United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Pesticides
Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Washington DC 20460
August 1981
Temephos
O, O'-(thiodi-4,1-phenylene)
bis(O,O-dimethyl
phosphorothioate)
Pesticide Registration
Standard
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TEMEPHOS
Acknowledgements
I. Special Pesticide Review Division (SPRD)
David Brooks Project Manager
Benjamin Lemlich Project Manager
II. Technical Support Team
A. Hazard Evaluation Division (HED)
Raymond Kent Residue Chemist
John Brantner Toxicologist
Robert Hoist Plant Physiologist
Richard Stevens Wildlife Ecologist
Hudson Boyd Environmental Chemist
B. Benefits and Field Studies Division (BFSD)
William Gross Entomologist
Russell Scarato Economist
E. David Thomas Supervisory Entomologist,
Section Head
III. Special Acknowledgement
A. Special Pesticide Review Division (SPRD)
Joan Warshawsky Section Head
Barbara Moore Secretary
Tonda Hicks Clerk Typist
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pa g e s
1. Hov/ to Kogist'.-r Uriel or a Registration Standard ........... I
A. Organization of tho Standard ..................... 1
B. Purpose.' of tho Standard .......................... I
C. Requirements to Rorogistor Under tho Standard.... 1
P. "Product -Specific" Data and "Generic" Data ....... 1
E. Data Compensation Requirements Under
FIFRA 1(0 (l)(D) ................................ 5
F. Obtaining Data to Fill Data Gaps;
F 1 FRA 3 ( c. ) ( 2 ) ( B ) ................................ 6
G. Amendments to the Standard ....................... ~!
i I . Reg u 1 n to L y Pos i t i on
q
A. Introduction ..................................... 9
B. Description of Chemical ....................... 9
C. Regulatory Position .............................. 9
D. Regulatory Rationale ........... , ............. 9
E. Criteria for Registration Under the Standard ..... II
F. Toler'm^e Reassessment ...................... 22
111 . Summary of Data Requirements and Data Gaps ............ 24
A. Table 111, A Generic Data Requirements ....... 25
B. Table 11I.B Product-Specific Data
Requirements for Manufacturing -Use Products ..... 25
C. Table III.C Product-Specific Data
Requirements for End -Use Products ....... . ...... 26
IV. Pc-oduct Chemistry ...................................... 55
A. Introduction ..................................... 55
B. Chemical Identity ................................ 55
C. Manufacturing Process ............................ 55
D. Product Analytical Methods and Data .............. 57
E. Physical /Chemical Properties ................... 57
F. Summary of Data Gaps..... ......................... 59
V. Environmental Fate ..................................... 60
A. Use Summary ...................................... 60
B. Environmental Fate Profile ....................... 60
C. Exposure Profile ................................. 63
D. Summary of Data Gaps ........................... 65
VI . Toxicology ............................................. 66
A. Toxicology Profile: Technical Temephos ........... 66
B. Toxicology Profile: Manufacturing-Use Tcmephos . . . 67
C. Toxicology Profile; End-Use Temephos ............. 68
D. Human Hazard Assessment .......................... 70
E. Summary of Data Gaps ............................. 71
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VII . Residue Chemistry 73
A. Introduction 73
B. Metabolism of Temcphos in Plants 73
C. Metabolism of Temephos in Animals 75
D. Analytical Methods 75
E. Residue in Plants 79
F. Storage/Stability 80
G. Residue of Temephos in Animals 80
M. Summary of Data Gaps 81
VIII. Ecological Effects 83
A. Ecological Effects Profile 83
B. Hazard Assessment 84
C. Summary of Data Gaps 85
IX. Efficacy 86
A. Efficacy Profile 86
B. Factors Influencing Efficacy 86
C. Use Sites 86
D. Summary of Data Gaps 88
X. Confidential Annex 89
XI. Bibliography 90
A. Guide to Use of Bibliography 90
B. Section 1: Citations Considered to be Part of the
Data Base Supporting Registrations Under the
Standard
C. Section 2: Citations Judged to be Inappropriate
for Use in Developing this Standard
D. Section 3. Standard Reference Material
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I. How to Register Under a Registration Standard
A. Organization of the Standard
The first part of this document explains the purpose of a Regis-
tration Standard and summarizes the legal principles involved in
registering or reregistering under a Standard. The second part
presents the Agency's regulatory position and rationale. The
third part sets forth the requirements, in tabular form, that
must be met to obtain or retain registration for products
covered by this particular Registration Standard. In the
remaining parts, the Agency reviews the available data by
scientific discipline, discusses the Agency's concerns with the
identified potential hazards, and logically develops the con-
ditions and requirements that would reduce those hazards to
acceptable levels.
B. Purpose of the Standard
Section 3 of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA) provides that "no person in any State may distri-
bute, sell, offer for sale, hold for sale, ship, deliver for
shipment, or receiveand (having so received) deliver or offer to
deliver, to any person any pesticide which is not registered
with the Administrator (of EPA|." To approve the registration
of a pesticide, the Administrator must find, pursuant to Section
3(c)(5) that.
(A) its composition is such as to warrant the proposed
claims for it;
(B) its labeling and other material required to be
submitted comply with the requirements of this Act;
(C) it will perform its intended function without
unreasonable adverse effects on the environment; and
(D) when used in accordance with widespread and
commonly recognized practice it will not generally
cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment.
In making these findings, the Agency reviews a wide range of
data which registrants are required to submit, and assesses the
risks associated with the use of the proposed pesticide.
However, the established approach to making these findings has
been found to be defective on two counts.
First, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and its
predecessor agency, the United States Department of Agriculture
(USDA), routinely reviewed registration applications on a
"product-by-product" basis, evaluating each product-specific
application somewhat independently. In the review of products
containing similar components, there was little opportunity for
a retrospective review of the full range of pertinent data
available in Agency files and in the public literature. Thus
the "product-by-product" approach was often inefficient and
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sometimes resulted in inconsistent or incomplete regulatory
judgments.
Second, over the years, as a result of inevitable and continuing
advances in scientific knowledge, methodology, and policy, the
data base for many pesticides came to be considered inadequate
by current scientific and regulatory standards. Given the long
history of pesticide regulation in several agencies, it is even
likely that materials may have been lost from the data files.
When EPA issued new requirements for registration in 1975 (40
CFR 162) and proposed new guidelines for hazard testing in 1973
(43 FR 29686, July 10, 1978 and 43 FR 17136, August 22, 1978)
and in 1980 (45 FR 72948, November 3, 1930), many products that
had already been registered for years were being sold and used
without the same assurances of human and environmental safety as
was being required for new products. Because of this incon-
sistency, Congress directed EPA to reregister all previously
registered products, so as to bring their registritions and
their data bases into compliance with current requirements fsee
FIFRA Section 3(g ) ] .
Facing the enormous job of re-reviewing and calling-in new dota
for the approximately 35,000 current registrations, and real-
izing the inefficiencies of the "product-by-product" approach,
the Agency decided that a new, more effective method of review
was needed.
A new review procedure has been developed. Under it, EPA pub-
lishes documents called Registration Standards, each of which
discusses a particular pesticide active ingredient. Each
Registration Standard summarizes all the data available to the
Agency on a particular active ingredient and its current uses,
and sets forth the Agency's comprehensive position on the condi-
tions and requirements for registration of all existing and
future products which contain that active ingredient. These
conditions and requirements, all of which must be met to obtain
or retain full registration or reregistration under Section
3(c)(5) of FIFRA, include the submission of needed scientific
data which the Agency does not now have; compliance with stand-
ards of toxicity, composition, labeling, and packaging; and
satisfaction of the compensation provisions of FIFRA Section
3(c)(l)(D).
The Standard will also serve as a tool for product classifica-
tion. As part of the registration of a pesticide product, EPA
may classify each product for "general use" or "restricted use"
[FIFRA Section 3(d)]. A pesticide is classified for "restricted
use" when some special regulatory restriction is needed to
ensure against unreasonable adverse effects to man or the
environment. Many such risks of unreasonable adverse effects
can be lessened if expresslydesigned label precautions are
strictly followed. Thus, the special regulatory restriction for
a "restricted use" pesticide is usually a requirement that it be
applied only by, or under the supervision of, an applicator who
has been certified by the State or Federal government as being
competent to use pesticides safely, responsibly, and in
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accordance with label directions. A restricted use pesticide
can have other requlatory restrictions [40 CFR 162.11 (c)(5 ) 1
instead of, or in addition to, the certified applicator require-
ment. These other regulatory restrictions may include such
actions as seasonal or regional limitations on use, or a require-
ment for the monitoring of residue levels after use. A pesti-
cide classified for "general use", or not classified at all, is
available for use by any individual who is in compliance with
State or local regulations. The Registration Standard review
compares information about potential adverse effects of specific
uses of the pesticide with risk criteria listed in 40 CFR
162.11(c), and thereby determines whether a product needs to be
classified for "restricted use". If the Standard does classify
a pesticide for "restricted use", this determination is stated
in Part LI of this Standard.
C. Requirement to Reregister Under the Standard
FIFRA Section 3(g), as amended in 1978, directs EPA to re-
register all currently registered products as expeditiously as
possible. Congress also agreed that reregistration should be
accomplished by the use of Registration Standards.
Each registrant of a currently registered product to which
this Standard applies, and who wishes to continue to sell or
distribute his product in commerce, must -ipply for reregistr.i-
tion. His application must contain proposed labeling that
complies with this Standard.
EPA will issue a notice of intent to cancel the registration of
any currently registered product to which this Standard applies
if the registrant fails to comply with the procedures for re-
registration set forth in the Guidance Package which accompanies
this Standard.
D. "Product-Specific" Data and "Generic" Data
In the course of developing this Standard, EPA has determined
the types of data needed for evaluation of the properties and
effects of products to which the Standard applies, in the
disciplinary areas of Product Chemistry, Environmental Fate,
Toxicology, Residue Chemistry, Ecological Effects, and
Efficacy. These determinations are based primarily on the data
Guidelines proposed in 1978 (43 FR 29686, July 10, 1978, and 43
FR 37336, August 22, 1978), and in 1980 (45 FR 72948, November
3, 1980), as applied to the use patterns of the products to
which this Standard applies. Where it appeared that data from a
normally applicable Guidelines requirement were actually
unnecessary to evaluate these products, the Standard indicates
that the requirement has been waived. On the other hand, in
some cases, studies not required by the Guidelines may be needed
because of the particular composition or use pattern of products
the Standard covers; if so, the Standard explains the Agency's
reasoning. Data guidelines have not yet been proposed for the
Residue Chemistry discipline, but the requirements for such data
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havo been in effect for some time and are, the Agency believes,
relatively familiar to registrants. Data which the Agency has
found needed to evaluate the registrability of some products
covered by the Standard may not be needed for the evaluation of
other products, depending upon the composition, formulation
type, and intended uses of the product in question. The
Standard states which data requirements apply to which product
use categories (see Part III).
The various kinds of data normally required for registration of
a pesticide product can be divided into two basic groups:
1) data that are "product-specific" i.e., data that relate
only to the properties or effects of a product with a
particular composition (or a group of products with
closely similar composition); and
2) "generic" data that pertain to the properties or
effects of a particular ingredient, and thus are
relevant to an evaluation of the risks of all
products containing that ingredient (or all such
products having a certain use pattern), regardless of
any such product's unique composition or use.
The Agency requires certain "product-specific" data for each
product to characterize the product's particular composition
and physical/chemical properties (Product Chemistry), and to
characterize the product's acute toxicity (which is a function
of its total composition). The applicant for registration or re
registration of any product, whether it is a manufacturing-use
or end-use product, and without regard to its intended use
pattern, must submit or cite enou J of this kind of data to
allow EPA to evaluate the product. For such purposes, "product-
specific" data on any product other than the applicant's are
irrelevant, unless the other product is similar in composition
to the applicant's. (Where it has been found practicable to
group similar products for purposes of evaluating, the Standard
indicates which guideline requirement that support similar
products.) "Product-specific" data on the efficacy of parti-
cular end-use products are also required where the formulation
may affect public health or where failure of efficacy could
cause public health problems (see 44 FR 27932, May 11, 1979).
All other data needed to evaluate pesticide products concern
the properties or effects of a particular ingredient of pro-
ducts (normally a pesticidally active ingredient, but in some
cases a pesticidally inactive, or "inert" ingredient). Some
data in this "generic" category are required to evaluate the
properties and effects of all products containing that ingre-
dient e.g., the acute LD of the active ingredient in its
technical or purest grade (see proposed 40 CFR 163.81-l(a), 43
FR 37355).
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Other "generic" data are required to evaluate all products which
both contain a particular ingredient and are intended for cer-
tain uses (see proposed 40 CFR 163.82-1, 43 FR 37363, which
requires subchronic oral testing of the active ingredient with
respect to certain use patterns only). Where a particular data
requirement is use pattern dependent, it will apply to each end-
use product which is to be labeled for that use pattern (except
where such end-use product is formulated from a registered
manufacturing-use product permitting such formulations) and to
each manufacturing-use product with labeling that allows it to
be used to make end-use products with that use pattern. Thus,
for example, a subchronic oral dosing study is needed to evalu-
ate the safety of any manufacturing-use product that legally
could be used to make an end-use, food crop pesticide. However,
if an end-use product's label specified that it was for use only
in ways that did not involve a food/feed exposure and did not
involve repeated human exposure via the oral route, then the
subchronic oral study would not be relevant to the evaluation of
the manufacturing-use product.
If a registrant of a currently registered manufacturing-use or
end-use product wishes to avoid the costs of data compensation
under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D) or data generation under
Section 3(c)(2)(B) for "generic" data that are required only
with respect to some use patterns, he may elect to delete those
use patterns from his labeling at the time he reregisters his
products. An applicant for registration of a new product under
this Standard may similarly request approval for only certain
use patterns.
E. Data Compensation Requirements Under FIFRA 3(c)(l)(D)
Under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D), an applicant for registration,
reregistration or amended registration must offer to pay
compensation for certain existing data the Agency has used in
developing the Registration Standard. Compensation must be
offered for all data which are described by all the following
criteria:
1) the data were first submitted to EPA or to its predecessor
agency, USDA, or FDA on or after January 1, 1970;
2) the data were submitted to EPA (or USDA or FDA) by some
other applicant or registrant in support of an application
for an experimental use permit or a tolerance, an amendment
adding a new use to a registration, or for reregistration,
or to support or maintain in effect an existing
registration;
3) the data are relevant to the Agency's decision to register
or reregister the applicant's product under the Registration
Standard, taking into account the applicant's product
composition and intended use pattern(s);
4) the data are determined by EPA to be valid and usable in
reaching regulatory conclusions; and
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5) the data are not those for which the applicant has been
exempted by FIFRA Section 3(c)(2)(D) from the study to offer
to pay compensation. (This exemption applies to the
"generic" product, not to "product-specific" data. The
exemption is available only to an applicant whose end-use
product is formulated from another registered manufacturing-
use product containing that active ingredient.)
An applicant for reregistration of an already registered
product under this Standard, or for registration of a new
product under this Standard, accordingly must determine which
of the data used by EPA in developing the Standard must be the
subject of an offer to pay compensation, and must submit with
his application the appropriate statements evidencing his
compliance with FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D).
An applicant would never be required to offer to pay for
"product-specific" data submitted by another firm. In many, if
not in most cases, data which are specific to another firm's
product will not suffice to allow EPA to evaluate the appli-
cant's product, that is, will not be useful to the Agency in
determining whether the applicant's product is registrable.
There may be cases, however, wnere, because of close similar-
ities between the composition of two or more products, another
firm's data may suffice to allow EPA to evaluate some or all of
the "product-specific" aspects of the applicant's product. In
such a case, the applicant may choose to cite that data instead
of submitting data from tests on his own product, and if he
chooses that option, he would have to comply with the offor-to-
pay requirements of Section 3(c)(l)(D) for that data.
Each applicant for registration or reregistration of a manufac-
turing-use product, and each applicant for registration or
reregistration of an end-use product, who is not exempted by
FIFRA Section 3(c)(2)(D), must comply with the Section
3(c)(l)(D) requirements. This is with respect to each item of
"generic" data that relates to his product's intended uses.
A detailed description of the procedures an applicant must
follow in applying for reregistration (or new registration)
under this Standard is found in the Guidance Package for this
Standard.
F. Obtaining Data to Fill Data Gaps; FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)
Some of the kinds of data EPA needs for its evaluation of the
properties and effects of products to which this Standard
applies have not been submitted to the Agency (or, if submitted,
have been found to have deficiencies rendering them inadequate
for making registration oriented decisions) and have not boon
located in tho published literature search that EPA conducted
in preparation of this Standard. Such instances of missing but
required data are referred to in this Standard as "data gaps".
FIFRA Section 3(c)(2)(B), added to FIFRA by the Congress in
1978, authorizes EPA to require registrants to whom a data
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requirement applies, to generate (or otherwise produce) data to
fill such "gaps" and submit those data to EPA. EPA must allow a
reasonably sufficient period for this to be accomplished. If a
registrant fails to take appropriate and timely steps to fill
the data gaps identified by a Section 3(c)(2)(B) order, his
product registration may be suspended until the data are sub-
mitted. A mechanism is provided whereby two or more registrants
may agree to share in the costs of producing data for which they
are both responsible.
The Standard lists, in Part III, the "generic" data gaps and
"product-specific" data gaps for manufacturing- and end-use
products. It also notes the classes of products to which these
data gaps pertain. The Standard also points out that to be
registered under the Standard, a product must be supported by
certain required "product-specific" data on one currently
registered product, but may lack such data on another. Only
those Standards which apply to a very small number of currently
registered products will attempt to state definitively the
"product-specific" data gaps on a "product-by-product" basis.
(Although the Standard will, in some cases, note which data EPA
does possess that would suffice to satisfy certain "product-
specific" data requirements for a category of products with
similar composition characteristics.)
As part of the process of reregistering currently registered
products, EPA will issue FIFRA Section 3(c)(2)(B) directives
requiring the registrants to take appropriate steps to fill all
identified data gaps whether those data in question are "product-
specific" or "generic" data gaps. The Guidance Package for
this Standard details the steps that must be taken by
registrants to comply with Section 3(c)(2)(B).
In addition, FIFRA Section 6(a)(2) requires the registrant to
submit factual information raising concerns of possible unrea-
sonable adverse effects of a pesticide. The registrant should
notify the Agency of interim results of studies in progress if
those results show possible adverse effects.
G. Amendments to the Standard
Applications for registration which propose uses or formulations
that are not presently covered by the Standard, or which present
product compositions, hazard data, toxicity levels, or labeling
that do not meet the requirements of the Standard, will auto-
matically be considered by the Agency to be requests for amend-
ments to the Standard. In response to such applications, the
Agency may request additional data to support the proposed
amendment to the Standard, or may deny the application for
registration on the grounds that the proposed product would
cause unreasonable adverse effects to the environment. In the
former case, when additional data have been satisfactorily sup-
plied, and providing that the data do not indicate the potential
for unreasonable adverse effects, the Agency will then amend the
Standard to cover the new registration.
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Each Registration Standard is based upon all data and informa-
tion available to the Agency's reviewers on a particular date
prior to the publication date. This "cut-off" date is stated at
the beginning of the Part II.C. Any subsequent data submissions
and any approved amendments will be incorporated into the
Registration Standard by means of addenda, which are available
for inspection at EPA in Washington, D.C., or copies may be
requested from the Agency. When all of the present "data gaps"
have been filled and the submitted data have been reviewed, the
Agency will revise the Registration Standard. Thereafter, when
the Agency determines that the internally maintained addenda
have significantly altered the conditions for registration under
the Standard, the document will be updated and reissued for
.publication.
While the Registration Standard discusses only the uses and
hazards of products containing the designated active ingre-
dient(s), the Agency is also concerned with the potential
hazards of some inert ingredients and impurities. Independent
of the development of any one Standard, the Agency has initiated
the evaluation of some inert pesticide ingredients. Where the
Agency has identifiedinert ingredients of concern in a specific
product to which the Standard applies, these ingredients will be
indicated in the Guidance Package.
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II. Regulatory Position
A. Introduction
This part presents the Agency's regulatory position and ration-
ale based on an evaluation of all registered products containing
tcmephos as the sole active ingredient with the same use pat-
terns described in this Standard. After briefly describing the
chemical, this part presents the regulatory position and ration-
ale, the criteria by which applicants for registration of
temephos products will be approved, labeling considerations and
requirements related to the tolerance reassessment, if appli-
cable. A summary of the data requirements is contained in Part
III. Discussion of the data upon which this regulatory position
is based is presented in each of the disciplinary chapters,
Parts IV through IX.
B. Description of Chemical
Temephos (O,O'-(thiodi-4,1-phenylene)bis(O,O-dimethyl phosphoro-
thioate) is used primarily as a mosquito larvicide. An alter-
native chemical name for the compound is O,O,O',O'-tetramethyl
O,O'-thiodi-p-phenylene phosphorothioate. Temephos is also
known by the~trade names "Abate^", "Abathion^", "Abat'J", and
"Biothion^." The Chemical Abstracts Registry (CAS) number for
temephos is 3383-96-8 and the EPA Shaughnessy number is 059001.
C. Regulatory Position
Temephos, as described in this Standard, may be registered for
sale, distribution, reformulation and use in the United States.
The Agency has considered the limited amount of scientific data
obtained from the open literature as of August, 1981, and the
data submitted to the Agency by the registrants through the time
of publication of this Standard. Based on review of these
limited data, the Agency finds that none of the risk criteria
found in Section 162.11(a) of Title 40 of the U.S. Code of
Federal Regulations (CFR) was met or exceeded for temephos and
that temephos does not appear to cause unreasonable adverse
effects when applied in accordance with proper label directions
and precautions. Temephos products currently registered may be
reregistered subject to the conditions imposed for data require-
ments. New products may be registered under this Standard and
are subject to the same requirements. Revised label require-
ments will be addressed in the Guidance Package which accom-
panies this Standard and in Part II.E of this Standard (see 40
CFR 162.10 for a detailed description of standard labeling
requirements).
D. Regulatory Rationale
A review of the available data regarding the manufacturing-use
and end-use products of temephos shows that much information
that could be used to support registration and reregistration is
not available. The Agency has the prerogative to not only
request information to satisfy the data Guidelines proposed in
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l'J78 and 1980, but may also require additional testing. These
additional tests may be requested by the Agency if it believes
that particular concerns regarding the health or environmental
effects of a pesticide must be evaluated. In some cases, this
additional testing may be deferred pending the Agency's
d&velopment of specific test protocols or the completion of
other related tests (e.g., tier^ 1 testing).
It is the policy of the Agency not to automatically request
guideline information just because a particular guideline
exists. Each element of the guideline is considered individ-
ually with regard to the pesticide's uses, exposure and risk.
If the Agency concludes that specific elements of the data
guidelines are required to prepare a comprehensive Registration
Standard, the data will be requested.
The Agency lias concluded that it should continue
registration for tnis product for the following reasons:
1) No significant adverse effects have been uncovered in the
review of studies pertinent to temephos. These studies
include some wnich meet guideline data requirements and some
which, wnile failing to meet guideline requirements, provide
a level of qualitative information. As a result of
examining these studies, the Agency has concluded that there
is no immediate cause for regulatory concern.
2) There is evidence that technical grade temephos causes only
a low level of acute oral and dermal health effects. The
potential for eye irritation is minimal and no adverse
effects have been identified from analysis of the chronic
feeding study. Furthermore, the results of one study
evaluating the oncogenicity of temephos are negative.
3) The Pesticide Incident Monitoring System's Report #125 of
February 1979, reports only three accidents with temephos.
In one instance, 20 cattle died in a field sprayed with
temephos at twice the maximum registered rate. Investiga-
tion did not produce sufficient evidence to link, the
registered use of the pesticide to the incident. In the
second event, damaged containers of temephos contaminated
the interior of a truck/trailer carrying the pesticide. In
the third incident, a drum of temephos exploded and burned
while being heated with a heating strap during the
manufacturing of end-use products. In all these incidents
there is no record of human injury or deleterious effects to
the human system that could be attributed to the health and
environmental effects of temephos, or effects to animals
other than by misuse.
Of these three events, none involve the pesticidal nature of
temephos and the level of accidents reported involving the
registered temephos use patterns are generally very low.
However, due to the use of temephos in isolated aquatic
areas, the Agency realizes that the incidence of accidents
may not be indicative of potential hazard.
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4) Based on 1976 data, it is estimated that the total number of
ground applicators potentially exposed to temephos
approximates less than 500; the number of applicators,
mixers, loaders and flaggers potentially exposed as a result
of aerial application also is less than 500*. The
majority of temephos used in mosquito abatement programs is
applied aerially as emulsifiable concentrate or as granular
formulations. During aerial application, the pilot is
usually not exposed to the spray or granules, the aircraft
cockpits are usually sealed and are ventilated with a
positive air flow system, and the pesticide delivery system
is closed. Consequently, the number of pc sons potentially
exposed to temephos during the application process is
minimal, especially during aerial application where the
potential for human exposure appears slight. Exposure to
the general population is also considered minimal because
temephos is used primarily in marshlands, swamps and tidal
areas where human population density is generally low.
5) In accordance with FIFRA, the Agency's policy is not
to routinely cancel the registration of products or to
withhold registration merely for the lack of data (see
Sections 3(c)(2)(B) and 3(c)(7) of FIFRA). Rather, the
publication of this Standard provides a mechanism for
identifying data needs, and registration of temephos under
this Standard allows for the upgrading of labels during
the period in which the required data are being generated.
When these data are received, they will be reviewed by
the Agency and the registerability of the chemical will be
reassessed.
E. Criteria for Registration Under the Standard
To be subject to this Standard, temephos products must meet the
following conditions:
- contain temephos as the sole active ingredient** and have
the same use patterns described in this Standard;
- bear required labeling; and
* Geomet Technologies, Rockville, Md., Contract No. 68015155
September 4, 1980.
** Note: Since petroleum distillates have little or no
insecticidal activity in temephos products (e.g., emulsifiable
concentrates), the Agency has determined that petroleum
distillates should be considered as part of the inert
ingredients. If the registrant wishes to declare petroleum
distillates as active ingredients, supporting data must
accompany the application for reregistration.
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- conform to the acute toxicity limits, product
composition, and use pattern requirements stated
below.
The applicant for registration or reregistration of temophos
products subject to this Standard must comply with all terms
and conditions described in this Standard, including a commit-
ment to fill data gups on a time schedule specified by the
Agency as indicated in Part III and, when applicable, offer to
pay compensation to the extent required by Sections 3(c)(l)(D)
and 3(c)(2)(D) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and
Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), as amended, 7 U.S.C. 136(c)(l)(D) and
136 (c)(2)(D). As discussed in Part I and in the Guidance
Package, applicants for registration of temephos products under
this Standard must contact the Agency for specific instructions,
including updated information on data requirements, and
companies whose data may be cited and to whom compensation must
be offered.
