UNITED STATES
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY
OFFICE OF PESTICIDES
AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES
JUNE 1980
EPA 68 01 6021
TOXIC SUBSTANCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELECTED
REPORTS ON ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY AND ITS U
IN MONITORING ASBESTOS
JUNE 1980
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BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELECTED REPORTS ON
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND ITS USE
IN MONITORING ASBESTOS
JUNE 1980
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES
OFFICE OF PROGRAM INTEGRATION AND INFORMATION
WASHINGTON, D.C.
Prepared by
TRACOR JITCO, INC.
ROCKVILLE, MD
Contract 68-01-6021
EPA Project Officer: Gerry Brown
Tracor Jitco Project Manager: Regina Origoni
Compiler, Editor: M. Virginia Shreve
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INTRODUCTION
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Office of Program Integration
and Information (OPII) encourages international cooperation on
the measurement and control of toxic chemicals. OPII supports
the efforts of the Asbestos International Association to develop
and standardize occupational and non-occupational monitoring
protocols for asbestos.
The Association's Third Colloquium on Dust Measuring
Techniques and Strategy - Cannes, France, June 10-12, 1980
will address non-occupational exposure to asbestos and will
serve as a forum to document the state-of-the-art in electron
microsocopy, circa 1980. The Colloquium will allow the parti-
cipants to exchange ideas and perceptions on the various
problems associated with asbestos measurements and will provide
a backdrop against which the participants may gauge their own
research progress in the coming years.
To assist the participants in placing Cannes and June 1980
into perspective, a bibliography of selected documents and
reports issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on
electron microscopy has been assembled as a quick reference
document; several additional reports from other government
agencies are also included. The reports selected are considered
those most relevant to the agenda of the Colloquium. They are
alphabetized by principal author or investigator.
The Office of Program Integration and Information extends
best wishes to the Association for continued success with its
series of International Colloquiums on Dust Measuring Techniques
and Strategy.
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Anderson, C.H.; Long, J.M.
Interim Method for Determining Asbestos in Water
Sponsoring Organization:
Analytical Chemistry Branch
Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Athens, Georgia
EPA-600/4-80-005, 44 p. January 1980
Scope and Application:
This method is applicable to drinking water and water supplies.
The method determines the number of asbestos fibers per
liter, the size (length and width) of the fibers, the size
distribution, and the total mass. The method distinguishes
chrysotile from amphibole asbestos. The detection limits
are variable and depend upon the amount of total extraneous
particulate matter in the sample as well as the contamina-
tion level in the laboratory environment. Under favorable
circumstances, 0.01 million fibers per liter (MFL) can be
detected. The detection limit for total mass of asbestos
fibers is also variable and depends upon the fiber size
and size distribution in addition to the factors affecting
the total fiber count. The detection limit under favorable
conditions is in the order of 0.1 nanogram per liter (ng/L).
The method is not intended to furnish a complete character-
ization of all the fibers in water.
It is beyond the scope of this method to furnish detailed
instruction in electron microscopy, electron diffraction,
or crystallography. It is assumed that those using this
method will be sufficiently knowledgeable in these fields
to understand the methodology involved.
Summary of Method:
A variable, known volume of water sample is filtered through
a 0.1 micrometer (pm ) Nuclepore filter to trap asbestos fibers
and the filter is then carbon coated. A small portion of the
carbon coated filter with deposited fibers is placed on an
electron microscope grid and the filter material is removed by
gentle solution in organic solvent. The material remaining on
the electron microscope grid is examined in a transmission micro-
scope at a magnification of about 20,OOOX. The asbestos fibers
are identified by their morphology and electron diffraction
patterns and their lengths and widths are measured. The total
area examined in the electron microscope is determined and the
number of asbestos fibers in this area is counted. The
concentration in MFL is calculated from the number of fibers
counted, the amount of water filtered, and the ratio of the
total filtered area/sampled filter area. The mass per liter
is calculated from the assumed density and the volume of the fibers ,
(from Text)
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Chatfield, E.J.; Glass, R.W.
