unreacted
aluminum phosphide may collect in the treated commodities. In raw agricultural
commodities, the Agency assumes that these small amounts of unreacted aluminum
phosphide residue are eliminated by continued exposure to atmospheric moisture,
by processing, and by cooking.
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c. Stared Nonfood/Nonfeed Products (e.g., cotton (cloth and/or processed),
feathers, seed): The accepted rates range from 3.3 grams to 10 grams
of aluminum phosphide per ton and from 53 grams to 116.3 grams of
aluminum phosphide per 1,000 cubic feet of space.
d. Commercial Establishments (e.g., cereal mills): To fumigate commodi-
ties stored in these areas, the acceptable rates range from 33 to 50
grams of aluminum phosphide per 1,000 cubic feet of space.
Many of the submissions supporting the registration of aluminum phosphide
products are based on laboratory studies conducted with phosphine rather than
aluminum phosphide. To relate the two systems, the following table can be used:
Aluminum Phosphide (1.000 ppm)
Mixed with Commodity:
10.0 grams/ton grain (wheat)
0.30 grams/bushel (ca 60 Ib, wheat)
300.0 grams/1,000 bushel (wheat)
Separated from commodity:
200.0 grams/1,000 cubic feet
7.06 grams/cubic meter
Equivalent Phosphine (0.587 gm)
6.5 miorogram/gram (wheat)
6.5 microgr am/grain (wheat)
6.5 microgram/gram (wheat)
10.5 milligram/liter of
fumigated volume (i.e.,
air space within the
wheat)
4.15 rag/liter (1.20 gm 70 F)*
3450 ppm by weight
2960 ppm by volume (Specific
Gravity 1.17)**
4.15 mg/liter
When the aluminum phosphide product and commodity are blended, the exposure
times vary, depending upon the pest, and the nature and temperature of the
commodity. When the product and commodity are not blended, the exposure times
are dependent on the nature of the commodity and the temperature of the storage
space. For commodities blended with aluminum phosphide, fumigation times range
from 2 days for wheat at temperatures of 68 F (20 C) and above, to 14 days
for wheat at 40 F (4.4 C). For commodities not blended with aluminum
phosphide, the recommended exposure temperature is 68 F (20 C) and the
fumigation time is 6 days.
B. Residues Following Aeration
For all commodities treated with aluminum phosphide, except for tobacco, an
aeration time of at least 2 days (43 hours) is required. For tobacco, the
minimum aeration time is two days except when the fumigated tobacco is in
hogsheads, in which case the minimum time is 72 hours. The following three
* Weight of one liter of air at 70°F (21.1°C) and 760 mm.
** Calculated by taking the specific gravity of air equal to 1.00 and the
specific gravity of phosphine, 1.17.
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studies show that residues of phosphine decline rapidly with aeration, that is,
the phosphine simply diffuses from the fumigated commodity into the ambient
air. Data are included for raw agricultural commodities, processed foods, and
feeds.
In one study (Hild and Mayer, 1965, MRID #00020578), the decline of phosphine
residue was rapid from a variety of foodstuffs [almonds, barley, beans (white),
bran (wheat), cocoa (oil-free), flour: (wheat and potato), hazelnut kernels,
lentils, peas (green), rice, semolina, sugar, sultanas, and noodles]. In this
study, the foodstuffs were fumigated under a polyethylene tarpaulin foe 12
hours at a rate equivalent to 5 grams of aluminum phosphide per cubic meter.
The area surrounding the stacked commodities was monitored for phosphine.
After 2 hours of aeration, the maximum residues of phosphine ranged from
0.7 ppm in wheat to 3.25 ppm in lentils; after 24 hours, from 0.05 ppm in sugar
lumps to 0.45 ppm in rice. After 48 hours, residues of phosphine were not
detectable in any of the fumigated commodities.
In a second study (Sullivan et al., 1965, MRID #000022017), the phosphine
residues were determined in samples of whole nuts (raw almonds, raw walnuts,
and raw and roasted peanuts) after application of Phostoxin^ pellets at rates
equivalent to 10 grams of aluminum phosphide per 1,000 cubic feet. After 48
hours of aeration, residues in these samples did not exceed 0.1 ppm; at zero
hours the maximum residues ranged from 3.3 ppm (raw peanuts) to 8.3 ppm
(roasted peanuts); at 24 hours, from 0.21 ppm (almonds) to 0.47 ppm (roasted
peanuts); at 48 hours, from 0.030 ppm (walnuts) to 0.042 ppm (roasted peanuts).
Sullivan (1969, MRID #000005636) showed that residues of phosphine in fumigated
tobacco declined rapidly to acceptable levels (i.e., less than 0.1 ppm, see
the Special Chemistry Requirements, 43 FR Section 163.64-1, July 10, 1978,
"Proposed Guidelines"). When treating flue-cured tobacco at the recommended
rate of 30 pellets of Phostoxin3 (ca. 10 grams of aluminum phosphide) per
1,000 cubic feet of space for a period of 96 hours, the maximum residue of
phosphine at zero hours was 4.2 ppm; after 24 hours, 0.093 ppm; after 48 hours,
0.026 ppm; after 72 hours, 0.010 ppm. These phosphine residues were determined
by a variation of the method of Bruce et al- (1962, MRID #005007190).
C. Metabolism in Plants and Animals
Data to establish the identity of metabolites of phosphine per se, which
might be secbed as minute residues on ingested animal feeds, have not been
submitted to the Agency, nor have data been found in the scientific literature
to show the metabolites of phosphine by plants. The reviewed studies show,
however, that after thorough aeration of the phosphine, neither the germination
of grain nor its baking qualities as flour (Freyman and Sosedov, 1957, MRID
#005018681), nor its vitamin content (Dieterich et al., 1967, MRID
#005008303) were changed by phosphine fumigation.
The nature of the residue resulting from the accepted uses of aluminum phos-
phide as a source of phosphine for fumigating raw agricultural commodities and
processed foods and feeds is not well established. Phosphine is slowly
released by a reaction of aluminum phosphide with atmospheric moisture. To
slow the reaction and the rate of release of phosphine, the formulated tablets
and pellets of aluminum phosphide are often coated. The nonvolatile residues
of these products consist of the coating material, oxides of aluminum and small
amounts of unreacted aluminum phosphide. Such nonvolatile residues can occur
only when aluminum phosphide is blended with a raw agricultural commodity.
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Because the required labeling prohibits contact of processed foods and feeds
with the aluminum phosphide product, the resulting residues in such commodities
would be limited to phosphine, which might be sorbed, and the reaction
product(s) of phosphine with such commodities.
The initial studies establishing the phosphine tolerances in and on grain were
limited to chemical procedures and these studies contained little or no
evidence that phosphine reacted chemically with the treated commodities.
However, since 1972, fumigation studies conducted with PH, (Tkachuk,
1977, MRID #005003840; Disney and Fowler, 1972, MRID #005015384; and Robinson
and Bond, 1970, MRID #005013027) have shown that residues resulting from
fumigation with phosphine are not limited to phosphine and that the phosphine
also reacts irreversibly with constituent(s) of wheat, oilseeds, and probably
other fumigated commodities. A nuclear activation study (Robinson, 1972, MRID
#005007621) supports the results of these radiolabeled studies and^indicates
the reported residues were due neithec to an exchange of P with P net-
to an enhanced chemical activity of PH, over PH.,. These studies also
show that for phosphine, the rates both tor sorption (physical) and reaction
(chemical) with treated commodities are dependent upon the conditions of
fumigation (e.g., temperature, humidity and moisture in the commodity,
fumigation time, and concentration of phosphine in the fumigated space).
Tkachuk (1977, MRID #005008840) showed that phosphine reacting with wheat and
flax during a five-day fumigation period was 37% and 45%, respectively, of
total phosphine applied. These residues resulted from fumigation rates
approximately 2.2 times the recommended rate of 10 gm/ton (about 6.5 micrograms
PH-,/gram of wheat). In both instances, the phosphine reaction products with
the grain were in excess of 5 ppm. Smaller amounts of similar residues were
found in fumigated wheat flour and in bread baked from such flour. In these
and other P-studies, the phosphine reaction products with wheat were shown
to consist of the oxy-acids of phosphorus (phosphoric, phosphorous, and ^
hypophosphorous) and a residue(s) that was approximately 30% of the total P
residue in the wheat, which was not identified. Based on the data of this
study, unidentified residue in wheat following the maximum recommended
application rate (10 gram aluminum phosphide/ton) would be about 0.7 ppm [viz.,
37% of applied phosphine (ca 6.5 ppm) reacts chemically with the wheat or
about 2.4 ppm; 30% of the residue resulting from the reaction has not been
identified]. It is presumed that unidentified residue(s) in the Tkachuk study
was not sorbed phosphine. However, one recent study (Dumas, 1930, MRID
#005020467) indicated that small amounts of unexplained phosphine (in parts per
trillion) were still being released from a large quantity of unbagged wheat
after aerating for 120 days.
D. Analytical Methods
Since 1962, the method of Bruce et al. (1962, MRID #005007190) has been avail-
able as an acceptable procedure for determining residues of phosphine in
grains. In this procedure, a sample of fumigated grain is treated with dilute
sulfuric acid in an aeration apparatus that consists, essentially, of a five
liter flask attached to two "gas scrubbers" containing bromine water. Nitrogen
is bubbled through the apparatus for 30 minutes at room temperature and then
for an additional 2 hours at the boiling temperature. Any aluminum phosphide
that may be present as a residue would be hydrolyzed to phosphine in this
step. After two hours of boiling, the bromine water gas-scrubbers are detached
and the bromine water (containing phosphine oxidized with bromine to phosphate)
concentrated to remove bromine. The concentrated solution is then diluted to a
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standard volume and aliquots are taken for a colorimetrie determination of
phosphate by the method of Fisk and Subbarow (1925).
With the exception of a few erratic results, good recoveries for phosphine,
averaging 90% for wheat, ware reported in the original paper. However,
recovery studies on a variety of commodities by other investigators have given
somewhat erratic results. At least in pa^t/ the erratic results are explained
by several recent studies conducted with P-phosphine showing that some of
the fumigating phosphine reacts irreversibly with one or more of the
constituents present in wheat, oilseeds, and other commodities (see previous
discussion under Metabolism in Plants and Animals, Section E).
The Bruce et al. method (1962, MRID #005007190) is generally accepted for
determining residues of phosphine in both agricultural commodities and
processed foods and has been adapted for use as an enforcement method [see
Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM), 1930, Vol. Ill . Although Bruce et al.
(1962, MRID #005007190) estimated the sensitivity of the method at about
0.005 ppm, the adapted procedure in PAM, Vol. II, estimates the sensitivity at
0.01 ppm.
E. Residue Data
For aluminum phosphide, the residue of toxiological interest for which
tolerances have been established is phosphine; supporting residue data have
been submitted for the following types of applications: 1) stored 'grains, 2)
raw agricultural commodities (processed foods and feeds), and 3) miscellaneous
applications.
1. Raw Agricultural Commodites (e.g., wheat)
When the Agency first reviewed aluminum phosphide for use as a treatment for
unbagged grain, the aluminum phosphide was blended with the grain. Supporting
this use was a study by Bruce et al. (1962, MRID #005007190) reporting the
results from 16 laboratory tests and field trials for residues of phosphine in
or on wheat and corn.
The reported laboratory data reflect application of aluminum phosphide mixed
with the grain at the maximum rate of 10 grams per ton. The field data
reported are for wheat stored in bins and treated at the recommended rate.
Based on both the laboratory and field data, residues of phosphine after two
days of fumigation in whole grains, wheat, and corn, were less than 0.1 ppm.
The maximum residue reported in the field studies was 0.046 ppm and the
sensitivity claimed for the method was 0.005 ppm.
The following four studies are typical of the residues of phosphine obtained by
mixing aluminum phosphide with other raw agricultural commodities:
Sullivan (1972, MRID #000006742) determined the residues of phosphine in the
grain after applications under typical field conditions of 300 pellets of
Phostoxin^ per 1,000 bushels (bu) of grain [5,000 bu corn; 3,500 bu wheat;
6,000 bu milo; and 3,100 bu rye], a rate which is equivalent to about 100 grams
aluminum phosphide/1,000 bushels. Using the procedure of Bruce et al.
(1962, MRID #005007190), the residues of phosphine were less than 0.004 ppm.
Vardell et al. (1973, MRID #005013439) determined phosphine residues on
soybeans that were fumigated for periods of two to five days. They used
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pellets (approximately CT.60 gram) of aluminum phosphide (about 55%" active
ingredient) and steel drums of varying size. The highest application crate was
5.1 pellets (about 1.7 grams phosphine) per cubic meter. The residues of
phosphine following 24 hours of aeration did not exceed 0.002 ppm, except for
one aberrant value of 0.04 ppm.
Guvener ejt al. (1970, MRID #005016260) determined phosphine residues in
barley and rye following an application of aluminum phosphide at the maximum
rate (10 gm/ton) and aeration for 3 days. The phosphine residue in barley
ranged from 0.04 to 0.62 ppm and in rye from 0.09 to 0.12 ppm.
Kavadia et al. (1979, MRID #005022032) sampled wheat and maize fumigated for
3 days in airtight drums following applications of aluminum phosphide at the
rate of 1 to 4 tablets per ton (1 to 4 grams/ton). The maximum phosphine
residue reported in this study was 0.031 ppm.
A few studies report exceptionally high residues of phosphine in commodities
treated by direct mixing with the aluminum phosphide, one of which is reported
by Panetsos and Kilikidis (1973, MRID $005013276). Following an application of
aluminum phosphide at a rate of 0.55 gm/10 kg of wheat, the fumigated wheat was
aerated in an open vessel (depth of the wheat was less than 10 cm). The
phosphine residues in the aerating wheat were determined daily for 12 days.
The residues declined steadily from 83 ppm after 24 hours to 0.3 ppm after 12
days. The higher residues found in this study are explained by the presence of
anhydrolyzed aluminum phosphide in the samples taken for analysis. Such
nonvolatile residues also partially explain the higher (>0.1 ppm) aberrant
residues reported for phosphine in raw grains and the typically lower residues
«0.01 ppm) found in flour and other processed foods that are not mixed with
aluminum phosphide.
2. Raw Agricultural Commodities (other than wheat, etc.), Processed Foods
.and Feeds
The unreacted residues of aluminum phosphide may cause significant residue of
phosphine in treated commodities. For this reason, aluminum phosphide is not
directly mixed with foods, feeds, and raw agricultural products that may be
used directly as food. In order to avoid the possibility of such contamina-
tion, the following label warning is commonly required: "Under no condition
shall any processed food come in contact with aluminum phosphide or aluminum
phosphide residues." Several studies reported residues of phosphine for a
variety of commodities which were fumigated without mixing with aluminum
phosphide.
Recently, Rosebcook (1972, MRID $000005750) reported valid residue data for a
variety of commodities, including bagged grains, treated at a rate of either
58 or 580 grams of aluminum phosphide (3 or 30 bags of Detia Gas Ex-B (57%),
net weight 34 grams) in a 1,000 cubic foot fumigation chamber. These fumiga-
tions were equal to 0.5X (times) and 5X the maximum recommended rate of 6 Detia
bags of product per 1,000 cubic feet. In this study, the period of fumigation
was five days.
In addition to grains, this study (Rosebrook, 1972, MRID 1000005750) includes
phosphine residue data for the following raw agricultural commodities for which
aluminum phosphide has been accepted as a fumigating agent: barley, beans (raw
cocoa and coffee), corn, dates, peanuts, soybeans and other seed and pod
vegetables, nuts, whole spice, and cottonseed. Phosphine residue data were
62
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also included for specific items in the following categories of processed
commodities: animal feeds (dried); coffee, cocoa and tea; cookies, crackers,
and snacks; candy, sugar and gelatin; milk and milk products (dried); fruit,
vegetables, eggs, etc. (dried); flour, and other grain by-products; herbs,
spices, and seasonings; meat, fish, and cheese; and nuts, packaged cereals and
pastry mixes. After 48 hours of aeration, accomplished by blowing air into the
chamber with a box fan at an unspecified rate, residues of phosphine in
products treated with aluminum phosphide at the lower 0.5X rate were
generally less than 0.01 ppm; at the higher 5X rate, less than 0.1 ppm.
The highest aberrant residue data following application at the 0.5X rate
were reported in wheat bran (0.034 ppm); at the 5X rate, in roasted coffee
beans (0.370 ppm). These residues were determined by a Drager Tube method.
The results by this procedure were shown not to differ significantly from
results obtained with the procedure by Bruce et al. (1962, MRID #005007190).
With minor exceptions, these residues declined on continued aeration to less
than 0.1 ppm.
The following studies show the amount of the phosphine residues detected in
commodities that were fumigated without mixing the commodity with aluminum
phosphide.
Sullivan (1966, MRID #000005775) reported residues of phosphine for 49
processed foods (including flour, dried fruit, nuts, .and animal feed) treated
at the recommended rate of 165 pellets (55 grams) of aluminum phosphide per
1,000 cubic feet. The reported residues were <0.004 ppm.
Sullivan and Starr (1966, MRID #000022007) reported residues of phosphine for
eight varieties of processed fruit that were treated with aluminum phosphide at
exaggerated rates of 3X, 31X, and 68X above the recommended rate. The
recommended rate being 165 pellets (55 gms) of aluminum phosphide per 1,000
cubic feet. The highest residue «0.1 ppm) was reported for dried apples
treated at the 63X rate.
Sullivan and Wboldridge (1966, MRID #000022026) fumigated five processed foods
at the recommended rate with Phostoxin3 tablets (165 pellets per 1,000 cubic
feet). With the exception of dried apples (0.015 ppm) the reported residues
were <0.003 ppm.
3. Miscellaneous Applications
In a study previously discussed, Rosebrook (1972, MRID #000005750) also
fumigated cigarette and cigar tobacco products. The residues reported were
less than 0.1 ppm.
4. Residues in Meat, Milk, Poultry and Eggs
The data upon which this Standard is based does not include data on the carry-
over of residues of phosphine to meat, milk, poultry, and eggs. The carryover
of aluminum phosphide would not be expected because it reacts very readily with
moisture, including moisture in the feed, to form phosphine. To prevent
contamination, the aluminum phosphide product must not come into contact with
these commodities. This restriction is currently stated en all registered
aluminum phosphide end-use products.
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F. Summary of Data Gaps
As discussed in Section C, Metabolism by Plants and Animals, phosphine reacts
irreversibly with treated commodities. Grain fumigation studies conducted with
P-phosphine indicate these irreversibly bound residues consisted of both
the oxy-acids of phosphorous (£2.5 ppm) and unidentified residues (ca 0.7
ppm). These studies also indicated that the same or similar residues, in about
the same quantities, are present in all commodities fumigated with phosphine.
Thus, in order to evaluate the hazards that would be associated with the use of
the pesticide, the Agency is requiring that these unidentified residues be
either identified chemically and recognized as safe, or tested in accordance
with the Agency's Guidelines.
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VIII. Ecological Effects
Subpart E, Hazard Evaluation: "Wildlife and Aquatic Organisms," of the
Proposed Guidelines issued on July 10, 1978, describes the fish and wildlife
data requirements needed by the Agency to assess the hazards of pesticides to
nontarget organisms and to provide for adequate precautionary labeling. There
are no fish and wildlife 'toxicity studies on aluminum phosphide. However,
such data will not be required to support the use patterns covered by this
standard because 1) aluminum phosphide, in the presence of moisture, decomposes
rapidly to produce phosphine gas; 2) the treatment sites for the insecticide
use are enclosed or covered during treatment, thereby precluding exposure to
fish and wildlife; and 3) the residual phosphine will be diluted upon release
into the surrounding air when venting a treated area. Thus, the Agency will
waive the ecological effects data requirements regarding the currently
registered uses (i.e., the fumigation of foods, feeds, processed foods and
feeds in enclosed structures, and the fumigation of rodent burrows) for
aluminum phosphide products.
