United Statss
Environmental Protection
Agency
Pesticides
Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Washington DC 20460
August 1981
Warfarin and its Sodium Salt
(3-(alpha-Acetonyl benzyl)
-4-hydroxycoumarin)
Pesticide Registration
Standard
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Warfarin and its Sodium Salt
[3-(alpha-Acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin]
PESTICIDE REGISTRATION STANDARD
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WARFARIN AND ITS SODIUM SALT
Pesticide Registration Standard Support Team
Betty Peebles
Daniel Peacock
Robert Zendzian, Ph.D.
Daniel Byrd, Ph.D.
George Beusch
Arthur Schlosser
Carol Natella
Carolyn Gregorio
Douglas Chambers
Tom Miller
Coleman Hall
Project Manager (SPED)
Biologist (RD)
Pharmacologist (BED)
Science Advisor (SPS, HED)
Supervisory Chemist (RGB, HED)
Chemist (EFB, HED)
Wildlife Biologist (EEB, HED)
Toxicologist (HED)
Vertebrate Biologist (BFSD, ASIB)
Section Head (SPRD)
Supervisory Chemist (CBIB, BFSD)
August 1981
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
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TftBLE OF CCWEtJTS
Chapter I - H3W to Register Under a Registration Standard
Organization of the Standard. - 1-1
Purpose of the Standard I-1
Requirement to Re-register Under the Standard 1-3
"Product Spocific" Data and "Generic" Data 1-3
Data Compensation Requirements under FIFRA 3(c) (1) (D) 1-5
Obtaining Data to fill "Dr.ta Gaps"; FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B) t-6
Amendments to the Standard 1-7
Chapter II • Regulatory Rationale
Introduction II-1
Description of Chemioal 11-2
Classification Under Minor Use II--2
Regulatory Position for Warfarin 11-2
Regulatory Rationale II -li
Criteria for Registration Under the Standard tl-4
Required labeling II 6
Iblerance Reassessment 11-7
Cr. pter 111 - Data Requirements
Introduction 1II-1
Tobies Ill 2
Chapter IV - Product Chemistry
Chemical Identity IV-1
Manufacturing Process 1V-1
Formation of Unintentional Ingredients IV-2
Percentages of Components in Warfarin Products....IV- 3
Product Analytical Methods and Data IV--J
Physical/Chemical Properties IV-4
Summary of Data Gaps IV-5
Chapter V - Environmental Fate
Use Profile VI
Environmental Fate Profile V-2
Exposure Profile V-3
Chaptor VI - Toxicology Chapter
Toxicology Profile VI-1
Technical and Manufacturing Products VI 1
End-Use-Products VI -5
Tbxicity Categories VI 6
Human and Domestic Animal Hazard Assessment Vi-6
Summary of Major Data Gaps VI--7
Chapter VII - Residue Chemistry VII-1
Chapter VIII- Ecological Effects
Ecological Effects Profile VI1I-1
Hazard Assessment VIII-1
Summary of Major Data Gaps VII1-2
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Chapter IX Efficacy
Efficacy Profile IX 1
F.nctoi-s Influencing Efficacy IX 1
Use Sices IX-2
Summary of riajo: D?.ta Gaps 1X2
Cnupter X - Bib.liogr.iphy
Content of Liibiiogrupiiy X-i
Units .of Entry X L
Identification of Entries X -2
Form of the Entry X-2
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I. HOW TO REGISTER
UNDER A REGISTRATION STANDARD
1. Organization of the Standard
This first chapter explains the purpose of a Registration Standard and
summarizes the legal principles involved in registering or re-registering under
a Standard. The second and third chapters set forth the requirements that
must be met to obtain or retain registration for products covered by this
particular Registration Standard. In the remaining chapters, the Agency
reviews the available data by scientific discipline, discusses the Agency's
concerns with the identified potential hazards, and logically develops the
conditions and requirements that would reduce those hazards to acceptable
levels.
2. Purpose of the Standard
Section 3 of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
provides that "no person in any State may distribute, sell, offer for
sale, hold for sale, ship, deliver for shipment, or receive (and having so
received) deliver or offer to deliver, to any person any pesticide which is not
registered with the Administrator [of EPA]." To approve the registration of a
pesticide, the Administrator must find, pursuant to Section 3(c)(5) that:
"(A) its composition is such as to warrant the proposed claims for it;
(B) its labeling and other material required to be submitted comply with
the requirements of this Act;
(C) it will perform its intended function without unreasonable adverse
effects on the environment; and
(D) when used in accordance with widespread and commonly recognized
practice it will not generally cause unreasonable adverse effects on
the environment."
In making these findings, the Agency reviews a wide range of data which
registrants are required to submit, and assesses the risks and benefits
associated with the use of the proposed pesticide. But the established
approach to making these findings has been found to be defective on two counts:
First, EPA and its predecessor agency, the United States Department of
Agriculture (USDA), routinely reviewed registration applications on a 'product
by product1 basis, evaluating each product-specific application somewhat
independently. In the review of products containing similar components, there
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was little opportunity for a retrospective review of the full range of
pertinent data available in Agency files and in the public literature. Thus
the 'product by product' approach was often inefficient and sometimes resulted
in inconsistent or incomplete regulatory judgments.
Second, over the years, as a result of inevitable and continuing advances in
scientific knowledge, methodology, and policy, the data base for many
pesticides came to be considered inadequate by current scientific and
regulatory standards. Given the long history of pesticide regulation in
several agencies, it is even likely that materials may have been lost from the
data files. When EPA issued new requirements for registration in 1975 (40 CFR
162) and proposed new guidelines for hazard testing in 1978 (43 FR 29696, July
10, 1978 and 43 FR 37336, August 22, 1978), many products that had already been
registered for years were being sold and used without the same assurances of
human and environmental safety as was being required for new products. Because
of this inconsistency, Congress directed EPA to re-register all previously
registered products, so as to bring their registrations and their data bases
into compliance with current requirements [See FIFRA Section 3(g)].
Facing the enormous job of re-reviewing and calling-in new data for the
approximately 35,000 current registrations, and realizing the inefficiencies of
the 'product by product' approach, the Agency decided that a new, more
effective method of review was needed.
A new review procedure has been developed. Under it, EPA publishes documents
called Registration Standards, each of which discusses a particular pesticide
active ingredient. Each Registration Standard summarizes all the data
available to the Agency on a particular active ingredient and its current uses,
and sets forth the Agency's comprehensive position on the conditions and
requirements for registration of all existing and future products which contain
that active ingredient. These conditions and requirements, all of which must
be met to obtain or r* ain full registration or re-registration under Section
3(c)(5) of FIFRA, include the submission of needed scientific data which the
Agency does not now have, compliance with standards of i-.oxio'ity, Compos it ion,
labeling, and packaging, and satisfaction of the data compensation provisions
of FIFRA Section 3(c)(1)(D).
The Standard will also serve as a tool for product classification. As part of
the registration of a pesticide product, EPA may classify each product for
"general use" or "restricted use" [FIFRA Section 3(d)]. A pesticide is
classified for "restricted use" when some special regulatory restriction is
needed to ensure against unreasonable adverse effects to man or the
environment. Many such risks of unreasonable adverse effects can be lessened
if expressly-designed label precautions are strictly followed. Thus the
special regulatory restriction for a "restricted use" pesticide is usually a
requirement that it be applied only by, or under the supervision of, an
applicator who has been certified by the State or Federal government as being
competent to use pesticides safely, responsibly, and in accordance with label
directions. A restricted-use pesticide can have other regulatory restrictions
[40 CFR 162.11(c)(5)] instead of, or in addition to, the certified applicator
requirement. These other regulatory restrictions may include such actions as
seasonal or regional limitations on use, or a requirement for the monitoring of
residue levels after use. A pesticide classified for "general use," or not
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classified at all, is available for use by any individual who is in compliance
with State or local regulations. The Registration Standard review compares
information about potential adverse effects of specific uses of the pesticide
with risk criteria listed in 40 CFR 162.11(c), and thereby determines whether a
product needs to be classified for "restricted use." If the Standard does
classify a pesticide for "restricted use," this determination is stated in the
second chapter.
3. Requirement to Re-register Under the Standard
FIFRA Section 3(g), as amended in 1978, directs EPA to re-register all
currently registered products as expeditiously as possible. Congress also
agreed that re-registration should be accomplished by the use of Registration
Standards.
Each registrant of a currently registered product to which this Standard
applies, and who wishes to continue to sell or distribute his product in
commerce, must apply for re-regisration. His application must contain proposed
labeling that complies with this Standard.
EPA will issue a notice of intent to cancel the registration of any currently
registered product to which this Standard applies if the registrant fails to
comply with the procedures for re-registration set forth in the Guidance
Package which accompanies this Standard.
4. "Product Specific" Data and "Generic" Data
In the course of developing this Standard, EPA has determined the types of data
needed for evaluation of the properties and effects of products to which the
Standard applies, in the disciplinary areas of Product Chemistry, Environmental
Fate, Toxicology, Residue Chemistry, and Ecological Effects. These
determinations are based primarily on the data Guidelines proposed in 1973 (43
FR 29596, July 10, 1978, and 43 FR 37336, August 22, 1978), as applied to the
use patterns of the products to which this Standard applies. Where it appeared
that data from a normally applicable Guidelines requirement was actually
unnecessary to evaluate these products, the Standard indicates that the
requirement has been waived. On the other hand, in some cases studies not
required by the Guidelines may be needed because of the particular composition
or use pattern of products the Standard covers; if so, the Standard explains
the Agency's reasoning. Data guidelines have not yet bean proposed for the
Residue Chemistry discipline, but the requirements for such data have been in
effect for some time and are, the Agency believes, relatively familiar to
registrants. Data which we have found are needed to evaluate the
registrability of some products covered by the Standard may not be needed for
tha evaluation of other products, depending upon the composition, formulation
type, and intended uses of the product in question. The Standard states which
data requirements apply to which product categories. (See the third chapter.)
The various kinds of data normally required for registration of a pesticide
product can be divided into two basic groups:
(A) data that is "product specific/' i.e., data that relates only to
the properties or effects of a product with a particular composition
(or a group of products with closely similar composition); and
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(B) "generic" data that pertains to the properties or effects of a
particular ingredient, and thus is relevant to an evaluation of the
risks and benefits of all products containing that ingredient (or all
such products having a certain use pattern), regardless of any such
product's unique composition.
The Agency requires certain "product specific" data for each product to
characterize the product's particular composition and physical/chemical
properties (Product Chemistry), and to characterize the product's acute
toxicity (which is a function of its total composition). The applicant for
registration or re-registration of any product, whether it is a manufacturing-
use or end-use product, and without regard to its intended use pattern, must
submit or cite enough of this kind of data to allow EPA to evaluate the
product. For such purposes, "product specific" data on any product other than
the applicant's is irrelevant, unless the other product is closely similar in
composition to the applicant's. (Where it has been found practicable to group
similar products for purposes of evaluating, with a single set of tests, all
products in the group, the Standard so indicates.) "Product specific" data on
the efficacy of particular end-use products is also required where the exact
formulation may affect efficacy and where failure of efficacy could cause
public health problems.
All other data needed to evaluate pesticide products concerns the properties or
effects of a particular ingredient of products (normally a pesticidally active
ingredient, but in some cases a pesticidally inactive, or "inert,"
ingredient). Some data in this "generic" category are required to evaluate the
properties and effects of all products containing that ingredient [e.g., the
acute LD-50 of the active ingredient in its technical or purer grade; see
proposed 40 CFR 163.81-1(a), 43 FR 37355].
Other "generic" data are required to evaluate all products which both contain a
particular ingredient and are intended for certain uses (see, e.g., proposed 40
CFR 163.82-1, 43 FR 37363, which requires subchronic oral testing of the active
ingredient with respect to certain use patterns only). Where a particular data
requirement is use-pattern dependent, it will apply to each end-use product
which is to be labeled for that use pattern (except where such end-use product
is formulated from a registered manufacturing-use product permitting such
formulations) and to each manufacturing-use product with labeling that allows
it to be used to make end-use products with that use pattern. Thus, for
example, a subchronic oral dosing study is needed to evaluate the safety of any
manufacturing-use product that legally could be used to make an end-use, food-
crop pesticide. But if an end-use product's label specified it was for use
only in ways that involved no food/feed exposure and no repeated human
exposure, the subchronic oral dosing study would not be required to evaluate
the product's safety; and if a manufacturing-use product's label states that
the product is for use only in making end-use products not involving food/feed
use or repeated human exposure, that subchronic oral study would not be
relevant to the evaluation of the manufacturing-use product either.
If a registrant of a currently registered manufacturing-use or end-use product
wishes to avoid the costs of data compensation [under FIFRA Section 3(c)(l)(D)]
or data generation [under Section 3(c)(2)(B)] for "generic" data that is
required only with respect to some use patterns, he may elect to delete those
use patterns from his labeling at the time he re-registers his product. An
applicant for registration of a new product under this Standard may similarly
request approval for only certain use patterns.
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5. Data Compensation Requirements under FIFRA 3(c)(1)(D)
Under FIFRA Section 3(c)(1)(D), an applicant for registration, re-registration,
or amended registration must offer to pay compensation for certain existing
data the Agency has used in developing the Registration Standard. The data for
which compensation must be offered is all data which are described by all the
following criteria:
(1) the data were first submitted to EPA (or to its predecessor
agencies, USDA or FDA), on or after January 1, 1970;
(2) the data were submitted to EPA (or USDA or FDA) by some other
applicant or registant in support of an application for an
experimental use permit, an amendment adding a new use to a
registration, or for re-registration, or to support or maintain in
effect an existing registration;
(3) the data are relevant to the Agency's decision to
register or re-register the applicant's product under the
Registration Standard, taking into account the
applicant's product's composition and intended use pattern(s);
(4) the data are determined by EPA to be valid and usable in reaching
regulatory conclusions; and
(5) the data are not those for which the applicant has been exempted
by FIFRA Section 3(c)(2)(D) from the duty to offer to pay
compensation. (This exemption applies to the "generic"
data concerning the safety of an active ingredient of the applicant's
product, not to "product specific" data. The exemption is
available only to applicants whose product is labeled for end-
uses for which the active ingredient in question is present in
the applicant's product because of his use of another registered
product containing that active ingredient which he purchases
from another producer.)
An applicant for reregistration of an already registered product under this
Standard, or for registration of a new product under this Standard, accordingly
must de ermine which of the data used by EPA in developing the Standard must be
the subject of an offer to pay compensation, and must submit with his
application the appropriate statements evidencing his compliance with FIFRA
Section 3(c)(1)(D).
An applicant would never be required to offer to pay for "product specific"
data submitted by another firm. In many, if not in most cases, data which are
specific to another firm's product will not suffice to allow EPA to evaluate
the applicant's product, that is, will not be useful to the Agency in
determining whether the applicant's product is registrable. There may be
cases, however, where because of close similarities between the composition of
two or more products, another firm's data may suffice to allow EPA to evaluate
some or all of the "product specific" aspects of the applicant's product. In
such a case, the applicant may choose to cite that data instead of submitting
data from tests on his own product, and if he chooses that option, he would
have to comply with the offer-to-pay requirements of Section 3(C)(1)(D) for
that data.
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Each applicant for registration or re-registration o£ a manufacturing-use
product, and each applicant for registration or re-registration of an end-use
product, who is not exempted by FIFRA Section 3(c) (2) (D), must comply with the
Section 3(c)(1)(D) requirements with respect to each item of "generic" data
that relates to his product's intended uses.
A detailed description of the procedures an applicant must follow in applying
for re-registration (or new registration) under this Standard is found in the
Guidance Package for this Standard.
6. Obtaining Data to Fill "Data Gaps"; FIFRA 3(c)(2)(B)
Some of the kinds of data EPA needs for its evaluation of the properties and
effects of products to which this Standard applies have never been submitted to
the Agency (or, if submitted, have been found to have deficiencies rendering
them inadequate for making registrability decisions) and have not been located
in the published literature search that EPA conducted as part of preparing this
Standard. Such instances of missing but required data are referred to in the
Standard as "data gaps".
FIFRA Section 3(c)(2)(B), added to FIFRA by the Congress in 1978, authorizes
EPA to require registrants to whom a data requirement applies to generate (or
otherwise produce) data to fill such "gaps" and submit those data to EPA. EPA
must allow a reasonably sufficient period for this to be accomplished. If a
registrant fails to take appropriate and timely steps to fill the data gaps
identified by a section 3(c)(2)(B) order, his product's registration may be
suspended until the data are submitted. A mechanism is provided whereby two or
more registrants may agree to share in the costs of producing data for which
they are both responsible.
