EPA 560/5-78-001
               A STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL DATA ON
             CANDIDATE CHEMICALS FOR TESTING
                             April 1978
                        Research Request No. 2
                          FINAL REPORT
                     Office of Toxic Substances
                U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                      Washington, D.C. 20460

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                             EPA 560/5-78-001

                                April 1978
              A STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL DATA ON

             CANDIDATE CHEMICALS FOR  TESTING
                            by

          Susanne Urso and Kirtland E.  McCaleb
             Chemical-Environmental Program
                 Contract No.  68-01-4109

                  Research Request No.  2



             Project Officer: James  Darr
                       Prepared for

               Office of Toxic  Substances
          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                 Washington, D.C.   20460
333 Ravenswood Ave. • Menlo Park, California 94025
(415) 326-6200 • Cable: STANRES, Menlo Park • TWX: 910-373-1246

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                                NOTICE






     This report has been reviewed by the Office of Toxic Substances,




EPA, and approved for publication.  Approval does not signify that the




contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental




Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial




products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
                                 iii

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                              CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
                                                                   vi
  I.    INTRODUCTION .................... , ,     i^1
 II.    SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS,  AND RECOMMENDATIONS  .......     2-1
III.    STUDY OF TWELVE CHEMICALS OF INTEREST TO
        EPA-OTS  ...................... • •     3-1
             l,5-Bis(chlorendo)cyclooctane ......... • •     3~3
             Bis (2-chloroethyl) ether ..............     3-6
             Bromoform ................... • •     3-8
             2-Chloroethanol ..................     3-9
             Diethyl N , N-bis ( 2-hydroxyethyl ) amino-
             phosphonate ....................     3-11
             N-l , 3-Dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl-p-
             phenylenediamine   .................     3-13
             4-Methyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin ........ . .     3-16
             Sodium fluoride ..................     3-19
             Sodium fluorosilicate ...............     3-21
             Stannous chloride .................     3-23
             Vinyl pyridine  ..................     3-25
             Vinyl pyrrolidone . . . . .^ ............     3-27

 IV.    REFERENCES  ........  ,  ........  ,  .  .  .  ,     4-1

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                            LIST OF TABLES
III-l   Twelve Chemicals Studied in Research
        Request No. 2	    3-2

III-2   Possible Substitutes for Dechlorane  25 	    3-4

III-3   Possible Substitutes for Diethyl N,N-
        bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminomethylphosphonate 	  .  .    3-11

III-4   Possible Substitutes for N-l,3-Dimethyl-
        butyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine 	    3-14

III-5   Possible Substitutes for 4-Methyl-7-
        diethylaminocoumarin  	    3-18

III-6   Possible Substitutes for Sodium Fluoride  	    3-20

III-7   Possible Substitutes for Sodium Fluorosilicate  ....    3-22
                                  vi

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                            I. INTRODUCTION







A.   Background




     The Office of Toxic Substances of the Environmental Protection




Agency needs to produce information packages as a basis for decisions




about testing chemicals for unreasonable risk to human health or the




environment.  Contract No. 68-01-4109 with SRI International (formerly




Stanford Research Institute) was established as a first step in pro-




ducing these packages.  It calls for SRI to provide, in answer to




Research Requests provided by the Project Officer, selected economic,




chemical, and biological information on selected commercial chemicals.




B.   Objectives




     The objectives of this study were to provide selected economic




information on twelve chemicals of interest, designated by the Project




Officer, in the form of a tabular summary and prepare market forecasts




for each chemical.
                                 1-1

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             II.  SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS






A.   Summary




     This report describes the work carried out on Research Request




No. 2 as specified by the Project Officer.




     Data were collected on production and trade statistics, past and




current uses, possible substitutes (including price information), and




trends in production for twelve chemicals designated by the Project




Officer.  Some of these data appear in a concise tabular summary of the




chemicals in alphabetical order, followed by market forecasts on each




chemical, which include a complete discussion of all the information




obtained in the study.




B.   Conclusions and Recommendations




     Because Research Request No. 2 was designed to provide certain




specified information on selected chemicals, no conclusions were drawn




from the studies performed, nor are any recommendations appropriate.
                                  2-1

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        III.  STUDY OF TWELVE CHEMICALS OF INTEREST TO EPA-OTS






A.   Tabular Summary




     The Project Officer requested a tabular summary of the twelve




chemicals in alphabetical order using the chemicals names designated by




EPA-OTS.  This summary is presented in Table III-l.  After each chemical




name is listed the Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (CAS




number), the most recent reported or estimated production level in




millions of pounds and kilograms, the current price in cents per pound




for large lots, and the total market value in millions of dollars




(production level x price).




B.   Market Forecasts




     Market forecasts were prepared for each chemical and include a




discussion of economic information requested by the Project Officer.




The information presented for each chemical includes the following:




production and trade statistics; a discussion of current uses, and in




some cases, past uses; possible substitute products for the chemical




in specific applications, and the current price of those substitutes;




trends in production levels (i.e., future growth rates); and factors




affecting growth in the market for the chemical.




     These market forecasts follow Table III-l, and are presented in




alphabetical order by chemical name.
                                  3-1

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                                                          Table III-I

                                      TWELVE CHEMICALS STUDIED IN RESEARCH REQUEST NO. 2


                                                         Estimated Production

Chemical Name
1 , 5-Bis {chlorendo) cyclooctane
Bis { 2-chloroethyl) ether
BroROfonn

2-Chloroethanol

Diethyl N,N-bis{2-hydroxyethyl}-
aminophosphonate
N-l» 3-Diaethylbutyl-N-phenyl-
p-phenylenediamine
4-Methyl-7-diethylamino-
coumarin
Sodium fluoride

Sodium fluorosilicate
Stannous chloride

Vinyl pyridine
2-Vinyl pyridine
4-Vinyl pyridine

CAS Number
13560-89-9
1 n-44-4
75-25-2

107-07-3


2781-11-5
793-24-8

91-44-1

7681-49-4

16893-85-9
7772-99-8

1337-81-1



Year
1976
1976
1976

recent
years

1977
1976

1976

1972

1976



1976
1976
Millions of
pounds
<17.3*
>0.005
>0.001

30


4-8*
36

0.085

12.3

114.1
ND


4.5
>0.005
Millions
of kilograms
<8
>0.002
> 0.0004 54

13.6


1.8-3.6
16.4

0.0386

5.6

51.9
ND


2.0
>0.002
Current Price
cents/lb .
170
9*
270 {pharma-
ceutical grade)
ND


88
187-190
f lakes t 197-200
850 (crude)

31-32
114 CUSP grade)
12-13
469 (anhydrous)
490 (hydrated)