1. Manufacturing-Use Temephos
a. Acceptable Ranges and Limits
i. Product Composition Standard
To be covered under this Standard, manufacturing-use temephos
products must conform to the requirements stated below:
Active Ingredient: Any percentage acceptable.
ii. Acute Toxicity Limits
The Agency will consider registration of manufacturing-use
temephos products in the toxicity categories indicated by a
"yes":
I II III IV
Acute oral toxicity yes yes yes yes
Acute dermal toxicity yes yes yes yes
Acute inhalation yes yes yes yes
toxicity
Primary eye yes yes yes yes
irritation
Primary dermal yes yes yes yes
irritation
12
-------
iii. Use Patterns
To be covered under this Standard, manufacturing-use temephos
products must be labeled to allow for formulation into end-use
insecticides which are intended only for:
1) outdoor, nondomestic, nonfood aquatic areas;
2) domestic use on cats and dogs, and in their living
quarters;
3) domestic flea collars for cats and dogs; and
4) outdoor, nondomestic, food use on orange and tangerine
trees (California and Arizona only).
iv. Required labeling
All manufacturing-use temephos products must bear appropriate
labeling as specified in 40 CFR 162.10. The Agency may, after
review of data to be submitted under this Standard, impose
additional label requirements.
Efficacy Statements
All manufacturing-use temephos products must list on the label
the intended end-uses of formulated products produced from the
manufacturing-use products. In accordance with data to be
submitted or cited, all temephos product labels must bear one or
a combination of the following statements:
1) "For Formulation into End-Use Insecticide Products Intended
Only as an Insecticide for Nondomestic, Nonfood, Outdoor
Aquatic Uses";
2) "For Formulation into End-Use Insecticide Products Intended
Only as an Insecticide for Nondomestic, Outdoor, Food
Use " ;
3) "For Formulation into End-Use Insecticide Products Intended
for Cat and Dog Flea Collars"; and/or
4) "For Formulation into End-Use Insecticide Products Intended
for Direct Application on Cats and Dogs, and in their
Living Quarters."
Ecological Effects Statements
The following statements must appear under the heading
"Environmental Hazards" [see Section 162.10(h)(2(ii) of the
guidelines|:
This pesticide is toxic to birds and fish. Do
not discharge directly into lakes, streams, ponds, or
public waters unless in accordance with an NPDES permit.
For guidance, contact your Regional Office of the
Environmental Protection Agency.
13
-------
Additional fish and wildlife labelinq may bo required upon
review of the requested studies (see Tables III.A-5 in Part III)
Product Chemistry Statements
The ingredient statement for manufacturing-use products must
list the active ingredient as:
Temephos [O,o'-(thiodi-4,1-phonylene)bis(O,O-dimethy1
phosphorothioate) 1 N% (min. )
There is currently no special hazard precautionary labeling for
the manufacturing-use products. However, as required physical/
chemical property data gaps are filled, the Agency may impose
additional labeling requirements.
2. End-Use Temephos: Emulsifiable Concentrates
a. Acceptable Ranges and Limits
i. Product Composition Standard
To be covered under this Standard, emulsifiable concentrate
products must conform to the requirements stated below:
Active ingredient: Any percentage acceptable.
Inort ingredient: Only those inert ingredients which are
exempt from the requirements of a
tolerance (see 40 CFR Section 180.1001)
are acceptable for use on food crops.
There are no restrictions on inert
ingredients when used for nonfood
purposes.
ii. Acute Toxicity Limits
The Agency will consider registration of emulsifiable con-
centrate temephos products in the toxicity categories indicated
by "yes". The Agency will consider registration of products in
toxicity category I when all of the acute toxicity data and
other required data appropriate for an amended registration are
satisfied. After receipt and review of these data, the Agency
may require other appropriate data (e.g., special or subcnronic
14
-------
studies), impose additional labeling restrictions, or deny
registration.
I II III IV
Acute oral toxicity amendment yes yes yes
required
Acute dermal toxicity amendment yes yes yes
required
Acute inhalation amendment yes yes yes
toxicity required
Primary eye amendment yes yes yes
irritation required
Primary dermal amendment yes yes yes
irritation required
iii. Use Patterns
To be registered under this Standard, emulsifiable concentrate
temephos products must be labeled as an insecticide for non-
domestic use for one or more of tho following uses: 1) food
uses, orange and tangerine trees (California and Arizona only);
and 2) nonfood crop aquatic uses, intermittently flooded areas,
temporary rain pools, catch basins, standing water, woodland
pools, shallow lakes and lake margins, log ponds, sloughs,
stagnant water, marshes, tidal water, and swamps.
iv. Required labeling
All end-use emulsifiable concentrate temephos products must
bear appropriate labeling as specified in 40 CFR 162.10. The
Agency may, after review of data to be submitted under this
Standard/ impose additional label requirements.
Product Chemistry Statements
Th ingredient statement for end-use emulsifiable concentrate
products must list the active ingredient as:
Temephos (O,O'-(thiodi-4,1-phenylene)bis(O,O-dimethyl
phosphorothioate ) I N% (min. )
There is currently no special hazard precautionary labeling for
the end-use emulsifiable concentrate products. However, as
required physical/chemical property data gaps are filled, the
Agency may impose additional labeling requirements.
Efficacy Statements
Appropriate product dilution rates for application (e.g.,
milliliters product (liquid) per square feet) must be provided
for spot treatment of areas such as catch basins, containers of
15
-------
water (e.g., old tires), and other water-filled sunken areas
whore mosquitoes may breed.
The following statement must appear on all temephos emulsifiable
concentrates under the heading "Directions for Use":
The higher rate should be used in areas known to have
organic phosphate resistant mosquitoes.
Ecological Effects Statements
For those emulsifiable concentrates registered for use on
tangerine and orange trees (California and Arizona only), the
following labeling must appear under the heading "Environmental
Hazards" fsee Section 162 . 10 (h ) ( 2 ) ( ii ) of th:? guidelines):
This pesticide is toxic to birds and fish. Use with care
rfhen applying in areas frequented by wildlife or adjacent
to any body of water. This product is toxic to bees
exposed to direct treatment. Do not apply this product
wnile bees are actively visiting the treatment area. Do
not contaminate water by cleaning of equipment or
disposing of wastes.
Under "Directions for Use" for the emulsifiable concentrate for
aquatic uses, the following labeling must be included:
When using in lakes, ponds, tidal marshes, and estuaries,
apply only in shallow water at the edge of these areas.
For those emulsifiable concentrates registered for aquatic uses,
the following statements must be included on the labeling and
appear under the headings "Environmental Hazards":
This pesticide is toxic to birds and fish. Fish and other
aquatic organisms in waters treated with this product may
bo killed. You must consult your State Fish and Game
Agency before applying this product to waters or wet-
lands. Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equip-
ment or disposing of wastes.
Additional fish and wildlife statements may be required upon
review of the requested studies (see Table III.A-5 in Part III).
Residue Chemistry Statements
The labeling for formulations used on citrus bears two restric-
tions: 1) "on bearing trees the product is to be applied at
prebloom or at petal fall only after harvest of mature fruit.
This product should not be applied to any varieties of citrus
wncn immature fruit are present during prebloom and petaJ fall.
Do not apply during bloom period." and 2) "use restricted to
Arizona and California"- These restrictions must continue to
appear on the labeling for the food crop use.
16
-------
In lieu of submitting required data on residues in cover crops
in temephos-treated citrus orchards, the following statement
must appear on the labeling:
Do not feed or allow livestock to graze on cover crops
grown in treated orchards.
Products for use on aquatic sites (e.g., catch basins, shallow
lakes and lake margins, sloughs, marshes, tidal water, swamps)
must continue to bear the restriction against use of the product
on crops for food, forage, or pasture. Because of the large
number of aquatic sites on which temephos may be used, residues
may appear in potable water, fish, irrigated crops and live-
stock. Upon receipt and evaluation of data on the degradation
of temephos in water and fish, the following labeling statements
may be required:
Do not apply to the following aquatic sites: 1) potable
water, 2) water used for irrigating crops, ?) water used
for watering livestock, and H) water containing edible
fish. Do not drain treated water into a flowing stream
that is a potential source of water for one or more of
the above uses.
In lieu of labeling restrictions, appropriate tolerances for
potable water, fish, shellfish, irrigated crops, meat, milk,
poultry and eggs may be necessary. Other labeling restrictions
may be imposed as the required residue data gaps are filled.
3. End-Use Temephos: Granular
a. Acceptable Ranges and Limits
i. Product Composition Standard
To be covered under this Standard, granular temephos
products must conform to the requirements stated below:
Active ingredient: Any percentage acceptable.
Inert ingredient: There are no restrictions on inert
ingredients when used for nonfood
purposes.
ii. Acute Toxicity Limits
The Agency will consider registration of granular temephos
products in the toxicity categories indicated by "yes". The
Agency will consider registrations of products in toxicity
category I when all of the acute toxicity data and other
required data appropriate for an amended registration are
satisfied. After receipt and review of these data, the Agency
may require other appropriate data (e.g., special or subchronic
17
-------
studies), impose additional labeling restrictions, or deny
registration .
I II III IV
Acute oral toxicity amendment yes yes yes
required
Acute dermal toxicity amendment yes yes yes
required
Acute inhalation amendment yes yes yes
toxicity required
Primary eye amendment yes yes yes
irritation required
Primary dermal amendment yes yes yes
irritation required
iii. Use Patterns
To be registered under this Standard, granular temephos products
must be labeled as an insecticide for one or more of the fol-
lowing nonfood crop aquatic uses: sloughs, stagnant water, log
ponds, temporary rain pools, intermittently flooded areas, catch
basins, lakes, standing water, shallow ponds, woodland pools,
tidal water, marshes, swamps, water high in organic matter,
highly polluted water, marshlands and intertidal zones of sandy
beaches.
iv. Required Labeling
All granular temephos products must bear appropri.' s labeling as
specified in 40 CFR 161.10. The Agency may, after review of
data to be submitted under this Standard, impose additional
label requirements.
Product Chemistry Statements
The ingredient statement for end-use granular products must
list the active ingredient as:
Temephos [0,0'-(thiodi-4,1-phenylene)bis(0,0-dimethyl
phosphorothioate) ] N% (min .)
There is currently no special hazard precautionary labeling for
the end-use granular products. However, ?s required physical/
chemical property data gaps are filled, the Agency may impose
additional labeling requirements.
Efficacy Statements
Appropriate product dilution rates for application [e.g., grams
product (weight) per square feet! must be provided for spot
treatments of areas such as catch basins, containers of water
18
-------
(e.g., old tires), and other water-filled sunken areas where
mosquitoes may breed.
The following statement must appear on all temephos granular
products under the heading "Directions for Use":
The higher rate should be used in areas known to have
organic phosphate resistant mosquitoes.
Ecological Effects Statements
Th^> following statements must appear on granular temephos
products for aquatic uses under the heading "Environmental
Hazards" :
This pesticide is toxic to birds and fish. Fish and other
aquatic organisms in water treated with this product may
be killed. You must consult your State Fish and Game
Agency before applying this product to waters or wet-
lands. Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equipment
or disposing of wastes.
Additional fish and wildlife labeling may be required when the
Agency reviews the requested studies (see Table TTI.A-5 in Part
III).
Residue Chemistry Statements
Products for use on aquatic sites (e.g., sloughs, catch basins,
lakes, shallow ponds, tidal water, marshes, swamps, water high
in organic content, highly polluted water, marshlands, inter-
tidal zones of sandy beaches) must continue to bear the restric-
tion against use of the product on crops for food, forage, or
pasture. Because of the large number of aquatic sites on which
temephos may be used, residues may appear in potable water,
fish, irrigated crops and livestock. Upon receipt and evalua-
tion of data on the degradation of temephos in water and fish,
the following labeling statements may be required:
Do not apply to the following aquatic sites: 1) potablp
water, 2) water used for irrigating crops, 3) water used
for watering livestock, and 4) water containing edible
fish. Do not drain treated water into a flowing stream
that is a potential source of water for one or more of
the above uses.
In lieu of labeling restrictions, appropriate tolerances for
potable water, fish, shellfish, irrigated crops, meat, milk,
poultry and eggs may be necessary. Other labeling restrictions
may be imposed as the required residue data gaps are filled.
19
-------
'I. End-Use Temephos: Dusts
a. Acceptable Ranges and Limits
i. Product Composition Standard
To be covered under this Standard temephos dust products must
conform to the requirements stated below:
Active ingredient:
Inert ingredients:
Any percentage acceptable.
There are no restrictions on inert
ingredients when used for nonfood
purposes.
ii. Acute Toxicity Limits
The Agency will consider registration of temephos dust products
in the toxicity categories indicated by "yes". The Agency will
consider registration of products in toxicity categories I and
TT when all of the acute toxicity data and other required data
Appropriate for an amended registration are satisfied. After
receipt and review of these data, the Agency may require other
appropriate data (e.g., special or subchronic studies), impose
additional labeling restrictions, or deny registration.
Acute oral toxicity
Acute dermal toxicity
Acute inhalation
toxicity
Primary eye
irritation
Primary dermal
irritation
iii. Use Patterns
To be registered under this Standard, temephos dust products
must be labeled as an insecticide for the following domestic
uses: direct application on dogs and cats, and in their living
quarters.
T
amendment
required
amendment
required
amendment
required
amendment
required
amendment
required
TI
amendment
required
amendment
required
amendment
required
amendment
required
amendment
required
III
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
IV
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
20
-------
iv. Required Labeling
All temephos dust products must bear appropriate labeling ^s
specified in 40 CFR 162.10. The Agency may, after review of
data to be submitted under this Standard, impose additional
label requirements.
Product Chemistry Statements
The ingredient statement for end-use dust products must
list the active ingredient as:
Temephos [0,O'-(thiodi-4,L-phenylene)bis(u,O-dimethy1
phosphorothioate ) ) N% (min. )
There is currently no special hazard precautionary labeling for
the end-use dust products. However, as required physical/
chemical property data gaps are filled, the Agency may impose
additional labeling requirements.
5. Cnd-Use Temepnos: Impregnated Material
a. Acceptable Ranges and Limits
i. Product Composition Standard
To be covered under this Standard, impregnated temcphos products
must conform to the requirements state-! below:
Active ingredient: Any percentage acceptable.
Inert ingredients: There are no restrictions on
inert ingredients used for nonfood
purposes.
ii. Acute Toxicity Limits
The Agency will consider registration of impregnate-] temephos
products in the toxicity categories indicated by "yes". The
Agency will consider registration of products in toxicity
categories I and II when all of the acute toxicity data and
other required data appropriate for an amended registration are
satisfied. After receipt and review of these data, the Agency
may require other appropriate data (e.g., special or subcnronic
21
-------
studios), impose
registration.
additional labeling restrictions, or dony
II
III
Acute oral toxicity
Acute dermal toxicity
Acute inhalation
toxicity
Primary eye
irritation
Primary dermal
irritation
iii. Use Patterns
amendment
required
amendment
required
amendment
required
amendment
required
amendment
required
amendment yes
required
amendment yes
required
amendment yes
required
amendment yes
required
amendment yes
required
IV
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
To be registered under this Standard, a product impregnated
with temephos must be labeled as an insecticide for the
following domestic uses: cat and dog flea collars.
iv. Required Labeling
All temephos-impregnated cat and dog collar products must bear
appropriate labeling as specified in 40 CFR 162.10. The Agency
may, after review of data to be submitted under this Standard,
impose additional label requirements.
Product Chemistry Statements
The ingredient statement for end-use impregnated material
products must list the active ingredient as:
Temephos [O,O'-(thiodi-4,1-phenylene)bis(0,O-dimethyl
phosphorothioate ) ) N% (min . )
There is currently no special hazard precautionary labeling for
the end-use impregnated material products. However, as required
physical/chemical property data gaps are filled, the Agency
may impose additional labeling requirements.
F. Tolerance Reassessment
To provide for the use of temephos on orange and tangerine trees
in Arizona and California, a tolerance of 0.1 ppm has been
established for combined negligible residues of temephos and its
sulfoxide in or on the raw agricultural commodity, citrus fruits
(40 CFR 180.170). Based on the established tolerance, the
theoretical maximum residue contribution (TMRC) of temephos to
the human diet is calculated to be 0.0057 mg/1.5 kg diet/day.
However, because there is some uncertainty about the nature of
22
-------
the residue on temephos-treated citrus, the tolerance from which
the TMRC is calculated may not be adequate (the current method
for detecting temephos residues does not detect residues other
than temephos and its sulfoxide). A tolerance reassessment is
consequently not possible at this time (August, 1931). A
reassessment will be performed after the Agency receives and
reviews the data listed in Table III.A-4, Residue Chemistry
(Part VII) and Table III.A-3, Toxicology (Part VI)*.
Codex Maximum Residue Limits (MRL's) have not been established
for temephos. Currently, there are no Canadian or Mexican
tolerances for temephos.
* The Agency requires the submittal of these data (i.e.,
Residue Chemistry and Toxicology) to maintain the tolerance
whicn provides for temephos use on imported citrus as well as on
citrus growing in the United States. If these data (see Part
III, Table III.A, e.g., residue, toxicity) are not provided to
the Agency to evaluate the possible hazards to man and other
nontarget species from the potential effects of its use, the
Agency will propose revocation of the tolerance under the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act, 40 CFR
Section 180.001 and the Food and Drug Cosmetic Act, 21 CFR
Section 403(e).
23
-------
III. Summary of Data Requirements
Applicants for registration of manufacturing-use and end-use
temcpnos products must cite or submit the information identified
as required in the tables in this part. The tables applicable
to end-use products indicate whether the product to be tested is
tno technical grade or the formulation. Data generated on one
formulation may be used to satisfy the data requirement for a
substantially similar formulation based on the chemical composi-
tion as indicated by the Confidential Statement of Formula
(CSF). Information on which product-specific data requirements
are already satisfied is available in the Guidance Package and
in Tables III.A through C in this Standard.
Preceeding each requirement, with the exception of Residue
Chemistry and Efficacy*, is listed the Proposed Guidelines which
describe the type of data and when the data are required to be
submitted. Justification for the test requirement is provided
in the Guidelines (see 43 FR 29696 of July in, 1978; 43 FR 37336
of August 22, 1978; and 45 FR 72948 of November 3, 1980). A
discussion of why data additional to that already submitted are
necessary, or why data usually required are not necessary for
this chemical, are explained in footnotes to the tables. The
specified data requirements are the minimum that will be
required. Areas where additional data may be required as the
result of tiered testing are indicated (see tables for Toxi-
cology, Residue Chemistry, and Ecological Effects in this part).
Bibliographic citations in the following tables indicate that
the listed study accomplishes one of the following:
1) provides all the information required by the guideline
requirement;
2) provides partial information required by the guideline
requirement; and
3) provides specific information that is elaborated on by
an accompanying footnote.
Bibliographic citations noted in Parts IV through IX which
are not listed in this part are provided as reference and
background material to the reader; they do not relate directly
to or satisfy the guideline requirements.
The word "yes" under the heading "Does EPA have data to
partially or totally satisfy this requirement?" means that the
requirement has been satisfied, unless otherwise noted.
* There are currently no Proposed Guidelines for Efficacy.
Refer to Part I.D for discussion of registrants' familiarity of
data requirements for Residue Chemistry.
24
-------
In some cases the data requirements are imposed by the use
patterns and the use patterns appear in the tables under the
heading "Are data required by this Standard?" (see Tables III.A-
2, 3, 4, and 5). Where only the word "yes" appears under this
heading, the data requirements are required for all currently
registered products, regardless of use pattern.
A. Table III.A Generic Data Requirements
This table includes those data that pertain to the properties or
effects of temephos as an active ingredient. Thus, these data
are relevant to an evaluation of the risks of all products
containing temephos. Providing data to fill indicated gaps in
the data base is the primary responsibility of the registrant(s)
of manufacturing-use temephos. Registrants of end-use products
which are not exempted by F1FRA Section 3(c)(2)(D) are also
responsible for the submission of these data.
However, applicants for the registration of end-use products con-
taining temephos are advised that if the Agency does not receive
commitments within the time specified in the tables from manufac-
turing-use temephos registrant(s) to fill data gaps identified
for the munufacturing-use product (Table HE.A), manufacturing-
use product registrations will be suspended. Formulators must
then bear the burden of supplying these data in both Table III.A
and B if continued registration of their product is desired.
Applicants for the registration or reregistration of manufac-
turing-use temephos products must acknowledge reliance on
existing data which fill indicated data requirements under FIFRA
Section 3(c)(l)(D). These data are listed under the column
"Bibliographic Citation" in Table III.A.
B. Table III.B Product-Specific Data Requirements for
Manufacturing-Use Products
This table includes those data that relate only to the pro-
perties or effects of a product with a specific composition (or
substantially similar composition). Thus, these data are
required of each product (or substantially similar product) to
characterize the product's particular composition and physical/
chemical properties, and to characterize the product's acute
toxicity.
Product compostion data, physical/chemical properties and acute
toxicity are required for each manufacturing-use product.
Providing data to fulfill these requirements is the responsibil-
ity of each applicant for the registration or reregistration of
a manufacturing-use temephos product. If the Agency has data
whicn fulfills this requirement for a particular product(s),
this is indicated in the table and in the Guidance Package
accompanying this Standard.
Product-specific data need not be acknowledged under FIFRA
Section 3(c)(l)(D) unless the Agency has established that one
25
-------
product is substantially simiJar to another product for which
the Agency has received acceptable
C. Table [II. C Prod uc t -Spec i f ic Data Requirements for End-Use
Products
Vhis tc.ble includes those data th.^t relate only to the pro-
perties or effects of a product with u specific: composition (or
substantially similar composition). Tnus, these data are
requir'jd of eaeu product (or substantially similar product) to
jn.^L..ct JL ize the product's particular composition and physical/
jaemic.-il properties, and to characterise the product's acute
tox icity .
Product compost ion data, physical/chemical properties and acute
toxicity ,tro required for eac:h end-use product. Providing data
to Lultill these requirements is the responsibility of eaca
applicant for the registration or reregistrat ion of an end-use
temepiios product. If the Agency has data which fulfills this
requirement for a particular product (s), then this is indicated
in the table and in the Guidance Package accompanying this
Standard .
Product-specific dita may be acknowledged under FIFRA
Section 3(c)(l)(D) only if the Agency has established that one
product is substantially similar to another product for which
the Agency has received acceptable data.
26
-------
Table III.A-1 Generic Data Requirements for Temephos, Product Chemistry, (see Part IV)
Guidelines
Citation
163.61-3
163.61-8(1)
163.61-8(2)
163.61-8(3)
163.61-8(4)
163.61-8(5)
163.61-8(6)
Name of Test
Product Identity
and Disclosure of
Ingredients
Color
Odor
Melting Point
Solubility
Stability
Cctanol/Water
partition
coefficient
Are Data
for this
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Required Composition
Standard?
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Techncial grade of
active ingredient
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
partial-i/
yes
no
yes
partial-
yes
no
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID #)
000003268,
000001216
000001379
-
000001379
000001379
000001379
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
yes/8 months
no
yes/8 months
no
yes/8 months
no
yes/8 months
August, 1981
27
-------
Table III.A-1 Generic Data Requirements for Temephos, Product Chemistry (sec Part IV) (cont'd)
Composition
Guidelines
Citation
Name of Test
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
163.61-8(7) Physical State
yes
163.61-8(8) Density or Specific yes
Gravity
163.61-8(9) Boiling Point yes
163.61-8(10) Vapor Pressure yes
163.61-8(11) pH yes
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID #)
yes
yes
no
no
no
000003264
000001379
V The iirpurities exceeding 0.1% of the technical temephos product weight must be determined.
2/ A numerical value for solubility of temephos in organic solvents must be determined.
Must /Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c) (2MB)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
no
no
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
August, 1981
28
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Table III.A-2 Generic Data Requirements for Temephos, Environmental Fate (see Part V)
Guidelines
Citation
163.62-8(b)
163.62-8(d)
163.62-8(e)
163.62-8(f)
Name of Test
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Composition
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRJD #)
163.62-7(b) Hydrolysis
163.62-7(c) Photcdegradation
Food crops
Aquatic
yes
yes
yes
Aerobic soil
metabolism
Anaerobic
aquatic
metabolism
Aerobic
aquatic
metabolism
Microbial
metabolism
(2) effects of
microbes on
pesticides
Food crops yes
Aquatic
Aquatic
Food crops
Aquatic
yes
yes
yes
yes
Radiolabeled
analytical grade or
technical grade of
active ingredient
Radiolabeled
analytical grade or
technical grade of
active ingredient
Radiolabeled
analytical grade or
technical grade of
active ingredient
Radiolabeled
analytical grade or
technical grade of
active ingredient
Radiolabeled
analytical grade or
technical grade of
active ingredient
I/
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
no
no
no
no
no
no
yes/8 months
yes/12 months
yes/36 months
yes/18 months
yes/18 months
August, 1981
29
-------
Table III.A-2 Generic Data Requirements for Temephos, Environmental Fate (see Part V) (cont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
163.62-8(f)
163.62-8(g)
Name of Test
Microbial
metabolism (cont
(3) effects of
pesticides on
microbes
Activated
sludge
metabolism
Are Data
for this
'd)
Required
Standard?
Pood crops yes
Aquatic
yes
yes
Composition Does EPA Have Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID #)
this Requirement?
_
no
i/
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
_
V
163.62-9 (b) Leaching^
163.62-9(d) Adsorption/^/
desorption
163.82-9(e)
163.62-10(b)
Food crops yes
Water
dispersal
Food crops
Aquatic
Aquatic
yes
yes
Radiolabeled
analytical grade or
technical grade of
active ingredient
Radiolabeled
analytical grade or
technical grade of
active ingredient
Terrestrial field
dissipation
(2) Tree fruit Food crops
and nut crop uses
yes Representative
formulated
product-7
yes Representative
formulated emulsi-
fiable concentrate
(43-60%) made from
each MUP (preferably
the highest concen-
trated (ai) product
no
no
no
yes/12 months
yes/12 months
yes/14 months
no
yes/28 months
August, 1981
30
-------
Table III.A-2 Generic Data Requirements for Temephos, Environmental Fate (see Part V) (cont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
163.62-10(c)
163.62-10(d)
163.62-10(6)
163.62-11 (c)
163. 62-11 (d)
163. 62-ll(e)
Name of Test
Aquatic field
dissipation
(2) Aquatic
noncrop aquatic
Terrestrial/
aquatic (forest)
field dissipation
Aquatic impact
uses
(1) Direct
discharge
(2) Indirect
discharge
Accumulation in
irrigated crops
Fish accumula-
tion
Special studies;
accumulation in
aquatic noncrop
uses
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Aquatic yes
Aquatic yes
C /
Aquatic -'
Aquatic — '
Aquatic yes
Food crops yes
Aquatic yes
Aquatic yes
Composition Does EPA Have Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID I)
this Requirement?
