United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
Field Studies Branch
Washington, D.C. 20460
July 1987
EPA 560/5*7-009
Toxic Substances
EPA
Assessme~A
of Airborne Exposure
and Dermal Contact
to Acrylamide During
Chemical Grouting
Operations
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ASSESSMENT OF AIRBORNE EXPOSURE AND DERMAL CONTACT
TO ACRYLAMIDE DURING CHEMICAL GROUTING OPERATIONS
FINAL REPORT
for the
Office of Toxic Substances
by
James M. McHugh
EPA Prime Contract No. 68-02-4252
Work Assignment No. 50
MRI Project No. 8850-A(01)
July 22, 1987
For
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances
Field Studies Branch, TS-798
Washington, D.C. 20460
Attn: Mr. Tom Murray, Work Assignment Manager
Dr. Joseph J. Breen, Program Manager
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DISCLAIMER
This document has been reviewed and approved for publication by the
Office of Toxic Substances, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. The use of trade names or commercial prod-
ucts does not constitute Agency endorsement or recommendation for use.
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PREFACE
This report details the results of field studies to assess airborne
exposure and dermal contact to acrylamide during chemical grouting operations.
Occupational exposures to acrylamide were characterized for sewer mainline,
lateral line, and manhole maintenance operations. The objective of this study
was to collect exposure data based on observations and measurements to be used
as an integral part of a quantitative.risk assessment by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency's Office of Toxic Substances.
This field study was completed under EPA Contract no. 68-02-4252,
Work Assignment 50, "Assessment of Airborne Exposure and Dermal Contact to
Acrylamide During Chemical Grouting Operations," Mr. Thomas Murray, Work
Assignment Manager, and Dr. Joseph Breen, Project Officer.
This report was prepared by James M. McHugh, who was the work
assignment leader for Midwest Research Institute.
MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Paul C. Constant
Program Manager
Approved:
Jack Balsinger
Quality Assurance Coordinator
COA
Chatten Cowherd, Director
Environmental Systems Department
•*t
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) expresses its apprecia-
tion to the managements and staffs of the line maintenance organizations in-
volved in this study for their cooperation and valuable assistance.
The EPA Exposure Tech team for acrylamide consisted of Mr. Thomas
Murray (FSB/EED), Ms. Monica Chatmon (CEB/ETD), Dr. Carol Bass (DDB/EED), Ms.
Lynn Del pi re (EAB/EED), and Mr. Richard Hefter (RAB/ECAD). Ms. Sarah Shapley
served as the coordinator for the team.
. The field survey crews, which were organized by the EPA Exposure
Tech team, consisted of Mr. Thomas Murray and Mr. James McHugh (MRI) for all
four field sites; Ms. Monica Chatmon for site nos. 1, 3, and 4; Ms. Lynn
Delpire for site no. 3; and Mr. Bruce Hills (NIOSH) for site nos. 2 and 4.
Laboratory analyses of the field samples were performed by Mr. Dennis
Hooton (MRI) and Mr. Paul Knick (MRI).
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SUMMARY
The objective of this study was to measure occupational exposure to
acrylamide for three types of sewer line maintenance procedures: manhole,
mainline and house lateral line sealing operations. The assessment described
herein was based on industrial hygiene field surveys at four sites selected
to represent the three types of line maintenance operations. Personal and
area air samples were collected. Dermal contact to acrylamide was estimated
using direct and indirect methods.
The results demonstrate a potential for airborne exposure to acryla-
mide during sewer line maintenance operations. Three of six air samples col-
lected in the breathing zone of line maintenance employees exceeded the current
Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 0.03 mg/m3, published by the American Conference
of Governmental Industrial Hygienist (1987-88 edition). The airborne exposures,
however, did not exceed the OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit of 0.3 mg/m3.
Dermal contact to acrylamide was documented at all four sites. The
highest dermal contact was found during the manhole sealing operations at site
nos. 1 and 2. The dermal contacts were estimated to be 5.0 mg/h at site no. r
and 2.6 mg/h at site no. 2. Dermal contact estimates at the mainline sealing
operation at site no. 3 were 1.8 and 0.61 mg/h. At the lateral line sealing
operation (site no. 4), the dermal contact was estimated to be 0.85 mg/h.
Field observations made by the survey teams indicate that manhole
sealing operations have the highest potential for dermal contact relative to
mainline and lateral line sealing operations. The manhole sealing operations
observed posed a greater risk of dermal contact because the grout is injected
manually by the worker with an injection gun in a confined work, space. These
conditions expose the worker to chemical runoff and splashes during the injec-
tion process and to skin contact with contaminated equipment.
For mainline and lateral line sealing operations, which are per-
formed using remote-controlled equipment, field observation indicated that
dermal contact is caused mainly by contact with contaminated equipment. The
potential dermal contact caused by chemical runoff or splashes was minimal
with the exception of the chemical mixing operation.
At each field site, workers were asked specific questions concern-
ing physical symptoms associated with acrylamide exposure. One line main-
tenance worker reported symptoms associated with acrylamide toxicity. He
complained of occasional muscular weakness in the arms below the elbow, numb-
ness and.ting!ing in the hands and feet, shortness of breath, and excessive
fatigue. The survey team observed skin peeling off the palms of his hands,
which is a symptom of local skin irritation characteristic of acrylamide ex-
posure. Two other line maintenance workers indicated that they had experi-
enced peeling skin on the hands.
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ii
Acknowledgement iii
Summary iv
List of Figures vi
List of Tables vii
I. Introduction 1
II. Methodology 2
A. Field Study Sites 2
B. Field Sampling Protocol 4
C. Analytical Protocol 10'
III. Results and Discussion 12
A. Air Sampling Results 12
B. Dermal Contact Estimates 13
C. Wipe Sampling Results 14
D. Glove Rinse Results 15
IV. Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC). 15
V. References '. 17
Appendix A - Field Study Site Descriptions A-l
•
Appendix B - Quality Assurance Project Plan B-l
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number
1
2
3
4
Sleeve packer and camera assembly inside mainline sewer. .
Typical line maintenance vehicle showing grouting equip-
ment
Dermal exposure pad locations
Control chart showing response factors for duplicate in-
Page
3
5
7
jections of the standard (107.28 ug/mL) after every
fifth sample 16
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LIST OF TABLES
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Acrylamide Air Sampling Results
Acrylamide Exposures - 8-h Time Weighted Average (TWA) . .
Dermal Pads Analytical Results - Site No. 1
Hand Rinse Analytical Results - Site No. 1
Dermal Contact Estimate - Site No. 1
Dermal Pads Analytical Results - Site No. 2
Hand Rinse Analytical Results - Site No. 2
Dermal Contact Estimate - Site No. 2
Dermal Pads Analytical Results - Site No. 3
Hand Rinse Analytical Results - Site No. 3
Dermal Contact Estimate - Site- No. 3
Dermal Pads Analytical Results - Site No. 4
Hand Rinse Analytical Results - Site No. 4
Dermal Contact Estimate - Site No. 4
Wipe Samples Analytical Results - Site No. 1
Wipe Samples Analytical Results - Site No. 2
Wipe Samples Analytical Results - Site No. 3
Wipe Samples Analytical Results - Site No. 4
Percent Recovery of Acrylamide from Sample Media
Blank Sampling Media Analytical Results
Page
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
vii
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I. INTRODUCTION
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), under the Toxic Sub-
stances Control Act (TSCA), has the responsibility for research and regulation
of chemical substances which have the potential for unreasonable risk of in-
jury to health and the environment. The Interagency Testing Committee (ITC),
which was established under Section 4(e) of TSCA, recommended acrylamide for
testing in 1978. This pilot study was undertaken as part of EPA's Office of
Toxic Substances' investigation of acrylamide health risks.
Acrylamide is a neurotoxin and an irritant. Cases of acrylamide
poisoning produce symptoms of local effects due to irritation of the skin and
mucous membranes and systemic effects due to the involvement of the central,
peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems. Local irritation is characterized
by blistering and peeling of the skin on the hands (palms) and feet (soles).
Effects on the central nervous system may cause abnormal fatigue, sleepiness,
memory difficulties, and dizziness. Excessive sweating of the hand and feet
is a common observation. Signs of central nervous system and local skin in-
volvement may precede signs of peripheral neuropathy, which are characterized
by loss of tendon reflexes, impairment of vibration sense, and abnormal weak-
ness in the extremities.1
Acrylamide exposure may occur by inhalation, ingestion, and skin
absorption. Exposure measurements using only personal or stationary air sam-
pling have obvious shortcomings in the assessment of overall exposure to acryl-
amide since they do not take into account the contributions to exposure by
skin absorption. This pilot field study includes dermal contact estimates as
well as air sampling to characterize both airborne and dermal exposure of
chemical grouting operators during sewer line maintenance and manhole sealing
operations.
The objective of this pilot study was to measure occupation ex-
posures to acrylamide for three types of sewer line maintenance procedures:
manhole, mainline, and house lateral line sealing operations. Personal
and area air samples were collected. Dermal contact measurements were esti-
mated using direct and indirect methods.
As a prelude to this work assignment, MRI reviewed the literature
on applicable analytical and sampling methods and evaluated the performance
of the analytical method for acrylamide in water (HPLC)2'3 for accuracy, pre-
cision, and linearity.
A previous acrylamide exposure study performed at one line mainte-
nance site by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
under an EPA/NIOSH Interagency Agreement (IAG) served as a precursor to this
study.4 The NIOSH report concluded that employees performing chemical grouting
operations are exposed to low concentrations of a'irborne acryl amide, however,
they are at high risk of being exposed to acrylamide via the dermal route.
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The conclusions were based on air sampling, wipe sampling, and observations
made by NIOSH researchers in the field. Skin exposure was indicated when
65 ug aery1 amide was recovered from the inside of one work glove that was
regularly used by an employee performing grouting operations. Based on this
information, EPA authorized a limited field study to collect monitoring data,
including estimates of dermal contact and airborne exposures, at four line
maintenance sites.
The remainder of this report describes the site selection protocol,
the sampling and analytical protocols, the exposure data, and a discussion of
the monitoring results. Complete descriptions of the four field surveys are
presented in Appendix A. The quality assurance project plan for this project
is included in Appendix B.
II. METHODOLOGY
A. Field Study Sites
The field sites were selected to represent three types of sewer line
maintenance procedures: a manhole sealing operation, a sewer mainline sealing
operation, and a house lateral line sealing operation. All three procedures
use aery1 amide grout to seal leaks in the sewer infrastructure to stop the
influx of ground water into the system. This reduces the volume of water that
must be processed at the sewage treatment plant downstream, which results in
lower operating costs.
The manhole sealing operations are performed using an electric
drill and injection gun. The worker enters the manhole and performs a visual
inspection of the side walls. When a ground-water leak is found, holes are
drilled into the wall of the manhole in the proximity of the leak. Acrylamide
monomer and a catalyst are pumped through separate lines to the injection gun.
The two components mix at the injection nozzle and are pumped into the drilled
holes. The acrylamide grout combine with the surrounding soil, forming gel-
like seal to stop the leak.
Mainline sealing operations are performed by remote control using a
sleeve packer and a video camera unit, which are pulled through the sewer line
by a power winch (Figure 1). This procedure permits visual inspection, pres-
sure testing, and sealing of the sewer pipe in one pass. The video camera
rides on a sled with the lens oriented toward the sleeve packer. A floodlight
illuminates the sleeve packer and the inside walls of the sewer. Leaks are
detected visually with the video camera or by pressure testing at sewer pipe
connections. When a ground-water leak is found, the sleeve packer is posi-
tioned over the leak. Two rubber sleeves located at each end of the packer
are inflated with pressurized air that effectively isolates the leak. Acryla-
mide grout and the ammonium persulfate catalyst are then pumped to the packer
via high-pressure lines. The two solutions mix at the packer and are injected
into the broken seal. The grout combines with the surrounding soil, forming
a gel-like seal that stops the inflow of ground water into the sewer line.
Lateral line sealing operations are similar to mainline sealing and
use the same equipment except for a specially designed sleeve packer. The
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Towline and Chemical
Hoses To Service Vehicle
Towline lo
Remote Power
Winch
Packer. Positioned
at Leak Point
Figure 1. Sleeve packer and camera assembly inside mainline sewer.
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packer is equipped with an inflatable "sock" that can seal leaks in house ser-
vice lines that run lateral to the mainline sewer. The lateral line packer
is pulled through the sewer line with a camera assembly using the same tech-
nique as the mainline sealing operation. When a ground-water leak is detected,
the sleeve packer is positioned over the intersection of a mainline and lat-
eral line. Two rubber sleeves located at each end of the packer are inflated
with pressurized air to isolate the leak. The "sock" is then released from
the side of the packer. The "sock" unfolds inside-out at a 90 degree angle
and is capable of extending approximately 8 ft from the side of the packer
into the lateral sewer line. Aery1 amide grout and catalyst are then pumped
through separate lines to the packer. The acrylamide and catalyst solutions
mix at the packer and are injected along the lateral "sock" to form a gel-like
seal at the leak point.
The three line maintenance operations use similar equipment which
is carried on self-contained mobile vans, trucks, or trailers (Figure 2).
Typical grouting equipment common to all line maintenance procedures include:
chemical mixing tanks, water storage tank, electric generator, air compressor,
chemical pump, operator control panel, and quad-line chemical hoses on a power
reel assembly. In addition to this equipment, mainline and lateral line seal-
ing operations utilize a sleeve packer, camera assembly and remote-controlled
power winch. Manhole sealing operations utilize an electric drill and a chem-
ical injection gun.
Manhole sealing operations were conducted at site nos. 1 and 2 by
county line maintenance crews. A mainline sewer sealing operation was con-
ducted at site no. 3 by a contractor specializing in this type of work. Site
no. 4 was a lateral line maintenance operation which was also performed by a
contractor.
B. Field Sampling Protocol
1. Air Sampling
Air samples were collected on a sampling train consisting of a cel-
lulose ester filter followed by a silica gel tube with a calibrated, battery-
operated sampling pump, which was operated at a nominal flow rate of 1 L/min.
The first stage of the sampling train consisted of a Millipore 37-mm MAWP
filter cassette monitor with a 0.8-|jm pore size membrane filter. A silica
gel tube (SKC No. 226-10) was attached to the outlet of the filter cassette
with a 0.5-in. section of Tygon tubing. The sampling pump was calibrated be-
fore and after the sampling period, with the samping train in line, using a
volumetric buret and stop watch.
At the manhole sealing operation (site no. 1), a short-term (16 min)
air sample was collected in the breathing zone (BZ) of a utility worker during
the grout mixing operation. In addition, a length-of-operation (162 min) air
sample was collected in the BZ of the maintenance supervisor, who entered the
manhole to perform the sealing operation. Contrary to the sampling protocol,
no area sample was collected inside the mini-trailer at the mixing tanks,
since the unit was not designed to be entered by the crew.
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[]J Operators Control Panel
^2) Quad Line Chemical Hose and
Television Transmission Cable.
Power Reel Assembly
2) Multl - Grout Chemical
Pump Assembly
(4) Stainless Steel Chemical Tanks
(?) Water Storage Tank
(&) Air Conditioned and Heated
Control Monitoring Room
(?) Electric Start Generator
.8) Electric Air Compressor
Figure 2. Typical line maintenance vehicle showing grouting equipment.
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At site no. 2, a length-of-operation (163 min) air sample was col-
lected in the BZ of the utility worker, who performed both the mixing and the
sealing operation. Again, no area sample was collected inside the mini-trailer
for the reason stated above.
At the mainline operation (site no. 3), full shift (480 min) air
samples were collected in the BZ of both crew members. A full-shift area
sample was collected inside the trailer near the mixing tanks.
At the lateral line operation (site no. 4), a full shift (483 min)
air sample was collected in the BZ of the utility worker who assembled, set
up, and disassembled the grouting equipment. A full-shift area sampler was
set up inside the van near the mixing tanks. Another full-shift area sample
was collected approximately 20 ft away from the van to determine the ambient
air concentration of acrylamide. The grout mixing-operation was not sampled
since it was not performed on the day of the survey.
2. Dermal Contact Assessment
Dermal contact sampling was performed using the dermal pad and hand
rinse methods as described by Durham and Wolfe.5 The dermal pad method in-
volved placing absorbent pads at various points on the worker's body shown
in Figure 3. The worker then performed his usual job functions. The amount
of acrylamide on the pads was determined by extracting the pads in water and
analyzing the extract using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The
amount of acrylamide that may contact the skin was estimated using an anatom-
ical model based on the dimension of the 50th percent!le man and extrapolating
the amount of acrylamide found on the pads to the body surface represented by
the pad.6'7'8'9
a. Dermal Pad Method
Dermal pads were constructed of Whatman preparative chromatog-
raphy paper (17 Chr). The chromatography paper was cut into 4-in. (10.2 cm)
squares which were then stapled to the center of a 5-in. square protective
backing of glassine paper reinforced with a second layer of plastcine. Dis-
posable surgical gloves were used by the survey team when handling the ab-
sorbent pads to avoid skin contact.
When disposable protective coveralls were used by the worker
(site nos. 1, 2, and 3), six pads were attached to the body at the following
locations:
1. Right forearm midway between the wrist and elbow, on the
side of the arm opposite the palm—the pad was positioned face up with the
glassine/plastcine backing flush against the skin;
2. Left forearm midway between the wrist and elbow, on the
side of the arm opposite the palm—the pad was positioned face up with the
glassine/plastcine backing flush against the skin;
3. Upper back immediately below the collar—the pad was posi-
tioned face up on the outside of the protective clothing;
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Dermal Pad on
Upper Back Not
Shown
Dermal Pads on
Forearms Located
Under the Work
Clothes Directly
Against the Skin
Dermal Pads on
Knees and Thighs
Used Only When
Protective Coveralls
Were Not Worn
by the Subject
Figure 3. Dermal exposure pad Tocations.
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4. Upper chest near the jugular notch—the pad was positioned
face up on the outside of the protective clothing;
5. Top of the right shoulder—the pad was positioned face up
with the glassine/plastcine backing against the outside of the worker's pro-
tective clothing; and
6. Top of the left shoulder—the pad was positioned face up
with the glassine/plastine backing against the outside of the worker's pro-
tective clothing.
When protective coveralls were not worn by the worker (site
no. 4), four additional dermal pads were attached to the worker at the fol-
lowing locations.:
7. Right front thigh--the pad was positioned face up with the
glassine/plastcine backing against the outside of the worker's street clothes;
8. Left front thigh—the pad was positioned face up with the
glassine/plastcine backing against the outside of the worker's street clothes;
9. Right front shin midway between the knee and ankle—the
pad was positioned face up with the glassine/plastcine backing against the
outside of the worker's clothes; and
10. Left front shin midway between the knee and ankle—the
pad was positioned face up with the glassine/plastcine backing against the
outside of the worker's clothes.
At site nos. 1 and 2, a set of six dermal pads were placed on
the worker performing the manhole sealing operation at body locations 1 through
6 listed above. The pads were removed before lunch and replaced with a new
set after lunch in accordance with the sampling protocol.
At the mainline operation (site no. 3), a set of six dermal
pads were placed on both workers at body locations 1 through 6 listed above.
Neither worker took a lunch break; consequently, the same set of pads was
worn for 555 min. This was a deviation from the sampling protocol, which set
the maximum sampling duration at 240 min. The protocol included a maximum
sampling duration because of concerns about the stability of acrylamide
monomer on the pads when exposed to sunlight and humidity for long periods.
The analysis of dermal pads spiked at field sites nos. 1 and 2 with known
amounts of acrylamide showed good recoveries, ranging from 86 to 108%, which
demonstrated the stability of acrylamide on the pads. The rationale for the
240-min maximum sampling time proved unfounded, and a decision was made by
the survey team to drop it from the sampling protocol.
At the lateral line operation (site no. 4), the utility worker
did not wear protective coveralls; therefore, dermal pads were placed at all
10 body locations in accordance with the sampling protocol. The dermal pads
were worn for 490 min.
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b. Hand-Rinse Method
Hand rinses were performed using the bag technique as first
described by Durham and Wolfe.5 The hand rinses were performed by inserting
the worker's hand into a Whirlpak polyethylene bag (No. B1027) filled with
50 mL of distilled water. While the bag was held tightly below the wrist bone,
the hand was shaken vigorously in the distilled water. The water was allowed
to drain from the hand for 10 s.before it was removed from the bag. The rinse
water was transferred to a 4-oz wide-mouth Mason jar. The bag was then rinsed
with 25 mL of distilled water, which was added to the 50 ml of water in the
sample jar. This procedure was performed on both hands.
Hand rinses were conducted on all crew members at each survey
site upon arrival at the manhole site, after the grouting equipment was as-
sembled, and after the grouting equipment was disassembled. Hand rinses were
also performed immediately after the grout mixing operation.
3. Wipe Sampling Protocol
Wipe samples were collected on equipment surfaces regularly handled
by the line maintenance crews to evaluate aery1 amide contamination. A surface
area of approximately 100 cm2 was wiped with 37-mm glass fiber filters dam-
pened with distilled water. Clean disposable surgical gloves were worn by
the survey team whenever the filters were handled.