The use patterns of aluminum phosphide for controlling burrowing rodents and
moles could destroy nontarget mammalian, avian, and reptilian species that prey
on these pests or are utilizing their burrows at the time of application. The
following endangered species were determined to be in jeopardy through the use
of this product*: 1) Black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes); 2) Eastern
indigo snake (Dcymarchon corais cauperi); 3) San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes
macrotis mutica); 4) Utah prairie dogs (Cynomys parvidens); 5) Blunt-
nosed leopard lizard (Gamelia: Qrotaphytus); and 6) Desert tortoise
(Gopher us agass i z i i). The Agency will require labeling changes for
products covered by this Standard to reduce and/or eliminate potential hazards
to nontarget organisms; i.e., endangered species (see Part II).
* These species were determined through formal Section 7 consultation with the
Office of Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
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IX. Confidential Annex
Persons wishing to read the contents of this annex, which contains Confidential
Business Information, are requested to contact the United States Environmental
Protection .Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Information Services Branch
(Freedom of Information), for further details.
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X. Bibliography
A. Guide to Use of This Bibliography
1. Content of Bibliography
This bibliography contains citations of all the studies reviewed by EPA in
arriving at the positions and conclusions stated elsewhere in this Standard.
The bibliography is divided into 3 sections: 1) citations that contributed
information useful to the review of the chemical and considered to be part of
the data base supporting registrations under the Standard; 2) citations
examined and judged to be inappropriate for use in developing the Standard; and
3) standard reference material. Primary sources for studies in this
bibliography have been the body of data submitted to EPA and its predecessor
agencies in support of past regulatory decisions, and the published technical
literature.
2. Units of Entry
The unit of entry in this bibliography is called a "study." In the case of
published materials, this corresponds closely to an article. In the case of
unpublished materials submitted to the Agency, the Agency has sought to
identify documents at a level parallel to a published article from within the
typically larger volumes in which they were submitted. The resulting "studies"
generally have a distinct title (or at least a single subject), can stand alone
for purposes of review, and can be described with a conventional bibliographic
.citation. The Agency has attempted also to unite basic documents and
commentaries on them, treating them as a single study.
3. Identification of. Entries
The entries in this bibliography are sorted by author, date of the document,
and title. Each entry bears, to the left of the citation proper, a nine-digit
identifier. This number is unique to the citation, and should be used at any
time specific reference is required. This number is called the "Master Record
Identifier," or "MRID." It is not related to the six-digit "Accession Number"
which has been used to identify volumes of submitted data (see paragraph
4(d)(4) below for further explanation).
4. Form of the Entry
In addition to the Master Record Identifier (MRID), each entry consists of a
bibliographic citation containing standard elements followed, in the case of
materials submitted to EPA, by description of the earliest known submission.
The bibliographic conventions used reflect the standards for the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) and was expanded to provide for certain
special needs. Some explanatory notes of specific elements follow:
a. Author
Whenever the Agency could confidently identify one, the Agency has chosen to
show a personal author. When no individual was identified, the Agency has
shown an identifiable laboratory or testing facility as author. As a last
resort, the Agency has shown the first known submitter as author.
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b. Document Date
Uhen the date appears as four digits with no question marks, the Agency took it
directly from the document. When a four-digit date is followed by a question
mark, the bibliographer deduced the date from evidence in the document. vVhen
the date appears as (19??), the Agency was unable to determine or estimate the
date of the document.
c. Title
This is the third element in the citation. In some cases it has been necessary
for the Agency bibliographers to create or enhance a document title. Any such
editorial insertions are contained between brackets.
d. Trailing Parentheses
This is the third element in the citation. In some cases it has been necessary
for the Agency bibliographers to create or enhance a document title. Any such
editorial insertions are contained between brackets.
e. Trailing Parentheses
For studies submitted to us in the past, the following elements describing the
earliest known submission (in addition to any self-explanatory text) are
included within the trailing parentheses.
1) Submission Date. Immediately following the word
"received" appears the date of the earliest known
submission.
2) Administrative Number. The next element, irtmediately
following the word "under," is the registration number,
exper imental permit number , petition number , or other
administrative number associated with the earliest known
submission.
3) Submitter. The third element is the submitter, fol
lowing the phrase "submitted by." When authorship is
defaulted to the submitter, this element is emitted.
4) Volume Identification. The final element in the
trailing parentheses identifies the EPA accession number of
the volume in which the original submission of the study
appears. The six-digit accession number follows the symbol
"CDL," standing for "Company Data Library". This accession
number is in turn followed by an alphabetic suffix which shows
the relative position of the study within the volume. For
example, within accession number 123456, the first study would
be 123456-A; the second, 123456-B; the 26th,123456-Z and the
27th 123456-AA.
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ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 1
Citations Considered To Be Part Of The Data Base Supporting
Registration Under The Standard
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID *
005007818
000005672
000005761
000005762
000005760
000005759
000005763
000005669
Product Chemistry (Part IV)
Citation
Bond, E.J.; Dumas, T. (1967) Loss of warning odour from phosphine.
Journal of Stored Products Research 3:389-392.
Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (1966) Working Paper on Resi-
due Tolerances of Hydrogen phosphide as Derived from Aluminium
phosphide in Grain and Grain Products. (CCPR.66.13; First Ses-
sion Jan 17-22, 1966, The Hague, The Netherlands; unpublished
study received on unknown date under 5857-1; submitted by
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DEGESCH America, Incorporated (1944?) Method of Analysis for Phos-
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DEGESCH America, Incorporated (1977) Chemistry Data: [Phostoxin).
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Coated Tablets Storage/Shelf Life Stability Study. (Unpublished
study including letter dated Jun 20, 1977 from H. Kelm to Whom
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cooperation with Univ. Frankfurt, Institut fuer physikalische
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DEGESCH America, Incorporated (1977) Report on Phostoxin (R)* Pel-
lets Storage/Shelf Life Stability Study. (Unpublished study
including letter dated Jul 15, 1977 from H. Kelm to Whom It May
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operation with Univ. Frankfurt, Institut fuer physikalische
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pac Storage/Shelf Life Stability Study. (Unpublished study in-
cluding letter dated Jul 15, 1977 from H. Kelm to Whom It May
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Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022500-A)
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE'"PROGRAMS'
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Product Chemistry (Part IV) (Cont'd)
MRID $ Citation
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ries, Inc. for Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted by
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-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID #
Product Chemistry (Part IV) (Cont'd)
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-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID *
000005735
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-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Environmental Fate (Part V) (Cont'd)
MRID # Citation
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-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID ft
000026937
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OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID #
005015520
005007190
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Residue Chemistry (Part VII)
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-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Pact of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Residue Chemistry (Part VII) (Cont'd)
MRID # Citation
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-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID t
000005777
Residue Chemistry (Part VII) (Cont'd)
Citation
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lingsbekaempfung m.b.H., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
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Leesch to J.O. Hibbard, received May 10, 1974 under 2548-59;
prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Southern Region,
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-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID I
005014270
000022913
005007830
005007724
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tories, Inc., for Vogel-Ritt, Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
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-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Residue Chemistry (Part VII) (Cont'd)
MRID # Citation
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under 5857-4; prepared by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc. for Holly-
wood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
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wood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
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mitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:009879-C)
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-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Residue Chemistry (Part VII) (Cont'd)
MRID f Citation
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098463-3)
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5857-4; prepared by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., for U.S. Agri-
cultural Research Service; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
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Inc., for Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:090995-B)
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mination of Phosphine Residues in Whole Almonds, Walnuts, Raw
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received Apr. 5, 1972 under 2F1184, prepared by Hazleton Labora-
tories, Inc., for Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted
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000022026 Sullivan, J.B.; Wooldridge, ? (1966) Phosphine Residues from
Phostoxin-Fumigated Food Samples. (Unpublished study received
Jan. 21, 1967 under 6F05081; prepared by Hazleton Labora-
tories, Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:090598-H)
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Pact of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Residue Chemistry (Part VII) (Cont'd)
MRID f Citation
000022008 Sullivan, J.B.; Wboldridge, ? (1967) Phosphine Residues from
Phostoxin Tteated Rice Polish, Mixed Cereal, Teething Biscuits,
Meat Sticks, and Junior Beef. (Unpublished study received Apr.
5, 1972 under 2F1184; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhamtra, Calif.; CDL:090995-C)
005008840 Tkachuk, R. (1972) Phosphorus residues in wheat due to phosphine
fumigation. Cereal Chemistry 49(3):258-267.
005013439 Vardell, H.H.; Cagle, A.; Cooper, E. (1973) Phosphine residues on
soybeans fumigated with aluminum phosphide. Journal of
Economic Entomology 66(3):800-801.
000005671 Wagner, R.M. (1962) Determination of Phosphine Residues in Commer-
cial Wheat Flour: Project #: 20-0222-33. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Jan 17, 1962 under 5857-1; prepared by Hazleton Nuclear
Science Corp., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:022502-A)
-------
ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 2
Citations Judged Tto Be Inappropriate Foe Use In
Developing This Standard
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
005007192 Addamiano, A. (1960) On the preparation of the phosphides of
aluminum, gallium and indium. Journal of the American Chemical
Society 82:1537-1540.
005007350 Ahmad, M. (1976) Effect of phosphine fumigation on the germination
of edible legume seeds. Journal of Stored Products Research
12(3):211-212.
005021332 Albertazzi, G. (1979) Difesa antiparassitaria del grano con
moderni metodi di lotta [Modern methods for pest control in
stored wheat] Tecnica Molitoria. [Milling Techniques]
30(5):338-342.
000024146 Alkan, B.; Ozer, M. (1962) Studies on the toxic effects of Alumin-
ium phosphide (Phostoxin and Delicia) tablets on granary
insects. A translation of: Aluminium phosphide (Phostoxin ve
Delicia) tabletlerivle hububat ambar boceklerine karsi toksik
etkilerinin arastirilmasi. Page ?, 104, 105, Jn 1962 Yearbook
of the University of Ankara Faculty of Agriculture: Number
2. By ? N.P. (In unpublished submission received on
unknown date also under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc. Alhambra, Calif., CDL: 123570-B)
005016343 Almeida, W.F. (1963) Toxicidade da fosfina para o honem.
[Toxicity of phosphine for humans.] Biologico 28(9):266-267.
G50025062 American Conference of Governmental Industrial (ACGIH) (1980)
Phosphine. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values, 4th ed.
Pages 337-8.
G50025048 American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) (1964)
Hygienic Guide Series. Phosphine. Am. Indust. Hyg. J. 25:314-
. 316.
000005657 Andersen, V.S. (1957) Report on the Specialist Meeting on Stored
Food Products, Held at Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia: The Scien-
tific Council for Africa South of the Sahara (C.S.A.), 21st-26th
January 1957. (Unpublished study received Nov 15, 1957 under
5857-EX-l; prepared by Agro-Chem, South Africa, submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:127352-L)
G50025056 Animal Sciences and Index Branch (1980), EPA. Registration
Standards Phase I. Qualitative Use Assessment for Aluminum
Phosphide (066501), Sept. 19, 1980.
000026930 Anon. (19??) Phostoxin for the Fumigation of Grain Bulk. Frank-
fort (Main), Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbe-
kaempfung m.b.H. (Also ^n unpublished study received Aug 2,
1971 under 2F1184; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:221725-A)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID t Citation
005008139 Anon. (1964) Phosphine (hydrogen phosphide, phosphoretted
hydrogen). American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
25:314-316.
005010034 Anon. (1964) Pregled aredstava za zastitu bilja u Jugoslaviji.
[Survey of products for the plant protection in Yugoslavia.]
Biljna Zastita 8(8/10):177-220.
005007795 Anon. (1966) FAD/WHO monographs on fumigants. Food and Cosmetics
Toxicology 4:434.
000022023 Anon. (1968) Phostoxin as a sanitation control measure. |Without
Titlell 13(7):274-277. (Also In unpublished submission received
on unknown date under 6F0508; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:090598-B)
005010553 Anon. (1969) Simple treatment will protect farm-stored grain.
Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia 10(11):465-466.
005008317 Anon. (1969) Uganda: control of poisons: miscellaneous provisions.
International Digest of Health Legislation 20(1):154-155.
005016257 Anon. (1970) Methode zur Bestimmung von Phosphor wasserstoff.
[Method for the determination of hydrogen phosphide.] Nahrung
14(8):717-719.
005004172 Anon. (1973) Common names of pesticides. Revised list—February
1973. PANS 19(2):287-306.
GS0025001 Anon. (1973) Determination of Phosphine Residues from Food
Products Fumigated with Phostoxin (1973) Food Additives
Analytical Manual, Food Additives Reg. 121.281, 121, 1178.
Prepared by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., Falls Church, Virginia.
GS0025002 Anon. 1973) Fumigation with Aluminum Phosphide Preparations,
Precautionary Measures. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Food, London, Her Majesty's Stationary Office 10 1/2 p Net,
pp. 1-8.
005011570 Anon. (1975) Recommended methods for the detection and measurement
of residues of agricultural pests to pesticies: tentative
method for adults of some major pest species of stored cereals,
with methyl bromide and phosphine—FAO method no. 16. FAD
Plant Protection Bulletin 23(l):12-25.
005008873 Anon. (1979) Allocation for insecticides and its price.
Pesticides 13(5 ):58.
005007193 Ardley, J.H. (1975) Comparison of two phosphine gas-releasing
products for fumigation of infested bulk wheat. International
Pest Control 17(6): 10,12-13.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
005009779 Awasthi, M.D.; Misca, S.S.; Verma, S.; Handa, S.K.; Dewan, R.S.
(1971) Phosphine residues from "celphos" fumigated wheat gains
var. Kalyan Sona. Bulletin of Grain Technology 9(l):36-39.
000005713' Awasthi, M.D.; Misra, S.S.; Verma, S.; Handa, S.K.; Dewan, R.S.
(1971) Phosphine residues from Celphos fumigated wheat gains
vac. Kalyan Sona. Bulletin of Qrain Technology IX(l):36-39.
(Also In unpublished submission received Apr 10, 1972 under 449-
540; submitted by Techne Corp., Kansas City, Mo.; CDL:003373-I)
005008300 Back, K.C.; Thomas, A.A.; MacEwen, J.D. (1972) Reclassification of
Materials Listed as Transporatation Health Hazards. Washington,
D.C.: U.S. Department of Transporation, Office of Hazardous
Materials. (Department of Transpcration report no.
TSA-20-72-3; available from: OTIS, Springfield, VA; PB-214 270)
005009576 Bagent, J.L. (1969) Fumigate stored rice to reduce loss to
insects. Rice Journal 72(3):15-16.
005009577 Baker, A.A.; Taylor, R.W.D. (1974) A review of the fumigation of
railtrucks during transit in East Africa. Tropical Stored
Products Information 26:17-32.
005011560 Barker, P.S. (1974) A theoretical consideration of the behaviour
of air-fumigant mixtures in stored grains in relation to the
law of gases. Manitoba Entomologist 8:80-84.
005009578 Barker, P.S. (1974) Hydrohen phosphide concentration gradients in
wheat. Manitoba Entomologist 8:85-89.
005009579 Barker, P.S. (1975) Comparison of two formulations of hydrogen
phosphide for the control of adults of Tribolium castaneum
(Herbst) and adults and eggs of Ccyptolestes ferrugineus
(Stephens). Manitoba Entomologist 9:13-16.
005010410 Barker, P.S. (1975) Control of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults
and Crypotolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) adults and eggs with
hydrogen phosphide in grain at temperatures between 1 and 11
degrees C. Manitoba Entomologist 9:23-28.
005010409 Barker, P.S. (1975) Survival of eggs of the rusty grain beetle,
Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), in dry and damp wheat
treated with hydrogen phosphide. Manitoba Entomologist
9:5-8.
005009769 Barker, P.S. (1975) The responses of eight strains of Tribolium
castaneum (Herbst) to hydrogen phosphide. Manitoba
Entomologist 9:39-42.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
005018864 Barrett, W.J.; Dillon, H.K. (1978) Development of Methods for the
Determination of Elemental Phosphorus and Phosphine in Air.
Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Public Health Service. (DHEW (NIOSH) publication no.
78-177).
005012050 Bazhenov, V.K.; Soloshenko, V.I.; Alyarashi, R.A. (1975)
Energy-band structure of solid solutions based on aluminum
phosphide and arsenide. Soviet Physics-Semiconductors. A
translation of: Fizika i Tekhnika Poluprovodnikov
8(11): 1392-1394.
005009301 Beer, S.Z. (1968) Synthesis and solution growth of aluminum
phosphide, I. Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of
AIME 242(3):424-428.
005009302 Beer, S.Z. (1968) Synthesis and solution growth of aluminum
phosphide, II. Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of
AIME 242(3):428-432.
005007358 Bell, C.H. (1976) The tolerance of developmental stages of four
stored product moths to phosphine. Journal of Stored Products
Research 12(2):77-86.
005007346 Bell, C.H. (1977) Toxicity of phosphine to the diapausing stages
of Ephestia elutella, Plodia inter punctella and other
Lepidoptera. Journal of Stored Products Research
13(4):149-158.
005007357 Bell, C.H.; Glanville, V. (1973) The effect of concentration and
exposure in tests with methyl bromide and with phosphine on
diapausing larvae of Ephestia elutella (Huebner) (Lepidoptera,
Pyralidae). Journal of Stored Products Research 9(3):165-170.
005007353 Bell, C.H.; Hole, B.D.; Evans, P.H. (1977) The occurrence of
resistance to phosphine in adult and egg stages of strains
of Rhyzopertha dominica (£.) (Coleoptera: Bostr ichidae).
Journal of Stored Products Research 13(2):91-94.
005010635 Benes, V.; Cerna, V. (1970) Tolerances of pesticide residues in
Czechoslovakia. Pages 75-85, Jn Residue Reviews. Vol. 33.
Edited by F.A. Gunther. New York: Springer.
005009570 Bengston, M. (1972) Control of grain storage insects on farms.
Queensland Agricultural Journal 98(10):553-555.
005013941 Berck, B. (1965) Determination of fumigant gases by gas
chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
13(4):373-377.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # 'Citation
GS0025003 Becck, B. (1968) Potentiometr ic Determination of Phosphine,
J. Agr. Food Chem; 16, (3): 415-418.
000005937 Barck, B. (1968) Sorption of phosphine by cereal products. Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 16(3):419-425. (Also In un-
published submission received Sep 25, 1969 under OF0890; sub-
mitted by Hawaii, Dept. of Agriculture, Honolulu, Hawaii; CDL:
093187-Z)
000005946 Berck, B.; Westlake, W.E.; Gunther, F.A. (1970) Mior©determination
of phosphine by gas-liquid chromatography with microcoulometric,
thermionic, and flame photometric detection. Journal of Agri-
cultural and Food Chemistry 18(1):143-147. (Also In unpub-
lished submission received Mac 3, 1971 under OF0890; submitted
by Hawaii, Dept. of Agricuture, Honolulu, Hawaii; CDL:093186-B)
GS0025004 Berck, B.; F.A. (1970) Rapid Determination of Sorption Affinity of
Phosphine by Fumigation within a Gas Chromatographic Column.