The Standard lists, in its third chapter, the "generic" data gaps and notes
the classes of products to which these data gaps pertain. The Standard also
points out that to be registrable under the Standard, a product must be
supported by certain required "product specific" data. In some cases, the
Agency may possess sufficient "product specific" data on one currently
registered product, but may lack such data on another. Only those Standards
which apply to a very small number of currently registered products will
attempt to state definitively the "product specific" data gaps on a 'product by
product1 basis. (Although the Standard will in some cases note which data that
EPA does possess would suffice to satisfy certain "product specific" data
requirements for a category of products with closely similar composition
characteristics.)
As part of the process of re-registering currently registered products, EPA
will issue Section 3(c)(2)(B) directives requiring the registrants to take
appropriate steps to fill all identified data gaps — whether that data in
question is "product specific" or "generic" — in accordance with a schedule.
Persons who wish to obtain registrations for new products under this Standard
will be required to submit (or cite) sufficient "product specific" data before
their applications are approved. Upon registration, they will be required
under Section 3(c)(2)(B) to take appropriate steps to submit data needed to
fill "generic" data gaps. (We expect they will respond to this requirement by
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entering into cost-sharing agreements with other registrants who previously
have been told they must furnish the data.) The Guidance Package for this
Standard details the steps that must be taken by registrants to comply with
Section 3(c)(2)(B).
7. Amendments to the Standard
Applications for registration which propose uses or formulations that are not
presently covered by the Standard, or which present product compositions,
product chemistry data, hazard data, toxicity levels, or labeling that do not
meet the requirements of the Standard, will automatically be considered by the
Agency to be requests for amendments to the Standard. In response to such
applications, the Agency may request additional data to support the proposed
amendment to the Standard, or may deny the application for registration on the
grounds that the proposed product would cause unreasonable adverse effects to
the environment. In the former case, when additional data have been
satisfactorily supplied, and providing that the data do not indicate the
potential for unreasonable adverse effects, the Agency will than amend the
Standard to cover the new registration.
Each Registration Standard is based upon all data and information available to
the Agency's reviewers on a particular date prior to the publication date.
This "cut-off" date is stated at the beginning of the second chapter. Any
subsequent data submissions and any approved amendments will be incorporated
into the Registration Standard by means of addenda, which are available for
inspection at EPA in Washington, D.C., or copies of which may be requested from
the Agency. When all the present "data gaps" have been filled and the
submitted data have been reviewed, the Agency will revise the Registration
Standard. Thereafter, when the Agency determines that the internally
maintained addenda have significantly altered the conditions for registration
under the Standard, the document will be updated and re-issued.
While the Registration Standard discusses only the uses and hazards of products
containing the designated active ingredient(s), the Agency is also concerned
with the potential hazards of some inert ingredients and impurities.
Independent of the development of any one Standard, the Agency has initiated
the evaluation of some inert pesticide ingredients. Where the Agency has
identified inart ingredients of concern in a specific product to which the
Standard applies, these ingredients will be pointed out in the Guidance Package.
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II. REGULATORY POSITION ON WARFARIN
1. Introduction
This chapter presents the Agency's regulatory position and
rationale based on an evaluation of all federally registered
products containing warfarin or its sodium salt as the sole
active ingredient. Also included is a discussion of warfarin
products containing sulfaquinoxaline— as an added
ingredient.
Among the considerations incorporated into the position is an
analysis of the registrability of products containing warfarin
based upon the risk criteria found in section 162.11(a) of Title
40 of the U.S. code of Federal Regulations. The Agency's
determination in this regard is presented below followed by the
rationale for this decision.
In addition, this chapter contains a discussion of warfarin's
classification as a minor use chemical, the criteria by which
applicants for registration of warfarin products will be
approved, including discussion of specific labeling
considerations, a tolerance reassessment and the acceptable
limits for product composition. Thus, this chapter contains
requirements for continued registration of warfarin products and
new product registrations that are covered by the Standard.
Discussions of the data upon which this regulatory position is
based are presented in each of the disciplinary chapters (IV
through IX). Data requirements are presented in Chapter III.
a/ Sulfaquinoxaline is added to some warfarin-containing
products as an active ingredient intended to reduce the internal
buildup of vitamin K in the intestine by killing vitamin K
producing bacteria. Vitamin K is needed for normal blood
clotting in animals. Based upon a study done by Palmateer
(1979, GS0011-108) this ingredient is now considered to have
either a negative or no effect upon warfarin's efficacy.
Therefore, the Agency considers sulfaquinoxaline to be inert
with respect to rodenticidal activity. Registrants desiring to
retain this chemical as an active ingredient must submit data
demonstrating its efficacy as a rodenticide and basic acute
toxicity data. Registrants desiring to retain sulfaquinoxaline
as an inert will need to submit additional acute oral toxicity
data. (See data requirement tables in Chapter III).
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2. Description of Chemical
Warfarin, 3-(alpha-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin is
a rodenticide whichRis also known by the names coumaphene,
Dethmor, Kypfarin, and Rax. The Shaughnessy number for
warfarin is 086002, the number for its sodium salt is 086003,
and the Chemical Abstracts Registry (CAS) number for warfarin is
CAS 81-81-2.
3. Classification Under Minor Use
Low market volume chemicals (usually those with less than
250,000 Ibs. active ingredient produced per year) from which
exposure is expected to be minimal based on use pattern,
available data, and other considerations may be classified by
EPA as having minor use status.
Estimates made by EPA staff indicate that production of warfarin
during the most recent five-year period was less than 250,000
pounds of active ingredient per year in all products. These
estimates are based on International Trade Commission data,
Department of Commerce data and other published sources, as well
as contacts with industry representatives familiar with this
market. In addition, because of warfarin's use patterns and the
concentration of active ingredient in its products, the Agency
expects warfarin exposure to humans to be low.
Accordingly, warfarin is classified as a minor use chemical. As
a result, many data requirements, particularly in the areas of
toxicology, ecological effects, environmental fate and product
chemistry have been waived in this Standard.
4. Regulatory Position for Warfarin
Warfarin as described in this Standard may be registered for
sale, distribution, reformulation and use in the United States.
The Agency has considered the limited amount of scientific data
obtained from the open literature as of August 22, 1979, and>
the data submitted by the registrants up through the time of
publication of this Standard. In view of this information, the
Agency concludes that properly labelled warfarin products would
not cause an unreasonable adverse effect to man or to the
environment, and, therefore, none of the risk criteria found in
section 162.11(a) of Title MO of the U.S. Code of Federal
Regulations have been met or exceeded by warfarin or its sodium
salt.
Warfarin products currently registered may be reregistered under
this Standard subject to the conditions imposed by this
Standard. New products may be registered under this Standard
and are subject to the same requirements.
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5. Regulatory Rationale
While there are some data on product chemistry, toxicology,
efficacy, and ecological effects, some of the studies do not
meet current guidelines requirements. Therefore, there is still
a need for additional information in various disciplines to
support the registration of products containing warfarin and
its sodium salt. An acute inhalation toxicity study will be
required. A large base of information exists on warfarin as a
result of its clinical use as an anticoagulant drug; therefore,
other toxicity testing will not be required (see the rationale
in Chapter VI for more information on this issue). Environmental
chemistry data are not required because of warfarin's use
pattern, limited poundage available, and the small chance of
residues being found in soil or water. Product chemistry data
are required describing the manufacturing process and the
impurities that may be formed during manufacture and the
physical and chemical properties of the technical compound .
Ecological effects data will also be required. Since Federally
registered warfarin and its sodium salt products have no food or
feed uses, there are no residue chemistry data requirements.
Despite the lack of data, the Agency has concluded that it
should continue the registration of this chemical for the
following reasons:
o No substantial adverse effects data of regulatory concern
have been uncovered in the review of the studies which have
been received, given expected exposure levels, and it has
been determined that the benefits demonstrated by the sale
of these products outweigh the known risks, when label
directions are followed.
o Data on warfarin's use as an anticoagulant drug indicate
that it is a weak teratogen. Therefore, the Agency
will require a teratogenicity label warning on warfarin's
manufacturing use products, (for additional information,
see the FDA labelling in Chapter VI of this
Standard) .
o In accordance with FIFRA, the Agency's policy is not to
cancel routinely the registration of products merely
because we lack data, or to withhold registration merely
for the lack of data. (See Sections 3(c)(2)(B) and 3(c)(7)
of FIFRA.) Rather, publication of the Standard provides a
mechanism for identifying data needs, and registration
under the Standard allows for upgrading of labels once the
required data are generated. When these data are
received, they will be reviewed by the Agency and the
registrability of the chemical will be reassessed.
o Warfarin-containing products are considered to be minor-
use pesticides due to their use pattern that leads only
to low exposure with end-use products, and because of
their low annual production volume.
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Based on the available information, the Agency has declared
sulfaquinoxaline to be inert with respect to rodenticidal
activity. Registrants wishing to retain this chemical as an
active ingredient will have to submit additional data proving
the efficacy of this ingredient in warfarin formulations, as
well as submitting basic acute toxicity data. Registrants
wishing to retain this ingredient as an inert will need to
submit additional acute oral toxicity data on sulfaquinoxaline.
6. Criteria for Registration Under the Standard
To be subject to this Standard, products must meet the following
conditions:
o contain 3-(alpha-acetonylbenzyl)-M-hydroxvooumarin or its
sodium salt as the sole active ingredient—
o bear required labeling, and
o conform to the product composition, acute toxicity limits,
and use pattern requirements stated in this chapter -
Tn addition, applicants for registration or reregistratlon of
warfarin products subject to this Standard must comply with all
terms and conditions described in this Standard including
commitment to fill data gaps according to the time schedule
specified by the Agency and, when applicable, offer to pay
compensation to the extent required by Sections 3(c)(1)(D) and
3(c)(2)(D) of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide
Act FFIFRA], as amended, 7 U.S.C. 136(c)(1)(D) and 136(c)(2)(D).
a. Acceptable Ranges and Limits
1) Manufacturing-use Warfarin
a) Product Composition Standard
In order to be covered under this Standard, technical warfarin,
warfarin sodium salt, and their diluted products must comply
with the following standards. All products must contain
warfarin, B-Calpha-acetonylbenzyD-^-hydroxycoumanin, or its
sodium salt as the sole active ingredient (a.i.)- . The
Agency expects technical warfarin to be at least 98% a.i.
Manufacturing-use products with any percentage of active
ingredient with appropriate certification of limits are
acceptable under this Standard. Should an applicant desire to
register any products that depart from those covered by this
Standard, that applicant should contact the Agency for specific
directions on how to register those products.
b) Acute Toxicity Limits
The Agency will consider registration of manufacturing-use
warfarin products in toxicity categories I, II, III, and IV
II-4
-------
based on results of testing for acute oral toxicity, acute
dermal toxicity, acute inhalation toxicity, primary eye
irritation, or primary dermal irritation.
c) Use Patterns
To be covered under this Standard manufacturing-use warfarin
must be labelled to allow for formulation only into regis-
tered end-use rodenticides used in and around buildings,
in transport vehicles, and closely related sites for the control
of Norway and roof rats and house mice. "Transport vehicles"
would be trucks, planes, and ships. "Closely related sites"
would be dumps, sewers, river and pc:id banks, feedlots,
rabbitry fur farms, and game bird operations.
2) End-Use Warfarin
a) Product Composition Standard
In order to be covered under this Standard, end-use products
containing warfarin and its sodium salts must contain the
following percentages of active ingredients: concentrates
(warfarin sodium salt - 0.12% to 0.60% a.i.) for dilution into
liquid baits, concentrates (warfarin - 0.3% to 2.0%) for
dilution into dry baits; ready-7to-use tracking powders 1.0%; and
ready-to-use dry baits (warfarin - 0.02% to 0.06%).
b) Acute Toxicity Limit
The Agency will consider registration of any end-use warfarin
(or sodium salt) products in toxicity categories II, III, and
IV based upon testing for acute oral toxicity, acute dermal
toxicity, acute inhalation toxicity, primary eye irritation, or
primary dermal irritation. Due to the characteristics of
warfarin (toxicity, palatability, concentration of active
ingredient in formulated products) the Agency considers it
unlikely that category I end-use products would be proposed for
registration. Such products would require the submission of
data to amend the standard. Further, such products would likely
require restricted-use labelling for domestic sites.
c) Use Pattern
To be considered under this Standard, end-use products must bear
directions for use against the Norway rat, roof rat, or house
mouse at one or more of the following sites: in and around
buildings and similar man-made structures, and in transport
vehicles (trucks, planes and ships), or sites such as dumps,
sewers, river and pond banks, feedlots, rabbitry fur farms, and
game bird operations.
II-5
-------
7. Required Labeling
All manufacturing-use and end-use warfarin products must bear
appropriate labelling as specified in HO CFR 162.10. The
guidance package for this Standard contains specific information
regarding label requirements. Once the Agency receives the data
requested in the Standard, it will specify all necessary label
statements that registrants will be asked to submit in
accordance with the above regulations. Data now on hand
indicate the need to include the following label statements on
warfarin products (and their sodium salts).
a. Manufacturing-Use Products
1) Use Pattern Statements
All manufacturing-use warfarin products must list on the label
the intended end-uses of formulated products produced from the
manufacturing-use product. All warfarin manufacturing-use
product labels must bear the following statement:
"For formulation only into registered end-use
rodenticides used in and around buildings and
similar man-made structures, and in transport
vehicles, and sites such as dumps, sewers, river
and pond banks, feedlots, rabbitry fur farms,
and game bird operations for the control of
Norway rats, roof rats, and house mice."
2) Precautionary Statements
Manufacturing-use products shall bear the following statement:
Exposure to warfarin during pregnancy should be avoided.
Tn addition, manufacturing-use products must bear the statement:
Do not discharge into lakes, streams, ponds or
public waters unless in accordance with an NPDES
permit. For guidance, contact your Regional
Office of the EPA.
b. End-Use Products
1) Use Pattern Statements
To be registered under this standard, end-use warfarin
products must bear directions for use against the norway
rat, roof rat, or house mouse at one or more of the
following sites:
In and around homes, buildings and similar man-
made structures, in transporation vehicles, or
sites such as dumps, sewers, river and pond banks,
feedlots, rabbitry fur farms, and game bird operations.
II-6
-------
2) Precautionary Statements
For all field uses (those not adjacent to structures and
sites such as transport vehicles), the following label
statement should be added to end-use products:
This product is toxic to wildlife. Mammals may
be killed either by feeding on the warfarin bait
or by feeding on poisoned animals which have fed
on the bait. Before using in outdoor areas, con-
sult the nearest office of the U.S. Fish and Wild-
life Service (Endangered Species Specialist) or
your state fish and game agency to determine if any
endangered or threatened mammal species occur in
the local area and if these species could be
affected by the use of warfarin.
End-use products containing warfarin or its sodium salt should
bear the following statement:
Place in tamper-proof bait boxes or in areas
innaccessible to children, pets, domestic
animals and wildlife.
In addition, end-use products shall bear the statement:
Avoid contamination of food and feedstuffs
and food-handling surfaces.
8. Tolerance Reassessment
The current federally registered uses of this chemical are not
subject to the requirement to obtain a tolerance under the
provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
Therefore, no tolerance reassessment is needed for this Standard.
II-7
-------
III. SUMMARY OF DATA REQUIREMENTS
AND DATA GAPS
1. Introduction
Applicants for registration of manufacturing-use and end-use
warfarin and warfarin sodium salt products must cite or
submit the information identified as required in the tables
in this chapter. The tables applicable to end-use products
indicate whether the product to be tested is the technical
grade or the formulation. Data generated on one formulation
may be used to satisfy the data requirement for a substantially
similar formulation. Information on which product-specific
data requirements are already met is available in the
guidance package.
Before each requirement is listed the Proposed Guidelines
which describe the type of data and when the data are
required to be submitted (43 PR/ No. 163, 37336 of August
22, 1978; and 43 PR, No. 132, 29696 of July 10, 1978).
Justification for why the test is required is provided in
the Guidelines. A discussion of why data additional to that
already submitted are necessary, or why data normally
required by the Guidelines are not necessary for this
chemical, are included in footnotes to the tables. The data
requirements specified are the minimum that will be required.
Areas where additional data may be required as the result of
tiered testing are indicated.