159
314
Total Market Value
Millions of dollars
<29
>0. 00045
> 0.0027

—


3.5-7.0
68.4

0.72

3.8-3.9

13.7-14.8
.-
-—

7.2
>0.016
Vinyl pyrrolidone
88-12-0
1974
10-12
                                                                          4.5-5.5
                                                      97
                                                             9.7-11.6
* Consumption
-i- Price quoted in 1971  (most recent available figure)
  ND= No data

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                      1,5-BIS(CHLORENDO)CYCLOOCTANE

     l,5-Bis(chlorendo)cyclooctane is a chlorinated cycloaliphatic
flame retardant additive  used in plastics.   It is believed to be
commercially marketed in the U.S. by one company as one of several chemicals
covered by the tradename  Dechlorane   .  Although the producing company
has not divulged the chemical structure of the compounds marketed in the
          ®
Dechlorane    product line, a survey of the literature indicates that the
adduct of 2 moles of hexachlorocyclopentadiene + 1 mole of 1,5-cyclo-
octadiene, i.e., 1,5-bis(chlorendo)cyclooctane has the same physico-
chemical properties as the commercially available product, Dechlorane
25 (also known as Dechlorane    Plus 25), and probably has the same
structure.
     Information on U.S.  production of Dechlorane    25 is not available
from the U.S. International Trade Commission.  Industry sources estimate
that 35.2 million Ibs. (16 million kg) of "chlorinated paraffins and cyclo-
aliphatics"  (.including Dechlorane    25) were used as flame retardant
additives in 1977, and 33 million Ibs. (15 million kg) in 1976.^
Chlorinated paraffins used as flame retardant additives generally contain
at least 65% chlorine.  U.S. production of chlorinated paraffins contain-
ing >65% chlorine combined with those containing <35% chlorine was re-
ported to have been 15.7 million Ibs.  (7.1 million kg) in 1976.2  It is
believed that chlorinated paraffins containing >65% chlorine make up the
bulk of this class.  Therefore, subtracting the assumed 15.7 million Ibs.
of chlorinated paraffins produced in 1976 from the total estimated 33
million Ibs. of chlorinated paraffins and cycloaliphatics used in 1976,
indicates that as much as 17.3 million Ibs.  (8 million kg) of chlorinated
                                      ®
cycloaliphatics, including Dechlorane    25 could have been used as
flame retardants in plastics in 1976.  U.S. imports and exports data for
           ®
Dechlorane    25 are not available.
               ®
     Dechlorane    25 is added, commonly in combination with inorganic
fillers (especially antimony trioxide), to polymers to impart flame
retardancy.  It is widely used in polypropylene  (especially in wire and
cable and UL-94 applications which cover parts and devices in appliances).
Other polymers in which it is reportedly consumed include ABS, acrylic,
epoxy, and phenolic resins, nylon, polyester, polyethylene, polystyrene,
polyvinyl acetate, and polyvinyl chloride.3
                                   3-3

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     Because flame retardant additives affect the processing properties
of the polymer, selection of a specific additive for a specific plastic
depends upon the properties required by a particular polymer system.
The selection of substitutes for Dechlorane    25, therefore, depends
not only on cost and flame retardant performance, but also on the specific
polymer processing conditions.  Possible substitutes for Dechlorane    25
reported in the trade literature, the polymers in which they are used, and
their prices are listed in Table III-2. '
                                Table III-2
                  Possible Substitutes for Dechlorane
                                 25
Product

Chlorinated parraffins,
for example:

  Chlorowax 70
  Chlorowax 70S
  Halorez 70S
Applicable Polymers

 ABS; acrylics, epoxy,  nylon;
 phenolic; polyester; polyolefins;
 polystyrene; polyvinyl acetate;
 polyvinyl chloride
Price (cents/lbs)
       45.5
       49.5
       49.5
Citex BC-26
Citex BT-93
 ABS; acrylics, polypropylene;
 polystyrene;  polyvinyl acetate

 Polypropylene; impact-modified
 polystyrene
Great Lakes DE-83R       ABS; epoxy; phenolic; polyester;
(decabromodiphenyloxide) polyolefins; polystyrene; poly-
                         vinyl acetate; polyvinylchloride
Hi Flame-Out 103
(trichlorotetrabromo-
  toluene)
Hi Flame-Out 104
(pentabromophenyl-
  benzoate)

Hi Flame-Out 105
(pentabromoethyl-
  benzene)

Pyro-Chek 77B
 ABS;  polyester;  polyolefins for
 wire  and cable;  polystyrene
      190
      175
                                         132-140
      150
 Nylon;  polyolefins
      150
                                   3-4

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     Although the company which produces Dechlorane w 25 has already
eliminated one product.from the Dechlorane ®  line due to government
regulations on its effluent discharges into waterways, as of late 1977,
it planned to continue producing Dechlorane ® 25.  Dechlorane    25
availability has, however, been limited recently due to the shut-down
of a hexachlorocyclopentadiene production plant resulting in customer
allocation based on 70% of 1976 usage.  The projected 1977-1982
growth rate for products such as Dechlorane ® 25 is estimated at 3-5%
per year by industry sources.
                                 3-5

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                        BIS(2-CHLOROETHYL)ETHER
     Bis(2-ahloroethyl)ether was formerly produced as a by-product of
the ethylene chlorohydrin route to ethylene oxide.  The chlorohydrin
route was the main method of ethylene oxide manufacture until 1957.
As companies began using direct ethylene oxidation, production via the
chlorohydrin route declined and dropped to zero in 1973 and 1974.
One U.S. company did resume production of ethylene oxide via the
                                                                    >
chlorohydrin route in 1975 and 1976 due to unusual circumstances,
however, this situation is not expected to recur in the future.
     U.S. production figures for bis(2-chloroethyl)ether were last
reported in 1960 and amounted to 26.6 million Ibs.  (12 million kg),
                                        c.                        -
with sales amounting to 15.4 million Ibs.  U.S. sales during 1961-1965
were reported as follows:  ^
                  Yeai:                   Sales  (millions of Ibs.)
                  1961                       8.9
                  1962                       7.3
                  1963                      11.8
                  1964                       8.8
                  1965                       2.0
Two companies reported commercial production of bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
to the U.S. International Trade Commission during 1966-1969, and only
one company reported it during 1970-1973 and in 1976.  Commercial
production was not reported in 1974 and 1975.  Since only one U.S.
company reported commercial production of bis(2-chloroethyl)ether in
1976, this indicates that at least 5,000 Ibs. (2,272 kg) or $5,000
                                              2
worth of bis(2-chloroethyl)ether were produced.  One other company
is also believed to be producing bis(2-chloroethyl)ether in the U.S.;
however, no data are available on its production capacity.
     No evidence was found to indicate that bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
is currently marketed commercially in the U.S.  It is believed that
the producing companies consume it internally as a solvent in chemical
processes and as a chemical intermediate for the production of pro-
prietary products.  Data on U.S. imports and exports of bis (2-chloroethyl)
ether are not available.
                                  3-6