Wipe sampling was conducted on the following equipment: the remote
control console, the outside surface of each mixing tank after the mixing op-
eration, the back of work gloves, the inside and outside surfaces of respira-
tors, the handle of the injection gun (manhole sealing operations only), the
side of the sleeve packer (mainline and lateral line operations only), the
hydraulic hose connected to the injection gun or packer, and the side surface
of a safety cone in the road. Additional equipment surfaces that appeared to
be contaminated with grout material were also wipe sampled.
4. Quality Control Field Samples
On each day of sampling, two sets of field blanks and two sets of
field-spiked samples were prepared for each collecting medium. One set was
prepared at the beginning of the sampling period and the other set toward the
end of the sampling period. All field blanks and field spikes were handled
in the same manner as the exposed sample.
Field spiking kits were prepared at MRI prior to each site survey
by weighing a known quantity (^ 250 ±0.1 mg) of acrylamide (electrophoresis
grade, Sigma Chemical Company) into a 100-mL amber screw-cap bottle. Deion-
ized water (50 ml) was premeasured into another bottle so that the water could
be added to the dry chemical immediately prior to making the field spikes. A
25-pL Hamilton syringe was used to add 25-uL aliquots to one set of collecting
media and 50-uL aliquots to a second set of collecting media.
The two-point field spiking scheme was a deviation from the-protocol
which called for spiking two sets of collecting media at only, one concentra-
tion. The dual level spikes were used to check the recovery of acrylamide
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during the analysis of the field samples at two concentrations on the standard
curve.
5. Calculation of Dermal Contact Estimates
An anatomical model was used to calculate dermal contact estimates
from the amount of aery 1 amide found on the dermal pads and in the hand rinses.
The anatomical model shown in Table A-l of the QAPP (Appendix B) represents
surface areas the 50th percentile man as derived from the data of Popendorf
(1976), 6 Popendorf, et al , (1982), 7 Diffrient, et al (1974), 8 and NASA (1962). 9
The suggested pairing of exposure pad locations and body regions is also shown
in Table A-l.
The amount of acrylamide per unit area of the pad(s) was divided by
the exposure time and then multiplied by the surface area of the unprotected
body region represented by the pad. .
Dermal contact estimate (mg/h) =
where A,.., = Total acrylamide (mg) found on dermal pad(s);
St = Surface area (cm2) of body region represented by the dermal
pad(s);
S2 = Surface area (cm2) of dermal pad(s); and
T = Sampling duration (h).
The dermal contact to the hands was the amount of acrylamide found
in all the hand rinses, divided by the exposure time. The total dermal con-
tact estimates to the whole body were calculated by adding of the dermal con-
tact estimates for the individual body regions.
C. Analytical Protocol
1. Sample Receipt
The 185 field samples, which were collected at the four line main-
tenance sites, consisted of air filters, silica gel sorbent tubes, wipes,
dermal pads, and hand rinses. In addition, 41 spiked sampling media and 42
blank sampling media were prepared at the sampling locations and were included
in the shipment of samples to MRI for analysis. All samples were received at
MRI on the day following collection at the field site. The samples were
shipped packed in ice and were cold when received at MRI. They were stored
in the dark and packed in ice until analyzed. Unique identification of each
sample was provided by the barcode labels affixed to the sample containers,
which were traceable to field sampling records. During the analysis, field
spikes and blanks were not differentiated from the regular samples.
10
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2. Preparation of Standard Solutions
An acrylamide stock standard solution was prepared at a concentra-
tion of 2.682 mg/mL by weighing out 268.2 mg of acrylamide and dissolving the
chemical to 100 ml with deionized, Milli-Q water [adjusted to ~ pH 3.7 with a
mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid:water (1:9, v/v)]. A series of dilu-
tions were prepared from the stock standard by initially diluting the stock
standard 10 mL to 250 ml, followed by three "successive 10 ml to 100 ml dilu-
tions using the same solvent to make four working standard solutions at con-
centrations of 107.28, 10.728, 1.0728, and 0.10728 ug/mL. An independent
check standard was prepared at a concentration of 6.870 ug/mL by dissolving
274.8 mg of acrylamide in 100 ml of solvent, then making two successive 5 ml
to 100 ml dilutions. A blank consisted of a portion of the pH-adjusted water
used in preparing the standards.
3. Sample Preparation
The analysis procedure consisted of extracting acrylamide from the
sampling media using minimum volumes of solvent (deionized, Milli-Q water at
~ pH 3.7). Hand rinse samples (~ 50 mL) were quantitatively transferred to
100-mL volumetrics and diluted to volume. Wipes were extracted in the same
screw-cap vials as received. Dermal pads were placed in 4-oz glass jars for
extraction. Silica gel tubes were opened and the silica gel regions were
separated into front and back portions, then transferred to 4-dram vials for
extraction. The filter and backup pad of each filter cassette were placed in
4-dram vials for extraction. Solvent was added for extraction of the acryl-
amide using a repipettor which was calibrated to deliver the specific volumes
listed in the tabulation below:
Sample type Solvent added
Hand rinse (diluted to 100 mL)
Wipe filter 15 mL
Dermal pads 50 mL
Silica gel tubes (front section) 4 mL
Silica gel tubes (back section) 4 mL
Air filters (filter and back-up pad combined) 15 mL
The hand rinse dilutions were mixed, and the various sampling media
were extracted by manually shaking the samples intermittently over a 10-min
period. Portions (~ 5 mL) of the standards, samples, and blank were filtered
through a Cameo II 0.45-um filter into 2-dram vials for placement in the auto-
sampler. The standard solutions and check standard, followed by the sample
solutions, were injected in duplicate using the high performance liquid chro-
matography (HPLC) system described below.
HPLC System and Parameters
Instrument: Chemresearch Model 2010 Liquid Chromatograph with a
Varian WISP autosampler, Varian Model 2050 Variable Wavelength
detector, and Heath Model 25 chart recorder.
11
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Column: Nova Pak CIS, 150 mm x 2 mm ID, djj = 5 |j; preceded by a
guard column packed with Whatman CO:PELL ODS 23 mm x 2 mm ID
Data System: Nelson Analytical Data System
Eluting Solvent: Milli-Q, deionized water, adjusted to pH 3.7 with
sulfuric acid:water (1:9, v/v)
Flow: 1.0 mL/min
Detection: UV at 200 nm
Injection Volume: 20 uL
Retention Time: Acrylamide - ~ 2.3 min
4. Calculations
Integrated areas from the acrylamide peaks were averaged for dupli-
cate injections; then sample concentrations were determined using the linear
regression equations computed from the standard data. Samples with areas out-
side the standard calibration range were diluted and reanalyzed. Concentra-
tions of samples with areas less than the 10.728 ug/mL standard were computed
from a four-point standard curve (the three lowest concentrated working stan-
dards plus the check standard), to improve accuracy at the low end of the cali-
bration range. Samples with areas greater than the 10.728 ug/mL standard were
calculated from the five-point standard curve comprised of all four working
standards plus the check standard.
Concentrations determined for each sample were corrected for sample
dilutions, and the results reported as total mg of acrylamide found in each
sample.
Detection limits for the analytical system were defined as the con-
centration corresponding to areas less than the least concentrated standard,
multiplied by the dilution factor for each type of sample.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Air Sampling Results
The analytical results of the air sampling conducted at the four
survey sites are presented in Tables 1 and 2. The results demonstrate a po-
tential for airborne exposure to acrylamide during line maintenance operations.
The 8-h time-weighted average exposures found in the breathing zone of the
line maintenance workers ranged from 0.008 to 0.12 mg/m3. Three of six air
samples exceeded the current Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 0.03 mg/m3 pub-
lished by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist's
(ACGIH).10 The ACGIH has classified acrylamide as a suspect carcinogen in
man. None of the air samples, however, exceeded the current OSHA Permissible
Exposure Limit (PEL) of 0.3 mg/m3, which is based on the neurotoxicity of
acrylamide.
12
-------
The maintenance supervisor, who entered the manhole to perform seal-
ing operation at site no. 1, was found to have the highest exposure to airborne
acrylamide (0.12 mg/m3). At site no. 2, the airborne exposure to a utility
worker performing similar duties was 0.01 mg/m3. This tenfold difference may
be attributed to differences in the manhole configurations at the two sites .
and the orientation of the ventilation duct outlet relative to the worker's
breathing zone. The manhole at site no. 1 was over 30-ft deep, as compared
with the 10-ft manhole at site no. 2. At each site, forced air was intro-
duced into the confined space at the top of the manhole at the same flowrate
(600 ft3/min). At site no. 1, the worker had to stand on a ladder inside the
manhole. The worker's breathing zone was approximately 1 ft from the injec-
tion point at shoulder level. The forced-air ventilation duct was approxi-
mately 13 ft from the worker. At site no. 2, the injection holes were approxi-
mately 1 to 2 ft from the bottom of the 10-ft manhole. The injection holes
were at waist level when the worker stooped down to inject the grout. The
outlet of the ventilation duct was at distance of approximately 4 ft from the
worker.
Airborne acrylamide exposures to the grout foreman and laborer dur-
ing mainline sealing operations at site no. 3 were 0.06 and 0.04 mg/m3, re-
spectively. These levels are similar to the area sample collected inside the
grouting rig (0.05 mg/m3). The grout foreman's higher exposure relative to
the laborer's exposure may be attributed to the chemical mixing operation.
The survey team observed visible airborne dust when the foreman poured the
acrylamide monomer into the mixing tank.
The lowest acrylamide exposure was found during the lateral line .
sealing operation at site no. 4. The air sample collected in the breathing
zone of the utility worker was Q.008 mg/m3. An area sample collected inside
the grouting vehicle near the mixing tanks was 0.08 mg/m3. Grout chemicals
were not mixed during the survey at site no. 4. The utility worker spent most
of his time outside of the grouting vehicle.
B. Dermal Contact Estimates
The analytical results of the dermal pad and hand rinse samples and
the calculations of dermal contact estimates are presented in Table 3 through
14. Dermal contact to acrylamide was the highest during the manhole sealing
operations at site nos. 1 and 2. The dermal contact values were estimated to
be 5.0 mg/h at site no. 1 and 2.6 mg/h at site no. 2. Dermal contact esti-
mates at the mainline sealing operation at site no. 3 were 1.8 mg/h for the
grout foreman and 0.61 mg/h for the laborer. At the lateral line sealing op-
eration (site no. 4), the dermal contact estimate for the utility worker was
0.85 mg/h.
Field observations made by the survey teams indicate that manhole
sealing operations had the highest potential for dermal contact relative to
mainline and lateral-line sealing operations. The manhole sealing operations
observed posed a greater risk of dermal contact because the grout is manually
injected by the worker with an injection gun while working in a confined space.
13
-------
These conditions expose the worker to chemical runoff and splashes during the
injection process. Additional dermal contact is caused by contact with con-
taminated equipment.
Mainline and lateral-line sealing operations are performed using
remote-controlled equipment. Field observations indicate that dermal contact
is caused mainly by contact with contaminated equipment. The potential dermal
contact caused by chemical runoff or splashes during mainline and lateral-line
sealing operations is minimal, with the possible exception of the mixing process.
The results of the hand rinses indicated that hand contact to acryla-
mide began very early in the work shift, even before the equipment was set
up. Hand rinses performed on the workers after arrival at the field site ranged
from none detected up to 1.75 mg acrylamide. This hand contamination most
likely occurred during the drive to the field site in the grouting vehicle.
Protective gloves were not used by any of the workers until they arrived at
the site and began to assemble the equipment.
C. . Wipe Sampling Results
The results of the chemical analysis of the wipe samples collected
at the four survey sites are presented in Tables 15 though 18. Wipe samples
collected on the outside of the acrylamide mixing tanks ranged from 0.007 mg/
100 cm2 at site no 4 to 7.10 mg/100 cm2 at site no. 2. The amount of acryla-
mide found on the outside of the mixing tanks corresponded to the level of
chemical mixing activity at the site. Two batches of grouting chemicals were
mixed at site no. 2; one batch at site nos 1 and 3; and none at site no. 4.
Acrylamide on the catalyst mixing tanks ranged from none detected
to 0.23 mg/100 cm2. Acrylamide found on top portion (handles) of the mixing
paddles ranged from 0.014 to 1.07 mg/100 cm2.
At site nos. 1 and 2, the amounts of acrylamide found on the injec-
tion guns were 0.216 and 0.577 mg/100 cm2, respectively. The acrylamide levels
found on the chemical hoses attached to the injection guns were 0.023 mg/100 cm2
at site no. 1 and 0.143 mg/100 cm2 at site no. 2.
At site nos. 3 and 4, wipe samples of the packer/camera assembly
were taken before insertion into the sewer line and after it was removed.
Before insertion, acrylamide found on the packer/camera ranged from 0.002 to
0.021 mg/100 cm2; after removal the levels ranged from none detected to 0.280
mg/100 cm2. The amount of water running in the sewer line may influence the
amount of acrylamide contamination remaining on the packer/camera assembly
after removal from the sewer line. The water in the sewer line is likely to
rinse off some portion of the acrylamide monomer from the exterior of the
packer/camera assembly.
The chemical cartridge respirators used by the workers were wipe
sampled on the inside and the outside of the facepiece to access the cleanli-
ness of the personal protective equipment. Acrylamide contamination ranged
from none detected to 0.016 mg/100 cm2 on the inside; and 0.002 to 0.008 mg/
100 cm2 on the outside of the facepiece. Wipe samples taken on the outside
of rubber work gloves were 0.037 and 0.809 mg/100 cm2.
14
-------
D. Glove Rinse Results
Glove rinses were conducted at two field sites to determine the
amount of acrylamide found on the inside of rubber gloves worn during the
line maintenance operation. A work glove worn by a utility worker at site
no. 2 contained 1.37 mg of acrylamide. At site no. 4, the glove worn by the
utility worker contained 2.49 mg. Neither worker knew how long the gloves had
been in service. It was not determined whether the acrylamide contamination
was due to wearing the gloves over previously contaminated hands or.due to
permeation of acrylamide through the glove material. The comparative values
inside and outside of the respirators and gloves should not be construed to
represent protection factors associated with the respective personal protection
equipment.
IV. QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL (QA/QC)
Results of the analysis of 41 field spikes of the sample-collecting
media averaged 101% (± 11% relative standard deviation) with two probable
outliers as determined by the Dixon Test (Table 19). The outliers were at-
tributed to experimental and spiking errors.
Acrylamide was not detected in the solvent blank or in 40 of 42
blank collecting media prepared at the field sites. Two of the wipe sampling
filter blanks had trace levels of acrylamide (3 and 4 |jg) that were slightly
above the estimated detection limits (Table 20).
Correlation coefficients calculated from the standard data were
0.99987 and 0.99997 for the five- and four-point calibration curves used for
computing the sample results.
Precision for the method was monitored throughout the analysis by
injecting a standard solution after every fifth sample. The relative standard
deviation for the 65 duplicate injections of the 107.28 ug/mL standard was
± 3%. The independent check standard was determined to be 99% accurate when
calculated using the linear regression equation. The control chart is
presented in Figure 4.
A blind quality control performance audit sample was submitted by
the QCC and was analyzed four times during the sample analysis. The results
from the performance audit sample analyses are presented in the following
table.
Acrylamide Acrylamide
concentration concentration Accuracy
found (ug/mL) theor. (pg/mL) (%)
7.95 8.10 98
8.04 8.10 99
7.98 8.10 98
8.04 8.10 99
x = 99 ± 1% (range %)
15
-------
CONTROL CHART - ACRYLAMIDE ANALYSIS
8
0)
V»
r
8.
(/i
£
U.6
12.4-
12.2 -
12 0 -
11.8-
11.6-
11.4-
11.0-
p
10.8-
10.6-
10.4-
10.2-
10.0-
98-
7. O —
9.6-
94-
C
a .
a
a a
° ^^ n^ ^"a ^ 3 = °n n a° ^a °
D Q n^
• c a Dna
i i i i i i
) 20 40 60
Check Standard Injection Sequence
Figure 4. Control chart showing response factors for duplicate injections
of the standard (107.28 ug/mL) after every fifth sample. Dotted lines
represent approximately ± 10% of mean.
16
-------
V. REFERENCES
1. IPCS International Program on Chemical Safety. 1985. Environmental
Health Criteria 48 - Aery1 amide.
2. Midwest Research Institute. 1979. Sampling and Analysis of Selected
Toxic Substances; Task 1: Acrylamide for EPA/USEPA. Washington, D.C.
3. American Cyanamid Company. 1981. Stamford Laboratory: Validation of
an Analytical and Air Sampling Method for Acrylamide in Air.
4. Hills BW and Greife AL. 1986. Evaluation of Occupational Acrylamide
Exposures. Applied Industrial Hygiene (1), 148.
5. Durham WF and Wolfe HR. 1962. Measurement of Exposure of Workers to
Pesticides, Bull. WHO(26), 75.
6. Popendorf WJ. 1976. An Industrial Hygiene Investigation into the
Occupational Hazard of Parathion Residues to Citrus Harvesters. Doctoral
Dissert., University of California, Berkeley, California.
7. Popendorf WJ, and Leffingwell, JT. 1982. Regulating OP Pesticides
Residues for Farmworker Protection, Residue Reviews (82), 125.
8. Diffrient N, Til ley AR, and Bardardagjy. 1974. Human Scale 1/2/3.
MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
9. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1962. NASA Life Sciences
Data Book, Washington, D.C.
10. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist. 1987.
. Threshold Limit Values for 1987-88.
17
-------
Table 1. Acrylamide Air Sampling Results
Sample Sample
no. media
Site no. 1
Site no. 2
Site no. 3
Site no. 4
108 filter (MCE)a
88 silica gel
93 filter (MCE)
89 silica gel
121 filter (MCE)
66 silica gel
104 filter (MCE)
85 silica gel
107 filter (MCE) .
78 silica gel
106 filter (MCE)
83 silica gel
114 filter (MCE)
73 silica gel
120 filter (MCE)
74 silica gel
94 filter (MCE)
72 silica gel
Sample
duration
(min)
162
162
16
16
163
163
480
480
480
480
480
480
483
483
470
470
461
461
Air
volume
(m3)
0.165
0.165
0.016
0.016
0.158
0.158
0.470
0.470
0.470
0.470
0.470
0.470
0.469
0.469
0.470
0.470
0.470
0.470
Acryl amide
(mg)
O.Q6Q
NDC'Q
0.002
NO
0.006
ND
0.030
ND
0.007
0.010
0.024
ND
0.004
ND
0.013
0.023
ND
ND
Sample
description
Maint. Supr. (BZ)b
Maint. Supr. (BZ)
Util. Worker no. 1
(BZ)
Util. Worker no. 2
(BZ)
Util. Worker no. 1 (BZ)
Util. Worker no. 2 (BZ)
Grout Foreman (BZ)
Grout Foreman (BZ)
Util. Worker (BZ)
Util. Worker (BZ)
Mixing tank (area)
Mixing tank (area)
Laborer (BZ)
Laborer (BZ)
Mixing tank (area)
Mixing tank (area)
Ambient air (area)
Ambient air (area)
.MCE = mixed cellulose ester filter.
BZ = sample collected in the breathing zone of the worker.
,ND = none detected.
Detection limit for silica gel sorbent tubes is 0.4 ug.
Detection limit for MCE filter is 2 ug.
18
-------
Table 2. Acrylamide Inhalation Exposures
Sample description
Air
cone.
(mg/m3)
8-h.
TWAb
(mg/m3)
OSHA
PELC
(mg/m3)
ACGIH
TLVd
(mg/m3)
Site no. 1
Breathing zone of Maintenance Supr.
Breathing zone of Util. Worker no. 1
Site no. 2
Breathing zone of Util. Worker no. 2
Site no. 3
Breathing zone of Grout Foreman
Breathing zone of Laborer
Area sample near mixing tanks
Site no. 4
Breathing zone of Utility Worker
Area sample near mixing tanks
Area sample approx. 20 ft from
service van
0.360
0.100
0.060
0.040
0.050
0.008
0.080
ND6
0.120
0.003
0.040 0.010
0.060
0.040
0.050
0.008
0.070
ND
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
Air concentration of acrylamide during sampling period in milligrams per
.meter of air.
Eight-hour time weighted average exposure (TWA) assuming no exposure to
acrylamide during periods not sampled.
.Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible Exposure Limit.
Threshold .limit value (TLV) published by the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienist (1987-1988 edition).
ND = none detected, the detection limit was 0.004 mg/m3 for a 480-L air
sample.
19
-------
Table 3. Dermal Pads Analytical Results
Site no. 1
Manhole Sealing Operation
Maintenance Supervisor
Dermal pad
location
Sample
no.
Start
time
Stop
time
Sample
duration
Aery 1 amide
(mg)
Back 156 10:20 12:10
Chest 157
Left forearm 210
Right forearm 206
Left shoulder 115
Right shoulder 158
Back 151 13:15 14:20
Chest 149
Left forearm 147
Right forearm 146
Left shoulder 152 .
Right shoulder 150
110
65
0.074
6.64
0.147
0.040
1.34
0.342
0.035
0.114
0.183
0.016
0.008
0.075
20
-------
Table 4. Hand Rinse Analytical Results
Site no. 1
Manhole Sealing Operation
Sample Sample
description no.