Under Section 3(c)(2)(B) of FIFRA as amended, current
registrants of warfarin and warfarin sodium salt products
must agree to develop the required data within 90 days of
being notified of these standards in order to remain eligible
for reregistration.
III-l
-------
Table A
Generic Data Requirements Warfarin and its Sodium Salt
Guidelines
Citation
Name of
Test
Are These Data
Required
By the
Guidelines?
Test
Substance
PRODUCT CHEMISTRY
163.61-3
163.61-4
163.61-5
Prod. Identity
and Disclosure of
Ingredients
Description of
Manufacturing
Process
Disc, of Forma-
yes
yes
yes
Technical
Grade
Technical
Grade
Technical
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
no
no
no
Must Additional Data be
Submitted under FIFRA
Bibliographic 3(c)(2)(B)? If so, dead-
Citation line for submission.
n t
yes/8 months^
yes/8 months-/
yes/8 months^'
163.61-6
163.61-7
tion of Unint.
Ingredient
Declaration of
Ingredient Limit
Product Analyt.
Methods & Data
yes
yes
Grade
Technical
Grade
Technical
Grade
no
partially
00002438
yes/12 months
yes/12 months-/
These data requirements are "current as of July, 1981. Refer to the Guidance Package for updated requirements.
I/ To update information on the identity and quantity of active, inerts, impurities, etc., use confidential statement
of formula (EPA Form 8570-4). . .
2/ Although various producers have registered fourteen warfarin technical products, none have submitted descriptions
of their manufacturing processes as required by the Guidelines. While some general information is available in the
open literature (MRID 100002438, 05004094, 05003303) it is not specific to current registrations and is therefore not
adequate to support reregistration.
3/ Partial information on unintentional ingredients (impurities) is available in specifications established by WARF (00002438).
Whether the specifications describe all possible impurities or, for that matter whether currently registered products are
manufactured to these specifications is not known and cannot be determined without these data.
4/ The Agency must receive frcm registrants methods (or reference to methods) for quantifying each identifiable impurity in
the technical material used as the source of the active ingedient in end-use products. Impurities should be identified
down to a level of 0.1 percent.
-------
Table A
Generic Data Requirements for Warfarin and its Sodium Salt
Guidelines
Citation
Name of
Test
Are These Data Does EPA Have Must Additional Data be
Required Data to Partially Submitted under PIFRA
By the Test or totally Satisfy Bibliographic 3(c)(2)(B)? If so, dead-
Guidelines? Substance this Requirement? Citation line for submission.
PRODUCT CHEMISTRY
163.61-8(c)(l)
163.61-8(c)(2)
163.61-8(c)(3)
163.61-8(c)(4)
163.61-8(c) (5)
163.61-8(0) (6)
163.61-8(0) (7)
163.61-8(0) (8)
163.61-8(0) (10)
163. 61-8(c) (11)
Color
Odor
Melting Point
Solubility
Stability
Octanol/Water
Partition
Coefficient
Physical State
Density or
Specific Gravity
Vapor Pressure
PH
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Technical yes 00002438 no
Grade
Technical yes 00002438 no
Grade
Technical yes 00002438 no
Grade
Technical yes 00002438 no
Grade
Technical yes 00002438 no
Grade
Technical no - yes/8 months
Grade
Technical yes 00002438 no
Grade
Technical no - yes/8 months
Grade
Technical no - yes/8 months
Grade
Technical yes 00002438 no-/
Grade
5/ Although no submissions are available specifying the pH of Warfarin, the Agency does have equivalent data on file, to the
effect that the pKa of 4.9 for Warfarin is comparable to that for acetic acid, 4.76.
-------
Table A
Generic Data Requirements for Warfarin and its Sodium Salts
Guidelines
Citation
ENVHOWENTAL
163.62-7(b)
163.62-8(b)
163. 62-8 (g)
163. 62-9 (d)
163. 62-10 (b)
Name of
Test
FATE
Hydrolysis
Aerobic Soil
Metabolism
Activated Sludge
Metabolism
Adsorp./Desorp.
Terrestrial Field
Dissipation
Are These Data
Required
By the Test
Guidelines? Substance
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
no
no
no
no
no
Must Additional Data be
Submitted under FIFRA
Bibliographic 3(c)(2)(B)? If so, dead-
Citation line for submission.
^
no*/
noZ/
These data requirements are current as of July, 1981. Refer to the Guidance Package for updated requirements.
6/ No data are required because of the limited usage and use patterns of warfarin and its sodium salt. Manufaturing-use products
must be labelled for discharge into lakes, ponds, streams, or public waters in accordance with an NPDES permit only.
7/ No data are required since the use patterns and label recannendations of these pesticides indicate that significant residues would
not be expected to be introduced into the environment
8/ The requirement for the submission of these data is currently being deffered pending the review and modifications of the testing
protocols. Consequently, the absence of acceptable data does not constitute a data gap.
-------
Table A
Generic Data Requirements for Warfarin and its Sodium Salts
Guidelines
Citation
TOXICOLOGY^/
163.81-1
163.81-2
163.81-3
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
Name of
Test
Acute Oral
Tbxicity
Acute Dermal
Tbxicity
Acute Inhalation
Tbxicity
Primary Eye
Irritation
Primary Dermal
Irritation
Dermal
Sensitiiation
Are These Data
Required
By the
Guidelines?
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
Test
Substance
Technical
grade
-
Technical
grade
Technical
grade
Techncial
grade
Technical
grade
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
yes
yes
no
yea^
""^
no
Bibliographic
Citation
GS0011-120
GS0011-120
-
GS0011-120
GS0011-120
GS0011-120
Must Additional Data be
Submitted under FIFRA
3(c)(2)(B)? If so, dead-
line for submission.
^
noiV
yesi^/8 months
no
no
no
ioy
Available clinical evidence from warfarin's use as an anticoagulant drug are sufficient to satisfy all toxicology requirements
except the acute inhalation toxicity test requirement.
This test will be required for sulfaquinoxaline if registrants desire to retain this chemical as an active ingredient or if
registrants do not retain the active ingredient claim and wish to retain sulfaquinoxaline as an inert ingredient. If
slfaquinoxaline is found to be acutely toxic, the remaining acute toxicity tests will be required by the Agency (see p&ge
II-l and Chapter IX).
Che adequate dermal toxicity test is available on technical warfarin (Shapiro 1976a, MRID 100002443).
This test will be required unless data are presented to show that technical warfarin does not produce a respirable vapor
or dust.
Two adequate and two supplementary primary eye irritation studies were available on technical warfarin.
Three tests are avialable. Two of these are adequate, but one does not satisfy the data requirement since the concentration
of warfarin administered was not specified (00002851).
-------
•Cable A
Generic Data Requirements for Warfarin and its Sodium Salts
Guidelines
Citation
TOXICOLOGY
163.83-2
163.83-3
Name of
Test
Oncogenicity
Teratogenicity
Are These Data
Required
By the Test
Guidelines? Substance
yes
yes
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
no
yes
Bibliographic
Citation
GS0011-120
GS0011-120
Must Additional Data be
Submitted under FIFRA
3(c)(2)(B)? If so, dead-
line for submission.
£
These data requirements are current" as of July, 1981. Refer to the Guidance Package for updated requirements.
An cncogenicity test is required if the active ingredient, or any of its metabolites, degradation products, or impurities is
structurally related to a recognized carcinogen or causes a mutagenic effect, requires a tolerance or an exemption from a
tolerance, requires an issuance of a food additive regulation, or is likely to result in repeated human exposure over a
significant portion of the life span. Warfarin is chemically related to coumarin which is reported to be onccgenic.
However due to its expected exposure pattern testing will not be required.
See Chapter VT for a discussion of the Agency's rationale regarding this test.
been shown to be a weak teratogen as discussed in the FDA label statement.
This test is not required since warfarin has
-------
Table A
Generic Data Requirements for Warfarin and its Sodium Salts
Guidelines
Citation
ECOLOGICAL
163.71-1
163.71-2
163.71-3
163.71-5
163.72-1
163.72-2
These data
17/ This at
Name of
Test
EFFECTS
Avian Single
Dose Oral LD5Q
Avian Dietary
LCj-0 (2 species)
Mammalian Acute
Toxicity
Siraul. & Actual
Field Testing
for Mammals/Birds
Fish Acute LCgg
Acute Toxicity
to Aquatic
Inverterbrates
requirements are current <
iiidv was cerformed usina a
Are These Data
Required
By the Test
Guidelines? Substance
yes Technical*
grade
yes Technical*
grade
yes Technical
grade
yes Technical*
grade
yes Technical*
grade
yes Technical*
grade
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or totally Satisfy Bibliographic
this Requirement? Citation
no
no
yea^/ 00002469
no -
no
no
Must Additional Data be
Submitted under FIFRA
3(c)(2)(B)? If so, dead-
line for submission.
yes/12 months
yes/12 months
no
undetermined^
yeai^/12 months
yes/12 months
is of July, 1981. Refer to the Guidance Package for updated requirements.
50/50 formulation of Warfarin-sulfaquinoxaline technical.
W Depending upon the results of the basic avian studies (163.71-1 and 163.71-2) a secondary toxicity study on a predatory
— avian species (preferebly a barn owl) may be required. The purpose of this study would be to determine if 1-2 exposures
would be sufficient to produce death in avian predators.
19/ One species only for the sodium salt and two species for warfarin.
T> Does not apply to the sodium salt of warfarin.
-------
Table A
Generic Data Requirements for Warfarin and its Sodium Salts
Are These Data Does EPA Have Must Additional Data be
Required Data to Partially Submitted under FIFRA
Guidelines Name of By the Test or totally Satisfy Bibliographic 3(c)(2)(B)? If so, dead-
Citation Test Guidelines? Substance this Requirement? Citation line for submission.
RESIDUE CHEMISTRY
These data requirements are current as of July, 1981. Refer to the Guidance Package for updated requirements.
20/ See Chapter VII.
-------
Table B
Product-Specific Data Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Products of Warfarin and its Sodium Salt
Guidelines
Citation
Name of
Test
Are These Data
Required
By the Test
Guidelines? Substance
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
Must Additional Data be
Submitted under FIFRA
3(c)(2)(B)? If so, dead-
line for submission.
PRODUCT CHEMISTRY
163.61-3
163.61-4
163.61-5
163.61-6
Prod. Identity yes
and Disclosure of
Ingredients
Description of yes
Manufacturing
Process
Disc, of Forma- yes
tion of Unint.
Ingredient
Declaration of yes
Ingredient Limit
MUP°s
MUP°s
Technical
grade
MUP°s
no
no
no
no
yes^/8 months
yes=v8 months
yes^/8 months
yes/8 months
These, data requirements are current as of July, 1981. Refer to the Guidance Package for updated requirements.
I/ To update information on the identity and quantity of active, inerts, impurities, etc. , use confidential statement
of formula (EPA Form 8570-4).
2/ Although various producers have registered fourteen warfarin technical products, none have submitted descriptions
of their manufacturing processes as required by the Guidelines. Vtiile some general information is available in the
open literature (MRID #00002438, 05004094, 05003303) it is not specific to current registrations and is therefore not
adequate to support reregistration. no,™,
3/ Partial information on unintentional ingredients (impurities) is available in specifications established by WARF (00002438).
Vtoether the specifications describe all possible impurities or, for that matter whether currently registered products are
manufactured to these specifications is not known and cannot be determined without these data.
-------
Table B
Product-Specific Data Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Products of Warfarin and its Sodium Salt
Guidelines
Citation
Name of
Test
PRODUCT CHEMISTRY
>— i
t-H
1
»-»
0
163.61-7
163.61-8(c)(l)
163.61-8(c)(2)
163.61-8(c)(3)
163.61-8(c)(4)
163.61-8(c)(5)
163.61-8(c)(6)
Product Analyt.
Methods & Data
Color
Odor
Melting Point
Solubility
Stability
Octanol/Water
Partition
Coefficient
- Are These Data Does EPA Have Must Additional Data be
Required Data to Partially Submitted under FIFRA
By the Test or totally Satisfy Bibliographic 3(c)(2)(B)7 If so, dead-
Guidelines? Substance this Requirement? Citation line for submission.
4
yes Technical partially 00002438 yes- /12 months
grade 05002550
05002456
yes - yes 00002438 no
yes - yes 00002438 no
yes - yes 00002438 no
yes - yes 00002438 no
yes - yes 00002438 no
yes Technical no - yes/8 months
grade
These data requirements are current as of July, 1981. Refer to the Guidance Package for updated requirements
47 The Agency must receive from registrants methods (or reference to methods) for quantifying each identifiable impurity in
the technical material used as the source of the active ingedient in end-use products. Impurities should be identified
down to a level of 0.1 percent.
-------
Table B
Product-Specific Data Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Products of Warfarin and its Sodium Salt
Guidelines
Citation
Name of
Test
Are These Data
Required
By the
Guidelines?
Test
Substance
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Must Additional Data be
Submitted under FIFRA
Bibliographic 3(c)(2)(B)? If so, dead-
Citation line for submission.
PRODUCT CHEMISTRY
163.61-8(c)(7)
163.61-8(c)(8)
163. 61-8 (c) (10)
163.61-8(0(11)
163.61-8(c)(12)
163.61-8(c)(18)
Physical State
Density or
Specific Gravity
Vapor Pressure
PH
Storage Stability
Corrosion
Characteristics
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
-
Technical
grade
Technical
grade
-
MUP s
HUP s
yes
no
no
yes
no
no
00002438 no
- yes/8 months
yes/8 months
00002438 no^
yes/15 months
yes^/8 months
These data requirements are current as of July, 1981. Refer to the Guidance Package for updated requirements
_§/ Although no submissions are available specifying the pH of Warfarin, the Agency does have equivalent data on file, to the
effect that the pKa of 4.9 for Warfarin is comparable to that for acetic acid, 4.76.
2V This test will be required for MUP's of 3% or above, if the product is packaged in a metal container. For lower concentration
formulations testing will not be required unless data on the higher concentrations indicate a problem.
-------
Table B •
Product-Specific Data Requirements for Manufacuturing Use Products of Warfarin and its Sodium Salts
Guidelines
Citation
Name of
Test
Are These Data
Required
By the Test
Guidelines? Substance
Does EPA Have Must Additional Data be
Data to Partially Submitted under FIFRA
or totally Satisfy Bibliographic 3(c)(2)(B)? If so, dead-
this Requirement? Citation line for submission.
TOXICOLOGY
163.81-1
163.81-2
I—t
»—I
»—•
L 163.81-3
ro
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
Acute Oral
Ibxicity
Acute Dermal
Tbxicity
yes
yes
Acute Inhalation yes
Toxicity
Primary Eye yes
Irritation
Primary Dermal yes
Irritation
Dermal yes
Sensitization
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
no
GS0011-120
GS0011-120
GS0011-120
GS0011-120
GS0011-120
These data requirements are current as of July, 1981. Refer to the Guidance Package for updated requirements.
22/ Warfarin is formulated either with inert agents such as silicone and mineral and/or food materials such as grain. The
toxicity of these products will be expected to be proportional to their warfarin content. In addtion, available clinical^
evidence from warfarin's use as an anticoagulant druq are sufficient to satisfy the toxicology requirements for these products
. Therefore, separate acute oral toxicity, acute Inhalation, acute dermal toxicity, primary dermal irritation, dermal
sensitization tests, and primary eye irritation tests will not be required for warfarin end-use and non-technical manufacturing
use products.
-------
Table B
Product-Specific Data Requirements for Manufacturing-Use Products of Warfarin and its Sodium Salts
Guidelines
Citation
Name of
Test
Are These Data
Required
By the lest
Guidelines? Substance
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
Must Additional Data be
Submitted under FIFRA
3(c)(2)(B)? If so, dead-
line for submission.
EFFICACY^
1.20
3^/
H/A
Technical*
grade
See Chapter IX
yes/8 months
These data requirements are current as of July, 1981. Refer to the Guidance Package for updated requirements.
7 ^technical diluted to 0.025%.
00 23/ If registrants desire to retain sulfaquinoxaline as an active ingredient, they should consult with the Registration
Division, OPP, EPA for additional information.
247 1.203 Standard Norway rat anticoagulant dry bait efficacy laboratory test method.
257 The Agency is requiring efficacy data on technicals, in addition to data on end-use products, to insure that, if the
producer of an end-use product switches technicals, the efficacy of the end-use product will not be adversely affected.
Since a switch to an unpalatable technical warfarin could adversely affect several end-use products, the concern is an
important one.