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     Since bis(2-chloroethyl)ether is used in proprietary processes
by the producing companies, no information is available to describe
the specific end-uses that are in current practice.  In the past,
it has been used in a variety of applications described as follows:
as a solvent for fats, waxes, and grease; as a scouring agent for
textiles to remove paint and tar brand marks from raw wool and oil
and grease spots from cloth; as a chemical intermediate in the pro-
duction of alkyl aryl ether sulfate or sulfonate type anionic surface-
active agents (which have been used in kier-boiling, desizing, and
scouring operations, as emulsifiers in cosmetics, as detergents and
lathering agents in shampoo and cleansing cream bases, and in metal
cleaning operations); as a solvent for the separation of butadiene
from butylene; in the synthesis of morpholine and N-substituted
morpholine derivatives (N-hexadecyl morpholine); as a chemical inter-
mediate in divinyl ether synthesis; as a chemical intermediate in the
manufacture of resins and plasticizers, textile chemicals, Pharmaceu-
ticals, insecticides, rubber chemicals, and lubricating oil additives;
in a mixture with nitrobenzene for use as a solvent in the fractiona-
tion of wax-containing mixtures; as a component of anti-knock
compounds (lead scavenger); as a selective solvent in the production
of high-grade lubricants and other naphthenic crude oils; as an
insecticide sprayed on corn silk to control earworms; and as a soil
fumigant.12-13
     A discussion of specific substitutes for bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
in its current applications is not possible, due to the proprietary
nature of its usage.  Although data are not available to quantitatively
assess or forecast the U.S. market for bis(2-chloroethyl)ether, it
appears that because of the chemicalls limited usage, future consumption
will remain static or continue to decline.  If ethylene oxide pro-
duction via the chlorhydrin route is permanently discontinued under all
circumstances, future production levels of bis(2-chloroethyl)ether will
probably be very small, since it will no longer be available as a
byproduct.
                                  3-7

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                               BROMOFORM
     Only one U.S. company reports commercial production of bromoform
to the U.S. International Trade Commission.  This implies that a minimum
of 1,000 Ibs. (454 kg) or $1,000 worth of bromoform is produced annually
in the U.S.  Data on U.S. imports and exports of bromoform are not
available.
     Although bromoform is classified under the Medicinal section —
"General Antiseptic and Antibacterial Agents" — by the U.S. International
Trade Commission, no evidence was found to indicate that It is actually
used for those applications.  Bromoform had been used in the past as an
antitussive/sedative for the treatment of whooping cough and seasickness.1
     Because  the market for bromoform is relatively small, little
information is available on its end uses.  Bromoform is believed to
be used as a chemical intermediate for the manufacture of Pharmaceuticals;
in geological assaying for the separation of minerals; as an ingredient
in fire-resistant chemicals and gauge fluids; as a solvent for waxes,
greases and oils; and as an intermediate in organic synthesis.15-16
     No information is available to form a basis for discussion on
bromoform substitutes.  No data is available to quantitatively assess
the future growth of the U.S. bromoform market.  However, because the
market is small and specialized, it would appear likely that the market
for bromoform will remain relatively static.
                                  3-8

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                             2-CHLOROETHANOL

     2-Chloroethanol , more connnonly known as ethylene chlorohydrin , is
a chemical intermediate that has been used for the production of many
chemicals.  Prior to 1972, 2-chloroethanol was produced in large quantities
(200-500 million Ibs.) (90-227 million kg) as an unisolated intermediate
in  the production of ethylene oxide.  This production dropped to zero
in 1973 and 1974 when the chlorohydrin route to ethylene oxide became
economically unattractive.  However, in 1975 and 1976, one U.S. company
did produce significant quantities (about 50 million Ibs. or 23 million
kg) of 2-chloroethanol for use as an unisolated intermediate for ethylene
oxide production due to unusual circumstances.  This situation is not
expected to resume in the future so that all U.S. ethylene oxide pro-
duction will be derived by direct oxidation of ethylene.  Since only
one U.S. company reported production of 2-chloroethanol in 1976, pro-
duction data are not available from the U.S. International Trade
Commission.2  However, based on the estimated quantity of ethylene oxide
(derived from direct oxidation of ethylene) used to produce 2-chloro-
ethanol in recent years (probably by reaction with a metal chloride) , an
estimated 30 million Ibs.  (13.6 million kg) of isolated 2-chloroethanol
has been available.  However, the one U,S. company which reported pro-
duction in 1976 has apparently discontinued production of 2-chloroethanol
since then.
     U.S. imports of 2-chloroethanol amounted to 2,200 Ibs.  (1,000 kg)
in 1976  (from Japan), 1.8 million Ibs.  (0.8 million kg) in 1975  (over
96% from Japan), and 2,200 Ibs.  (1,000 kg) in 1974  (from unspecified
countries). 17-19 Data on w s_ exports are not available.
     2-Chloroethanol is used as a raw material along with formaldehyde
to produce bis (2-chloroethyl) formal which is used to produce polysulfide
elastomers (used in printing rollers, hose, and gaskets where sblvent
resistance is critical) r° 2-Chloroethanol reportedly can also be used
as a chemical intermediate for anthraquinone dyes, B-phenylethanol
(synthetic oil of rose) , choline (a B vitamin essential for egg pro-
duction in chickens) , and a variety of other types of specialty chemicals
It is used primarily to introduce a hydroxyethyl group into other
organic compounds. 2^
                                   3-9

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     Due to the limited market for 2-chloroethanol, information on specific
substitutes is not readily available.  It is believed that about 95%
of commercially available polysulfide polymers are based on the bis(2-
chloroethyl)formal derived from 2-chloroethanol.  Ethylene dichloride
is also used in polysulfide elastomers as well as small amounts of
1,2,3-trichloropropane, bis(4-chlorobutyl)ether, and bis(4-chlorobutyl)
formal, however, bis(2-chloroethyl)formal appears to be a necessary
                                   9O
component for polysulfide polymers.
      Industry sources estimate that future consumption of ethylene
oxide for the production of 2-chloroethanol will not exceed an annual
average growth rate of 8.5% through 1983.22
                                  3-10

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         DIETHYL N,N-BIS(2-HYDROXYETHYL)AMINOMETHYLPHOSPHONATE


     Diethyl N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminomethylphosphonate is a reactive
polyol used in the production of flame retardant rigid polyurethane foam.
It is commonly known by its trade name, Fyrol   6.  Since only one
company produces it in the U.S., production data are not available from
the U.S. International Trade Commission.  Industry sources estimate
that 15.4 million Ibs. (7 million kg) of "urethane intermediates  (rigid
foam)"  (including Fyrol   6) were used as flame retardants in the pro-
duction of rigid polyurethane foam in 1977, an increase of 16.7% from
1976 consumption levels.   It is estimated that Fyrol®  6 accounts for
about 4-8 million Ibs. (1.8-3.6 million kg) of that market.  Data on
U.S. imports and exports of Fyrol   6 are not available.
     Fyrol   6 is widely used in flame retardant rigid polyurethane
foams at levels of 5 to 15%, where it reacts as a polyol and replaces
part of the polyether in the foam formulation?3 Rigid polyurethane foams
are primarily used as insulating material in construction, refrigera-
tors and freezers, and truck and trailer bodies.  They are also used in
the manufacture of ornamental trim molding for furniture.  Flame
retardant rigid polyurethane foams are particularly important in the
building and construction industry.
     A number of other reactive flame retardants are commercially available
for use in rigid polyurethane foams.  Some mentioned in the trade
literature are included in Table III-3.3