Maintenance Supervisor
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Utility Worker no. 1
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Utility Worker no. 2
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
233
273
243
253
293
284
300
268
266
267
248
234
285
263
272
283
242
252
271
278
Clock
time
10:15
12:10
14: 15
8:30
8:50
12:15
14:20
10:10
12:15
14:25
Aery 1 amide
(mg)
0.336
0.324
1.42
6.25
1.44
2.43
0.560
0.461
0.256
0.768
0.428
0.433
0.600
1.01
0.352
0.305
0.424
0.218
0.162
0.352
Comments
Arrival at worksite
Before lunch
End of work shift
Arrival at worksite
After mixing grout
Before lunch
End of work shift
Arrival at worksite
Before lunch
End of work shift
21
-------
Table 5. Dermal Contact Estimate
Site no. 1
Manhole Sealing Operation
Maintenance Supervisor
Body region
Head
Back of neck
Front of neck
Forearms
Hands
Surface
area of
region
(cm2)
1,090
115
115
1,290
N/A
Exposure pads
used to
represent
body region
shoulder pads (4)
back pads (2)
chest pads (2)
forearm pads (4)
hand rinses (6)
Surface
area of
pads
(cm*)
400
200
200
400
N/A
Total
acryl amide
found
(mg)
1.76
0.109
6.75
0.386
12.1
Total Dermal Contact
Time
of
exposure
(h)
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
7.4
Estimate
Dermal
contact .
estimate
(mg/h)
1.6
0.02
1.3
0.43
1.7
= 5.0
Surface area of body regions based on the anatomic dimensions of the 50th
percentile man from Popendorf (1976, 1982). Diffrient et al (1974), and
NASA (1962). A x S
Dermal contact estimate (mg/h) = TOT x
where A
TOT
sl
T x S2
total acrylamide found (mg)
surface area of body region (cm2)
surface area of pads (cm2)
time of exposure (h).
22
-------
Table 6. Dermal Pads Analytical Results
Site no. 2
Manhole Sealing Operation
Utility Worker no. 2
Dermal pad
location
Sample
no.
Start
time
Stop
time
Sample
duration
Ac ryl amide
(mg)
Back 195 9:35 11:40 125 0.038
Chest 197 0.020
Left forearm 134 0.009
Right forearm 141 2.14
Left shoulder 199 0.061
Right shoulder 170 0.046
Back • 176 12:55 13:51 56 0.012
Chest 178 ND
Left forearm 230 0.016
Right forearm 231 0.019
Left shoulder 148 0.087
Right shoulder 175 0.073
23
-------
Table 7. Hand Rinse Analytical Results
Site no. 2
Manhole Sealing Operation
Sample
description
Maintenance Supervisor
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Utility Worker no. 1
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Utility Worker no. 2
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Work glove
rinse
Sample
no.
270
237
255
258
321
312
241
240
286
251
246
256
236
250
259
257
244
Clock
time
9:23
14:00
7:45
8:00
11:35
13:50
9:26
13:59
14:10
Acryl amide
(nig)
0.020
0.018
0.038
0.050
0.019
0.018
0.032
0.034
0.121
0.061
0.087
0.073
NO
0.403
0.090
0.074
1.37
Comments
Arrival at worksite
End of workshift
Arrival at worksite
After mixing grout
Before lunch
End of work shift
Arrival at worksite
End of work shift
Rinse from inside
work glove
24
-------
Table 8. Dermal Contact Estimate
Site no. 2
Manhole Sealing Operation
Utility Worker no. 2
Body region
Surface
area of
region
(cm*)
Exposure pads
used to
represent
body region
Surface
area of
pads
(cm2)
Total
acryl amide
found
(mg)
Time
of
exposure
(h)
Dermal
contact .
estimate
(mg/h)
Head
Back of neck
Front of neck
Forearms
Hands
1,090 shoulder pads (4)
115 back pads (2)
115 chest pads (2)
1,290 forearm pads (4)
N/A -hand rinses (8)
400
200
200
400
N/A
0.267
0.050
0.020
2.18
0.445
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
7.7
0.24
0.01
0.004
2.3
0.058
Total Dermal Contact Estimate =2.6
Surface area of body regions based on the anatomic dimensions of the 50th
percentile man from Popendorf (1976, 1982),- Diffrient et al (1974), and
NASA (1962). ' A x S
Dermal contact estimate (mg/h) = TOT *•
where A.
TOT
Si
S2
T
T x S2
total acrylamide found (mg)
surface area of body region (cm2)
surface area of pads (cm2)
time of exposure (h).
25
-------
Table 9. Dermal Pads Analytical Results
Site no. 3
Mainline Operation
Dermal pad Sample Start Stop Sample Acrylamide
location no. time time duration (mg)
Grout Foreman
Back 159 8:15 17:30 555 0.081
Chest 162 0.123
Left forearm 211 0.957
Right forearm 212 0.306
Left shoulder 160 0.152
Right shoulder 161 0.089
Laborer
Back 163 8:10 17:25 555 0.067
Chest 165 0.099
Left forearm • 126 . 0.057
Right forearm 127 0.029
Left shoulder 164 . 0.073
Right shoulder 182 0.085
26
-------
Table 10. Hand Rinse Analytical Results
Site no. 3
Mainline Operation
Sample
description
Grout Foreman
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Laborer
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Sample
no.
291
281
275
299
298
294
296
297
. 301
292
280
303
Clock Aery 1 amide
time (mg) Comments
7:46 1.43 Arrival at worksite
1.75
13:51 0.795 Mid-workshift
0.952
17:50 1.26 End of workshift
1.22
7:54 0.185 Arrival at worksite
0.180
14:03 1.29 Mid-workshift
1.97
17:45 0.490 End of workshift
0.429
27
-------
Table 11. Dermal Contact Estimate
Site no. 3
Mainline Operation
Body region
Surface
area of
region
(cm2)
Exposure pads
used to
represent
body region
Surface
area of
pads
(cm2)
Total
aery 1 amide
found
(nig)
Time
of
exposure
(h)
Dermal
contact .
estimate
(mg/h)
Grout Foreman
Head
Back of neck
Front of neck
Forearms
Hands
1,090 shoulder pads (2)
115 back pad (1)
115 chest pad (1)
1,290 forearm pads (2)
N/A hand rinses (6)
200
100
100
200
N/A
0.241
0.081
0.123
1.26
7.40
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
10.2
0.
0.
0.
0.
14
01
02
87
0.73
Total Dermal Contact Estimate =1.8
Laborer
Head
Back of neck
Front of neck
Forearms
Hands
1,090 shoulder pads (2) 200 0.158 9.3 0.09
115 back pad (1) 100 0.067 9.3 0.008
115 chest pad (1) 100 0.099 9.3 0.01
1,290 forearm pad (2) 200 0.086 9.3 0.06
N/A hand rinses (6) N/A 4.54 10.2 0.44
Total Dermal Contact Estimate = 0.61
Surface area of body regions based on anatomic dimensions of the 50th percent!le
.man from Popendorf (1976, 1982), Diffrient et al (1974), and NASA (1962).
Dermal contact estimate (mg/h) = TnT *
where A
TOT
Si
S2
TOT
T x S,
total aery1 amide found (mg)
surface area of body region (cm2)
surface area of pads (cm2)
time of exposure (h).
28
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Table 12. Dermal Pads Analytical Results
Site no. 4
Lateral Line Operation
Utility Worker
Dermal pad
location
Sample
no.
Start
time
Stop
time
Sample
duration
Ac ryl amide
(mg)
Back 191
Chest 189
Left forearm 130
Right forearm 129
Left shoulder 188
Right shoulder 190
Left thigh 132
Right thigh 131
Left shin 125
Right shin 123
8:10
4:20
490
0.008
0.006
0.023
0.021
0.007
0.011
0.019
0.093
0.074
0.057
29
-------
Table 13. Hand Rinse Analytical Results
Site no. 4
Lateral Line Operation
Sample
description
Supervisor
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Utility Worker
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Work glove
rinse
Trainee
Left hand
Right hand
Left hand
Right hand
Sample
no.
318
322
315
311
314
310
262
261
316
323
290
282
289
320
319
Clock
time
8:25
13:15
16:20
11:30
' 16:20
11:20
14:25
16:25
Ac ryl amide
(mg)
0.535
0.646
NDa'b
NO
0.138
2.12
NO
0.494
NO
NO
2.49
NO
NO
NO
NO
Comments
Arrival at worksite
Mid-workshift
End of work shift
Before lunch
End of work shift
Rinse from inside
work glove
Mid-work shift
End of work shift
NO = none detected.
Detection limit = 10 (jg.
30
-------
Table 14. Dermal Contact Estimate
Site no. 4
Lateral Line Operation
Utility Worker
Body region
Surface
area of
region
(cm*)
Exposure pads
used to
represent
body region
Surface
area of
pads
(cm*)
Total
acryl amide
found
(nig)
Time
of
exposure
(h)
Dermal
contact .
estimate
(mg/h)
Head
Back of neck
Front of neck
Back
Chest
Upper arms
& shoulders
Forearms
Thighs & hips
Lower legs & feet
Hands
1,090 shoulder pads (2) 200
115 back pad (1) 100
115 chest pad (1) 100
1,540 back pad (1) 100
1,540 check pad (1) 100
3,170 shld. & forearm 400
pads (4)
1,290 forearm pads (2) 200
5,210 thigh pads (2) 200
3,820 shin pads (2) 200
N/A hand rinses (6) N/A
0.
0.
018
.008
0.006
0.008
0.006
0.062
0.044
0.112
0.131
0.494
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
0.01
0.001
0.001
0.02
0.01
0.06
0.03
0.36
0.30
0.06
Total Dermal Contact Estimate = 0.85
Surface area of body regions based on the anatomic dimensions of the 50th percentile
.man from Popendorf (1976, 1982), Diffrient et al (1974), and NASA (1962).
Dermal contact estimate (mg/h) = TOT x *
where A
TOT
Si
T =
T x S2
total acrylamide found (mg)
surface area of body region (cm2)
surface area of pads (cm2)
time of exposure (h).
31
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Table 15. Wipe Samples Analytical Results
Site no. 1
Manhole Sealing Operation
Sample Aery1 amide
no. Time (mg/100 cm2) Wipe sample description
5 10:40 2.57 top of aery1 amide mixing tank
3 10:37 0.040 top of catalyst mixing tank
27 10:45 0.054 top portion of catalyst mixing paddle
4 10:45 1.07 top portion of acrylamide mixing paddle
36 11:35 0.216 grout injection gun
29 11:35 0.023 hoses attached to the injection gun
15 10:35 0.029 video equipment control panel
30 14:11 0.016 inside of respirator facepiece
50 14:12 0.006 outside respirator facepiece
35 11:40 . 0.037 outside of work glove
48 10:35 0.003 top of hard hat
24 10:35 0.006 side of safety cone
23 10:35 0.006 spigot of water cooler
47 10:43 0.020 water and air pressure panel
26 10:43 0.185 lid of waste container
28 14:09 1.97 base of ladder used in the manhole
32
-------
Table 16. Wipe Samples Analytical Results
Site no. 2
Manhole Sealing Operation
Sample Aery1 amide
no. Time (mg/100 cm2) Wipe sample description
348 10:39 7.10 side of acrylamide mixing tank
41 10:36 0.029 top of acrylamide mixing tank
349 10:39 0.032 side of catalyst tank
42 10:35 0.011 top of catalyst mixing tank
40 10:41 0.031 top portion of acrylamide mixing paddle
335 10:40 0.057 top portion of catalyst mixing paddle
60 10:46 0.577 handles on injection gun
43 10:44 0.143 hose attachment to injection gun
331 10:43 0.026 video equipment control panel
52 10:49 0.014 inside respirator facepiece
446 10:50 0.008 outside respirator facepiece
39 10:54 0.809 outside surface of rubber work glove
33
-------
Table 17. Wipe Samples Analytical Results
Site no. 3
Mainline Operation
Sample
no.
21
13
17
18
20
7
8
22
14
6
16
2
1
19
Time
8:30
8:30
8:25
8:25
8:25
17:10
17:10
8:30
8:40
8:37
8:37
8:40
8:40
8:30
Aery 1 amide
(mg/100 cm2)
0.367
0.239
0.013
0.021
0. 020
ND3'
0.289
0.017
0.022
0.020 •
0.132
ND
0.004
0.004
Wipe sample description
outside surface of acryl amide mixing tank
outside surface of catalyst mixing tank
side of packer before insertion into manhole
side of packer before insertion into manhole
side. of camera before insertion into manhole
side of packer after removal from manhole
side of packer after removal from manhole
hydraulic hosing attached to packer
video equipment control panel
top of work table in front of control panel
top of work table adjacent to mixing tanks
inside of respirator facepiece
outside of respirator facepiece
side of safety cone on the road
ND = none detected.
Detection limit is 0.002 mg.
34
-------
Table 18. Wipe Samples Analytical Results
Site no.
Lateral
Sample
no.
56
327
38
49
338
339
328
329
345
344
342
346
334
333
324
325
326
343
4
Line Operation
Time
11:12
11:09
11:13
11:10
11:15
11:16
8:15
8:15
14:25
14: 25
14:35
14:25
11:06
11:07
11:19
11:16
11:17
14:35
Ac ryl amide
(mg/100 cm2)
0.007
°-§°g
NDa'D
0.006
0.025
0.014
0.002
0.009
0.147
ND
0.002
0.002
0.002
ND
ND
0.005
ND
0.013 '
Wipe sample description
front side of acrylamide mixing tank
handle on cover of acrylamide mixing tank
front side of catalyst mixing tank
handle on cover of catalyst mixing tank
top portion of acrylamide mixing paddle
top portion of catalyst mixing paddle
side of packer before insertion into manhole
side of camera before insertion into manhole
side of packer after removal from manhole
side of packer after removal from manhole
side of plastic lateral sleeve on packer
hydraulic hoses attached to packer
outside of respirator facepiece
inside of respirator facepiece
side of safety cone in the road
top of storage cabinet opposite mixing tanks
handle on waste disposable bucket
camera guide
ND = none detected.
Detection limit is 0.002 mg.
35
-------
Table 19. Percent Recovery of Acrylamide from Sample Media
Site
no.
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Sample
no.
145
128
140
222
144
207
135
138
92
97
100
102
111
109
95
98
247
• 264
302
232
235
274
276
317
307
87
75
353
65
80
352
352
67
25
32
45
336
9
11
330
340
Sample
media
dermal pad
dermal pad
dermal pad
dermal pad
dermal pad
dermal pad
dermal pad
dermal pad
filter (MCE)
filter (MCE)
filter (MCE)
filter (MCE)
filter (MCE)
filter (MCE)
filter (MCE)
filter (MCE)
hand rinse
hand rinse
hand rinse
hand rinse
hand rinse
hand rinse
hand rinse
hand rinse
hand rinse
silica gel
silica gel
silica gel
silica gel
silica gel
silica gel
silica gel
silica gel
wipe (GF)
wipe (GF)
wipe (GF)
wipe (GF)
wipe (GF)
wipe (GF)
wipe (GF)
wipe (GF)
Acryl amide
loaded (|jg)
294
147
242
121
280
145
121
242
147
294
121
242
145
289
121
242
294
147
294
121
242
280
145
121
242
147
294
242
121
145
289
121
242
147
294
121
242
289
145
242
121
Acryl amide
recovered (pg)
252
129
222
131
246
127
126
194
150
327
126
293
138
287
137
324
281
153
285
120
247
292
273
127
254
134
259
235
119
123
293
43
200
152
316
120
278
327
150
288
127
Percent
recovered
86
88
92
108
85
88
104
80
102
111
104
121
95
99
113
134
96
104
97
99
102
101 •
188a
105
105
91
88
97
98
85
101a
36a
83
103
107
99
115
113
103
119
105
Probable outliers as determined by the Dixon Test.
36
-------
Table 20. Blank Sampling Media Analytical Results
Site
no.
1
2
4
1
1
2
2
3
3
4-
4
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
Sample
no.
239
245
308
203
154
221
142
143
208
133
124
.103
119
115
96
105
113
112
110
238
295
254
249
265
269
309
313
71
350
62
79
84
69
68
Sample
media
bag pre-rinse
bag pre-rinse
bag pre-rinse
dermal pad
dermal pad
dermal pad
dermal pad
dermal pad
dermal pad
dermal pad
dermal pad
filter (MCE)
filter (MCE)
filter (MCE)
filter (MCE)
filter (MCE)
filter (MCE)
filter (MCE)
filter (MCE)
hand rinse
hand rinse
hand rinse
hand rinse
hand rinse
hand rinse
hand rinse
hand rinse
silica gel
silica gel
silica gel
silica gel
silica gel
silica gel
silica gel
Aery 1 amide
. (ug)
NDa'b
NO
ND
NDC
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NDd
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NDD
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NDe
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
37
-------
Table 20. (concluded)
Site Sample Sample Aery1 amide
no. no. media (|jg)
1 31 wipe (GF) NDf
1 34 wipe (GF) 4
2 53 wipe (GF) ND
2 341 wipe (GF) ND
3 12 wipe (GF) ND
3 10 wipe (GF) 3
4 337 wipe (GF) ND
4 332 wipe (GF) ND
, ND = none detected.
Detection limit for bag prerinse and hand rinses
' is 10 (jg.
.Detection limit for dermal pads is 5 (jg.
Detection limit for air filters (MCE) is 2 ug.
Detection limit for silica gel sorbent tubes is
f0.4 ug.
Detection limit for wipes (GF) is 2 ug.
38
-------
APPENDIX A
FIELD STUDY SITE DESCRIPTIONS
A-l
-------
SITE NO. 1 - MANHOLE SEALING OPERATION
I. EMPLOYEE INFORMATION
The aery1 amide grouting crew consisted of three male workers: a
maintenance supervisor and two utility workers. The maintenance supervisor
has worked with the grouting chemicals for 13 yr. One of the utility workers,
from this point on referred to as utility worker no. 1, worked routinely with
the maintenance supervisor and has 5 yr of experience performing chemical
grouting operations. The other utility worker, from this point on referred
to as utility worker no. 2, was a temporary replacement for a "regular" crew
member who was on annual leave at the time of the field survey. Utility
worker no. 2 has worked with grouting chemicals only a few times. All crew
members were licensed under the Avanti certification program, having read
Avanti training material and passed a written exam.
The survey team asked each member of the crew specific questions
concerning physical symptoms associated with aery1 amide exposure. The three
crew members indicated that they have not experienced muscular weakness of
the hands, arms, legs, or feet; excessive sweating of the hands or feet; or
numbness and tingling of the hands or feet. They also did not report exces-
sive fatigue or lethargy. The maintenance supervisor has experienced short-
ness of breath while working with grouting chemicals; however, he attributed
this to his smoking habit. The maintenance supervisor has also experienced
peeling skin on the palms of the hands a few times in the past. Utility
worker no. 1 indicated that he has experienced "acne-like" dermatitis on the
face and hands after grouting in the manhole.
All county personnel working with acrylamide were given annual
physicals including neurological tests up until about 1981. The physicals
were discontinued in 1981 when no health problems had been revealed.
II. SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM
The safety and health program was formalized in a written document.
The crew members were familiar with safety and health policy and were aware
of hazards associated with chemical grouting operations performed in confined
spaces.
The crew demonstrated confined space entry procedures that essen-
tially followed most industry consensus standards with the exception of a
formal entry permit system. Before entering a manhole, the space was venti-
lated using ambient air forced into the manhole using a flexible duct. The
air inside the manhole was continuously monitored for oxygen deficiency,
explosive gases, and total hydrocarbons. Before a crew member enters the
manhole, he donned a safety harness and lifeline. Using the "buddy" system,
one crew member was in constant communication with the person working in the
confined space and stands by in the event a rescue is necessary. An entry
permit system with a preentry checklist was not used.
A-2
-------
First-aid kits were available onsite; however, none of the crew had
received training in first-aid or CPR procedures. A water supply was carried
on the service truck to be used for emergency washing of the skin and eyes.
Chemical spill cleanup kits were not available.
III. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT'
All crew members wore uniform work clothes issued by their employer.
This clothing consisted of slacks and short-sleeved shirts. Safety shoes
(leather uppers and rubber soles) were required. Additional personal protec-
tive equipment was worn for specific operations.
i
The crew member entering the manhole to inject the chemical grout
wore a hard hat, eye goggles, disposable Tyvek coveralls, MSA Comfo II half-
mask respirator equipped with dual organic vapor filter cartridges, rubber
boots worn over the safety shoes, and water-resistant protective gloves over
surgical gloves. In addition, all crew members wore a safety harness and
lifeline whenever entering a manhole.
The maintenance supervisor indicated that respirators were fit-
tested to check for adequate facepiece seal. Two of the crew members had
full beards that most likely interfered with the respirator fit.
The crew member mixing the grouting chemical wore Tyvek disposable
coveralls, Norton dust and mist respirator, chemical eye goggles and surgical
gloves.
Crew members who do not enter the manhole wore only rubber gloves
at the field site in addition to their regular work clothes.
IV. DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL GROUTING EQUIPMENT
The mobile sewer line maintenance equipment consisted of a Cues,
Inc., mini-trailer unit housing the mixing tanks, compressor, pumps, hoses,
and video console. All the equipment was accessible through hinged access
panels located in the front, rear, and sides of the vehicle. The mixing
tanks were located in the front of the trailer. The video console and tele-
vision monitor were located in the rear. The powered reel assembly contain-
ing the chemical hoses and television transmission cable was located directly
behind the video console. The cable and hose assembly can be reeled out from
the rear of the trailer. The compressors and pumps were located in the center
of the trailer.