Preparation of Water Samples for Asbestos Fiber Counting
by Electron Microscopy
Sponsoring Organization:
Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Athens, Georgia
EPA-600/4-78-011, (OTIS #PB-280 183/5BE) 118 p. 1978
Procedures used by a number of laboratories for the analysis
of asbestos fibers in water samples were investigated using
standardized aqueous dispersions of chrysotile, crocidolite,
and taconite tailings. Filtration problems when using poly-
carbonate filters were solved, and an optimum filtration tech-
nique was developed that permits microscopically uniform
deposits to be obtained. Replicate analyses established fiber
losses and reproducibility of five filter preparation techniques,
The uniformity of the deposits on all the final electron micro-
scope preparations was expressed quantitatively, and the most
satisfactory performance was given by all of the Nuclepore
techniques. Ultrasonic treatment at 20 kHz increased fiber
concentrations of chrysotile suspensions but had no effect on
crocidolite suspensions.
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Cook, P.M.; Smith, P.L.; Wilson, D.6.
Amphibole Fiber Concentration Determination for a Series
of Community Air Samples; Use of X-Ray Diffraction to
Supplement Electron Microscope Analysis
Sponsoring Organization:
Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Duluth, Minnesota
EPA-600/J-78-059, (NTIS #PB-289 183/6ST) 15 p. 1978
The accurate measurement of annual average mineral fiber
concentrations at various air sampling sites provides the
best index of non-occupational inhalation exposure to fibers
in a community located near an industrial source of airborne
amphibole fibers. The transmission electron microscope
analysis of enough individual high volume air samples to
provide annual average fiber concentrations is not feasible
because of the great time and expense required. X-ray
diffraction analysis of air samples collected on membrane
filters over periods of several days offers a reliable
measurement of amphibole mineral mass concentration. An
excellent linear correlation (r=0.94 for N=12) exists
between the amphibole mass concentrations (x-ray diffraction)
and amphibole fiber concentrations (transmission electron
microscope). The correlation equation is used to calculate
amphibole fiber concentrations from over 300 x-ray diffraction
analyses. The accuracy and precision of both techniques are
discussed as well as particle concentration variations
influenced by meteorology, emission sources, and sampling
location.
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Gerber, R.M.; Rossi, R.C.
Evaluation of Electron Microscopy for Process Control
in the Asbestos Industry
Performing Organization:
Aerospace Corporation
Los Angeles, California
Sponsoring Organization:
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S.Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
EPA-600/2-77-059, (NTIS #PB-266 091/8ST) 55 p. 1977
The report gives results of an evaluation of the transmission
electron microscope (TEM) and the scanning electron microscope
(SEM) as potential tools for fine particle asbestos counting
for process control in the asbestos industry. The study
defined the capabilities and limitations of the instruments
in applications where asbestos specificity is not necessarily
required, and where analysis cost must be minimal. The
study showed that the microscopes are equally capable of
counting all fibers in the full particle size distribution;
but, for reasons of agglomeration and confusion with the
filter texture, each microscope can observe only 75% of the
distribution. In contrast, present standard light microscopy
methods observe only the coarser 10% of the distribution,
without resolving the fine fibers. Optimum asbestos fiber
counting was done at 15,000 times magnification and at
fiber concentrations on the filter between 40,000 and
80,000 fibers per sq. mm. The minimum number of fibers
counted to obtain high statistical confidence was 200
fibers per datum point. Standard techniques for filter
sample preparation were found to have no effect for either
instrument. Ashing of filters to remove non-asbestos fibers
was responsible for 85% asbestos fiber loss.
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Hesse, C.S.
Investigation of Rainwater for the Presence of Asbestos
Performing Organization:
Master's Thesis
Illinois University Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois
Sponsoring Organization:
Office of Water Research and Technology
U.S. Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C.
OWRT-A-071-ILL (4), (NTIS #PB-288 084/7ST) 55 p. 1977
A feasibility study was undertaken in order to determine
if chrysotile asbestos is present in rainwater. Rainwater
samples were collected at one Chicago and two suburban
Chicago locations. The Chicago location was near a busy
intersection and building construction. The two suburban
stations were located in residential areas. None of the
suburban rainwater samples contained levels of chrysotile
which were significantly above laboratory contamination
levels (alpha-.05). All the Chicago rainwater samples
contained significant levels of chrysotile. This finding
suggests a mechanism by which asbestos may be transferred
from air to surface water.