                               Table III-3
Possible Substitutes for Diethyl N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminomethylphosphonate
     Compound                               Price (cents/lb.)4
     Brominex 257                                 70
     Chlorendic anhydride (HET Acid and           82
       Anhydride)
     2,3-Dibromo-2-butene-l,4-diol            not available
                                  3-11

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Table 111-3  (Continued)
     Compound
     Dibromobutendiol acetate
     Dibromoneopentyl glycol  (FR-1138)
     Di- (polyoxyethylene)hydromethyl-
       phosphonate  (Fyrol HMP)
     Tetrachlorophthalic anhydride
        (Tetrathal)
     Thermolin RF-230
     Tribromoneopentyl alcohol  (FR-1360;
       FR-2249)
     Vircol 82
Price  (cents/lb.)'
   not available
   not available
       260

        72

        75
   not available

        78
Many new reactive flame retardants are reportedly under development by
                                                        ®
the industry.  Selecting a specific substitute for Fyrol   6 would be
dependent upon the specific cost/performance characteristics exhibited
by other products as well as the processing conditions required for its
application.
     Future growth in the usage of reactive flame retardants for rigid
                                   ®
polyurethane foams, including Fyrol   6, will depend upon the building
and construction codes set for the industry.  The projected 1977-1982
growth rate for products such as Fyrol® 6 is estimated at 6-10% per
year by industry sources.
                                 3-12

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            N-l,3-DIMETHYLBUTYL-N-PHENYL-P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE
     N-l,3-Dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine  is  used as  an antioxidant
and antiozonant in rubber processing.  U.S. production of this chemical
reported to the U.S. International Trade Commission amounted to 37.5
million Ibs. (17 million kg) in 1974 and 30.5 million Ibs. (13.9 million
           24-25
kg) in 1975.     Although three companies reported production in 1976, a
                                           2
separate production figure was not reported.  Since it accounted for
about 50% of the total production reported for the class "substituted
p-phenylenediamines" in 1974 and 1975, and production of the class was
71.78 million Ibs. in 1976, production of this chemical in 1976 is
estimated to have been about 36 million Ibs. (16.4 million kg).  U.S.
imports of N-l,3-dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine through prin-
                                                                      26—29
cipal U.S. customs districts in recent years were reported as follows:
                     Year               Quantity (Ibs.)
                     1973               287,636
                     1974               117,563
                     1975               258,380
                     1976               380,506
Data on U.S. exports of N-l,3-dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
are not available.
     N-l,3-dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine is a protective
additive compounded into rubber to provide resistance to ozone, fatigue,
and aging degradation under static and dynamic conditions.  It is
recommended for use as an antiozonant and antioxidant in rubber based
on isoprene (natural and synthetic), butadiene, and styrene-butadiene,
particularly for protection against crack formation and crack growth.
It is also used to inhibit degradation caused by copper and manganese
contaminants.   Major types of rubber products employing N-l,3-dimethyl-
butyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine include carbon black-filled tires and
mechanical goods.
     Selection of a specific substitute for N-l,3-dimethylbutyl-N-
phenyl-p-phenylenediamine depends upon the specific properties of the
potential antiozonant, as well as cost/performance considerations.
                                  3-13

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Since most antiozonants are generally also useful as antioxidants but

many antioxidants do not possess the ability to protect against ozone

degradation, antiozonant properties are the most important consideration

in choosing a substitute.  The specific properties of a substitute which

would have to be considered include volatility, solubility, chemical

stability, physical state, and toxicity.  In addition, specific types of

antiozonants are only compatible with certain types of rubber.   Some

possible substitutes for N-l,3-dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine

are listed in Table III-4.
                                                                 y
                                Table III-4

 Possible Substitutes for N-l,3-dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediame


      Compound                                         Price* (cents/lb.)

 N,N'-Bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine
   (Flexzone 4L; Santoflex 77)                             179-182

 N,N'-Bis(l-ethyl-3-methylpentyl)-p-phenylenediame
   (Flexzone 8L)                                          179-182

 Blend of alkyl & aryl derivatives  of p-phenylene-
   diamine (Flexzone 10L;  Flexzone  11L;  Flexone 12L)       183-190

 1/1/1 Blend of dioctyl-,  phenylhexyl-,  and phenyl-
   octyl-p-phenylenediamine (Anto3  C)                      184-187

 Diheptyl-p-phenylenediamine
   (Anto3 G)                                               179-182

 N,N'-Di-3(5-methylheptyl-p-phenylenediamine)
   (Antozite 2)                                            181-184

 Dioctyl-p-phenylenediamine
   (Anto3 D;  Antozite 1)                                   174-177

 6-Ethoxy-l,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline
   (Santoflex AW)                                          129-132

 N-Isopropyl-N'-pheny1-p-phenylenediamine
   (Flexzone 3-C;  Santoflex IP)                            193-196

 Phenyl,  hexy1-p-phenylenediamine
   (Ante3 E)                                               197-200

 Phenyl,  octyl-p-phenylenediamine
   (Anto3 F)                                               187-190
 *  Taken from November,  1977  issue of "Rubber World"

                                   3-14

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     Although the market for rubber processing chemicals such as N-1,3-
dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine is believed to have grown by
about 10% in 1977, prospects for long-term growth are relatively poor.
Growth in this market is tied to growth in U.S. rubber consumption, and
industry sources expect U.S. rubber consumption to grow at only about 3%
per year, with tire consumption (the most important market for N-1,3-
dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine) growing by as little as less
than 2% per year.  This outlook results from the move to smaller cars;
smaller tires; radial tires; and lowered speed limits.  Some new growth
may occur in the market for rubber processing chemicals as a result
of the shift to more durable tires, which will consume larger amounts
                                                                 32
of processing chemicals to meet higher  performance requirements.
                                  3-15