Unlike other reveal-and-seal vehicles used in the industry, this
unit was not designed to be entered by the operator. All mixing and video
work was performed while standing outside the trailer.
The trailer was pulled by an enclosed service truck used for the
storage and transport of miscellaneous equipment, tools, grouting chemicals,
and supplies.
A-3
-------
V. DESCRIPTION OF LINE MAINTENANCE SITE
The site for the chemical grouting operation was a manhole in the
parking lot of a suburban auto dealership. The manhole was approximately
30 ft deep and constructed of cast concrete. The line maintenance crew was
assigned to seal a ground-water leak on the side of the manhole approximately
15 ft from street level.
The weather conditions during the sampling period were hot and
humid under bright sunshine. Afternoon temperatures rose into the mid-901s.
VI. OBSERVATIONS
A. Chemical Grout Mixing Operation
Grouting chemicals were mixed on the maintenance yard by utility
worker no. 1 before transport to the field site. Acryamide monomer (AV-100),
supplied by Avanti International, and triethanolamine (TEA) was mixed with
water in one mixing tank on the trailer unit. The catalyst (ammonium per-
sulfate) was mixed with water in a separate tank.
Both mixing tanks were first filled with the appropriate amount of
water and the chemicals were then added to the water. Aery1 amide monomer
(AV-100) is shipped in 50-Ib bags with a plastic inner liner and pouring
spout. The entire 50-lb bag was poured into the water with spout below the
surface of the water to minimize airborne dust. No visible airborne dust was
observed. Paddles used to homogenize the mixture were not rinsed off after
use. Mixing was completed in about 10-15 min.
During the mixing operation, the utility worker wore disposable
Tyvek coveralls, chemical goggles, surgical gloves, and a Norton dust and
mist respirator. The operator must stand on a platform positioned in front
of the Cues trailer unit to perform the mixing operation.
A gel test was performed by combining equal portions from each tank
into a disposable plastic cup. The gel time, which is a measure of the re-
quired time for the mixture to polymerize after mixing, was 65 s. Some spill-
age of the chemicals occurred during the gel test and was hosed down with water.
B. Equipment Assembly Operation
When the crew arrived at the manhole site in the parking lot of the
auto dealership, the manhole was not accessible until dealership employees
moved some of the cars on the lot. The equipment trailer was then positioned
approximately 30 ft from the manhole. The manhole cover was removed to re-
veal a cast concrete manhole approximately 30 ft deep. The maintenance super-
visor indicated that the manhole was unusually deep; however, it was not the
deepest they have encountered.
A-4
-------
The crew assembled an aluminum ladder and lowered it into the man-
hole. Ventilation equipment was installed to force ambient air into the man-
hole at a rate of 600 cu ft/min. The flexible ventilation duct reached only
a few feet from the top of the manhole.
The utility workers attached the injection gun to high-pressure
hoses connected to the mixing tanks and reeled it out to the manhole. They
wore rubber gloves during the assembly operations. This preparation work
took approximately 5 min.
C. Chemical Grout Injection Operation
The crew operated with one man entering the manhole to perform the
grouting operation and the other two crew members remaining topside to render
assistance. For this operation, the maintenance supervisor elected to enter
the manhole. This duty is generally assumed in rotation by the crew.
The maintenance supervisor donned disposable Tyvek coveralls, hard
hat, rubber gloves over surgical gloves, goggles, rubber boots over safety
shoes, MSA Comfo II mask respirator with an organic vapor cartridge, and a
safety harness attached to a lifeline. It is important to note that this
worker had a full beard that most likely affected the fit of the respirator.
The two utility workers wore rubber gloves but removed them periodically
throughout the grouting operations. No other personal protective equipment
was worn by the utility workers.
The maintenance supervisor entered the manhole while carrying an
air monitor to check for oxygen-deficient and explosive atmospheres. The air
monitor remained in the manhole during the entire operation. The "buddy sys-•
tern" was employed throughout the operation. One of the utility workers held
the lifeline and was in constant communication with the maintenance supervisor.
The ground-water leak was located approximately 15 ft below street
level. The maintenance supervisor had to stand on a ladder inside the man-
hole to perform the grouting. Equipment was attached to ropes and lowered
into the manhole by one of the utility workers. The operation involved
drilling a hole into the wall of the manhole at the water leak. The injector
gun was then inserted into the drilled hole. A cloth rag was wrapped around
the injector nozzle to minimize chemical splash. The acrylamide grout and
catalyst were pumped to the injector gun through separate high-pressure lines,
mixed inside the injector nozzle and pumped into the drilled hole. The gel
time at the site was approximately 38 s. The injector gun was then removed
and hoisted to the surface for cleaning while the maintenance supervisor
drilled the next hole. This was repeated several times until the water leak
was stopped.
The two utility workers took turns cleaning the injector gun, which
was performed over a plastic bucket near the service vehicle. This same bucket
was used to lower tools and equipment into the manhole. The injector nozzle
was blown out using compressed air and then rinsed with water. A coat hanger
wire was used when necessary to unclog the gun. Utility worker no. 1 did not
wear rubber gloves during one of these cleaning operations. A total of three
cleanups were observed, each lasting about 10-15 min.
A-5
-------
The grouting operation began at about 11:15 a.m. The crew broke at
noon to eat lunch inside the service truck. Grouting resumed at about 1:15 p.m.
and was completed at about 2:35 p.m. for a total elapsed time of approximately
2 h. Approximately 60-65 gal of grouting chemicals were used.
It was difficult for the survey team to observe the grouting opera-
tion inside the manhole due to the lack of light and the depth of the manhole.
The maintenance supervisor mentioned later that grout material had splashed
on him at least once when he was injecting the material.
D. Equipment Disassembly and Cleanup Operation
After grouting was completed, the injection gun was hoisted out of
the manhole, disassembled, and cleaned. The maintenance supervisor climbed
out of the manhole, immediately removing his gloves and respirator (holding
each with unprotected hands). The gloves and respirator were deposited in
the same bucket that was used to clean the injection gun. The respirator and
air monitor were wiped clean with a cloth rag. The respirator was returned
to its original box. The Tyvek coverall was discarded in a trash can with a
polyethylene liner and tightfitting lid located inside the service vehicle.
The survey team did not observe cleaning of boots or gloves. The cleanup
process was completed in approximately 30-45 min.
A-6
-------
SITE NO. 2 - MANHOLE SEALING OPERATIONS
I. EMPLOYEE INFORMATION
The aery1 amide grouting crew consisted of three male workers: a
maintenance supervisor and two utility workers. The maintenance supervisor
and utility worker no. 1 were the same two individuals monitored by the survey
team at site no. 1. The other utility worker, from this point on referred
to as utility worker no. 2, has worked for the county for 5 yr and has been
grouting for 2 of those years. All crew members were licensed under the
Avanti certification program, having read Avanti training material and passed
a written exam.
The survey team asked each member of the crew specific questions
concerning physical symptoms associated with acrylamide exposure. The three
crew members indicated that they have not experienced muscular weakness of
the hands, arms, legs or feet; excessive sweating of the hands or feet; or
numbness and tingling of the hands or feet. They also did not report ex-
cessive fatigue or lethargy. The maintenance supervisor has experienced
shortness of breath while working with the grouting chemicals; however, he
attributed this to his smoking habit. The maintenance supervisor has also
experienced peeling skin on the palms of the hands a few times in the past.
Utility worker no. 1 indicated that he has experienced "acne-like" dermatitis
on the face and hands after grouting in the manhole.
Most members of the line maintenance crews had undergone routine
neurological tests up until about 1981. No health problems were revealed'
during these tests.
II. SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM
See description of safety and health program for site no. 1.
III. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
See description of personal protective equipment for site no. I.
IV. DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL GROUTING EQUIPMENT
See description of chemical grouting equipment for site no. 1
A-7
-------
V. DESCRIPTION OF LINE MAINTENANCE SITE
The site for the chemical grouting operation was a manhole located
in an easement about 300 yd behind a housing development. The line maintenance
crew was assigned to seal a ground-water leak near the bottom of a 10-ft manhole.
The service vehicle was positioned approximately 10 ft from the man-
hole access, which was 1/3 the distance from the manhole in comparison with
site no. 1. The close proximity of the trailer to the manhole minimized the
handling of the chemical hoses.
VI. OBSERVATIONS
A. Chemical Grout Mixing Operation
The mixing operation involved adding the acrylamide monomer and
catalyst to water in separate mixing tanks mounted in the service trailer.
Two batches of grouting chemicals were mixed. The first batch was mixed at
7:50 a.m. in the maintenance yard by utility worker no. 2 and transported to
the field site. A second batch was mixed at the field site at 12:54 p.m. by
utility worker no. 1.
Both mixing tanks were first filled with the appropriate amount of
water and the chemicals were then added to the water. Acrylamide monomer
(AV-100) is shipped in 50-lb bags with a plastic inner liner and pouring spout.
The entire 50-lb bag was poured into the water with spout below the surface of
the water to minimize airborne dust. No visible airborne dust was observed.
Paddles were used to homogenize the mixture. Mixing was completed in about
5 min.
During the mixing operations, the utility worker wore disposable
Tyvek coveralls, chemical goggles, surgical gloves and a Norton dust and mist
respirator. The operator must stand on a platform positioned in front of the
Cues trailer unit to perform the mixing operation.
A gel test was performed by combining equal portions from each tank
into a disposable plastic cup and measuring the gel time.
B. Equipment Assembly Operation
Upon arrival at the site, the crew removed the manhole cover and
installed a blower to introduce fresh air into the manhole at rate of
600 cu ft/min. The injection gun was attached to the high-pressure hoses
and reeled out to the manhole. The crew wore rubber gloves during the assem-
bly operations. The preparation work took approximately 10 min.
C. Chemical Grout Injection Operation
The crew operated with one man entering the manhole to perform the
grouting and the other two crew members remaining topside to assist. For this
A-8
-------
operation, utility worker no. 2 was assigned to enter the manhole. This duty
is generally rotated among the crew.
Utility worker no. 2 donned disposable Tyvek coveralls, hard hat,
rubber gloves with cuffs, goggles, rubber boots over safety shoes, MSA
Comfo II mask respirator equipped with oval organic vapor cartridges, and a
safety harness attached to a lifeline. He did not wear surgical gloves under
his regular rubber gloves as was done at site no. 1. The maintenance super-
visor wore cloth coveralls and canvas gloves. Utility worker no. 1 wore
cuffed rubber gloves in addition to his regular work clothes.
Utility worker no. 2 entered the manhole while carrying an air
monitor to check for oxygen-deficient and explosive atmospheres. The air
monitor remained in the manhole during the entire operation. The "buddy
system" was employed throughout the operation.
The ground-water leak was located at the bottom of the 10-ft man-
hole. The operation involved drilling a hole into the wall of the manhole
near the water leak. The injector gun was then inserted into the drilled
hole. .A cloth rag was wrapped around the injector nozzle to minimize chem-
ical splash. The acrylamide grout and catalyst were pumped to the injector
gun through separate high-pressure lines, mixed inside the injector nozzle,
and pumped into the drilled hole. The injector gun was then removed and
hoisted to the surface for cleaning while the worker in the manhole drilled
the next hole. This procedure was repeated three times to stop the water
leak.
The injector gun was cleaned in a bucket near the service vehicle.
This same bucket was used to lower tools and equipment into the manhole. The
injector nozzle was blown out using compressed air and then rinsed with water.
A coat hanger wire was used when necessary to unclog the gun. A total of
three cleanups were observed, each lasting about 15 min.
The grouting operation began at 9:53 a.m. The crew stopped for a
break at 10:52 a.m. The crew broke again at 11:45 a.m. for lunch. Utility
worker no. 2 reentered the manhole at 1:09 p.m. to complete the grouting op-
erations which ended at about 2:30 p.m. Approximately 120 gal of grouting
chemicals were consumed.
At this field site, the survey team could easily observe the grout-
ing operations inside the manhole. The water leak was located on the side
wall about 1-2 ft from the bottom of the manhole. The operator had to stoop
very low to drill the holes and inject the chemicals. The orientation of the
injection sites to the operator most likely reduced the chance of chemicals
splashing back onto the body region. During the injection operation, grout
chemicals leaked back out of the drilled holes. The operator used cloth rags
to wipe off the grout from the side walls of the manhole.
D. Equipment Disassembly and Cleanup Operation
When the grouting operation was completed, the injection gun was
hoisted out of the manhole, disassembled, and cleaned. Utility worker no. 2
climbed out of the manhole and removed his gloves and respirator, taking care
A-9
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not to touch the contaminated equipment with unprotected hands. The respira-
tor and air monitor were wiped clean with a cloth rag. The respirator was
returned to its original box. The Tyvek coverall was discarded in an aluminum
trash can with a polyethylene liner and tight-fitting lid located inside the
service vehicle. The survey team did not observe cleaning of boots or gloves.
The cleanup process was completed in approximately 30-45 min. The maintenance
supervisor indicated that the service truck and trailer undergo a thorough
cleaning every Friday.
A-10
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SITE NO. 3 - MAINLINE SEWER MAINTENANCE OPERATION
I. EMPLOYEE INFORMATION
The crew consisted of a grouting foreman and a laborer. The job
duties of the foreman include: mixing the grouting chemicals, assembling the
packer and video equipment, and operating this equipment remotely from a con-
sole located in the service truck. The laborer pre-cleans the sewer lines,
assists with the assembly of the equipment, and moves the packer/camera equip-
ment in and out of the manhole. The foreman has been grouting for 5 yr. The
laborer has been with the company for only 4 wk. His previous job was in the
pest control industry. Both crew members have received company training in
the safe handling of grouting chemicals that incorporate Avanti International
standard operating procedures.
The survey team asked both crew members specific questions concern-
ing physical symptoms commonly associated with acrylamide exposure. The
grouting foreman indicated that he. sometimes felt muscular weakness in the
arms below the elbows. He also occasionally experienced numbness and tin-
gling in the hands and feet. He indicated that he always had sweating feet
and hands, and he felt that excess sweating of the hands might be closely
associated with the grouting. He also mentioned that he has experienced short-
ness of breath and excessive fatigue and lethargy. He attributed the shortness
of breath to his cigar smoking and to his weight. At the time of the survey,
skin was peeling off the grouting foreman's hands, especially on the palms.
The survey team observed this condition firsthand. He said that his hand
peeled several times since he began working with the acrylamide grout.
The laborer has not experienced any symptoms commonly associated
with acrylamide exposure. He was observed smoking cigarettes occasionally
during the day.
II. SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM
The safety and health program was formalized in a written document.
The crew members were familiar with safety and health policy and were aware
of hazards associated with chemical grouting operations in confined spaces.
First-aid kits were available onsite; however, none of the crew had
received training in first aid or CPR procedures. A portable eye wash was
available on the grouting rig. Chemical spill cleanup kits were not carried
on the trucks.
III. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Both workers wore disposable Tyvek coveralls, hard hats, leather
work boots with rubber soles, and surgical gloves underneath canvas work
gloves with leather palms. They indicated, however, that the coveralls had
A-11
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been frequently removed after the grouting chemicals were mixed and the packer
and video camera were placed into the sewer line. Within 2 h, the Tyvek cover-
alls were torn near the hip front pocket of both workers. These tears may
have been made intentionally by the workers to gain access to their pants
pockets. Both workers wore cloth work gloves with leather palms and surgical
glove liners. The surgical liners were changed frequently during the work
day. Neither wore safety glasses or goggles although they were available.
IV. DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL GROUTING EQUIPMENT
The grouting equipment was carried on tractor trailer rigs designed
by the company. The chemical mixing tanks were located near the front of the
trailer. A wall isolated these mixing tanks from the video console and remote
control unit located near the center of the trailer. The power reel assembly
containing the high-pressure hoses and video cable was located in the rear.
The high-pressure hoses were encased in a round flexible tube for easier han-
dling. The encasement also enabled the high-pressure hoses to withstand
greater pressures than the conventional flat configurations used by other
grouting contractors.
The mainline sealing operations utilized a sleeve packer and a video
camera unit, which were pulled through the sewer line by a power winch. This
assembly permits viewing ground-water leaks in sewer lines on a remote tele-
vision monitor and sealing the leaks in one pass. The video camera rode on a
sled with the lens oriented toward the sleeve packer. A floodlight illumi-
nated the sleeve packer and the side walls of the sewer. Any inflow of ground-
"water was detected using a pressure test procedure or visually with the video
camera. When a leak was found, the sleeve packer was positioned over the leak.
Two rubber sleeves located on each end of the packer were inflated with pres-
surized air that effectively isolates the leak. Aery1 amide grout and the am-
monium persulfate catalyst were then pumped to the packer via high-pressure
lines. The two solutions mix at the packer and were injected into the broken
seal. The grout combines with the soil surrounding the sewer line forming a
gel-like seal that stops the inflow of ground water into the sewer line.
V. DESCRIPTION OF LINE MAINTENANCE SITE
The mainline sealing operation was conducted in a residential neigh-
borhood in a small community immediately north of a major East Coast city.
The neighborhood consisted of tract houses built in the 1950's. The sanitary
sewer lines ran in back of the houses; therefore, the access manholes were
located in the residences' backyards.
The grouting rig was parked in the street near an intersection.
The manhole was' approximately 75-100 ft from the trailer.
The weather on the day of the survey was overcast in the early morn-
ing, turning to partly sunny in the afternoon with temperatures in the 70's.
A-12
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VI. OBSERVATIONS
A. Grout Mixing Operation
Grouting chemicals were mixed in the trailer at the line maintenance
site by the grouting foreman. In addition to the personal protective equip-
ment described in Section III, he wore a half-mask chemical cartridge respir-
ator equipped with dual organic vapor cartridges. The respirator was not fit-
tested to assure a good facepiece seal. The mixing area was not equipped with
mechanical exhaust ventilation. A 12 x 12 in. window was located near the
mixing tanks and the outside door was open during the mixing operation.
Each mixing tank was filled by approximately 30 gal of water.
Fifty pounds of acrylamide monomer (Q-Seal), supplied by Cues, Inc., was added
to one tank. Visible airborne dust was observed when the acrylamide monomer
was poured into the water. The empty Q-Seal bag was rolled up, placed in a
polyethylene trash bag, and sealed with a twist tie. Triethanolamine (TEA)
was also added to this tank (the quantity was not determined). A half-empty
bag of Q-Seal was observed near the mixing vats.
Approximately 10 Ib of ammonium persulfate catalyst was added to
the other mixing tank; an old hard hat was used as a makeshift scoop. Both
tanks were agitated with electric stirring equipment. The entire mixing oper-
ation took approximately 9 min.
A gel test was performed by combining equal portions from each tank
into a disposable plastic cup. The gel time, which is a measure of .the re-
quired time for the mixture to polymerize after mixing, was 19 s. The grout-
ing foreman poured the gel, which appeared to be the consistency of gelatin,
into his unprotected left hand.
B. Equipment Assembly and Setup
The grouting foreman and laborer worked together as a team to assem-
ble the packer, video camera, and power winch. Both wore the disposable Tyvek
coveralls, hard hats, and cloth/leather gloves over surgical glove liners.
No apparent grout residue was observed on the packer, hoses, or video equipment.
The bundled hose lines were reeled out from the back of the trailer
and were manually dragged about 75 ft to the nearest manhole opening. The
hoses were handled predominantly by the laborer. He would often sling the
hoses over his shoulder to move them into position.
The hoses were attached to one end of the sleeve packer. The video
camera assembly was then attached to the other end with a cable so that the
camera lens was facing the packer at distance of about 2 ft.
An electric-powered winch was installed in another manhole opening
located approximately 300 ft upstream from the access manhole. A towing
cable from the power winch was threaded through the sewer line by attaching
the line to a plug and inserting it into the sewer line. Back pressure
created from the flowing water moved the plug through the sewer to the other
A-13
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manhole opening. The tow line was then attached to the packer and video cam-
era assemblies and lowered into the manhole.
The crew had some difficulty positioning the packer in the mainline
sewer, causing each to enter the manhole on several occasions. Neither the
foreman nor the laborer wore a safety harness or lifeline when entering the
8-ft manhole; however, the crew used the "buddy system" and were in constant
contact with each other. The manhole was not ventilated or tested for haz-
ardous atmospheres prior to entry. The foreman did not wear his outer work
gloves when he entered the manhole, presumably because the outer gloves were
too bulky for the detailed adjustments needed to install the packer properly.
The crew made several trips to the other manhole to adjust the power winch.
Mechanical difficulties delayed the start of the grouting for nearly 2 h.
C. Chemical Grout Injection Operation
The grouting operation began about noon after mechanical difficulties
had been corrected. Mainline sewer leaks were detected and sealed remotely
by the foreman using a control panel and video monitor located in the trailer.
The survey team observed the consumption of soft drinks inside the grouting
rig.
Occasionally, the packer must be pulled back out of the sewer line
to make repairs and reinserted into the mainline sewer. If it was necessary
to back the packer out of the sewer line, the laborer would manually pull on
the connecting cables and hoses. The grouting operations worked smoothly
after the installation problems were solved.
Approximately 300 ft of sewer line was inspected and sealed. The
grouting was completed in approximately 5 h and consumed less than 60 gal of
grout.