J. Agr. Food Chem.; 18 (1) 148-153.
005016682 Bevenue, A. (1967) Gas chromatography: applications and limitations
in pesticide residue analysis. Pages 3-45, In Additional
Principles and Methods of Analysis. Edited by G. Zweig and
J. Sherma. New York: Academic Press. (Analytical methods for
pesticides, plant growth regulators and food additives, vol. V)
005009574 Bharadwaj, R.K.; Banerjee, S.K. (1973) Phostoxin for control
of Briophyes mangiferae (Acarina; Eriophyidae) associated
with malformation disease in mango. Florida Entomologist
56 (2)-.147-148.
005009132 Bhatia, S.K.; Bansode, P.C. (1972) Studies on resistance to
insecticides in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). IV.
Susceptibility of a p,p'DDT-resistant strain to some fumigants.
Indian Journal of Entomology 33(1):45-49.
005007347 Bhatia, S.S. (1976) Effects of fumigants on the water loss
in Periplaneta americana (L.). Proceedings of the Indian
Academy of Sciences, Section B 83(l):18-25.
000005665 Blickenstaff, W.N. (1961) [Characteristics of Phostoxin]. (Unpub-
lished study received Oct 23, 1961 under unknown admin, no.;
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
104121-A)
GS0025005 Blumenthal, H. (1961) Comments on Phosphine (Unpublished submission
received Nov. 8, 1961 under OH0593; CDL: 221591)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
005013274 Bogs, D.; Braasch, D. (1977) Der Gladiolenblasenfuss
(Taeniothrips simplex Moris) an Gladiolenknollen im Lager und
seine Bekaempfung mit Blausaeue und Phosphorwasserstoff.
[Gladiolus thrips (Taeniothrips simplex Moris) on gladiolus
oorms in storage and its control with hydrocyanic acid and
phosphine.] Nachrichtenblatt fuer den Pflanzenschutz in der
D.D.R 31(10):205-208.
005016346 Bollaerts, D.; Tahon, J. (1968) Utilisation de I'hydrogene
phosphore dans la lutte centre les petits mammiferes
souterrains. [Use of hydrogren phosphide against small mammals
living under ground.] Mededelingen Rijksfaculteit
Landbouwwetenschappen, Gent. [Communications of the State
University of Agricultural Sciences, Ghent.] 33(3):777-784.
005007188 Bond, E.J. (1978) Use of tritiated phosphine for studies on
absorption of the fumigant by insects. Journal of Economic
Entomology 71(5):844-846.
i
GS0025006 Bond, E.J.; Monro H.A.U. (1961) The Tbxicity of Various Fumigants to
the Cadelle, Tenebroides Mauritanieus. Journal of Economic
Entomology. 54 (3): 451-454.
005007348 Bond, E.J.; Robinson, J.R.; Buckland, C.T. (1969) The toxic action
of phosphine: absorption and symptoms of poisoning in insects.
Journal of Stared Products Research 5(4):289-298.
005007187 Bond, E.J.; Sellen, R.A.; Dumas, T. (1977) Control of insects with
phosphine in open-ended bin spouts. Journal of Economic
Entomology 70(1):22-25.
005008134 Bond, E.J.; Upitis, E. (1973) Response of three insects to
sublethal doses of phosphine. Journal of Stored Products
Research 8(4):307-313.
005014321 Bontoyan, W.R. (1978) Report on pesticide formulations:
herbicides, fungicides, and miscellaneous. Journal of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists 61(2):318-320.
005021438 Bontoyan, W.R. (1980) Report on pesticide formulations:
herbicides, fungicides, and miscellaneous. Journal of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists 63(2):226-227.
005014677 Bourdin, J.; Viel, G. (1970) Sue le degagement de I'hydrogene
phosphore dans le traitement des cereales stockees par les
pastilles de phosphure d'aluminium. [Phosphorus hydride
emission during the treatment of stored grains with aluminum
phosphide pellets.] Phytiatrie-Phytopharmacie 19(l):19-25.
-------
MRID #
005007189
005000993
005016905
005007349
000005769
000005904
005007599
005007600
GS0025007
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropr iate for Use in
Developing the Standard
Citation
Brekke, O.L.; Stringfellow, A.C. (1978) Aflatoxin in corn: a note
on ineffectiveness of several fumigants as inactivating agents.
Cereal Chemistry 55(4):518-520.
British Crop Protection Council (1974) Pesticide Manual: Basic
Information on the Chemicals Used as Active Components of
Pesticides. Edited by H. Martin and C.R. Worthing. 4th ed.
London, England: British Crop Protection Council.
Brockwell, J.; Robinson, A.C. (1976) Effects of commercial
organo-phosphorus insecticides on the growth in culture,
viability in seed pellets, and symbiotic nitrogen fixation
of Rhizobium spp. Field Station Record 15(l):15-26.
Brown, W.B.; Heseltine, H.K. (1968) Loss of phosphine on timber
dunnage treated with copper naphthenate. Journal of Stored
Products Research 4{l):91-92.
Bruce, R.B. (1958) Bake-Out Studies—Phostoxin Treated Flour; Re-
covery of Phosphine; Residues on Wheat: Supplement to Reports
Dated Apr 30, 1958, September 19, 1958, and September 22, 1958.
(Unpublished study including confidential data, received Oct 20,
1958 under 5857-1; prepared by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc. for
Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022506-B)
Bruce, R.B. (1958) Phosphine Residues on Grain. (Unpublished study
received May 12, 1958 under 5857-EX-l; prepared by Hazleton Lab-
oratories, Inc. for Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc., submit-
ted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:127352-D)
Buchanan, J.W.; Hanrahan, R.J. (1970) A comparative study of the
gas-phase radiation chemistry of phosphine and ammonia.
Radiation Research 42(2):244-254.
Buchanan, J.W.; Hanrahan, R.J. (1970) The radiation chemistry of
pnosphine-anmonia mixtures in the gas phase. Radiation
Research 44(2):296-304.
Byers, R.E. (1980) Evaluation Methods for Fumigant Control of
Eastern Wbodchuck. Pest Control; Sept., 1980: pp. 24 and 26.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID f
GS0025008
005014883
G50025049
005019787
005007987
005009800
005009317
005009878
005008920
Citation
Carlson, S.D. (1968) Respiration of Confused Flour Beetle Adults in
or N2 and After Sublethal Fumigat
omic Entomology; 61 (1): 125-131.
CO- or N2 and After Sublethal Fumigation. Journal of
Econ
Castro, J.A.; Zerba, E.N.; Licastro, S.A. de; Picollo, M.I.; Wood,
E.J.; Ruveda, M.A. ; ttoutier Aldao, E.M. de; Liber tella, R.
(1976) Toxicity of methyl bronide and other gaseous
insecticides to Triatoma infestans. Acta Physiologica Latino
Americana 26(2):106-114.
Caswell Reading Files of the Toxicology Branch. This was
supplemented with the private files of Charles Frick, past
Branch reviewer .
Cha, C.W. (1974) Gusuhjae jungdockuy jungsangua chiryo. [The
symptcms and treatment of rodenticide poisoning.] Taehan Uihak
Hyophoe Chapchi. [Journal of the Korean Medical Association.]
17 (11): 833-837.
Chakrabarti, B. ; Wainman, H.E. (1972) Determination by gas
chroma tography of phosphine used in fumigation. Chemistry and
Industry (7):300-302.
Champ, B.R. ; Dyte, C.E. (1977) FAQ global survey of pesticide
susceptibility of stored grain pests. FAO Plant Protection
Bulletin 25(2):49-67.
Chandurkar, P.S.; Dhaliwal, G.S.; Mookherjee, P.B. (1972)
Behaviour of phosphine gas in a rat burrow. Bulletin of Grain
Technology 10 ( 3 ) : 218-219 .
Chaudhry, M.I.; Ahmad, A. (1975) Trial of poisonous gases and
baits against porcupines. Pakistan Journal of Forestry
25(1):46-50.
Chefurka, W. ; Kashi, K.P. ; Bond, E.J. (1975) Phosphine, an
inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase [abstract no. 127] . Journal of
Cell Biology 67(2):64.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID •# Citation
000020573 Chemische Fabrik Dr. Werner Freyberg (19??) Detia Gas-EX-B for
the Destructions of Stored Products of All Kinds. (Unpub-
lished study received on unknown date under 5857-1; submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123569-A)
000020576 Chemische Fabrik Dr. Werner Freyberg (1965) Experimental
Report on Fumigation of Barges Carrying Peanut Shells with Detia-
Gas-EX-R-Pouch-Chains in Hamburg, March 5, 1965. (Unpublished
study received Oct 21, 1974 under 2548-59; submitted by
Research Products Co., Salinas, Kans.; CDL:100885-A)
005009320 Childs, D.P. (1969) Phosphine—something new in fumigation.
Tobacco 168(17):77.
GS0025010 Childs, D.P. (1972) Experiment: Tobacco Consignment Fumigated in
Containers While in Transit, Container News.
000005749 Childs, D.P. (1973) Special Report: Phosphine Fumigation of Tobacco
in Overseas Freight Containers with Detia (R)* Formulation: R
73-3. (Unpublished study including part III, R 73-9, received
Nov 5, 1973 under 2548-59; prepared by U.S. Agricultural Re-
search Service, Mid-Atlantic Area, Stored-Tbbacco Insects Inves-
tigations Laboratory, submitted by Research Products Co.,
Salina, Kans.; CDL:025370-B)
005015132 Childs, D.P. (1975) Control of insects that attack stored tobacco.
Pages 231-238, J!n Renewable Resources for Plastics, Growth and
Change in Adhesives, Chemical Requirements of the Tobacco
Industry, Symposia; Apr 7-9, 1975, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Brooklyn, N.Y.: American Chemical Society, Chemical Marketing
and Economics Division.
005009324 Childs, D.P.; Fletcher, L. (1974) Phosphine (Detia Gas EX-B) for
fumigation of flue-cured tobacco. Tobacco Science XVIII:89-91.
005013966 Childs, D.P.; Overby, J.E.; Hadden, R.L. (1971) Phosphine fumiga-
tion of tobacco in freight containers (Part II). Tobacco
Science XV:5-6.
005009318 Childs, D.P.; Overby, J.C.; Watkins, B.J. (1969) Phosphine
fumigation of flue-cured tobacco for control of the cigarette
beetle—laboratory tests. Tobacco 169(20):49-52.
005015127 Childs, D.P.; Overby, J.E. (1970) Phosphine fumigation of tobacco
in louvered warehouses. Tobacco Science 14:49.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID | Citation
005009323 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E. (1971) Phosphine fumigation of tobacco
in louver ed warehouses. Tobacco Science 14:49.
005009325 Childs, D.P.; O/erby, J.E. (1974) Permeability of paper, plastic,
and apertured films to phosphine. Ibbacco Science XVIII: 92-94.
GS0025011 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E.; Cox, E.L.; Niffenegger, D. (1973)
Technology — Phosphine Fumigation — Concentrations, Temperatures,
Toxicity. Tobacco, Dec. 28, 1973, pg. 76-80.
000005748 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E.; Cox, E.L.; Niffenegger, D. (1973) Toxi-
city of Phosphine at Various Concentrations and Temperatures to
the Cigarette Beetle. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agricul-
ture. (ARS-S-16; also In unpublished submission received Nov 5,
1973 under 2548-59; submitted by Research Products Co., Salina,
Kans.; CDL:025370-A)
005008302 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E.; Hadden, R.L. (1971) Phosphine
fumigation of tobacco in freight containers (Part II).
172(1 ): 37-38.
Tobacco
005013966 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E.; Hadden, R.L. (1971) Phosphine
fumigation of tobacco in freight containers (Part II). Tobacco
Science XV: 5-6.
005009319 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E.; Niffenegger, D. (1969) Phosphine
fumigation of flue-cured tobacco warehouses for control of the
cigarette beetle. Tobacco Science 13:64-69.
005008301 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E.; Niffenegger, D. (1971) Phosphine
fumigation of tobacco in freight containers (Part I). Tobacco
172(1) : 33-36.
005012112 Childs, D.P.; Overby, J.E.; Niffenegger, D. (1971) Phosphine
fumigation of tobacco in freight containers (part 1). Tobacco
Science 15:1-4.
000005736 Childs, D.P.; Cverby, J.E.; Watkins, B.J. (1969) Phosphine fumiga-
tion of flue-cured tobacco for control of the cigarette beetle —
laboratory tests. Tobacco (Nov 14):49-52. (Also ^n unpub-
lished submission received May 21, 1976 under 5857-5; submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:230915-C)
005009802 Chinnery, A.B. (1966) Fumigation of grain: use of aluminium
phosphide. Fertiliser and Feeding Stuffs Journal
63 (22): 786-787.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
005009326 Chu, F.Y.; Oka, T. (1974) "Forbidden" rotational spectra of
phosphine and arsine. Journal of Chemical Physics
60(11):4612-4618.
005010416 Ciraci, S.; Batra, I.P.; Tiller, W.A. (1975) Electronic structure
of the (111) surface of semiconductors. Physical Review, B:
Solid State 12(12):5811-5823.
005012837 Cleve, H. (1971) Schaedlinge in Getreide und die
muellereitechnischen Moeglichkeiten zu ihrer Entfernung.
[Pests in cereals and methods of control in mills.] Getreide
und Mehl 21(5):39-43.
005010199 Cogburn, R.R. (1967) Fumigation of bucket elevators with phosphine
gas to control rice weevil and red flour beetle adults.
Journal of Economic Entomology 60(5):1485-1486.
000005755 Cogburn, R.R. (1972) A New Formulation of Aluminum phosphide as a
Fumigant for Sacked Milled Rice. (Unpublished study received
Jan 17, 1973 under 2548-59; prepared by U.S. Agricultural Re-
search Service, Market Quality Research Div., Stared-Product
Insects Research Branch, submitted by Research Products Co.,
Salina, Kans.; CDL:100854-D)
000005754 Cogburn, R.R. (1972) Rice Fumigated with Detia Gas EX-B. (Unpub-
lished study including letters dated Jan 28, Feb 11 and Oct 10,
1972 from R.R. Cogburn to Richard Bigler, received Jan 17, 1973
under 2548-59; prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service,
Market Quality Research Div., Stored-Rice Insects Investiga-
tions, submitted by Research Products Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:
100854-C)
000005723 Cogburn, R.R. (1974) Detia EX-B (R)* for phosphine fumigation in
sacked milled rice. Journal of Economic Entomology 67(3):436-
438. (Also In unpublished submission received Jan 6, 1977 under
2548-63; submitted by Research Products Co., Salina, Kans.;
CDL:227588-D)
005012946 Cogburn, R.R.; Gillenwater, H.B. (1972) Interaction of gamma
radiation and fumigation of confused flour beetles. Journal of
Economic Entomology 65(l):245-248.
005012322 Cogburn, R.R.; Tilton, E.W. (1963) Phosphine tablets: an effective
and versatile fumigant, advantageous where product is stored in
sacks. Grain and Feed Journal Consolidated 120(12):41.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID * Citation
000005800 Cogburn, R.R.; Tilton, E.W. (1963) Studies of phosphine as a fumi-
gant for sacked rice under gas-tight tarpaulins. Journal of
Economic Entomology 56{5):706-708. (Also In unpublished sub-
mission received Sep 17, 1964 under 5857-1; submitted by Phos-
toxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:028351-X)
000005658 Cole, H.F. (1957) New method for fumigation of grain in bulk.
Milling CXXVIII(5):134. (Also In unpublished submission re-
ceived Nov 15, 1957 under 5857-EX-l; submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:127352-M)
000020579 Conacher, M.J. (1968) How Canada Controls the Quality of Her Export
drain. (Unpublished paper presented at the Phostoxin Sales and
Technical Conference; Jan 28-Feb 2, 1968, Los Angeles, Calif.;
unpublished study received on unknown date under 5857-1; pre-
pared by Canada, Board of Grain Commissioners for Hollywood Ter-
mite Control Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:123567-A)
005009328 Ccrnes, M.A.; Adeyemi, S.A.O. (1969) A comparison of phosphine and
ethylene dibromide for the fumigation of cowpeas in polythene
lined hessian sacks. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of
Nigeria II(I):45-50.
005014268
005012945
000005806
005007627
Cotton, R.T. (1960) Use of phosphide for fumigation.
Miller 264(12):56-60.
Cotton, R.T. (1964) Phosphine as a grain fumigant.
Miller 271(10):33-34,36.
Northwestern
Northwestern
Courville, C.B. (1964) Confusion of presumed toxic gas poisoning
for fatal granulomatous meningo-encephalitis resulting in a
severe progressive arteritis and gross cerebral hemorrhages:
Report of fatal case assessed as Hydrogen phosphide (phosphine)
poisoning. Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Society 29
(2):76-86. (Also Jn unpublished submission received on unknown
date under 5H1650; submitted by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc.,
Falls Church, Va.; CDL:221605-L)
Courville, C.B. (1966) Confusion of presumed toxic gas poisoning
for fatal granulomatous meningo-encephalitis resulting in a
severe progressive arteritis and gross cerebral hemorrhages:
report of fatal case assessed as hydrogen phosphide (phosphine)
poisoning. Bulletin of the Los Angeles Neurological Societies
29(2):76-86.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID f Citation
000020580 Courville, C.B. (1968) A Guide for the Medical Profession in Cases
of Suspected Phosphine Poisoning. (Unpublished paper presented
at the Phostoxin Sales and Technical Conference; Jan 28-Feb 3,
1968, Los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study received on unknown
date under 5857-1; prepared by Los Angeles County Hospital for
Hollywood Termite Control Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhamkra, Calif.; CDL:123567-B)
000022018 Cramer, J. (1966) Phostoxin Fumigation Study: QA 3140.02. (Unpub-
lished study received Apr 5, 1972 under 2F1184, prepared by
Kellogg Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alharabra,
Calif.; CDL:090995-Q)
005009316 Currie, N.T. (1974) Tobacco beetle control. Queensland
Agricultural Journal 100(12):587-594.
005007843 Danthanarayana, W.; Fernando, S.N. (1970) A method of controlling
termite colonies that live within plants. International Pest
Control 12(1):10-14.
005009315 Danthanarayana, W.; Fernando, S.N. (1970) Biology and control of
the live-wood termites of tea. Tea Quarterly 41(l):34-52.
005010636 Daramola, A.M. (1974) A review on the pests of Cola species in
West Africa. Nigerian Journal of Entomology l(l):21-29.
005009984 Dechant, R.; Sanders, G.; Graul, R. (1966) Determination of
phosphine in air. American Industrial Hygiene Association
Journal 27(l):75-79.
005010557 De Lima, C.P.F. (1977) An ecological study of traditional on-farm
maize storage in Kenya and the effects of a control action.
Pages 699-704, In Proceedings of XV International Congress of
Entomology; Aug 19-27, Washington, D.C. Edited by J.S. Packer
and D. White. College Park, Md.: Entomological Society of
America.
005009330 DeMaria, G.; Gingerich, K.A.; Malaspina, L.; Piacente, V. (1966)
Dissociation energy of the gaseous A1P molecule [letter].
Journal of Chemical Physics 44(6):2531-2532.
005010201 DeMaria, G.; Ginger ich, K.A.; Piacente, V. (1968) Vaporization of
Aluminum Phosphide. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio:
Air Force Materials Laboratory. (Air Force Materials Laboratory
technical report no. AFML-TR-68-195; available from: NTIS,
Springfield, VA; AD-840 393)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropr iate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID I Citation
005011156 Desai, B.K. (1970) Fumigation of a flour mill with celphos
(aluminium phosphide). Pesticides 4(12):53-54.
000005712 Desai, B.K. (1970) Fumigation of a flouc mill with Celphos (Alumi-
nium phosphide). Pages 53-54, In Pesticides Annual. N.P.
(Also In unpublished submission received Apr 10, 1972 under 449-
540; submitted by Techne Corp., Kansas City, Mo.; CDL:003373-H)
000005651 Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H. (19??)