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                    4-METHYL-7-DIETHYLAMINOCOUMARIN
     4-Methyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin is an optical brightener used
primarily in the textile and detergent industries to increase the white-
ness and brightness of fibers and clothes.  Since only two companies
reported commercial production of crude 4-methyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin
to the U.S. International Trade Commission in 1976, separate production
figures are not available.  However, based on reporting minimums
established by the commission, 1976 U.S. production of this chemical
                                                    o
exceeded 10,000 Ibs.  (4,500 kg) or $10,000 in value.
     The Society of Dyers and Colourists has classified all the optical
brighteners developed for use in the textile industry, and the U.S.
International Trade Commission reports production of specific brighteners
based on their nomenclature.  Although the specific brighteners are
numbered (e.g., Fluorescent Brightening Agent 55), the Society of Dyers
and Colourists does not disclose the chemical identity of each agent,
revealing only the general chemical class to which it belongs (e.g.,
aminocoumarin).  Based on evidence discovered in the literature, it
appears that 4-methyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin is the major component of
                                33—35
Fluorescent Brightening Agent 61.     U.S. production of Fluorescent
Brightening Agent 61 amounted to 33,000 Ibs. (15,000 kg) in 1975 and
85,000 Ibs. (38,600 kg) in 1976?'25 It is not known whether 4-methyl-7-
diethylaminocoumarin is a component of any other fluorescent brightening
agents.  Data on U.S. imports and exports of either 4-methyl-7-
diethylaminocoumarin or Fluorescent Brightening Agent 61 are not
available.
     4-Methyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin is used as an optical brightener
by the textile industry for wool, nylon, and acetate fibers, and as an
ingredient in fine-fabric laundering compositions which are not used in
                               36—38
the presence of chlorine bleach.     It is also used as an optical
brightener in pigmented coatings and solvent and water-based coatings.39
4-Methyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin is an important laser dye standard in
the blue and green region of the spectrum; however, the  laser  grade is
very expensive and only a few milligrams are required for its use.40

                                  3-16

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Other reported uses for 4-methyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin which could not
be verified as being commercial include: as an optical brightener for
paper, labels and book covers; to lighten plastics and resins', and as an
invisible marking agent.  One U.S. patent describes a potential use in
a fluorescent skin-marking composition for animals and humans to indicate
                                                   33
areas of skin to be subjected to radiation therapy.
     A reference text on optical brighteners has reported that although
brighteners with better properties have been developed, products con-
                                                               41
taining 4- methyl-diethylaminocoumarin are still in common usage.  In
1976, 4-methyl-7-diethylaminocouinarin is estimated to have accounted for
less than 0.2% of the total reported U.S. production of optical
                                                  2
brighteners (43.4 million Ibs. or 19.7 million kg).  Almost 300 fluore-
scent brighteners have been developed, of which the most important compo-
sitions cover at least 14 different structural types: 4,4-bis-(tri-
azinylamino) -stillbene-2,2' -disulfonic acids; 4,4-bis- (v-triazol-2-yl) -
stilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acids; 4,4'-bis-(diphenyltriazinyl)-stilbenes;
4,4'-distyry] -biphenyls; 4-phenyl-4'^benzoxazolyl-stilbenes; stilbenyl-
naphthotriazoles; 4-styryl-stilbenes; bis-(benzoxazol-2-yl)-derivatives;
bis-(benzimidazol-2-yl)-derivatives; coumarins; pyrazolins; naphthali-
mides; triazinyl-pyrenes; and 2-styryl-benzoxazoles and naphthoxazoles.3^
Of the 19 fluorescent brightening agents specifically listed as being
commercially produced in the U.S. in 1976 by the U.S. International
Trade Commission, nine compositions have applications similar to 4-
methyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin.  These brighteners are listed in Table
III-5 as possible substitutes.34'39
                                 3-17

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                               Table  m-5

       Possible Substitutes For 4-Methyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin
                                   Textile Uses
                                   Applicable to
                                   4-Methyl-7-
                                   diethylamino-
                                   coumarin	

                                   Wool
Fluorescent
Brighteners

25  (Blancophor
SV)

28  (Calcofluor
White PMS, PMW,
ST)
Chemical Class
Stilbcno
                 4,4' -Bis ((anilino-rfylon; laundry
                 6-(bis(2-hydroxy- formulations
                 ethyl(amino)-s-
                 triazin-2-yl)
                 amino)-2,2'-
                 stilbenedisulfonic
                 acid
49  (Leucophor
BS)

52  (Leucophor
WS; Leucopur
Base)
                 Bistriazinyl-
                 aminostilbene
                 Coumarin
                 derivative
54  (Tinopal WG)  Not known
                  Nylon
                  Acetate; nylon
                                   Nylon
59  (Tinopal
RBN)


125  (Calcofluor
White EDW, PUM)

130  (Calcofluor
White LD)
                 Stilbene-triazole Nylon
                 sulfonic  acid
                 derivative
                 Triazinylstilbene Nylon
                 derivative
                 Coumarin
                 derivative
134 (Uvitex CF)  Stilbene
                  Wool, nylon,
                  acetate, deter-
                  gent formulations
                  Nylon, wool
Price (cents/lb.)'
      342
                                             84
      120


      120



  not available

  not available



  not available

     1100



  not available
     No information was available on which to forecast the future growth
of 4-methyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin production in the U.S.
                                 3-18

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                            SODIUM FLUORIDE
     Four companies are currently believed to be producing  commercial
quantities of sodium fluoride in the U.S.  Production  figures  for
sodium  fluoride are not available; however, based on hydrofluoric  acid
consumption for the production of fluoride salts, sodium  fluoride  pro-
duction is estimated to have been less than 13 million Ibs.(6  million
kg)  in  1976 .   In 1972,  the U.S.  Bureau of the Census reported production
                                                        42
of 12.3 million Ibs.  (5.6 million kg)  of sodium fluoride.   Data on U.S.
imports and exports of sodium fluoride are not available.
     Sodium fluoride was  primarily used  in the past for the fluoridation
of municipal drinking water supplies; however, it has  been  replaced by
most communities with hydrofluosilicic acid and sodium fluorosilicate
which  are much cheaper.   Very small communities may still be using it
because it is easy to handle.
     Sodium fluoride is also used in the following  applications:   in the
pickling of stainless steel to remove scale; in exothermic mixtures  (heat
producing materials) to keep molten metal from solidifying,  e.g.,  during
the casting of iron, steel, or aluminum; as a fluxing agent  in aluminum
resmelting to clean and cover the metal and to modify or  grain refine the
metal structure; for the  surface treatment of metals to obtain a satin
finish; as a degassing agent in the manufacture of  rimmed steel; as a
frosting agent in  glass manufacture; as a preservative in casein,  glue,
and starch adhesives; and as a dental caries prophylactic (in  tablet,
liquid, capsule, and gel  form).43-45 other reported uses  for sodium
fluoride include use as an  antiseptic in breweries  and distilleries; in
heat treating salts; and  in the manufacture of coated papers.
     Sodium fluoride has  been used as a component of wood preservatives
for protection against fungal rot and decay used for mine timbers,
pilings, posts, poles, and other wood structures and in insecticide
compositions for cockroaches, ants, silverfish, centipedes,  crickets,
spiders, sowbugs,  and termites.  It is not known whether  it  is still
being used for all of these applications.  '
                                  3-19

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     In general, applications for sodium fluoride can be served by other
fluoride compounds.  Possible substitutes for sodium fluoride are listed
in Table IH-6.  All of these chemicals are used in the applications

described, and in some cases are consumed to a greater extent than
sodium fluoride.
                43
Compound

Fluorspar
                               Table III-6
               Possible Substitutes for Sodium fluoride
Application

Fluxing agent in aluminum
resmelting
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrofluosilicic acid

Potassium fluoroborate


Sodium fluoroborate


Sodium fluorosilicate
Pickling stainless steel;
frosting glass; metal
surface treatment to obtain
satin finish

Water fluoridation

Fluxing agent in aluminum
resmelting

Fluxing agent in aluminum
resmelting
Water fluoridation; in exothermic  12 - 13
mixtures to keep molten metal
from solidifying
  « •   48
  Price
(cents/lb.)