-------
Table C
Product-Specif ic Data Requirements for End-Use Products of Warfarin and its Sodium Salt
Guidelines
Citation
Name of
Test
Are These Data
Required
By the Test
Guidelines? Substance
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
Must Additional Data be
Submitted under FIFRA
3(c)(2)(B)? If so, dead-
line for submission.
PRODUCT CHEMISTRY
163.61-3
163.61-4
163.61-5
163.61-6
163.61-7
163.61-8(c)(l)
163.61-8(c)(2)
Prod. Identity yes
and Disclosure of
Ingredients
Description of yes
Manufacturing
Process
Disc, of Forma- yes
tion of Unint.
Ingredient
Declaration of yes
Ingredient Limit
Product Analyt. yes
Methods & Data
Color yes
Odor yes
End-Use Products
End-Use Products
End-Use Products
End-Use Products
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
yes-' /8
months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
These data requirements are current as of July, 1981. Refer to the Guidance Package for updated requirements.
_J/ To update information on the identity and quantity of active, inerts, impurities, etc., use confidential statement of
formula (EPA Form 8570-4).
26/ Several of the product chemistry data requirements that would ordinarily apply to end-use formulations have been waived
because the production volumes of individual products are low and because much of the information that would be
generated can be inferred frcm data on the technical chemical.
-------
Table C
Product-Specific Data Requirements for End-Use Products of Warfarin and its Sodium Salt
Guidelines
Citation
Name of
Test
PRODUCT CHEMISTRY
163.61-8(c) (7)
163.61-8(c)(8)
163.61-8(c)(ll)
163.61-8 (c)( 12)
163.61-8(c)(13)
163.61-8(c)(14)
163.61-8(c)(15)
163. 61-8(c) (16)
163.61-8(c)(17)
163.61-8(c) (18)
Physical State
Density or
Specific Gravity
PH
Storage Stability
Flammability
acidizing or
Reducing Action
Explosiveness
Miscibility
Viscosity
Corrosion
Characteristics
Are These Data Does EPA Have Must Additional Data be
Required Data to Partially Submitted under FIFRA
By the Test or totally Satisfy Bibliographic 3(c)(2)(B)? If so, dead-
Guidelines? Substance this Requirement? Citation line for submission.
yes - no
yes End-Use Products no
yes - no
yes End-Use Products no
yes - no
yes - no
yes - no
yes - no
yes - no
yes - no
no?!/
yes/8 months
no*>/
yes/17 months
no^/
no?!/
no?!/
no^l/
nc^/
yes^//8 months
26/ Several of the product chemistry data requirements that would ordinarily apply to end-use formulations have been waived
because the production volumes of individual products are low and because much of the information that would be
generated can be inferred from data on the technical chemical.
27/ This information can be inferred from the confidential statement of formula.
38/ For sodium salts sold as a solution in water, this test would be required; for other formulations the information can
be inferred from the Confidential Statement of Formula.
-------
Table C
Product-Specific Data Requirements for End-Use Products of Warfarin and its Sodium Salt
Guidelines
Citation
TOXICOLOGY
Name of
Test
Are These Data
Required
By the Test
Guidelines? Substance
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
Must Additional Data be
Submitted under FIFRA
3(c)(2)(B)? If so, dead-
line for submission.
163.81-1
163.81-2
163.81-3
163.81-4
163.81-5
163.81-6
Acute Oral
Toxicity
Acute Dermal
Tbxicity
Acute Inhalation
Tbxicity
Primary Eye
Irritation
Primary Dermal
Irritation
Dermal
Sensitization
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
no
GS0011-120
GS0011-120
GS0011-120
GS0011-120
GS0011-120
no*?/
These data requirements are current as of July, 1981. Refer to the Guidance Package for updated requirements.
22/ Warfarin is formulated either with inert agents such as silicone and mineral and/or food materials such as grain.
The toxicity of these products will be expected to be proportional to their warfarin content. In addition, available
clinical evidence from warfarin's use as an anticoagulant drug are sufficient to satisfy the toxicology requirements for
these products. Therefore, separate acute oral toxicity, acute inhalation toxicity, acute dermal toxicity, primary dermal
irritation, dermal sensitization tests, and primary eye irritation tests will not be required for warfarin end-use products
and non-technical manufacturing-use products.
-------
•Cable C
Product-Specific Data Requirements flor End-Use Products of Warfarin and its Sodium Salt
Guidelines
Citation
Name of
Test
Are These Data
Required
By the Test
Guidelines? Substance
Does EPA Have
Data to Partially
or totally Satisfy
this Requirement?
Bibliographic
Citation
Must Additional Data be
Submitted under FIFRA
3(c)(2)(B)? If so, dead-
line for submission.
EFFICACY^
1.201-^
1.202^
1.203|^ or
1.213==^
1.204ff/or
1. 214=2'
1.20535/
1.212^/
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Type IH=» See
Type III^
Types IV, VI^/
Types IV, VI — '
lype^V
^v3V
See Chapter IX
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
yes/8 months
These data requirements are current as of July, 1981. Refer to the Guidance Package for updated requirements.
23/
28/
I
I
If -registrants desire to retain sulfaquinoxaline as an active ingredient they should consult with the Registration Division,
GPP, EPA for additional information.
1.201 Standard Norway rat anticoagulant liquid bait efficacy laboratory test method.
Concentrates diluted into end-use liquid baits (Type III).
1.202 Standard house mouse anticoagulant liquid bait efficacy laboratory test method.
1.203 Standard Norway rat anticoagulant dry bait efficacy laboratory test method.
Concentrates diluted into end-use dry baits (Type IV), and Ready-to-Use end-use dry baits (Type VI).
toncentrates diluted into end-use dry baits (Type W), and Ready-to-Use end-use dry baits (Type VI). 1.203 if the product
has a claim such as wax block, wax pellet, use in wet or damp areas, mold resistant, use in sewers, weather-proof, all-
weather, water proof, or weather-protected.
1.204 Standard house mouse anticoagulant dry bait efficacy laboratory test method.
1 214 Standard house S5ui¥ anticoagulant wa7 block andd wax pellet laboratory test method. Use this in place of 1.204 if the
product has a claim such as: wax block, wax pellet, use in wet or damp areas, mold resistant, use in sewers, weather-
proof, all weather, water-proof, weather-protected.
1.205 Standard Norway rat anticoagulant tracking powder efficacy laboratory test method.
Ready-to-Use tracking powders (Type V). ^H™,
1.212 Standard house mouse anticoagulant tracking powder efficacy laboratory test method.
-------
IV. PRODUCT CHEMISTRY
1. Chemical Identity
Warfarin is the official common name for 3- (alpha- acetonvl benzyl) -4-
hydroxycoumarin (8 CI). Some trade names are: Dethmor^, KypfarinK, counafene,
counaphene, and RAX"*. The technical chemical characterization of Warfarin
follows :
Other Chemical Names:
3-(1-phenyl-2-acetylethyl)-4-hydroxycounarin
1-(4 '-hydroxy-3 '-counarinyD-l-phenyl-B-butanone
3-alpha-phenyl-beta-acetylethyl-4-hydroxycoumarin
4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-
2-one (9 CI)
Molecular Weight: 308.32
Chemical Formula:
Type: Rodent icide
Shaugnnessy Numbers: 086002 (Warfarin)
086003 (Sodium Salt of Warfarin)
Structural Formula:
2. Manufacturing-Process
a. Warfarin
Fourteen warfarin technical products (98 to 100? warfarin) have been registered
by producers, but none of them have submitted a description of the
manufacturing process. However, information in the literature indicates that:
warfarin is produced by the Michael condensation of 4-hydroxycoumarin and
benzalacetone. The reaction is carried out in aqueous or solvent media in the
presence of a basic catalyst (WARF, 1967, 00002438).
U.S. Patent Number 2,427,578 issued on September 16, 1947, to Stahmann, Ikawa
and Link (1947, 05004094), assignors to Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
(WARF), Madison, Wisconsin describes a manufacturing process of 3-substituted 4-
hydroxycoumarin products (of which warfarin is one).
IV-1
-------
British Patent Specification 715,846 dated September 22, 1954, issued to S.B.
Penick and Company (Penick, 1954, 05003303) covers an improved process for
the manufacture of warfarin. This procedure also utilizes the condensation of
benzalacetone with 4-hydroxycoumarin. The reaction is carried out under reflux
using an amine catalyst under slightly acidic conditions. The procedure
produces a solid crude product which can readily be-suspended in benzene,
toluene or chloroform. The suspension is refluxed and cooled, filtered,
dissolved in 5% sodium hydroxide and the solution washed with chloroform or a
similar solvent. The alkaline solution is acidified and the precipitate
filtered and washed with water and dried.
Various amines including aniline, piperidine, triethylamine and diethanolamine
in amounts equal to about 5 mole percent of the 4-hydroxycoumarin give
favorable yields. Yields reported under various conditions with various amines
vary from 48£ to 90£ of theoretical yield.
b. Warfarin - Sodium Salt
Little, if any, data are available on the chemistry of the sodium salt. What
is known has been gleaned from the open literature rather than from Agency
files of submissions by registrants. Referred to in the literature as
warfarin, sodiun or 3-(alpha-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin, sodium salt
(C1QFUJaOu) (Shaughnessy 086003) it is a solid which is "freely soluble
in'^queouS solution" (WARF, 1967, 00002438).
The acidic nature of warfarin is due to the enolic hydroxyl group in the 4-
position of the counarin moiety (WARF, 1967, 00002438). The enol forms
alkali metal salts. Two of these, the sodiun and potassium salts (Rohwer,
1950,05002773) are used clinically as anticoagulants (Schroeder and Link, 1965,
05001926). Of the two, only the sodiun salt of warfarin is currently
registered for use as a rodenticide.
The principal value of this formulation is that it is water soluble, while the
parent technical-grade warfarin compound is not. In addition to the technical
salt (100% a.i.), a formulation intermediate (at 42.85 percent a.i.) and
several concentrates, intended to be diluted into end-use formulations (from
0.127 percent to 0.54 percent) are currently registered. The end-use
formulations are described as soluble solid concentrates intended for dilution
with water in bait applications. Some of the concentrates contain
sulfaquinoxaline (see page II-1 for more information on this).
The salt can be manufactured according to the processes of Schroeder and Link,
(1965, 05001926) (U.S. Patent 3,192,232). The salt may be produced by reacting
an aqueous slurry of warfarin containing an excess of warfarin, with an aqueous
solution of sodiun hydroxide, and then removing the excess warfarin.
Although the Agency has published a method for analyzing the sodium salt and
its impurities using high-pressure liquid chromatography (Bontoyan, 1976,
GS0020-024), no other data have been submitted or found.
3. Formation of Unintentional Ingredients
Some information on unintentional ingredients (impurities) is available from
specifications established in the past for technical warfarin by WARF as a
service to the pesticide industry (WARF, 1967, 00002438). This information is
IV-2
-------
summarized in the following section ("Percentage of Components in Warfarin
Products"). Since none of the producers has submitted an adequate, up-to-date
discussion of the formation of unintentional ingredients, the present status
of these specifications is unknown.
4. Percentage of Components in Warfarin Products
Table TV-A shows the types of warfarin (including the sodium salt and those
containing sulfaquinoxaline) products that are registered with the Agency.
There are fourteen registered technical products which are described as
containing 3-(alpha-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycounarin (warfarin) at 98-100%.
The source of the warfarin is indicated for two of these. The available
quantitative information on impurities is provided by specifications
established by WARF (1967, 00002438) for the technical product: These
specifications are: (1) warfarin on an "as is" basis, 98-105% (sic). (2)
Drying loss, not to exceed 1%. (3) Maximun tolerance for benzalacetone and
alkali insolubles, 100 mg/kg. (4) "Alice's Ketone" [specifically 3-(o-
hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one], not to exceed 45 ppn.
There is no indication that producers are now adhering to these specifications.
However, the anount of impurities in some individual products are known by the
Agency.
In addition to the above, warfarin is also available in the following products:
formulation intermediates containing from 0.5 to 50% warfarin, concentrates
(sodium salt) containing from 0.1277, to 0.54% active ingredient and intended
for dilution into liquid end-use baits, concentrated dusts at 0.3 to 2.0%
warfarin for dilution to dry end-use baits, and a ready-to-use tracking powder
containing 1.0% warfarin. Granular forms at 0.025-2.0% warfarin, pelleted/
tableted forms at 0.021-0.054% warfarin, and impregnated forms at 0.025%
warfarin are produced as ready-to-use dry baits. The formulation intermediates
are considered to be manufacturing-use products.
Many formulations also contain sulfaquinoxaline rN'-2-quinoxalinyl)sulfanila-
mide]. This is discussed on page II-I of this Standard. The inert ingredients
are not always identified. Few, if any, physical and chemical properties are
reported on the inerts, and those few are minor (color, for example).
The end-use products are registered for general use in the control of rats and
mice, which is a non-food use. Therefore, clearances for the added inert
ingredients are not a consideration in this Standard.
5. Product Analytical Methods and Data
Information on methods of analysis for technical warfarin, formulations and
some impurities is contained in WARF, 1967 (00002438). The methods are as
follows:
Technical Warfarin - A 500 mg sample of warfarin is weighed into a 100 ml
volumetric flask and diluted to volume with 0.1 N
sodium hydroxide. A 5 ml aliquot of this solution
is diluted to 100 ml with 0.1 N sodium hyroxide.
The absorbance is determined at 308 nm in a Beckman
spectrophotometer or its equivalent with 0.1 N sodium
hyroxide as a blank.
IV-3
-------
TYPES OF PRODUCTS CONTAINING WARFARIN, SODIUM SALT OF WARFARIN, AND SULFAQUINOXALINE
ACCORDING TO PERCENT ACTIVE INGREDIENT AND FORMULATION
SODIUM SALT WARFARIN AND SODIUM SALT OF WARFARIN
WARFARIN OF WARFARIN SULFAQUINOXALINE PLUS SULFAQUINOXALINE
LL) LkJ (JL) LU
I. Technicals and concentrates (more than 3%) to be formulated into other products.
98-100* 42.85* 4*/4*
50*, 10*
5*
II. Concentrates (less than 3*) to be repackaged or reformulated into other products
1.162* 0.5*/0.5* 0.27*/0.25*
f 0.5*
c*>
01 III. Concentrates to be diluted into end-use liquid baits
0.127* 0.54*/0.5*
0.14*
0.54*
IV. Concentrates to be diluted into dry end-use baits
2 0* 0.4*/0.4*
0.5* 0.5*/0.5*
0.3*
V. Ready-to-use tracking powder
1 .0*
VI. Ready-to-use dry baits
0>054* 0.025*70.025*
0!025*
0.021*
-------
Formulations - Concentrated form (0.5% Warfarin). This type of formu-
lation is analyzed by extracting the warfarin with an
organic solvent or by alkali extraction. The absorbance
of the alkali solution containing the warfarin is read
at 308 nm.
Finished Baits (0.025-0.50%). Warfarin is extracted with
1% sodium pyrophosphate, acidified and extracted with organic
solvent, and then extracted from the organic solvent with
1? sodiun pyrophosphate and the absorbance read at 308 nm.
In addition, Billings _et ail (1976, 05002456) describe a high performance
liquid chromatographic method for determining warfarin with good
reproducibility in a variety of commercial samples.
Mundy ^t jil (1976, 05002550) reported a high performance liquid chromatographic
method for determining warfarin in animal remains and feedstuffs. The method
includes a procedure for the identification of warfarin by mass spectroscopy,
using the chemical ionization mode and AMU of 309 and 337 which is applicable
to formulations. Information of general interest on fluorometric and thin
layer chromatographic methodology is available [See Thiemann and Neumann (1970,
05005623), Caissie and Mallet (1976, 05002*147), Kamm (1968, 05005625),
Pranitis and Stolman (1975, 05001734), Lau-Can (1978, 05002715), and
Schroeder _et _al (1973,05002585)].
Infrared and ultraviolet spectra are described by Gore ^t al (1971, 05003225)
and Siek^t^l (1976, 05001721).
The Agency has published methods utilizing ultraviolet spectroscopy and high
pressure chromatography (Bontoyan, 1976, GS0020-024).
Methods are available (WARF, 1967, 00002438) for benzalacetone, o-
hydroxyacetophenone i.e., "Alice's Ketone", in the technical product, but
validating data are absent.