Representative no
formulated
product-7
Representative no
formulated
product57
Representative no
formulated
product-7
Radiolabeled partial-/ 005000978
analytical grade or
technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of no
active ingredient
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
yes/14 months
yes/14 months
yes/14 months
yes/12 months
yes/18 months
August, 1981
31
-------
Table III.A-2 Generic Data Requireroentsfor Temephos, Environmental Fate (see Part V) (cont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
163.62-13
Name of Test
Disposal and
storage
Are Data Required Composition Does EPA Have
for this Standard? Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
yes Technical grade of no
active ingredient
and all formulations
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID #)
-
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
I/
I/ The requirement for submission of these data is currently being reserved pending the review and modification of testing protocols.
2/ For terrestrial noncrop uses, orchard crop uses, field vegetable crop uses, and forestry uses, the mobility of the test substance and
its degradates in soil shall be assessed either by soil thin-layer cnromatography, soil column, or batch equilibrium (adsorption/desorption)
procedures.
3/ For domestic outdoor uses, greenhouse uses, aquatic uses, and aquatic impact-direct discharge uses, the mobility of the test substance and
its degradates in soil shall be assessed only by the batch equilibrium (adsorption/desorption) procedure.
4/ Any currently registered formulated emulsifiable concentrate which contains 43-60% temephos and any formulated granular
containing 1%, 2% or 5% temephos made from each manufacturing-use product (MUP).
5/ Data necessary to meet this requirement will be provided by data from 163.62-7(b) and (c); 163.62-8(d), (e), (f), and (g); 163.62-9(d);
163.62-10(c); and 163.62-ll(d).
6/ Data necessary to meet this requirement will be provided by data from 163.62-7(b) and 163.62-8(g).
7/ Additional studies are required to measure the effects of temephos on fish in a flow through environment.
August, 1981
32
-------
Table III.A-3 Generic Data Requirements for Temephos, Toxicology (see Part VI)
Guidelines
Citation
163.81-1
163.81-2
163.81-3
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
Name of Test
Acute Oral
Toxic ity
Acute Dermal
Toxicity
Acute Inhalation
Toxicity
Primary Eye
Irritation
Primary Dermal
Irritation
Dermal
Sensitization
Are Data
for this
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Required Composition
Standard?
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
yes
yes
partial
yes
no
no
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID f )
000001365, 000001354,
000001368, 005000974
000001354, 005000974,
000001252
000001252
000001352
-
~
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
no
no
yes/8 months-'
no
no*/
yes/8 months
August, 1981
33
-------
Table III.A-3 Generic Data Requirements for Temephos, Toxicology (see Part VI) (cont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
163.81-7
163.82-1
163.82-5
163.83-1
163.83-2
163.83-3
Name of Test
Acute Delayed
Neurotoxicity
Subchronic Oral
Toxicity
Subchronic
Neurotoxicity
Chronic Feeding
Study
Gncogenicity
Teratogenicity
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Pood crops
Food crops
Food crops
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Food crops yes
Pets and their
living
quarters
Flea collars
yes
yes
Composition Does EPA Have Bibliographic Must Additional
Data to Partially Citation Data be Submitted
or Totally Satisfy (MRID #) under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
this Requirement? If so, months allowed
Technical grade of no
active ingredient
Technical grade of yes
active ingredient
Technical grade of no
active ingredient
Technical grade of yes
active ingredient
Technical grade of partial-
active ingredient
Technical grade of no
active ingredient
for submission from
published date of standard.
yes/24 months^'
000001239, 005001356, no
000001240, 000001252
4/
yes/18 months-'
000001386 no
000001386 yes/36 months
yes/36 months
August, 1981
34
-------
Table III.A-3 Generic Data Requirements for Tanephos, Toxicology (see Part VI) (cont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
163.82-4
163.84-1
163.84-2
163.84-3
163.84-4
163.85-1
Name of Test Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Reproduction Food crops yes
Mutagenicity Pood crops yes
Pets and their
living
quarters yes
Flea collars yes
Metabolism Food crops yes
Composition Does FJPA Have Bibliographic Must Additional
Data to Partially Citation Data be Submitted
or Totally Satisfy (MRID 1) under FIF-RA 3(c)(2)(B)?
this Requirement? If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
Technical grade of yes 000001388 no
active ingredient
Technical grade of no - yes/24 months
active ingredient
Radiolabeled yes 000001376, 005000858 no
analytical grade 005000806, 000001343
I/ This study will be considered valid if data are submitted to support the statement in the study that the test concentration
was at a saturation level. If this information is not provided or considered invalid, further testing will be required.
2/ Since the technical formulation is not irritating to the eyes of test animals, skin irritation is assumed to be unlikely.
The data for 163.81-5 are not required.
3/ This test is required because temephos is expected to cause cholinesterase depression.
4/ The requirement for this test is contingent upon the results of the acute delayed neurotoxicity test (see 163.81-7).
5/ The above cited oncogenicity study, while acceptable, must be supplemented by a confirmatory second study (18 months) using
the mouse as the test species.
August, 1981
35
-------
Table III.A-4 Generic-Data Requirements for Temephos, Residue Chemistry (see Part VII)
Guidelines Name of Test
Citation
Metabolism
in Plants
Metabolism
in Animals
Storage
Stability
Analytical
Methods
Residue Data:
1. Mature
Citrus
2. Citrus by-
products
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Food crops
Pood crops
Pood crops
Food crops
Food crops
Food crops
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Composition
Technical grade of
active ingredient •
Technical grade of
active ingredient •
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Technical grade of
active ingredient
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
j, partial-/
i/ *-
no
yes
partial
no
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID #)
000001377
000001403,
000001343,
000001344
-
005000638
000001402
-
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
yes/24 months
no
yes/24 months
no^/
yes/24 months4-/
yes/24 months4-/
August, 1981
36
-------
Table III.A-4 Generic-Data Requirements for Temephos
Guidelines Name of Test
Citation
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
, Residue Chemistry (see Part VII) (oont'd)
Composition Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID f )
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
Residue Data: (oont'd)
3. Cover Crops Food crops
yes Technical grade of
active ingredient
no
yes/24 months^
14
I/ The C-active ingredient should be used.
2/ Data are available on the metabolism of temephos applied to bean leaves. Data are required for 1) the fate of temephos in citrus ( or a
demonstration that the fate of temephos in a variety of food crops is similar); 2) the uptake of temephos from soil; and 3) the fate of
temephos under field conditions.
3/ If other toxicologically significant metabolites are found during the course of plant metabolism studies, analytical methods for
~~ their determination must be submitted.
4/ These test data will not be required if metabolism data show that residues other than temephos and temephos sulfoxide are insignificant
~ in plants.
5/ In lieu of acquiring residue data on cover crops in temephos-treated citrus orchards, a restriction against the grazing or feeding of
temephos-treated cover crops to livestock may be imposed.
August, 1981
37
-------
Table III.A-5 Generic Data Requirements for Tanephos, Ecological Effects (see Part VIII)
Guidelines
Citation
163.71-1
163.71-2
163.72-1
163.72-2
163.72-3
Name of Test
Avian Single
Dose Cral LD5Q
Subacute Dietary
toxicity (avian
dietary LC5Q)
Fish Acute LC50
Acute Toxicity to
Aquatic Inverte-
brates
Acute Toxicity to
Estuarine and
Marine Ctganism
Are Data Required Composition Does EPA Have Bibliographic Must Additional
for this Standard? Data to Partially Citation Data be Submitted
or Totally Satisfy (MRID If) under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
this Requirement? If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
Food crops
Aquatic
Food crops
Aquatic
Pood crops
Aquatic
Food crops
Aquatic
Food crops
Aquatic
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Technical grade of partial-/
active ingredient
Technical grade of yes
active ingredient
Technical grade of yes
active ingredient
Emulsifiable yes=/
Concentrate
Granular no
Technical grade of yes
active ingredient
Emulsifiable no
Concentrate ,,
Granular yes^-
Technical grade of no
active ingredient
Emulsifiable no
Concentrate
Granular no
005000975, GS0006004 yes/16 months
000001384, 000022923 no
005000819, GS0006006, no
GS0006005
000001337, GS0006005 no
yes/8
GS0006005 no
yes/8
GS0006007 no
months
months
yes/16 months
yes/8
yes/8
months
months
August, 1981
38
-------
Table III.A-5 Generic Data Requirements for Temephos, Ecological Effects (see Part VIII) (cont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
163.72-4
163.72-5
163.72-6
163.122-1
163.122-2
Name of Test
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Composition
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Embryolarvae and
Life-cycle Studies
of Fish and Aquatic
Invertebrates
Aquatic Ctganism
Toxicity and Resi-
due Studies
Simulated or Actual
Field Testing for
Aquatic Organisms
Seed Germination/
Seedling Emergence
and Vegetative
Vigor (Tier I)
Growth and Repro-
duction of Aquatic
Plants (Tier I)
Food crops yes
Aquatic yes
Food crops yes
Aquatic yes
Food crops yes
Aquatic yes
Food crops yes
Aquatic yes
Food crops yes
Aquatic yes
I/
4/
Technical grade
of active
ingredient
Technical grade
of active
ingredient
no
no
no
no
no
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID #)
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
4/
4/
5/
yes!/
I/ Additional data are needed on dose response, age of test species and specific LD5Q values.
2/ For the 43% emulsifiable concentrate.
3/ For 5% or less granular formulations.
4/ Data are being reserved pending results of tests pertaining to Guidelines 163.72-1, 2 and 3.
5/ Data are being reserved pending results of tests pertaining to Guidelines 163.72-4 and 5.
6/ A 48 month time period will be allowed frcm the time of acceptance of the Non-Target Plant Hazard Evaluation Guidelines.
39 August, 1981
-------
Table III.B-1 Product-Specific Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Products, Product Chemistry!/ (see Part IV)
Guidelines
Citation
163.61-3
163.61-4
163.61-5
163.61-6
163.61-7
163.61-8(7)
163.61-8(8)
Name of Test Are
for
Product Identity
and Disclosure of
Ingredients
Description of
manufacturing
process
Discussion on
formation of
unintentional
ingredients
Declaration and
certification
of ingredients
limits
Product analytical
methods and data
Physical State
Density or Specific
Gravity
Data Required Composition
this Standard?
yes each manufacturing-
use product
yes each manufacturing-
use product
yes each manufacturing-
use product
yes each manufacturing-
use product
yes each manufacturing-
use product
yes each manufacturing-
use product
yes each manufacturing-
use product
Does EPA Have Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID #)
this Requirement?
ye^/
no
no
no
partial-/ 005000638
yes!/
partial-/
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
no
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
no
yes/8 months
August, 1981
40
-------
Table III.B-1 Product-Specific Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Products, Product Chemistry^/ (see Part IV) (cont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
163.61-8(11)
163.61-8(12)
163.61-8(13)
163.61-8(14)
163.61-8(15)
163.61-8(16)
163.61-8(17)
163.61-8(18)
Name of Test Are Data Required Composition Does EPA Have Bibliographic
for this Standard? Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID #)
this Requirement?
F«
Storage Stability
Flammability
Oxidizing or
Reducing Action
Explosiveness
Miscibility
Viscosity
Coefficient
Corrosion
Characteristics
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
each manufacturing- no -
use product
each manufacturing- no -
use product
each liquid manufac- partial—
turing-use product
each manufacturing- no
use product
each manufacturing- no
use product
each liquid manufac- partial—
turing-use product
each liquid manufac- no
turing-use product
each manufacturing- no
use product
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
August, 1981
41
-------
Table III.B-1 Product-Specific Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Products, Product Chemistry!/ (see Part IV) (cont'd)
I/ Even though some of the requirements have been partially or completely fulfilled for some products, the references cannot be cited
to support other products, except for 163.61-7. These requirements must be resubmitted by each applicant at the time of registration or
rereg istrat ion.
2/ Hie Agency has information to support all currently registered manufacturing-use products [information was provided in the Confidential
Statements of Formula (CSF)].
3/ The analytical method for the active ingredient is of sufficient detail to satisfy the Agency's requirement, but validation data and
results of analysis must be submitted. Analytical methods and validation data must be submitted for the impurities for each
manufacturing-use product.
4/ The Agency has information to support EPA Reg. No. 241-242 (CSF). This data must be submitted for other manufacturing-use products.
5/ The Agency has information to support EPA Reg. No. 241-242 (CSF). This data must be submitted for other manufacturing-use products.
6/ The Agency has information to support EPA Reg. No. 241-242 (MRID 1000001379). This data must be submitted for other manufacturing-
use products.
August, 1981
42
-------
Table III.&-2 Data Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Products, Toxicology (see Part VI)
Guidelines
Citation
163.81-1
163.81-2
163.81-3
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
Name of Test
Acute Oral
Toxicity
Acute Dermal
Toxicity
Acute Inhalation
Toxicity
Primary Eye
Irritation
Primary Dermal
Irritation
Dermal
Sensitization
Are Data Required Composition
for this Standard?
yes 25% concentrate
dust-i7 ..
70% concentrate^7
yes 25% concentrate
70% concentrate-'
yes
yes 25% concentrate
dust-7 iy
70% concentrate-7
yes 25% concentrate
dust±7 ,,
70% concentrate-7
yes 25% concentrate
dust-7 ,,
70% concentrate-
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
yes^/
yes
no
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID t)
000001307
000001352
000001307
000001352
-
000001307
000001352
000001352
000001352
_
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
no
no
no
no
nc3/
no
no
no
no
no*/
I/ Each manufacturing-use product or substantially similar product based on Confidential Statement of Formula.
2/ Based on Confidential Statements of Formula; testing of the technical grade of the active ingredient will be sufficient to satisfy this
requirement.
3/ The study conducted on the 70% concentrate (MRID §000001352) is also adequate to support the testing requirements on the 25% concentrated
dust product.
August, 1981
43
-------
Table III.C-1 Product-Specific Data Requirements for End-Use Temephos Products, Product Chemistry^/ (see Part
IV)
Guidelines
Citation
163.61-3
163.61-4
163.61-5
163.61-6
163.61-7
163.61-8(1)
163.61-8(2)
Name of Test Are
for
Product
Identity
and Disclosure
of ingredients
Description of
manufacturing
process
Discussion of
formation of
unintentional
ingredients
Declaration and
certification of
ingredient limits
Product analytical
methods and data
Color
Cdor
Data Required
this Standard?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Composition
each product
each product
each product
each product
each product
each product
each product
Does EPA Have Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID #)
this Requirement?
yes2/
partial-/ 000001267
no
no
partial-/ 005000638
partial-/
partial-/
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)U)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
no
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
August, 1981
44
-------
Table III.C-1 Product-Specific Data Requirements for End-Use Tanephos Products, Product Chemistry^/ (see Part IV) (cont'd)
Guidelines
Citation
163.61-8(7)
163.61-8(8)
163.61-8(11)
163.61-8(12)
163.61-8(13)
163.61-8(14)
163.61-8(15)
163.61-8(16)
Name of Test Are
for
Physical State
Density or Specific
Gravity
PH
Storage Stability
Flammability
Oxidizing or
Reducing Action
Explosiveness
Miscibility
Data Required
this Standard?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Composition
each product
each product
each product
each product
each liquid
product
each product
each product
each liquid
Does EPA Have Bibliographic
Data to Partially Citation
or Totally Satisfy (MRID #)
this Requirement?
yes!/
partial -/
no
no
partial-/
no
no
no
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
no
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months^/
8/
yes/8 months2'
yes/8 months
August, 1981
45
-------
Table III.C-1 Product-Specific Data Requirements for End-Use Temephos Products, Product Chemistryi/ (see Part IV) (cont'd)
Guidelines Name of Test Are Data Required Composition Does EPA Have Bibliographic Must Additional
Citation for this Standard? Data to Partially Citation Data be Submitted
or Totally Satisfy (MRID #) under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
this Requirement? If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
163.61-8(17)
163.61-8(18)
Viscosity
Coefficient
Corrosion
characteristics
yes
yes
each liquid
product
each product
Q/
partial-7
no
_
yes/8 months
0 /
yes/8 months-7
I/ Even though some of the requirements have been partially or completely fulfilled for seme products, references cannot be cited to
support other products, except for 163.61-7. These requirements must be resubmitted by each applicant at the time of registration or
reregistration.
2/ The Agency has information to support all currently registered end-use products [information was provided in the Confidential Statement of
Formula (CSF)].
3/ The Agency has partial information to support flea collar products, but lacks information on the amount of starting materials (MRID
1000001267). This data must be submitted for other end-use products.
4/ The analytical method for the active ingredient is of sufficient detail to satisfy the Agency's requirement, but validation data
and results of analysis must be submitted.
5/ The Agency has information to support EPA Reg. No. 241-132 (MRID #000001254). This data must be submitted for other end-use
products.
6/ The Agency has information to support EPA Reg. No. 241-223 (CSF) and EPA Reg. No. 802-495 (MRID #000001379). This data must be
submitted for other end-use products.
7/ The Agency has information to support EPA Reg. No. 241-132 (CSF) and EPA Reg. No. 241-223 (CSF). This data must be submitted
for other end-use products.
8/ Based on the Confidential Statement of Formula, these data will not be required on the currently registered impregnated materials.
9/ The Agency has information to support EPA Reg. No. 241-132 (MRID #000001379). This data must be submitted for other end-use
products.
August, 1981
46
-------
Table III.C-2.a. Product-Specific Data Requirements for End-Use Temephos Products, Toxicology (see Chapter VI)
Guidelines
Citation
Name of Test
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Composition
Impregnated
Material
(40.7%)
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRJD #)
Impregnated-'
Material Test
yes
each product
no
Must Additional"
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
yes*/
I/ Study must be conducted on animal at risk (e.g., dog, cat) at the following dose levels: vehicle control, the proposed use level, and
five times the proposed use level. Cholinesterase activities must be measured and animals observed for signs of dermal irritation. See
Guideline sections 163.86-1 for general guidance and 163.82-1 for specific guidance for conducting toxicology studies.
2/ Additional test protocols may be developed, especially in the area of child safety requirements.
August, 1981
47
-------
Table III.C-2.b. Product-Specific Data Requirements for End-Use Temephos Products, Toxicology (see Part VI)
Guidelines
Citation
163.81-1
163.82-2
163.81-3
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
Name of Test
Acute Oral
Toxic ity
Acute Dermal
Toxic ity
Acute Inhalation
Tbxicity
Primary Eye
Irritation
Primary Dermal
Irritation
Dermal
Sensitization
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Composition
Emulsifiable
Concentrate
(43-60%)
I/
V
V
V
~
V
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
no
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID #)
000001354,
000001353
000001354,
000001353
000001354
-
000001354
-
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
no
no
no
yes/8 months
no
I/ Each product or substantially similar product, based on Confidential Statement of Formula.
2/ Based on Confidential Statement of Formula, testing of the technical grade of the active ingredient will be sufficient to satisfy this
requirement.
August, 1981
48
-------
liable III.C-2.C. Product-Specific Data Requirements for End-Use Temephos Products, Toxicology (see Part VI)
Guidelines
Citation
163.81-1
163.81-2
163.81-3
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
Name of Test
Acute Oral
Taxicity
Acute Dermal
Toxicity
Acute Inhalation
Toxicity
Primary Eye
Irritation
Primary Dermal
Irritation
Dermal
Sensitization
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Composition
Granular
(1, 2, & 5%)
V
i/
V
I/
V
V
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
no
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID |)
000001308,
000001233
000001308,
000001233
-
000001308,
000001233
000001233
-
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
no
no
no?/
no
no
no2-/
I/ Each end-use product or substantially similar product, based on Confidential Statement of Formula.
2/ Based on Confidential Statement of Formula, testing of the technical material will be sufficient to satisfy this requirement.
August, 1981
49
-------
Table III.C-2.d. Product-Specific Data Requirements for End-Use Temephos Products, Toxicology (see Part VI)
Guidelines
Citation
163.81-1
163.81-2
163.81-3
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
163.82-2
Name of Test
Acute Cral
Tbxicity
Acute Dermal
Toxicity
Acute Inhalation
Tbxicity
Primary Eye
Irritation
Primary Dermal
Irritation
Dermal
Sensitization
21-Day Dermal
Sensitization
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Composition
Dust
(2%)
!/
I/
-
v
~
I/
I/
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
no
no
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID #)
-
000001308,
000001233
000001308,
000001233
-
000001308,
000001233
000001233
-
-
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
no
no
n°2/
no
no
"^
A/
yes/8 months—'
I/ Each end-use product or substantially similar product, based on Confidential Statement of Formula.
2/ Based on Confidential Statements of Formula, testing of the technical material will be sufficient to satisfy this requirement.
3/ In addition to the guideline data (163.81-6), additional test protocols may be developed, especially in the area of child
safety requirements.
4/ For dog and cat use, testing is required and must include an adequate cholinesterase analysis of the animals at risk.
August, 1981
50
-------
Table III.C-3 Product-Specific Products Data Requirements for End-Use Temephos, Efficacy (see Part IX)
Aquatic
Sites
Name of Pest Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Composition
and Active
Ingredient/
Acre (AI/A)
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID 1)
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
Sloughs,
stagnant water,
log ponds,
temporary rain
pools, intermit-
tently flooded
areas, catch
basins, lakes,
standing water,
shallow ponds,
woodland ponds
Mosquito larvae
yes
1,2 and 5% Granular
(0.05 to
0.1 Ib AI/A)
yes
000001338,
000003267,
000001400,
005000925
no
Tidal water,
marshes, swamps,
water high in
organic matter
Highly
polluted water
Marshlands
and intertidal
zones of sandy
beaches
Mosquito larvae
Mosquito larvae
Biting midge
larvae (punky
and sand fly
larvae)
yes
yes
yes
1,2 and 5% Granular yes
(0.1 to 0.2 Ib
AI/A)
2 and 5% Granular yes
(0.5 Ib AI/A)
2 and 5% Granular yes
(0.2 Ib AI/A)
000001245,
000001398,
000001397
005000637,
005001004,
005000730
000001301,
005000928,
000001302
no
no
no
August, 1981
51
-------
Table III.C-3 Product-Specific Products Data Requirements for End-Use Temephos, Efficacy (see Part IX) (confd)
Aquatic
Sites
Name of Pest
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Composition
and Active
Ingredient/
Acre (AI/A)
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID #)
Intermittently
flooded areas,
temporary rain
pools, catch basins,
standing water, wood-
land pools, shallow
lakes and lake
margins, log ponds,
sloughs, stagnant
water, marshes, tidal
waters, swamps
Mosquito larvae
yes
4 Ibs emulsifiable yes
concentrate (0.016
to 0.047 Ib AI/A)
000001236,
000001245,
000001247,
000001249,
000001317,
000001326,
000001331,
000001347,
000001349,
000001350,
000001351,
000001399,
000004967,
000004968,
005000710
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
no
August, 1981
52
-------
Table III.C-3 Product-Specific Products Data Requirements End-Use Temephos, Efficacy (see Part IX) (cont'd)
Pet and Name of Pest Are Data Required Composition Does EPA Have Bibliographic Must Additional
Pet Quarters for this Standard? and Active Data to Partially Citation Data be Submitted
Sites Ingredient/ or Totally Satisfy (MRID t) under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
Acre (AI/A) this Requirement? If so, months allowed
for submission front
published date of standard.
Cats: Direct fleas yes
body appli-
cation and
living quarters
Cats: pets fleas yes
collars
Dogs: direct fleas yes
body appli-
cation and
living quarters
2% Dust yes 000001217,
000001224,
000001226,
000001228,
005000784,
005001005
40.7% Impregnated yes 000001260,
Material 000001262,
000001271,
000001273,
000001276,
2% Dust yes 000001217,
000001224,
000001226,
000001228,
005000784,
005001005
000001219, no
000001225,
000001227,
000001234,
005000792,
000001261, no
000001270,
000001272,
000001274,
005000793
000001218, no
000001225,
000001227,
000001234,
005000792,
August, 1981
53
-------
Table III.C-3 Product-Specific End-Use Products Data Requirements for End-Use Temephos, Efficacy (see Part IX) (cont'd)
Pet and
Pet Quarters
Sites
Name of Pest
Are Data Required
for this Standard?
Composition
and Active
Ingredient/
Acre (AI/A)
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or Totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
(MRID #)
Must Additional
Data be Submitted
under FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)?
If so, months allowed
for submission from
published date of standard.
Dogs: pet
collars
fleas
yes
40.7%
Impregnated
Material
yes
000001260,
000001262,
000001270,
000001272,
000001274,
000001290,
000001261,
000001268,
000001271,
000001273,
000001275,
005000793
no
August, 1981
54
-------
IV. Product Chemistry
A. Introduction
The Agency published "Proposed Guidelines for Registering
Pesticides" which explains the minimum product chemistry
requirements for registering pesticide products in the United
States (see 43 FR 29696, July 10, 1978). The Agency requires
the following information on chemical identity, manufacturing
process, active ingredient limits in pesticide products, product
analytical methods and data, and physical/chemical properties in
order to assess a pesticide's product chemistry.
B. Chemical Identity
The Agency requires identifying information including chemical
names, product names, and numerical codes of all substances
known or assumed to be present in pesticide products. As
discussed in Part II.B, the common name accepted for temephos by
the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is O,O'-(thiodi-
4,l-phenylene)bis(0,0-dimethyl phosphorothioate). The empirical
formula for temephos is C,£H20O6P2S3; ifc nas a molecu~
lar weight of 466.4; its cnemical structure is shown in
Figure 1. An alternative chemical name for the compound is
O,O,O',O'-tetramethyl 0,0'-thiodi-p-phenylene phosphorothioate
and is also known by such trade names as Abate"5. Abathion0,
Abat® and Biothion^. The Chemical Abstracts Registry (CAS)
number for temephos is 3383-96-8, the American Cyanamid internal
code number is 52160 (prefixed by AC-, CL-. or EL-), and the EPA
Shaughnessy number is 059001. Thus, the nomenclature of
temephos has been adequately defined.
C. Manufacturing Process
A detailed description of the manufacturing process is required
because the route by which a pesticide is synthesized determines
the nature and amount of potentially toxic impurities. Techni-
cal temephos is made by reacting dimethylchlorothiophosphate
with an alkali salt of 4,4•-dihydroxyphenyl sulfide [4,4'-
thiodiphenol] (Pasarela and Orloski, 1973, MRID #005000638).