4.8-5.0  (value)


33.8 (70% basis)
3.75 (23% basis)

37>s - 49


    - 46
     Because sodium fluoride is an expensive chemical, relative to other
fluorides, demand has been declining due to the availability of
cheaper substitutes.  It is not known whether this decline has levelled

off or is still falling; however, prospects for market growth are dim.
                                  3-20

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                          SODIUM FLUOROSILICATE
     Six companies produce commercial quantities of sodium fluorosilicate
in the U.S.  U.S.  production figures reported by the U.S. Bureau of the
Census in recent years are as follows:  '
                  Year                 Production (million Ibs.)
                  1976                        114.1
                  1975                         97.0
                  1974                        103.2
                  1973                        108.0
                  1972                        114.7
                  1971                        120.8
U.S. imports of sodium fluorosilicate amounted to 12.0 million Ibs. in
1976, 18.3 in 1975, 15.4 in 1974, and 9.4 in 1973?-7"19'50 Data on U,S.
exports of sodium fluorosilicate are not available.
     Sodium fluorosilicate is primarily used for the fluoridation of
municipal drinking water supplies by small communities which do not
want to invest in the liquid metering equipment necessary for the use
of hydrofluosilicic acid.  Sodium fluorosilicate has numerous other
uses including the following:  as a flux in aluminum refining; in
exothermic mixtures (heat producing materials) to keep molten metal from
solidifyinq; as an opacifier in the production of opal glass; as a
constituent of vitreous enamel frits where it acts as a flux during
smelting and contributes greater opacity in the final enamel coating; in
enamel glazes for chinaware; in the metallurgy of beryllium and zirconium;
as a laundry scouring agent; in the manufacture of acid-resistant cement;
in lead refining;  as a gelling agent for natural isoprene rubber latex foam;
as a mothproofing agent for woolen fabrics, carpets, feathers, and furs;
as a preservative to prevent mold in glue, starch sizes and leather
processing; as a slime control agent in paper manufacture; as a rodent
repellent in paperboard shipping containers; and as an insecticide for
earwigs, cutworms, sowbugs, strawberry root weevil, ants, centipedes,
cockroaches, crickets, and silverfish,30'43"44'47
                                  3-21

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     In general, applications for sodium fluorosilicate can be served

by other fluoride compounds.  Possible substitutes are listed in Table

III-7.  '   All of these chemicals are used in the applications described,
and in some cases are consumed to a greater extent than sodium fluoro-
silicate.

                                Table III-7

              Possible Substitutes for Sodium Fluorosilicate
     Compound

Ammonium nitrate


Ammonium sulfate

Diphenylguanidine

Di-ortho-tolyguanidine
Application
Gelling agent for
natural isoprene
rubber latex foam
Fluorspar   (metallurgical
  and acid  grade)
Price (cents/lbs)

  4.5 - 5.75
  (33.5% basis)

  3 - 4.5

  182 - 192

  117 - 120

  4.8-5.0 (value)
                                                                          48
Hydrofluosilicic acid



Potassium  fluorosilicate


Sodium  fluoride
                            3.75 (23% basis)
                            11.5 - 15
                            31 - 32
                               Flux in aluminum
                               refining; opacifier
                               in production of
                               opal glass

                               Fluoridation of
                               municipal water
                               supplies

                               Flux for vitreous
                               enamel frits

                               Fluoridation of
                               municipal water
                               supplies; in exothermic
                               mixtures to keep
                               molten metal from
                               solidifying

     Information is not available on which to base a quantitative fore-

cast of the future growth in sodium fluorosilicate production.  An

important factor in the future consumption of sodium fluorosilicate will

be the future status of municipal water fluoridation programs, the safety

of which has been under review by the Food and Drug Administration.
                                   3-22

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                            STANNOUS CHLORIDE
     No information was available to indicate the size of the U.S.
stannous chloride market.  Only two companies produce commercial
quantities of stannous chloride in the U.S.  It is available in an-
hydrous and hydrated forms.
     Stannous chloride is primarily used in metal plating applications.
It is believed that about 70% of U.S. stannous chloride consumption is
used in the electrotinning of steel strip via the halogen process.  In
simple terms, steel strip is tinplated by electrolytically oxidizing
metallic tin (the anode) in an electrolytic plating solution to cause
metallic tin to be deposited on the steel strip (the cathode) moving
through plating unit.  In the halogen process the plating bath electro-
lyte consists of an aqueous solution of stannous chloride and alkali
metal fluorides.  There are two other tinplating processes which are
commonly used;  one uses a plating bath electrolyte containing a
solution of stannous sulfate and phenolsulfonic acid, and the other uses
an electrolyte based on a solution of sodium stannate and sodium
hydroxide.  Tinplated steel strip is used primarily in the manufacture
of metal cans,  especially for the food industry.  The steel provides
container strength and the tinplate provides resistance to corrosion.
     Stannous chloride is also used in tin-nickel plating (65% tin and
35% nickel).  These coatings are used for printed circuit boards, watch
parts, drawing instruments, scientific apparatus, refrigeration equip-
                                              co
ment, musical instruments, and handbag frames.
     Stannous chloride is also used in numerous other applications
including the following:  as a sensitizer for the silvering of plastics
and mirrors; in a tin coating for sensitized paper; as an intermediate
for tin chemicals manufacturing; as an antisludge agent for oils; as an
additive to drilling muds; as a soldering flux; as a food additive to
protect and enhance  flavors, prevent  corrosion, and maintain food colors
in canned food, especially in carbonated soft drinks (at levels of 11
ppm), and also for asparagus (20 ppm) and other foods  (15 ppm); as a