D. Equipment Disassembly and Cleanup
The.crew retrieved the packer and camera assemblies from a manhole
located 300 ft upstream from the entry point. The grouting foreman had to
enter the manhole to disconnect the hoses and retrieve the packer. He wore a
safety harness and lifeline after he was reminded by an on-site company man-
ager. He had a difficult time donning the safety harness as if he were un-
familiar with it.
Skin contact with the packer and camera assembly was observed dur-
ing the 30-min disassembly operation.
The survey team was told that the packer, protective gear, and any
other contaminated materials are routinely neutralized and washed at an off-
site location with a solution of potassium persulfate and sodium metabisulfite.
No spillage cleanup kits were available on the truck. The respirators are
apparently not routinely cleaned; they are simply returned to their original
containers. Polyethylene trash bags are used on site to dispose of contami-
nated waste. A second polyethylene bag was used for general trash.
A-14
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SITE NO. 4 - LATERAL LINE MAINTENANCE OPERATION
I. EMPLOYEE INFORMATION
The line maintenance crew consisted of a supervisor, a utility
worker, and a trainee. The supervisor operated the video equipment and
sleeve packer from a control console in the grouting van. He has been work-
ing with acrylamide grout for approximately 12 yr and has twice been certi-
fied to apply grout by Cues, Inc. The utility worker was responsible for
mixing the grouting chemical and for assembling, installing, and repairing
the grouting equipment. He has received training in the application of grout
chemical from Cues, Inc., and is certified to apply grout. The trainee was
undergoing on-the-job training in the operation of the lateral line grouting
equipment. He had previously worked as a chemical grouter 8 yr ago and has
recently returned to the field. He is not yet certified to apply grout.
The survey team asked each crew member specific questions concern-
ing physical symptoms commonly associated with acrylamide exposure. None of
the crew has experienced muscular weakness, numbness, or tingling of the
hands, arms, feet, or legs. They also have not experienced shortness of
breath, excessive fatigue, or excessive sweating of the hands or feet. The
supervisor indicated that he had problems with peeling skin on the hands in
the 1960's but not recently. The utility worker has noticed some peeling of
the skin on the palms of his hands, especially after showering.
II. SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM
Safety and health procedures were posted on the inside wall of the
grouting van. The instruction sheets deal with safe handling of acrylamide
grout and confined space entry procedures. The employees were aware of the
hazards associated with chemical grouting in confined spaces.
Safety procedures for confined-space entry were not used at this
site. The manholes were not ventilated or tested for hazardous atmospheres
prior to entry. Workers entering the manhole did not wear a safety harness
or lifeline. The "buddy system" was also not used for stand-by communication
or emergency rescue.
A first-aid kit was available in the grouting van; however, the
crew was not trained in first-aid or CPR procedures. Chemical spill cleanup
kits were not available.
III. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
The crew worked in regular street clothes and did not wear protec-
tive coveralls, eye protection, or impervious boots. The supervisor wore
blue jeans, a long-sleeved shirt rolled up to his elbows, and cowboy boots.
He did not wear any protective gloves. The trainee wore regular work slacks
and a short-sleeved shirt. He handled the equipment most of the time with no
A-15
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hand protection. The utility worker wore regular work slacks, a short-sleeved
shirt, a hard hat, and leather safety shoes with rubber soles. He donned
rubber gloves whenever he handled the equipment, but he would pull off the
gloves to perform detailed work on the equipment.
A Norton 7100-30 dust respirator was hanging on a hook in the van;
however, it was not used during the survey. The respirator was not fit-tested
on any of the workers to check for facepiece leakage.
IV. DESCRIPTION OF CHEMICAL GROUTING EQUIPMENT
The grouting equipment was installed in a van called a Reveal and
Seal Mobile Unit manufactured by Cues, Inc. The video monitor and remote
control console were located directly behind the driver seat in a temperature-
controlled cubicle. A wall and sliding door separated this area from the mix-
ing tanks located in the center of the van on the right side. The power reel
assembly containing the high-pressure hoses and video cable was located in
the rear. There were several empty plastic buckets and paper cups (used for
gel testing) stored inside the van. An exhaust ventilation fan was located
above the mixing tanks.
Lateral line sealing operations utilized a specially designed sleeve
packer and a video camera unit, which were pulled through the sewer line by a
power winch. This assembly permitted viewing of ground-water leaks in sewer
lines on a remote television monitor and sealing the leaks in one pass. The
lateral line packer was-specially equipped with an inflatable "sock" that can
seal leaks in lateral house service lines that run at a 90-degree angle to
the mainline sewer. This capability is relatively new and performed by a
limited number of companies.
The video camera rode on a sled with the lens oriented toward the
sleeve packer. A floodlight illuminated the. sleeve packer and the inside
walls of the sewer. Any inflow of ground water was detected using a pressure
test procedure or visually with the video camera. When a leak was found, the
sleeve packer was positioned over the intersection of a mainline and lateral
line. Two rubber sleeves located on each end of the packer were inflated with
pressurized air to isolate the leak. A "sock" was then released from the side
of the packer. The "sock" unfolds inside-out at a 90-degree angle and is cap-
able of extending approximately 8 ft from the side of the packer into a lateral
sewer line. Acrylamide grout and catalyst were then pumped through separate
lines to the packer. The two solutions mix at the packer and were injected
along the lateral "sock." This formed a gel-like seal that effectively stops
the inflow of ground water into the lateral sewer line.
V. DESCRIPTION OF LINE MAINTENANCE SITE
The lateral line sealing operation was conducted on a residential
street with moderate traffic. The grouting rig was parked along the curb
within 4 ft of the entry manhole. The power winch was installed in another
A-16
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manhole approximately 200 yd up the street. Approximately 12 house lateral
lines intersected the mainline between the two manholes.
VI. OBSERVATIONS
A. Grout Mixing Operation
The mixing operation was not observed by the survey team. The quan-
tity of grout used during the typical lateral line sealing operation is much
less than for mainline sealing operations. The crew mixed grout three days
prior to the field survey and approximately 1/3 of the batch remained unused.
B. Equipment Assembly and Setup
The utility worker and the trainee assembled the sleeve packer. No
visible grouting residue was observed on the packer or the connecting hoses.
Neither worker wore hand protection during the assembly and setup operations.
Most of the assembly and repair work was performed by-the utility worker.
The installation of the "sock" into the packer was the most time-
consuming step. A panel on the side of the packer was opened by removing six
to eight aluminum screws. The sock was then installed on the packer and in-
flated with pressurized air to test for leaks. The utility worker then
lubricated the sock with "Pam" spray-on cooking oil, rolled it up inside the
packer, and reinstalled the side panel. The operation took approximately
25 min.
An electric-powered winch was installed in another manhole opening
located approximately 200 yd upstream from the manhole where the packer/
camera assembly was installed. The two manholes bracketed.the section of
sewer line to be inspected. A towing cable from the power winch was threaded
through the sewer line by attaching the cable to a plug and inserting it into
the sewer line. Back pressure created from the flowing water moved the plug
through the sewer to the other manhole opening. The tow line was then attached
to the packer and video camera assemblies and lowered into the manhole.
The packer had to be withdrawn twice from the sewer line and rein-
serted before the grouting began. In the first instance, the packer was not
rotating properly and had to be replaced. In the second instance, the camera
lens had to be cleaned off.
C. Chemical Grout Injection Operation
The grouting operation commenced at approximately 11:15 a.m. using
Q-Seal acrylamide grout. Each lateral line was pressure tested and then
sealed with grout if necessary. Most of the lateral lines passed the leak
test. Only 5 to 10 gal of grout were injected during the 4-h operation.
The supervisor and the trainee operated the video camera and packer
at the control console in the van. The utility worker stood by to retrieve
the packer if necessary. The crew consumed food and soft drinks at the site
A-17
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during the day. The supervisor and trainee ate lunch in the front seats of
the van.
The utility worker with the assistance of the trainee retrieved the
packer at about 2:15 p.m. to replace the "sock." It was reinserted into the
sewer at about 3:00 p.m. Both workers wore gloves to remove the packer. The
utility worker did not wear rubber gloves when he replaced the "sock."
D. Equipment Disassembly and Cleanup
The packer was retrieved by the utility worker at approximately
4:00 p.m. when the grouting was completed. Grout residue was loosened from
around the "sock" with a screw driver and then blown clean with pressurized
air. When the packer was fully disassembled, the hoses were rolled up into
the truck on the power reel assembly. Grout material spilled inside the
truck underneath the hose reel. The utility worker removed a plug at the
bottom of the truck to allow for the spillage to drain into the street.
Using his gloved hands, the utility worker scraped the spill into the drain
hole. The spill was not washed down with water or neutralizing chemicals.
The grouting equipment and van were not routinely washed at the end
'of the day. Contaminated items were placed in polyethylene bags and disposed
of at a hazardous waste facility.
A-18
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APPENDIX B
QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN
B-l
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Section No.: 1.0
Revision No.: 2
Date: April 15, 1986
Page 1 of-1
SECTION 1.0
ASSESSMENT OF AIRBORNE EXPOSURE AND DERMAL CONTACT
TO ACRYIAMIDE DURING CHEMICAL GROUTING OPERATIONS
Quality Assurance Project Plan
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3938
Work Assignment No. 47
Approval for:
MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
,
S>au1 C. Constant'
Program Manager
Carol L. Green
Quality Assurance Officer
Approval for:
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
;en
*oject Officer
lau
S. Carra T
EPA Quality Assurance
Officer
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Section No.: 2.0
Revision No.: 2
Date: April 15, 1986
Page 1 of 1
SECTION 2.0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
Heading
Title Page
Table of Contents
Project Description
Project Organization and Management
Personnel Qualifications
Facilities, Equipment, Consumables,
and Services
Data Generation
Data Processing
Data Quality Assessment
Corrective Action
Documentation and Reporting
Pages
1 .
1
1
4
1
3
13
2
3
2
2
Revision
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
Date
4/15/86
4/15/86
4/3/86
4/3/86
4/15/86
4/15/86
4/15/86
4/3/86
4/15/86
4/3/86
4/3/86
Appendix A - Field Sampling Protocol
Appendix B - Field Observation Sheets
Appendix C - Analytical Protocol
List of Plan Holders:
Midwest Research Institute:
J. Spigarelli, J. Going, P. Constant, J. Hosenfeld, J. Balsinger,
C. Green, J. McHugh, D. Hooton
Environmental Protection Agency:
J. Breen, J. Carra, E. Reilly-Weidow, T. Murray
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health:
B. Hills
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Section No.: 3.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 1 of 1
SECTION 3.0
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The Environmental Protection Agency/Office of Toxic Substances (EPA/OTS) under
the Existing Chemicals Program has initiated a plan to conduct field studies to
assess airborne exposure and dermal contact to acrylamide during .sewer grouting
operations. The results obtained from these studies will be used to prepare a
quantitative risk assessment.
The overall objectives of the proposed field studies are:
1. Quantitative measurement of occupational exposure to airborne acryl-
amide particulate and vapor in the breathing zone of chemical grout-
ing operators during sewer line and manhole sealing operations.
2. Quantitative measurement of dermal contact to acrylamide during these
same operations using direct and indirect methods.
3.1 Scope of Work
The scope of work will consist of the following subtasks:
A. Review applicable methodologies for assessing dermal contact to
aery1 amide.
B. Review applicable air sampling methods for measuring occupational
airborne exposures to acrylamide.
C. Evaluate and finalize an analytical method for determination of
acrylamide in air and dermal samples.
D. Develop a QA/QC project plan.
E. Perform the necessary laboratory analysis of the samples collected
in the field.
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Section No.: 4.0
Revision No.: I
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 1 of 4
SECTION 4.0
PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT
The project organizational chart is shown in Figure 4-1. All MRI personnel
may be reached by telephone at (816) 753-7600.
4.1 Program Management
Mr. Paul Constant, will represent management and serve as program manager.
He will be assisted in this effort by Mr. John Hosenfeld. Together they
will:
Assure that all necessary resources are available.
Assure that the Quality Assurance Manager (QAM)/Quality Assurance
Coordinator (QAC) is fully informed and involved in the project.
Assure that all personnel are informed of project QA policy.
Review all communication from the QAM/QAC regarding the project.
Assure that any problems, deviations, etc., reported by the QAM/QAC
receive immediate corrective action.
Review all technical work and reports for overall technical accuracy.
4.2 Quality Assurance Manager (QAM)/Qua1ity Assurance Coordinator (QAC)
Ms. Carol Green, Quality Assurance Manager, will represent QA management.
She will be assisted by Mr. Jack Balsinger who will serve as QAC. To-
gether they will:
Assure that all QA policies and procedures are available and under-
stood by project staff by conducting training courses.
Assure MRI management that the facilities, equipment, personnel,
methods, records, and controls are consistent with project objectives/
requirements by conducting or directing inspections and/or audits.
These inspection/audit results are reported to project and MRI man-
agement. Corrective action is requested in these reports.
Help prepare the project QA plan.
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Section No.: 4.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 2 of 4
QUALITY ASSURANCE
MANAGER
C. Green
QUALITY ASSURANCE
COORDINATOR
J. Balsinger
QUALITY CONTROL
COORDINATOR
J. Long
PROGRAM MANAGER
P. Constant
DEPUTY PROGRAM
MANAGER
J. Hosenfeld
WORK ASSIGNMENT
LEADER
J. McHugh
Figure 4-1. Project organizational chart.
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Section No.: 4.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 3 of 4
Reinspect or audit to assure that appropriate corrective actions
were implemented. Report unresolved corrective actions to MRI's
Associate Director of K.C. Operations and the Senior Vice President
for resolution.
Review and audit data reports and supporting evidence prior to sub-
mission to EPA.
Prepare and direct the preparation of QA reports to be submitted
to EPA.
4.3 QC Coordinator (QCC)
Ms. Julie Long will serve as QCC. She will:
Conduct systems audit(s) and report findings to the QAM/QAC.
Prepare performance audit samples.
Review notebooks, chromatograms, printouts, and other hard copy
information during systems audits.
Report audit findings to project leader and program management after
QAM/QAC approval.
4.4 Work Assignment Leader
Mr. James McHugh will be the work assignment leader. He will:
Help prepare the project QA plan.
Be responsible for training staff where required.
Be responsible for sample receipt and traceability.
Enforce instrument calibration and maintenance procedures.
Maintain document control of lab and sampling data, notebooks,
records, and other hard copy information.
Review and approve all data prior to submittal to EPA.
Review/validate raw data (e.g., notebooks, forms, strip charts,
etc.).
Ensure that any deviations from protocol are approved and documented.
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Section No.: 4.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 4 of 4
Be responsible for analytical data traceability.
Take corrective action on any problems and communicate them in
writing to the QAC/QAM, the QCC, and the program and department
managements.
Prepare and submit monthly and triannual reports.
Prepare and submit other reports as requested by the work assignment
manager in conjunction with project staff.
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Section No.: 5.0
Revision No.: 2
Date: April 15, 1986
Page 1 of 1
SECTION 5
PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION
Mr. Paul C. Constant, and Mr. John Hosenfeld will serve as program manager
and deputy manager, respectively. Mr. Hosenfeld will assist Mr. Constant.
Mr. Constant has recently been assigned to this position but has served as
program liaison officer and as deputy program manager on the previous contract.
Their credentials were previously submitted in the proposal for this contract.
Mr. James McHugh will serve as the Work Assignment Leader. He is a certified
industrial hygenist and has served as Project Leader on field studies conducted
for the Department of Defense and the National Institute of Occupational Safety
and Health. His credentials were submitted in the proposal for this contract.
Ms. Carol Green will be the Quality Assurance Manager. She has served in this
capacity since May 1983. Her credentials were previously submitted in the
proposal.for this contract.
Mr. Jack Balsinger will be the Quality Assurance Coordinator. He has been with
the QA Unit since June 1985. His credentials were previously submitted in the
proposal for this contract.
Ms. Julie Long will serve as Quality Control Coordinator. She is skilled in
spectrophotometric analysis, and generating and analyzing vapors and aerosols.
Ms. Long has received QCC training from Mr. Jack Balsinger, the Quality Assur-
ance Coordinator, and has functioned as a Quality Control Coordinator on
EPA/OTS tasks 6 and 37.
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Section No.: 6.0
Revision No.: 2
Date: April 15, 1986
Page 1 of 3
SECTION 6.0
FACILITIES. EQUIPMENT, CONSUMABLES, AND SERVICES
6.1 Facilities
Sample preparation will be performed in MRI Lab 315W designated, in part,
for the project. The laboratory will be equipped with fume hoods, glove
boxes, and an analytical balance.
Sample analyses will be performed on a Varian 5000 Liquid Chromatograph
located in MRI Lab 120N.
Data file processing will be performed on a Hewlett-Packard 9826 micro-
computer located in MRI Lab 119N.
6.2 Equipment
The equipment used on this task includes:
Var'ian 5000 Liquid chromotographic system with autosampler and chart
recorder.
Nelson Analytical A/D interface box and related chromatography soft-
ware package (Model 4400).
Hewlett-Packard Model 9826 microcomputer and peripherals used to run
the software.
Mettler AE-163 analytical balance, capable of weighing to the nearest
0.1 mg.
Battery operated air sampling pumps.
6.2.1 The LC system will be calibrated prior to sample analysis over
a concentration range of ^ 0.1 to 100 ug/mL by injecting a ser-
ies of four acrylamide (electrophoresis grade) standard solu-
tions prepared from one stock standard plus a check standard
solution prepared from an independently weighed standard. The
linear regression equation parameters will be calculated from
the standard data and plotted for visual evaluation of linear-
ity. The correlation coefficient for the standard data should
be greater than 0.995 to define a linear operating range for
the analytical system. One of the midpoint standards will be
injected after every fifth sample to monitor the precision of
the system over the entire analysis; the responses for this
standard will be plotted on a control chart and should exhibit
less than a 10% relative standard deviation.
-------
Section No.: 6.0
Revision No.: 2
Date: April 15, 1986
Page 2 of 3
6.2.1.1 The Nelson Analytical chromatography software and
Hewlett-Packard hardware have built-in system checks
to monitor their performance. Error messages will
be displayed if problems occur. A copy of the speci-
fic version of the software program used for proces-
sing the data points will be archived.
6.2.1.2 The Mettler AE-163 analytical balance is checked
twice monthly to confirm performance according to
manufacturer's specifications. The weight will be
traceable to or checked against National Bureau of
Standards weights.
6.2.2 Maintenance
Maintenance of the analytical equipment used in this task will
be done according to manufacturer's specifications and at their
recommended frequency. This is summarized in Table 6-1.
6.3 Consumables
All water used for the analysis will be deionized water filtered through
a Milli-Q® system; pH adjustments will be made using a reagent grade
sulfuric acid:water solution (1:10, v/v).
Blank collection media (dermal pads, surface wipes., air monitors, and
hand rinses) will be spiked both in the field during sample collection
and also in the laboratory to check for chemical recovery and for any
loss of chemical during transit back to the laboratory. All sample
collecting media spiking experiments, both in the laboratory and those
spiked in the field during sample collection, will use collecting media
identical to those used in actual field sample collection.
-------
Section No.: 6.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 3 of 3
Table 6-1. Maintenance
Equipment Service Frequency
Van'an 5000 Liquid
Chromatograph General As needed
Hewlett-Packard 9826 Limited requirements As needed
Balance Cleaning and adjustment for
calibration 1 year
-------
Section No.: 7.0
Revision No.: 2
Date: April 15, 1986
Page 1 of 13
SECTION 7.0
DATA GENERATION
7.1 Sample Data Collection
7.1.1 Field Sampling Plan
See Appendix A for the field sampling protocol
7.1.2 Air Sampling Data
Personal and area samples will be collected on a 0.8 u mixed
cellulose ester filter and silica gel sampling train using
calibrated, battery operated sampling pumps at a nominal flow
rate of 1.0 L/min. One area sample will be collected inside
the Mobil Reveal and Seal Unit where the mixing tanks are lo-
cated. Personal samples will be collected in the breathing
zone of workers during the chemical grout mixing operation and
during the grout injection operation whenever the manhole
is entered.
Air sampling data will be recorded on the Air Sampling Data
Sheets (Figure 7-1). The information collected for each per-
sonal or area air sample collected will include: employee and
work site data, sampling equipment data, sampling parameters,
exposure data, calibration data and general observations.
7.1.3 Dermal Contact Assessment Data
Dermal contact assessment sampling will be performed using the
dermal pad and hand rinse methods as described by Durham and
Wolfe (1962). Observations made during a preliminary site
visit to a chemical grouting operation indicated that signifi-
cant dermal contact occurs on the face, neck, and forearms of
workers protected with impervious clothing. The worker's torso,
upper arms, and legs are protected by the impervious suit.
Assuming that full protective clothing is used by the worker,
dermal pads will be placed at six body locations to assess
dermal contact to the face, neck and forearms. If protective
clothing is not utilized dermal pads will be placed at ten body
locations to assess dermal contact to the entire body. Hand
rinses will be conducted using the bag techniques as first
described by Durham and Wolfe (1962). Dermal contact assess-
ments will be conducted during equipment assembly operations,
grout mixing operations, grout injection operations, and equip-
ment disassembly operations.