Detailed information (American Cyanamid Co., 1975?, MRID
#000001278 and American Cyanamid Co., 1978, MRID #GS0006001) on
technical temephos manufacture is Confidential Business Informa-
tion and is appropriately safeguarded in Agency files. However,
the manufacturing process of technical temephos is not detailed
enough to satisfy the Agency's requirements. Data on the
composition of the technical product indicate that there are
several classes of impurities present and identification of
individual compounds within a class is difficult (American
Cyanamid Co., 19??, MRID #000003268, and American Cyanamid Co.,
1974, MRID #000001216). The impurities exceeding 0.1% of the
technical temephos product weight must be determined.
The Agency also needs data on the manufacturing process of the
other manufacturing-use products and most end-use products.
A process description has been submitted on the temephos-
55
-------
s
Empirical Formula:
C16H20°6P2S3
Molecular Weight:
466.4
FIG.
56
-------
containing flea collars (American Cyanamid Co., 1976, MRID
#000001267), but the amounts of starting materials are lacking.
D. Product Analytical Methods and Data
Spectrophotometric and gas chromatographic methods for analysis
of temephos in the technical product and in formulations have
been published (Pasarela and Orloski, 1973, flRID #005000638).
For analysis by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, solid samples are
extracted with methylene chloride, the solvent evaporated, and
the residue dissolved in a mixture of ethyl acetate and hexane.
Liquid samples are dissolved directly in the ethyl acetate-
hexane solvent. Samples are cleaned up on silica gel columns,
the column eluate evaporated to dryness, and the residue dis-
solved in methanol. The absorbance of the methanol solution at
274 nanometer (nm) wavelenght is determined and the temephos
content determined by comparison to a standard carried through
the clean-up procedure.
Precision of the method is claimed to be + 1.0% for technical
temephos, •+ 0.7% for 6E emulsifiable concentrates, and
+ 0.2% for 1% through 3% granular formulations (Pasarela and
Orloski, 1973, MRID #005000638).
For gas-chromatographic analysis of products, liquid samples or
methylene chloride extracts of solid samples are diluted with
methylene chloride, the solutions cleaned up on columns of
acidic alumina, and the column eluate analyzed for temephos on a
gas chromatographic column of OV-22® silicone on 60-80 mesh
Gas-Chrom Q^ equipped with a flame ionization detector. An
internal standardization technique is used to determine the
content of temephos. Claimed precision for the method when peak
areas are determined by electronic integration is +_ 1.0% for
the technical product, +_ 0.7% for 6E emulsifiable Concen-
trates, and _+ 0.02% for~l% through 3% granular formulations
(Pasarela and Orloski, 1973, MRID #005000638).
For determination of temephos in flea collars, one gram of
collar is dissolved in tetrahydrofuran and polymeric material
precipitated by addition of hexane. The solution is cleaned up
on a silica gel thin-layer chromatography plate, temephos
eluted from the plate with methanol, and the concentration of
temephos in the methanol solution determined by spectro-
photometry (Fiala, 1975, MRID #000001269)
Methods for the determination of active ingredient in temephos
containing products have been published, but validation data and
results of analysis obtained by these methods have not been
submitted.
E. Physical/Chemical Properties
A small amount of data is available on the physical/chemical
properties of temephos. Data which are not available but which
are required to be submitted are listed in the Tables 111.A
through C in Part III. All of the following physical/chemical
57
-------
property data were developed by the American Cyanamid Company.
The year of publication and Master Record Identification (MRID)
numbers are as follows: 19??, #000003264; 1972?, #000001379;
1974?, #000001223; 1974?. #000001222: and 1969, #000001254.
Each property listed below has only the MRID number referenced
or references are made to the Confidential Statement of Formula
(CSF). The following available data for temephos are either for
the purified grade, technical grade, or formulated product as
noted.
Color: The purified grade is a white crystalline solid
(MRID #000001379); the technical grade is a brown viscous liquid
(MRID #000001379); and the end-use product, EPA Reg. No. 241-
132, is an amber liquid (MRID #000001254).
Odor: End-use product, EPA Reg. No. 241-132, is described
as having a "typical aromatic petroleum odor" (MRID #000001254).
Melting Point: Purified grade melts at 30.0°-30.5°C;
technical may crystallize below 15°C (MRID #000001379).
Density or Specific Gravity: The specific gravity of
technical temephos is 1.3 at 25°C (MRID #000001379). The
density of a manufacturing-use product,. Abate® 70% concentrate
(EPA Reg. No. 241-242), is 1.21 gms/cnr (CSF). The density of
two end-use products is 1.2 gms/cm (CSF) for a 6E formulation
(EPA Reg. No. 241-223) and 1.13 gms/cm for a 4E formula-
tion (EPA Reg. No. 802-495) [MRID #000001379].
Physical State: Purified grade is a crystalline solid and
technical grade is a viscous liquid (MRID #000003264). Formula-
tions currently registered are liquids, granules, dusts or
impregnated materials (CSF).
Stability: Technical grade appears to be indefinitely
stable at room temperature and moderately stable to hydrolysis
in contact with aqueous alkali. No hydrolysis was observed at
pH 8 at room temperature for several weeks or at pH 11 at 40 C
for several hours; hydrolysis at high pH for prolonged periods
of time may be expected (MRID #000001379).
Solubility: Technical grade is soluble in water at 25
ppb at 25 C (MRID #000001379); also soluble in the following
solvents*: acetonitrile, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,
ether, ethylene dichloride, lower (molecular weight) alkyl
ketones, and aromatic hydrocarbons. It is insoluble in hexane
and methyl cyclohexane (MRID #000001379).
Storage Stability; The stability of end-use products stored
under typical conditions is the basis for over formulation or
* The Agency requires a numerical value for solubility of
temephos in organic solvents.
58
-------
for assigning expiration dates, and for assessing changes over
time of such physical/chemical properties as pH, viscosity,
color, odor, and density. The Agency has information on the 25%
dust concentrate, EPA Reg. No. 241-235 (MRID #000001223) and the
2% powder, EPA Reg. No. 241-234 (MRID #000001222). However, the
storage conditions of these two formulations are not
sufficiently detailed.
Flammability; Data on flammability determines the type of
flammability warnings to be placed on labels of pesticide
products. The manufacturing-use product, Abate"3 70% concentrate
insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 241-242), has a flash point of 84 C
T.Q.C. (CSF); and the end-use products have0a flash point of
43°C T.C.C. and >85°C T.O.C. (CSF), and >80°C T.O.C. (CSF)
for Biothion* 6E Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 241-223) and Abate^
4E Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 241-132), respectively.
Specific Viscosity; Technical grade (liquid). EPA Reg.QNo.
241-220,has a viscosity of 3,000 centipoises (cp) at 5 C,
300 cp at 25°C, 180 cp at 40°C, and 30 cp at 80°C (MRID
#00001379). The viscosity of the liquid end-use product (EPA
Reg. No. 241-132) is approximately 36 cp at 25 C (MRID
#000001379).
F. Summary of Data Gaps
Though some information is available to satisfy the Guidelines'
requirements on description of manufacturing process, discus-
sion on formation of unintentional ingredients, declaration and
certification of ingredient limits, and product analytical
methods, additional data are required in all instances for the
manufacturing-use and end-use products (see Tables III.B-1 and
C-l for specific-data requirements).
There is little or no information for technical temephos
regarding odor, octanol/water partition, pH, solubility in
organic solvents, boiling point*, vapor pressure, and product
identity and disclosure of ingredients.
There is little or no information for temephos manufacturing-use
products regarding density or specific gravity, pH, storage
stability, flammability (liquid), oxidizing or reducing action,
explosiveness, miscibility (liquid), viscosity coefficient
(liquids), and corrosion characteristics. There is also little
or no information for temephos end-use products regarding color,
odor, density or specific gravity, pH, storage stability, flam-
mibility (liquid), oxidizing or reduction action**, explosive-
ness**, miscibility (liquids), viscosity coefficient (liquids),
and corrosion characteristics**.
* Data may be submitted indicating that the boiling point
cannot be determined.
** Based on the Confidetial Statement of Formula, the data are
not required for the currently registered impregnated materials
59
-------
V. Environmental Fate
A. Use Summary
Temephos is primarily a larvicide for use against the larval
stage of mosquitoes, gnats, and biting midges (punkies and sand
flies). The only registered food use (Federal Registration) is
for the control of thrips on oranges and tangerines in Arizona
and California. It is also registered for control of fleas on
cats and dogs, and in their living quarters.
The major areas of application for temephos are considered
aquatic such as intermittently flood areas, marshes, lake
margins, ponds, pools, sloughs, standing water and sandy beaches,
The percent of temephos in the various federally registered end-
use formulations are as follows: emulsifiable concentrates:
43, 45.2, 48.5, 50.3 and 60%; granular formulations: 1, 2 and
5% temephos; dust formulation: 2%; and impregnation in pet
collar material: 40.7%.
The granular and emulsifiable concentrate formulations are used
predominately for the control of mosquitoes, gnats and biting
midges. The rates of application range from 0.05 to 0.5 Ib of
active ingredient (ai)/acre for the granular form and from 0.016
to 0.047 Ib ai/acre for the emulsifiable concentrate. The
granular formulations contain, by weight, 1-5% of the active
ingredient, whereas the emulsifiable concentrate contains 4 Ibs
of the active ingredient per gallon.
Higher application rates are registered for polluted aquatic
sites and those sites that contain increased levels of organic
content. The dust formulations and the impregnated pet collar
have an unspecified rate of application. The emulsifiable
concentrate registrated for use on orange and tangerine trees
has a 1.0 Ib ai/acre aerial or ground application rate.
The Agency estimates that the total usage of temephos as an
active ingredient is 100,000-200,000 Ibs, annually. The
quantity used for non-aquatic site treatment (e.g., food use),
which currently is exported, is quite minor, probably less than
2%.
B. Environmental Fate Profile
The available data are insufficient to fully assess the environ-
mental fate of temephos [O,O'-(thiodi-4,1-phenylene)bis(O,O-
dimethyl phosphorothioate)1.
1. Hydrolysis
Available preliminary data from a microbial degradation study
(Daorai and Menzer, 1977, MRID #005000796) on the hydrolysis of
radiolabeled temephos indicate a degradation rate of about 10%
60
-------
after 10 days in distilled water (pH near neutral), resulting in
the following five degradation products:
1) O,O,O1,O'-tetramethyl O,O'-sulfinyldi-p-phenylene
phosphorothioate (S-SO-S); ~
2) O-(p-(p-hydroxyphenylthio)phenyl) O,O-dimethyl
ester with O1,0'-dimethyl phosphate (S-S-O);
3) O-(p-(p-hydroxyphenylsulfonyl)phenyl) O,O-
diraethyl ester with O1,O'-dimethyl phoshate (S-SO2-O);
4) 0-(p-(p-hydroxyphenylthio)phenyl) O,O-dimethyl
phosphorothioate (S-S-OH); and
5) O,O,O',O'-tetramethyl O,O'-thio-p-phenylene phosphate
(0-S-O).
The first degradation product listed was predominant. These
data indicate a relatively slow rate of hydrolysis for
temephos. However, the data that are available on hydrolysis is
considered insufficient because the Daoria and Menzer findings
(1977, MRID #005000796) are not conclusive.
2. Microbiological - Effects of Microbes on Pesticides
Evidence regarding the bacterial degradation of temephos (1%
Abate1*) indicated that previous soil enrichment with temephos
may increase the degradation rate of the compound to seven
different products. Daorai and Menzer (1977. MRID #005000796)
found that soil containing 1% temephos, plus an unidentified
bacterium (possibly a Pseudomonas) previously cultured in the
presence of temephos, resulted in 47% degradation of the applied
compound (1% Abate**) to unidentified water-soluble metabolites
of temephos in 10 days, whereas the presence of a second
bacterium not previously cultured in the presence of temephos,
produced only 28% degradation of the compound to the water-
soluble metabolites over the same period of time. Five of the
seven degradation products from both bacterial cultures were the
same as those formed by hydrolysis. Two additional degradation
products formed by both bacterial cultures were unidentified.
This study provided some preliminary information on the micro-
bial degradation of temephos by two unidentified bacterial
species; however, further studies with a series of microbes
indigenous to temephos treatment sites are necessary before an
adequate assessment of microbial metabolism of temephos can be
made.
3. Anaerobic and Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism
Temephos was degraded relatively rapidly in samples of outdoor
waters (Drevenkor et a_l. , 1977, MRID #005000718). According
to preliminary data, only 40% and 57% of the temephos added at
about 0.7 ppm as a granular formulation remained after 26 days
in polluted brook and puddle water, respectively. Soluble
temephos was not detected in the puddle water samples at the end
61
-------
of the test period, and only about 40% of the temephos detected
in the brook water at the end of testing (26 days) was in the
soluble state. This study provides only preliminary informa-
tion on aquatic metabolism since metabolites were not analyzed
and some minor problems may have been caused by interfering
substances.
4. Microbiological - Effects of Pesticides on Microbes
Preliminary data indicate that the effect of temephos on micro-
bial populations is generally slight. Bacterial populations in
waste water exposed to an unspecified formulation of temephos at
1 ppm exhibited minimal effects over a 48-hour test period. At
higher concentrations (1,000-50,000 ppm), temephos decreased
bacterial populations 49-87% after 24 hours (Steelman £t al.,
1967. MRID #005001102). Temephos concentrations of 20 pp5~~and
500 ppb increased the rate of nitrogen fixation in mixed plank-
ton cultures (94% of the culture consisted of the blue-green
alga Aphani;ome flos-aquac) to about 160% and 390%, respec-
tive ly~ab~o\7e controls(Wurtsbaugh and Appersen, 1978, MRID
#005011182). Other data demonstrated that temephos at 2.5 ppm
in Danube River water within 24 hours of exposure had a slight
inhibitory effect (10-30% growth inhibition) on major phytoplank-
ton populations, including green algae, diatoms, and euglenoids.
Temephos at higher concentrations resulted in greater inhibi-
tions. Conversely, temephos (1% in sand granules) at 2.5 ppm
caused a 100% increase in blue-green algal populations (Tevan
and Lang, 1975, MRID #005003734). These studies provided par-
tial information concerning the effect of temephos on nitrogen
fixation by blue-green algae and the effect of temephos on
populations of aquatic algae. Further studies are needed for
temephos that use other soil microorganisms and address other
parameters, including oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide evolu-
tion, nitrogen cycle reactions and enzyme activities. The
Agency also recommends that additional data be acquired on the
effects of temephos at higher concentrations (above 2.5 ppm) on
nontarget algae populations (eucaryotic algae) since the avail-
able data and the use patterns indicate that temephos may have
an adverse impact on these organisms, which constitute the
majority of primary producers in aquatic environments.
5. Field Dissipation - Aquatic
Preliminary data from one study (Henry et al., 1971, MRID
#005000794) indicated that temephos (technical grade) concentra-
tions decreased quickly from an initial level of 0.1 ppm to
steady-state concentrations of 0.02-0.04 ppm within 48 hours in
a micro-marsh at temperatures of 10-35 C. In another study
(Vrochinskii, 1976, MRID #005003887), the half-life of an
unspecified formulation of temephos applied at about 3.5 ppm to
a model reservoir (18-20 C, pH 7.4 to pH 8, dissolved 0_ at
about 6-8 ppm) was 9 days. By 113 days, 95% of the applied
temephos had dissipated. In both studies, the degradation
products were not identified but indicated a moderately low
degree of persistence for parent temephos in the aquatic
environment.
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6. Fish Accumulation
Preliminary data indicated that temephos (50% emulsifiable
concentrate) accumulated in Indopacific milkfish (Chanos
chanos) exposed to the compound at about 0.35 ppm had a
relatively low bioaccumulation factor of approximately 2 over an
unspecified time period (Tsai, 1978, MRID #005000978). Rapid
depuration occurred as the temephos residue level declined over
a 14-day period, from about 0.7 ppm to about 0.02 ppm, in both
whole and edible fish tissues.
In summary, temephos is hydrolized relatively slowly; however,
limited data suggest in aquatic environments, temephos degrades
rapidly to at least seven different products, five known and two
unidentified. The environmental fate of these products is
unknown. This pesticide generally has limited effects on bac-
terial populations, but may have an adverse impact on eucaryotic
algae. Growth and nitrogen fixation is stimulated by temephos
in some blue-green algae exposed at low concentrations. In a
static flow study, temephos exhibited a low accumulation poten-
tial and rapid depuration in fish. Additional studies are
required to measure the effects of temephos on fish in a flow
through environment.
C. Exposure Profile
1. Introduction
Granular (G) and emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations of
temephos are registered for control of aquatic larvae (mosqui-
toes, sand flies, midges, gnats, etc.) at a variety of sites
(sandy beaches, catch basins, lakes, marshes, ponds, etc.). The
G and EC formulations are applied at rates ranging from 0.05 to
0.5 Ib ai/acre and from 0.016 to 0.047 Ib ai/acre, respec-
tively. These formulations are primarily applied by aircraft,
although hand sprayers, mechanical ground sprayers, broadcast
and ultra low volume (ULV) ground applications are also used.
A dust formulation and temephos in impregnated material (flea
collars) are registered for control of fleas on dogs and cats
(the dust formulation is also used in pet living quarters and
bedding ).
2. All Formulations (except impregnated materials)
A comprehensive exposure profile cannot be generated at the
present time (August, 1981) because of the scarcity of data.
However, from the data which are available, the following
profile can be developed:
The principal region of exposure is expected to be the
northeastern quarter of the United States and Florida
where the greatest use of temephos occurs. As with
most pesticides, the greatest human exposure will
probably be to workers engaged in mixing, loading, and
working in treatment operations. However, quantitative
63
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data are not available to estimate the degree of such
occupational exposure nor to accidental exposures,
i.e., the public which may be within or surrounding the
area of application, or human exposures resulting from
the domestic use. The potential exposure by inhalation
of volatilized temephos cannot be assessed due to the
lack of vapor pressure and volatility data on the
manufacturing-use product or formulations. Similarly,
the lack of soil mobility data prevents an assessment
of the potential for human dietary exposure through
ground water contamination. Degradation of temephos
by soil bacteria has been demonstrated, but the unknown
environmental fate of the temephos degradation products
prevents an adequate determination of how important
this degradation is in eliminating use-associated
hazards. Field dissipation data do suggest a slight
persistence of temephos in the aquatic environment.
a. Granular Formulations
Granular formulations of temephos are applied primarily via
aircraft. The potential for human exposure (especially respira-
tory and ocular) during loading operations is recognized, al-
though available information indicates that such exposure is
minimized by the use of protective clothing and a respirator or
surgical mask during this operation*. The potential for pilot
exposure during application is minimized by positive air flow
ventilated aircraft cabins and by closed insecticide delivery
systems. Drift from aerial application of these formulations is
not considered an important mode of exposure for persons, live-
stock, and wildlife outside the application site due to the
weight of the granules.
Applicator exposure during ground applications may be higher
than during aerial applications where, as discussed above, the
pilot is protected from the insecticide. However, the reported
use of rubber boots, gloves, coveralls, and respirators by
ground applicators can reduce exposure during loading and
application*-
The potential exposure of nontarget organisms, especially wild-
life, through contact with treated surface waters must also be
considered, although preliminary environmetnal fate data indi-
cate that such exposure might be limited by the dissipation of
temephos in aquatic systems. The aquatic field dissipation of
temephos has been demonstrated to vary between a half-life of 9
days in a model reservoir to less than 48 hours in micro-marsh
ponds.
The labeling for these products recommends "avoid contact with
eyes, skin and clothing" and "avoid breathing spray mist or
dust."
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b. Emulsifiable Concentrate Formulations
Exposures resulting from the use of emulsifiable concentrates of
temephos in aquatic areas are expected to be similar to those
discussed previously for granular formulations. Although a
potential for dermal exposure via splashing of the EC formula-
tions during dilution and tank mix operations is recognized
which could be further reduced by use of a closed transfer
system, such exposure would be minimized by the use of protec-
tive equipment described previously. The potential for spray
drift from the use of emulsifiable concentrate formulations is
especially high because these formulations are commonly applied
from aircraft as ULV sprays.
c. Impregnated Materials
Little exposure to humans is expected from such formulations.
Exposure that does occur is likely to be dermal in nature,
resulting from handling flea collars. No exposure to wildlife
or livestock is expected from these formulations.
d. Dust Formulations
Little exposure to humans, wildlife, or livestock is expected to
result from using these formulations for controlling fleas on
cats and dogs, and their living quarters.
D. Summary of Data Gaps
The data gaps that are to be filled are hydrolysis, photo-
degradation, aerobic aquatic metabolism, fish accumulation,
leaching, adsorption/desorption, water dispersal, terrestrial
field dissipation (tree fruit and nut crop use), aquatic field
dissipation (aquatic noncrop use), terrestrial/aquatic (forest
field dissipation), accumulation in irrigated crops, special
studies (accumulation in aquatic noncrop uses), aerobic soil
metabolism, and anaerobic aquatic metabolism.
There are data gaps relating to disposal and storage, microbial
metabolism and activated sludge. However, pending review and
modification of the testing protocol, it is currently not
necessary to satisfy these data gaps. Further testing details
are in Part III.
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VI. Toxicology
A. Toxicology Profile: Technical Temephos
Temephos is an organophosphorus pesticide. Low doses of
temephos would be expected to inhibit cholinesterase activity
without necessarily causing acute signs. ^En vivo, temephos
has been shown to inhibit cholinesterase activity. In rats,
subchronic oral doses as low as 6 ppm resulted in depressed
erythrocyte cholinesterase activity (Levinskas, 1965, MRID
#000001239). In dogs, subchronic oral doses of 700/500 ppm
caused depressed erythrocyte, brain, and plasma cholinesterase
activities (Hutchinson and Levinskas, 1965, MRID #000001356).
Subchronic oral dosing with temephos caused no effect on
survival, food consumption, or tissue and organ histopathology
in rats given up to 350 ppm in the diet, and dogs given up to
700/500 ppm in the diet for 90 days (Levinskas, 1965, MRID
#000001239 and Hutchinson and Levinskas, 1965, MRID
#000001240). Weight gain was reduced in rats given 350 ppm for
90 days. Cholinesterase activity was depressed after subchronic
oral dosing. In another subchronic oral study (American
Cyanamid Co., 1964, MRID #000001252), male rats were fed diets
containing 0, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm (0, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1%)
technical temephos for 30 days. The No Observable Effect Level
(NOEL) for systemic effects was 250 ppm and the Lowest Effect
Level (LEL) was 500 ppm; the effect being weight gain depres-
sion. Cholinesterase depression (i.e., brain, plasma, and
erythrocyte) was noted in all dose groups.
The relatively high acute oral LD (0.77-13.0 g/kg) of techni-
cal temephos in rats suggests a low acute hazard in humans
(American Cyanamid Co., 1966?, MRID #000001354; Gaines et al.,
1967, MRID #000001368; Gaines, 1969, MRID #005000974 and
McNerney and Levinskas, 1967, MRID #000001365). The large range
in LDj.- values might be attributed to differences in
sensitivity of the strains of rats tested. Signs of toxicity in
rats were characteristic of organophosphate intoxication (i.e.,
tremors, salivation, diarrhea, tearing, depression, and
weakness).
A moderate dermal hazard in humans is suggested by the rela-
tively low acute dermal LDcn in rabbits (0.97 g/kg to greater
than 4 g/kg) [American Cyanamid Co., 1966?, MRID #000001354 and
Gaines, 1969, MRID #005000974]. In another study which provided
supplemental information using male rabbits, the LD was
estimated to be 1.02 g/kg (American Cyanamid Co., 1964, MRID
#000001252). No tests of primary dermal irritation or an
adequate subchronic dermal studies were available on the
technical temephos.
In an acute inhalation study, albino CF Nelson rats (six males)
were exposed to air saturated with technical temephos (concen-
tration unspecified) for 8-hours (American Cyanamid Co., 1964,
MRID #000001252). Deaths did not occur and toxic signs were not
noticed; suggesting that technical temephos has a low acute
inhalation toxicity potential. However, until data aresubmitted
66
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to support the statement that the test concentration was at the
saturation level, additional testing will be required.
Temephos has a very low potential for eye irritation in humans
based on a test in rabbits. Instillation of this material into
the conjuctival sac of rabbits resulted in no eye irritation
(American Cyanamid Co., 1974, MRID #000001352).
In Sprague-Dawley rats, dietary administration of technical
temephos at doses of 10, 100, and 300 ppm for 2 years had no
adverse effects; however cholinesterase activities were not
measured (Underwood, 1977, MRID #000001386). This study can be
used to assess the chronic and oncogenic potential of temephos.
An oncogenic study using mice will be required on the technical
product (see Table III.A-3 in Part III for Toxicology).
There are no adequate studies available on the teratogenic and
mutagenic effects of temephos. In a reproduction study, no
treatment-related effects occurred in the reproductive capacity
of rats given dosages of 25 ppm or 125 ppm temephos. Further-
more, no effects were noted in the offspring of these rats
(McNerney et cQ., 1968, MRID #000001388).
Metabolism of temephos is relatively rapid after oral dosing.
In rats and guinea pigs, about 95% of a single oral dose of
temephos was eliminated by fecal and urinary routes within 96
hours. The average half-life of temephos was reported as 10
hours in rat blood (Blinn, 1966, MRID #000001376 and Blinn,
1969, MRID #005000858) and the residues of temephos in tissue
were relatively low; adipose tissue contained the highest levels
(1-2 ppm). Metabolites identified in urine and feces were 4,4'-
thiodiphenol, and to a lesser extent, 4,4'-sulfinyldiphenol,
either free or as glucuronide or sulfate conjugates (Blinn,
1969, MRID #005000858).
When temephos was applied as a single dermal dose to lactating
goats, approximately 33% of the absorbed dose was excreted in
urine, 50% was excreted in the feces, and 12-15% was present as
tissue residues at 14 days (Chiu and Eisner, 1975, MRID
#000001343). The metabolites identified in the urine and feces
of goats (either free or as conjugates) were 4,4'-sulfinyl-
diphenol and temephos sulfoxide which were also indentified in
the rat. In addition, temephos sulfone and monooxon were found
in feces. Residues of about 0.3 ppm were found in fat. Shafik
(1970, MRID #005000806) demonstrated that a temephos metabolite
4,4'-thiodiphenol reached its peak level in rats after a 3 day
daily dosing of 9.6 mg/Abate®. The metabolite peaked at
300 ug/day and then dropped to 10 ug/day after 14 days.