Phostoxin for the Fumigation of Grain in Bulk: VII. 56 25. (Un-
published study received Nov 15, 1957 under 5857-EX-l; submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:133163-A)
000005667 Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H. (19??)
Phostoxin for the Fumigation of Grain in Bulk: XII. 58 60. (Un-
published study received on unknown date under 5857-1; submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123566-A)
000005682 Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H. (19??)
Phostoxin New Coated Tablets for the Fumigation of Grain in
Bulk: I 63 50. (Unpublished study received Feb 11, 1964 under
5857-2; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.;
CDL:022498-A)
000005654 Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H. (1954)
Report on Phostox Fumigations in Turkey. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Nov 15, 1957 under 5857-EX-l; submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:127352-I)
000005804 Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H. (1964)
Phostoxin Coated Pellets for Use against Stored Grain Pests un-
der Certain Specified Types of Storage. (Unpublished study re-
ceived on unknown date under 5H1650; submitted by Hazleton
Laboratories, Inc., Falls Church, Va.; CDL:221605-E)
000005812 Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H. (1975) To-
bacco Fumigation with Phostoxin Plates at Klagenfurt/Austria:
Laboratory Report No. 36/75. (English translation; unpublished
study received Apr 27, 1976 under 5857-5; submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:234588-B)
005011854 Dhaliwal, G.S. (1973) Recent advances in the methodology of
phosphine analysis. Bulletin of Grain Technology
11(3/4):214-219.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID i
005012294
005009329
005012840
005011572
005013870
005011573
005009881
000005656
005009334
Citation
Dhaliwal, G.S. (1974) Metabolism of fumigants.
•technology 12(2):132-138.
Bulletin of Grain
Dhaliwal, G.S. (1974) On the degree of susceptibility of two
species of storage insects to different fumigants. Bulletin of
Grain Technology 12(1):64-65.
Dhaliwal, G.S. (1975) Estimation of phosphine concentrations in
air. Indian Farm Mechanization 26(7/8):4,10.
Dhaliwal, G.S. (1976) The occurrence and significance of phosphine
residues in fumigated foodstuffs. Indian Chemical Manufacturer
14(5):37-38.
Dhaliwal, G.S. (1977) Recent developments on the mode of action of
phosphine. Pesticides 11(6):40-41.
Dhaliwal, G.S. (1978) Recent developments on the mode of action of
phosphine. Indian Chemical Manufacturer 16(2):52-53.
Dhaliwal, G.S.; Lai, R. (1973) Relative toxicity of some fumigants
to the larvae of Trogoderma granarium Everts (Dermestidae:
Coleoptera) and Cadra cautella Walker (Phycitidae:
Lepidoptera), and the susceptibility of different stages of
these insects to phosphine. Indian Journal of Entomology
35(2):134-140.
Diemair, W.; Oksenholt, S., tr. (1954) Report Concerning the In-
vestigation of Grain Gassed with Phostoxin. Includes two un-
dated methods. (Unpublished study received Nov 15, 1957 under
5857-EX-l; prepared by Universitat—Institut fur Lebensmittel-
chemie in cooperation with Univ. of Southern California, Dept.
of German for Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaemfung
m.b.H., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.;
CDL:127352-K)
Disney, R.W.; Fowler, K.S. (1972) Phosphor us-32-labelled phosphine
in the determination of fumigation residues in grain. Pages
423-425, In Proceedings of the 2nd International IUPAC Congress
of Pesticide Chemistry; Feb 22-26, 1971, Tel Aviv, Israel. New
York: Gordon and Breach.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000005741 Duey, G.G.; Duncan, L.J. (1970) New Pest Control System for Farina-
ceous Products. By Naval Supply Systems Command, Storage
Branch. N.P. (Newsletter reprint; Also In unpublished sub-
mission received May 21, 1976 under 5857-5; submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhamtra, Calif.; CDL:230915-M)
005008304 Dumas, T. (1964) Determination of phosphine in air by gas
chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
12(3):257-258.
005007844 Dumas, T. (1969) Miorodetermination of phosphine in air by gas
chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
17(6):1164-1165.
005007626 Dumas, T.; Bond, E.J. (1974) Separation of phosphine from
odour-producing impurities. Journal of Stared Products
Research 10(l):67-68.
005000681 Dirairaj, G. (1976) Relative efficacy of rodenticides available in
India. Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics
Supplement 13(1):40.
005005434 Dutt, N.; Maiti, B.B. (1972) Studies on the control of banana
pseudostem weevil, Odoiporus longicollis Oliv. Indian Journal
of Entomology 34(4):272-289.
005009293 Edmond, D.E. (1971) Preliminary investigations of the ability of
phosphine gas to penetrate polyethylene tobacco case liners.
Tobacco Science 15:11.
005016345 Elbel, H.; Holsten, K. (1936) Uever die Gefaehrlichekeit des
Maeusevertilgungsmittels "Delicia"- (unfall beim Giftlegen)
"Delicia", a dangerous mouse poison, Deutsche Zeitschrift
fuer die Gesamte Gerichtliche Medizin 26: 178-180.
005016308 El-Lakwah, F. (1978) Sorption von Phosphorwasserstoff sowie eines
Gemisches von Phosphor wasserstoff + Methylbromid durch Expeller
und Extraktionsschrote. [Sorption of phosphine and of mixtures
of phosphine plus methyl bromide by expellers and extracted
by-products of oilseeds.) Nachtrichtenblatt des Deutschen
Pflanzenschutzdienstes (Br aunschweig) 30(8):113-117.
GS0025059 Enviro Control (1981) Aluminum Phosphine (for EFB) Rcvd June 26,
1981. Task 1: Review and Evaluation of Individual Studies,
June 26, 1981. Task 2: Topical Discussions June 24, 1981.
Task 3: Environmental Fate, June 24, 1981. Task 4: Exposure
Profile, June 29, 1981 Issued 1-14-74.981.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID *
GS0025060
GS0025058
GS0025050
GS0025012
000005780
000005811
000005677
000005706
000005708
Citation
EPA (1974) Compendium of Registered Pesticides.
Phosphide
Aluminum
EPA (1980) Aluminum phosphide, Tolerances and exemptions from
tolerances, pesticide chemicals in or on raw agricultural commo-
dities. FR:45, 26330-31.
EPA (1981) EPA Index to Pesticide Chemicals. Aluminum Phosphide.
Issued 7/22/80. With Memo: Transmission of RS Chemical
Aluminum Phosphide Index Entry from Head, Index Section, Animal
Sciences and Index Branch to Addressees, dated June 8, 1981.
(Received 6/15/81).
Erdos, G; Kbncz, A; Varaos, G. 1978. Aktuelle Sicherheitstech-
nische Fragen der Verwendung Von Giftgasen. [Current Safety
Problems of the Use of Toxic Gases as Fumigants.] Konference
weber Sicherheitstechnik der Landwirtschaftlichen Chemisierung
Vortraege (OMKDK-Technoinform: Budapest) pp 59-70.
Estelle, W. (1965) Box Ca: Fumigation of Bulk Milo, Texas, 1965.
(Unpublished study received May 6, 1974 under 5857-4; submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:009879-I)
Estelle, W. (1975) Experimental Railcar Fumigations at Reduced Dos-
age. (Unpublished study received Apr 27, 1976 under 5857-5;
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
234588-A)
Excel Industries, Limited (19??) Celphos (Aluminium phosphide).
(Unpublished study received Oct 5, 1971 under 5857-1; submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:120711-A)
Excel Industries, Limited (1951?) Rate of Evolution of PH 3, NH*3@
and CO*2@ from Aluminium-phosphide Formulations at Different Re-
lative Humidities, (unpublished study received Apr 10, 1972
under 449-540; submitted by Techne Corp., Kansas City, Mo.; CDL:
003373-B)
Excel Industries, Limited (1967*) Dosages Required to Give 100%
Mortality of All Stored-Products and Their Life Stages in Pres-
ence of Load (Table 1). (Unpublished study received Apr 10,
1972 under 449-540; submitted by Techne Corp., Kansas City, Mo.;
CDL: 003373-D)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID * Citation
000005710 Excel Industries, Limited (1972) Determination of Undecomposed A1P
Residue in 0.5 Gm Pellets of Celphos. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Apr 10, 1972 under 449-540; submitted by Techne Corp.,
Kansas City, Mo.; CDL:003373-F)
005007609 Fachmann, I.; Gokhale, M.S. (1972) Aluminium phosphide "Phosfume":
a versatile fumigant. Pesticides 6(10):22-23,29.
005007048 Fairchild, E.J., ed. (1977) Agricultural Chemicals and Pesticides:
A Subfile of the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical
Substances. Cincinnati, Ohio: National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health. (Pagination includes 46 pages
numbered i-xlvi; available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB-274
748)
005020957 Fam, E.Z.; Kamel, A.H.; Mahdi, M.T.; Sheltawy, E.M. (1974) The
effect of repeated fumigation on the germination of certain
vegetable seeds. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of
Egypt, Economic Series (VTI):85-89.
005010101 FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide Residues (1968) 1967
Evaluations of Some Pesticide Residues in Food: Report of the
1967 Joint Meeting of the FAO Workng Party of Experts and the
WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues. Rome, Italy: Food
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
005011569 FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide Residues (1972) Hydrogen
phosphide. Pages 289-295, In 1971 Evaluations of Some
Pesticide Residues in Food: The Monographs. By the Joint
Meeting of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide
Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues.
Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. (WHO pesticide
residues series no. 1; WHO technical report series no. 502; FAO
agricultural studies no. 88)
005018288 FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide Residues (1973)
Pesticide Residues in Food. Report of the 1972 Joint Meeting
of the FAO Working Party of Experts on Pesticide Residues and
the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide Residues. Geneva,
Switzerland: World Health Organization. (WHO technical report
series no. 525; FAO agricultural studies no. 90)
GS005055 Fairhall, L.T. (1960). Phosphine. pp. 91-92 in Industrial
Toxicology, Hafner Publishing Company.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000005650 Feuersenger, M. (1960) Uber die bestinmung von schadlingsbekampf-
ungsmitteln in lebensmitteln. [On the determination of pesti-
cides in foodstuffs.] Bundesgesundheitsblatt (10):149-152.
(Also In unpublished submission including English translation,
received 1960 under unknown admin, no.; submitted by Phostoxin
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005008037 Fishbein, L.; Flamm, W.G. (1972) Potential environmental chemical
hazards: Part II. Feed additives and pesticides. Science of
the Total Environment 1(1):31-64.
GS0025013 Fletcher, L.W.; Cverby, J.E.; Childs, D.P.; Dean, T.A. (1974)
Redrying of Tobacco Strips and Its Effect on Mortality of
Cigarette Beetles. Tobacco Science; 35: 34-35.
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gisch-toxikologischer Hinsicht. [Modern Industrial
Intoxications] Archiv fuer experimentelle Pathologic and
Pharmokologie; 138:65-82
GS0052504 Flury, F. (1929) Modern Industrial Intoxications (Translation).
Archiv exper. Pathol. Pharmakol. 138:65-82.
005015379 Flury, F. (1937) Ueber Phosphorwasserstoff. [On phosphine.]
Anzeiger fuer Schaedlingskunde 13(3):26-28.
GS0025041 Flury and Zernick (1931). Hydrogen Phosphide (Phosphine) Pages 169-
171 in "Schudliche Case", Julius Springer, Berlin.
000024413 Food and Agricultural Organization, and World Health
Organization,(1973) Pesticide Residues In Food (Report of the
1972 Joint Meetings of the FAQ Working Party of Experts on
Pesticide Residues and the WHO Expert Committee on Pesticide
Residues.) Rome, Italy. (FAD Agricultural Studies No. 90; WHO
Technical Report Series No. 525) (Also In unpublished
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000022022 Freyberg, W. (19??) Detia"(R) Gas-Ex-B for the Destructions of
Stored Product Pests of All Kinds. Weinheim, W. Germany; Chem-
ische Fabrik Dr. Werner Freyberg. (English, French and Spanish
text; alsoI"InI"unpublished submission received Jan. 21, 1967
under 6F0508; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:090598-A
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID * . Citation
GS0025015 Fteyberg, W. 1964. Test Report on the Flat Storage Fumigation of
Wheat with Detia GAS-EX-B. (Unpublished study received June
26, 1981; submitted by Research Products Company, Salina,
Kansas).
00501632 Freyberg, G. (1974) Rueckstandsprobleme bei der Getreidebegasung.
[Residue problems in grain fumigation.] Getreide, Mehl und
Brot 28(9):241-243.
005009736 Freyberg, W., inventor; (1963) Mittel zur Bekaempfung von
Insekten und Nagetieren. [Preparation for control of insects
and rodents.] German (Fed. Rep.) auslegeschrift 1,155,631.
Oct 10. 7 p. Int. Q. A Oln.
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poisoned by hydrogen phosphine and the simultaneous separation
of inorganic gases by gas chromatography. Bull. Yamagachi Med.
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000005673 Gauditz, I. (1961) Fumigation of Ground Red Chili Peppers with
Phostoxin Tablets: Project t: 20-0106-32. (Unpublished study
received Jun 12, 1961 under 5857-1; prepared by Hazleton Nuclear
Science Corp. for Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhamtra, Calif.; CDL:121109-A)
005009803 Geoffroy, G.L.; Gladfelter, W.L. (1978) Synthesis,
characterization and molecular dynamics of phosphine and
phosphite substituted iron-ruthenium carbonyl clusters.
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005014269 Glass, A. (1956) Account of suspected phosphine poisoning in a
submarine. Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service
42(4):184-187.
000005728 Great Britain. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1973)
Fumigation with Aluminium phosphide Preparations: Precautionary
Measures, 1972. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
(p. 7 only; also In unpublished submission received Jan 6, 1977
under 2548-62; submitted by Research Products Co., Salina,
Kans.; CDL:227591-B)
005009786 Greaves, J.H.; Choudry, M.A.; Khan, A.A. (1977) Pilot rodent
control studies in rice fields in Sind, using five
rodenticides. Agro-Ecosystems 3(2):119-130.
005018854 Green, M.B. (1977) Fumigants. Pages 204-210, In Chemicals for
Crop Protection and Pest Control. Oxford, England: Pergamon
Press.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000027591 Green, N.A. (1978) Certificate of Survey. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Dec. 14, 1979 under 5857-1; prepared by Superintendence
Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.;
CDL:241473-B)
000027592 Green, N.A. (1978) Certificate of Survey. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Dec. 14, 1979 under 5857-1; prepared by Superintendence
Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.;
CDL:241473-C)
005010197 Qrothaus, R.H.; Jackson, S.C.; Batchelor, R.; Keenan, W.L. (1974)
An Emergency Control Procedure for Insecticide-Resistant Body
Lice. Camp Lejeune, N.C.: Naval Medical Field Research
Laboratory. (Naval Medical Field Research Laboratory, vol.
XXIV, no. 7; available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; AD-778 346)
005009583 Qrothaus, R.H.; Jackson, S.C.; Haskins, J.R.; Sims, G.L., Jr.
(1973) An Environmentally Improved Method of Fire Ant Control
for High Maintenance Areas. Camp Lejeune, N.C.: Naval Medical
Field Research Laboratory. (Available from: NTIS, Springfield,
VA; AD-763 371)
000005771 Gunn, J.W. (1958) Fumigation of Elevator Bins at Garden City Co-
op's Tennis, Kansas Line Elevator with Phostoxin. (Unpublished
study including summary statement, received Oct 20, 1958 under
5857-1; prepared by Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc. in co-
operation with U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022506-D)
005008846
000005766
000005670
000005648
Gunn, J.W. (1959) Phostoxin: new tablet form grain fumigant.
Control 27(7):29.
Pest
Gunn, J.W. (1959) Report on Milo Fumigation. (Unpublished study
received May 12, 1959 under 5857-1; prepared by Hollywood Ter-
mite Control Co., Inc. in cooperation with Bureau of Rodent &
Weed Control and Seed Inspection, California Seed Laboratory,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
022505-A)
Gunn, J.W. (1959) Report on Milo Fumigation. (Unpublished study
received Sep 27, 1960 under 5857-1; prepared by Hollywood Ter-
mite Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022501-A)
Gunn, J.W. (1963) Discussion of Points at Issue in the Article—The
Pesticide Phostoxin—with Suggested Changes. (Unpublished study
including letter dated Mar 16, 1963 from J.W. Gunn to A.W.
Motley, received Mar 20, 1963 under unknown admin, no.; prepared
by Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:104122-A)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID ft Citation
000005661 Gunn, L.H.; Shuyler, H.R.; Morris, O.W.; Wilbur, D.A., Jr. (1963)
Preliminary Report on Experimental Fumigation Using New Phos-
toxin Pellets. (Unpublished study received Ma: 6, 1963 under
unknown admin, no.; prepared by Hollywood Termite Control Co.,
Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
104144-A)
005012957
000020572
005009785
000005705
005019229
GS0025016
000005773
Gunn, W. (1960) Phostoxin.
Bulletin 1960:2489.
Association of Operative Millers
Gunther, F.A.; Liscombe, E.A.R.; Hazleton, L.W.; et al. (1969)
Panel Discussion: Residues in General from Both Domestic and
International Viewpoints. (Unpublished paper presented at the
Phostoxin Conference; Feb 12-14, 1969, Los Angeles, Calif.;
unpublished study received on unknown date under 5857-1; pre-
pared by Univ. of California—Riverside, Citrus Research Center
Hollywood Termite Control Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123561-G)
Gupta, D.S.; Chillar, B.S. (1971) Penetration power and
effectiveness of various fumigants in wheat against Tribolium
castaneum (Herbst.). Bulletin of Grain Technology
9(3):172-176.
Gupta, D.S.; Chillar, B.S. (1971) Penetration power and effective-
ness of various fumigants in wheat against Tribolium casta-
neum (Herbst). Bulletin of Grain Technology IX(3):172-176.
(Also In unpublished submission received May 10, 1972 under
449-540; submitted by Techne Corp., Kansas City, Mo.; CDL:
003374-A)
Gupta, R.C.; Dave, S.K.; Shah, M.P.; Kashyap, S.K. (1979) A
monitoring study of workers handling pesticides in warehouses
and godowns. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part
B 14(4):405-416.
Hallermann, W. and 0. Rribilla. (1959) Todliche Vergiftungen mit
Phosphorwasserstoff. [Cases of Fatal Poisoning with Phospine]
Archiv fur Toxikologie 17(4): 219-242.
Harada, T. (1962) A Study on a New Fumigant, Phostoxin (Hydrogen
phosphide). (Unpublished study received Mar 18, 1964 under
5857-1; prepared by Japan, Agriculture-Forestry Dept., Food Re-
search Institute, Pest Laboratory, submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:026134-B)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID f Citation
005016584 Hacada, T. (1968) Shokiryo no hozo to henshitsu boshi ni kansiru
"haikuroru" ho to shinkunjozai "hosutokishin" tono kikaku
shiken. [The comparative experiment of food preservation
between "high-chlor" method and fumigation with "phostoxin".]
Shokuryo Kenkyujo Kenkyu Hokoku. [Food Research Institute,
Research Report.] (23):71-78.
005007836 Harger, R.N.; Spolyar, L.W. (1958) Toxicity of phosphine, with a
possible fatality from this poison. A.M.A. Archives of
Industrial Health 18:497-504.
005008845 Hawkes, C. (1973) Assessment of phosphine fumigation as a plant
quarantine measure against Spodoptera littoralis. Annals of
Applied Biology 75(3):393-399.