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Melton, C.W.; Anderson, S.J.; Dye, C.F.; Chase, W.E.;
Heffelfinger, R.E.
Development of a Rapid Analytical Method for Determining
Asbestos in Water
Performing Organization:
Battelle Columbus Labs
Columbus, Ohio
Sponsoring Organization:
Environmental Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Athens, Georgia
EPA-600/4-78-066, (NTIS #PB-290 687/3ST) 80 p. 1978
The development of a rapid analytical method for determining
chrysotile asbestos in water that requires substantially
less time per analysis than electron microscopy methods is
described. Based on the proposition that separation of
chrysotile from other waterborne particulate would greatly
simplify the task of detection, the research effort was
directed toward establishing separation and concentration
techniques. This investigation led to the development of
a separation procedure whereby chrysotile is extracted from
a water sample into an immiscible organic liquid phase. The
procedure is called two-phase liquid separation (TPLS). TPLS
has been combined with a light microscopic intercept
counting technique and with a colorimetric spot test detec-
tion technique to result in two complete rapid analytical
methods. The TPLS-light microscopic (LM) method requires more
expensive equipment than the TPLS-spot test method; however,
the limit of detection of TPLS-LM method is 1.0 ng at the
99 percent confidence level, whereas the limit of detection of
the TPLS-spot test method is approximately 100 ng. The
TPLS-LM method, therefore, is recommended as a first choice,
and the TPLS-spot test method is recommended for use under
conditions that require no greater detection sensitivity
than 100 ng per sample. Experiments have shown that 75
percent of the chrysotile is extracted by TPLS.
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Millette, J.R.
"Monitoring Drinking Water for Asbestos by Transmission
Electron Microscopy"
Sponsoring Organization:
Health Effects Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio
Symposium on the Electron Microscopy of Microfibers,
U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare Publication:
FDA-77-1033, p.85-92 1977
Abstract not available.
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Mueller, P.K.; Alcocer, A.E.; Stanley, R.L.; Smith, G.R.
Asbestos Fiber Atlas
Performing Organization:
Air and Industrial Hygiene Laboratory
California State Department of Health
Berkeley, California
Sponsoring Organization;
Chemistry and Physics Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
EPA-650/2-75-036, (NTIS #PB-244 766/2ST) 58 p. 1975
Transmission electron micrographs and corresponding selected
area electron diffraction patterns of standard specimens of
serpentine and amphibole asbestos are presented for use by
analysts as an aid in identification. Micrographs and
diffraction patterns of typical ambient air samples and of
certain minerals that often occur with airborne asbestos
are included also. Specimens were uniformly prepared and
examined in a single electron microscope.
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Pattnaik, A.; Meakin, J.D.
Development of Scanning Electron Microscopy for Measurement
of Airborne Asbestos Concentrations
Performing Organization:
Franklin Institute Research Laboratories
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Sponsoring Organization;
Chemistry and Physics Laboratory
National Environmental Research Center
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
EPA-650/2-75-029, (NTIS #PB-279 617/5ST) 90 p. 1975
The methodology that was developed at the Franklin Institute
Research Laboratories (FIRL) under the EPA Contract No.
68-02-0544, for the determination of airborne asbestos has
been perfected and developed further. Moreover, the newly
perfected technique has been applied to point source, near
the analytical method which employs a scanning electron
microscope equipped with energy dispersive x-ray analysis
for the identification and counting of airborne asbestos.
The specimens, prepared in a unique manner, are suitable
for image analysis and for a possible automated counting
system. Results of the analysis on airborne asbestos are
presented, and limitations and advantages of the present
techniques are discussed.
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Russell, P.A.; Hutchings, A.E.