B. Toxicology Profile: Manufacturing-Use Temephos
Using a 25% temephos dust concentrate, very low acute oral
hazard and a low acute dermal hazard are expected. This is
because the oral LD_Q in male rats is 6.20 g/kg body weight
and the dermal LD In male rabbits is greater than 5 g/kg
(Fischer, 1974, MRID #000001307).
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Applying a 70% concentrate of Abate^. the acute oral LD^ in
male rats was 2.03 g/kg body weight and the dermal LD in
male rabbits was 1.89 g/kg body weight (American Cyanlfflid Co.,
1974, MRID #000001352).
The 25% temephos dust concentrate is expected to have a very low
eye irritation potential in humans because instillation of this
material in rabbit eyes resulted in only mild conjunctival
irritation at 24 hours (Fischer, 1974, MRID #000001307). The
primary eye irritation test using a 70% concentrate on rabbits
showed negative results (American Cyanamid Co., 1974, MRID
#00001352) .
In a primary dermal irritation study, mild to moderate erythema
was observed 72 hours after a 70% concentrate formulated inter-
mediate was applied to abraded rabbit skin (American Cyanamid
Co., 1974, MRID #000001352). This study is also sufficient to
support the toxicity of the 25% dust concentrate.
C. Toxicology Profile: End-Use Temephos
1. Emulsifiable Concentrate
Low acute oral toxicity and low acute dermal toxicity are
expected in numans for Abate*> mosquito larvicide (one gallon
contains 4 Ibs of 51.5% temephos) based on the relatively high
oral LD_n in rats (3.08-3.53 ml/kg) and dermal LDqQ in
rabbits:>Vl.77-2.03 ml/kg) [American Cyanamid Co.,1966?, MRID
#000001354] .
Acute oral LD of Biothion® 6E (containing 69.2% temephos
by weight or 60% active ingredient) in male rats (1.40 g/kg)
suggests a low acute oral hazard potential in humans.
Similarly, the acute dermal LD in male rabbits (5.60 g/kg)
indicates low dermal hazard (American Cyanamid Co., 1971; MRID
#000001353). Placing Biothion® 6E in the conjunctival sac of
rabbits caused mild to moderate conjunctival irritation and mild
corneal irritation (American Cyanamid Co., 1971, MRID
#000001353). However, this study is not sufficient to classify
the toxicity of the EC formulations because the observation time
for development of corneal opacity in the test animals did not
exceed 72 hours.
In an acute inhalation study using the 4 Ibs/gallon emulsifiable
concentrate, Wistar rats were exposed to 2.68 mg/liter (nominal
concentration) for 1 hour and were observed for 7 hours fol-
lowing exposure (American Cyanamid Co., 1966?, MRID
#000001354). The animals did not die but they did exhibit
annoyance and discomfort. This study demonstrated that the
4 Ibs/gallons EC has a low acute inhalation toxicity potential.
In a primary dermal irritation study, application of 0.5 ml of
the 4 Ibs/gallons emulsifiable concentrate on intact and abraded
rabbit skin resulted in moderate to severe erythema and edema
which persisted at the 72 hour reading (American Cyanamid Co.,
1966?, MRID #00001354). This study indicates that the
68
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4 Ibs/gallon EC formulations cause moderate to severe dermal
irritation.
2. Dust Formulation
Using a 2% Abate*1 dusting powder, the oral LD in male rats
was greater than 5 g/kg body weight and usingba 2.44% (by
weight) temephos powder, the oral LD,-n in male rats was
greater than 10 g/kg body weight (American Cyanamid Co., 1971,
MRID #000001308 and American Cyanamid Co., 1973, MRID
#000001233). Both dusts tested on male rabbits showed a dermal
LD5Q greater than 5 g/kg body weight.
A test in rabbits using the 2% dusting powder revealed no eye
irritation, and tests using the 2.44% (by weight) formulation
revealed only mild conjunctival irritation after 4 hours. These
dusts were also tested in an acute dermal study on intact and
abraded skin of rabbits and showed only mild dermal irritation
(American Cyanamid Co., 1971, MRID #000001308 and American
Cyanamid Co., 1973, MRID #000001233). In the primary dermal
irritation study, application of 0.5 grams of an aqueous paste
of a 2% dust resulted in mild erythema at 24 through 72 hours;
indicating a very low potential for dermal irritation (American
Cyanamid Co., 1973, MRID #000001233).
Regarding the subchronic dermal toxicity test, dogs, using 2%
temephos powder with a dosage of 80 mg/kg body weight once a
week for 3 weeks, or 20 mg/kg body weight for five days a week
for three weeks, resulted in no adverse effects including no
effects on cholinesterase activity and growth. Cats dosed with
the same powder with a dosage of 80 mg powder per kilo of body
weight one or five times a week for three weeks showed some
inhibition of plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase activity.
In these tests, however, sample size were quite limited and
changes in various parameters (e.g., other toxic effects) might
not have been detected (Wang et a.L. , 1974, MRID #000001232).
In humans, single-dose dusting with a 2% formulation of temephos
in pyrax powder did not result in depresson of whole blood
cholinesterase values (Steinberg et al., 1970, MRID
#005001274). Patch tests with this formulation indicated no
evidence of skin irritation or sensitization in humans
(Steinberg et al., 1970, MRID #005001984). Sleeve-tests with
1% or 2% temephos in pyrophyllite powder resulted in no ill
effects (Cole et. al.r 1971, MRID #000001312). Ingestion of
increasing doses oT temephos (2-256 mg/day) over four weeks or
daily doses of 64 mg/day for four weeks did not result in
alterations in red blood cell or plasma cholinesterase activity
or in clinical symptoms (Laws, 1975, MRID #000001375).
3. Granular Formulations
No toxicity data were available on granular formulations
containing temephos; however, based on the similarities in the
composition of dust and granular formulations, as indicated by
the Confidential Statements of Formulae, the studies cited for
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the dust formulation can be used to support the registrations
of the granular formulations.
4. Impregnated Materials
No toxicity data were available on dog and cat flea collars
impregnated with temephos. Since the temephos is impregnated
into the material and inhalation and dermal sensitization data
will be required on the technical grade of active ingredient,
the Agency will only require a special impregnated material
study (see Table III.C-2.a for study requirements). This study
must include an adequate cholinesterase analysis of the animals
at risk (i.e., cat and dog). Also, based on the results of the
dermal sensitization study required for the technical grade of
active ingredient, additional test protocols may be developed,
especially in the area of child safety requirements.
D. Human Hazard Assessment
Exposure to temephos can be experienced by the dermal, inhala-
tion or dietary routes. It is difficult to assess the degree of
exposure to temephos by inhalation or by ground water contamina-
tion, due to insufficient environmental chemistry data.
1. Technical Temephos
Temephos is an organophosphorus pesticide which at low doses
inhibits cholinesterase activity in animals without necessarily
causing symptoms of acute toxicity. Technical grade temephos
exhibits low acute oral and dermal toxicity to animals and it's
potential for eye irritation is very low based on animal data.
Weight gain and cholinesterase activity were depressed after
subchronic dosing of rats (350 ppm in the diet, 90 days) and
dogs (700/500 ppm). No effects on reproduction were seen when
rats were given up to 125 ppm temephos in their diet. No
chronic or oncogenic effects were seen when rats were fed up to
300 ppm temephos. Metabolism studies of temephos indicated that
its half-life was about 10 hours in rat blood. Tissue residues
were relatively low; adipose tissue had the highest level.
2. Manufacturing-use Products
Based on animal studies, a very low acute oral and a low acute
dermal hazard is expected for humans. Based on eye irritation
tests in rabbits, the Agency concludes that when results are
extrapolated to humans, the eye irritation is expected to be
low.
3. End-Use Products
a. Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) Formulations
The acute oral and dermal toxicity of Abate® mosquito larvi-
cide (51.5% temephos) is expected to be low, based on animal
data. This formulation is expected to be moderately irritating
to human eyes, and to be a moderate to severe dermal irritant.
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Biothion® 6E (69.2% temephos by weight) is similar to Abate®
mosquito larvicide in its acute oral toxicity and dermal toxi-
city effects. Its ability to cause eye irritation is similar to
Abate® mosquito larvicide (51.5% temephos). Dermal exposure to
humans is possible via splashing during dilution and the tank
mixing of these formulations. The acute inhalation test
provided information that the emulsifiable concentrate (EC)
formulation has a low inhalation toxicity potential. The
primary dermal irritation test revealed a moderate to severe
dermal irritation potential.
b. Dust Formulations
Based on animal toxicity studies using 2% temephos powder, it is
expected that for humans, temephos has the potential to caus'-
very low levels of acute oral toxicity, acute dermal toxicity,
primary dermal irritation and eye irritation.
Subchronic dermal dosing using dogs showed no effect, whereas
cats showed some inhibition of cholinesterase activity. When
temephos was used on humans for single dose dusting, patch
tests, sleeve-tests and oral ingestion, no effects were evident.
In a study pertaining to the application of a 2% Abate<5/98%
pyrax dust formulation for lice control, it was suggested that
the operator of the dusting equipment use some form of respira-
tory protection to minimize exposure. However, this is an
empirical evaluation and not based on any quantitative
risk/benefit analysis.
d. Granular Formulations
Granular formulations are applied by using aircraft, thus expo-
sure to people outside the application site due to spray drift
may be a concern. In general, applicator exposure during ground
applications could be reduced by use of protective clothing and
respirators. However, this is an empirical evaluation and not
based on any quantitative risk/benefit analysis.
e. Impregnated Material
Because of the data gap for the impregnated materials, the
Agency cannot adequately assess the hazard potential to domestic
animals and humans from this formulation. However, information
available on the technical and emulsifiable concentrate formula-
tions of temephos indicate that a low hazard to domestic animals
and humans is expected.
E. Summary of Data Gaps
The generic data gaps for technical grade temephos are acute
inhalation toxicity, dermal sensitization, acute delayed
neurotoxicity, teratogenicity, mutagenicity and oncogenicity
(mouse).
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Oncogenicity (in the mouse), teratogenicity, and mutagenicity
tests are required because temephos is registered for use on
food crops. Some of these studies (see Table III.A-3) are also
required for the domestic uses of temephos (i.e., for direct
application on cats, dogs, and in their living quarters; dogs'
and cats' flea collars). The data required for the food crop
use is also required to maintain the established tolerance. If
these studies are not provided to maintain the tolerance, the
Agency will implement procedures under FIFRA Section 180.001 and
Food and Drug Cosmetic Act (FDCA) Section 408(e) to revoke the
temephos-established tolerance.
The data gap for end-use temephos products are the 21-day
dermal sensitization test for the dust formulation and an
impregnated material study for the flea collar products on the
animals at risks (i.e., cat and dog). In addition to the dermal
sensizition test being conducted on the technical grade of
active ingredient, test protocols may also be developed,
especially in the area of child safety requirements. The data
gap for the emulsifiable concentrate is the primary eye
irritation test.
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VII. Residue Chemistry
A. Introduction
Temephos is an insecticide with registered uses on 1) dogs,
cats, and in their living quarters for control of fleas; 2)
orange and tangerine trees to combat thrips, and 3) aquatic
sites to control larvae of mosquitoes, "gnats", and certain
biting midges.
Foliar treatment with a 60% emulsifiable concentrate of temephos
is used for control of thrips on orange and tangerine trees.
Following harvest of mature fruit, the formulation is applied at
one pound per acre at prebloom or at petal fall, but not during
bloom. The formulation may also be applied to nonbearing
trees. The formulation is diluted in 15 to 20 gallons of water
per acre for aerial application and 200 gallons per acre for
ground application. There is no specified frequency of
application on the label and the use of temephos on citrus is
limited to Arizona and California. With the exception of the
use on citrus, the above uses of temephos are not food uses;
however, the likelihood exists that application of temephos to
aquatic sites could result in contamination of drinking water.
B. Metabolism of Temephos in Plants
Whenever a pesticide is proposed for use on agricultural crops,
the Agency requires data on the fate of the pesticide in plants.
Data from a single study indicated that a variety of degradation
products of temephos are formed in bean plants (Blinn, 1966,
MRID #000001377). In this study, tritiated temephos, with the
label ortho to the sulfide linkage, was applied to the primary
leaves of three-week old lima bean plants. The plants were
grown in a greenhouse and sampled 10, 21, 28 days after treat-
ment. Treated leaves and non-treated plant parts were analyzed
separately for metabolites or degradation products.
Total radioactivity on treated leaves remained constant through-
out the test period; 94.9, 84.4, and 96.5% of the applied dose
were recovered 10, 21, and 28 days respectively after treat-
ment. Most of the radioactivity on treated leaves was methanol
extractable; less than 4% was not extracted from the 28 day
sample. Only traces of radioactivity were found in treated
plant tissue indicating little or no migration from treated
areas.
The distribution of temephos degradation products with time is
shown in Table VII.A (Blinn, 1966, MRID #000001377). Fraction A
contained temephos sulfone and the symmetrical dioxygen analog
of temephos. Fraction B contained water soluble conjugates.
Hydrolysis products of mixture B contained 4,4'-thiodiphenol and
the sulfinyl and sulfonyl derivatives of 4,4'-thiodiphenol. The
mono-oxygen analog of temephos sulfone was found in very small
amounts.
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TABLE VILA. The Distribution of Temephos Degradation Products in Bean
Leaves8.
Residue
Temephos
Temephos sulfoxide
Fraction A
Fraction B
% OF
10
85.5
8.3
APPLIED DOSE/DAYS
21
67.3
4.9
1.1
8.2
AFTER APPLICATION
28
71.5
4.3
0.6
16.7
a. Blinn, 1966 (MRID #000001377).
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The studies concerning teraephos metabolism in plants cannot be
considered adequate for the fate of temephos in plants; hence,
further studies on degradation of the compound in other plants,
uptake from soil, and fate of temephos under actual field
conditions must be undertaken.
C. Metabolism of Temephos in Animals
When use of a pesticide on agricultural crops results in
residues in products for animal feed, or when a pesticide is
applied to food animals, the Agency req ires data on the fate of
the pesticide in food animals.
Data from a feeding study indicate that temephos and its
sulfoxide are interconvertible in animals. The sulfoxide was
found in milk of cows fed 20 ppm temeph s, and temeph s was
present in milk of cows fed 5 ppm of the sulfoxide (American
Cyanamid Co., 1971?. MRID #000001403).
The sulfoxide was detected in fat and kidney of cattle as a
result of dermal application of 0.1% temephos emulsion.
Temephos and the sulfoxide were both highest in fat (Manuel,
1975, MRID #000001344).
Chiu and Eisner (1975, MRID #000001343) sprayed three lactating
goats with a C-temephos formulation, and the goats were
sacrificed 2, 7, and 14 days after treatment. The distribution
of residues in the treated animals is shown in Table VII.B. The
distribution of residues in solid tissues, expressed in ppm, is
shown in Table VII.C. Residues in leg muscle, brain, and blood
were at or below the sensitivity of the analytical method
(0.01 ppm). The tissues of the goat sacrificed on day 14 were
analyzed for metabolites of temephos. Residues are tabulated in
Table VII.D. Other metabolites found in small amounts include:
4,4'-sulfinyldiphenol; 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol; glycosides of the
sulfinyl- and sulfonyldiphenols, and of 4,4'-thiodiphenol; and
mono- and dioxygen analogs of temephos, temephos sulfoxide, and
temephos sulfone.
The data on metabolism of temephos in animals are considered
adequate to support the current uses of temephos. Current
analytical methods for residues of temephos in animals are
capable of measuring temephos, temephos sulfoxide, and temephos
sulfone.
D. Analytical Methods
A method for the determination of temephos in water, oysters,
rice grain, rice foliage (Blinn and Pasarela, 1966, MRID
#005000857), and in cottonseed (American Cyanamid Co., 1966,
MRID #000001363) has been submitted to the Agency. Samples are
'extracted with organic solvents, cleaned up on Florisil columns,
and hydrolyzed to liberate 4,4'-thiodiphenol, which is then
determined colorimetrically. The method is limited because it
cannot determine temephos metabolites.
75
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TABLE VII.B. The Distribution of Temephos Residue*: in Treated Lactating
Goats3.
% INITIAL DOSE RECOVERED (rag)
DAY OF SACRIFICE
Sample
Ha ir , ex t rac ted
Hide, extracted
Urine
Feces
Milk
Blood
Intestinal Wash
Rumen Content
Solid Tissues
Total Recovery
Initial Dose
2
3.10
46.80
0.80
0.02
0.05
0.05
0.30
<0.01
1.70
52.70
141 mg
7
8.60
51.70
2.70
3.00
0.05
0.03
0.05
<0.01
1.40
67.40
123 mg
14
18.70
45.20
3.70
5.60
0.20
0.04
0.06
<0.01
2.10
75.50
123 mg
a. Chiu and Eisner, 1975 (MRID #000001343).
76
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TABUE VII.C. The Distribution of Temephos Residues in Solid Tissues from
Treated Lactating Goats3.
PPM (EXPRESSED AS
TEMEPHOS)
DAYS AFTER TREATMEOT
TISSUE
Back fat
Oriental fat
Liver
Kidney
Heart
Tenderloin muscle
2
0.35
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.05
7
0.28
0.38
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.02
14
0.29
0.36
0.06
0.03
0.07
0.05
a. Chiu and Eisner, 1975 (MRID #000001343)
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TABIE VII.D. The Distribution of Temephos Metabolites in Tissues of a
Treated Goat Sacrificed on Day 14a.
% OF EXTRACTABLE RADIOACTIVITY
TISSUE
Hair
Hide
Back fat
Qmental fat
Milk
Liver
Feces
TEMEPHOS
68
67
74
3
5
-
5
SULFOXIDE
6.6
1.6
18
76
75
39
20
SULFONE
0.6
1.5
10
15
45
10
a. Chiu and Eisner, 1975 (MRID #000001343).
78
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A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method for determination of
residues in a variety of samples has been published by Pasarela
and Orloski (1973, MRID #005000638). This method has been
validated for a wide variety of samples including pasture grass,
alfalfa, citrus, broccoli, lettuce, snapbeans, carrots, peanuts,
cottonseed, milk, cattle tissues, shrimp, oysters, crabs, fish,
and water. Results from 162 samples simultaneously fortified
with temephos and sulfoxide at 0.0001 ppm to 5 ppm, indicated
that 1) temephos recovery averaged 87% with individual values
varying from 55% to 129% and 2) recovery of temephos sulfoxide
averaged 88% with values varying from 36% to 129%.
Validation data for the GLC method for various crops are also
reported in other studies; alfalfa (Devine, 1969, MRID
#000001382), cottonseed (Higham, 1969, MRID #000001297), citrus
(Manuel and Devine, 1970, MRID #000001402), cattle tissues
(Manuel, 1975, MRID #000001344; Orloski, 1969, MRID #000001392),
and milk (American Cyanamid Company, 1971, MRID #000001403).
The claimed sensitivity of the GLC method for most crops is
0.05 ppm, each, for temephos and it sulfoxide; however, control
values as high as 0.25 ppm for temephos and 0.44 ppm sulfoxide
have been reported (Devine, 1969, MRID #000001382). The method
has been tested on cottonseed in two Food and Drug Administra-
tion laboratories: successfully in one laboratory (Zee, 1971,
MRID #GS0006002), and unsuccessfully in the other (Gibson, 1970,
MRID #GS0006003).
Of the temephos methods available, the GLC method of Pasarela
and Orloski (1973, MRID #005000638) is satisfactory for
obtaining residue data. However, the method determines only
temephos and temephos sulfoxide, whereas metabolism data show
that temephos sulfone and other degradation products are often
minor components of the residue. If these minor residues are
found to be toxicologically significant, new methods or modifi-
cations to existing methods will be required for their
analysis. No analytical method for temephos has been published
in the Pesticide Analytical Manual (PAM).
E. Residues in Plants
Whenever a pesticide is proposed for use on an agricultural
crop, the Agency requires data on the amount of residue on the
crop resulting from the proposed use.
Residue data reflecting application of temephos to citrus, the
only currently registered food use for temephos, have been
submitted to the Agency (Manuel and Devine, 1970, MRID
#000001402). Temephos formulated as Biothion® 6E or as Biothion«*>
50-WP was applied to oranges, lemons, and grapefruit at sites in
Arizona and California. The formulations were applied by air-
plane or ground equipment following petal fall at 1 or 2 pounds
of temephos per acre. Whole fruit was analyzed during matura-
tion, and peel and pulp were analyzed separately at harvest for
residues of temephos and temephos sulfoxide. The GLC method of
79
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Pasarela and Orloski (1973, MRID #005000638) was used for
residue analysis.
Of 22 samples of immature fruit, seven samples contained
detectable (0.05 ppm) temephos up to 0.22 ppm. Three of the
samples contained detectable (0.05 ppm) temephos sulfoxide up to
0.08 ppm.
Levels of temephos and temephos sulfoxide in 44 samples of peel
and pulp obtained at harvest did not exceed the method sensi-
tivity (0.05 ppm) with one exception: a sample of peel from
lemons treated at 2 pounds per acre contained 0.14 ppm temephos
and 0.1 ppm sulfoxide (Manuel and Devine, 1970, MRID
#000001402). Data on residues in dried citrus pulp or molasses
have not been submitted. Also, there are no data on residues in
cover crops growing in temephos-treated orchards.
F. Storage/Stability
None of the residue studies has been accompanied by information
on sample storage between harvest and analysis. A published
study indicates that temephos in fish is partially oxidized to
temephos sulfoxide after several weeks of storage in formalin,
but is not altered after three weeks of storage at -20 C
(Miles e_t a±. , 1976, MRID #005000795). The Agency requests
that registrants indicate their method of sample storage, and
establish that the temephos residue profile is not altered
during sample storage.
G. Residues of Temephos in Animals
When use of a pesticide on agricultural crops results in resi-
dues in items of animal feed, or when a pesticide is directly
applied to animals used for food, the Agency requires data on
whether residues are transferred to meat, milk, poultry and eggs.
In one feeding study (Orloski, 1969, MRID #000001392), calves in
groups of three were fed, via capsule, equal amounts of temephos
and temephos sulfoxide at 0, 0.05, 0.15, and 0.5 ppm each in the
diet. After 21 consecutive days of treatment, the animals were
slaughtered and residues in muscle, liver, kidney, and fat
analyzed by the GLC method of Pasarela and Orloski (1973, MRID
#005000638). Temephos or the sulfoxide were not detected in
any sample.
In another study (American Cyanamid Co., 1971, MRID
#000001403), cows were administered temephos in the diet at 0.3,
0.5, 1.0, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 ppm per day. Another cow was fed
temephos sulfoxide at 5 ppm per day. Treatment lasted 12 days
and milk was sampled during the treatment period and up to 34
days after treatment ceased. Samples were analyzed by the
Pasarela and Orloski method (1973, MRID #005000638). Temephos
sulfoxide levels did not exceed the method sensitivity (0.01 ppm
claimed for milk) except in the cow fed 5 ppm sulfoxide (maximum
residue was 0.04 ppm) and a cow fed 20 ppm temephos (0.16 ppm
residue was 0.04 ppm) and a cow fed 20 ppm temephos (0.16 ppm
80
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maximum). Residues of temephos did not exceed 0.02 ppm in cows
fed up to 0.5 ppm temephos; maximum residue in cows fed 5 and 20
ppm were 0.22 and 2.23 ppm, respectively. The cow fed the
sulfoxide contained more temephos (0.18 ppm maximum) than
sulfoxide (0.04 maximum). Temephos residues 34 days after
cessation of treatment exceeded 0.01 ppm only in the cow fed 20
ppm of the pesticide (0.09 ppm).
Manuel (1975, MRID #000001344) sprayed Holstein steers to the
point of runoff with 0.1% temephos emulsifiable concentrate. At
7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days after treatment, animals in groups of
three were slaughtered, and residues in muscle, liver, kidney,
and fat were determined by the method of Pasarela and Orloski
(1973, MRID #005000638). Temephos was not detected «0.05 ppm)
in any sample of muscle or liver, but was detected (0.13 and
0.08 ppm) in kidney of two of the three animals slaughtered
seven days after treatment. Temephos averaged 1.19 ppm in the
fat of the three animals killed at 7 days, and declined there-
after with a half-life of 6 days. The sulfoxide was not
detected in muscle, liver, or kidney, but averaged 0.39 and 0.09
ppm in the fat of steers killed 7 and 14 days after treatment,
respectively.
Chiu and Eisner (1975, MRID #000001343) sprayed three lactating
goats with a C-temephos formulation at a rate of 10 mg/kg
and a fourth goat was sprayed with a non-radioactive formula-
tion. Milk was collected daily during the study, and animals
were sacrificed 2, 7, 14 days after treatment. Milk and tissues
were analyzed for total radioactivity and results of the study
are tabulated in Table VII.D.
H. Summary of Data Gaps
The data gaps for temephos regarding residue chemistry are:
1) data on the metabolism of temephos in citrus*. As a result
of the required metabolism studies, if metabolites other than
temephos sulfoxide are found to be present in toxicologically
significant amounts then the following second tier tests are
needed:
a) an analytical method, or methods, for the determination
of the newly identified metabolites, and
b) data on residues of the metabolities in mature citrus and
in citrus by-products (if finite residues in mature
citrus are found).
* As an alternative to data from citrus, registrants may submit
data demonstrating that metabolism of temephos in a variety of
food crops is similar.
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2) data on conditions of sample storage between harvest and
analysis, and
3) data on residues in cover crops in temephos-treated*
citrus orchards.
Registrants of new food use formulations or new uses for
currently registered food use formulations must fill applicable
data gaps and must provide residue data, including control
values and recovery data, reflecting proposed uses.
* In lieu of acquiring this residue data, a restriction
against grazing or feeding of livestock on temephos-treated
cover crops may be imposed.
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VIII. Ecological Effects
A. Ecological Effects Profile
1. Technical Temephos
Most algal growth was unaffected with 100 ppb temephos in
solution even though the photosynthetic process was affected at
very low levels (2-58 ppb; Derby and Ruber, 1971, MRID
#000001335). Nitrogen fixation in blue-green algae was
unaffected at 500 ppb (Wurtsbaugh and Apperson, 1978, MRID
#005000807). Two species of Spartina were unaffected with 1 oz
of temephos per acre (3 applications over 3 months) [Busch,
1975, MRID #005001001].