6. Physical and Chemical Properties
There are some data available on the physical and chemical properties of
warfarin. Available data on technical warfarin by WARF (1967, 00002438) are as^
follows:
Color: Wnite to near white
Odor: Essentially odor free (odorless)
Melting point; Range 3°C, limits from 159°C to 165°C
Solubility: The solubilities of technical warfarig in selected
solvents are as follows: water 1.7 mg/100 ml at 20 C, acetone
6.5 g/100 ml at 20 C, benzene 0.3 g/100 ml at 20 C, carbon
tetrachloride 0.015 g/100 ml at 20 C, chloroform 5.6 g/100 ml at
20°C, acetonitrile 3.6 g/100 ml at 20 C, acetic acid 1.95 g/100 ml
at 20°C, dioxane 10.0 g/100 ml at 20 C, and petroleum ether
0.00125 g/ml at 20 C.
IV-4
-------
Physical State; Crystalline solid (powder)
Stability; Stable
7. Summary of Major Data Gaps
a. Technical Warfarin
Product chemistry data gaps for technical warfarin (and its sodiun salt) are
of two general kinds: 1) descriptions of the manufacturing process and
analytical methods for the impurities that may be formed during manufacture;
and 2) physical and chemical properties of the technical compound
(octanol/water coefficient, density or specific gravity, vapor pressure).
b. Manufacturing Use Products (MUP's)
Product Chemistry data requirements for warfarin MUP's (and the sodium salt)
include the same general manufacturing and impurities information that is
required for the technical compound, and in addition, more detailed data on
impurities and the quantities in which they are expected to appear. Analytical
methods for use in identifying and quantifying impurities are also required.
c. End-Use Products
As with MUP's, data requirements for end-use products focus on product and
Impurity description and quantification. Several other data gaps exist but
most data requirements have been waived.
IV-5
-------
V. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE
1. Use Profile
Warfarin is a minor use pesticide that has a total yearly production of less
than 250,000 pounds active ingredient. Warfarin is used as liquid and dry
baits in and around buildings and other structures and in transport vehicles
(trucks, planes, and ships) around dumps, sewers, river and pond banks,
feedlots, rabbitry fur farms, and game bird operations for the control of
Norway and roof rats and house mice (commensal rodents). The sodiun salt is
intended for use in liquid baits for the control of the same rats and mice in
areas noted above. Most of the older labeling simply instructs the user to
place baits in areas where rats and mice "feed, water or travel." A few labels
also specify the use of warfarin products in dumps. The baits are to be placed
in locations not accessible to children, pets, livestock or nontarget wildlife
or in some cases, are to be placed in tamper-proof bait boxes.
Warfarin and its sodiun salt may be used in conjunction with other rodenticides
in control programs. There are products in which sulfaquinoxaline is mixed
with warfarin. Sulfaquinoxaline is intended as an active ingredient to reduce
the internal build up of vitamin "K" which is needed for normal blood clotting
in target organisms (See additional information on page II-1). Specific
information on the use of the different types of warfarin-containing products
follow (table IV-A shows the types of registered warfarin products).
Type I. Technical and Concentrates (>3%)
Formulated into Registered Products
These products are to be used only to formulate other registered products and,
therefore, do not have application directions.
Type II. Concentrates Diluted into Registered Baits
These products are to be repackaged or formulated into other registered
products. This type of product will not bear end-use application directions.
Type III. Concentrate Diluted into End-Use Liquid Baits
These products, which all contain the Sodium Salt of warfarin, are intended to
control Norway and roof rats and house mice. They are intended for use in and
around homes, industrial and agricultural buildings, and similar man-made
structures and inside of transport vehicles (ships, aircraft, trains); dumps;
sewers; river and pond banks; feedlots; rabbitry fur farms; and game bird
operations. They are to be diluted with water to prepare a liquid bait
containing from 0.0053? to 0.0061% active ingredient. The label specifies that
the baits are to be applied in the following manner for control of commensal
rats and mice:
a) For rats, up to 1 quart of bait solution is placed in shallow
containers, chick founts, or special dispensers, where rats feed,
water or travel. Bait is maintained at these locations for a minimum
of 10 days.
V-l
-------
b) For mice, up to 1 pint of bait solution is placed in shallow
containers, chick founts, or special dispensers, set at 3 to 12 feet
intervals where mice feed, water or travel. Bait is maintained at
these locations for a minimum of 15 days.
Type IV. Concentrates Diluted into End-Use Dry Baits
These products are intended to control Norway and roof rats and house mice.
They are intended for use in and around homes, industrial and agricultural
buildings, and similar man-made structures and inside of transport vehicles
(ships, aircraft, trains); dumps; sewers; river and pond banks; feedlots;
rabbitry fur farms; and game bird operations. They are to be diluted (one
part concentrate to 19 parts bait, by weight) with materials such as corn meal,
rolled oats, meat, and fish to prepare an essentially dry bait containing
0.025% active ingredient. The label specifies that baits are to be applied in
the following manner:
a) For rats, 4 to 16 oz. of bait is placed in dry, shallow containers at
locations where rats feed, water or travel. Bait is maintained at
these locations for a minimum of 10 days.
b) For mice, 0.25 to 0.5 oz. of bait is placed in dry, shallow containers
at intervals of 8 to 12 feet where mice feed, water or travel. Bait
is maintained at these locations for a minimum of 15 days.
Type V. Ready-to-Use Tracking Powder
These prc'ucts, which are formulated as ready-to-use dust (powder) formulations
are intended to control Norway and roof rats and house mice. They are for use
inside of homes, industrial and agricultural buildings, and similar man-made
structures. They are to be used without dilution (ready-to-use).
Type VI. Ready-to-Use, End Use Dry Baits
These products, which are formulated as ready-to-use granular meal, pellets,
or block, are intended to control Norway and roof rats and house mice. They
are intended for use in and around homes, industrial and agricultural
buildings, and similar man-made structures and inside of transport vehicles
(ships, aircraft, trains); dumps; sewers; river and pond banks; feedlots;
rabbitry fur farms; and game bird operations. They are to be used without
dilution in the manner discussed above in the directions for Type III Warfarin
products.
2. Environmental Fate Profile
The only environmental chemistry data on warfarin was a study by Buckelew et
al. (1972, 05002786) who investigated the short-term influence of warfarin on
the growth on the gram-positive spore-forming soil microorganism Bacillus
megaterium. Impregnation of paper disks and subsequent measurement of the
zones of growth inhibition showed that spore germination for tjjis bacterium was
not affected by the presence of warfarin for 15-21 hours at 25 C at
concentrations as high as 1 mg/ml (about 1,000 ppm).
V-2
-------
This study provides the only data available on the effect of warfarin on
microbes. No data were submitted on the effects of the warfarin sodium salt on
microbes. Available data are insufficient to assess the environmental fate of
warfarin.
3. Exposure Profile
Products of warfarin and the sodium salt of warfarin are available for use by
commercial applicators and by homeowners in the form of dust and liquid
concentrates as well as,dry end-use formulations. The dust concentrate is
diluted into dry end-use baits by mixing with materials such as oats, corn
meal, meat or fish, and is placed in shallow containers for a minimum of ten
days for the control of rats. Liquid concentrates are mixed with water and
then placed in the same manner. There is a potential for dermal contact during
preparation and placement of the end-use baits, particularly in the case of
untrained or inexperienced users. Due to the extremely low potential for
vaporization of either warfarin or its sodium salt, and the coarse nature of
the vehicle used for the dust concentrate, inhalation exposure is unlikely.
Since the concentrates are mixed with edible substances and remain in place for
several days, there is a potential for accidental ingestion of the end-use
baits by children and domestic animals, especially if use directions are not
followed explicitly.
Specific qualitative exposure analyses for technical warfarin, warfarin solid
concentrate, sodium salt of warfarin solid concentrate, and warfarin solid
ready-to use follow:
Technical Warfarin; For persons involved in the
handling, storage, and shipment of technical warfarin
there is little likelihood of oral exposure. However,
because this product is in the form of a powder, there
is a possibility of both dermal and inhalation exposure.
Warfarin Solid Concentrate and Sodium Salt of Warfarin
Solid Concentrate: For persons preparing baits by
mixing the concentrate with an edible substance, there
is a potential for inhalation or dermal exposure from
contact with the active ingredient. There is also
potential for exposure through ingestion of the baits
made from these concentrates, particularly by children
and domestic animals. Because the bait remains in
place from 10 to 15 days or longer, such ingestion
could be repeated.
The potential for direct ingestion also applies to wildlife
which have access to the bait areas, especially birds, small
mammals, related rodents, or other animals which may
frequent the treatment areas. Ingestion may also occur if
predators eat exposed wildlife or target animals.
Warfarin Solid Ready to Use: For persons handling the
ready-to-use warfarin products, there is little chance
of exposure by ingestion or inhalation. Dermal exposure
V-3
-------
is possible, but is expected to be less likely than during
mixing and subsequent placement of the concentrates. There
is a potential for ingestion of the baits by children and
domestic animals, especially if use directions are not
followed explicitly.
The potential for ingestion applies as well to wildlife
which have access to the bait areas, especially birds,
small mammals, related rodents, or other animals which
frequent treatment areas. Ingestion may also occur if
predators and domestic animals eat the target animal
or exposed non-target wildlife (see Ecological Effects
Chapter), or if use directions are not followed explicitly.
V-4
-------
VI. Toxicology
1. Toxicology Profile
*/
Sodiun warfarin - has been used as an anticoagulant drug in humans since
the late 1950's. An extensive body of literature has accumulated from this
use. Information is available on dose and effect relationships, mechanism of
action, spectrun of toxic effects and treatment of toxic effects. Detailed
discussions of this data are found in all pharmacology and toxicology text
books and a knowledge of warfarin's toxicity is part of the training of
physicians. A working knowledge is necessary for all physicians treating
cardie-vascular conditions. The Agency has, therefore, based its
determinations relative to human safety in this Standard on this body of human
evidence. Also included for information of the reader only is a discussion of
specific registrant-submitted and some open-literature toxicity studies of
warfarin. This data is summarized in Table VI-A.
2. Technical and Manufacturing-Use Products
a. Technical
General information on the oral toxicity of the sodium salt of warfarin to
humans is readily available (Gosselin et al., 1976, GS0011-117; Meyers et al.,
1978, GS0011-119; DiPalma, 1971, GS0011-121; Oilman et al., 1980, GS0011-122;).
Available estimates of the acute oral LDf-n of technical warfarin in animals
vary considerably in the available literature (Table VI-A). The human data
from the public literature suggest that technical warfarin may be highly toxic
to humans (Gaines, 1960, 05002272; Back et al., 1978, 05003932; Hagan and
Radomski, 1955, 05002258 — see also Zendzian, 1981, GS0011-120).
Although an instance of human poisoning has been alledged to have resulted from
the repeated careless use of a warfarin concentrate (Fristedt and Sterner,
1965, 05002245), no reports of toxicity following single exposures are
available. A low dermal toxicity is expected (Category III) (Zendzian, 1981,
GS0011-120). In studies with rabbits, the acute dermal toxicity of warfarin on
intact skin was low (LD^Q greater than 8 g/kg) (Shapiro, 1976, 00002443).
No toxicity data were available to assess the acute inhalation toxicity of
warfarin. Based upon the available data on the physical properties of
warfarin, it is highly unlikely that warfarin would produce sufficient
quantities of vapor to be toxic (Zendzian, 1981, GS0011-120).
V There are essentially no toxicological differences between technical
warfarin and sodium warfarin when adjustments are made for the relative
purity of the individual batches of test material.
VI-1
-------
TABLE VI-A
WARFARIN TOXICmr STUDIES
TEST/MATERIAL
ACUTE ORAL LD5Q
- Technical Warfarin
- Technical Sodium
Warfarin
- Technical Sodium
Warfarin
- Technical Sodium
Warfarin
- Technical Warfarin
- Warfarin
- Warfarin
- Encapsulated
Warfarin
- Encapsulated
Warfarin
- 5.4% Granular
Warfarin
- 5.4% Granular
Warfarin
- 0.025% Bait
ORGANISM
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Guinea Pig
Mouse
Rabbit
Dog
Chicken
Cats
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rat
SEX
M
M
F
M
F
M
F
M,F
M,F
M,F
M,F
M,F
-
M
F
F
M
F
M
F
M,F
M
M,F
RESULTS
3.0 mg/kg
112 mg/kg
10.4 mg/kg
100.3 mg/kg
8.7 mg/kg
323 mg/kg
58 mg/kg
182 mgA
374 mg/kg
800 mg/kg
200-300 mg/kg
>1 g/kg
2.5-20 mg/kg
450-680 mg/kg
<10 mg/kg
2.5 - 5.0 mg/kg
12.5 mg/kg
1.2 - 2.5 mg/kg
32 mg/kg
<10 mg/kg
55 g/kg
<100 g/kg
>20 g/kg
CITATION
Gaines, I960, 05002272
Back et al., 1978, 05003932
Back et al. ,1978, 05003932
Hagan and Radomski, 1953,
05002258
n
H
n
n
n
Til et al., 1974, 00002461
WARF, 1977, GS0011-106
WARF, 1977, GS0011-107
WARF, 1977, GS0011-103
WARF, 1977, GS0011-102
Shapiro, 1977, 00002282
Shapiro, 1977, 00002281
WARF, 1977, GS0011-113
-CONTINUED-
VI-2
-------
TABLE VI-A (CONTINUED)
TEST/MATERIAL
ORGANISM
SEX RESULTS
CITATION
ACUTE DERMAL LD5Q
- Technical Warfarin Rabbit
- 5.4% Granular Rabbit
Warfarin
- 0.025% Bait Rabbit
PRIMARY EYE IRRITATION
- Warfarin Rabbit
- Technical Warfarin Rabbit
Encapsulated
Warfarin
Rabbit
- Technical Warfarin Rabbit
- 0.54% Granular
Warfarin
- 0.025% Bait
-5.4% Granular
Warfarin
Rabbit
Rabbit
Rabbit
PRIMARY DERMAL IRRITATION
- Warfarin Rabbit
- Technical Warfarin Rabbit
- Encapsulated Rabbit
Warfarin
- 0.54% Warfarin
- 5.4% Granular
M,F >8 g/kg
M,F >20 g/kg
F >2n g/kg
None
Mild conjunc-
tival irrita-
tion
None
Shapiro, 1976, 00002443
Shapiro, 1977, 00002280
WARF, 1977, GS0011-116
WARF, 1977, GS0011-104
Shapiro, 1976, 00003288
WARF, 1977, GS0011-100
Slight conjunc- Shapiro, 1977, 00002430
tival irritation
Conjunctival
irritation
None
Shapiro, 1976, 00002852
WARF, 1977, GS0011-115
Moderate to se- Shapiro, 1977, 00002284
vere conjunctival
irritation
None
None
None
Mild dermal
irritation at
24 hours
Very slight
dermal irri-
tation at
24 hours
VI-3
WARF, 1977, GS0011-105
Shapiro, 1976, 00002851
WARF, 1977, GS0011-101
Shapiro, 1976, 00003287
Shapiro, 1976, 00002283
-CONTINUEn-
-------
TARTE VT-A (CONTINUED)
TEST/MATERIAL
ORGANISM SEX RESULTS
CITATION
- 0.025% Bait
- 0.025% Bait Rabbit
TERATOGENICnY
- Clinical Sodium Hunv=m
Warfarin
- Clinical Sodium Human
Warfarin
- Clinical Sodium Human
Warfarin
- Clinical Sodium Human
Warfarin
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE
- 0.25% Warfarin Hunan
on corn meal
EMERGENCY TREATMENT
- Clinical Sodium Human
Warfarin "
Very slight Shapiro, 1976, 00003290
dermal irrita-
tion at 24 hours
None
Fetal Abnorma-
lities
M,F 2 fatalities
after ingest-
ing the meal
over 15 days
M,F
WARP, 1977, GS0011-114
Sherman and Hall, 1976,
05002097
Shaul et al., 1975,
05001852 ., 1975,
Warkany, 1976, 05001730
Holzgreve et al., 1976,
05003388
Lange and Terveer, 1954,
05004097
Gosselin et al., 1974,
GS0011-117
Casarett and Doull, 1975,
GS0011-118
Meyers et al., 1978,
GS0011-119
Di Pallia, 1971, GSOOll-121
Oilman et al. 1980, GS0011-122
VI-4
-------
Warfarin has no chemical moities capable of acidic or basic function and
there are no reeorts of tissue damage following human use (including that by
injection) of liquid warfarin. Human data and the chemistry of warfarin
indicate a low potential for acute eye effects (Zendzian, 1981, GS0011-120).