000005683 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated (1958) Summary of Preliminary
Report on Extraction and Recovery of Phosphine from Wheat. (Un-
published study received Sep 25, 1958 under 5857-1; submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022499-A)
000005732 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated (1958) The Chemistry, Residue
and Toxicology of Phostoxin. (Unpublished study received Jul
19, 1963 under 5857-1; prepared for Hollywood Termite Control
Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.;
CDL:230469-B)
000005912 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated (1965) Food Additive Petition
[use of Phostoxin on processed foods such as flour, rice, and
ground spices]. (Unpublished study received Nov. 3, 1965 under
5H1650; CDL: 221604)
000002961 Hazleton Laboratories Incorporated (1965?) Fumigation of
Eight Varieties of Processed Dried Fruits with Phostoxin
(Unpublished Study received April 5, 1972 under 2F1184 (Vol. 1
of 3); submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, CA; CDL:
090995)
000022006 Hazleton Laboratories Incorporated (1965?) Fumigation of Eight
Varieties of Processed Dried Fruits with Phostoxin (Unpublished
study received April 5, 1972 under 2F1184 (Vol. 2 of 3);
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, CA; CDL: 090994)
000059001 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated (1966) Food Additive Petition
[residue tolerance for Phostoxin on cereal grains]. (Unpub-
lished study received Aug. 19, 1966 under 5H1650; CDL: 221605)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID i Citation
000060850 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated. (1966) Phosphine Residues
from Phostoxin-Fumigated Food Samples. (Unpublished study
received Dec. 21, 1966 under 6F0508; CDL: 090598, Vol. 1 of 2)
000012028 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated (1966) Phosphine Residues from
Phostoxin-Fumigated Food Samples. (Unpublished study received
Dec. 21, 1966 under 6F0508; CDL: 092794, Vol. 2 of 2)
000022021 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated (1966) Reasonable Grounds
in Support of the Petition; |Phosphine1l. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Jul 18, 1966 under 6F0508; submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif., CDL:092794-F)
000020581 Hazleton L.W. (1968) Phostoxin"(R) Regulatory Status. (Unpub-
lished paper presented at the Phostoxin Sales and Technical
Conference; Jan 28-Feb 3, 1968, Los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished
study received on unknown date under 5857-1; prepared by Hazle-
ton Laboratories, Inc. for Hollywood Termite Control Co, sub-
mitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123567-C)
000044477 Hazleton Laboratories, Inc. (1969) Fumigation of and Determination
of Phosphine Residues in Flue-Cured Tobacco Samples (Unpublished
study received Feb. 4, 1969 under 5857-1; submitted by Pestcon
Systems, Inc., Alhambra, CA; CDL: 007791)
000026936 Hazleton Laboratories (1971) Investigations Made with Respect to
Safety of Phostoxin. (Unpublished study received Aug 2, 1971
under 2F1184; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:221725-J)
000022924 Hazleton Laboratories, Incorporated (1972?) Phosphine Residue and
Recovery studies in Corn, Milo, Wheat and Rye Grains. (Unpub-
lished study received May 25, 1972?; submitted by Phostoxin
Sales Inc., Alhambra, CA; CDL: 098463)
00006722 Heiman, D. (1977) Reduced Dosages—Peanut Warehouses. (Unpublished
study received Jul 17, 1979 under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:238831-G)
000005910 Henderson, Y.; Haggard, H.W. (1943) Noxious Gases and the Princi-
ples of Respiration Influencing Their Action. 2nd and rev. ed.
New York: Reinhold Publishing Corp. (pp. 242-243 only; American
Chemical Society, Monograph series; also In unpublished sub-
mission received Jan 6, 1977 under 2548-63; submitted by Re-
search Products Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:227586-B)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
005015518 Hertel, W. (1973) Kontamination von Getreide und
Getreideerzeugnissen. [Contamination of cereals and their
products.] Qualitas Plantarurn-Plant Foods for Human Nutrition
XXIII(1/3):269-279.
005007788 Heseltine, H.K. (1969) Fumigation—the final resort. Chemistry
and Industry (41) .-1405-1408.
005014267 Heseltine, H.K. (1973) A guide to fumigation with phosphine in the
tropics. Tropical Stored Products Information (24):25-36.
000005678 Heseltine, H.K.; Thompson, R.H. (1957) Use of Aluminium phosphide
tablets for the fumigation of grain—1: General considerations.
Milling CXXIX(24):676-677. (Also In unpublished submission re-
ceived Mar 10, 1958 under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:120712-A)
000005679 Heseltine, H.K.; Thompson, R.H. (1957) Use of Aluminium phosphide
tablets for the fumigation of grain—2: The fumigation of grain
in deep silo bins and in floor storage warehouses. Milling
CXXIX(25):730-732,752. (Also In unpublished submission received
Mar 10, 1958 under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:120712-B)
000005680 Heseltine, H.K.; Thompson, R.H. (1957) Use of Aluminium phosphide
tablets for the fumigation of grain—3: The fumigation of grain
stored on the farm. Milling CXXIX(26):774-775,778,783. (Also
In unpublished submission received Mar 10, 1958 under 5857-1;
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
120712-C)
005009292 Heseltine, H.K.; Thompson, R.H. (1957) Use of aluminium phosphide
tablets for the fumigation of grain-2: the fumigation of grain
. in deep silo bins and in floor storage warehouses. Milling
129(25):730-732,752.
005013765 Heseltine, H.K.; Thompson, R.H. (1957) Use of aluminium phosphide
tablets for the fumigation of grain-3: the fumigation of grain
stared en the farm. Milling 129(26):774-775,778,783.
005007789 Heuser, S.G.B. (1973) Determination of residues arising from
fumigation practice. Pesticide Science 4(3):409-416.
005007725 Heyndrickx, A.; Van Peteghem, C.; Van Den Heede, M.; Lauwaert, R.
(1976) A double fatality with children due to fumigated wheat.
European Journal of Toxicology 9(2):113-118.
005007833 Highland, H.A.; Schoenherr, W.H.; Winburn, T.F.; Lawson, D.E.
(1979) Phosphine and methyl bromide fumigation of commodities
in woven plastic or paper bags. Cereal Foods World
24(1):19-21,26.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID ft Citation
000005912 Hild, K.; Mayr, G. (1965) Fumigation of Animal Food with Phosphinel
Recovery Test: Laboratory Report No. 6502. (Unpublished study
received Mar 23, 1965 under 5H1650; prepared by Deutsche Gesell-
schaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H., submitted by Hazleton
Laboratories, Inc., Falls Church, Va.; CDL:221604-E)
005009787 Hindmarsh, P.S. (1977) The long-term storage of hybrid maize seed
in Zambia using polythene-lined sacks. It epical Science
19(3):141-145.
005007611 Hole, B.D.; Bell, C.H.; Mills, K.A.; Goodship, G. (1976) The
toxicity of phosphine to all developmental stages of thirteen
species of stored product beetles. Journal of Stored Products
Research 12(4):235-244.
000022025 Hollywood Termite Control Company, (19??) Phostoxin grinder-blower ,
Alhambra, Calif.: Hollywood. (Also In unpublished submission
received Jan 21, 1967 under 6F0508; submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:090598-G)
000005791 Hollywood Termite Control Company, Incorporated (I960*) Training
Outline for Safe Practices in Handling and Using Phostoxin.
(Unpublished study received Jan 28, 1964 under 5857-2; submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022497-A)
000005661 Hollywood Termite Control Co., Inc. (1963) [Accident Report
Involving Phostoxin] (Unpublished study received Feb. 12, 1963
under 5857-Q; CDL: 104143)
GS0025063 Holtorf, R.C. (1980) Preliminary quantitative usage analysis of
aluminum phosphide. Memo to W.G. Phillips, August 11, 1980
005015910 Horak, E. (1966) Proti hrabosum v krechtech. [Control of rodents
in storages.] Za Vysokou Urodu 14(10):392-393.
005007608 Howe, R.W. (1973) The susceptibility of the iitmature and adult
stages of Sitophilus granarius to phosphine. Journal of Stored
Products Research 8(4):241-262.
005012836 Howe, R.W. (1974) Problems in the laboratory investigation of the
toxicity of phosphine to stored product insects. Journal of
Stored Products Research 10(3/4): 167-181.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000005790 Hubert, P.P. (1960) Data on Fumigation of Milo (Sorghum) with Phos-
toxin under Plastic Tarpaulins at Djibouti, French Somaliland.
(Unpublished study including letter dated Apr 8, 1960 from P.P.
Hubert to Herr G. Strasburger, received Oct 17, 1960 under 5857-
1; prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Plant Pest
Control Div., Regional Insect Control Project, submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhamtra, Calif.; CDL:022504-A)
005008849 Hubert, P.P. (1962) Emergency fumigation operation combines heat,
humidity and phostoxin. Agricultural Chemicals
17(2):20-21,103.
005007614 Hughes, J.G.; Jones, A.T. (1963) The estimation of phosphine in
air. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
24(2):164-167.
005016351 Ilic, B.; Popovic, N. (1973) Vergleichende Untersuchung von
Phosphor wasserstoff entwickelnden Praeparaten zur
Getreidebegasung. [Comparative analysis of preparations
generating hydrogen phosphide for grain fumigation.] Anzeiger
fuer Schaedlingskunde, Pflanzen- und Umweltschutz
XLVI(8):117-121.
000005722 Iman, M.; Kilin, D. (1973) Detia Gas-EX-B Experiment against Stor-
age Insect Pest on Rice. (Unpublished study received Jan 6,
1977 under 2548-63; prepared by Indonesia, Ministry of Agricul-
ture, Central Research Institute for Agriculture, Pest and
Disease Div. in cooperation with Hoechst Indonesia P.T. and
Badan Urusan Logistic, submitted by Research Products Co.,
Salina, Kans.; CDL:227588-C)
GS0025051 Information Services Branch (1979-80) Author-Sequence Bibliography,
Case GS0025 Aluminum Phosphide 12/19/79; Addendum, 12/19/79 -
9/11/80; Addendum Addendum, 12/19/79.
000060291 International Bio-Research, Inc. (1977) Acute Oral Toxicity of
Aluminum Phosphide in Rats (Unpublished study received
April 11, 1977 under 2548-AG; CDL: 233304).
005009304 lordanou, N. (1976) Control of Stored Grain Insects in Cyprus.
Nicosia, Cyprus: Cyprus Agricultural Research Institute.
(Cyprus Agricultural Research Institute technical bulletin no.
20)
005015120 Isa, A.L.; Kamel, A.H.; Fam, E.Z.; Awadallah, W.H. (1970) On the
effect of certain fumigants on the overwintering corn borers
larvae. Agricultural Research Review 48(l):43-47.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
005015519 Ivanova, N.T.; Vislykh, N.A.; Voevodina, V.V.; Rrotasova, L.A.;
Frangulyan, L.A. (1978) Khromatograficheskoe opredelenie
kisloroda, azota i dvuokisi ugleroda v gidridakh.
[Chromatographic determination of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon
dioxide in hydrides.] Zavodskaya Laboratoriya. [Industrial
Laboratory.] 44(6):649-650.
Jaoobson, F.B. (1977) Food protection: residues and tolerances.
Manufactur ing Confectioner 57(4):63-65.
005007735
005018970
000005688
005009582
GS0025052
005007723
005009294
005011568
005012291
Jacobson, F.B. (1979) Pesticide residues.
Confectioner 59(4):77-80.
Manufactur ing
Jay, E.G. (1974) Phosphine for Control of the Greater Wax Moth.
(Unpublished study including letter dated Dec 17, 1974 from E.G.
Jay to Richard Heiman, received May 14, 1975 under 5857-1; pre-
pared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Southern Region,
Stored-Product Insects Research and Development Laboratory, sub-
mitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:222878-E)
Jayaraman, A.; Newton, R.C.; Kennedy, G.C. (1963) High pressure
studies on diamond and zincblende structures, melting and
polymorphism. Pages 297-306, Jn Proceedings of the 1st
International Congress on Diamonds in Industry; May 28-Jun 2,
1962, Paris. Edited by P. Greene. London, England:
Industrial Diamond Information Bureau.
Johnstone, R.T. and Miller, S.E. (1960) Phosphine (PH,). Pages
141-42 in "Occupational Diseases and Industrial Medicine".
W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia
Jones, A.T.; Jones, R.C.; Longley, E.O. (1964) Environmental and
clinical aspects of bulk wheat fumigation with aluminum
phosphide. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
25(4):376-379.
Joshi, G.P. (1974) Toxicity of certain chemicals on Ccyzaephilus
mercater F. (Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Applied Entomology and
Zoology 9(4):280-281.
Joubert, P.C.; Du Obit, D.M. (1969) The development and yield of
plants derived fir on fumigated seeds. I. Maize.
Phytophylactica 1(3/4):195-199.
Kamel, A.H.; Fam, E.Z.; Mahdy, M.T.; Sheltawy, E.M. (1973) The
phytotoxic effect of repeated fumigation on the germination of
certain cereal seed crops. Bulletin of the Entomological
Society of Egypt, Economic Series VII:57-62.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID •# Citation
005020959 Kamel, A.M.; Fam. E.Z.; Mahdi, M.T.; Sheltawi, E.M. (1974) The
phytotoxic effect of carbon bisulphide, methyl bromide and
hydcogen phosphide on the germination of seeds of certain field
or ops. Bulletion of the Entomological Society of Egypt,
Economic Serie (VIII):75-80.
005015645 Kapp, W.; Neubecker, F.; Brehm, H.P., inventors; Deutsche
Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H., assignee
(1975) Schaedlingsbekaempfungsmittel und festes
Oxydationsmittel in einer gemeinsamen Verpackung. [Pest
control agent and solid osidizer in a common package:
environmentally safe phosphine-releasing fumigant.] German
(Fed. Rep.) offenlegungsschrift 2,414,548. Oct 2. 23 p. Int.
Cl.
005007847 Kapp, W., inventor; Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer
Schaedlings-bekaempfung mbH, assignee (1975) Pesticide
comprising aluminum phosphide. U.S. patent 3,917,823. Nov 4.
6 p. Int. Cl.
005007624 Kashi, K.P. (1974) Toxic action of phosphine en insects.
Dissertation Abstracts International B 35(3):1459.
005007794 Kashi, K.P.; Bond, E.J. (1975) The toxic action of phosphine: role
of carbon dioxide on the toxicity of phosphine to Sitophilus
granarius (L.) and Tribolium oonfusum DuVal. Journal of
Stored Products Research 11(1):9-15.
005007793 Kashi, K.P.; Chefurka, W. (1976) The effect of phosphine on the
absorption and circular dichroic spectra of cytochrome c and
cytochrome oxidase. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
6 (4)-.350-362.
005008140 Kashi, K.P.; Muthu, M. (1975) A mixed indicator strip for
phosphine detection. Pesticide Science 6(5):511-514.
005013910 Kay, K. (1965) Recent advances in research on environmental
toxicology of the agricultural occupations. American Journal
of Public Health 55(7):1-9.
005015125 Kern, T.R. (1975) Studies on the development of resistance to
phosphine in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Entomologists'
Newsletter 5(2):6-7.
005013296 Kern, T.R. (1977) Selection of a strain of Tribolium
castaneum (Herbst) resistant to phosphine. Journal of
Entomological Research 1(2):213-217.
005013442 Kirkiacharian, S.B. (1974) Tobacco fumigation with phosphine.
Tobacco 176(19):38,40.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID f Citation
GS0025065 Kliirnier, O.R. (1958) Toxicology of Phosphine (Translation) REPORT
submitted by Phostoxin....PSD-81-131 Received June 4, 1981
000005791 Klimmer, O.R. (1958) Toxicology of Phosphine (Unpublished study
received April 20, 1964 under unknown submission; CDL: 022496)
GS0025057 Klimmer, O.R. (1969) Contribution of the study of the action of
Phosphine (PH3). The question of the so-called chronic
phosphine poisoning. (Translation) Archiv Tbxicol. 24 (2/3):
164-187
005009308 Kloos, E.J.; Spinetti, L.; Raymond, L.D. (1966) Gas Masks for
Respiratory Protection Against Phosphine. Pittsburgh, Pa.:
U.S. Bureau of Mines. (U.S. Bureau of Mines information
circular no. 8291)
005014682 Kobayashi, Y.; Meguro, T. (1967) Kenchikan ni yoru kukicho
rinkasuiso no jinsoku teiryo. [A rapid method for
miorodetermination of phosphine in air by means of detector
tubes.] Bunseki Kagaku. [Japan Analyst.] 16(12):1359-1364.
005011347 Kroeller, E. (1968) Unter suchungen zur Restmengen-Bestimmung von
Phosphorwasserstoff in Lebensmittlen. [Investigations on
determination of residual quantities of hydrogen phosphide in
foods.] Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau 64(l):6-9.
005020479 Kuhn, H.; Marek, J.; Reif, H. (1971) Die Begasung von Tabak mit
Phosphin: Rueckstandsanalyse und Degustation [Gassing of tobacco
with phosphine: residue analysis and degustation] Pages 191-203,
In Facliche Mitteilungen der Oesterreichischen Tabakregie. No.
12. Vienna, Austria: Austria Tabakwerfc;; AG.
005007623 Kulkarni, J.H.; Sardeshpande, J.S.; Bagyaraj, D.J. (1975)
Effect of seed fumigation on the symbiosis of Rhizobium sp.
with Arachis hypogaea Linn. Zentralblatt fuer
Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und
Hygiene, Abteilung 2 130(1):41-44.
005008917 Lai, S.S.; Varma, B.K. (1974) Attack of Cadra cautella (Wlk) in
stored onions at Hyderabad, A.P. Bulletin of Grain Technology
12(3):238-239.
GS0025020 Lamedica, C.D. (1979) Contribution to the Research Study for New
Formulas to Fumigate and Control Insects that Attach Store
Grain. (Unpublished study received June 28, 1981; submitted by
Research Products Company, Salina, Kansas).
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MMD 4 Citation
005016703 Laue, G. (1955) Die Toxikologie des Phosphorwasser stoffes und die
gesetzlichen Bestimmungen fuer seine Anwendung unter besonderer
Beruecksichtigung der Schaedlingsbekaempfung. [Toxicology of
hydrogen phophide and the legal ordinances for its application
with special emphasis on pest control.] Nachrichtenblatt des
Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes (Braunschweig) 8:13-20.
005008141 Leesch, J.G.; Gillenwater, H.B. (1976) Fumigation of pecans with
methyl bromide and phosphine to control the pecan weevil.
Journal of Economic Entomology 69(2):241-244.
005014270 Leesch, J.G.: Highland, H.A. (1978) Fumigation of shrink-wrapped
pallets. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 13(1):43-
50.
005007739 Leesch, J.G.; Redlinger, L.M.; Gillenwater, H.B.; Davis, R.;
Zehner, J.M. (1978) An in-transit shipboard fumigation of corn.
Journal of Economic Entomology 71(6):928-935.
005011346 Leonhardt, G.; Topol, I.; Unger, K.; Meisel, A. (1972) Zur
Interpretation der Roentgenemissionsbanden von AIII
BV-Verbindungen. [Interpretation of the X-ray emission bands
of AIII BV-compounds.] Annalen der Physik (Leipzig)
28(3):245-254.
005021181 Lin, T.; (1972) Gu sheon tue kon yuea sheen yue faan tsre shre
neann. Determination of rice weevil ("fSitophilus™.
oryzae Linne) resistance to insecticides and the development
of substitutive chemicals. T'ai-Wan Nung Yeh Chi K'an.
Taiwan Agriculture Quarterly. 8(4): 115-123.
005017093 Lin, T.; Horng, L.M. (1977) Si how sen yu how da sen fong tze
chung ku hi chon gee yin shiang chung tz fa ya se yen.