Laboratory studies for temephos show high acute toxicity to
birds. LDCQ values for the most representative avian species
are in the neighborhood of 30 to 80 mg/kg (Tucker and Haegele,
1971, MRID #005000975 and Tucker and Crabtree, 1970, MRID
#GS0006004). These studies, however, are not considered
sufficient to meet guideline requirements and additional data
are needed on dose response, age of test species and specific
LD_Q values. Comparative subacute dietary toxicity studies
show that avian dietary LC values range from <30 to 76 ppm
for passerines (bluejay, sparrow, cardinal) [Hill, 1971, MRID
#000001384]; 92 to 260 ppm for upland game birds (bobwhite,
quail, ringneck) [Hill et al., 1975, MRID #000002923]; and up
to 894 ppm for waterfow"^(mallard) [Hill et al. , 1975, MRID
#000022923].
The 96-hour LC_0 values for stripped bass and rainbow trout
were shown to Be 1.0 and 3.49 ppm, respectively (Korn and
Earnest, 1974, MRID #005000819 and Fish Pesticide Research Lab.,
1971, MRID #GS0006006, respectively). Bluegill sunfish had a
96-hour LC . of 21.8 ppm (Fish Pesticide Reseach Lab., 1964,
1965, 19707 MRID #GS0006005).
There is sufficient information to characterize the toxicity of
temephos as moderately toxic to certain estuarine and marine
organisms. The 24-hour LCcQ and ECcn (impairment of
predator escape response) values for the fiddler crab are 9.12
ppm and 4.31 ppm, respectively (Ward and Busch, 1976, MRID
#005000957). The studies provide supplemental information* and
the uses of temephos indicate the need for estuarine or marine
testing in order to complete a hazard evaluation.
With acute 96-hour LC values of 0.01 to 0.082 ppm, temephos
is highly toxic to freshwater aquatic invertebrates (Fish
Pesticide Research Lab., 1964, 1965, 1970, MRID GS0006005).
* Studies were not conducted on appropriate test species, see
proposed guidelines Section 163.72-3.
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Field and artifical stream studies (% ai unknown) indicated that
temephos is likely to cause, albeit only temporarily, toxic
effects to freshwater aquatic invertebrates in the field. The
impact was less severe with sequential or partial application of
temephos (Ali and Mulla, 1978, MRID #005000841; Thayer and
Ruber, 1976, MRID #005000947; and Ruber and Kocor, 1976, MRID
#005000946).
2. Formulations
a. Granular
A 5% granular formulation of temephos was demonstrated to be
highly toxic to freshwater aquatic invertebrates (McCann and
Pitcher, 1975, MRID #GS0006007). McCann and Pitcher (1975,
MRID #GS0006007) determined that the 48-hour LC5Q to daphnia
was 0.54 ppm in one test and 2.5 ppm in another. Field tests
using 2% granular temephos at 0.1 Ib ai/acre showed that
temephos is likely to cause toxic effects to some estuarine and
marine organisms (Ward e_t al., 1976, MRID #005001768). The
uses of temephos indicate" EKe need for estuarine or marine
testing in order to complete a hazard evaluation.
b. Emulsifiable Concentrate
A 43% emulsifiable concentrate was tested on rainbow trout
(Kennedy. 1970, MRID #000001337) and bluegill sunfish (Fish
Pesticide Research Lab., 1964, 1965, 1970, MRID #GS0006005) and
was shown to be of high acute toxicity to fish. The 96-hour
LC5Q for the rainbow trout (Kennedy, 1970, MRID #000001337)
was 0.158 ppm and 1.14 ppm for the bluegill sunfish (Fish
Pesticide Research Lab., 1964, 1965, 1970, MRID #GS0006005). It
has been noted that the 4E formulation is approximately twenty
times more toxic to fish that the technical.
Emulsifiable concentrate temephos (4 Ibs/gal) is of low to
moderate toxicity to bees (Johansen and Eves, 1965, MRID
#000001361; Johansen, 1966, MRID #000001358; and Johansen,
1972, MRID #005000837). However, laboratory and field studies
using various formulations showed that temephos is toxic to a
number of nontarget freshwater aquatic insects (Roberts and
Miller, 1970, MRID #005000774; Muirhead-Thomson, 1978, MRID
#005000797; Kelson and West, 1978, MRID #005000828; Muirhead-
Thomson, 1978, MRID #005000798; and Wallace et a_l. , 1973, MRID
#005000821).
There is also sufficient information to characterize the 5% EC
temephos as moderately toxic to certain reptiles and amphi-
bians; however this formulation is not currently registered.
The 24-hour LC(-n (5% EC) for a frog and salamander was 4.18
ppm and 3.97 ppm, respectively (Hatorri, 1974, MRID #005003886).
B. Hazard Assessment
Due to the absence of appropriate environmental fate data and
essential nontarget toxicity data, an Ecological Effects Hazard
84
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Assessment cannot be made for manufacturing-use or end-use
products of temephos. Preliminary data indicate that the end-
use emulsifiable concentrate and the granular products when
applied according to directions for aquatic uses as a mosquito
larvicide may exceed the Restricted Use criteria [see FIFRA
Section 162.11 (c)(2)(iii)(C)]*. However, the Agency cannot
propose finalized classification of these products for all
intended use sites until the Agency receives and reviews the
requested data in Table III.A-5 in Part III.
C. Summary of Data Gaps
The data gaps for technical grade of active ingredient in
temephos products are the Avian Single Dose Oral LD.-Q on one
waterfowl (preferably the mallard) or on an upland game bird
(preferably the bobwhite quail or the ring-necked pheasant); the
96-hour LC_fl for shrimp, crab and an estuarine or marine fish,
and the 48-Hour LC for oyster embryo-larvae or the 96-hour
EC shell deposition data for a representative mollusc; seed
germination/seedling emergence and vegetative vigor (Tier I);
and growth and reproduction of aquatic plants (Tier I).
The data gaps for the end-use temephos products (emulsifiable
concentrate and granular formulations) are: the 96-hour LC.-Q
for shrimp, crab and an estuarine or marine fish, and the 48-
hour LC__ for oyster embryo-larvae or the 96-hour EC,-Q shell
deposition data for a representative mollusc (both formula-
tions); acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrates (emulsifiable
concentrate only); and fish acute LC (granular only).
* The maximum calculated concentration (0.036 to 0.073 ppm)
immediately following direct application to a 6-inch layer of
water is greater than one tenth (0.0158 ppm) the acute LC
(0.158 ppm) for aquatic organisms as represented by rainbow
trout.
85
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IX. Efficacy
A. Efficacy Profile
The review of temephos data and the identification of data gaps
are limited to efficacy data only as it related to public health
applications. In all other instances the Agency has provided
for the waiver of efficacy data submission as a part of the
registration process (44 FR 27932, May 11, 1979).
B. Factors Influencing Efficacy
Several factors appear to impact the efficacy of temephos. The
relative susceptibility of the target species is one of the
more important factors. Other factors are achieving and main-
taining a toxic concentration of the active ingredient at the
treatment site for a sufficient period of time to reach the
required level of control.
Factors which influence achieving and maintaining a toxic
concentration of the active ingredient at the treatment site
are: 1) the rate of release of active ingredient (impacting
on how fast the toxic concentration is achieved) and how long
the toxic level is maintained (as indicated by Bender, 1964,
MRID #000001245; Wall and Marganian, 1971, MRID #005000928;
Mulla and Chaudhury, 1968, MRID #005000750; American Cyanamid
Co., 197?, MRID #000001260; and American Cyanamid Co., 1976,
MRID #000001272) and 2) the organic content and/or pollution
level of the water at the treatment site (Bender, 1965, MRID
#000001398 and Hagmann, 1966, MRID #005000637).
C. Use Sites
•
1. Non-Agricultural Aquatic Sites
The test data reviewed by the Agency clearly indicates that
temephos granular products containingl, 2 or 5% active ingre-
dient are efficacious for use as a mosquito and biting midge
larvicide. The data supports the mosquito larviciding at
differential rates, these range from a low rate for temporary
rainpools to the high rate for highly polluted waters. Also,
effective control of biting midge larvae has been demonstrated
in intertidal zones of sandy beaches and marshlands.
The data also support the use of emulsifiable concentrate
products containing 4 Ibs active ingredient per gallon for
control of mosquito larvae. The low rates are for aquatic areas
of clean open water and the high rates are for aquatic areas
high in organic matter. No claims are made for utilizing
emulsifiable concentrate products in highly polluted waters.
Both the emulsifiable concentrate and granular products were
applied by air and ground equipment. The efficacy of these
products are independent of the method of application.
86
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2. Pets and Pet Living Quarters
The data clearly indicate that direct application of products
containing 2% active ingredient and pet collars containing 40.7%
active ingredient are efficacious for control of fleas on cats
and dogs.
No data have been submitted for evaluating temephos dust for
control of fleas in pet-living quarters. However, the studies
on pet flea control shows that temephos dust is effective
against fleas. Consequently, dust data will be considered
adequate to demonstrate the efficacy of dust against fleas on
cats, dogs, and in their living quarters.
3. Target Pests
The names currently used on registered temephos labels are
general terms which include many different insect species. For
example, the term "gnat" includes many species and groups of
innocuous flies which, in the adult stage, create problems
because of their large numbers, their attraction to people or
animals, and their annoyance to man and animals. The midges
(Family: Chironomidae) are included in this group. However,
the term "gnats" specifically excludes biting gnats (Family:
Simuliidae, the buffalo gnats/black flies and turkey gnats) and
biting midges (Family: Ceratopogonidae ).
The pest species found on registered temephos labels that fall
within the Agency's area of public health concern are as
follows: mosquito larvae, punky and sandy fly larvae (biting
midges, Family: Ceratopogonidae), and fleas.
a. Mosquito Larve*
The term mosquito includes several hundred insect species
comprising the Family Culicidae within the Order Diptera.
Laboratory studies using representative North American species
have demonstrated that there is essentially no difference to the
susceptibility of domestic species of mosquito larvae (Craven,
and Steelman, 1968, MRID #005000634; Yap £t a_l. , 1968, MRID
#005000648; Gahan et a_l. , 1966, MRID #005000711; Jones £t
al.,1976, MRID #005000739; Pelsue et al., 1972, MRID
"#1705000758; Boike and Rathburn, 1"9T97~MRID #005000920; Mount et
al., 1971, MRID #005000930; Boike and Rathburn 1972, MRID
#005001115; and McFarland and Pelsue, 1971, MRID #005001767).
* Appropriate dilution rates [e.g., grams of product
(weight) or mis of product (liquid) per square feet] must be
provided on labels for spot treatments of areas such as, catch
basins, containers of water (e.g., old tires) and other water-
filled sunken areas where mosquitoes may bteed.
87
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Resistance to temephos and cross resistance to other organo-
phosphate larvicides have been reported. The resistance and
cross resistance varies with the locality and the mosquito
species (Womeldorf et al., 1970, MRID #005000666; Lewallen and
Peters, 1966, MRID #W5iyo0710; Sutherland and Evans, 1976, MRID
#005000740; Gillies, et al., 1968, MRID #005000749; Womeldorf
e_t ca. , 1972, MRID #0"DTO"D1T757; Georghiou et a_l. , 1975, MRID
#005000761; Georghiou et. a^. , 1975, MRID #005000888; and
Gillies ejt a_l. , 1975, MRID #005000994). ' In areas where
phosphate resistant mosquitoes are known to exist, it has been
shown that up to 0.05 Ib active ingredient per acre of the
emulsifiable concentrate may be required to achieve adequate
control (Bowman, 1965, MRID #000001236). Therefore, the
following statement should appear on all temephos emulsifiable
concentrate and granular products: "The higher rate should be
used in areas known to have organicphosphate resistant
mosquitoes."
b. Biting Midge Larvae (Punky and Sand Fly Larvae)
Few studies are available on the efficaciousness of temephos
for the control of biting midges. In field studies effective
control of Culicoides melleus and C. hollensis control was
obtained when 2% temephos granules~were applied at the rate of
0.2 Ib active ingredient per acre. These studies were conducted
in the intertidal zones of sandy river banks, sandy beaches and
on soft mud of tidal marshlands.
c. Fleas
Temephos, in end-use products as a 2% dust and as a 40.7%
impregnated collar, has been demonstrated to be effective in
controlling the flea (Ctenocephalides felis) on dogs and
cats. The available data adequately demonstrate the effica-
ciousness of temephos against fleas infesting both dogs and
cats. The dust data will also be considered adequate to
demonstrate the control of fleas in both dog and cat living
quarters.
Label claims concerning the duration of activity of impreg-
nated collars are formulation dependent and will be required for
each formulation registered.
Effective control has been demonstrated for these pests (refer
to Table III.C-3 in Part III for references).
D. Summary of Data Gaps
There are no major data gaps pertaining to efficacy regarding
temephos.
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X. Confidential Annex
Persons wishing to read the contents of this annex, which
contains Confidential Business Information, are requested to
contact the United States Environmental Protection Agency for
further details.
89
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XI. Bibliography
A. Guide to Use of This Bibliography
1. Content of Bibliography
This bibliography contains citations of all the studies reviewed
by EPA in arriving at the positions and conclusions stated
elsewhere in this standard. The bibliography is divided into 3
sections: 1) citations that contributed information useful to
the review of the chemical and considered to be part of the data
base supporting registrations under the standard; 2) citations
examined and judged to be inappropriate for use in developing
the standard; and 3) standard reference material. Primary
sources for studies in this bibliography have been the body of
data submitted to EPA and its predecessor agencies in support of
past regulatory decisions, and the published technical
literature.
2. Units of Entry
The unit of entry in this bibliography is called a "study".
In the case of published materials, this corresponds closely to
an article. In the case of unpublished materials submitted to
the agency, the Agency has sought to identify documents at a
level parallel to a published article from within the typically
larger volumes in which they were submitted. The resulting
"studies" generally have a distinct title (or at least a single
subject), can stand alone for purposes of review, and can be
described with a conventional bibliographic citation. The
Agency has attempted also to unite basic documents and com-
mentaries upon them, treating them as a single study.
3. Identification of Entries
The entries in this bibliography are sorted by author, date of
the document, and title. Each entry bears, to the left of the
citation proper, an nine-digit identifier- This number is
unique to the citations, and should be used at any time specific
reference is required. This number is called the "Master Record
Identifier", or "MRID". It is not related to the six-digit
"Accession Number" which has been used to identify volumes of
submitted data; see paragraph 4(d)(4) below for a further
explanation.
4. Form of the Entry
In addition to the Master Record Identifier (MRID), each entry
consists of a bibliographic citation containing standard ele-
ments followed, in the case of materials submitted to EPA, by a
description of the earliest known submission. The bibliographic
conventions used reflect the standards for the American National
Standards Institute (ANSI), expanded to provide for certain
special needs. Some explanatory notes of specific elements
follow:
90
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a. Author
Whenever the Agency could confidently identify one, the Agency
has chosen to show a personal author. When no individual was
identified, the Agency has shown an identificable laboratory or
testing facility as author. As a last resort, the Agency has
shown the first known submitter as author.
b. Document Date
When the date appears as four digits with no question marks,
the Agency took it directly from the document. When a four-
digit date is followed by a question mark, the bibliographer
deduced the date from evidence in the document. When the date
appears as (19??), the Agency was unable to determine or
estimate the date of the document.
c. Title
This is the third element in the citation. In some cases it has
been necessary for the Agency bibliographers to create or
enhance a document title. Any such editorial insertions are
contained between square brackets.
d. Trailing Parenthesis
For studies submitted to us in the past, the trailing paren-
thesis include (in addition to any self-explanatory text) the
following elements describing the earliest known submission.
1) Submission Date. Immediately following the
word 'received1 appears the date of the
earliest known submission.
2) Administrative Number. The next element,
immediately following the word 'under1, is
the registration number, experimental permit
number, petition number, or other
administrative number associated with the
earliest known submission.
3) Submitter. The third element is the
submitter, following the phrase 'submitted
by1 . When authorship is defaulted to the
submitter, this element is omitted.
4) Volume Identification. The final element
in the trailing parenthesis identifies the
EPA accession number of the volume in which
the original submission of the study
appears. The six-digit accession number
follows the symbol 'CDL1, standing for
"Company Data Library". This accession
number is in turn followed by an alphabetic
suffix which shows the relative position of
the study within the volume. For example,
91
-------
within accession number 123456, the first
study would be 123456-A; the second, 123456-
B; the 26th, 123456-Z; and the 27th 123456-
AA.
92
-------
TEMOPHOS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section I
Citations Considered To Be Part Of The Data Base Supporting
Registration Under The Standard
-------
MRID
000003264
000003268
000001254
000001379
000001222
000001223
000001216
000001278
000001267
GS0006001
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Product Chemistry (Part IV)
Citation
American Cyanamid Company (19??) Chemical and Physical Properties
of Abate. (Unpublished study received Feb 7, 1967 under 7G0566;
CDL:092854-G)
American Cyanamid Company (19??) Chemical and Physical Properties
of Biothion Insecticide. (Unpublished study received Apr 7,
1971 under 1F1156; CDL:093476-E)
American Cyanamid Company (1969) Modern Mosquito Control with
Abate^ Mosquito Larvicide and Insecticide and Cythion*
Insecticide, the Premium Grade Malathion. (Unpublished study
received 1969 under unknown admin, no.; CDL:128976-A)
American Cyanamid Company (1972?) [Chemical and Physical Properties
of Abate Manufacturing Concentrate Insecticide and Formu-
lations] . (Unpublished study received Jan 12, 1972 under
2270-554; CDL:025308-A)
American Cyanamid Company (1974?) Stability of Temephos Powder.
(Unpublished study received Mar 6, 1974 under 241-234; CDL:
026901-M)
American Cyanamid Company (1974?) Stability of 25% Temephos Powder
Concentrate. (Unpublished study received Mar 6, 1974 under
241-234; CDL:026901-N)
American Cyanamid Company (1974) Description of Processing
Procedure: [Temephos]. (Unpublished study received Mar 6, 1974
under 241-234; CDL:026901-D)
American Cyanamid Company (1975?) The Specification for Raw
Materials used in the Manufacture of Abate'5. (Unpublished
study received Nov 19, 1975 under 241-246; CDL:224604-C)
American Cyanamid Company (1976) Manufacturing Procedure for 40.7%
Temephos Flea Collar. (Unpublished study received Feb 10, 1976
under 241-251; CDL:229333-H)
American Cyanamid Company (1978) Abate Technical Insecticide.
(Letter from J. Robt Gray to Marilyn Mautz, Registration
Division, EPA under 241-220; submitted by American Cyanamid Co.,
Princeton, N.J.)
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID
000001269
005000638
Product Chemistry (Part IV) (Cont'd)
Citation
Fiala, R. (1975) Analytical Method for Temephos Collars. Method
M-656 dated Dec 17, 1975. (Unpublished study received Feb 10,
1976 under 241-251; submitted by American Cyanamid Co.,
Princeton, N.J.; CDL:229333-J)
Pasarela, N.R.; Orloski, E.J. (1973) Abate insecticide. Pages
119-146, Jn Analytical Methods for Pesticides and Plant Growth
Regulators. Edited by G. Zweig. \fol. VII. Thin-layer and
Liquid Chromatography. Pesticides of International Importance.
Edited by J. Sherma and G. Zweig. New York: Academic Press.
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base
Registrations Under the Standard
Supporting
MRID
005000796
005000718
005000794
005001102
005003734
005000978
005003887
005011182
Environmental Fate (Part V)
Citation
Daorai, A.; Menzer, R.E. (1977) Behavior of Abate in
microorganisms isolated from polluted water. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 5(2):229-240.
Drevenkar, V.; Fink, K.; Kovac, V.; Radic, B.; Vasilic, Z. (1977)
The fate of pesticides in aquatic environment. III. Thin-layer
chromatographic method for the determination of Abate. Arhiv
za Higijenu Rada Tbksikologiju 28(2):163-169.
Henry, R.A.; Schmit, J.A.; Dieckman, J.F.; Murphey, F.J. (1971)
Combined high speed liquid chromatography and bioassy for the
evaluation and analysis of an organophosphorus larvicide.
Analytical Chemistry 43(8):1053-1057.
Steelman, C.D.; Colmer, A.R.; Cabes, L.; Barr, H.T.; Tower, B.A.
(1967) Relative toxicity of selected insecticides to bacterial
populations in waste disposal lagoons. Journal of Economic
Entomology 60(2):467-468.
Tevan, L.; Lang, F. (1975) Az Abate szunyoglarvairtoszer hatasa a
vizi oekoszisztemara. [Effect of Abate, a mosquito larva
insecticide, on the ecosystem of water.] Egeszsegtudomany.
Tsai, S. (1978) Control of chironomids in milkfish (Chanos)
Transactions of American Fisheries Society 107(3):493-499.
Vrochinskii, K.K. (1976) Model'naya vodnaya ekosistema kak test
opredeleniya opasnosti pestitsida dlya vodoema. [Model of an
aquatic ecosystem as a test for determining the extent to which
a pesticide is harmful to a water body.] Izvestiya
Gosudarstvennogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Institute Ozernogo
i Rechnogo Rybnogo Khozyaistva. [Bulletin of the State
Scientific Research Institute of Lake and River Fisheries.]
109:88-93.
Wurtsbaugh, W.A.; Apperson, C.S. (1978) Effects of mosquito
control insecticides on nitrogen fixation and growth of
blue-green algae in natural plankton associations. Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 19:641-647.
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID
000001252
000001354
000001308
000001353
000001233
000001352
000001376
005000858
000001343
000001312
Toxicology (Part VI)
Citation
American Cyanamid Company (1964) Toxicity Data [onl Abate 52,160:
Report No. 64-113. (Unpublished study received 1964 under
unknown admin, no.; CDL:222026-A)
American Cyanamid Company (1966?) Toxicity Data: Phosphorothioic
Acid, 0,0,0',O' Tetramethyl 0,0' Thiodi-p-Phenylene Ester (Crys-
talline) [and Abate Mosquito Larvicide]. (Unpublished study
received Feb 3, 1967 under 7G0566; CDL:090712-A)
American Cyanamid Company (1971) Toxicity Data: Abate 2% Dusting
Powder: Report No. A-71-152. (Unpublished study received Sep 1,
1972, under 241-230; CDL:002063-E)
American Cyanamid Company (1971) Toxicity Data: Biothion 6-E
Insecticide: Report A-71-137. (Unpublished study received
Sep 9, 1975 under 6G1666; CDL:095075-R)
American Cyanamid Company (1973) Temephos Toxicity Data: Report
No. A-73-141. (Unpublished study received Mar 6, 1974 under
241-234; CDL:026901-X)
American Cyanamid Company (1974) Toxicity Data: Abate 70% Concen-
trate (AC2233-107): Report A-74-6. (Unpublished study received
Sep 9, 1975 under 6G1666; CDL-.095075-Q)
Blinn, R.C. (1966) Abate® Insecticide: The Metabolic Fate of
Phenylene Phosphorothioate in the Rat: Project no. 35-54-3-11-
83. (Unpublished study received Feb 7, 1967 under 7G0566;
submitted by American Cyanamid Co., Agricultural Div.,
Princeton, N.J.; CDL:092854-H)
Blinn, R.C. (1969) Metabolic fate of Abate insecticide in the rat.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 17(1):118-122.
14
Chiu, T.Y.; Eisner, S.K. (1975) Temephos: Metabolism of C-
Temephos Dermally Sprayed on Lactating Goats: Project no.
2-755. (Unpublished study received Sep 9, 1975 under 6G1666;
submitted by American Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N.J.; CDL:
095075-N)
Cole M.M.; Hirst, J.M.; Gilbert, I.H.; Adams, C.T. (1971) Sleeve
tests of insecticides for control of body lice in 1969-70.
Journal of Economic Entomology 64(3):761-762. (Also ^n unpub-
lished submission received Sep 1, 1972 under 241-230;
submitted by American Cyanamid Co.,1 Princeton, N.J.;
CDL:002063-K)
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID
000001307
005000974
000001368
000001240
000001356
000001375
000001239
000001365
Toxicology (Part VI) (Cont'd)
Citation
Fischer, J. (1974) Toxicity Data: Temephos, 25% Dust Concentrate:
Report No. A-74-120. (Unpublished study received Oct 21, 1974
under 241-235; CDL:100873-A)
Gaines, T.B. (1969) Acute toxicity of pesticides.
Applied Pharmacology 14(3):515-534.
Toxicology and
Gaines, T.B.; Kimbrough, R.; Laws, E.R., Jr. (1967) Toxicology of
Abate in laboratory animals. Archives of Environmental Health
14(?/Feb):283-288. (Also In unpublished submission received
Jul 17, 1967 under 7G0566; submitted by American Cyanamid Co.,
Princeton, N.J.; CDL:090713-1)
Hutchison, E.B.; Levinskas, G.J. (1965) CL 52,160: Ninety-Day
Repeated Feeding to Dogs: Report No. 65-19. Method dated
Mar 9, 1965 entitled: Modified Michel Method for Assay of
Cholinesterase Activity. (Unpublished study received May 27,
1965 under 241-132; submitted by American Cyanamid Co.,
Princeton, N.J.; CDL:001791-S)
Hutchinson, E.B.; McNerney, J.M.; Levinskas, G.J. (1966) Abate (CL
52,160): Report no. 66-162. Undated method entitled: Modified
Michel Method for Assay of Cholinesterase Activity. (Unpublished
study received Feb 3, 1967 under 7G0566; submitted by American
Cyanamid Co., Agricultural Div., Princeton, N.J.; CDL:090712-D)
laws, E.R., Jr.; Morales, F.R.; Hayes, W.J., Jr.; Romney Joseph,
C. (1967) Toxicology of Abate in volunteers. Archives of
Environmental Health 14(?/Feb):289-291. (Also In unpublished
submission received Feb 1, 1967 under 7G0566; submitted by
American Cyanamid Go., Agricultural Div., Princeton, N.J.;
CDL:092854-E)
Levinskas, G.J. (1965) Report on CL 52,160: Ninety-Day Feeding to
Albino Rats: Report No. 65-18. Method dated Mar 9, 1965
entitled: Modified Michel Method for Assay of Cholinesterase
Activity. (Unpublished study received May 27, 1965 under
241-132; submitted by American Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N. J.;
CDL:001791-R)
McNerney, J.M.; Levinskas, G.J. (1967) Abate Mosquito Larvicide:
Single Oral Dose Toxicity to Rats and Joint Toxic Action with
Other Pesticides: Report nos. 67-45 and 67-169. (Unpublished
study received Jul 17, 1967 under 7G0566; submitted by American
Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N.J.; CDL: 090713-B)
-------
MRID
000001388
005000806
005001984
005001274
000001386
000001232
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Toxicology (Part VI) (Cont'd)
Citation
McNerney, J.M.; Ribelin, W.E.; Lovinskas, G.J. (1963) Abate©
Mosquito Larvicide: Successive Generation Studies in Rats:
Report no. 68-9. (Unpublished study received May 24, 1970
under OF0913; submitted by American Cyanamid Co., Agricultural
Div., Princeton, N.J.; CDL:091568-K)
Shafik, M.T. (1970) The determination of 4,4'-thiodiphenol in
human and rat urine as an indication of exposure to low levels
of Abate. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology 5(4):311-316.