-------
Section No.: 7.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 2 of 13
Coripinx Nane
Site ID
Contract Number:
68-82-3933
UorK Assigtnent No. *7
Date (Mo/Da/Yr)
Substance Monitored:
ACRYLAMIDE
EMPLOYEE AND UORK AREA DATA
Employee Name
UorK Location Description
I Job Title/Work Duties
Weather Conditions
SAMPLIN6 EQUIPMENT
Instrument
Model No.
Serai No.
[] Personal [3 Arei [] 2ulK
Simple Collection Media:
9.2u MIXED CELLULOSE ESTER FILTER AND SILICA GEL TUSE
Lot Mo.
.SAMPLING INFORMATION
Field Sample ID Number
Start Time
Stop Tine
Sirole Duration tains.)
Puro Flow Rate
I Simple Air Volume (
Liboratorx Analysis
Analrte
laboratory
Results
Units—)
Air
Concentration
Laboratory
Results
Air
Concentration
Laboratory
Results
Air
Concentration !
I. ACRYLAMIDE
3.
Signature:
Date:
Calculations Checked by:
Date:
7—1 A-iy«
-------
Section No.: 7.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 3 of 13
CALIBRAT1CN DATA
Calibration Method
Uoiune
Pre Date
1.
t
te I
3.
Signature
Post Date
I.
2.
3.
Signature
Resistance
Calculations
nvfi-iye Time Ficwrate
, Additional Cownents, Observations, Diagrams, Data References, etc.
Figure 7-1 (continued)
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Section No.: 7.0
Revision No.: 2
Date: April 15, 1986
Page 4 of 13
Dermal sampling data will be recorded on Dermal Assessment Data
Sheets (Figure 7-2). The information collected for each worker
sampled will include: employee and work site data, weather
conditions, protective equipment utilized, sampling parameters,
exposure data and general observations.
7.1.4 Wipe Sampling Data
Wipe samples will be conducted using glass fiber filters mois-
tened with distilled water. Wipe samples will be collected at
a number of equipment surfaces and protective equipment sur-
faces which come in frequent contact with the skin.
Wipe sampling data will be recorded on Wipe Sampling Data
Sheets (Figure 7-3). The information collected for each wipe
sample will include: work site data, sampling parameters, and
detailed description of the wipe sample .location.
7.1.5 General Observation
The field observation sheets (Appendix B) will be completed
for each site visited. The information collected will include:
Grouting contractor information, a description of the site,
workforce description, employee health information, safety
procedures, protective equipment used, and general work
practices.
7.2 Sample Traceability
Sample traceability protocol (SOP SC-1) will be followed for sample track-
ing for this project. Traceability records will start with sample col-
lection. These records will accompany the samples when shipped to MRI.
Examples of the field and laboratory traceability forms are shown in
Figures 7-4 and 7-5.
7.3 Laboratory Analysis Procedures
See Appendix C for analytical protocol. A flow chart of the steps in-
volved in the analytical method is shown in Figure 7-6.
7.4 Internal Quality Control Checks
With each batch of samples, appropriate QC samples will be included so
the quality of the sample data can be assessed. These QC samples include
method blanks, spikes, field blanks, and field spiked blanks.
-------
Section No.: 7.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 5 of 13
Ccnpanr Nam
Site ID
Contract Number
48-32-3933
Work Assignent No.
47
Date
Substance Monitored
ACRYLAMIDE
EMPLOYEE AND UORK AREA DATA
Employee Name
Job Title/ UorK Duties:
PEBSCWL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Eye Protection
Boots/ Shoes
Resoiritor
NOTE: Specif/ type, material, brand, etc.
Head Protection
Gloves
Protect i ye Suit/Coveral Is
OEFMAL SAMPLING DATA
Derrail Pad Media: WHATMAN CHRCMATOGRAPHY PAPER Mo. 17 < 4X4 inch Pads) Lot No.
Sott' Peg ion 1
3ieK
•
Chest
Forearms
Ehoui tiers
i
^TiiohS
1
Shins
i
Hand Rinses
Solvent:
DISTILLED
UAT5?
i
i
Start |
Time
Stop Duration
Time '.
i
!
1
Samole Numbers
'
i
i
LiH
L*T!
Le^t
Left
Left
Left
Left
Right i
Right
Right
Right I
Right !
Right
Right
Signature Date . Checked by:
Ficure 7-2. Dermal assessment data sheet.
-------
Section No.: 7.0
Revision No.: 2
Date: April 15, 1986
Page 6 of 13
Company Nam Contract Number Date
48H2-3938
Siti ID UorK Assigient No. Substance Monitored:
47 ACRYLAMIDE
Uipe Snip ling Media and Method Lot No.
UHATMPN 37m GLASS FIBER FILTER MOISTENED WITH DISTILLED WATER
Uipe Sanple No.
Tine
Location Description
TOP OF THE CONTROL PANEL IN THE MOBILE REVEAL #0 SEAL UNIT
OUTSIDE OF THE ACRYLAMIDE MIXING TAW
OUTSIDE OF THE CATALYST MIXING TANK
HANDLE OF THE INJECTION SUN (Manhole sealing operation only)
OR SIDE OF PACKER (main line or lateral line sealing operation only)
HYDRAULIC HOSING ATTACHED TO INJECTION GIN OR PACKER
SIDE OF SAFETY CONE OF THE ROAD
INSIDE OF THE RESPIRATOR
OUTSIDE OF THE RESPIRATOR
BACK OF IMPERVIOUS UORK GLOVE
Signature Date
Figure 7-3. Wipe sampling data sheet.
-------
Section No.: 7.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 7 of 13
(S«* Bock of Pag* for Explanation of Nunfetn)
CHAIN OF CUSTODY OR TRACEABIUTY RECORD
© Q Chain of Custody Record
@ Project Number
(3) Location _^_____^___
Container No..
(J) GTracMbJlify Lag
0 Dot* of F?«ld Sampling.
© Typo of Sampi*.
Storage Roquir«m*nti.
SompU No.
D«tcription
Or
laant.
Sampler
Inventory/
Qwck
Comment*
Oat*
S«ai Intact
Oar*
Ch«ck*d by
(Initials)
Ralinquithvd by
Oat«"
Tim*
d by
Figure 7-4. Sample traceability form.
-------
Section No.: 7.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 8 of 13
FILLING OUT CHAIN OF CUSTODY/THACSABILITY LOG
I. Check chain of custody, or
2. Traceability log.
3. Enter project and cask aumber.
4. Eater daces "the first and Last samples were collected coat are recorded on
each log sheet.
5. Enter sampling location: plant name and/or city.
i. Eater type of sample, i.e., Tenax trap, condensate. bulk fe-d. etc. Record
jniy one type of sample on a form.
7. Enter shipping container number in which samples are packed. Each shipping
container aust contain only one type of sample.
3. Enter storage requirements, i.e., wet ice, dry ice, in plastic bags, etc.
9. Enter entire sample number.
'.0. Enter any other sample description required.
II. .Enter other sample identification, i.e., Tenax tube numbers.
12. Eater name or initials of person collecting sample.
13. Four columns are provided for inventory checkoff each time sample custody is
transferred. As the samples are inventoried, place a cneckmark in the appropriate
box. If samples ire liquid, the liquid level should be confirmed at the same lime.
Changes in the level should be noted and dated under the comnunents Column I*. *hen
tee inventory is completed, enter the date in 15 directly under the column checked
off.
Sixteen through 18 are provided for samples collected under Chain of Custody.
Each shipping containers with samples must be sealed with evidence tape when noc
in the custodian's prer.ence. The seal is noc to be broken by any other person.
Evidence tape must be placed over the joint between the container and container
lid; the tape is signed and Jated by the custodian. Each concainer with samples
aust be inspected at the beginning of each day. Check off that the seal is intact
1.1 16, record the inspection date in 17, and initial in IS. After seal inspection,
the seal nay be broken to add additional samples or ice. The container nay remain
unsealed while in tae presence of the custodian.
Columns 19 through 22 must be used to record a change in sample custodian fol-
lowing either Chain of Custody or Traceability. Each tine the custodian is changed,
the samples mist be inventoried using Column 13 and the transfer recorded using 19
through 2Z. Samples never change custody without being inventoried and signed c:f.
The Chain of Custody Record or Traceability Log must travel with the samples until
transferred to the laboratory custodian. After transfer, provide the laboratory
custodian with copies of the forms and give the originals to the crew chief.
Figure 7-4 (continued)
-------
Section No.: 7.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 9 of 13
(See Back of Page for Explanation of Numbers)
LABORATORY C2AIH OF CUSTODY OR T3AC2A3ILITY RICORD
-------
Section No.: 7.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 10 of 13
FILLING OUT CHAIK Or CUSTODY/T3ACZABIIITY LOG
1. Check chain of custody or
2. Traceability log.
3. Enter project and task number.
4. Enter date samples were received by custody office.
5. Enter sampling Location: plant name and/or city.
6. Enter type of sample, i.e., Tenax trap, condensate, bulk feed, etc.
Record only one type of sample on a fora.
7. Enter container type, i.e., Tenax trap, XAD trap, petri dish, narrow
mouth quart bottle, 2-dram vial, 2 oz Rx bottle, etc.
8. Enter storage location samples will be taken from and returned to for •
custody office possession.
9. Enter laboratory sample number.
10. Enter field sample number. .
11. Enter any additional sample description, i.e., hazards in handling the
sample, appearance, Tenax trap number, etc.
12. Enter any amount of sample expended and date.
13. Enter any comments pertinent to the tracking of the entire sample, i.e.,
sample composited to fora a new sanple, sample transfer to a new custody
form, sample split to give two or .nore items to keep in custody,
sample lost, etc. Enter references to appropriate laboratory notebook
(page and book number). If comments pertain to all samples listed, enter
as "see time 20," and include these in the appropriate space orovied
at the bottom of the fora.
14-17. Must be used to record a change in sample custodian following either
chain of custody or traceability. Each time the custodian is changed,
the samples must be inventoried using columns 9 and 11 through 13
and the transfer recorded using 14 through 17. Samples never change
custody without being inventoried and signed off. The chain of
custody record or traceability log oust travel with the samples
until transferred to the laboratory custodian.
13 and 19. Enter location of sample records listed in the project sample
custodian's notebook.
20. Enter any comments pertaining to (a) an individual sample noted above
(use footnote) or to (b) all the samples listed above. (See also
item 13.)
Figure 7-5 (continued)
-------
Section No.: 7.0
Revision No.: 2
Date: April 15, 1986
Page 11 of 13
Dermal Pads
Air Monitor Samples
Wipe Samples
Field QC Samples & Blanks
Extract aery1 amide with volume
of water adjusted to pH 3.7
Hand rinse samples
(using known volume of rinse)
Standard Solution
Lab QC Sample
Blanks
Analyze by HPLC
Calculate total weight of
acrylamide per sample (pg/L)
corrected for dilutions
Figure 7-6.
Flow chart for the determination of acrylamide
in field samples.
-------
Section No.: 7.0
Revision No.: 2
Date: April 15, 1986
Page 12 of 13
7.4.1 General
New lots of reagents are checked prior to use, or current lots
of reagents are checked when method blank problems are experi-
enced.
7.4.2 The control checks that will be utilized are the following:
Method blanks: At least one per sample group tested.
Field filter blanks: At least two per sample group tested for
each type of collection medium.
Spiked blank filters: Replicate samples will be prepared to
check on extraction recovery.
7.4.3 Calibration
The LC system will be calibrated prior to sample analysis over
a concentration range of ~ 0.1 to 100 ug/mL by injecting a ser-
ies of four acrylamide (electrophoresis grade) standard solu-
tions prepared from one stock standard plus a check standard
• solution prepared from an independently weighed standard. The
linear regression equation parameters will be calculated from
the standard data and plotted for visual evaluation for linear-
ity. The correlation coefficient for the standard data should
be greater than 0.995 to define a linear operating range for
the analytical system. One of the midpoint standards will be
injected after every fifth sample to monitor the precision of
the system over the entire analysis; the responses for this
standard will be plotted on a control chart and should exhibit
less than a 10% relative standard deviation.
If response values for the midpoint standard vary from its mean
response by more than 10% relative standard deviation, the
source of loss in precision will be corrected and the calibra-
tion curve repeated before subsequent samples are analyzed.
7.4.4 Definitions
7.4.4.1 Method blanks: Procedural blanks are carried through
the entire procedure to check for contamination.
7.4.4.2 Field blanks: The field filter blank is taken to the
field and handled in the normal fashion except it
is not exposed to the contaminant.
7.4.4.3 Spiked blanks: Collecting media will be spiked
with known amounts of acrylamide.
-------
Section No.: 7.0
Revision No.: 2
Date: April 15, 1986
Page 13 of 13
7.5 Systems and Performance Audits
7.5.1 Systems audits: Systems audits by the QCC/QAC shall include:
Inspecting facilities and equipment for adequacy, appro-
priateness, and safety during use.
Reviewing actual practices versus written procedures and
protocols.
Inspecting the records of maintenance and calibration.
Inspecting QC practices.
Assisting/conducting data audit prior to report submittal.
Preparing and submitting a report with recommended correc-
tive actions to the QAC/QAM, and after approval, to the
work assignment leader and program manager.
Conduct additional audits as directed by the QAC/QAM.
Assisting/preparing QA report for the EPA's work assignment
manager.
7.5.2 Performance Audits
The performance audit sample is designed to check the operation
of the equipment. Several blind performance samples will be
independently prepared by the QCC and submitted for analysis
before and during the analysis of the regular samples. Perfor-
mance audit samples will also be analyzed if (1). the QCC be-
lieves the analysis procedures has changed, (2) analytical
problems are suspected, or (3) the MRI work assignment leader
of the EPA work assignment manager requests samples.
7.5.3 QAC/QAM Audits
Additional audits will be conducted or directed by the QAC/QAM
as follows:
Schedule and conduct additional audits as needed, e.g.,
staff credentials, quality control data and practices, .
documentation practices, data audit, and QA compliance.
Review and approve the report and supporting evidence for
accuracy and QA compliance prior to report submittal to
OTS.
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Section No.: 8.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 1 of 2
SECTION 8.0
DATA PROCESSING
8.1 Collection
Data collection will utilize both manual and computerized acquisition
systems. All activities shall be legibly recorded using permanent ink
in the project notebook or on worksheets. Each person who records data
shall sign and date each sheet. Strip charts, magnetic tapes, etc.,
shall be labeled with a format identifier, project number, date, the
ID(s) of the instrument, and the name of the person responsible for the
data. Custody of the original data media will be the responsibility of
assigned project staff until archived. .
8.2 Data Reduction
Standard data reduction procedures with built-in checks will be used.
For example, if an integrator or computer is used to calculate concentra-
tions, the standards used to generate the curve must be back-calculated
using the curve to ensure satisfactory curve fitting over the anticipated
range. In addition, all sample manipulations (e.g., weighing, dilution,
concentration, etc.) must be clearly documented.
8.3 Data Validation
The work assignment leader will be responsible for assuring data validity
which will include:
Validating all equations and computer programs and documenting the
validating and evidence.
Validating and checking electronic data transfer.
Proofreading all data transfers by the analyst or a second project
staff member.
Screening data for consistency by a second project staff member.
Checking calculations.
Performing outlier checks.
Reporting of all associated blank, standard, and QC data along with
results for analyses of each batch of samples.
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Section No.: 8.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 2 of 2
Examining QC data and QC checks.
Maintaining records of reviewing, proofing, and validation.
Examining data/information for completeness, representativeness,
and comparability.
Reviewing and approving all data by the work assignment leader.
Reporting protocol deviations and assumptions with the results.
8.4 Transfers
Data transfer will be kept to a minimum to prevent errors. The analyt-
ical data will be transferred manually from a computerized output to
data tables. These data will be checked for transfer errors.
8.5 Storage
Raw data will be documented in laboratory notebooks, on printed paper,
as strip chart recordings, or on magnetic tape or disk. Permanent stor-
age of work.assignment data in the formal project file and hard copy from
magnetic media will be archived (SOP-QA7). The storage of magnetic media
will be reported.
-------
Section No.: 9.0
Revision No.: 2
Date: April 15, 1986
Page 1 of 3
SECTION 9.0
DATA QUALITY ASSESSMENT
The objective of precision for this method will be to obtain total weight of
acrylamide for replicate spiked filter samples which have relative differences
± 20% of each other. The objective for accuracy will be to obtain total
weights of acrylamide on replicate spiked filter samples which have relative
errors ± 30% of the actual acrylamide present on the air filter. Average re-
covery efficiencies for acrylamide using spiked filters should fall within
the range of 70 to 130% to yield meaningful data.
9.1 Analytical Precision
Precision is determined by performing replicate analysis. For data sets
with a small number of points (2 ^ n ^ 8), the estimate of precision will
be expressed as range percent (R%):
R% = xi ~_ *?. x 100 . .
X
where Xi = highest value determined
X2 = lowest value determined
X = mean value of the set
and
n X.
X= I -I
1=1 n
where X. = ith determination
n = number of determinations
The estimated detection limit (EDL) for the analytical system will be
defined as the corresponding concentration equal to three times the
noise level from the detector.
For large data sets (n > 8), the estimate of precision will be expressed
as percent relative standard deviation (% RSD):
-------
Section No.: 9.0
Revision No.: 2
Date: April 15, 1986
Page 2 of 3
n _
I (Xi - X)2
R.S.D. =
n - 1
where n = number of replicate determinations.
- Xi
X = mean =
The precision of the analytical system will be monitored through repli-
cate injections of a midpoint standard throughout the analysis and
plotted on a control chart.
9.2 Accuracy
The accuracy of the analytical method can only be established for known
spiked samples. Accuracy may be indicated by comparing the total weight
of acrylamide on spiked sample collection media determined using the
analytical method to the theoretical or actual amount of chemical that
was spiked onto the blanks.
Accuracy will be measured by calculating the relative*error (RE):
RE (%) = ^-j-2 x 100
where F = found weight of chemical
A = actual weight of chemical
9.3 Recovery
Recovery will be indicated from the results of the spiked blank analyses.
Spiked acrylamide recovery will be determined by a direct comparison of
the spiking solution to the solution obtained from extracting the spiked
blank.
R (%) = 77^- x 100
CSTD
where c-., = concentration of extract
= concentration of spiking solution
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Section No.: 9.0
Revision No.: 2
Date: April 15, 1986
Page 3 of 3
9.4 Traceability of Instrumentation
All collection and measuring instrumentation will have a unique identifi-
cation number. Maintenance, calibration, and use logs will be maintained.
9.5 Traceability of Samples
All samples will have a unique identification number along with informa-
tion on field site, monitoring location, exposure time and conditions,
collection device, etc. The samples will be labeled with adhesive bar-
code labels to identify the samples and trace them through the sampling
and analytical procedures.
9.6 Traceability of Data
Data will be documented and filed to allow complete reconstruction, from
initial field records to data archiving.
9.7 Completeness
Due to the variety of data points available per field test site, complete-
ness of the data will be crucial in order to obtain meaningful data.
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Section No.: 10.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 1 of 2
SECTION 10
CORRECTIVE ACTION
The work assignment leader has primary responsibility for taking corrective
action; if he is unavailable, the program manager, and/or the QAC/QAM shall
be contacted for instructions. Some of the types of problems and corrective
actions to be taken are listed below. Unresolved problems are reported by
the QAM to the Associate Director of K.C. Operations and to the Senior Vice
President for resolution.
10.1 Performance/Systems Audits
If problems are detected during an audit:
The auditor shall notify the person responsible, the work assignment
leader, and the QAC/QAM of the problem(s) and any action(s) he has
taken.
The work assignment leader and the person responsible shall correct
the problem, then notify the QAC/QAM.
The auditor shall then prepare, and after QAC/QAM approval, send a
problem/action taken memo to the program manager and the work as-
signment leader.
10.2 Loss of Data
The work assignment leader shall investigate the problem, then perform
one or more of the following actions:
If the problem is limited in scope, the problem/action taken is
documented in the notebook; the work assignment leader then pre-
pares and sends a problem/action taken memo to the QAC/QAM, and
the program manager.
If a large quantity of data is affected, the problem/action taken
is documented in the notebook; the work assignment leader then pre-
pares and sends a problem/action-taken memo to the QAC/QAM, project
manager, and the EPA work assignment manager.
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Section No.: 10.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 2 of 2
10.3 Significant QA Problems
In general, the work assignment leader shall identify technical problems.
The work assignment leader prepares and sends a problem memo to the
QAC/QAM and program manager; if the problems are significant, the
action is determined collectively.
The action taken is documented in the notebook.
The problem and action taken is reported to the EPA work assignment
manager.
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Section No.: 11.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 1 of 2
SECTION 11
DOCUMENTATION AND REPORTING
11.1 Documentation
All documentation shall be in permanent ink.
Corrections will be performed as follows: Draw a single line
through an incorrect entry so that the original entry remains legi-
ble. Add the correct entry; then explain, initial, and date the
correction.
New information may be added to an original page. It will be ini-
tialed, dated, and explained.
All deviations from standard operating procedures (SOPs), procedures,
and protocols will be documented.
Strip charts, magnetic tapes, etc., will be labeled with a format
identifier, the date, the ID(s) of the sampling equipment, and the
name of the person responsible for the data recording equipment.
11.2 Document Control
Raw sampling data will be documented and stored in laboratory note-
books, on sequentially numbered sampling forms, on printer paper,
on magnetic tape, and as strip chart recordings.