[Studies on the effectiveness of the fumigant Celphos and
Phostoxin against granary insects and their effects on the
germination of seeds.) Chung-Hua Nung Yeh Yen Chiu. [Journal
of Agricultural Research of China.] 26(1):72-80.
000053891 Lindgcen, D.L. (1961) [Using Methyl Bromide and Hydrogen Phosphide
in the Fumigation of Paprika and Chili Powder.] (Unpublished
study received Jan. 25, 1961 under 5857-1; submitted by Pestcon
Systems, Inc., Alhambra, CA; CDL: 022510)
005009307 Lindgren, D.L.; Vincent, L.E. (1967) Relative toxicity of hydrogen
phosphide to various stored-product insects. Journal of Stored
Products Research 2(2):141-146.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID f Citation
000005674 Lindgren, D.L.; Vincent, L.E.; Krohne, H.E. (1958) Preliminary
Studies on Hydrogen phosphide as a Fumigant. (Unpublished study
received Mar 17, 1958 under 5857-1? prepared by Univ. of Cali-
fornia—Riverside, Agricultural Experiment Station, Citrus
Experiment Station, Dept. of Entomology for Hollywood Termite
Control Co., Inc., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:123572-A)
000005772 Lindgren, D.L.; Vincent, L.E.; Strong, R.G. (1958) Studies on Hy-
drogen phosphide as a fumigant. Journal of Economic Entomology
51(6):900-903. (Also In unpublished submission received Oct 6,
1960 under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif; CDL:022507-A)
000005788 Liscombe, E.A.R. (1963) Fumigation of Qrain in Transit with Phos-
toxin. (Unpublished study received May 6, 1974 under 5857-4;
prepared for Canada, Dept. of Agriculture, Board of Qrain Com-
missioners, submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:009879-Y)
005013869 Liscombe, E.A.R. (1963) Recently registered hydrogen phosphide in
tablet form as a grain fumigant. Research for Farmers
8(3):6-7.
000005789 Liscombe, E.R.A. (1965) The Effectiveness of Phostoxin for Control
of Mites and Insects in Stored Qrain. (Unpublished study re-
ceived May 6, 1974 under 5857-4; prepared for Canada, Dept. of
Agriculture, Research Branch, submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:009879-Z)
000005649 Long, K.J.; Squier, A.L. (1962) Phostoxin Box-Car Fumigation. (Un-
published study received Aug 5, 1965 under 5857-1; prepared by
Kellogg Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:123575-A)
005020599 Loewenthal, M. (1949) Phosphorwasserstoffvergiftung. (Phosphine
poisoning.) Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Pathologic und
Bakter iologie XII(4):313-350.
005011177 Lund, M. (1976) Control of the European mole, Talpa
eruopaea [sic]. Pages 125-130, In Proceedings of the
Vertebrate Pest Conference. Vol. 7. Sacramento, Calif.:
Vertebrate Pest Conference.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
005015909 Lutzmann, L.; Kienitz, M.; Klosterkoetter , W. (1963)
Phosphor wasserstoffverg if tung bei Transport von Ferrosilizium.
(Hydrogen phosphide (phosphine) poisoning during the
transportation of f err osil icon. J Medizinische Welt
005020958
005006646
005007734
005008137
005018601
005007722
005007716
Mahdi, M.T.; Sheltawy, E.M.; Kamel, A.H.; Fam, E.Z. (1974) The
effect of alternating fumigation with carbon bisulphide and
hydrogen phosphide on the viability of seed of certain crops.
Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series
Malanoski, A.J.; Cummings, J.G.; Helrich, K.; Williams, S.; Puma,
B.J.; Butler, S.W. (1979) Report of Subcommittee E on
recommendations for official methods. Journal of the
Association of Official Analytical Chemists 62(2):413-418.
Malone, B. (1971) Analytical methods for the determination of
fumigants. Pages 21-80, In Residue Reviews. Vol. 38. New
York: Springer.
Marriott, R.C.; Cdom, J.D.; Sears, C.T. , Jr. (1973) Phosphorus
compounds: 1. Pnosphine. Pages 1-4, In Inorganic Syntheses.
Vol. 14. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Matsunobu, M.; Mori, T. (1968) Shuka mechiru oyobi rinka suiso
kunjo ga birumugi shushi no hatsuga ni oyobosu eikyo. [Effect
of methyl bromide and hydrogen phosphide fumigation on the
germination of malt barley.] Pages 61-65, In Shokubutsu
Boekisho Chosa Kenkyu Hokoku. [Research Bulletin of the Plant
Protection Service, Japan.] No. 5. Yokohama, Japan: Norinsho
Yokohama Shokubutsu Boekisho.
Matthews, R.H.; Fifield, C.C.; Hartsing, T.F. (1970) Effects of
fumigation on wheat in storage. II. Physical and eating
eating qualities of breads and rolls. Cereal Chemistry
47(5):587-591.
Matthews, R.H.; Fifield, C.C.; Hartsing, T.F.; Storey, C.L.;
Dennis, N.M. (1970) Effects of fumigation on wheat in storage.
I. Physical measurements of flour. Cereal Chemistry
47(5):579-586.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000027593 Mayberry, J.K.; Metz, F.I.; Seiwald, P. (1974) The Evaluation of
Phosphine Preparation Detia Gas Ex-B: disposal of Bags: Project
No. 3502-C. (Unpublished study received Jun 6, 1974 under 2548-
59; prepared by Midwest Research Institute, submitted by Re-
search Products Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL-.009580-A)
005020400 Mayr, G.E. (1974) Einfluss der Muehlenbegasung mit Blausaeure,
Methylbromid und Phosphorwasserstoff auf die Mehlqualitaet.
[Effect of mill fumigation with prussic acid, methyl bromide,
and hydrogen phosphide on flour quality.] Getreide, Mehl und
Brot 28(4):91-95.
005018500 McClelian, W.C.; Yu, G. (1973) Retention of phosphine gas with 2
mil polyethylene. Tobacco Science XVII:24.
005009776 McFarlane, J.A. (1969) Stored products insect control in Kenya.
Tropical Stored Products Information 18:13-23.
005009780 McGaughey, W.H. (1975) Compatibility of Bacillus thuringiensis and
granulosis virus treatments of stored grain with four grain
fumigants. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 26(2):247-250.
000006731 McGill, L.A. (1971) Flavor Evaluation Report: [Aluminum phosphide].
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under unknown admin.
no.; prepared by Oregon State Univ., Dept. of Food Science and
Technology, submitted by; CDL:098463-I)
000006726 McGill, L.A. (1971) Flavor Evaluation Report: [Aluminum phosphide].
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under unknown admin.
no.; prepared by Oregon State Univ., Dept. of Food Science and
Technology, submitted by ; CDL:098463-D)
000006728 McGill, L.A. (1971) Flavor Evaluation Report: [Aluminum phosphide].
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under unknown admin.
no.; prepared by Oregon State Univ., Dept. of Food Science and.
Technology, submitted by ; CDL:098463-F)
000006729 McGill, L.A. (1971) Flavor Evaluation Report: [Aluminum phosphide].
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under unknown admin.
no.; prepared by Oregon State Univ., Dept. of Food Science and
Technology, submitted by ; CDL:098463-G)
000006730 McGill, L.A. (1972) Flavor Evaluation Report: [Aluminum phosphide].
(Unpublished study including letter dated Jan 24, 1972 from H.D.
Nelson to John A. Mattel, received on unknown date under unknown
admin, no.; prepared by Oregon State Univ., Dept. of Food
Science and Technology, submitted by ; CDL:098463-H)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000006727 McGill, L.A. (1972) Flavor Evaluation Report: [Aluminum phosphide].
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under unknown admin.
no.; prepared by Oregon State Univ., Dept. of Food Science and
Technology, submitted by ; CDL:098463-E)
000005798 McQregor, H.E. (1961) Evaluation of phosphine gas as a fumigant for
shelled yellow corn stored in concrete silo-type storage.
Northwestern Miller 265(13):38-39. (Also In unpublished sub-
mission received Sep 17, 1964 under 5857-1; submitted by Phos-
toxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:028351-T)
000005808 McQregor, H.E. (1965) Rrogress Report: Fumigation of Processed
Foods with Phosphine. (Unpublished study received Oct 13, 1965
under 5H1650; submitted by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., Falls
Church, Va.; CDL:221604-B)
000005796 McGregor, H.E. (1967) Pilot mill fumigation with phosphine. North-
western Miller (Apr):15. (Also In unpublished submission
received on unknown date under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:028351-G)
000026939 McGregor, H.E. (1971) Progress Report: Soybean Fumigation with
Phosphine. (Unpublished study received Aug. 2, 1971 under
2F1184; prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Market
Quality Research Div., Stored Product Insects Research Branch,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif. 1 CDL;
221725-N)
005009790 McQregor, H.E. (1974) Soybean fumigation with phosphine
[abstract]. Pages 151-152, Jn Proceedings of the North Central
Branch of the Entomological Society of America. Vol. 29.
Wooster, Ohio: Entomological Society of America, North Central
Branch.
005007715 McQregor, H.E. (1974) Soybeans: fumigation with phosphine.
Journal of Economic Entomology 67{3):439-441.
000020569 McQregor, H.E. (1969) Phosphine Fumigation for Control of Pink
Bollworm inn Planting Cottonseed Stored in Shipping bags. (Un-
published paper presented at the Phostoxin Technical Conference;
Feb 12-14, 1969, Los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study received
on unknown date under 5857-1; prepared by U.S. Agricultural
Research Service, Market Quality Research Div. for Hollywood
Termite Control Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123561-C)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000006721 McGregor, H.E.; Davidson, L.I. (1960) Fumigation of Shelled Yellow
Corn with Aluminium phosphide Tablets. (Stored-Product Insects
Section special report A-252; unpublished study received Jul 17,
1979 under 5857-1; prepared by U.S. Agricultural Marketing Ser-
vice, Marketing Research Div., Stored-Grain Insects Laboratory,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
238831-E)
000005694 McGtegor, H.E.; Davidson, L.I. (1966) Phosphine fumigation of proc-
essed commodities. Northwestern Miller 273(5):11-12. (Also In
unpublished submission received May 2, 1972 under 2548-59; sufP
mitted by Research Products Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:100860-C)
000005716 McGregor, H.E.; White, G.D. (1969) Bulk cottonseed fumigation with
phosphine for pink bollworm control. Cotton Gin and Oil Mill
Press 70(19):7-8. (Also In unpublished submission received May
10, 1974 under 2548-59; submitted by Research Products Co.,
Salina, Kans.; CDL:009822-B)
000005717 McGregor, H.E.; White, G.D. (1971) Effect of Phosphine against the
Pink Bollworm in Bagged Cottonseed. By Agricultural Research
Service, Market Quality Research Div. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Dept. of Agr iculture. (Macketing research report no. 913;
available from: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC; 1971 O—409-976; also In unpub-
lished submission received May 10, 1974 under 2548-59; submitted
by Research Products Co., Salina, Kans.? CDL:009822-C)
GS0025021 McLeod, W.S. (1961) Aluminum Phoshide (unpublished submission
received Oct. 18, 1961 under 5857-1; submitted by Pestcon
Systems, Inc., Alhambra, CA; CDL: 120704)
005010195 Mead-Briggs, A.R.; Trout, R.C. (1975) A field evaluation of the
effectiveness of a phosphine fumigant for mole conrol. Agro-
Ecosystems 2(1):1-13.
005008931 Melnikov, N.N.; Shevchenko, M.G. (1971) Hygienic normalization of
pesticide residues and their tolerance levels in foodstuffs in
the U.S.S.R. Pages 1-9, In Residue Reviews. Vol. 35. Edited
by F.A. Gunther. New York: Springer.
005019856 Meuser, F. (1972) Ueber die StoffwechseJruhe des Getreides und
ihre Abhaengigkeit von aeusseren Einfluessen unter Berueck-
sichtigung dec Wechselwirkung von Enzymen und Vorr atsschutz-
mitteln. (Metabolic quiescence of grain and its dependency
upon external influences with consideration of the interaction
of enzymes and storage preservatives.] Getreide, Mehl und Brot
26(l):18-28.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID f Citation
005016704 Mauser, P.; Rajani, C.; Suckow, P. (1977) Sorption von Phosphin
durch Weizenkoerner und Weizenkeime in Abhaengigkeit von den
Begasungsbedingungen. [The effect of fumigation conditions on
the sorption of phosphine by wheat kernels and wheat germ.]
Muehle + Mischfutter technik 114(30):435-438.
005017652 Modrzejewski, J.; Myslak, Z. (1967) Zatrucia fosforowodorem
podczas zwalczania szkodnikow zbozowych w elewatorze portowym.
[Phosphine poisoning during the extermination of corn vermin in
a port elevator.) Medycyna Pracy. [Industrial Medicine.]
XVIII(l):78-82.
000020582 Monro, H.A.U. (1968) Fumigation Research at London, Ontario. (Un-
published paper presented at the Phostoxin Sales and Technical
Conference; Jan. 28-Feb. 3, 1968, Los Angeles, Calif.; unpub-
lished study received on unknown date under 5857-1; prepared
by Canada, Dept. of Agriculture, Research Branch for Hollywood
Termite Control Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123567-D)
GS0025073 Monro, H.A.U. (1969) Phosphine pages 145-55, plus general sections
in "Manual of Fumigation for Insect Control," Food and Agri-
cultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
005007783 Monro, H.A.U.; Upitis, E.; Bond, E.J. (1972) Resistance of a
laboratory strain of Sitophilus granarius (L) (Coleoptera,
Curculionidae) to phosphine. Journal of Stored Products
Research 8(3): 199-207.
GS0025068 Munro, J.W. (1966) Chapter 11. Chemical Control Measure, pages
179-213 in "Pests of Stored Products," Hutchinson of London.
005009778 Murthy, K.S.R.K.; Srivastava, B.P. (1971) Effect of food on the
susceptibility of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Fab.
(Bruchidae: Coleoptera) to different fumigants.Indian Journal
of Entomology 33(2):148-151.
005020084 Muthu, M.; Krishnakumari, M.K.; Muralidhara, X.; Majumder, S.K.
(1980) A study on the acute inhalation toxicity of phosphine to
albino rats. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 24(3):404-410.
005007717 Muthu, M.; Ktishnamurthy, T.S.; Majumder, S.K. (1974) An
evaluation of impregnated respirator canister carbons for
phosphine removal from air. Pesticide Science 5(3):245-249.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID f Citation
005007718 Muthu, M.; Majunder, S.K. (1973) A chromogenic column for
determining phosphine in air. Pesticide Science 4(5):707-711.
005007829 Muthu, M.; Majumder, S.K.; Parpia, H.A.B. (1973) Detector for
phosphine at permissible levels in air. Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry 21(2):184-186.
005008135 Muthu, M.; Narasimhan, K.S.; Sharangapani, M.V.; Majumder, S.K.
(1972) Transmission of methyl bromide and phosphine through
fumigation tarpaulins. International Pest Control 14(6):
12-13,16.
005007719 Muthu, M.; Rao, H.R.G.; Majumder, S.K. (1971) A bio-assay method
for determining fumigant concentrations in air. International
Pest Control 13(4): 11-14.
005018093 Nakakita, H. (1973) Kokumotsukunjozai no dokusei to zanryu ni
tsuite. [Toxicity and residues of some grain fumigants.)
Bochu-Kagaku. [Scientific Pest Control.] 38(I):43-66.
005016259 Nakakita, H. (1976) Phosphine no sayoten ni tsuite. [Inhibitory
site of phosphine.] Noyaku Kagaku. [Journal of Pesticide
Science.] l(3):235-238.
005007619 Nakakita, H.; Katsumata, Y.; Ozawa, T. (1971) The effect of
phosphine on respiration of rat liver mitochondria. Journal of
Biochemistry 69(3):589-593.
005007613 Nakakita, H.; Saito, T.; lyatomi, K. (1974) Effect of phosphine on
the respiration of adult Sitophilus zeamais Motsch.
(Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Journal of Stored Products
Research 10(2):87-92.
000005666 National Pest Control Association, Incorporated (1959) Technical
Release: Phostoxin: Number 2-59. (Unpublished study received
Feb 10, 1959 under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123564-A)
005013443 Navarro, S.; Donahaye, E. (1976) Conservation of wheat grain in
butyl rubber/EPDM containers during three storage seasons.
Pages 13-23, ^n Tropical Stared Products Information No. 32.
Slough, Bucks, England: Tropical Stored Products Centre,
Tropical Products Institute.
005015121 Navarro, S.; Donahaye, E. (1976) Conservation of wheat grain in
butyl rubber/EPDM containers during three storage seasons.
Tropical Stared Products Information (32):13-23.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000005652 Neitzert, K. (1953) Influence on the Baking Quality of Wheat by
Phostox of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung
mbH., Frankfurt on Main. (English translation; unpublished
study received Nov 15, 1957 under 5857-EX-l; prepared by Re-
search Institute for Cereal Chemistry, Germany for Deutsche
Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H., submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:127352-G)
000022006 Nelson, H.D. (1965) Fumigation of Eight Varieties (sic) of Processed
Dried Fruits with Phostoxin. (Unpublished study including let-
ter dated Sep. 8, 1965 from H.D. Nelson to J. Wilfred Gunn,
• received Apr. 5, 1972 under 2F1184; prepared by U.S. Agri-
cultural Research Service, Market Quality Research Div., Stored-
Product Insects Research Laboratory, submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:090995-A)
000019917 Nelson, H.D. (1969) Fumigation of Natural Raisins with Phosphine.
(Unpublished paper presented at the Phostoxin Technical Confer -
rence; Feb. 12-24, 1969, Los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study
received on unknown date under 5857-1; prepared by U.S. Agri-
cultural Research Service, Market Quality Research Div., Dried
Fruit and Tree Nut Insects Investigations for Hollywood
Termite Control Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123561-D)
005014881 Nelson, H.D. (1970) Fumigation of Natural Raisins with Phosphine.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service. (USDA marketing research report no. 886)
000005802 Nelson, H.D. (1972) [Fumigation of Prunes with Phostoxin]. (Unpub-
lished study including letter dated Jun 13, 1972 from H.D. Nel-
son to E.A.R. Liscombe, received on unknown date under 5857-1;
prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Market Quality
Research Div., Stored-Product Insects Research Laboratory, sub-
mitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
028351-AC)
000005782 Nelson, H.D. (1972) [Mortality of Adult Sawtcothed Grain Beetle and
Indian Meal Moth Larva, Pupa and Adults]. (Unpublished study
including letter dated Jun 14, 1972 from H.D. Nelson to E.A.R.
Liscombe, received May 6, 1974 under 5857-4; prepared by U.S.
Agricultural Research Service, Market Quality Research Div.,
Stored-Product Insects Research Laboratory, submitted by Phos-
toxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:009379-L)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000005803 Nelson, H.D. (1973) Fumigation of Inhull Almonds with Phostoxin.
(Unpublished study including letter dated Nov 26, 1973 from H.D.
Nelson to Richard Heiman, received on unknown date under 5857-1;
prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Western Region,
Northern California-Nevada Area, Stored-Product Insects Re-
search Laboratory, submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:028351-AD)
000006732 Nelson, H.D. (1973) Fumigation of Inhull Almonds with Phostoxin.
(Unpublished study including letter dated Nov 26, 1973 from H.D.
Nelson to Richard Heiman, received on unknown date under unknown
admin, no.; prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service,
Western Region, Northern California-Nevada Area, Stored-Product
Insects Research Laboratory, submitted by ; CDL:098463-L)
005019788 Nelson, H.D.; Lindgren, D.L.; Vincent, L.E. (1973) Fumigation of
field run and processed dates with aluminum phosphide and
methyl bromide [abstract]. Pages 8-8, ^n Date Growers'
Institute Report No. 50. Indio, Calif.: Date Growers'
Institute.