Primary eye irritation studies (one on technical warfarin, WARF, 1977, GS0011-
104; one on encapsulated technical warfarin, WARF, 1977, GS9911-100) in animals
indicated that this material was not an eye irritant while other studies
indicated that technical warfarin produced mild to slight irritation of the
conjunctive. Information on the concentration of warfarin used was not
specified in these studies (Shapiro, 1976, 00003288; Shapiro, 1977, 00002430).
Despite extensive human use of warfarin, no reports of dermal inflammatory or
allergic responses are available, therefore, warfarin's potential for causing
acute dermal effects is judged to be low (Zendzian, 1981, GS0011-120). One
animal study on an unspecified concentration of warfarin showed that it was
not irritating to the intact skin of rabbits. In this study neither the
concentration of warfarin nor the diluent of the study material were specified
(Shapiro, 1976, 00002851). Two additional animal studies (one on technical
warfarin, WARF, 1977, GS0011-105; one on encapsulated technical warfarin, WARF,
1977, GS0011-101) also indicated that this material was not a primary skin
irritant. No data were available to assess the dermal sensitization potential
of technical warfarin.
3. End-Use Products
Warfarin end-use products are usually formulated with inert agents such as
silicone and mineral or food materials such as grain. The toxicity of these
products is expected to be proportional to their warfarin content. All
toxicity data requirements are satisfied by available clinical evidence
associated with warfarin's human drug use. Other data are discussed below for
the readers general information only.
a. Granular
One study indicated that the acute oral LDc0 of a 0.0257' granular
bait was greater than 20 g/kg for both male and female rats (WARF, 1977, GS0011-
113). Additional acute oral toxicity studies are available on a granular
formulation containing 5.4$ warfarin (Shapiro, 1977, 00002282; Shapiro, 1977,
00002281).
One animal study of a 5.455 granular product indicated an acute dermal toxicity
of greater than 20 g/kg (Shapiro, 1977, 00002280). An additional acute dermal
toxicity study with 0.025/5 warfarin bait gave similar results (WARF, 1977,
GS0011-116). In a primary eye irritation study, 0.1 ml of a 0.54%
VI-5
-------
granular formulation produced conjunctival irritation in rabbits. The study
did not report the concentration of warfarin used (Shapiro, 1977, 00002852).
In another primary eye irritation study, (Shapiro, 1977, 00002284) 0.1 ml of a
5.W granular formulation produced moderate to severe conjuntival irritation
(the concentration of warfarin and the diluent of the test material used were
not specified). Another primary eye irritation study indicated that a 0.025?
warfarin bait was negative in this regard (WARF, 1977, GS0011-115). Because of
the characteristics of the solid granular materials mixed with some warfarin
formulations, these products would be expected to physically irritate the eye.
In a primary dermal irritation study, 0.5 ml of a granular formulation
produced very slight dermal irritation at 24 hours. The concentration of
warfarin used was not specified in this study (Shapiro, 1977, 00002283). In a
primary dermal irritation test, 0.5ml of a 0.5M% granular formulation produced
mild dermal irritation at 24 hours. This study did not indicate the
concentration of warfarin used (Shapiro, 1976, 00003287). One other primary
skin irritation study with a 0.025? bait indicated that this material was
negative in this regard (WARF, 1977, GS0011-114).
In a primary dermal irritation study 0.5 ml of a pelletted/tableted
formulation produced very slight dermal irritation at 24 hours. The
concentration of warfarin and the diluent of the test material used were not
reported (Shapiro, 1976, 00003290).
4. Toxicity Categories
An acute oral toxicity category of I for technical warfarin, is indicated by
human data. Formulated products having ?* or less warfarin would have a much
lower acute oral toxicity category. In addition, human data seem to indicate a
toxicity category III for eye effects for technical warfarin and category IV
for skin effects for technical, warfarin. Human data indicate an acute dermal
toxicity category of III for technical warfarin.
5. Hunan and Domestic Animal Hazard Assessment
A large data base exists for sodium warfarin as a result of its clinical use as
an anticoagulant drug. These data clearly delineate the drug doses of sodium
warfarin its effects its mechanism of action, and the treatment for poisoning
by warfarin (Zendzian, 1981, CS0011-120). Data also indicate that warfarin ij
a weak teratogen, (Sherman and Hall, 1976, 05002097; Shaul et al.t 1975,
05001853; Warkany, 1976, 05001730; Holzgreve et al., 1976, 05003388), and the
FDA, therefore, requires the following label warning on products used during
pregnancy:
Pregnancy - COIMADIN passes through the placental barrier,
and the danger of hemorrhage to the fetus exists even to
the point of fatal hemorrhage in utero even in the accepted
therepeutic range of maternal prothrombin level. Close
oberservation and laboratory control are essential. The
newborn may be particularly sensitive to sodium warfarin.
There have been reports of birth malformations in children
born to mothers who have been treated with warfarin during
the first trimester of pregnancy. Whether warfarin was in
fact the responsible agent has not been established. Therefore,
women of childbearing potential who are candidates for anti-
coagulant therapy should be carefully evaluated and the
VI-6
-------
indications critically reviewed. If COUMADIN must be used
during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while
taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the
potential risks to the fetus, and the possibility of
termination of the pregnancy should be discussed in light
of those risks.
The Agency finds this statement to be a reasonable summary of the scientific
data on warfarin's teratogenic potential in humans.
The Agency believes that a label warning against exposure of pregnant females
is approriate on manufacturing-use .warfarin products. Registrants who
disagree with this assessment must supply the Agency wrth data regarding
warfarin's teratogenic potential.
Some warfarin products contain sulfaquinoxaline as an additional active
ingredient. The Agency has determined that data do not show sulfaquinoxaline
to be an efficacious active rodenticidal ingredient (see page II-1 and Chapter
TX). Additionally, data are not available to allow the Agency to determine
whether sulfaquinoxaline presents a risk to humans. Therefore, the Agency will
require registrants who wish to retain this ingredient in their formulations to
perform a test on technical sulfaquinoxaline to determine its acute oral ID™
and if it is found to be acutely toxic, registrants will be required to
perform, in addition, all acute toxicology tests required by the guidelines.
6. Summary of Major Data Gaps
An acute inhalation toxicity test is required for warfarin. In addition, at
least an acute oral LDuQ test will have to be performed on sulfaquinoxaline
(additional basic acute toxicity tests will be required for sulfaquinoxaline if
it is found to be acutely toxic by the oral route).
VI- 7
-------
VII. RESIDUE CHEMISTRY
Federally registered products containing warfarin and
its sodium salt are used as rodenticides for the
control of various species of rats and mice. These
products have no food or feed use. Thus, there are no
residue chemistry data requirements for warfarin
and the sodium salt of warfarin. As a deterrant to
its use around food and feed, label directions must
include in the precautionary section the statement;
"Avoid contamination of food and feedstuffs and food-
handling surfaces."
VII-1
-------
VIII. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
1. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS PROFILE
a. Manufacturing-Use Warfarin and Warfarin Sodium Salt
No ecological effects data exist on technical warfarin. One study exists on a
50/50 percent formulation of warfarin - sulfaquinoxaline technical, (Evans and
Ward, 1967, 00002U69). Warfarin - sulfaquinoxaline caused secondary poisoning
in mammalian carnivores such as mink and dogs when ingesting prey (nutria)
killed after they were provided treated bait (carrots containing 0.025?' by
weight of the test material).
b. Formulated Product - Warfarin and Warfarin Sodium Salt
An acute oral mallard duck study was performed on a 10? formulation of
warfarin, (Grolleau and Paris, 1975, 05005716). This formulation of
warfarin is no more than moderately toxic to mallard ducks (LC™ > 120 rcg/kg)
when administered as a single dose. However when exposed to 69 mg/kg for a
period of 14 days, 4 out of 5 ducks died.
A 96 hour rainbow trout study was performed using a 0.54fl formulation of
warfarin sodium salt, (U.S. EPA, 1975, NA00860E). With a 96 hour LC50 of
> 10,000 ppn, this formulation is non-toxic to rainbow trout.
2. Hazard Assessment
Formulated Products: warfarin is registered for several field uses for the
control of Norway and roof rats, all of which can result in exposure to fish
and wildlife. These field uses include uncultivated agricultural areas, non-
agricultural areas such as railroad rights-of-way, and aquatic areas such as
river banks. Exposure can result both from direct ingestion of the poisoned
bait or from the consumption of weakened or dead prey.
Although warfarin - sulfaquinoxaline demonstrated secondary poisoning in mink,
it is difficult to predict the actual hazard to manmalian carnivores in the
field since in this study, the earliesfc death occurred after 8 days of
continuous exposure to treated nutria. Although it is unlikely that a wild
carnivore would receive a continuous exposure to warfarin through its prey, the
possibility of secondary poisoning in the field should not be overlooked.
However, since most field uses for warfarin are in commercial or industrialized
areas and because these uses would tend to be localized, secondary poisoning
would be unlikely to have an adverse effect on populations of mammalian
carnivores. Use of warfarin around agricultural premises would also have a
limited effect on mammal populations. The use of warfarin near the habitat of
endangered and threatened species would require special considerations, however.
An unpublished study has shown secondary poisoning in mongooses after three
warfarin-poisoned rats were consumed (personal communication, Larry Pank,
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 1981 GS0011-109). This study will be
evaluated by the Agency when it is available.
VIII-1
-------
Due to the absence of sufficient non-target toxicity data a hazard assessment
can not be made for field uses of formulated products.
"3. Summary of Major Data Gaps
The major data gaps for Warfarin, including the sodium salt are the basic set
of avian, fish, and aquatic invertebrate toxicity studies listed in the tables
in chapter III.
VIH-2
-------
IX. EFFICACY
1. Efficacy Profile
At the present time, all Federally registered products containing warfarin are
considered public health uses and are, therefore, subject to efficacy data
requirements (M FR 2793; May 11, 1979).
2. Factors Influencing Efficacy
a. Warfarin
The effectiveness of individual products containing warfarin and its sodium
salt covered by this Standard depends upon many factors (Palmateer, 1974,
05001803; Peardon et. al., 1979 GS0011-112), including: impurities in the
technical; contamination of the product with other pesticides during
manufacture and storage; type, quality, hardness, and particle size of inerts
added to the technical and concentrates; and the test procedures. The efficacy
of products with the same percentage of active ingredient can vary dramatically
since efficacy is a function of bait acceptance. In addition, pockets of
warfarin - resistant Norway rats have been reported in the United States since
1972. The effectiveness of warfarin products can also vary with the training
and skill of the applicator, the presence of alternative food sources, and
types of harborage. Encapsulation has been developed to obviate the gustatory
perception of impurities in the technical material, and thereby serve to
improve efficacy.
b. Sulfaquinox aline
Sulfaquinoxaline was first added to warfarin (such combinations were called
Prolin ) in the mid-1 960 's to increase the effectiveness of that
anticoagulant. Supposedly, the addition of this active ingredient helped to
kill rats consuming sublethal doses of warfarin (see also theesulfaquinoxaline
discussion on II-1 of this standard). Based on the limited data submitted at
the time, several additional claims were allowed:
1. "kills hard-to-kill" animals
2. "new improved"
3. "a better more effective Warfarin rodenticide"
l\. "Nbst notable advance in rodenticides since Warfarin"
Within two years, as a result of additional testing, the Agency established a
policy of not permitting these claims. Subsequent tests (Palmateer, 1979
GS0011-108), revealed that sulfaquinox aline had no effect or produced a
negative effect upon warfarin efficacy. Based on this information the Agency
has declared Sulfaquinoxaline to be inert with respect to rodenticidal
activity. Registrants will be required to provide additional data establshing
the efficacy of Sulfaquinoxaline if they desire to retain it in their products
as an active ingredient.
IX-1
-------
3. Use Sites
The current target pests for Federally registered Warfarin products are the
Norway rat, house mouse, and roof rats.
Prior to 1976 most warfarin products had the following two statements to
describe the use sites:
1. "... locations where rats and mice feed, water,
and/or travel."
2. "... along walls, in corners, and in concealed locations..."
Since 1976 these general statements have been clarified by the addition of the
following specific sites.
"In and around homes, industrial and
agricultural buildings, and similar
man-made structures and inside of
transport vehicles (ships, aircraft,
trains)"
In addition to these sites, the following sites also occur on selected Federal
labels: dumps, sewers, river and pond banks, feedlots, rabbitry fur farms, and
game bird operations.
The Agency lias not attempted to review the vast amount of field and laboratory
data recorded in the published literature and in its files over the past 30
years. Since the benefits of this active ingredient are well recognized and
since minimun product performance has been regulated through a series of
standard laboratory efficacy tests over the past 10 years, a detailed review of
data is unnecessary at this time.
4. Summary of Major Data Gaps
As indicated above, the Agency has not attempted to review efficacy data at the
present time. The effectiveness of these products will be assured by requiring
registrants to submit or cite data on their specific products using the
standard protocols. Registrants of end-use products will support both rat and
mouse claims. Registrants of technical products will support rat claims only.
These data, will be reviewed when they are received.
Since sulfaquinoxaline has been declared to be inert with respect to
rodenticidal activity, registrants will be required to provide data to prove
the efficacy of sulfaquinoxaline in Warfarin baits if they wish to maintain
this chemical as an active ingredient.
IX-2
-------
X. Bibliography
Guide To Use of this Bibliography
1. Content of Bibliography. This bibliography contains citations of all the
studies reviewed by EPA in arriving at the positions and conclusions stateH
elsewhere in this standard. The bibliography is divided into 3 sections: (1)
citations that are discussed in the standard (2) citations examined and judged
to be inappropriate for use in developing the standard, and (3) standard
reference material. Primary sources for studies in this bibliography have
been the body of data submitted to EPA and its predecessor agencies in support
of past regulatory decisions, and the published technical literature.
2. Units of Entry. The unit of entry in this bibliography is called a
"study". In the case of published materials, this corresponds closely to an
article. In the case of unpublished materials submitted to the agency, the
Agency has sought to identify documents at a level parallel to a published
article from within the typically larger volumes in which they were submitted.
The resulting "studies" generallly have a distinct title (or at least a single
subject), can stand alone for purposes of review, and can be described with a
conventional bibliographic citation. Where applicable the Agency has attempted
also to unite basic documents and commentaries upon them, treating them as a
single study.
X-l
-------
J. Identification of Entries. The entries in this bibliography are sorted
by author, date of document, and title. Each entry bears, to the left of
the citation proper, an eight- digit numeric identifier. This number is
unique to the citations, and should be called the "Master Record
Identifier", or "MRID". It is not related to the six-digit "Accession
Number" which has been used to identify volumes of submitted data; see
paragraphy 4(d)(4) below for a further explanation. In a few cases,
entries added to the bibliography late in the review may be preceded by a
nine-character temporary identifier. This is also to be used whenever a
specific reference is needed.
4. Fbrm of the Entry. In addition to the Master Record Identifier (MRID),
each entry consists of a bibliographic citation containing standard
elements followed, in the case of materials submitted to EPA, by a
description of the earliest known submission. The bibliographic
conventions used reflect the standards for the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), expanded to provide for certain special needs. Some
explanatory notes of specific elements follow:
a. Author. Whenever the Agency could confidently identify one, the
Agency has chosen to show a personal author. When no individual was
identified, the Agency has shown as identifiable laboratory or
testing facility as author. As a last resort, the Agency has shown
the first known submitter as author.
X-2
-------
b. Document Date. When the date appears as four digits with no
question marks, the Agency took it directly from the document. When
a four-digit date is followed by a question mark, the bibliographer
deduced the date from evidence in the document. When the date appears
as (19??), the Agency was unable to determine or estimate the date of
the document.
c. Title. This is the third element in the citation. In some cases it
has been necessary for the Agency bibliographers to create or enhance
a document between square brackets.
d. Trailing Parenthesis. Por studies submitted to us in the past, the
trailing parenthesis include (in addition to any self-explanatory
text) the following elements describing the earliest known submission:
(1) Submission Date. Immediately following the word 'received'
appears the date of the earliest known submission, at the time
that particular document was processed into the Pesticide
Document Management System.
(2) Administrative Number. The next element, immediately following
the word 'under1 is the registration number, experimental permit
number, petition number, or other administrative number
associated with the earliest known submission, at the time that
particular document was processed into the Pesticide Document
Management System.
X-3
-------
(3) Submitter. The third element is the submitter, following the
phrase 'submitted by'. When authorship is defaulted to the
submitter, this element is omitted.