Steinberg, M.; Rowe, S.E.; Boldt, R.E. (1970) Assessment of
Relative Toxicity of Candidate Louse Toxicant ENT-27165
0,O,O',O'-Tetramethyl 0,O'-Thiodi-P-Phenylene Phosphorothioate
(Abate): Evaluation of Animal and Human Exposure Data and
Recommendations Concerning a Field Test Program. Edgewood
Arsenal, Md.: U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency. (USAEHA
study no. 33-001-70; available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA;
AD 869 265)
Steinberg, M.; Godke, R.A.; Miller, T.A. (1970) Human exposure to 2
percent ENT-27165 (O,O,O',0'-tetramethyl O,O'-thiodi-p-phenylene
phosphorothioate) Abate in pyrax powder and 2 percent ENT-27041
(4-benzothienyl-N-methylcarbamate) Mobam in pyrax powder
evaluations of findings from volunteer use of louse toxicant
with recormiendation for standardization, January-March, 1970.
Edgewood Arsenal, Md.: U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency.
(USAEHA Toxicologic and Entomologic special study no. 99-006-
70/71: available from: OTIS, Springfield, VA; AD-877 508)
Underwood, P.C. (1977) Two-Year Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenesis
Study of Temephos in the Rat: Report No. 7354. (Unpublished
study received Apr 4, 1978 under 241-220; prepared by
Pharmacopathics Research Laboratories, Inc.; submitted by
American Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N.J.; CDL:233402-B; 235935)
Wang, G.T.; Colavita, J.H.; Phillips, A.A. (1974) Temephos: Safety
of 2% Temephos Powder When Applied Liberally on Cats Five Days a
Week for Three Weeks: Project No. 30-0960-3-755. (Unpublished
study received Mar 6, 1974 under 241-234; submitted by American
Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N.J.; CDL:026901-W)
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID
000001363
000001403
000001377
005000857
000001343
000001382
GS0006003
000001297
Residue Chemistry (Part VII)
Citation
American Cyanamid Company (1966) The Determination of Abate Resi-
dues in Cottonseed. Method dated Apr 12, 1966. (Unpublished
study received Feb 3, 1967 under 7G0566; CDL:090712-U)
American Cyanamid Company (1971?) Cattle Feeding Studies: [Abate:
Residues in Cattle Tissues and Milk]. Undated method entitled:
Determination of Abate in Bovine Muscle, Kidney, and Liver;
Undated method entitled: Determination of Abate in Bovine Fat;
Method M-126 dated Oct 12, 1970. (Unpublished study received
Apr 23, 1971 under 1F1156; CDL:090947-AD)
Blinn, R.C. (1966) Abate® Insecticide: The Metabolic Fate of
O,O,O1,0'-Tretramethyl OfO'-Thiodi-p-Phenylene Phosphorothioate
on Bean Leaves: Project no. 35—54-3-11-83. (Unpublished study
received Feb 7, 1967 under 7G0566; submitted by American Cyanmid
Co., Agricultural Div., Princeton, N.J.; CDL:092854-I)
Blinn, R.C.; Paserala, N.R. (1966) Colorimetric determination of
Abate residues from several environmental conditions. Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 14(2):152-156.
Chiu, T.Y.; Eisner, S.K. (1975) Temephos: Metabolism of 14C-
Temephos Dermally Sprayed on Lactating Goats: Project no.
2-755. (Unpublished study received Sep 9, 1975 under 6G1666;
submitted by American Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N.J.; CDL:
095075-N)
Devine, J.M. (1969) Abate and Abate Sulfoxide Residues in Alfafa.
(Unpublished study received Jun 27, 1969 under unknown admin.
no.; prepared by Syracuse Univ. Research Corp.; submitted by
Allied Chemical Corp., Morristown, N.J.; CDL:120715-A)
Gibson, M. (1970) Pesticide Petition No. 6F0913 Method Tryout,
Abate on Cottonseed. (Letter from Maxwell Gibson, DHEW,
Laboratory Director, to George Beusch, Pesticide Evaluation
Branch, Office of Pesticide Products Safety Bureau of Foods, BF-
216, on Apr 15, 1970)
Higham, J.M. (1969) Abate® (CL 52,160) and Abate Sulfoxide
(CL 105,103) Residues in Cottonseed: Report No. C-198. Undated
method. (Unpublished study received Nov 24, 1969 under
241-223; submitted by American Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N.J.;
CDL:026905-B)
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Residue Chemistry (Part VII) (Cont'd)
MRID Citation
000001344 Manuel, A.J. (1975) Temephos (CL 52,160) and Temephos Sulfoxide
(CL 105,103) Residues in Cattle Tissues: Report no. C-650.
Method M-508 dated Apr 19, 1974. (Unpublished study received
Sep 9, 1975 under 6G1666; sumbitted by American Cyanamid Co.,
Princeton, N.J.; CDL:095075-0)
000001402 Manuel, A.J.; Devine, J. (1970) Biothion 6E: Abate® and Abate
Sulfoxide Residues in Citrus (Oranges, Lemons, Grapefruit) from
Studies Conducted in California and Arizona: Report No. C-246.
Method M-145 dated Dec 15, 1970. (Unpublished study received
Apr 23, 1971 under 1F1156; CDL:090947-AS)
005000795 Miles, J.W.; Dale, W.E.; Churchill, F.C. (1976) Storage and
analysis of samples of water, fish, and mud from environments
contaminated with Abate. Archives of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 5(1):29-41.
000001392 Orloski, E.J. (1969) Abate® and Abate Sulfoxide Residues in
Cattle Tissues: Report no. C-206. Method dated Aug 28, 1969
entitled: Determination of Abate in Bovine Muscle, Kidney and
Liver; method dated Aug 28, 1969 entitled: Determination of
Abate in Bovine Fat. (Unpublished study including letter dated
Aug 28, 1969 from A. Post to Edward J. Orloski and MRI Project
no. 5-582-C final report, received May 24, 1970 under OF0913;
prepared in cooperation with Midwest Research Institute,
submitted by American Cyanamid Co., Agricultural Div.,
Princeton, N.J.; CDL:091568-AB)
005000638 Pasarela, N.R.; Orloski, E.J. (1973) Abate insecticide. Pages
119-146, ^n Analytical Methods for Pesticides and Plant Growth
Regulators. Edited by G. Zweig. Vol. VII. Thin-layer and
Liquid Chromatography. Pesticides of International Importance.
Edited by J. Sherma and G. Zweig. New York: Academic Press.
GS0006002 Zee, K.T. (1971) Method Trail for Abate and Abate Sulfoxide on
Cotton Seed (Unpublished study received 1971 under OF0913)
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Ecological Effects (Part VIII)
MRID
005000841
005001001
Citation
000001335
GS0006005
GS0006006
005003886
005000828
000001384
Ali, A.; Mulla, M.S. (1978) Effects of chironomid larvicides and
diflubenzuron on nontarget invertebrates in residential
recreational lakes. Environmental Entomology 7(1):21-27.
Busch, D.A. (1975) The failure of temephos and chloropyrifos to
affect the short-term productivity of Spartina alterniflora and
S_._ patens on a New Jersey salt marsh. Pages 50-55, in
Proceedings of the Sixty-second Annual Meeting of the~~New Jersey
Mosquito Contronl Association; Mar 11-14, 1975, Atlantic City,
New Jersey, new Brunswick, N.J.: New Jersey Mosquito
Extermination Association.
Derby, S.B.S.; Ruber, E. (1971) Primary production: Depression of
oxygen evolution in algal cultures by organophosphorus
insecticides. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination &
Toxicology 5(6):533-558. (Also In unpublished submission
received Nov 26, 1971 under 241^132; submitted by American
Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N.J.; CDL:129448-AE)
Fish-Pesticide Reserach Lab. Unpublished Reports dated 1964, 1965
and 1970. Acute Toxicity, Summary Sheets for Abate 43% and
86%. Submitted by Dr. M.T. Finley, USDI, Columbia, MO., 11-14-
79.
Fish-Pesticide Research lab. 1971. Acute toxicity Summary Sheet
for Abate 90%. Submitted by Dr. M.T. Finley, U.S.D.I.,
Columbia, Mo., 11-6-79.
Hattori, K. (1974) Satchuzai difenpos (Abeito) no ryoseiryui ni
taisuru dokusei. [Toxicity of difenphos (Abate) in
the amphibia.] Hokkaidoritsu Eisei Kenkyusho Ho. [Report
of the Hokkaido Institute of Public Health.] 24:152-153.
Helson, B.V.; West, A.S. (1978) Particulate formulations of Abate
and methoxychlor as black fly larvicides: their selective
effects on stream fauna. The Canadian Entomologist
110(6):591-602.
Hill, E.F. (1971) Toxicity of selected mosquito larvicides to some
common avian species. Journal of Wildlife Management 35(4):
757-762. (Also Li unpublished submission received Feb 11, 1976
under 201-225; submitted by Shell Chemical Co., Washington,
D.C.; CDL:222966-A)
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Ecological Effects (Part VIII) (Cont'd)
MRID Citation
000022923 Hill, E.F.; Heath, R.G.; Spann, J.W.; et al. (1975) Lethal Dietary
Toxicities of Environmental Pollutants to Birds: Special Scien-
tific Report—Wildlife No. 191. (U.S. Dept. of the Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center;
unpublished report)
000001358 Johansen, C. (1966) Abate—^Toxicity to Bees—Lygus Control. (Un-
published study received Feb 3, 1967 under 7G0566 prepared by
Washington State Univ., submitted by American Cyanamid Go.,
Princeton, N.J.; CDL:090712-P)
000001361 Johansen, C.; Eves, J. (1965) Bee Poisoning Investigations, 1965.
(Unpublished study including table 12, received Feb 3, 1967
under 7G0566; prepared by Washington State Univ., submitted by
American Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N.J.; CDL:090712-S)
005000837 Johansen, C.A. (1972) Toxicity of field-weathered insecticide
residues to four kinds of bees. Environmental Entomology
1(3):393-394.
000001337 Ifennedy, H.D. (1970) Acute Tbxicity of Pesticides to Fish:
[Temephos]: Annual Progress Report: 1970. (unpublished study
received Nov 26, 1971 under 241-132; prepared by U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Fish-Pesticide Research Laboratory, submitted
by U.S. Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N.J.; CDL:129448-AG)
005000819 Korn, S.; Earnest, R. (1974) Acute toxicity of twenty insecticides
to striped bass, Morone saxatilis. California Fish and Game
60(3):128-131.
GS0006007 McCann F.A and F.G Pitcher, 1975. Biological Laboratories
Report. Abate. USEPA, Chemical and Biological Investigation
Branch, ARC-East, Beltsville, Md. (Test No 840,836)
005000798 Muirhead-Thomson, R.C. (1978) Lethal and behavioral impact of
chlorpyrifos methyl and temephos on select stream
macroinvertebrates: experimental studies on downstream drift.
Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
7(2):139-147.
005000797 Muirhead-Thomson, R.C. (1978) Relative susceptibility of stream
macroinvertebrates to temephos and chlorpyrifos, determined in
laboratory continuous-flow systems. Archives of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 7(2):129-137.
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Ecological Effects (Part VIII) (Cont'd)
MRID Citation
005000774 Roberts, D.R.; Miller, T.A. (1970) Effects of Polymer Formulations
of Dursban and Abate on Non-target Organism Populations,
April-October, 1970. Edgewood Arsenal, Md.: U.S. Army
Environmental Hygiene Agency. (Entomological special study no.
31-004-71; available from: NTIS, Springfield, Va.: AD-729 342)
005000946 Ruber, E.; Kbr, R. (1976) The measurement of upstream migration in
a laboratory stream as an index of potential side-effects of
temephos and chlorpyriphos on Gammarus fesciatus (Amphipoda,
Crustacea). Mosquito News 36(4):424-429.
005000947 Thayer, A.; Ruber, E. (1976) Previous feeding history as a factor
in the effects of temephos and chlorpyrifos on migration
of Gammarus fasciatus (Amphipoda, Crustacea). Mosquito News
36(4):429-432.
GS0006004 Tucker, R.K.; Crabtree, D.G. (1970) Handbook: of Toxicity of
Pesticides to Wildlife. Pages 12-13, Bureau of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife, Denver Wildlife Research Center, Publication No.
84.
005000975 Tucker, R.K.; Haegele, M.A. (1971) Comparative acute oral toxicity
of pesticides to six species of birds. Toxicology and Applied
Pharmacology 20(1):57-65.
005000821 Wallace, R.R.; West, A.S.; Downe, A.E.R.; Hynes, H.B.N. (1973) The
effects of experimental blackfly (Diptera, Simuliidae)
larviciding with Abate, Dursban, and Methoxychlor on stream
invertebrates. The Canadian Entomologist 105(6):817-831.
005000957 Ward, D.V.; Busch, D.A. (1976) Effects of temephos, an
organophosphorous insecticide, on survival and escape behaviour
of the marsh fiddler crab Uca pugnax. Oikos 27(2):331-335.
005001768 Ward, D.V.; Howes, B.L.; Ludwig, D.F. (1976) Interactive effects
of predation pressure and insecticide (temephos) toxicity on
populations of the marsh fiddler crab Uca pugnax. Marine
Biology 35(2):119-126.
005000807 Wurtsbaugh, W.A.; Apperson, C.S. (1978) Effects of mosquito control
insecticides on nitrogen fixation and growth of blue-green algae
in natural plankton associations. Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology 19(6):641-647.
-------
MRID
000001226
000001273
000001270
000001397
000001351
000001217
000001228
000001290
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Efficacy (Part IX)
Citation
Ah, H.S.; Clark, J.D. (1974?) Evaluation of 2% Temephos Powder
Formulation as Ectoparasiticide Against the Adult Cat Flea
(Unpublished study received Mar 6, 1974 under 241-234; prepared
by Univ. of Georgia, Dept. of Parasitology and Laboratory Animal
Medicine Unit; submitted by American Cyanamid Co., Princeton,
N.J.; CDL:02691-Q)
Ah, U.S.; Hanson, W.L. (1975) Effectiveness of CL52/160-Impregnated
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Ah, U.S.; Hanson, W.L. (1976) Effectiveness of CL52,160-Impregnated
Collars in Controlling Fleas on Dogs and Cats: Part II Final
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submitted by American Cyanamid Co.; Princeton, N. J.;
CDL:229331-D)
American Cyanamid Company (1965) Summary of Data on Mosquito and
Midge Larvae Control with Abate Granular: Table I. (Unpublished
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American Cyanamid Company (1969) First Periodic Report: Status
of the Experimental Program Regarding Temporary Permit No. 241-
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American Cyanamid Company (1974?) [Efficacy Data of Temephos on Cat
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Summary of studies 026901-E, 026901-O through 026901-R and
026901-Y. (Unpublished study received Mar 6, 1974 under 251-
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American Cyanamid Company (1974?) Therapeutic and Residual Activity
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American Cyanamid Company (1975?) Efficacy Studies: [Temephos].
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CDL:223485-C)
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID
000001262
000001261
000001268
000001260
000001272
000001247
005001004
005000730
005000793
Efficacy (Part IX) (Cont'd)
Citation
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American Cyanamid Company (1976?) [Performance Data: Temephos1.
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(Unpublished study received Aug 24, 1976 under 241-251;
CDL:229331-B)
American Cyanamid Company (1976?) Stability: [Temephos]. (Unpub-
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American Cyanamid Company (1976) Summary of Laboratory Per-
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received Aug 24, 1976 under 241-251; CDL:229331-H)
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Mosquitoes, 1964: [Temephos]. (Unpublished study including
2 tests and letter, received May 27, 1965 under 241-132;
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Axtell, R.C.; Rutz, D.A.; Cvercash, M.R.; Humenik, F.J. (1975)
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-------
MRID
000001245
000001400
000001398
000001276
000001275
005000920
005001115
000001236
005000634
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Efficacy (Part IX) (Cont'd)
Citation
Bender, E.K. (1964) Monthly Report—October, 1964: 52,160—Mosqui-
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Bender, E.K. (1965) Monthly Report—May, 1965: Abate Granular—Ex-
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published study received Dec 1, 1965 under 241-132; submitted
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Bender, E.K. (1965) Monthly Report—September, 1965: Abate 2%
G—Four Weeks Control of Culex pipiens Larvae—New Jersey.
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Berger, H.; Colavita, J.H.; Miller, R.F. (1975) Temephos: Effec-
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Berger, H.; Colavita, J.H.; Miller, R.F. (1975) Temephos: Effec-
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the susceptibility of mosquito larvae to insecticides in
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Boike, A.H., Jr.; Rathburn, C.B., Jr. (1972) The susceptibility of
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Bowman, J.S. (1965?) Summary of Efficacy Data with Abate (El
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Craven, B.R.; Steelman, C.D. M968) Relative susceptibility
of Psorophora confinnis (Lynch-Arribalzaga) larvae in the rice
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Mosquito News 28(4):596-597.
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID
000001349
000001347
000001350
000001399
000001225
005000711
005000761
005000888
Efficacy (Part IX) (Cont'd)
Citation
Delaware Highway Department (1969?) Abate ULV Usage in Delaware.
(Unpublished study received Apr 8, 1970 under 241-EX-47;
prepared by Delaware Highway Dept., Mosquito Control Div.,
submitted by American Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N.J.; CDL:
123154-B)
Delaware, University of (1968) LV Abate Field [Tests]. (Unpublishe
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Barker, received Feb 28, 1969 under 241-EX-47; prepared by Univ.
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Co., Princeton, N.J.; CDL:123153-D)
Delaware, University of (1970) Field Evaluation of Mosquito
Insecticides: Section II-A: [Temephos]. (Unpublished study
received Apr 8, 1970 under 241-EX-47; prepared by Univ. of
Delaware, College of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Entomology
and Applied Ecology, submitted by American Cyanamid Co.,
Princeton, N.J.; CDL:123154-C)
Dobson, J.B. (1965) Monthly Report—August, 1965: Insecticide De-
velopment: Abate. (Unpublished study received Dec 1, 1965 under
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[Fitzgerald, P.R.] (1973?) The Effect of Compound CL52,160
(Temephos) on the Flea Ctenocephalides felis on Dogs and Cats.
(Unpublished study received Mar 6, 1974 under 241-234; prepared
by Univ. of Illinois, submitted by American Cyanamid Co.,
Princeton, N.J.; CDL:026901-P)
Gahan, J.B.; Smith, C.N.; Glancey, B.M. (1966) Resistance in
Florida and countermeasures involving chemicals. Mosquito News
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Georghiou, G.P.; Ariaratnam, V.; Pasternak, M.E.; Lin. C.S. (1975)
Evidence of organophosphorus multiresistance in Culex pipiens
guinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens pipiens in California. Pages
41-44, Jn Proceedings and Papers of the Annual Conference
Visalia, Calif.: CMCA.
Georghiou,-G.P.; Ariaratnam, V.; Pasternak, M.E.; Lin, C.S. (1975)
Organophosphorus multiresistance in Culex pipiens quinquefascia-
tus in California. Journal of Entomology 68(4):461-467.
-------
MRID
005000749
005000994
000001234
000001227
005000637
000001219
005000739
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Efficacy (Part IX) (Cont'd)
Citation
Gillies, P.A.; Womeldorf, D.J.; White, K.E. (1968) Cross-tolerance
of California Aedes nigromaculis (Ludlow) larvae to EPN, Abate,
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Conference of the California Mosquito Control Association. Vol.
36. Visalia, Calif.: OMCA.
Gillies, P.A.; Zboray, E.P.; Womeldorf, D.J.; White, K.E. (1975)
Insecticide susceptibility of mosquitoes in California:
occurrence of organophosphorus resistance in Culex the Forty-
third Annual Conference of the California Mosquito Control
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Gbulding, R.L. (1974) A study on the Effectiveness of Protex
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(Bouche1) on Dogs and Cats. (Unpublished study received Mar 6,
1974 under 241-234; prepared by Oregon State Univ., Dspt. of
Entomology, submitted by American Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N.J.;
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Greve, J.H. (1973?) Evaluation of CL 52,160 (Temephos) Against
Ctenocephalides felis in Dogs and Cats. (Unpublished study
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New Jersey Mosquito Extermination Association.
Hamilton, D.R.; Schrider, M.; Cosgrove, W. (1973) Initial and
Residual Activity of CL 52,160 (Temephos) in 2% Dust Formulation
on Cats Experimentally Infested with Ctenocephalides felis;
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under 241-234; submitted by American Cyanamid Co., Princeton,
N.J.; CDL:026901-G)
Jones, G.E.; Carroll, D.F.; Wills, W. (1976) Susceptibility of
Pennsylvania mosquito larvae to Abate, Dursban and Baytex.
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Association.
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID
000004967
000001338
005000710
000003267
000001271
000001317
Efficacy (Part IX) (Cont'd)
Citation
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Aircraft for Mosquito Control: Rept 8-B. (Unpublished study in-
cluding letter dated Nov 13, 1964 from A.O. Jensen to Jim Bow-
man, received May 27, 1965 under 241-132; submitted by American
Cyanamid Co., Princeton, N.J.; CDL:001791-AG)
Lake, R.W.; Murphey, F.J.; Stachecki, C.J. (1967) Field trials with
granular Abate for control of early spring Aedes mosquitoes.
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1967, Atlantic City, N.J. Atlantic City, N.J.: New Jersey Mos-
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ment Station miscellaneous paper No. 568; Univ. of Delaware,
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Lewallen, L.L.; Peters, R.F. (1966) Control of California
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Lewis, L.F.; Darrow, D.I. (1965) Results of Laboratory and Field
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241-132; prepared by U.S. Agricultural Research Service,
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Lyles, D.I.; Johnson, W.E., Jr. (1976) Final Report: Effectiveness
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-------
MRID
005001767
000001224
005000792
000001331
005000930
000004968
005000750
005000758
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
Efficacy (Part IX) (Cont'd)
Citation
McFarland, G.C.; Pelsue, F.W. (1971) "Public health protection
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Mulhern, T.; Wyman, E.; Frolli,R.; lewis, E. (1965) Field Test of
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-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID
000001326
000001218
005001005
005000784
000001249
005000740
005000925
000001274
Efficacy (Part IX) (Cont'd)
Citation
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-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Considered to be Part of the Data Base Supporting
Registrations Under the Standard
MRID
005000928
000001302
000001301
005000757
005000666
005000648
Efficacy (Part IX) (Cont'd)
Citation
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-------
TEMOPHOS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Section 2
Citations Judged To Bo Inappropriate For Use In Developinq This Standard
-------
MRID
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
Citation
005021394 Abban, E.K.; Saninan, J. (1980) Preliminary observations on the
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005000652 Abul-Nasr, S.; El-Sherif, S.I.; Isa, A.L.; Aly, A.S. (1975)
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maizeleaf-miner Pseudonpomyza spicata Mall (Diptera,
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005001103 Adair, H.M.; Kincade, R.J.; Easter, M.L.; Brazzel, J.R. (1967)
low-volume aerial spraying of several insecticides for
cotton-insect control. Journal of Economic Entomology
60(4):1121-1127.
005001018 Ajami, A.M. (1975) Inhibitors of ester hydrolysis as synergists
for biological activity of Cecropia juvenile hormone. Journal
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Part 2.] Izyestiya Akademii Nauk Azerbaidzhanskoi SSR, Seriya
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Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Research and Monitoring. (Water pollution control research
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID
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005000892
005000893
005015566
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Citation
Ali, A.; Mulla, M.S. (1976) Insecticidal control of chironomid
midges in the Santa Ana River water spreading system, Orange
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Ali, A.; Mulla, M.S. (1977) Chemical control of nuisance midges in
the Santa Ana River Basin, southern California. Journal of
Economic Entomology 70(2):191-195.
Ali, A.; Mulla, M.S. (1977) The IGR diflubenzuron and
organophosphorus insecticides against nuisance midges in
man-made residential-recreational lakes. Journal of Economic
Entomology 70(5):571-577.
Ali, A.; Mulla, M.S. (1978) Chemical control of nuisance midges in
residential-recreational lakes. Folia Entomologica Mexicana
18:188.
Ali, A.; Mulla, M.S. (1978) Declining field efficacy of
chlorpyrifos against chironomid midges and laboratory
evaluation of substitute larvicides. Journal of Economic
Entomology 71(5):778-782.
Ali, A.; Mulla, M.S.; Pfuntner, A.R.; Luna, L.L. (1978)
Pestiferous midges and their control in a shallow
residential-recreational lake in southern California.
Hews 38(4):528-535.
Mosquito
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American Cyanamid Company (19??) Chemical and Physical Properties
of Biothion Insecticide. (Unpublished study received May 13,
1971 under OF0913; CDL:093212-E)
American Cyanamid Company (19??) Chemical and Physical Properties
of Biothion1"'. (Unpublished study received Jan 14, 1969
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American Cyanamid Company (19??) Chemical and Physical Properties
of Biothion"5: 8.A. Data Sheet. (Unpublished study received
Feb 7, 1967 under 7G0566; CDL:092854-C)
American Cyanamid Company (1964) Tbxicity Data: Abate 52,160.
Report Ho. 64-114. (Unpublished study received Oct 14, 1964
under unknown admin, no.; CDL:222025-A)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
000002208 American Cyanamid Company (1964) Ibxicity Data: Phosphorothioic
Acid, O,0,0' ,O'-Tetramethyl O,O'-Thiodi-p-Phenylene Ester:
Report No. 64-112. (Unpublished study received May 27, 1965
under 241-132; CDL:001791-N)
000001396 American Cyanamid Company (1965?) Chemical and Physical Properties
of El 52160. (Unpublished study received Jun 6, 1965 under
241-132; CDL:001792)
000001237 American Cyanamid Company (1965?) Feeding Studies with CL 52,160
and CL 43,913 in Chicks: [Ttemephos]. (Unpublished study
received May 27, 1965 under 241-132; CDL:001791-1)
000001235 American Cyanamid Company (1965?) Physical and Chemical Properties:
(Unpublished study received ?,?,1965 under 241-132; CDL:001791-
A)
000001241 American Cyanamid Company (1965) Determination of Residues of
EL 52160 in Stream and Pond Water and Mud: Report No. C-74.
Method dated Mar 10, 1965 entitled: Colorimetric Procedure for
the Determination of CL 52,160 Residues in Water and Mud.