                                   3-23

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tanning agent for leather; as a stabilizer for perfumes in toilet soaps;
as a mordant in printing dyes; as an antioxidant; as a catalyst in
organic reactions (e.g., it has been used with phenolic resins to cure
butyl rubber ); as a reducing agent in laboratory procedures (e.g.,
in the preparation of aryldichlorostibines by reduction of the corres-
ponding stibonic acid in hydrochloric acid solution); as an analytical
reagent; and in the manufacture of pigments and Pharmaceuticals.
     Selecting a substitute for stannous chloride in its most important
application, tinplating, would depend on the cost/performance character-
istics of other plating processes.  As described previously, other
tinplating processes are in common usage which use electrolytes that
are not based on stannous chloride.  Other types of steel which resist
corrosion are also available, primarily, tin-free steel in which
chromium is electrolytically plated on black plate steel or blackplate
steel coated with suitable organic coatings.  Aluminum cans are making
inroads into the major market for tinplated steel, metal cans, primarily
                                   58
in beverage container applications.
     Consumption of tin for use in chemicals such as organotin compounds
and inorganics, including stannous chloride, has grown at an average
annual rate of 8.5% since 1970, according to the U.S. Department of
Commerce, and will grow by 5% in 1978.  Shipments of metal cans (major
market for tinplate) are expected to grow by 2.2%/year reaching 97
billion cans by 1982, with beverage cans accounting for most of the
growth.  By 1980, aluminum cans are expected to account for 75% of the
 beverage can market.  The use of all metal cans could be adversely
affected by legislation restricting the use of nonreturnable beverage
containers.
                                  3-24

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                            VINYL PYRIDINE

     Vinyl pyridine is commercially available in the U.S. in the form
of two isomers, 2- and 4-vinyl pyridine.  Since only one U.S. company
reports commercial production of 2- and 4-vinyl pyridine, production
data are not available from the U.S. International Trade Commission.
Virtually all the U.S. production of 2-vinyl pyridine is used in
the production of styrene-butadiene-vinyl pyridine terpolymer elastomers.
Based on industry-wide usage of about 15 wt. % 2-vinyl pyridine in these
products, U.S. consumption of 2-vinyl pyridine is estimated at 4.5 million
Ibs. (2 million kg) in 1976.  U.S. production of 4-vinyl pyridine (based
on U.S. International Trade Commission reporting minimums) exceeds
                                               2
5,000 Ibs. (2,272 kg) or $5,000 in sales value.  Data on U.S. imports
and exports of 2- and 4-vinyl  pyridine are not available.
     Almost all U.S. consumption of 2-vinyl pyridine is used to produce
styrene-butadiene-vinyl pyridine elastomer latex.  The latex is used in
an adhesive dip along with a resorcinol and formaldehyde resin (11
parts resorcinol to 6 parts formaldehyde).  The dip usually contains 17
parts resorcinol-formaldehyde resin and 100 parts latex and is used to
bond nylon, rayon, polyester, and fiberglass (or other fibers or textile
fabrics) to rubber; these cord- or fabric-reinforced rubber products
include tires (major market), industrial belting, and V-belts.  Rayon
fibers only require a latex containing about 50% of the vinyl pyridine
terpolymer, with the rest made up of styrene-butadiene copolymer latex.
Nylon fibers require 75-100% vinyl pyridine terpolymer in the latex,
and polyester and fiberglass dips contain 100% vinyl pyridine terpolymer
in the latex.  Polyester fibers also require either: (1) addition of
a proprietary modified resorcinol-formaldehyde resin to the adhesive
dip; or  (2) a two step process in which the fibers are first dipped in a
reactive polymer based on a mixture of isocyanates and epoxy resins
followed by dipping in the conventional resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex
dip.
     U.S. production of styrene-butadiene-vinyl pyridine elastomer dropped
from a high of 38.2 million Ibs.  (17.3 million kg) in 1972 to 29.8
                                 3-25

-------
million Ibs.  (13.6 million kg) in 1976, a decrease of 22%.2'59 This decline
is primarily a result of increased usage of steel-belted tires, which
uses different rubber processing technology and does not consume styrene-
butadiene-vinyl pyridine elastomer  latex.  Another factor contributing
to the decline is increased usage of polyester tire cord which requires
less of the styrene-butadiene-vinyl pyridine elastomer latex dip than
the older nylon and rayon cords.  It is believed that the decline  in
styrene-butadiene-vinyl pyridine elastomer consumption has bottomed out
and will remain at the 1976 level through 1985.  Therefore, production
of 2-vinyl pyridine is expected to remain at about 4.5 million Ibs.
per year during that time period.
     Although styrene-butadiene latex is also used to some extent  in
rayon and nylon bonding, the vinyl pyridine terpolymer latex appears to
be necessary for tire performance.
     Other reported uses specifically mentioned for the 2-isomer of
vinyl pyridine include:  (1) as an intermediate, via addition of methanol,
to 2-3-methoxyethylpyridine  (methyridine) used as a sheep and cattle
anthelmintic;  (2) as a dye assistant incorporated into acrylic fibers
at levels of less than 5% of the polymer to promote acid dyeing (2-
methy1-5-vinyl pyridine is also reportedly used); and (3) polymerization
to polyvinyl pyridine for use as an element in photographic film.
     The market for 4-vinyl pyridine has not been well defined.  It has
reported use:  (1) as a textile dyeing assistant for synthetic fibers
under acid dyeing conditions;  (2) for the preparation of copolymers with
styrene and acrylonitrile;  (3) in the manufacture of synthetic elastomers
and photographic chemicals;  (4) as a starting material for the synthesis
of pyridine derivatives; (5) as a comonomer for the produttion of
polyelectrolytes used in ion exchange resins and as flocculants and
emulsifiers; and (6) in the preparation of polyvinylpyridium salts which
are used as flocculants. (2-Vinyl pyridine has also been mentioned for
                                       62-64
use in the applications lasted above.)
     No information was available on which to forecast the future  growth
of 4-vinyl pyridine production in the U.S.
                                 3-26

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                           VINYL PYRROLIDONE
     Vinyl pyrrolidone is used as a monomer and as a chemical  intermediate.
 Since only one company produces it in the U.S., production  data  are not
 available from the U.S. International Trade Commission.  U.S.  consump-
 tion of vinyl pyrrolidone  (based on acetylene usage) is estimated  to
 have been 10-12 million Ibs.  (4.5-5.5 million kg) in 1974.  U.S.
 imports of vinyl pyrrolidone  and its homopolymer, polyvinyl pyrrolidone
 combined amounted to 1.6 million Ibs.  (0.7 million kg) in 1976 and were
 from the Federal Republic of  Germany  (95%), France  (2.5%),  the German
 Democratic Republic  (2.2%), and Sweden  (0.3%).  Data on U.S. exports
 of vinyl pyrrolidone are not  available.
     Vinyl pyr*rolidone is used primarily as a monomer  for the  manufacture
 of its homopolymer, polyvinyl pyrrolidone.  Polyvinyl  pyrrolidone  is a
 unique polymer used in many industrial  applications due to  its wide
 range of properties as a film-former, adhesive, protective  colloid,
 dispersant, stabilizer, binder, complexing agent and detoxicant.   It is
 used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products  including:
 cosmetics  (hairwave sets, aerosol hair  sprays, shampoo, make-up, etc.);
 soaps and detergents; adhesives; ball-point pen and printing inks;
 paints and varnishes; paper and paper coatings; textile processing
 chemicals; printing plates; agricultural formulations; antifreeze
 sprays; and waxes and polishes.  Polyvinyl pyrrolidone is used in
pharmaceutical applications as a:  tablet coating agent and binder; blood
 plasma extender for emergency use; tablet disintegrator; detoxifier;
 antidiarrhea agent; in injections, topical applications, and medicinal
 aerosols; and as a dialyzing  medium.  Polyvinyl pyrrolidone is also
 used as a beverage clarifier  and stabilizer in beer, wine,  whiskey,
 vinegar, fruit juices, and tea.65"67-
     Copolymers are made using vinyl pyrrolidone  (usually at a concen-
 tration of 1-20%) with many other comonomers  (e.g., vinyl acetate,
 ethyl acrylate, and styrene)  for diverse applications, including:
 drilling fluids, paints, lube oil additives, adhesives, coatings,
 cosmetics, textile finishes,  synthetic  fibers, protective colloids, etc.67~69
                                  3-27