(4) Volume identification. The final element in the trailing
parenthesis identifies the EPA accession number of the volume in
which the original submission of the study appears. The six-
digit accession number follows the symbol 'CDL1, standing for
"Company Data Library". This accession number is in turn
followed by an alphabetic suffix which shows the relative
position of the study within the volumns. For example, within
accession number 123456, the first study would be 123456-A; the
second, 123456-B; the 26th, 123456-Z; and the 27th 123456-AA.
X-4
-------
OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARDS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Citations Discussed 1n This Standard
05003932
05002456
05002786
05002447
GS0011-118
Back, N, Steger, R., Glassman, J. (1978) Comparative
acute oral toxldty of sodium warfarin and microcrys
talllne warfarin 1n the Sprague Dawley rat. Pharm.
Res. Comm. 10(5) :445-452.
Billings, T., Hanks, A., Colvin, B. (1976) High-
performance liquid chromatographlc determination of
warfarin. Jour, of the AOAC 59(5):1104-1108.
Buckelew, A.r., Jr.; Chakravarti, A.; Burge, W.R.,
Thomas, V.M., Jr., Ikawa, M. (1972) Effect of myco-
toxlns and coiimarins on the growth of Bacillus
megaterlum from spores. Journal of Agricultural
and Food Chem. 20(2):431-433.
Caissle, G.E.; Mallet, V.N. (1976) The fluorimetric
detection of pesticides on aluminum oxide layers.
Journal of Chromatography 117(1): 129-136.
Casarett, L.J., Ph.D. and J. Doull, M.D., Ph.D.
1975. Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons.
MacMlllan Publishing Co., Inc. New York.
-------
00002469 Evans, J.; Ward, A.L. (1967) Secondary Poisoning associated with
anticougulant killed nutria. J. of the Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 151(7)
856-861. (Also in unpublished submission received May 30, 1972
under unknown admin, no; submitted by Velsicol Chem. Corp.,
Chicago, IL; CDL: 230307-E).
05002245 Fristedt, B;, Sterner, N. (1965) Warfarin intoxication from
percutaneous absorption. Arch. Env. Health . 11:205-208
05002272 Gaines, T.B. (1960) The acute toxicity of pesticides to rats.
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2: 88-99.
GS0011-122 Gillman, A. G. et al. 1930 Goodman and Gillman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 6th Ed. MacMillan.
05003225 Gore, B.C.; Hannah, R.W.; Pattacini, S.C.; Porro, T.J. (1971)
Infrared and ultraviolet spectra of seventy-six pesticides.
Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 54(5):
1040-1052.
GS0011-117 Gosselin, R.E., M.D., Ph.D., H.C. Hodge, Ph.D., Sc., R.P. Smith,
Ph.D., M.N. Gleason, M. Sc. (h.c.) 1976. Clinical Toxicology of
commerical Products-Acute Poisoning. 4th Ed. The Williams and
Wilkins Co., Baltimore, MD p. 317-320.
05005716 Grolleau, G.; Paris, G. (1975) Essais d1intoxication du conard col-
vert Anas platyrhynchos a I1aide du coumafene et du
chlorophainone. Trials of intoxication of green collared duck
Anas platyrhynchos with coumaphene and chlorophacinone. - Annales
de Zoologie—Ecologie Animales 7(4): 553-556.
-------
05002258 Hagan, E.G.; Radomski, J.I. (1953) The toxicity of 3-
(acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin (Warfarin) to labortory
animals. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association,
Scientific Edition XLIK6): 379-382.
05003388 Holzgreve, W. J.C. Carey, B.D. Hall. 1976. Warfarin induced fetal
abnormalities Lancet. 2:
05005625 Kamm, G. (1968) Weitere Versuche zum Nachweis von CXjmarin -
Derivaten ^Further studies on the identification of coumarin
derivatives 1 Arzneimittel - Forschung 18(10): 1336-1337.
05002715 Lau-Can, C.A. (1978) Thin-layer chromatography of caumarins of
medicinal and phytochemical interest on buffered layers. Journal
of chromatography 151(3): 391-395.
GS0011-119 Meyers, F.H. , M.D. , E. Jawetz, M.D. ,, Ph.D., and A. Goldfien, M.D.
1978. Review of Medical Pharmacology. 6th Ed. Lange Medical
Publications. Los Altos, CA.
05002550 Mundy, D.E.; Quick, M.P. ; Machin, A.F. (1976) Determination of
Warfarin in animal relicta and feeding stuffs by high - pressure
liquid chromatography with confirmation of identity by mass
spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography 121(2): 335-3^2.
GS0011-121 Di Palma, J. 1971. Drill's Pharmacology in Medicine. «th Ed.,
McGraw Hill.
-------
05001803 Palmateer, S.D. (197*0 Laboratory testing of albino rats with
anticoagulant rodenticides. Pages 63-72. In Proceedings—
Vertebrate Pest Conference. No. 6
GS0011-108 Palmateer, S.D. (1979) Effects of sulfaquinoxaline in Warfarin
baits. A Terrestrial and Aquatic Biology Unit Project. August
1979. U.S. EPA/OPP/BFSD-CBIB.
GS0011-109 Pank, L. (1981) Personnel communication with EEB, HED, OPP
personnel.
GS0011-112 Peardon, D.L., J.E. Ware, D.B. Peacock and R.W. Matheny. Test
method for evaluating the efficacy of rodenticides against
anticogulant-resistant Norway rats. Vertebrate Pest Control and
Management Materials, ASTM STP 680, J.R. Beck, Ed., American
Society for Testing and Materials, 1979 pp. 45-59.
05003303 Penick, S.B.; Inventor (1954) Assignee Manufacture of 4-
hydroxycounarin derivatives. British patent specification
715, 846. Sept. 22. 4 p.
05001734 Pranitis, P.A.F.; Stolman, A. (1975) The differential elution of
drugs from XAD-2 resin. Journal of Forensic Sciences 20(4):
726-730
-------
05002773 Rohwer, S.A. (1950) Warfarin a coined name for the anticoagulant
rodenticidal chemical 3-(alpha-Acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin.
Washington, DC: Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine
(Interdepartmental Committee on Pest Control publication; with
attachment: Information on 3-(alpha-phenyl-Beta-Acetylethyl)-4-
hydroxyooumarin , K.P. Lank).
05001926 Schroeder, C.H.; Link, K.P. inventors; Wisconsin Alumni Research
Foundation, assignee (1955) Warfarin alkali mental derivative
process U.S. Patent 3.192,232. June 29. 2 p. Cl. 260-341.2.
05002585 Schroeder, C.H.; Sherma, J. (1973) Warfarin. Pages 677-638, In
°Analytical Methods for Pesticides and Plant Growth Regulators.
. 7 r-few York: Academic Press.
00002852 Shapiro, R. (1976) Eye Irritation on Prentox Rax Water Soluble
Warfarin: Report Ito. T-116. (Unpublished study received May 25,
1976 under 655-543; orepared by Nutrition International, inc.,
submitted by Prentiss Drug & Chemical Co., Inc., Now York, NY; CDI
231461-D) .
00002351 Shapiro, R. (1976) Primary Skin Irritation on Warfarin Technical:
Report ND. T-113. (Unpublished study received May 25, 1.976 under
655-543; prepared by Nutrition International, Inc., submitted by
Prentiss Drug & Chemical Co., Inc., Now York, NY; CDI: 231461-C),
-------
00002443 Shapiro, R. (1976) Dermal ID 50- on Warfarin 1>5chnical 1: Report
No. TV120. (Unpublished study received Nov. 24, 1975 under 655-5.19
prepared by Nutrition International, Inc., submitted by Prentiss
Drug & Chemical Co., Inc., Naw York, NY; CDL: 231460-J)
00003290 Shapiro, R. (1976) Primary Skin irritation on Co-Rax Pelleted Bait
1: Report No. T-110. (Unpublished study received May 25, 1976
under 655-539; prepared by Nutrition International, Inc., submitted
by Prentiss Drug & Chemical Co., Inc., New York, NY; CDL: 231460-N)
00003287 Shapiro, R. (1976) Primary Skin Irritation on Prentox Rax Water
Soluble Warfarin 1: Report No. T-109. (Unpublished study received
May 25, 1976 under 655-543; prepared by Nutrition International,
Inc., submitted by Prentiss Drug & Chenical Co., Inc., Ttew York,
NY; CDL: 231461-E)
00003288 Shapiro, R. (1976) Eye irritation on Warfarin technical: Report
No. T-108 (unpublished study received May 25, 1976 under 655-539;
prepared by nutrition International Inc. submitted by Prentis Drug
and Chemical Co., Inc. Naw York, NY; CDL: 231460-K).
00002280 Shapiro, R. (1977) Acute Dermal Tbxicity: Warfarin 1: Report No.
T-185. (Unpublished study received Aug. 23, 1977 under 8590-475;
prepared by Product Safety labs, Div. of Nutrition International,
Inc., submitted by Agway, Inc., Syracuse, NY; CDL: 231393-A)
10
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00002282 Shapiro, R. (1977) Defined Oral LD550- Warfarin: Report Ho. TV-
203. (Unpublished study received Aug. 23, 1977 under 3590-475;
prepared by Product Safety labs, Div. of Nutrition International,
Inc., submitted by Agway Inc., Syracuse, HY; CDL: 231393-C).
00002430 Shapiro, R. (1977) Eye Irritation: Warfarin: import No.
(unpublished study received May 13, 1977 under 655-543; prepared by
Product Safety Lab. Div. of Nutrition International Inc. for
Prentis Drug & Chemical Corp., inc. submitted by flqway, Tnc.
Syracuse, NY; GDI: 230861-A).
00002233 Shapiro, R. (1977) Primary Skin irritation: (Warfarin 1: Report
ND. T-200. (Unpublished study received Aug. 23, 1977 under 8590-
475; prepared by Product Safety Labs, Div. of Nutrition
International Inc., submitted by figway, Inc., Syracuse. NY; CDL:
231393-D)
00002281
Shapiro, R. (1977) Oral LD50 Screen: Warfarin: Report No.
•P-179. (Unpublished study received Aug 23, 1977 under 8590-475;
prepared by Product Safety Labs, Div. of Nutrition International,
Inc., submitted by Agway, Inc. Syracuse, NY; CDL: 231393-B).
00002284 Shapiro, R. (1977) Modified Draize eye irritation: Warfarin:
Report No. T-178. (Unpublished study received Aug. 23, 1977 under
8590-475; prepared by Product Safety Labs, Div. of Nutrition
International, inc. submitted by Agway, Inc., Syracuse, NY; GDI:
231393-E).
11
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05001853 Shaul, W.L., H. Bnery, and J.G. Hall. 1975. Chondrodysplasia
punctata and maternal warfarin use during preganancy. ftn. J. Dis.
Child. 129:360-362.
05002097 Sherman, S. and B.D. Hall. 1976. Warfarin andd fetal abnormality
Lancet. 1:692.
05001721 Siek, T.J.; Osieweiz, R.J.; Bath, R.J. (1976) Identification of
drugs and other toxic compounds from their ultraviolet spectra -
Part III: Ultraviolet absorption properties of 22 structural
groups. Journal of Forensic Sciences 21(3): 525-551.
05004094 Stahmann, M.A.; Ikawa, M.; Link, K.P.; inventors; Wisconsin Alumni
Research Foundation, assignee (1947) 3-substituted 4-
hydroxycoumarin and process of making it. U.S. patent 2,427,578.
Sept. 16. 5p. a. 260-333.
05005623 Thiemann, K.G.; Newmann, G. (1970) Zumchemisch - toxikologischen
Nachweis von Warfarin - Chemical and toxicological identification
of Warfarin - 1 Archiv fuer Experimentelle Veterinaermedizin 24(3);
731-733.
12
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00002461 Til, H.P.; Spanjers, M.T.; Sinkeldam, E.J. (1974) Acute and
subacute oral toxicity studies with pyranocumarin and Warfarin in
cats, hens, and quail: Report No. R-4358. (Unpublished study
received June 15, 1977 under 655-539; prepared by Central Institute
for Nutrition and Food Research for Scherine Ag. submitte-3 »>
Prentis Drug and Chemical Co., Inc. New York, NY; CDL: 230356-A).
GS0011-110 U.S. EPA (1980) Pesticide data submitters list (September 1980)
for Warfarin (Shaughnessy No. 086002) and its sodium salt
(Shaughnessy No. 086003).
NA00860E U.S. EPA (1975) Rainbow trout acute toxicity. April 28, 1^75.
CBIB Labs. Report.
GS0011-113 WARF. 1977. Acute Oral Tbxicity. WARF Institute No. 702imi for
Ralston Purina Co., in support of 602-266.
GS0011-114 WARF. 1977. Primary Skin Irritation. WARF Institute No. 7021801
for Ralston Purina Co., in support of 602-266.
GS0011-115 WARF. 1977. Eye Irritation. WARF Institute No. 7021801 for
Ralston Purina Co., in support of 602-266.
GS0011-116 WARF. 1977. Acute Dermal Ibxicity. WARF Institute No. 7021801
for Ralston Purina Co., in support of 602-266.
13
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GS0011-100 WARF Inst., Hopkins Ag. Chem. Co. 1977. Eye Irritation. Tox-Hid
1/1, Encapsulated Warfarin.
GS0011-101 WARF Inst. 1977. Hopkins Ag. Chem. Co. Skin Irritation, Tox-Hid
1/1, Encapsulated Warfarin.
GS0011-102 WARF Inst. 1977. Hopkins Ag. Chem. Co. Acute Oral LD50f Tox-Hid
1/1-Encapsulated Warfarin.
GS0011-103 WARF Inst. 1977. Hopkins Ag. Chem. Co. Acute Oral LD50-
Hid 1/1-Encapsulated Warfarin.
GS0011-104 WARF Inst. 1977. Hopkins Ag. Chem. Co. Eye Irritation - Warfarin
GS0011-105 WARF Inst. 1977. Hopkins Ag. Chem. Co. Skin Irritation - Warfarin.
14
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GS0011-106 WARF Inst. 1977. Ibpkinqs Ag. Chcm. Cb. Acute Onl LD50.
Warfarin.
GS0011-107 WARF Inst. 1977. Ifopkins Ag. Chom. Co. Acute Oral LD5Q Warfarin.
05001730 Warkany, J. 1976. Warfarin embryopathy. Teratology. 14:205.
00002438 Wisconsin Alunni Research Foundation (1967) Warfarin Physico-
Cnemical specifications and analytical procedures. Madison, WI:
WARF. (Also in unpublished submission received Nov. 24, 1975 under
655-543; submitted by Prentis Drug & Chemical Co., Inc., Nw York,
NY; CEL: 231461-R).
GS0011-111 Zendzian, R., Ph.D., (1931) Personnel cconunication with T. Miller
on 6/15/81.
GS0011-120 Zendzian, R., Ph., D. (1981) Toxicology data base for
warfarin Registration Standard; human data. Memo from
Toxicology Branch, HED, OPTS, EPA to T. Miller, SPRD.
Dated 8-13-81 .
15
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OFFICE OF PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
REGISTRATION STANDARD ALPHABETICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Listing of All Documents Identified in the Literature Search
WARFARIN AND SODIUM SALTS
005002621 , inventor; Aktieselskabet Bakteriologisk Laboratorium "Ratin",
assignee (1961) Improvements in and relating to a composition
for combating rodents, particularly rats and other noxious
animals, and a process of preparing the said composition.
British patent specification 866,837. May 3. 3 p. Int. Cl. A
01N.
005003303 , inventor; S.B. Penick, assignee (1954) Manufacture of
4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives. British patent specification
715,846. Sep 22. 4 p.
005002628 A.M.A. Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry (1955) Warfarin sodium.
Journal of the American Medical Association 159(13):1297-1298.
005005974 A/S Bakteriologisk Laboratorium "Ratin", assignee (1963) Middel
til bekaempelse af gnavere, saerlig rotter, og fremgangsmade
til fremstilling af midlet. [Means for combating rodents,
particularly rats, and method for producing said means.]
Danish patent 96491. Oct 7. 3 p. Int. Cl. A Oln.
005008247 Aarons, L.J.; Schary, W.L.; Rowland, M. (1979) An in vitro study
of drug displacement interactions: warfarin-salicylate and
warfarin-phenylbutazone. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
31 (5):322-330.
005005701 Abarca Ruano, M. (1959) Combate de la rata canera con cebo de
warfarina durante la epoca de secas. [Control of the canefield
rat with baited warfarin during the dry weather.] Mexico
Agricola 6(70):26-27.