000022027 Netherlands Ministry of Social Affairs and Public Health (1966)
Residues of Insecticides in Cereals, Imported in the Nether-
lands, 1964/65, Second Report. (Unpublished study received
Jan. 21, 1967 under 6F0508; prepared in cooperation with
Ministry of Agriculture, Committee on Phytopharmacy, submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif., CDL:090598-I)
005007612 Neubecker, F. (1970) Phosphine as a fumigant for stared products.
Gardian 70(6):272-274.
005009305 Nevin, E.J. (1962) Use aboard ship of the pesticide "phostoxin".
Safety Standards ll(6):6-7.
005014641 Nikodemusz, E. (1975) Rezultaty toksikologicheskikh issledovanii
na gryzunak. [Results of toxicological studies on rodents.]
Pages 127-136, In Doklady i Scobshcheniya—Mezhdunarodnyi
Kongress po Zashchite Rastenii, 8th. [Reports and Communica-
tions—8th International Congress of Plant Protection.]; 1975,
Moscow. Vol. 4. Moscow, USSR: Orgkomitet VII Mezhdunarodnogo
Kongressa po Zashchite Rastenii.
GS0025074 NIOSH (1975) Criteria for a Recommended Standard. Occupational
Exposure to Phosphine (External Review DRAFT) by Tabershaw/
Cooper Associates for National Institutes of Occupational Safety
and Health, Washington, D.C. August 29, 1975, Received 8/13/81.
GS0025064 NIOSH (1977) Phosphine, pages 380-382 in "Occupational Diseases,"
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health,
Washington, D.C.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID f Citation
GS0025061 NIOSH (1979) Phosphine, page 259 in the "Registry of Toxic Effects
of Chemical Substances" (1979). National Institutes of
Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, D.C.
005016585 Panetsos, A.; Kilikides, S. (1973) Dilitiriasis provaton ek tou
entomoktonou "Fosfini". [A case of sheep poisoning by the
pesticide phosphine.] Hellenike Kteniatrike. [Hellenic
Veterinary Medicine.] 16(3):133-136.
005002431 Papworth, D.S.; Taylor, J.K. (1975) Pesticides used in commercial
grain stores. Part 3. Journal of Flour and Animal Feed
Milling 157(7):34-35,37.
GS0025071 Parkin, W.E. (1972) Memo: Request to amend 21 CFR 180.225 for
tolerance of residue of the fumigant phosphine from treatment
with aluminum phosphide at 0.1 ppm in or on non-perishable
agricultural commidities to D.M. Baker, February 14, 1972.
Patty, F.A. (1973) Phosphine, PH3 (Phosphoreted Hydrogen, Hydrogen
Phosphide). Pages 883-84 in ''Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology,"
volume II, Academic Press, New York.
Pedersen,. J.R. (1966) Phostoxin Atmospheric Vault Fumigation
Tests, April 8-14, 1966. (Unpublished study received Apr. 5,
1972 under 2F1184, prepared by Pillsbury Co., submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:090995-K)
005016892 Pereira, A.P.; Almeida, W.F. (1971) Inquerito toxicologico
referente a aplicacao de brcmeto de metila, fosfina e malation
em groas armazenados. [Toxicological study of the application
of methyl bromide, phosphine and malathion to sorted coffee
grains.] Revista Brasileira de Pesquisas Medicas e Biologicas.
[Brazilian Review of Medical and Biological Research.]
4(1/2):59-66.
GS0025023 Pestcon Systems, Inc. (19??) Evaulation of Residue Data: New Use:
Phostoxin on Tobacco. (Unpublished study received ?/?/19??
under 5857-1 and 5857-2; CDL: 121162)
GS0025024 Pestcon Systems, Inc. (19??) Phostoxin-History of Registration
(Regarding Precautionary Statements) (Unpublished study received
?/?/196? under 5857-1; (CDL: 104146)
GS0025025 Pestcon Systems, Inc. (1963) Memorandum of Conference, December
10, 1962. (Unpublished study received July 25, 1963 under
5857-1; CDL: 104107)
GS0025072
000022912
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID t Citation
GS0025026 Pestcon Systems, Inc. (1974) [Phosphine Residue Data in Coffee Mate,
Instant Milk and Deglet Noor Dates] (Unpolished study received
Oct. 3, 1974 under 5857-4; CDL: 028209)
000005815 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (19??) [The Composition of Aluminum
phosphide and Magnesium phosphide). (Unpublished study received
Apr 27, 1976 under 5857-5; CDL:234588-G)
000005787 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (19??) Cold Weather Tests with Phos-
toxin. (Unpublished study received May 6, 1974 under 5857-4;
CDL:009879-W)
000005739 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (19??) Fish and Wildlife. Summary of
studies 230915-L through 230915-P. (Unpublished study received
May 21, 1976 under 5857-5; CDL:230915-K)
000005819 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (19??) Procedure for Calculating Per-
cent Water in 80-20 Type Fumigants. (Unpublished study received
on unknown date under 5857-1; CDL:238189-A)
000026935 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (19??) Raw Agricultural Commodities,
Animal Feeds, and Processed Foods on Which Phosphine Residue
Analyses Have Been Performed. (Unpublished study received Aug.
2, 1971 under 2F1184; CDL:221725-I)
GS0025054 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (19??) Training Outline for Safe
Practices in Handling and Using Phostoxin.
000005770 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1958) [The Number of Rice Weevil
That Emerged from 10-Gram Samples of Wheat Fumigated with Phos-
toxin]. (Unpublished study received Oct 20, 1958 under 5857-1;
CDL:022506-C)
000005668 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1964) Detia Gas-Ex-B for the De-
struction of Stored Product Pests of All Kinds. (Unpublished
study received on unknown date under 5857-1; CDL:123571-A)
000020577 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1967) Milling Fumigation Mix Plant,
(Unpublished study received on unknown date under 5857-1; CDL:
028351-D)
000005793 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1967) Space Fumigation—Phostoxin,
August 5-6, 1967. (Unpublished study including supplement I,
received on unknown date under 5857-1; CDL:028351-A)
000026934 Phostoxin sales, Incorporated (1968) Aluminum Phosphide Fumigation
of Raw and Roasted In-Shell Peanuts. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Aug. 2, 1971 under 2F1184; CDL:221725-G)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropr iate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID i Citation
000005794 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1972) Space Fumigation of the Bulk-
houses. (Unpublished study received on unknown date under 5857-
1; CDL:028351-C)
000022010 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1972) Fumigationn of Almonds with
Phostoxin at Sacramento. (Unpublished study received Apr. 5,
1972 under 2F1184; CDL:090995-E)
000005795 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1972) Space Fumigation—Plant and
Bulkhouse. (Unpublished study received on unknown date under
5857-1; CDL:028351-E)
000005743 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1974) Comparative Rate of Phosphine
Liberation from Phostoxin (R)* Envelopes, Phostrays, Prepac and
Detia Bags. (Unpublished study including letter dated Feb 4,
1974 from R. Heiman to E.A.R. Liscombe, received Mar 1, 1974
under 5857-3; CDL:228811-A)
000005742 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1975?) Shipboard Fumigation of Grain
with Phostoxin (R)*. (Unpublished study received Jul 12, 1976
under 5857-1; CDL:225246-A)
000005818 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1975) Fumi-Cel Testing for Registra-
tion in the United States. (Unpublished study received Jun 13,
1977 under 5857-5; CDL:234589-B)
000027590 Phostoxin Sales, Incorporated (1979) Safety of Shipboard Fumiga-
tion. (Unpublished study received Dec. 14, 1979 under 5857-1;
CDL:241473-A)
GS0025027 Pingale, S.V.; Rai, L.; Sarid, J.N.; Kapcor, I.P. (1963) Fumigation
of Food Grains in India with Hydrogen Phosphide, Bulletin of
Grain Technology; 1(3): 41-47.
005007738 Polansky, M.M.; Toepfer, E.W. (1971) Effect of fumigation on wheat
in storage. III. Vitamin B-6 components of wheat and wheat
products. Cereal Chemistry 48(4):392-396.
005016355 Polchaninova, G.A.; Sosiedov, N.I. (1972) Vliyanie razlichnych
fumigantov na posievnye svoistva semyan pshenitsy i yachmenya.
[The effect of different fumigants on the sowing properties of
wheat and barley seeds.] Pages 179-184, Jn Vliyanie Mikroor-
ganizmov i Pcotravitelei na Semena. [Effect of Microorganisms
and Disinfectants on Seeds.] Edited by Y.M. Voznyakovskaya,
Z.P. Rybakova, E.A. Daulbaev, V.I. Popov, A.V. Khotyanovich,
M.S. Shklyar and T.M. Shub.
005012290 Poplavnoi, A.S. (1967) Struktura energeticheskikh zoi fosfida
alyuminiya. [The structure of aluminum phosphide energy
bands.] Fizika Tverdogo Tela (Leningrad). [Solid State
Physics.] 8(7):2238-2240.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
005015592 Popovic, I.E. (1975) Efficacy of hydrogen phosphide applied in
very small concentrations on all stages of the grain weevil
(Sitophilus sp) using short exposure times. Pages 744-747,
In Pesticides; International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry Third International Congress; Jul 3-9, 1974,
Helsinki, Finland. Edited by F. Coulston and F. Korte.
Stuttgart, West Germany: George Thieme. (Environmental
quality and safety, supplement, vol. 3)
000005653 Popp, H. (1953) Phosphine Residues in Fumigated Wheat. (English
translation; unpublished study received Nov 15, 1957 under 5857-
EX-1; prepared by Institute for Legal Chemistry and Microscopy,
Germany for Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung
m.b.H., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.;
CDL:127352-H)
005017187 Pcaxl, W.; Ehret, R., inventors; Dr. Werner Freyberg Chemische
Fabrik, assignee (1978) Verfahren zum Entgiften von phosphid-
haltigen Schaedlingsbekaempfungsmitteln. [Process for
detoxifying pesticides containing phosphides.] German (Fed.
Rep.) offenlegungsschrift 26 48 335. Apr 27. 8 p. Int. Cl. 2
A 62D 3/00.
005007737 Proctor, D.L.; Ashman, F. (1972) The control of insects in
exported Zambian groundnuts using phosphine and polyethylene
lined sacks. Journal of Stored Products Research 8(2):127-137.
005015912 Puzzi, D.; Pereira, H.F.; Bitran, E.A.; Campos, T.B. (1967)
Estudos sobre a acao da temper atura na eficiencia dos
fumigantes Brometo de metila e Fosfina no expurgo do caruncho
do cafe— Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer). Studies on the
effect of temperature on the fumigants methyl bromide and
phosphines in exterminating the coffee borer ftraecerus fasci-
culatus (De Geer).] [abstract no. 226). Pages 213-214, ^n
Reunion Latinoamer icana de Fitotecnic Resumenes de Los
Trabajos Cientificos, VII. [Latin America Plant Technique
Meeting, 7th.]; Sep 17-23, 1967, Maracay, Venezuela.
005009795 Qureshi, A.H. (1966) The toxicity of hydrogen phosphide to some
insect pests of stored products fumigated in 44-gallon drums
containing cocoa. Pages 133-136, ^n Nigerian Stored Products
Research Institute Annual Report, 1966. Lagos, Nigeria:
Federal Ministry of Information. (N.S.P.R.I. technical report
no. 20)
005010198 Qureshi, A.H.; Bond, E.J.; Monro, H.A.U. (1965) Toxicity of
hydrogen phosphide to the granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius,
and other insects. Journal of Economic Entomology 58(2):324-
331.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
005012053 Radoeff, A.; Schirkenoff, D. (1963) Wirkung der Rraeparate
"Phostoxin" und "Pybutrin" auf Lager schaedlinge von Reis und
ihr Einfluss auf dessen technologische Eigenschaften. [Effect
of "phostoxin" and "pybuthrin" on storage pests of rice and
their influence on their technological properties.] Muehle
100(1):l-3.
005011752 Raghunathan, A.N.; Muthu, M.; Majumder, S.K. (1969) Control of
internal fungi of sorghum by fumigation. Journal of Stored
Products Research 5(4):389-392.
000005724 Rai, L.; Sarid, J.N.; Ramasivan, T. (1964) Fumigation of food
grains in India with Hydrogen phosphide. Series III. Sacked
wheat fumigated under rubberised gas-proof-covers. Bulletin of
Grain Technology II(III):75-88. (Also ^n unpublished submission
received Jan 6, 1977 under 2548-63; submitted by Research Pro-
ducts Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:227588-M)
005007792 Rajak, R.L.; Hewlett, P.S. (1971) Effects of some synergists on
the insecticidal potency of phosphine. Journal of Stared
Products Research 7(1):15-19.
005009794 Rao, P.V.S.; Subramaniam, T.R.; Abraham, E.V. (1973) Control of
the red palm weevil on coconut. Journal of Plantation Crops
1(1/2):26-27.
000005660 Rauscher, H. (1957) Phostoxin for Grain Fumigation. (Unpublished
study received Dec 13, 1957 under unknown admin, no.; prepared
by Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H.,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
104142-A)
000005663 Rauscher, H. (1959) Analysis of Phosphine, Carbon dioxide and Am-
monia in Phostoxin Tablets. (Phostoxin reprint 138; unpublished
study received Oct 20, 1961 under unknown admin.~no.; prepared
by Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H.,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
121163-A)
000005809 Rauscher, H. (1964) Introduction: [Phosphine]. (Unpublished study
received on unknown date under 5H1650; prepared by Deutsche
Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H., submitted by
Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., Falls Church, Va.; CDL:104114-A)
000020583 Rauscher,'H. (1968) Safety. (Unpublished paper presented at the
Phostoxin Sales and Technical Conference; Jan 28-Feb 3, 1978,
Los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study received on unknown date
under 5857-1; prepared by Deutsche Gesellschaft feur Schaed-
lingsbekaempfung m.b.H. for Hollywood Termite Control Co., sub-
mitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif., CDL:123567-E)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000020568 Rauscher, H. (1969) More Research on Phostoxin (R). (Unpublished
paper presented at the Phostoxin Technical Conference; Feb 12-
14, 1969, Los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study received on un-
known date under 5857-1; prepared by Deutsche Gesellschaft feur
Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H. for Hollywood Termite Control Co.,
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
123561-A)
005012054 Rauscher, H. (1972) Regasungen zum Verratsschuts—Sicherheit und
Umweltschutz. Fumigation for stored goods protection—safety
and environmental protection. Zentralblatt fuer Arbeitsmedizin
und Arbeitschutz 22(4):105-111.
005012030 Rauscher, H. (1972) New agents of control: physical and chemical
aspects of the use of phosphine as a fumigant against stored
product pests. Pages 58-62. In Proceeding of the 3rd British
Pest Control Conference: Oct 5-8, 1971. Saint Helier, Jersey,
Channel Islands. London, England. British Pest Control
Association.
005012645 Rauscher, H.; Barth, H.; Knoepke, W., inventors; Deutsche
Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H., assignee
(1962) Verfahren zvr Herstellung von feuchtigkeitsgeschuetztem
Metallphosphid zur Schaedlingsbekaempfung. [Preparation of
moisture-resistant metal phosphide pesticides.] German (Fed.
Rep.) auslegeschrift 1,127,663. Apr 12. 2 p. Int. Cl. A Oln.
005012669 Rauscher, H.; Knoepke, W.; Barth, H., inventors; Deutsche
Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H., assignee
(1962) Feuchtigkeitsgeschuetztes Metallphosphid. [Moisture-
resistant metal phosphide.] German (Fed. Rep.) auslegeschrift
1,131,943. Jun 20. 2 p. Int. Cl. A Oln.
000020575 Rauscher, H.; Mayr, G. (1969) Sorption and Recovery of Phosphine.
(Unpublished paper presented at the Phostoxin Technical Con-
ference; Feb 12-14, 1969, Los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study
received on unknown date under 5857-1; prepared by Deutsche
Gesellschaft feur Schaedlingsbekaempfung m.b.H. for Hollywood
Termite Control Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123561-J)
005008136 Rauscher, H.; Mayr, G.E.; Sullivan, J.B. (1972) Sorption and
recovery of phosphine. Journal of Agricultural and Food
Chemistry 20(2):331-333.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000005821 Redlinger, L.M.; Zettler, J.L.; Leesch, J.G.; Gillenwater, H.B.;
Davis, R.; Zehner, J.M. (1978) An In-transit Shipboard Fumiga-
tion of Wheat. (Unpublished study received on unknown date un-
der 5857-1; prepared by U.S. Science and Education Administra-
tion, Federal Research, Stored-Product Insects Research and
Development Laboratory, submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.; Al-
hamtra, Calif.; CDL:238189-D)
005012091 Redlinger, L.M.; Zettler, J.L.; Leesch, J.G.; Gillenwater, H.B.;
Davis, R.; Zehner, J.M. (1979) In-transit shipboard fumigation
of wheat. Journal of Economic Entomology 72(4):642-647.
000005704 Research Products Company (19??) Composition of Detia Gas-EX-B.
(Unpublished study received Aug 10, 1971 under 2548-EX-l; CDL:
126817-D)
000005695 Research Rroducts Company (19??) Decomposition of Detia-Phosphine
Pellets, Tablets and Bags in Grain. (Unpublished study received
May 2, 1972 under 2548-59; CDL:100860-D)
000005702 Research Products Company (19??) Method of Analysis for the Deter-
mination of Aluminium phosphide. (Unpublished study received
Aug 10, 1971 under 2548-EX-l; CDL:126817-B)
000005757 Research Products Company (1972) Phosphine Fumigation: Abilene
Flour Mills. (Unpublished study received Jan 17, 1973 under
2548-59; CDL:100854-G)
000005753 Research Products Company (1972) Phosphine Fumigation: Hybrid Seed
Corn. (Unpublished study received Jan 17, 1973 under 2548-59;
CDL:100854-B)
000005752 Research Products Company (1972) Phosphine Fumigation: Morrison
Grain Company Fumigation. (Unpublished study received Jan 17,
1973 under 2548-59; CDL:100854-A)
000005756 Research Products Company (1972) Phosphine Fumigation: Tobacco in
Containers. (Unpublished study received Jan 17, 1973 under
2548-59; CDL:100854-E)
000005908 Research Products Company (1974?) Efficacy Data. Summary of stud-
ies 227588-C through 227588-E, 227588-1 through 227588-L and
227588-N through 227588-R. (Unpublished study received Jan 6,
1977 under 2548-63; CDL:227588-A)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID f Citation
000005699 Research Products Company (1974) Fumigation of Alleghany Warehouse
No. 5 (Richmond, Va.), Oct. 7-11, 1974. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Mar 13, 1975 under 2548-59; CDL:220058-E)
000005700 Research Products Company (1974) Fumigation of Alleghany Warehouse
No. 7 (Richmond, Va.), Oct. 28-Nov. 1, 1974. (Unpublished study
received Mar 13, 1975 under 2548-59; CDL:220058-F)
000005701 Research Products Company (1974) Fumigation of Alleghany Warehouse
No. 8 (Richmond, Va.), Dec. 9-19, 1974. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Mar 13, 1975 under 2548-59; CDL:220058-G)
GS0025046 Research Products Company, Inc. (1974) Phosphine (In or On Whole
Spices at 0.01 ppm) (Unpublished study received Nov. 7, 1974
under 5H5067; CDL: 221792)
000005698 Research Products Company (1974) Warehouse Fumigation of Flue-Cured
and Bur ley Tobacco with Phosphine (Detia Gas EX-B): September
16-20, 1974). (Unpublished study received Mar 13, 1975 under
2548-59; CDL:220058-D)
GS0025028 Research Products Company, Inc. (1975) Hybrid Seed Corn Fumigation
with Detia Gas EX-B (Unpublished study received Sept. 11, 1975
under 2548-59; CDL: 220904)
000005727 Research Products Company (1975?) Toxicological Data. Summary of
studies 227591-B through 227591-F. (Unpublished study received
Jan 6, 1977 under 2548-62; CDL:227591-AO)
000005697 Research Products Company (1975) Report to R & D: Reference Bag
Residue Study No. 5; 3/1/74 thru 4/14/74, Salina, Kansas. (Un-
published study received Mar 13, 1975 under 2548-59; CDL:
220058-C)
000005725 Reynolds, E.M.; Robinson, J.M.; Howells, C. (1967) The effect on
Sitophilus granarius (L.) (coleoptera, curculionidae) of
exposure to low concentrations of phosphine. Journal of Stared
Products Research 2( ):177-186. (Also ^n unpublished submis-
sion received Jan 6, 1977 under 2548-63; submitted by Research
Products Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:227588-N)
GS0025029 Reynolds, P. 1979. Report on General Fumigation of Buildings Using
Aluminum Phosphide. (Unpublished study received June 28, 1981;
submitted by Research Products Company, Salina, Kansas).