A logbook of the data media created during each test period.will be
established to document the existence and flow of data through the
data processing cycle.
All project-related documents will be assigned a unique numerical
designation in a document control system maintained by assigned
project staff.
11.3 QA Reports to Management
The QAC/QAM, in cooperation with the work assignment leader, shall iden-
tify critical phases of the project which will be subject to inspection.
The inspection will include a review of:
• Staff credentials.
• Equipment maintenance and calibration records.
Equipment performance.
-------
Section No.: 11.0
Revision No.: 1
Date: April 3, 1986
Page 2 of 2
• Documentation practices.
Recordkeeping practices.
• Adherence to protocols, SOPs, and QA plan.
• Assessment of data accuracy, precision, and completeness.
The results of inspections and audits will be reported quarterly by the
QAM to MRI management; summaries will be reported to the EPA work assign-
ment manager.
11.4 Report Design
Progress, draft final, final reports, and QA summary reports will be
submitted in accordance with the provisions for reporting in the contract.
Verbal status reports will be made biweekly to the work assignment leader.
-------
QAPP APPENDIX A
FIELD SAMPLING PROTOCOL
A-l
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1.0 AIRBORNE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
1.1 Air Sampling Protocol
Airborne acrylamide aerosols and vapor are collected on a sampling
train consisting of a mixed cellulose ester filter and silica gel tube at a
flow rate of 1 L/min. The collected material is desorbed from the sampling
media with deionized water followed by HPLC analysis.
The sampling media will consist of a Millipore 37 mm MAWP filter cas-
sette assembly available from Millipore Corporation of Bedford, Massachusetts.
On the outlet side of the filter cassette assembly a SKC No. 226-10 silica
gel tube available from SKC, Inc. of Eighty Four, Pennsylvania shall be at-
tached with a short section of tygon tubing of minimum length. The sampling
train shall be attached to a calibrated, Ni-Cad battery operated personal
sample pump. The sampling pump is calibrated before and after the sampling
period using a volumetric buret and stop watch with the sampling .train in line.
The MAWP filter cassettes and silica gel tubes are to be labeled
prior to the site visit with a unique number using adhesive barcode labels.
A set of six identical barcode labels will be printed for each sample. One
of the adhesive labels in the set will be affixed to each filter cassette and
silica gel tube. The samples are then placed in individual zip-lock plastic
bags. Another label from the same set will be affixed directly to the outside
of the plastic bag. The remainder of the labels in the set will be placed
inside the plastic bag. The sample.numbers will be logged with a laptop com-
puter and light pen using barcode software.
At the survey site, a corresponding barcode label from the filter
cassettes and silica gel tubes will be affixed to the Air Sampling Data Sheet
which contains pertinent information concerning site location, employee and
work area information, sampling equipment and methods, calibration data, and
sampling and analytical data.
Breathing zone air sampling shall be conducted during the grouting
chemical mixing operation and during sealing operations when the worker enters
the manhole. Area sampling shall be conducted inside the Reveal and Seal
Mobile Unit near the mixing tanks. If possible, an area sample will also be
collected inside the maintenance and storage facility at the grouting contrac-
tor's place of business. The recommendation flow rate is 1.0 L/min. The recom-
mended sample volume is 480 L. The pump rotometer should be checked frequently
during the sampling period to maintain the calibrated flow rate. Pertinent
information concerning the air sample such as ambient temperature, atmospheric
pressure, sample duration, 'flow rate, site location, subject information shall
be referenced to the sample number and recorded on an Air Sampling Data Sheet.
At the end of the sampling period, the sample train is disassembled
and the filter cassette and silica gel tube recapped. Place the sampling
media in a water tight container and store in a chest containing ice or blue
ice packs for transport to the laboratory. Do not use dry ice. The samples
will be sent to the laboratory in sealed ice chests using a next-day delivery
service. A Chain-of-Custody or Traceability record will be filled out in the
field and accompany all shipments to the laboratory.
\
A-2
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1.2 Quality Control Field Samples
On each day of sampling two sets of field blanks and two sets of
spiked samples shall be prepared. Field blanks are required in order to ac-
count for any possible contamination which may occur while collecting, trans-
porting, or handling field samples prior to extraction in the laboratory.
Spiked or fortified samples are required to account for stability and vola-
tility of the grouting chemical.
Field blanks of the collection media should be handled in the same
manner as the exposed sample except that no air is drawn through them. The
end caps of the filter cassette blanks are to be removed in the field and im-
mediately resealed and labelled. The ends of the glass tube on the silica
gel blank shall be broken in the field and immediately recapped and labelled.
One set of field blanks shall be prepared at the beginning of the sampling
period and one set at the end of the sampling period. The blanks shall be
stored and shipped with the exposed air samples.
Two filter cassettes and two silica gel tubes are to be spiked with
a known quantity of acrylamide diluted to the approximate concentration used
in the grouting material (100 g of acrylamide per liter of water). The amount
of acrylamide added to the collecting media should be approximately the levels
that are expected to impinge on the sampling media during the field studies.
One spiked sample set shall be prepared at the beginning of the sampling
period and the other at the end of the sampling period. Both samples should
be handled, stored and shipped with the exposed samples.
2.0 DERMAL CONTACT ASSESSMENT
2.1 Background
The methodologies for assessment of dermal contact to toxicants have
been developed principally for pesticides exposure monitoring. The methods
described by Durham and Wolfe (1962) and Davis (1980) remain the established
protocols utilized by pesticide manufacturers and formulators to conduct ex-
posure monitoring of pesticide applicators.
Durham et al. (1962) reviewed the primary methods for measurement
of dermal exposure. One method involves placing absorbent pads at various
points on the worker's body. The worker then performs his usual job functions.
The pads are removed and transported to a laboratory, where the toxicant is
extracted and analyzed. The amount of pesticide that comes into contact with
the skin is calculated using an anatomical model, which is extrapolated to
the entire surface area of the body part represented by the pad. The neces-
sary assumption that the pad area is representative of the entire body part
being measured is a shortcoming of this technique.
A variation of the absorbent pads method involves the use of knit
cotton garments that cover the study area during exposure. One such method
was described by Davis (1980) to assess exposure to the hands using cotton
gloves as the collecting media. Durham et al. felt that the use of absorbent
A-3
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gloves might result in overestimations of exposure to the hands. The gloves
tend to absorb much more liquids than could be expected to adhere to flesh.
This method however, is quick and easy to implement in the field.
The other primary method described by Durham et al. involves swab-
bing or rinsing the skin with a solvent that will remove the toxicant. The
rinse solutions are collected and analyzed. The swabbing technique uses sur-
gical gauze moistened with solvent. The gauze pads are handled with forceps
to rub the body surface with light pressure. The procedure is very tedious
and time-consuming and will not remove residues that are absorbed into the
skin during the exposure period.
Use of the swab method for estimating contamination of the hands
was found to be unsatisfactory. It is not easy to swab correctly between
fingers and around the fingernails. Durham and Wolfe described a bag rinse
technique suitable for the hands. The procedure involves the use of poly-
ethylene bags containing a suitable solvent for washing the pesticide from
the hands. The hand is inserted into the bag containing a given quantity of
solvent. While the bag is held tightly around the wrist to prevent leakage,
the hand is shaken vigorously. The rinse is collected and transported to a
laboratory for analysis. The procedure is faster than the swabbing technique;
however, it also will not remove residues that are absorbed into the skin
during the exposure period. Durham and Wolfe (1962) reported percentage of
extractable parathion pesticide using the hand rinse method ranging from 77
to 94% for the first rinse and 89 to 98% for the second rinse. The hand rinse
.recoveries for acrylamide are expected to be higher because acrylamide is more
soluble in water.
Taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of the various
monitoring devices listed above, the simple absorbent pad method as described
by Durham and Wolfe (1962) is recommended for all body parts except the hands.
Durham et al. validated the effectiveness of alpha-cellulose pads by comparing
the residues found on the pads to those found on adjacent areas of skin
swabbed with ethanol and found acceptable agreement.
Most dermal studies of pesticide have essentially adopted the number
jindjocation of dermal pads used by Durham and Wolfe (1962). They recommended
that each worker be monitored with a set of ten pads. The location of the
pads are: the front of the legs just below the knees, the front of the
thighs, the back of the forearms, on top of the shoulders, the back of the
neck at the edge of the collar, and on the upper chest near the jugular notch.
If protective clothing is worn, the worker is monitored by pads attached to
the upper back and chest to assess exposures to the face and neck. In addi-
tion, pads attached to the forearm can be utilized to assess dermal contact
to the arms if not protected by the impervious clothing.
Dermal exposure studies of pesticide workers demonstrate the impor-
tant contribution of hand exposure to overall dermal contact. Hand exposure
as a percentage to total dermal exposure range from 37 to 98%. The bag rinse
method appears to be the method of choice. Durham and Wolfe (1962) found that
they could recover approximately twice as much residue from the worker's hands
by using the bag rinse method rather than the swab method. . .
A-4
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2.2 Dermal Contact Assessment (except of hands) Using the Dermal Pad
Method
2.2.1 Sampling Protocol
Pads to be used for estimating dermal contact are to be constructed
from preparative chromatography paper (17 Chr) available in sheets from
Whatman, Inc. of Clifton, New Jersey. The chromatography paper is cut into
4-in. (10.2-cm) squares which are then stapled to the center of a 5 in. square
protective backing of glassine paper available from Schleicher and Schuell,
Inc. Both materials are also readily available through laboratory supply
companies. When handling the absorbent pads, skin contact should be avoided
by wearing disposable surgical gloves.
The pads are to be labeled prior to the site visit using barcode
labels which will identify the samples and track them through the sampling
and analytical procedures. A set of six identical barcode labels will be
printed for each sample. Each set of labels will have a unique number. One
of the adhesive labels in the set shall be affixed to the back of the glassine
protective backing. Each pad shall then be placed into individual zip-lock
plastic bags. The other five adhesive labels from the same set shall be af-
fixed to the outside of the plastic bag. The sample numbers will be logged
with a laptop computer and light pen using barcode software.
At the survey site, a corresponding barcode label from the dermal
pad will be affixed to a Dermal Assessment Data Sheet which contain pertinent
information concerning the site location, sampling data, subject information,
etc. Following the sampling period, each dermal pad shall be returned to its
original container.
Assuming that full impervious protective clothing is used by the
subject, six pads will be attached to the worker. The locations of the pads
are:
1. On the right forearm midway between the wrist and elbow, on the
side of the arm opposite the palm - the pad shall be positioned face up with
the glassine backing taped flush against the skin. Attach the pad with sur-
gical tape applied only to the glassine backing.
2. On the left forearm midway between the wrist and elbow, on the
side of the arm opposite the palm - the pad shall be positioned face up with
the glassine backing flush against the skin using surgical tape as described
above.
3. On the subject's upper back immediately below the collar. The
pad shall be positioned face up on the outside of the protective clothing
using safety pins.
4. On the upper chest near the Jugular notch. The pad shall be
positioned face up on the outside of the protective clothing using safety pins.
A-5
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5. On the top of the right shoulder - the pad shall be positioned
face up with the glassine backing against the outside of the workers' protec-
tive clothing using safety pins.
6. On top of the left shoulder - the pad shall be positioned face
up with the glassine backing against the outside of the worker's protective
clothing using safety pins.
If impervious protective clothing is not worn by the worker, 10
dermal pads will be attached to the worker. The locations of the pads are:
1. On the right forearm, midway between the wrist and elbow, on
the side of the arm opposite the palm - the pad shall be positioned face up
with the glassine backing flush against the outside of worker's street clothes
using safety pins. If the worker is wearing a short sleeve shirt, attach the
pad directly against the skin using surgical tape.
2. On the left forearm midway between the wrist and elbow, on the
side of the arm opposite the palm - the pad shall be positioned face up with
the glassine backing flush against the outside of the worker's street clothes
using safety pins. If the worker is wearing a short sleeve shirt, attach the
pad directly against the skin using surgical tape.
3. On the subject's upper back immediately below the collar. The
pad shall be positioned face up on the outside of the worker's street clothes
using safety pins.
4. On the upper chest near the jugular notch. The pad shall be
positioned face up on the outside of the worker's street clothes using safety
pins.
5. On the top of the right shoulder - the pad shall be positioned
face up with the glassine backing against the outside of the worker's street
clothes using safety pins.
6. On top of the left shoulder - the pad shall be positioned face
up with jthe_ glassine backing against the outside of the worker's street
clothes using safety pins.
7. On the right front thigh - the pad shall be positioned face up
with the glassine backing against the outside of the worker's street clothes
using safety pins.
8. On the left front thigh - the pad shall be positioned face up
with the glassine backing against the outside of the worker's street clothes
using safety pins.
9. On the right front shin just below the knee - the pad shall be
positioned face up with the glassine backing against the outside of the
worker's clothes using safety pins. If the worker is wearing shorts, the pad
will be attached directly against the skin using surgical tape.
A-6
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10. On the left front shin just below the knee - the pad shall be
positioned face up with the glassine backing against the outside of the
worker's clothes using safety pins. If the worker is wearing shorts, the pad
will be attached directly against the skin using surgical tape.
Dermal pad sampling is to be performed during the grout equipment
assembly, grout mixing operations, grout injection operations, and equipment
disassembly operations. Sampling duration shall not exceed 4 h. If the
grouting operations exceed 4 h duration, the pads shall be changed to fresh
pads.
At the end of the sampling period the pads shall be carefully re-
moved from the worker using surgical gloves. Care should be taken not to
touch the absorbent pad. Slide the pad and glassine backing into its original
prelabeled plastic bag and seal. Place the plastic bags from a single test
subject in a sealed wide mouth jar. Seal the jar inside a plastic bag and
store the samples in a chest containing ice or blue ice packs for transport
to the laboratory. Do not use dry ice. Send the samples to the lab at the
end of each day of sampling using a next-day delivery service. A Chain-of-
Custody or Traceability Record, will be filled out and accompany all samples
sent to the laboratory. A barcode label from each sample in the shipment will
be affixed to this form and sent with the sample to MRI.
2.2.2 Quality Control Field Samples
On each day of sampling two field blanks and two spiked samples
shall be prepared. Field blanks of the dermal pads should be handled in the
same manner as the exposed pads except they are not attached to the worker.
An absorbent pad is to be removed from the plastic bag container and immedi-
ately returned to the bag and resealed. One field blank shall be prepared at
the beginning of the sampling period and one at the end of the sampling period.
The field blanks shall be stored and shipped with the exposed samples.
Two pads are to be spiked with a known quantity of acrylamide di-
luted to the approximate concentration used in the grouting material (100 g
of acrylamide per liter of water). The amount of acrylamide added to the pad
should be approximately the levels that are expected to impinge on the pads
during the field studies. One spiked sample shall be prepared at the begin-
ning of the sampling period and exposed to the same weather conditions as the
exposed samples for the duration of the sampling period. The other spiked
sample shall be prepared at the end of the sampling period. Both samples
should be handled, stored and shipped in the same manner as the exposed
samples.
2.2.3 Dermal Contact Calculations
Dermal contact will be calculated using the method described by
Durham and Wolfe (1962). An anatomical model is used to calculate dermal
contact from the amount of acrylamide found on the dermal pads. The anatom-
ical model shown in Table A-l represents surface areas of the 50th percentile
man and is derived from the data of Popendorf (1976), Popendorf and Leffingwell
(1982), Diffrient et al (1974), and NASA (1962).
A-7
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Table A-l. Dermal Exposure Pad Locations Used for Calculation of
Dermal Contact and Surface Areas of Those Regions
Body region
Exposure pads used to
represent body regions
Surface area of
regions (cm2)
Head
Back of neck
Front of neck
Hands
Back
Chest
Upper arms & shoulders
Forearms
Thighs & hips
Lower legs & feet
Shoulder pads 1,090
Back pad 115
Chest pad 115.
Total residue in hand rinse 1,320
Back pad 1,540
Chest pad 1,540
Shoulder and forearm pads 3,170
Forearm pads 1,290
Thigh pads 5,210
Shin pads 3,820
Based on the anatomic dimension of the 50th percentile man from Popendorf
b(1982, 1976), Diffrient et al (1974), and NASA (1962).
Surface area of hands is only necessary if partial swabbing or pads attached
to the hands are used for collection of residues.
A-8
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regions is.also shown in Table A-l. The amount of acrylamide per unit area
of the pad is divided by the exposure time and then multiplied by the surface
area of the unprotected body region represented by the pad. If more than one
pad represents a body region, the amount of acrylamide per unit area per expo-
sure time for each pad is averaged and then multiplied by the surface area of
the body region represented by the pads. The dermal contact to the hand is
simply the total residue as determined by the bag rinse, divided by the expo-
sure time. The total dermal contact to the body is the sum of the calculated
dermal contact to the individual body region.
2.3 Dermal Contact Assessment Using the Hand Rinse Method
2.3.1 Sampling Protocol
Hand rinses shall be performed using the bag technique as first de-
scribed by Durham and Wolfe (1962). The bag shall be a 5-1/2 in. by 15 in.
polyethylene Whirlpak (No. B1027) supplied by NASCO of Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin.
The hand rinses shall be transferred into 402 mason jars which shall be cleaned
and labeled prior to the site visit using a barcode system.
A set of six identical barcode labels will be printed for each sample.
Each set of labels will have a unique number. Prior to the site visit, all
six labels shall be affixed to the outside of the mason jar. The sample num-
bers will be logged with a laptop computer and light pen using barcode software.
At the survey site, one of the corresponding barcode labels from the mason
jar will be transferred to a Dermal Assessment Data Sheet which contains per-
tinent information concerning the site location, sampling data, subject infor-
mation, etc.
Prior to sampling the polyethylene bag shall be rinsed twice with
100 mL of distilled water. Discard the rinse water. Add 50 ml of distilled
water to the bag. Insert the subject's hand into the bag. While the bag
tightly held below the wrist bone, the hand is shaken vigorously in the dis-
tilled water for 50 shakes. Allow the water to drain from the hand for 10 s
before removing the hand. Transfer the wash water to a clean, 4 oz wide-mouth
mason jar. The mason jars are to be cleaned prior to the site visit with
Alconox followed by two rinses with deionized water. Rinse the bag with 25
mL of distilled water and add the rinse to the wash water in the mason jar.
Seal the mason jar with a Teflon-lined cap. Seal each sample in a plastic
bag and place them in a chest containing ice or blue ice packs for transport
to the laboratory. Do not use dry ice. Ship the samples to the laboratory
at the end of each sampling day using a next-day delivery service.
Hand rinses should be conducted at the start of the workshift, imme-
diately after the equipment assembly operation and immediately after the equip-
ment disassembly operation. For manhole sealing operations a hand rinse should
be performed immediately after the injection gun operator exits the manhole.
A hand rinse should be performed after the workers remove their protective
clothing at break periods and at the end of the day.
A-9
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2.3.2 Quality Control Field Samples
On each day of sampling two field blanks and two spiked samples
shall be prepared. The field blanks are prepared using the same method and
materials as the samples. Pre-rinse the fresh polyethylene bag as described
above but instead of discarding the water transfer the rinse water into a
clean prelabeled wide-mouth mason jar. Next add 50 ml of distilled water to
the bag, shake vigorously 50 times and transfer the distilled water to a sec-
ond prelabeled mason jar. Post-rinse the bag as described in the sampling
procedure. Seal the mason jar with a Teflon-lined cap and place the field
blank in the ice chest with the other samples. One field blank should be
prepared at the beginning of the sampling period and the other at the end.
Two spiked field samples shall be prepared using the same method as
the blank, except that a known amount of acrylamide is added to the distilled
water just prior to shaking the bag. The concentration of acrylamide in the
fortified samples should be approximately the concentration expected in hand
washes. One spiked field sample should be prepared at the beginning of the
sampling period and the other at the end.
3.0 EQUIPMENT WIPE SAMPLING PROTOCOL
Wipe samples shall be collected on representative surfaces of equip-
ment regularly handled by the chemical grouting operators to evaluate surface
contamination. The collecting media will be 37-mm glass fiber filters mois-
tened with distilled water. Clean disposable surgical gloves (individual
packaged powderless type) will be worn whenever the filters are handled. Care
should be taken not to contaminate the exterior of the glove when they are
donned.
The wipe samples are. to be shipped back to the lab in glass vials.
Prior to the site visit, the vials shall be cleaned with Alconox and rinsed
twice with deionized water. The sample vials are to be labeled using barcode
adhesive labels. A set of six identical barcode labels will be printed for
each sample. Each set of labels will have a unique number. One of the adhe-
sive labels in the set shall be_atfixed to the sample vial and then placed
into individual zip-lock plastic bags. Another adhesive label 'from the same
set shall be affixed to the outside of the plastic bag. The other labels in
the set shall be placed inside the plastic bag. The sample numbers will be
logged with a laptop computer and light pen using barcode software.
At the sampling site, remove the filter from the packaging while
wearing clean disposable gloves. Moisten the filter with distilled water.
Gently wipe approximately 100 cm2 of the surface to be sampled. Use a mea-
sured 100 cm2 template as a guide to judge the size of the area to be wiped.