-------
     Hydrogels based on crosslinked copolymers of vinyl pyrrolidone and
2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate are used in soft contact lenses.
     Vinyl pyrrolidone is also reportedly used as an intermediate for
the production of modified phenolic resins used as plasticizers,  dye
intermediates, and textile assistants.
     There do not appear to be any likely substitutes in the primary
uses of vinyl pyrrolidone as a monomer.  Although substitutes exist
for the use of vinyl pyrrolidone homopolymer and copolymers in end-use
applications, due to the wide variety of these applications, a sub-
stantive discussion of such products is not possible.
     The projected growth rate for the production of vinyl pyrrolidone
is estimated at about 6-7% per year.
                                   3-28

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                                 IV.  REFERENCES

 1.   Anon.  (1977)  Flame Retardants.   Modern Plastics,  September  issue, pp.  58-60

 2.   US International Trade Commission (1977)  Synthetic  Organic  Chemicals,
          US Production and Sales,  1976,  USITC Publication 833,  Washington,
          B.C.,  US Government Printing Office

 3.   Agranoff,  J., ed.  (1977)  Modern  Plastics  Encyclopedia 1977-1978, October,
          Vol.  53, Number 10A, New  York,  McGraw-Hill Publications  Co.

 4.   Prices for large lots of a chemical  were  obtained through contact with
          manufacturers and/or distributors.

 5.   Kidder, R.C.  (1977)  Additives  for plastics  - flame  retardants.  Plastics
          Engineering,  February issue, pp.  38-42

 6.   US Tariff Commission (1961)  Synthetic  Organic Chemicals,  US Production
          and Sales,  1960, TC Publication 34,  Washington,  D.C.,  US Government
          Printing Office

 7.   US Tariff Commission (1962)  Synthetic  Organic Chemicals,  US Production
          and Sales,  1961, TC Publication 72,  Washington,  D.C.,  US Government
          Printing Office

 8.   US Tariff Commission (.1963)  Synthetic  Organic Chemicals,  US Production
          and Sales,  1962, TC Publication 114, Washington, D.C., US Government
          Printing Office

 9.   US Tariff Commission (1964)  Synthetic  Organic Chemicals,  US Production
          and Sales,  1963, TC Publication 143, Washington, D.C., US Government
          Printing Office

10.   US Tariff Commission (1965)  Synthetic  Organic Chemicals,  US Production
          and Sales,  1964, TC Publication 167, Washington, D.C., US Government
          Printing Office

11.   US Tariff Commission (1967)  Synthetic  Organic Chemicals,  US Production
          and Sales,  1965, TC Publication 206, Washington, D.C., US Government
          Printing Office

12.   Union Carbide Chemicals Company   (1959) Ethers and Oxides- product bulletin,  p.12

13.   Berg, G.L,, ed.  (1977) 1977 Farm Chemicals  Handbook,  Willoughby,  Ohio»
          Meister Publishing Co., p.  D87

14.   Swinyard,  E.A.,  & Harvey, S.C. (1965)  Sedatives and Hypnotics.  In:
          Martin,  E.W., ed,, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,  13th ed.,
          Easton,  Pennsylvania, Mack  Publishing  Co., p.1157

15.   National Academy of Sciences (1977)  Drinking Water and Health, Washington,
          D.C.,  Safe Drinking Water Committee, p. 695


                                       4-1

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16.  Hawley, G.G., ed.  (1971) The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 8th ed.,
          New York, Van Nostrand-Reinhold Co., p.130

17.  US Bureau of the Census  (1977) US Imports For Consumption And General
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                                                                           /R\
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                                       4-2

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                                        4-3

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                                       4-4

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                                        4-5

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                                   TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                            (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
  EPA  560/5-78-001
                                 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
  A Study  of Industrial Data on Candidate Chemicals
         for Testing
                                 5. REPORT DATE
                                   April
                      1978
                                 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)

  Susanne  Urso and Kirtland E. McCaleb
                                 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

  SRI  International
  333  Ravenswood Avenue
  Menlo Park,  California  94025
                                 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.

                                   MEU  -  5722
                                 11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
                                   68-01-4109
                                   Research Request No. 2
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS

  Office  of  Toxic Substances
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
  Washington,  D.C.   20460
                                 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                                   Final  Report	
                                 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT

     This  report describes the work  carried out on Research  Request No. 2 as specified
  by the Project Officer.

     Market forecasts were prepared  for 12 chemicals specified by the Project Officer
  and  include a discussion of economic information for each  chemical:

        l,5-bis(chlorendo)cyclooctane,  bis(2-chloroethyl)  ether, bromoform, 2-
        chloroethanol, diethyl N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aminophosphonate, N-1,3-
        dimethylbutyl-N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine, 4-methyl-7-diethylamino-
        coumarin, sodium fluoride,  sodium fluorosilicate,  stannous chloride,
        vinyl pyridine, and vinyl pyrrolidone.

     The information presented includes the following: production and trade statistics;
  a discussion of current uses, and  in some cases, past uses;  possible substitute
  products for the chemical in specific applications, and the  current price of  those
  substitutes; trends in production  levels (i.e., future  growth rates); and factors
  affecting growth in the market for the chemical.
17.
      KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a.
                  DESCRIPTORS
                    b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS  C.  COSATI Field/Group
  Chemical Industry
  Organic Compounds
  Inorganic Salts
  Inorganic Silicates
  Flame  Retardants
  Optical Brighteners
Antiozonants
Production
Consumption
Trends
Market Forecasts
Industrial  Chemicals
Chemical Economics
05/03
07/02
07/03
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
  Release unlimited
                                               19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
                                                21. NO. OF PAGES

                                                  4O	
                                              20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
                                               22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (R«v. 4-77)   PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE

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