005001890 Abbott, A.; Sibert, J.R.; Weaver, J.B. (1977) Chondrodysplasia
punctata and maternal warfarin treatment. British Medical
Journal 1:1639-1640.
005001826 Abrams, J. (1964) New aspects of field rodent control. Pages
127-128, _ln Proceedings—Fifty-first Annual Meeting—Chemical
Specialties Manufacturers Association. New York: Chemical
Specialties Manufacturers Association.
005002377 Abrams, J.; Hinkes, T.M. (1974) Acceptability and performance of
encapsulated warfarin. Pest Control 42(5):14-16.
005005717 Adami, E.; Marazzi Uberti, E.; Turba, C. (1959) Indagine
sperimentale e statistica sulla azione analgesica della
4-idrossicumarina. [Experimental and statistical data on the
analgesic action of 4-hydroxycoumarin.] Archivio Italiano di
Scienze Farmacologiche. [Italian Archives of Pharmacological
Science.] 9(1):61-69.
005001893 Adams, C.W.; Pass, B.J. (1960) Extensive dermatitis due to
warfarin sodium (coumadin). Circulation XXII(5):947-948.
005001897 Addinall, R.; Curran, D.A. (1973) A prescribing hazard [letter]
Medical Journal of Australia 1(5):261.
005005308 Agostino, D. (1970) Prolonged Coumadin treatment as an adjuvant to
surgery in an experimental colon carcinoma. Tumori
56(3):165-166,169-173.
005002427 Agostino, D.; Cliffton, E.E. (1962) Anticoagulants and the
development of pulmonary metastases: anticoagulant effect on
the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma in rats. Archives of Surgery
84:449-453.
16
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005005703 Agostino, D.; Cliffton, E.E. (1963) II fattore coagulazione nella
produzione di metastasi: efficacia della fibrinolisina e
dell'eparina. [Blood coagulation and the production of
metastases: the effect of fibrinolysin and heparin.] Ospedali
d1Italia Chirurgia IX(4):393-406.
005007506 Agostino, D.; Cliffton, E.E. (1967) Contribute allo studio della
sindrome emorragica secondaria dopo la sonroinistrazione di
anticoagulanti: 1'efficacia dell'acido ellagico. [Contribution
to the study of the secondary hemorrhagic syndrome following
administration of anticoagulants: effectiveness of ellagic
acid.] Ospedali d'ltalia Chirurgia XVI(5):469-474.
005002087 Agostino, D.; Cliffton, E.E. (1967) The effect of ellagic acid on
traumatic bleeding in warfarin treated rats. Pathologia
Europaea 2(4):421-426.
005001898 Agostino, D.; Cliffton, E.E. (1968) Control of bleeding in
splenectomized and coumadin treated animals: potentiation of
ellagic acid effect with vitamin K. Nagoya Journal of Medical
Science 14(1):65-73.
005001891 Agostino, D.; Cliffton, E.E.; Girolami, A. (1966) Effect of
prolonged Coumadin treatment on the production of pulmonary
metastases in the rat. Cancer 19(2):284-288.
005013685 Ahrend, K.F.; Tiess, D. (1973) Duennschichtchromatographische
Parameter von 180 wenig fluechtigen organischen Verbindungen
toxikologischer Relevanz in vier einfachen Systemen mit
Anleitung zur praktischen Nutzung. [Thin-layer chromatographic
parameters of 180 toxicologically significant organic compounds
with low volatility in four simple systems with instructions
for practical application.] Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der
Universitaet Rostock, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
22 (9):951-963.
005001896 Ahuja, S. (1976) Derivatization in gas chromatography. Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences 65(2):163-182.
005011212 Akazawa, Y., inventor; (1961)
3-(alpha-Fueniru-beta-asechiruechiru)-4-hidorokishikumarin no
seizoho. [A method of manufacturing
3- (alpha-phenyl-beta-acetylethyl) -4-hydroxycoumar in. ] Japanese
kokai 61 6537. Jun 1. 2 p.
005014825 Akopyan, G.S. (1970) Mokhragoiyn hamsterikneri vra zookoimarini
adsdeyoithyan haryi shirche. [Concerning the effect of
zoocoumarin on gray hamsters.] Zhurnal Eksperimental'noi
Klinicheskoi Meditsiny. [Journal of Experimental and Clinical
Medicine.] X(3):32-35.
005003284 Al-Bassam, M.S.; Hall, R.J.; Garcia, E.; Leachman, R.D.;
Leatherman, L.L.; Hallman, G.L.; Cooley, D.A. (1974) Evaluation
of the effects of antithrombotic therapy on survival following
aortocoronary bypass surgery. American Journal of Cardiology
33(1): 122.
005001889 Al-Gailany, K.A.S.; Wilson, A.G.E.; Bridges, J.W. (1974) Use of
fluorescent probes to investigate hepatic microsomal
"drugw-binding sites. Biochemical Society Transactions
17
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005015986
005004898
005002417
000002386
000002302
000002309
000002310
005002376
005001712
005001894
005018099
005001352
005002434
005002022
005001888
005007490
Al'ber, G.V. (1976) Gigiyenicheskaya kharakteristika usloviy truda
rabotnikov dezinfektsionnoy sluzhby, kontaktiruyushchikh s
pestitsidami. [Hygiene characteristics of the working
conditions of workers in the extermination service in contact
with pesticides.] Zdravookhranenie Kirgizii. [Public Health
of Kirgizia.] (2):38-40.
Alha, A.R.; Mukula, A.L.; Saikkonen, J. (1961) Zum Nachweis von
Warfarin bei einem Selbstmordfall. [The proof of the presence
of warfarin in a suicide.] Archiv fuer Toxikologie. [Archives
of Toxicology.] 19:211-214.
Allen, W.H. (1954) Studies on the effectiveness of bare ground
barriers and warfarin poison against field rodents in Korea
(grid trapping method). Medical Bulletin of the U.S. Army Far
East 2:34-36.
Alstott, K.A. (1973) RMC Rodent Bait: (Mice) [and (Rats): Efficacy
and Acceptability Data]. (Unpublished study received Feb 7f
1973 under 7276-1; submitted by RMC Products Co., Fort Dodge,
Iowa; CDL:026496-A)
Alstott, K.A. (1974) Laboratory Report: [Warfarin]: Bait Feeding
Acceptance Study: [Mice]. (Unpublished study received Jun 4,
1974 under 7276-16; submitted by RMC Products Co., Fort Dodge,
Iowa, CDL:009131-A)
Alstott, K.A. (1974) Laboratory Report: [Warfarin]: Bait Feeding
Acceptance Study: [Rats]. (Unpublished study received Jun 4,
1974 under 7276-17; submitted by RMC Products Co., Fort Dodge,
Iowa; CDL:024309-rA)
Alstott, K.A. (1974) Laboratory Report: Bait Feeding Acceptance
Study: [Mice]. (Unpublished study received Jun 4, 1974 under
7276-17; submitted by RMC Products Co., Fort Dodge, Iowa; CDL:
024309-B)
Amador, E. (1965) Adrenal hemorrhage during anticoagulant therapy:
a clinical and pathological study of ten cases. Annals of
Internal Medicine 63(4):559-571.
Amann, A.H. (1973) Effect of formulation on dissolution of sodium
warfarin tablets. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
62(9):1573-1574.
Ambre, J.J.; Fischer, L.J. (1973) Effect of coadministration of
aluminum and magnesium hydroxides on absorption of
anticoagulants in man. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
14(2):231-237.
Anaya, R.M.; Carrera, B. (1977) Determinacion de residues de
warfarina en bovinos tratados con Vampirinip III.
[Determination of warfarin residues in cattle treated with
Vampirinip III.] Tecnica Pecuaria en Mexico 33:74-78.
Anderson, B.S. (1974) Infrared analysis of pesticides. Canadian
Journal of Spectroscopy 19(2):37-39.
Anderson, G.F. (1967) The distribution of warfarin (Coumadin) in
the rat. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica 18:754-758.
Anderson, G.F. (1967) The distribution of warfarin (coumadin) in
the rat. Thrombosis et Diathesis Haemorrhagica
18(3/4):754-758.
Anderson, G.F.; Barnhart, M.I. (1964) Prothrombin synthesis in the
dog. American Journal of Physiology 206(5):929-938.
Anderson, P.O. (1979) Drugs and breast feeding. Seminars in
Perinatology 3(3):271-278.
18
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005002021 Andreasen, P.B.; Vesell, E.S. (1974) Comparison of plasma levels
of antipyrine, tolbutamide, and warfarin after oral and
intravenous administration. Clinical Pharmacology and
Therapeutics 16(6):1059-1065.
005001887 Andress, M. (1971) Suhnucosal haematoma of the oesophagus due to
anticoagulant therapy: report of a case. Acta Radiologica,
Diagnosis 11(2):216-219.
005001899 Andrews, R.V.; Belknap, R.W. (1975) An effective application of
U-5897 to the control of established, feral rats. Part I.
Nebraska Medical Journal 60(2):46-48.
005002624 Anon. (1952) Insecticides and rodenticides: 1952 recommendations
for use. Public Health Reports 67(5):455-458.
005010034 Anon. (1964) Pregled sredstava za zastitu bilja u Jugoslav!ji.
[Survey of products for the plant protection in Yugoslavia.]
Biljna Zastita 8(8/10):177-220.
005001671 Anon. (1965) Fumigants, insecticides, rodenticides. Pages
1-3, In Chemical Evaluation and Control Fact Sheet.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Meat
InspectionDivision. Consumer and Marketing Service.
005002248 Anon. (1965) Inherited resistance to warfarin. British Medical
Journal 1:5.
005002197 Anon. (1966) Rats become resistant to anticoagulants. WHO
Chronicle 20(1):29-31.
005001713 Anon. (1969) Beetles, birds and rats. Nature 223(5205):444.
005002127 Anon. (1969) Control of Farm Rats and Mice with Anticoagulant
Poisons. Pinner, Middlesex, England: Ministry of
Agriculture fisheries and Food. (Great Britain, Ministry of
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food advisory leaflet 516)
005002386 Anon. (1970) Drug interactions. Archives of Internal Medicine
126 (4):572-573.
005002125 Anon. (1970) Rats march on. Nature 227 (265):1289.
005002040 Anon. (1970) Super rats. British Medical Journal 3(725):723.
005002440 Anon. (1970) Warfarin-resistant rats. Royal Society of Health
Journal 90(6):289.
005001845 Anon. (1970) Warfarin-resistant rats. Lancet 1(7654):987-988.
005003088 Anon. (1971) Public health pesticides. Pest Control
39 (3) .-13-16,19-22,24,26,28-30,32,34,36,38,40,42,44-47,50.
005002445 Anon. (1972) Chloral hydrate and oral anticoagulants. Lancet
1(749): 524.
005004172 Anon. (1973) Common names of pesticides. Revised list—February
1973. PANS 19(2):287-306.
005001979 Anon. (1974) Warfarin and quinalbarbitone. Australian Journal of
Pharmacy 55(654):448,455.
005010319 Anon. (1975) Diminution par la rifampicine de 1'action
anticoagulante par la warfarine. [Diminution by rifampicin of
warfarin's anticoagulant action.] Semaine des Hopitaux
Therapeutique 51(10):580.
005002813 Anon. (1975) Rats today. British Medical Journal 2(5963):105-106.
005006756 Anon. (1976) Case records of the Massachusetts General Hospital:
weekly clinicopathological exercises: case 49-1976. New
England Journal of Medicine 295(23):1309-1313.
005019403 Anon. (1978) Mode of antagonism of vitamin K by anticoagulants.
Nutrition Reviews 36(9):289-291.
005007488 Anon. (1979) Clinical implications of Surgeon General's Report on
Smoking and Health. Journal of the National Medical
Association 71(7):713-715.
19
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005003631 Anon. (1979) Warfarin's mystery hold over hives. Medical Wbrld
News 20 (5):41.
005002196 Antlitz, A.M.; Meadr J.A., Jr.; Tolentino, M.A. (1968)
Potentiation of oral anticoagulant therapy by acetaminophen.
Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental
10 (10):501-507.
005001895 Antlitz, A.M.; Tolentino, M.; Kosai, M.F. (1968) Effect of
butabarbital on orally administered anticoagulants. Current
Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 10(2):70-73.
005002518 Arafa, M.S.; Nasr, N.T.; Salit, A.H.; Khalil, M.S. (1974) A
comparative study of slow and quick-acting rodenticides in a
confined area in Egypt. International Pest Control
16 (5):17-18.
005009943 Araki, T.; Kihira, M.; Nagaqka, R.; Muramoto, A.; Hamanaka, S.
(1955) [On the relation between the concentration of
3-(alpha-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin in the rat's blood
by baiting and the lethality.] Osaka Shiritsu Daigaku Igaku
Zasshi. [Journal of the Osaka City Medical Center.] 4:298-300.
005001892 Armstrong, W. (1959) The determination of warfarin in
rodenticides. Chemistry and Industry 5:154-155.
005005704 Arnaud, Y.; Boiron, C.; Carlier, A.; Fussellier, M.; Guyonnet, G.;
Le Perdriel, F.; Rebiere, J.P. (1976) Incompatibilites des
solutes injectables. [Incompatibilities of injectable
solutions.] R. Sciences et Techniques Pharmaceutiques
5 (3)-.145-147,149.
005002088 Aronson, A.L. (1972) Chemical poisonings in small animal practice.
Veterinary Clinics of North America 2(2):379-395.
005002086 Arora, R.B.; Mathur, C.N. (1963) Relationship between structure
and anticoagulant activity of coumarin derivatives. British
Journal of Pharmacology 20(1): 29-35.
005005629 Arrigo Reina, R. (1975) Richerche sperimentali sull'attivita
iperprotrombinemizzante di un derivato isocumarinico:
antagonismo verso un anticoagulante dicumarolico (Warfarin).
[Experimental research on hyperprothrombinemic activity of an
isocoumarin derivative: antagonism towards a dicoumarol
anticoagulant (warfarin).] Farmaco, Edizione Scientifica.
[Drugs, Scientific Edition.] 30 (12):947-954.
005005711 Arrigo Reina, R.; Scoto, G.M. (1974) Sull'effetto antagonista di
un derivato isocumarinico (allilamide dell'acido
4-fenil-3-isocumarinico) verso 1'attivita' anticoagulante della
3-(alpha-acetoni1-benzil)-4-idrossicumarina. [Antagonistic
effect of an isocoumarine derivative (4-phenyl-3-isocoumarine
acid allylamide) on the anticoagulant action of
3-(alpha-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin.] Bollettino della
Societa Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale. [Bulletin of the
Italian Society of Experimental Biology.] 50(15):1207-1211.
000014337 Ashton, A.D.; Jackson, W.B.; McComber, J. (1979) A Toxic Choice
Test on Domestic Norway Rats ( Rattus norveqicus ) with Hob-
by's Sample 1 (.025%) and EPA Placebo. (Unpublished study in-
cluding letters dated Apr 12, 1979 from W.B. Jackson to Howard
E. Habeqger and Jun 25, 1979 from A.D. Ashton and W.B. Jackson
to Product Manager 16, Registration Div., U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, received Jun 5, 1979 under 7537-2; prepared
by Bowling Green State Univ., Environmental Studies Center, sub-
mitted by Monroe Grain & Supply, Inc., Monroe, Ind.; CDL:
238611-A)
20
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005001714 Ashworth, B. (1972) Poisons and domestic pets [letter] Veterinary
Record 90:196.
005002089 Ashworth, B. (1973) The frequency of animal poisoning by warfarin.
Veterinary Record 93(2):50.
005000131 Ashworth, R.B. (1973) Pesticides in public health. Chemistry and
Industry (London) 14:691-693.
005013945 Atkins, C.E.; Johnson, R.K. (1975) Clinical toxicities of cats.
Veterinary Clinics of North America 5(4):623-652.
005002784 Babb, R.R.; Spittell, J.A., Jr.; Bartholomew, L.G. (1965) Hematoma
of the rectus abdominis muscle complicating anticoagulant
therapy. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 40(10):760-765.
000002408 Bach, C.J. (1949?) Report of Field Trial with Compound 42. (Unpub-
lished study received Apr 1, 1952 under 3282-6; prepared by Wis-
consin Alumni Research Foundation, submitted by d-Con Co., Inc.,
New York, N.Y.; CDL:008783-D)
005002481 Bachmann, K.; Shapiro, R. (1977) Protein binding of coumarin
anticoagulants in disease states. Clinical Pharmacokinetics
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