005007620 Richardson, H.H. (1974) Freight container fumigation and wood
penetration with phosphine against termites and other insects.
Pest Control 42(8):20-22.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID I Citation
000005906 Richardson, H.H. (1974) Freight container fumigation and wood pene-
tration with phosphine against termites and other insects. Pest
Control (_ /Aug):20-22. (Also In unpublished submission re-
ceived May 14, 1975 under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:222878-B)
005008628 Richman, p. (1968) Vapor phase growth and properties of aluminum
phosphide. Journal of the Electrochemical Society
115(9):945-947.
005009813 Riess, C.M.; Flores, S. (1972) Pocket gopher pest species in
Mexico cane areas. Pages 581-583, In Proceedings of the 14th
Congress of the International Society of Sugar-Cane
Technologists, 1971. Baton Rouge, La.: Franklin Press.
005012943 Riley, J. (1969) The fumigation of large cocoa stacks in a
specially designed cocoa warehouse using phosphine: part 2.
Pages 17-22, In Report of the Nigerian Stored Products Research
Institute, 1969. Lagos, Nigeria: Nigerian Stared Products
Research Institute.
000005801 Riley, J. (1969) The Fumigation of Large Cocoa Stacks in a Special-
ly Designed Cocoa Warehouse Using Phosphine Part 2. Nigeria:
Federal Ministry of Information. (Technical report no. 1; ex-
tract from Nigerian Stared Product Research Institute annual
report, 1969; also In unpublished submission received on unknown
date under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:028351-AA)
005009306 Rimes, G.D.; Sexton, M.T. (1977) A new approach to grain insect
control. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia
18(2):44-48.
GS0025030 Ritchie, M. (1930) The Density and Compressibility of Phosphine
Gas; the Atomic Weight of Phosphorous, Proc. Roy. Soc. London
A128, 551.
005012949 Robinson, J.R. (1972) Hydrogen phosphine residues in cereals: a
discussion of key-problems indicating the need for use of
nuclear techniques. Pages 93-97, In Radiotracer Studies of
Chemical Residues in Food and Agriculture, Proceedings of a
Combined Panel and Research Coordination Meeting; Oct 25-29,
1971, Vienna, Austria. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic
Energy Agency.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID f Citation
005012529 Rohrlich, M.; Hertel, W.; Meuser, F. (1969)
Pflazenschutzmittel rueckstaende im lager nden Getreide und ihre
Probleme. [Insecticide residues and problems of their presence
in stared cereals.] Muehle 106(32):551-553.
005020111 Rohrlich, M.; Meuser, F. (1967) Untersuchungen an mit Phosphor-
wasserstoff begastem Getreide. I. Mitteilung: Ueber die
Aktivitaet der Glutaminsaeuredecarboxylase nach der Begasung.
[Investigations on grain fumigated with hydrogen phosphide.
I. On the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase after fumiga-
tion.] Getreide und Mehl 17(11):121-125.
005012668 Rohrlich, M.; Meuser, F. (1971) Gasfoermige Schaedlingsbekaemp-
fungsmittel: ihre Anwendung und Wirkung auf lagerndes Getreide.
Getreide. [Gaseous pesticides: their application and effects
upon stored grain.] Gordian 71 (1652): 172-174,176.
005015521 Romminger, K.; Kubel, D. (1971) Beitrag zur Rueckstandsdynamik von
Phosphorwasserstoff in Lebensmitteln. [Report on the residue
dynamics of phosphine in foodstuffs.] Ernaehrungsforschung
XVT(4):595-603.
005007837 Roth, H. (1973) Fumigants for quarantine control of the adult
brown dog tick: laboratory studies. Journal of Economic
Entomology 66(6):1283-1286.
GS0025031 Roth, H.; Kennedy, J.W. 1972 Methyl Bromide and Aluminum Phosphide
as Fumigants for Control of Adult Boll Weevils, Laboratory
Studies. Journal of Economic Entomology; pgs. 1650-1651.
GS0025032 Rout, G.; Maiti, B.K. 1974 Relative Toxicity of Some Insecticides
and Fumigants to Granary Mite, Leiodinychus Rrameri G. and
R. Canesrini (Utopodidae: Acarina). Bulletin of Grain
Technology; 12(3):180-184.
005007736 Rout, G. (1966) Observations onn hydrogen phosphide as a nematocide
[letter ]. Curr ent Science 35(22):577.
005015124 Rout, G.; Parida, S.C. (1968) Studies on hydrogen phosphide
against the red flour beetle in a column of paddy. Journal of
Economic Entomology 61(5):1145-1147.
005008915 Rout, G.; "Itipathy, H.M.; Biswal, L. (1969) Results of application
of aluminum phosphide pellets to rice weevils in an open bin
and to Angoumois grain moths under air-tight conditions.
Journal of Economic Entomology 62(3):715-717.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropr iate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID •» Citation
005020563 Rukavishnikov, V.A.; Lebedev, E.N.; Makarov, V.A.; Roshchine, O.N.
(1979) Kinetic investigations of aluminum phosphide hydrolysis.
Journal of Applied Chemistry of the USSR (English Translation)
52(5) .-1090-1091.
005018682 Rumyantsev, P.O.; Ratanova, V.F.; Solenova, E.A. (1957)
Toksicheskoe deistvie fosfida alyuminiya na vreditelei zerna.
[The toxic effect of aluminum phosphide on grain pests.]
Trudy, Vsesoyuznyi Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Institut Zerna i
Produktov Ego Pererabotki. [Transactions, All-Union Scientific
Research Institute of Grain and Grain Rroducts.] (33):55-71.
000018301 Rutgers University (1974) Petition Proposing a tolerance for Zinc
Phosphide in or on Grapes. (Unpublished study received Sept.
20, 1974 under 5E1551; CDL: 094602)
005009877 Rutledge, J.H. (1966) Phosphine progress—research into new
applications for mills, warehouses and grain elevators.
American Miller and Processor 94(12): 14-16,18,24.
000022024 . Rutledge, J.H. (1967) Potential uses of Phosphine by pest control
operators. Pest Control ? (?/Jul):ll-14,58,60. (Also In
unpublished submission received Jan 21, 1967 under 6F0508;
submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:
090598-C)
005008916 Rutledge, J.H. (1968) Phostoxin as a sanitation control measure.
Cereal Science Today 13(7):274-277.
005016890 Sato, K.; Higuchi, Y.; Suwanai, M. (1973) Kunjozai no sayo tokusei
ni kansuru kenkyu (daiippo) azuki-zonushi no sansoshohiryo ni
yoru rinka suiso no 50% nokku-daun shojo no teisaseru yakuryo
no suisan. [Studies on the characteristics of the actions of
fumigants: I. Calculating the hydrogen phosphide 50% knock
down dose with the Azuki bean weevil Callosobruchus
005009777
005011565
chinensis L. from the weevil's oxygen uptake.]
[Scientific Pest Control.] 38:22-25.
Bochu-Kagaku.
Sato, K.; Suwanai, M. (1974) Adsorption of hydrogen phosphide to
cereal products. Applied Entomology and Zoology 9(3):127-132.
Schesser, J.H. (1967) Official report/phosphine fumigation of
processed cereal products in rail cars. American Miller &
Processor 95(1):9-13.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000005693 Schesser, J.H. (1967) Official report: Phosphine fumigation of
processed cereal products in rail cars. American Miller &
Processor 95(1):8-13. (Also _In unpublished submission received
May 2, 1972 under 2548-59; submitted by Research Products Co.,
Salina, Kans.; CDL:100860-B)
000005747 Schesser, J.H. (1971) Phosphine fumigation of empty railway freight
cars. Northwestern Miller 278(10):11-13. (Also In unpublished
submission received Jan 6, 1977 under 2548-62; submitted by
Research Products Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:227592-Q)
000005692 Schesser, J.H. (1972) Preliminary Report on Tests with Detia Gas
EX-B at Kansas City, Mo. and Beaumont, Texas. (Unpublished
study including letter dated Feb 23, 1972 from J.H. Schesser to
Richard Bigler, received May 2, 1972 under 2548-59; prepared by
U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Midwest Grain Insects Inves-
tigations Laboratory, Grain Marketing Research Center, submitted
by Research Products Co., Salina, Kans.; CDL:100860-A)
005009297 Schesser, J.H. (1973) Fumigation of diapausing larvae of the
European corn borer with phosphine. Pages 111-112, ^n
Proceedings of the North Central Branch of the Entomological
Society of America. Vol. 28. Wboster, Ohio: Entomological
Society of America.
005007786 Schesser, J.H. (1977) Fumigation of cereal grains and processed
products in transport vehicles with phosphine from Detia Ex-B.
Journal of Economic Entomology 70(2):199-201.
000020584 Schoenherr, W.H. (1968) Cereal Industry Use of Phostoxin: 1967--
Space Fumigation. (Unpublished paper presented at the Phostoxin
Sales and Technical Conference; Jan 28-Feb 3, 1968, Los
Angeles, Calif., unpublished study received on unknown date
under 5857-1; prepared by Lauhoff Grain Co. for Hollywood
Termite Control Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif., CDL: 123567-F)
000005690 Schoenherr, W.H.; Rutledge, J.H.; Witt, P.R., Jr. (1966) Phostoxin.
Brewers Digest 41(10):63-68. (Also Hi unpublished submission
received Jul 11, 1975 under 5857-1; submitted by Phostoxin
Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:224219-F)
005020767 Schoettger, R.A. (1974) Toxicity of herbicides being investigated.
Pages 1-5, ^n Annual Progress Report: 1973-1974, Fish-Pesticide
Research Laboratory, Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia,
Missouri. Columbia, Mo.: Fish-Pesticide Research Laboratory
-------
MRID #
005016582
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
Citation
GS0025045
GS0025033
000005655
005015516
000005751
005018499
GS0025043
000005792
Schoom, W., inventor; Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlings-
bekaempfung m.b.H., assignee (1973) Verfahren zum Behandeln
dec nach dem Ausgasen zurueckbleibenden Ruedcstaende von
Ecdmetallphosphide und/oder Erdalkalimetallphosphide
enthaltenden Schaedlingsbekaempfungsmitteln. [Process for
treating residues of earth metal phosphide and/or alkaline
earth metal phosphide containing pesticides remaining after
outgassing.] German (Fed. Rep.) patentschrift 2,206,494. May
17. 5 p. Int. a. A 62d 3/00.
Schulemann, W. and Klimmer, O.R. (1953) Translation of Expert
Opinion on request of Degesch from the Institute of Pharma-
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127352-J)
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
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Pellets as a Grain Fumigant (Final report) (Unpublished study
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # •Citation
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
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MRID # Citation
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nuts: Final Report. (Unpublished study received Aug. 2, 1971
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nuts: Final Report. (Unpublished study received May 6, 1974
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
•MRI'D # Citation
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005016927 Suwanai, M.; Ishibashi, S. (1972) Enka biniiru maku ni taisuru
kunjozai no tokasei (Dai 2-ho): Rinkasuiso no enka biniiru ni
taisuru kakusankeisu. [Permeability of pesticides gases
through polyvinyl chloride film. II: diffusion coefficients of
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with Celphos (Aluminum phosphide) 0.5 Qram Pellets at the Cen-
tral Kansas Terminal Elevator, Topeka, Kansas: June 19 through
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID I Citation
005014266 Thiem, H. (1973) Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen in Lagerhallen beim
Einsatz phosphinentwickelnder Praeparate gegen Schadinsekten in
Getreidevorraeten. [Results on the use of phosphine-developing
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27(11):226-231.
005013530 Thiem, H.; Bogs, D.; Bischoff, J. (1974) Zir Bekaempfung von
Vorratsschaedlingen mit Phosphorwasserstoff in Getreidemieten
unter Polyaethylenfolien. [The control of stored-product pests
with hydrogen phosphide in grain stacks under polyethylene
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000006723
000006725
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contained in the Caswell Files.
Toxicity Profile
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TRW/Hazleton Laboratories (1969) Phosphine Fumigation of Subsis-
tence Items at the Naval Supply Center, Norfolk, Virginia. (Un-
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Tuft, T.O. (1958) Experiment VII. (Unpublished study including
letter dated Sep 12, 1960 from T.O. Tuft to J. Wilfred Gunn, re-
ceived Sep 27, 1960 under 5857-1; prepared by Hazleton Labora-
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by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:022499-D)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID t Citation
000005647 Tuft, T.O. (1961) Determination of Phosphine in Commercial Wheat
Flour: Project: 20-0178-32. (Unpublished study including letter
dated Oct 9, 1961 from R.W. Fogleman to J. Wilfred Gunn, re-
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Residues in Fumigated Tobaccos. Tobacco Science; 124, pgs. 47-
50.
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Calif.; unpublished study received on unknown date under 5857-1;
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Off. (Marketing research report no. 886; available from:
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID f Citation
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na magatsinskiot shtetnik tutnoviot. [Bractical application of
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life stages of four species of dermestids. Journal of Economic
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methyl bromide at various temperatures and exposure periods to
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005007832 Vincent, L.E.; Lindgren, D.L. (1977) Toxicity of methyl bromide
and phosphine at various temperatures and exposure periods to
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covers made of polyethylene film compared to those made of
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MRID#5013535.
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Kelso, G.L.; Her ay, F. (1974) Production, Distribution, Use and
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
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MRID # Citation
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hold Uses. (Unpublished paper presented at the Phostoxin
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Residues in Commercial Wheat Flour: Wheat Flour Project No. 20-
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005007195 Wainman, H.E.; Chakrabarti, B.; Allan, E.N.W.; Mills, K.A, (1975)
Fumigation with phosphine of stacked flour in polythene-clad
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cubic boron nitride. Dissertation Abstracts International B
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005012940 Watters, F.L. (1974) Impact of research on grain storage practices
in Canada. EPPO Bulletin 4(3):297-303.
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropr iate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID * Citation
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importance. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology
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005007835 Weil, E.D., inventor; Hooker Chemical Corp., assignee (1962) Zinc
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phine. (Unpublished study received Oct 13, 1965 under 5H1650;
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tories, Inc., Falls Church, Va.; CDL:221604-A)
000005738 White, G.D.; Jaoobson, E.T. (1972) Phosphine fumigation: Effects on
the germination of grass seed. Journal of Economic Entomology
65(5):1523-1524. (Also In unpublished submission received
May 21, 1976 under 5857-5; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc.,
Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:230915-H)
005015297 Whitehead, C.C. (1971) The effects of pesticides on production in
poultry. Veterinary Record 88(5): 114-117.
005011341 Wiberg, E.; Mueller-Schiedmayer, G. (1959) Ueber die Hydrierung
von Phosphor-Halogen-Verbindungen mit Metallhydriden, I: zur
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[The hydrogenation of phosphorous-halogen compounds with metal
hydrides, I: a new hydrogen phosphide of the formula (PH)*x .]
Chemische Berichte 92:2372-2384.
005013138 Wieland, H. (1973) Probleme und Moeglichkeiten der Bekaempfung der
Grossen Wuehlmaus (* Arvicola terrestris L.). [Problems and
possibilities for controlling large black water rat (flrvicola
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in der D.D.R 27(1):18-21.
GS0025037 Wilber, E.D. 1969. Fumigation of Bulk Flour in Barges and the
Fumigation of Flue-Cured Tobacco in Warehouses. (Unpublished
study received June 24, 1981; submitted by Wbodbiry Chemical
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID # Citation
000022012 Wilbur, D. (1968) Phostoxin Fumigation--Hillsdale, Michigan.
(Unpublished study received Apr 5, 1972, under 2F1184; prepared
by F.W. Stock & Sons for Hollywood Termite Control, submitted
by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:090995-H)
000020588 Wilbur, D.A. (1968) Report from Guyana. (Unpublished paper pre-
sented at the Phostoxin Sales and Technical Conference; Jan 28-
Feb 3, 1968, los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study received on
unknown date under 5857-1; prepared by Kansas State Univ. Dept.
of Ehtomology for Hollywood Termite Control Co., submitted by
Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123567-J)
GS0025038 Wilson, R.; Lovejoy, F.H.; Jaeger, R.J.; Landrigan, P.L. 1980.
Acute Phosphine Poisoning Aboard a Grain Freighter. Journal of
the American Medical Association: 244(2):148-150.
005009580 Winks, R.G. (1970) Phosphine fumigation of farm stored tobacco.
Queensland Agricultural Journal 96(11):747-751.
000005689 Witt, P.R., Jr. (1971) Application of Phostoxin to the Malting and
Brewing Industry. (Unpublished study received Jul 10, 1975
under 5857-1; prepared by Northwestern Malt & Grain Co., sub-
mitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:224219-D)
005016700 Wolf, F.; Herrmann, R.; Kretzschmar, K., inventors; VEB Delicia,
assignee (1975) Verwendung von Substanzen zur Inhibition der
Selbstentzuendlichkeit bei Phosphor wasserstoff entwickelnden
Phosphiden. [Use of substances for inhibition of
self-flammability of phosphine-developing phosphides.] German
(Fed. Rep.) offenlegungsschrift 24 50 251. May 15. 13 p. Int.
Cl.@2* C 01B 25/08; A 01N 11/00.
GS0025039 Woulfe, M.R. (1966) Phostoxin - Aluminum Phosphide Reg. No. 5357
(Unpublished submission received Oct. 3, 1966 under 5857; CDL:
104124)
000020571 Wykoff, G.H., Jr. (1969) Military Fumigation Tests with Phostoxin.
(Unpublished paper presented at the Phostoxin Technical Confe-
rence; Feb 12-14, 1969, los Angeles, Calif.; unpublished study
received on unknown date under 5857-1; prepared by USA DSA-DPSC
for Hollywood Termite Control Co., submitted by Phostoxin Sales,
Inc., Alhambra, Calif.; CDL:123561-F)
000005909 Wyckoff, G.H.; Anderson, R.D, (1970) Fumigation or famine. Journal
of the American Veterinary Medical Association 157(11):1828-
1834. (Also In unpublished submission received May 21, 1976
under 5857-5; submitted by Phostoxin Sales, Inc., Alhambra,
Calif.; CDL:230915-N)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate for Use in
Developing the Standard
MRID t Citation
GS0025040 Zeumer, H. 1965. Hydrogene phosphide fumigation No. 365 (narrow
bags). (Unpublished study received June 26, 1981; submitted by
Research Products Company, Salina, Kansas).
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