(Unpublished study received May 27, 1965 under 241-132;
CDL:001791-T)
000001378 American Cyanamid Company (1965) Effects of Aerial Application of
Granular Formulations of Three Systemic Carbamate Insecticides
and Several Standard Sprays on Beneficial Predators in an Al-
falfa Seed Field, Walla Walla, Washington, 1965: Table 2:
(Unpublished study received 1965 under 7G0566; CDL:090712-W)
000002210 American Cyanamid Company (1966) Ibxicity Data: Abate: Report
No. 66-16. (Unpublished study received Feb 10, 1966 under
unknown admin, no.; CDL:222022-A)
000003266 American Cyanamid Company (1966) Tbxicity Data: Abate Mosquito
Larvicide: Report 66-14. (Unpublished study received May 24,
1970 under OF0913; CDL:091568-AJ)
000001393 American Cyanamid Company (1966) Tbxicity Data: Solvent System for
Abate Mosquito Larvicide: Report 66-15. (Unpublished study
received May 24, 1970 under OF0913; CDL:091568-AI)
000001253 American Cyanamid Company (1968) Abate®: Mosquito Larvicide and
Insecticide: Technical Information. (Unpublished study received
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the Petition [for Ttemephos]. (Unpublished study received Nov
24, 1969 under 241-223; CDL:026905-O)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
000001387 American Cyanamid Company (1969?) Review of Experimental Work on
the Tbxicity of Biothion Insecticide (Also Known as Abate Insec-
ticide). (Unpublished study received May 24, 1970 under
OF0913; CDL:091568-A)
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Abate. (Unpublished study received Feb 28, 1969 under 241-EX-
47; CDL:123153-B)
000001296 American Cyanamid Company (1969) Summary of Lygus Control with
Biothion on Cotton. (Unpublished study received Nov 24, 1969
under 241-223; CDL:026905-A)
000001348 American Cyanamid Company (1970?) Proposed Experimental Program
When Applied as ULV or Granular Formulation]. (Unpublished
study including experimental permit request, received Apr 8,
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000001215 American Cyanamid Company (1970) Abate® Insecticide: Determina-
tion by Gas Liquid Chromatography in Formulations and in the
Technical Product. Method M-180 dated Apr 5, 1970. (Unpub-
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000001304 American Cyanamid Company (1970) Determination of Abate® Insec-
ticide in the Technical Product and Its Formulations by Ultra-
violet Spectrophotometry: Recommended Method of Analysis.
Method M-131 dated Nov 6, 1970. (Unpublished study received
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000001295 American Cyanamid Company (1970) Summary of Experiments Using
Biothion on Non-Bearing Citrus and at Petal-Fall on Bearing
Citrus to Control Citrus Thrips. (Unpublished study received
1970 under 241-223; CDL:002007-A)
000001405 American Cyanamid Company (1971?) Reasonable Grounds in Support of
the Petition: [Biothion]. (Unpublished study received Apr 7,
1971 under 1F1156; CDL:093476-H)
000004970 American Cyanamid Company (1971?) Review of the Literature on the
Effects of Abate on Non-Target Organisms. (Unpublished study
received Mar 12, 1975 under 241-242; CDL:165068-A)
000001333 American Cyanamid Company (1971?) Review of the Literature on the
Effects of Abate on Non-Target Organisms. (Unpublished study
received Nov 26, 1971 under 241-132; CDL:129448-AB)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Enveloping the Standard
MRID Citation
000001401 American Cyanamid Company (1971?) Summary of the Ibxicity Data on
Biothion: (Other Designations: Abate**; CL 52,160). (Un-
published study received Apr 23, 1971 under 1F1156; CDL:
090947-C)
000001306 American Cyanamid Company (1972?) American Cyanamid's Central
Medical Department Ibxicity Reports: Summary of the Toxicity
Data on Biothion (Other Designations: Abate"*; CL 52,160).
(Unpublished study received Sep 1, 1972 under 241-230; CDL:
082063-D)
000001303 American Cyanamid Company (1972?) Chemical and Physical Properties
of Abate^ Insecticide, [Formulation and Stability!. (Unpub-
lished study received Sep 2, 1972 under 241-230; CDL:002063-A).
000001305 American Cyanamid Company (1972?) Review of Performance Data:
lished study received Sep 1, 1972 under 241-230; CDL:002063-C)
000001292 American Cyanamid Company (1974?) [Analytical Methods: Ultraviolet
Spectrophotometry and Gas-Liquid Chromatography of Abate].
(Unpublished study received Aug 26, 1974 under 241-242;
CDL:121115-B)
000001291 American Cyanamid Company (1974?) [Chemical and Physical Proper-
ties, Manufacturing and Formulations of Abate1. (Unpublished
study received Aug 26, 1974 under 241-242; CDL:121115-A)
000001214 American Cyanamid Company (1974?) Chemical and Physical Properties
of lemephos. (Unpublished study received Mar 6, 1974 under
241-234; CDL:026901-B)
000001293 American Cyanamid Company (1974?) Comparative Acute Ibxicities of
Some Insecticides. (Unpublished study including toxicology
chart, received Aug 26, 1974 under 241-242; CDL:121115-C)
000001221 American Cyanamid Company (1974?) Tamephos 25% Powder Concentrate.
(Unpublished study received Mar 6, 1974 under 241-234;
CDL:026901-L)
000001220 American Cyanamid Company (1974?) 2% Temephos Powder. (Unpublished
study received Mar 6, 1974 under 241-234; CDL:026901-K)
000001294 American Cyanamid Company (1974) [Ibxicity Data of Abate 70%
Concentrate, Abate Technical, 90% and Panasol AN-2: Report
A-74-6]. (Unpublished study received Aug 26, 1974 under
241-242; CDL:140124-A)
000001340 American Cyanamid Company (1975?) Chemical and Physical Properties
of Temephos. (Unpublished study received Sep 9, 1975 under
6G1666; CDL:095075-A)
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
000001345 American Cyanamid Company (1975?) Preliminary Study to Show
Effectiveness of Temephos for Control of Lice on Cattle. (Un-
published study received Sep 9, 1975 under 6G1666;
CDL:095075-P)
000001279 American Cyanamid Company (1975?) Review of the Literature on the
Effects of Abate on Non-Target Organisms. (Unpublished study
received Nov 19, 1975 under 241-246; CDL:224604-E)
000001289 American Cyanamid Company (1975?) Toxicity and Safety Data [of
Temephos]. (Unpublished study received Mar 6, 1975 under
241-EX-69; CDL:223485-B)
000001341 American Cyanamid Company (1975?) Toxicity Data on Formulated
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under 6G1666; CDL:095075-B)
000001342 American Cyanamid Company (1975) Metabolism and Tissue Residue
Data: [Temephos]. Summary of studies 095075-N through 095095-O.
(Unpublished study received Sep 9, 1975 under 6G1666; CDL:
095075-M)
000001265 American Cyanamid Company (1976?) Description of the Manufacturing
of Temephos Technical. (Unpublished study received Feb 10, 1976
under 241-251; CDL:229333-F)
000001266 American Cyanamid Company (1976?) Ingredients in Temephos Tech-
nical. (Unpublished study received Feb 10, 1976 under 241-251;
CDL:229333-G)
000001268 American Cyanamid Company (1976?) Stability: [Temephos]. (Unpub-
lished study received Feb 10, 1976 under 241-251; CDL:229333-1)
000001264 American Cyanamid Company (1976?) Summary of the Toxicity Data on
Biothion (Other Designations: Abate®; CL 52,160).
(Unpublished study received on Feb 10, 1976 under 241-251;
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000001263 American Cyanamid Company (1976?) Temephos Safety and Toxicity
Data. (Unpublished study received Feb 10, 1976 under 241-251;
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005003579 American Cyanamid Company. Agricultural Division (1972) Modern
Mosquito Control with Cythion Insecticide, the Premium Grade
Malathion. 3rd ed. Princeton, N.J.: American Cyanamid.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
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MRID
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table 2, received Feb 3, 1967 under 7G0566; prepared by Univ. of
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Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
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Citation
Anon. (1973) Grand strategy against onchocerciasis.
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Emil A. Moherek and from T.E. Skelton to Emil A. Moherek, re-
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005000791 Apperson, C.S.; Georghiou, G.P. (1975) Changes in cross-resistance
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of the New Jersey Mosquito Extermination Association; Mar
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Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
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MRID Citation
000009181 Atkins, E.L., Jr.; Anderson, L.D.; Greywood, E.A. (1969) Effect of
Pesticides on Apiculture: Project No. 1499. (Unpublished study
received Jul 29, 1976 under 352-342; prepared by Uhiv. of Cali-
fornia—Riverside, Dept. of Entomology, submitted by E.I. du
Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:224800-C)
000018842 Atkins, E.L., Jr.; Anderson, L.D.; Greywood, E.A. (1969) Effect of
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submitted by Ciba Agrochemical Co., Summit, N.J.; CDL:090973-B)
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on the effect of pesticides on honey bees 1968-69: part II.
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005001109 Aziz, S.A. (1973) Toxicity of certain insecticide standards
against the southern armyworm. Journal of Economic Entomology
66(1):68-70.
005010317 Babad, H.; Herbert, W.; Goldberg, M.C. (1968) Nuclear magnetic
resonance studies of phosphorus(V) pesticides: Part I.
Chemical shifts of protons as a means of identification of
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000012539 Bacon, O.G. (1965) Ecology, Biology and Control of Insects and
Mites Affecting the Seed Production of Alflafa [sic], Clovers
and Other Small Seeded Legumes in California: Project No. H-
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000008985 Bacon, O.G. (1969) Lygus Bug Control Experiment #1. (Unpublished
study received Apr 27, 1971 under 1F1159; prepared by Univ. of
California—Davis, Agricultural Experiment Station, Dept. of
Entomology, submitted by E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.,
Wilmington, Del.; CDL.-090952-J)
000001285 Bacon, O.G.; Riley, W.D. (1965) Ecology, Biology, and Control of
Insects and Mites Affecting the Seed Production of Alfalfa,
Clovers and other Small Seeded Legumes in California: Project
No. II-1735. (Unpublished study including table 5,
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
005000664 Bailey, D.L.; LaBrecque, G.C.; Meifert, D.W.; Bishop, P.M. (1968)
Insecticides in dry sugar baits against two strains of house
flies. Journal of Economic Entomology 61(3):743-747.
005000926 Bailey, D.L.; LaBrecque, G.C.; Whitfield, T.L. (1970) Slow-release
and emulsifiable formulations of Dursban and Abate for
controlling larvae of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus Say.
Mosquito News 30(3):465-467.
005000826 Baldwin, W.F.; Gross, H.P.; Wilson, M.L.; Keill, D.J.; Stuart,
R.J.; Sebastien, R.J.; Knight, A.G.; Chant, G.D.; Knight, P.A.;
West, A.S. (1977) Supression of black fly populations in Deep
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005000817 Bang, Y.H.; Gratz, N.; Pant, C.P. (1972) Suppression of a field
population of Aedes aegypti by malathion thermal fogs and Abate
larvicide. Bulletin of the World Health Organization
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005000816 Bang, Y.H.; Pant, C.P. (1972) A field trial of Abate larvicide for
the control of Aedes aegypti in Bangkok, Thailand. Bulletin of
the World Health Organization 46(3):416-425.
005000808 Bang, Y.H.; Tonn, R.J. (1969) Effectiveness of different
insecticides and formulations against Aedes aegypti larvae in
ant traps in Bangkok, Thailand. Bulletin ot the World Health
Organization 41(2):320-324.
005000969 Bang, Y.H.; Tonn, R.J.; Jatanasen, S. (1972) Pilot studies of
Abate as a larvicide for control of Aedes aegypti in Bangkok,
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005000701 Barker, J.S. (1966) Abate...a new mosquito larvicide. Pages
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005000918 Barnes, W.W.; Webb, A.B. (1968) A field evaluation of Abate
briquettes in woodland pools. Mosquito News 28(3):458-561.
005000631 Barnes, W.W.; Webb, A.B.; Savage, L.B. (1967) Laboratory
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
000008236 Bass, M.H.; Guthrie, C.D.; Cobb, P.P.; et al. (1973?) Annual Report
for Period Jan 1 to Dec 31, 1972: Biology and Control of Insect
Pests of Soybeans and Peanuts: Ala-274, RRF Ala-295, S-74. (Un-
published study received Jun 29, 1976 under 201-347; prepared by
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nuts. (Unpublished study received Jun 29, 1976 under 201-347;
prepared by Auburn Univ., submitted by Shell Chemical Co., Wash-
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pesticides from Florisil with a new solvent elution system.
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parameters of a thermionic emission detector, selective and
sensitive to phosphorus. Bulletin of Environmental
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ure to Give Adequate Control of Mosquito Larvae—Delaware.
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID
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sur quelques elements de la faune non cible du Bandama (Lamto,
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Bickley, W.E.; Ludlam, K.W. (1968) Insecticidal control
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
005017000 Biryukova, N.P. (1976) Dinamika difosa v vode, rosteniyakh i rybe
pri obra-botke vodoyemov protiv lichinok komarov. [Dynamics of
diphos in water, plants and fish in the process of treatment of
reservoirs for control of mosquito larvae.] Trudy Vsesoyuznyi
Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Institut Veterinarnoi Sanitarii.
Veterinary Sanitation.] 56:118-123.
005003735 Biryukova, N.P. (1977) Effektivnost' difosa protiv vshei krupnogo
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005007007 Biryukova, N.P.; Vblik, G.N. (1976) Ispytanie difosa protiv
lichinok komarov (predvaritel'noe soobshchenie). [Testing of
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F)
005000704 Blinn, R.C. (1968) Abate insecticide - The fate of
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
005018164 Blinn, R.C. (1971) Infrared microtechniques useful for the
identification of pesticides at the microgram level. Pages
81-94, j[n Pesticide Identification at the Residue Level.
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005000627 Blinn, R.C.; Pasarela, N.R. (1966) Colorimetric determination of
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Flit-MLO, Baygon, Fenthion, Abate, Dursban, Malathion, Para-
thion, Altosid, and Dimilin on the Aquatic Ecosystem. (Unpub-
lished study received Mar 15, 1978 under 148-1259; prepared by
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in streams and ponds treated for control of mosquito larvae.
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received Apr 23, 1971 under 1F1156; submitted by American
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005001037 Bowman, M.C.; Beroza, M. (1970) GLC retention times of pesticides
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005000876 Bowman, M.C.; Ford, H.R.; Lofgren, C.S.; Weidhaas, D.E. (1968)
Residues of Abate: analysis in mosquito larvae and larvicide
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005000904 Brandt, R.L.; Arlian, L.G. (1976) Mortality of house dust
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
005021406 British Standards Institution (1974) Recommended Common Names for
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005000914 Brooks, C.D.; Smith, E.A.; Miles, J.W. (1967) Accumulative effects
of repeated Abate granular treatments in water storage drums.
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005000714 Brooks, G.D.; Schoof, H.F.; Smith, E.A. (1966) Evaluations of five
formulations of Abate against Aedes aegypti, Savannah,
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005000630 Brooks, G.D.; Smith, E.A.; Miles, J.W. (1967) Accumulative effects
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the New Jersey Mosquito Extermination Association; Mar 13-15,
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Jersey Mosquito Extermination Association.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
005000979 Butcher, J.; Boyer, M.; Fowle, C.D. (1975) Impact of Dursban and
Abate on microbial numbers and some chemical properties of
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-------
MRID
005000771
005002853
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Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
Citation
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di Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) con alcuni insetticidi chimici
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diamondback moth caterpillar on cabbage and collards in
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
000012459 Chapman, R.K. (1967) Cooperator Research Report: Potato Leafhopper
and Flea Beetle Control on Potatoes. (Unpublished study re-
ceived Nov 10, 1972 under 3F1323; submitted by Ciba-Geigy Corp.,
Greensboro, N.C.; CDL:093552-AS)
005005002 Chauvet, G.; Ravaonjanahary, C.; Brunhes, J. (1971) Sensibilite et
resistance a divers insecticides organophospnores chez Culex
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control of the dark-sided cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on
tobacco in Ontario. Ihe Canadian Entomologist
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005000769 Cherry, E.T. (1974) Effect of plant bugs on cotton in west
Tennessee. Pages 21-23, Jn Tennessee Farm and Home Science,
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005000697 Cheymol, J.; Chbier, P.; Thanh, T.N.; Thizy, A.; Demozay, D.;
Pillon, D. (1967) Tbxicite comparee (Mammiferes, Insectes,
Acariens) de nouveaux derives S-substitues des acides
S,S-dimethylphosphorique et thiophosphorique. [Comparative
toxicity (Manmifera, Insecta, Acarina), of new S substituted
derivatives of S,S-de»ethylphosphoric and thiophosphoric
acids.] Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de I'Acadamie
des Sciences, Serie D: Sciences Naturelles 265(3):291-294.
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005000642 Chiu, T.Y.; Blinn, R.C. (1975) Metabolism of
O,O,O1 ,O* -tetramethyl-0,0' -thiodi-p-phenylene phosphorothioate
(temephos) dermally sprayed onto lactating goats. Pages
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Chemical Society; Aug 24-26, 1975, Chicago, Illinois.
Baltimore, Md.: Port City Press.
-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
005021679 Chung, J.H. (1978) Yugi inje nongyaguro inhan pihae. [Hazards due
to organic phosphorus pesticides.! Taehan Uihak Hyophoe
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tor®: Efficacy, Phytotoxicity and Yield Effects on Peppers.
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31735, 32153, 36254, 36258, 36259, 36337, 36342, 36345, 36346,
39118, 39140, 39799, 40064, 40729, 40946, 41098, 42715, 42880,
42916, 43225, 43379 and 44930, received Aug 24, 1978 under 3125-
280; submitted by Mobay Chemical Corp., Agricultural Div.,
Kansas City, Mo.; CDL:097315-A)
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N,N'-dialkylalkylenediamines and other fatty diamines in oil
films and water dispersions. Journal of Economic Entomology
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study received Dec 28, 1967 under 8F0648; prepared by Northeast
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stability for phosphorus-containing pesticides. Bulletin of
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carboxylesterase inhibition and malathion potentiation by EPN,
Abate, and parathion. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
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indicator of malathion potentiation in mice. Journal of
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005000966 Cohen, S.D.; Murphy, S.D. (1972) Inactivation of malaoxon by mouse
liver. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
005000733 Cole, M.M.; Clark, P.H.; Grothaus, R.H. (1973) Some candidate
louse powders. Pages 179-180, Jn Proceedings of the
International Symposium on the Control of Lioe and Louse-born
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tests of insecticides for control of body lice in 1969-70.
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Sleeve tests of insecticidal powders for control of body lice.
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lished submission received Sep 1, 1972 under 241-230;
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002063-1)
005000933 Cocmbes, L.E.; lee, J.T.; Meisch, M.V. (1973) Effectiveness of
ground ULV aerosols against larvae of Psoropohora
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005016727 Coosemans, M.; Mouchet, J.; Dejardin, J.; Barathe, J.; Sannier, C.
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control problems.] Travaux de la Societe de Pharmacie de
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chemical method of controlling the dark rice field mosquito in
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
005019280 Cress, D.; Ruppel, R.; Wallner, W.; Jones, A.; Bird, G.; Meggitt,
W.; Putnam, A. (1976) Pesticides Manual: Classification,
Ibxicities, Formulation, Handling, Application. East Lansing,
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New York: Gordon & Breach.
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Cyanamid International.
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of Abate using flame photometric and electron-capture
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005000861 Dale, W.E.; Miles, J.W. (1976) Partition chromatographic
separation of pesticide residues from fats. Journal of the
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005000728 Dale, W.E.; Miles, J.W.; Guerrant, G.O. (1975) Monitoring of
residues of Abate in streams treated for Simulium control.
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
005000941 Darwazeh, H.A.; Mulla, M.S. (1974) Toxicity of herbicides and
mosquito larvicides to the mosquito fish Gambusia affinis .
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Onchocerciasis and Simulium control in the Volta River Basin.
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
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-------
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MRID Citation
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
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MRID Citation
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
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MRID Citation
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
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MRID
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
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-------
MRID
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Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
Citation
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
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ceived Nov 10, 1972 under 3F1323; prepared by Virginia Truck Ex-
periment Station, Eastern Shore Branch, Tidewater Virginia
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
005006246 Inoue, Y.; Mihara, M. (1975) Waga kuni ni okeru fukai konchu to
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-------
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te-*2*» ^> * f -*^ • fc^ • f h^HTIv** k^k^X* » f ** • fcrf • f .fcfcrf*- WU *M W«*. W« f » • \ ^ .^ VS f / *-^ V ' ^ *1 *<•«*» *— ^.^MT*
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-------
MRID
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
Citation
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
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-------
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Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
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MRID Citation
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
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Razrabotka metodov bor'by s gnuson v usloviyakh severnoi taigi
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Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
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Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
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52160 on Cotton]. Summary of study 090713-K. (Unpublished
study received Jul 17, 1967 under 7G0566; prepared by American
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005000781 Pasarela, N.R., inventor; Anerican Cyanamid Co., assignee (1978)
Akarizides Mittel auf Basis eines Polyyinylchloridharzes ais
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German (Fed. Rep.) offenlegungsschrift 27,54,700. Jun 15. 18
p. Int. Cl. 2* A61K31/325; Int. Cl.
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Acaricidal resin composition containing
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
000007904 Pate, T.L.; Brazzel, J.R. (1966) Small Plot Insecticide Test at
State College for Control of Boll Worms and Boll Weevils in
Cotton during 1966. (Unpublished study received Apr 16, 1971
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of a new Chironomid species in the Southeast Mosquito Abatement
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
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Perspektivnost' primeneniya preparata difos v meditsinskoi
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
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influence of pesticides and evaluation of the risks with
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organothiophosphorus pesticides and some of their
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for organophosphorus pesticides and some of their breakdown
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organophosphorus resistance mechanisms in Culex pipiens
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
005000811 Rangsriyam, Y.; Prownebon, S.; Hirakoso, S. (1968) Effects of
insecticides on the feeding activity of the guppy, a
mosquito-eating fish, in Thailand. Bulletin of the World
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005009939 Rathburn, C.B., Jr. (1979) Insecticides for the control of
mosquitoes and other Diptera. Mosquito News 39(1):58-63.
005010431 Redfern, R.E.; Walker, R.L.; Cantu, E. (1967) Promising Candidate
Insecticides and Acaricides Evaluated at Brownsville, Tex.,
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005000640 Reese, C.D.; Becker, D.L. (1972) The Movement and Impact of
Pesticides Used for Vector Control on the Aquatic Environment
in the Northeastern United States. Environmental Protection
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(Available from: GPO, Washington, D.C.: EP2.25:9; OWP Contract
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005003350 Reish, D.J.; Kauwling, T.J.; Mearns, A.J.j Oshida, P.S.j Rossi,
S.S.; Wilkes, F.G.; Ray, M.J. (1978) Marine and estuarine
pollution. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation
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005000786 Rettich, F. (1976) Changes in susceptibility to temephos,
pirimiphos-methyl, fenitrothion, and bromopnos during
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eighteen insecticides in Czechoslovakia. Mosquito News
37(2):252-257.
005008239 Rettich, F. (1979) Laboratory and field investigations in
Czechoslovakia with fenitrothion, pirimiphos-methyl, temephos
and other organophosphorous larvicides applied as sprays for
control of Culex pipiens molestus Forskal and Aedes cantans
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005003373 Rettich, F.; Privora, M. (1973) Freilandversuche mit dem Granulat
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
005000653 Rice, R.E.; Reynolds, H.T.; Cudney, D.W. (1969) Qrganophosphorus
resistance of cotton leaf perforator in areas infested by pink
bollworm. California Agriculture 23(6):12-14.
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sublethal concentrations of the insecticides DDT, Abate and
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malaria cycle in the adult mosquito. Journal of the Egyptian
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005000995 Rio, D.F. (1970) A laboratory study of the effects of Abate and
malathion on the fiddler crab. Pages 99-102, Jn Proceedings of
the Fifty-seventh Annual Meeting of the New Jersey Mosquito
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Mosquito Extermination Association.
005000832 Rio, D.F. (1972) The survival and reproductive potential
of Cyclops yernalis (Crustacea Copepoda) as affected by the
organophosphorous mosquito larvicide Abate and three selected
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of Dursban and Abate on Non-target Organism Populations.
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and Abate as Mosquito Larvicides. Edgewood Arsenal, Md.: U.S.
Army Environmental Hygiene Agency. (U.S. Army Environmental
Hygiene Agency entomological special study no. 31-006-71;
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005000775 Roberts, L.W.; Miller, T.A. (1970) Polymer Formulations of Dursban
and Abate as Mosquito Larvicides, April-October, 1970.
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
005001774 Roberts, R.S. (1969) A review of pesticides used in environmental
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000001371 Roeuer, K. (1966) An Evaluation of American Cyanamid Compound 52160
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komnatnykh mukh k kumafosu v zavisimosti ot proiskhozhdeniya
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005003576 Roslavtseva, S.A.; Ivanova, G.B.; Poliakova, V.K.; Agashkova,
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
005013684 Roslavtseva, S.A.; Ivanova, G.B.; Fblyakova, V.K. (1973)
Insektitisidy dlya bor'by s rezistentnymi k khlorofosu
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Skvortsova, I.V. (1979) Rezistcntnost' komnatnykh mukh k
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to bo Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to bo Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
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Abate-granular larviciding and its uniformity by helicopter.
Pages 219-220, ^n Proceedings of the Sixty-second Annual
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structural changes in certain organophosphorus compounds.
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-------
Citations Examined and Judged to be Inappropriate For use in
Developing the Standard
MRID Citation
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-------
Temephos Bibliography
Section 3
Standard Reference Material
The Federal Insecticide. Fungicide, <-;nd Rodenticide Act, us amenedod in 1978,
7tn U.S. Code, Chapter 135, 61 Statute 163.73 Statute 190.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1978); Proposed Guidelines for
Registering Pesticides in the United States. Federal Register, 43 (132)
29696.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1978); Proposed Guidelin2s for
Registering Pesticides in the United States; Hazard Evaluation Humans nnd
Domestic Animals. Fodoral Register, 43 (163) 37336.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1977); Regulations for the Enforcement of
the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, Title 40, Chapter
1, Part 162.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (in press) Proposed Guidelines for
Registering Pesticides in the United States. Subparts G (Product
Performance) and H (Label Development).
U.S. Environemental Protection Agency (1980); Proposed Guidelines for
Registering Pesticides in the United States. Hazard Evaluation of Use of
Pesticides for Nontarget Plants and Microorganisms. Federal Register, 45
(214) 72948.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1975); Registration Reregistration id
Classification Procedures. Federal Register, 40 (129) 28242.
•U S GOVEMKIIT WINTIN6 OFFICE: 1981 341-085/4469
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