Without allowing the filter to contact any other surfaces, fold the filter
with the exposed side in, then fold it again. Return the filter to the la-
beled glass vial and seal with a teflon lined cap. Affix one of the barcode
labels on a Wipe1Sampling Data Sheet and record the pertinent information
concerning the site location, complete description of the sampling location,
etc., that can be traced to the unique sample number. Seal the vials in its
A-10
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original plastic bag and store them in a chest containing ice or blue ice
packs for transport to the laboratory. Do not use dry ice. Ship the samples
to the laboratory at the end of each sampling day using a next-day delivery
service.
Wipe sampling shall be conducted on the following equipment; top of
the control panel desk in the Mobile Reveal and Seal Unit, outside of each
mixing tank after mixing operations, the back of work gloves, inside and out-
side of respirators, the handle of the injection gun (manhole sealing opera-
tions only), side of the packer (main and lateral line operations only), the
hydraulic hose connected to the injection gun or packer, and the side of a
safety cone in the road. Wipe sampling need not be limited to this list.
Wipe samples should be collected on any other frequently handled equipment
that appear to be contaminated with grouting material.
3.1 Quality Control Field Samples
On each day of sampling two field blanks and two spiked wipe samples
shall be prepared. Field blanks of the collection media should be handled in
the same manner as the exposed filter media. Moisten a wipe filter with dis-
tilled water and immediately place the filter into a labeled vial container.
One field blank shall be prepared at the beginning of the sampling period and
one at the end of the sampling period. The blanks are to be stored and
shipped with the exposed samples.
Two glass fiber filters, are to be spiked with a known quantity of
acrylamide diluted to the approximate concentration used in the grouting mate-
rial (100 g of acrylamide per liter of water). The amount of acrylamide added
to the filters should be approximately the levels that are expected to be
collected on the wipe samples during the field studies. One spiked sample
shall be prepared at the beginning of the sampling period and the other at
the end of the sampling period. The spiked samples should be handled, stored
and shipped in the same manner as the exposed samples.
4.0 REFERENCES
American Cyanamid Company. 1981. Stamford Laboratory: Validation of
an Analytical and Air Sampling Method for Acrylamide in Air.
Hills BW and Greife AL. 1986. Evaluation of Occupational Acrylamide
Exposures. Applied Industrial Hygiene (1), 148.
Durham WF and Wolfe HR. 1962. Measurement of Exposure of Workers to
Pesticides, Bull. WHO(26), 75.
Durham WF. 1965. Pesticides Exposure Levels in Man and Animal. Arch.
Environ. Health, 10, 842.
A-11
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Popendorf WJ. 1976. An Industrial Hygiene Investigation into the
Occupational Hazard of Parathion Residues to Citrus Harvesters. Doctoral
Dissert., University of California, Berkeley, California.
Popendorf WJ, and Leffingwell JT. 1982. Regulating OP Pesticides
Residues for Farmworker Protection, Residue Reviews (82), 125.
Diffrient N, Tilley AR, and Bardardagjy. 1974. Human Scale 1/2/3.
MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1962. NASA Life Sciences
Data Book, Washington, D.C.
Davis JE. 1980. Minimizing Occupationl Exposure to Pesticides: Personal
Monitoring. Residues Review. 75, 33.
Midwest Research Institute. 1979. Sampling and Analysis of Selected
Toxic Substances; Task 1: Acrylamide for EPA/USEEPA. Washington, D.C.
A-12
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QAPP APPENDIX B
FIELD OBSERVATION SHEETS
B-l
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GENERAL OBSERVATIONS - Sewer Chemical Grouting Operation
Site ID: Date: Time:
Signature: Title:
I. GROUTING CONTRACTOR INFORMATION
Name:
Address:
II. DESCRIPTION OF SITE
Street:
County: City:
State:
III. WORKFORCE
A. Number of employees on site:
B. Workforce Description
Job Title: Duties:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B-2
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Site ID:
Signature:
Date:
Time:
Title:
IV. EMPLOYEE INFORMATION
NOTE: Fill out one information sheet for each employee on site
Employee Name: Job Title:
Comments:
A. Has this employee
received training?
If yes, specify.
B. Is this employee
licensed?
If yes, specify.
C. Did the grouting
material come in
contact with this
employee's- skin? .
If yes, specify.
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
[] []
D. Has this employee experienced any of the following symptoms
since he/she has worked with grouting chemicals?
Yes No
[] []
1. Shortness of
Breath?
Yes No
2. Muscular weakness [] []
of the hands, arms
legs or feet?
3. Numbness or
tingling of the
hands or feet?
Yes No
[] []
Yes No
4. Excessive sweat- '[] []
ing of the hands
or feet?
Yes No
5. Red or peeling [] []
skin of the hands
or feet?
Yes No
6. Excessive fatigue [] []
or lethargy?
B-3
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Site ID: Date: Time:
Signature: Title:
V. PRE-OPERATION SAFETY PROCEDURES:
A. Does this company have a written safety and Yes No
health program? [] []
B. Do the employees know the company's safety and Yes No
health policy? [ ] [ ]
C. Are employees aware of the hazards of confined Yes No
space entry? [] []
Yes No
D. Was an entry permit issued from the sewer district? [] []
E. Was confined space atmospheric testing performed Yes No
prior to entry into the sewer? . [] []
F. Was confined space atmospheric testing performed Yes No
during the operation? [] [ ]
G. Was the airspace in the sewer ventilated prior Yes No
to entry? [ ] [ ]
H. Was the airspace in the sewer ventilated during Yes No
the grouting operation? [] []
I. Were procedures for stand-by, communication and Yes No
rescue followed? [] []
Yes No
J. Is a first aid kit available? [] []
K. Are any employees on site trained in first aid Yes No
and/or CPR? [ ] [ ]
Yes No
L. Are spillage cleanup kits available? [] []
Yes No
M. Is safety equipment kept in good operating condition? [] []
N. Are adequate skin and eye washing facilities Yes No
available on site? [] []
0. Are respirators fit tested? Do beard, sideburn, or Yes No
temple of glasses, etc. interfere with respirator fit?[] []
B-4
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Site ID: Date: Time:
Signature: Title:
VI. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
NOTE: Fill out one information sheet for each employee on site
Job Title:
Yes No Comments:
A. Impervious [] []
gloves?
Specify type.
Yes No
B. Glove liners? [] []
Specify type.
Yes No
C. Impervious [] []
Coveralls?
Specify type.
Yes No
D. Safety • [] [•]
harness?
Yes No
E. Respiratory [] []
Protection?
Specify type. • .
Yes No
F. Head protection? [] []
Specify type.
Yes No
G. Eye protection? [] []
Specify type.
Yes No
H. Impervious boots? [] []
Specify type.
Yes No
I. Change of [] []
Clothes? .
Comments on general condition of PPE:
B-5
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Site ID: Date: Time:
Signature: Title:
VII. CHEMICAL GROUTING PROCESS:
Type of grouting operation performed? [] Main line sealing
[] Lateral line sealing
[] Manhole sealing
Step 1. Equipment preparation and assembly
A. Is there visible grouting residue on the Yes No
equipment? [ ] [ ]
B. Are gloves and protective clothing worn by Yes No
the operators during the assembly process? [] []
C. Was direct skin contact to grouting materials . Yes No
observed during this operation? [] []
General Observations:
D. Approximate duration of assembly operation. minutes
Step 2. Installing the equipment assembly in the manhole
A. Are gloves and protective clothing worn by Yes No
the operators during the installation process? [] []
B. Was direct skin contact to grouting materials Yes No
observed during this operation? [ ] [ ]
•General Observations:
C. Approximate duration of installation operation. minutes
B-6
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Site ID: Date: Time:
Signature: ; Title:
Step 3. Chemical grout mixing operation
A. Product name of grouting material(s):
B. Name and address of manufacturer(s):
C. The monomer used was [] acrylamide [] acrylate
Yes No
D. Was spillage observed during the mixing process? [] []
Yes No
E. Was spillage observed during the gel test? [] []
F. Was spillage immediately cleaned up? Yes No
(specify method in general comments section) [] []
*
G. Was visible airborne dust observed during the Yes No
mixing operation? (acrylamide only) [] []
H. Was direct skin contact with chemical grouting Yes No
materials observed during the mixing operation? [] []
I. Was the mixing area ventilated? . Yes No
(specify in general comments section) [] []
J. Was respiratory protection used during the Yes No
mixing process? [ ] [ ]
K. Were bags, cups, grout test samples disposed Yes No
of in enclosed containers? [] []
L. Approximate duration of each batch mixing operation:
M. Quantities of chemical grout materials used:
General Comments:
B-7
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Site ID: Date: Time:
Signature: Title:
Step 4. Chemical grout injection operation
A. Was the injection process performed remotely Yes No
using a packer and video camera? [] []
B. Was the chemical grout injected manually using Yes No
an injection gun? [] []
C. Was respiratory protection used during manual Yes No
injection operations? [] []
D. Were there any apparent leaks in the injection Yes No
equipment? [] []
E. Was direct skin contact to grouting chemicals Yes No
observed during the pumping operation? [ ] [ ]
F. Was the injection gun equipped, with an Yes No
anti-splash back guard? (manual operation only) [] []
General Observations:
G. Approximate duration of pumping operation. minutes
B-8
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Site ID:.
Signature:'
Date:
Time:
Title:
Step 5. Equipment disassembly and cleanup
A. Was spillage observed during the equipment Yes No
disassembly operation? [] []
B. Was direct skin contact with grouting materials Yes No
observed during the disassembly operation? [] []
C. Was direct skin contact with contaminated Yes No
protective equipment observed when it was removed? [] []
D. Is grouting equipment routinely washed at Yes No
the end of the day? [] []
E. Are respirators and protective clothing routinely Yes No
cleaned after each use? [] []
F. Are respirator and protective clothing properly Yes No
disposed of or otherwise stored after use? [] []
G. Are disposal containers equipped with a tight Yes. No
fitting lid? [] []
H. Are disposal and storage containers properly Yes No
labelled as to their contents? [] []
General observations and comments:
I. Approximate duration of disassembly operation.
J. Approximate duration of cleanup operation.
_minutes
minutes
B-9
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Site ID: Date: Time;
Signature: Title:
VIII. SCHEMATICS
A. Worksite:
B. Service van:
B-10
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QAPP APPENDIX C
ANALYTICAL PROTOCOL
C-l
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1.0 Analytical Method for Acrylamide
1.1 This method has been developed for the determination of trace quan-
tities of aery1 amide in field test samples (dermal pads, surface
wipes, air monitors, and hand rinses) for assessment of worker expo-
sure to aery1 amide during chemical grouting operations.
1.2 This method yields the total weight of acrylamide present per field
sample. Information about the exposure levels of acrylamide must
be related to the type of sample and collection parameters.
2.0 SUMMARY OF METHOD
This method describes the procedures to determine the total quantity of
acrylamide present in field test samples. A general diagram of the
method is shown in Figure C-l.
The analysis procedure will consist of extracting acrylamide from field
test samples with a minimum known volume of acidic (pH 3.7) water. An
aliquot of the sample extract will be filtered and analyzed by HPLC.
The chromatograms of the sample extracts will then be obtained and digit-
ized by means of an A/D converter box interfaced with the HPLC system.
One or more field blank samples will be extracted and analyzed concomi-
tantly for comparative purposes. All of the sample and blank chrpmato-
graphs will be stored on floppy disks for future data manipulation.
3.0 INTERFERENCES
3.1 Due to the nature of the analytical technique used, this method is
susceptible to low UV interferences. Glassware should therefore be
thoroughly rinsed with the solvent before use.
3.2 All glassware used in the sampling and analytical procedures will
be thoroughly cleaned with Alconox and rinsed twice with deionized
water.
4.0 SAFETY
All manipulations made with acrylamide samples should be performed in a
fume hood or glove box. Gloves and other appropriate safety apparel
should be worn at all times. Solid and liquid waste should be disposed
of in the proper manner.
5.0 APPARATUS AND MATERIALS
s
5.1 Solution Preparation
5.1.1 1,000 .mL graduated cylinder
C-2
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Dermal Pads
Air Monitor Samples
Wipe Samples
Field QC Samples and Blanks
Extract Aery1 amide with Known
Water Adjusted to pH 3.7
Hand Rinse Samples
(using known volume of rinse)
Standard Solutions
Lab QC Samples
Blanks
Analyze by HPLC
\i
Calculate Total Weight of
Aery1 amide (ug/L) for Sample,
Corrected for Dilutions.
Figure C-l.
Flow chart for the determination'of acrylamide
in 'fi'eld samples.
C-3
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5.1.2 1 gal. glass bottle
5.1.3 Glass volumetric pipets (TD) - 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 ml
5.1.4 Volumetric flasks - 50, 100, and 250 mL (low actinic or
foil-wrapped)
5.1.5 Disposable pipettes
5.1.6 Beakers - 100 ml
5.1.7 Filters - (0.2) urn Mi 11 ex FG membranes (Millipore)
5.1.8 Glass jars (opaque) - 4 oz with Teflon®-lined lid liners
5.1.9 10-mL disposable syringe (Luer tip)
5.2 Balance - Analytical capable of accurately weighing to 0.00001 g.
5.3 Shaker - Capable of shaking 4-oz jars at 1 oscillation/s. If a
wrist-action type shaker is employed, Teflon®-lined lid liners must
be used on the glass jars.
5.4 Ultrasonic bath
5.5 HPLC data storage system
5.5.1 HPLC system
Instrument: Varian Model 5000 liquid chromatograph with autosampler
Varian UV-50 variable wavelength detector, Heath Model
255B chart recorder
Column: Altex Ultrasphere (TM) ODS dp = 5u, 4.6 mm x 25 cm
5.5.2 Nelson Analytical Model 4400 Chromatography Data System,
or equivalent.
5.5.3 Nelson Analytical A/D interface box, or equivalent.
5.5.4 Magnetic media for data storage - 5-1/4 in. floppy disks,
or equivalent.
6.0 REAGENTS
6.1 Acrylamide, electrophoresis grade
6.2 Deionized water, Milli-Q water system
6.3 Sulfuric acid, reagent grade
C-4
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7.0 METHOD VALIDATION
The analytical method will be validated by evaluating the method for
accuracy, linearity, and precision. Recovery will be determined by
spiking duplicate blank sample collecting media with a known quantity of
aery1 amide. Validation will be confirmed if the average recovery effi-
ciency for acrylamide falls in the range 70 to 130%.
8.0 SAMPLE STORAGE
8.1 Unless instructed otherwise, field samples will be stored in the
dark at subambient temperature in their original packing containers
until the analysis is completed.
8.2 Individual samples will be retained at the discretion of EPA. Sub-
ambient temperature storage is advised if samples are to be retained
for long periods of time.
9.0 SAMPLE EXTRACTION
9.1 Carefully transfer the filter or train adsorbent sample to a 4-oz
opaque glass jar. Pipette 20 ml of water (pH 3.7) into the cassette
holder, cap tightly, and shake the cassette vigorously for 30 s.
9.2 Transfer the cassette rinse solution to the 4-oz jar using a dis-
posable glass pipette.
9.3 Place the jar in a shaker for 10 min. The shaker must oscillate at
least once per second.
9.4 The extract solution must be analyzed the same day of preparation.
10.0 STANDARD SOLUTION PREPARATION
10.1 Prepare a stock standard solution by accurately weighing (to the
nearest 0.1 mg) approximately 500 mg of electrophoresis grade
acrylamide and transferring the chemical to a 100-mL volumetric
flask. Dissolve the chemical to a 100-mL volume by adding the
acidic water-solution (concentration = 5,000 ug/mL).
10.2 Dilute the stock standard solution prepared in 10.1, 5 mL to 250 mL
to make a 100 ug/mL standard solution.
10.3 Dilute the 100 ug/mL standard solution, prepared in 10.2, 5 mL to
50 mL to make a 10 pg/mL standard solution.
10.4 Dilute the 10 ug/mL standard solution, prepared in 10.3, 5 mL to
50 mL to make a 1 pg/mL standard solution.
C-5
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10.5 Dilute the 1 ug/mL standard solution, prepared in 10.4, 5 mL to 50 ml
to make a 0.1 ug/mL standard solution.
10.6 Standard solutions should be analyzed the same day of preparation.
10.7 Prepare check standard solutions by repeating steps 10.1 through
10.3.-
11.0 PREPARATION OF SPIKED FILTER BLANKS
11.1 Place a blank filter into a 4-oz glass jar.
11.2 Using a 50-uL syringe, carefully load 30 uL of the acrylamide stock
standard solution from Step 10.1 onto the filter.
11.3 Analyze this spiked filter blank with the samples the same day of
preparation according to the procedures outlined in Steps 9.1-9.4.
11.4 Repeat Steps 11.1-11.5 for the duplicate spiked filter blank.
12.0 ANALYSIS OF ACRYLAMIDE SOLUTIONS
12.1 HPLC Operating System
Instrument: Varian Model 5000 Liquid Chromatograph with
Autosampler
Varian UV-50 variable wavelength detector, Heath Model
255B chart recorder
Column: Altex Ultrasphere (TM) ODS du = 5 u, 4.6 mm x 25 cm
Eluting Solvent: Water adjusted to pH 3.7 with sulfuric acid:
H20 (1:10 v/v)
Flow: 1.0 mL/min
Detection: UV at 200 nm
Chart: 0.1 in/min
Injection volume: 100 uL
Retention time of acrylamide: ~ 4 min
12.2 Analog/Digital Computer Interface Box Operating Parameters
Maximum input voltage: 10 V
Run time: 8 min
Sampling time: 1 point/s
12.3 Analysis of Acrylamide Solutions
12.3.1 Withdraw a portion of each standard, blank, or sample
into a 10-mL disposable syringe, attach a 0.2-um Mi 11 ex
GF filter onto the end, and filter into a autosampler vial
C-6
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12.3.2 Establish the calibration curve by injecting the series
of standards prepared in Steps 10.2-10.6 in duplicate using
the HPLC/data system described in 10.1-10.2. Adjust the
absorbance range attenuation and injection volume to make
the acrylamide peak of the highest concentrated standard
~ 90% full scale on the chart recorder. Analyze the sam-
ples using duplicate injection with a mid-point standard
injected after every five samples to monitor the perfor-
mance of the HPLC system. Start the A/D box at the begin-
ning of the run.
12.3.3 If the concentration of the sample exceeds the linear
range of the calibration curve, prepare an appropriate
dilution of that sample and reanalyze it.
12.3.4 Plot the data file in the "re-detect" mode of the
integration software.
12.3.5 Obtain a hardcopy of the file integration for archiving
purposes.
13.0 CALCULATIONS
13.1 Using the integration software from Nelson analytical, prepare a
peak summary table of the integrated areas of the analysis.
13.2 Evaluate the calibration curve by calculating the correlation coef-
ficient and linear regression equation for the standard data. The
correlation coefficient should be greater than 0.995. Calculate
the relative standard deviation (RSD) for the responses of the mid-
point standard solution that was injected throughout the analysis.
The RSD should not exceed ±20%.
13.3 Calculate the total weight of acrylamide in each sample using peak
areas and the linear regression equation computed from the standard
data, corrected for sample dilution.
13.4 Calculate the recovery values for the spiked standards using the
following formula:
Recovery (%) = Found weight of acrylamide x 1QO
Actual weight of acrylamide spiked
13.5 Evaluate the precision of the analytical system by preparing a con-
trol chart of the responses from the mid-point standard solution
that was injected throughout the analysis of the samples.
C-7
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3037?-IQ1
1. REPORT NO.
EPA 560/5-87-009
i'l
REPORT DOCUMENTATION
PAGE
4. Title and Subtitle
Assessment of Airborne Exposure and Dermal Contact
to Acrylamide During Chemical Grouting Operations
7. Author(s)
James M. McHugh
9. Performing Orgaflization Name and Address
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Blvd.
Kansas City, Missouri 64110
S. Report Date
July 22, 1987_
6.
8. Performing Organization Rept. No.
9850-Afni)
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
Field Studies Branch
Office of Toxic Substances
U.S. Environmental" Protection Agency
, n.cy 2(\A60 ____ ___________
1. Recipient's Accession No.
10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
Wa No. 50
11. ContracUC) or Grant(C) No.
(o 68-02-4252
(G)
13. Type of Report & Period Covered
_Final Report
14.
IS. Supplementary Note*.
Joseph J. Breen, Project Officer; Tom Murray, Work Assignment Manager
16. Abstract (Limit: ZOO words)
Acrylamide exposure may occur by inhalation, ingestion and skin
bsorption; Acrylamide is a neurotoxin and an irritant.
This report details the results of field studies to assess airborne
xposure and dermal contact to acrylamide during chemical grouting
iperations. Occupational exposures to acrylamide were characterized
or sewer mainline, lateral line and manhole maintenance operations.
The objective of this study was to collect exposure data based on
observations and measurements to be used as an integral part of a
quantitative risk assessment by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
Office of Toxic Substances.
7. Document Analyst* a. Descriptors
Acrylamide
Dermal contact
Airborne Exposure
Grouting Operations
b, Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
Literature Review
HPLC
c, COSATI Held/Group
Availability Statement
Release Unlimited
19. Security Class (This Report)
..unclassified
• 20. Security Class (This Page)
21. No. of Pages
JL19
22. Price
See ANSUZ39.18)
See Instructions on Reverse
OPTIONAL FORM 272 (4-77)
(Formerly NTIS-3S)
Department of Commerce
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