Electron Microscopy and X-ray Applications to Environmental
and Occupational Health Analysis
(book) 278 p. 1978
The proceedings of a symposium discuss and evaluate applications
of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron
microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis to
analytical problems encountered in the environmental and occupa-
tional health fields. The 24 papers discuss topics such as
the use of X-ray fluorescence in the analysis of filter-
collected aerosol particles, atmospheric particulate samples
for Pb, respiratory dust in lung tissue and on membrane filters
and multielement analysis of urine; the use of X-ray diffraction
in quantitative analysis of air particulates, S distribution
studies of coals and air samples, determination of amphibole
concentration in air samples and analysis for impurities in
talc powders; the use of EM in the identification of asbestos
and particulates, in analysis of amphibole mineral fiber
and atmospheric S-contaning particles, quantitative analysis
of individual microparticles and in a study of plume aerosols
from a coal-fired power plant. Charts, tables, graphs, micro-
graphs and a subject index complement the text. Appropriate
papers are indexed in BioResearch Index.
Reprinted by permission of the BioSciences Information Service.
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Samudra, A.V.; Harwood, C.F.; Stockham, J.D.
Electron Microscope Measurement of Airborne Asbestos
Concentrations - A Provisional Methodology Manual
Performing Organization:
IIT Research Institute
Chicago, Illinois
Sponsoring Organization:
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
EPA-600/2-77-178, (NTIS #PB-276 481/9ST) 58 p. 1977
This manual describes a provisional optimum electron
microscope (EM) procedure for measuring the concentration
of asbestos in air samples. The main features of the
method include depositing an air sample on a polycarbonate
membrane filter, examining an EM grid specimen in a
transmission electron microscope (TEM), and verifying
fiber identity by selected area electron diffraction (SAED)
This provisional manual results from a study to develop an
optimum EM procedure for airborne asbestos determination.
The analytical data supporting the provisional methodology
are included in a separate final report.
Provisional Methodology - Summary:
Take an air sample on a polycarbonate membrane filter, 0.4
um, using a high-volume or personal sampler.
Coat the filter with a 40 nm thick film of carbon using a
vacuum evaporator.
Transfer the deposit from the polycarbonate filter to an
electron microscope grid using a modified Jaffe washer.
The Jaffe washer is prepared as follows. A 60 or 100 mesh
stainless steel mesh is placed on top of a paper filter stack
or foam sponge contained in a petri dish. Chloroform is
carefully poured into the petri dish until the level is just
touching the stainless steel mesh. A 1 mm x 2 mm portion of
carbon coated polycarbonate filter is placed particle side
down on a 200 mesh carbon coated copper electron microscope
(EM) grid and this pair is placed on the steel mesh. The
1 mm x 2 mm portion is wetted with a 5 ul drop of chloroform.
The polycarbonate filter will dissolve in about 24 to 48 hours.
Examine the EM grid under low magnification in the TEM to
determine its suitability for high-magnification examination.
Ascertain that the loading is suitable and is uniform, that a
high number of grid openings have their carbon film intact,
and that the sample is not contaminated.
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Samudra, A. V.; Harwood, C. F.; Stockham, J. D. (cont,)
Systematically scan the EM grid at a magnification of about
20,OQOX(screen magnification 16,OOOX) for chrysotile and
possibly a lower magnification for cases where predominant
amphibole fibers are present. Record the length and breadth
of all fibers that have an aspect ratio of greater than 3:1
and have substantially parallel sides. Observe the morphology
of each fiber through the 10X binocular and note whether a
tubular structure characteristic of chrysotile asbestos is
present. Switch into SAED mode and observe the diffraction
pattern. Note whether the pattern is typical of chrysotile
or amphibole, or whether it is ambiguous or neither chryso-
tile nor amphibole.
Count 100 fibers in several grid openings, or al-
ternatively, count all fibers in at least 10 grid openings.
If more than 300 fibers are observed in one grid opening,
then a more lightly loaded filter sample should be used. If
no other filter sample can be obtained, the available sample
should be transferred onto a 400 mesh grid. Processing of
the sample using ashing and sonification techniques should
be avoided wherever possible.
Fiber number concentration is calculated from the following
equations
Fibers/m3
Total No. of Fibers
No. of EM Fields
Iffective Filter A
Area of an EM Field,
2
Total Effective Filter Area, cm
Volume of Air Sampled, m-3
Fiber mass for each type of asbestos in the sample is calcul-
ated by assuming that the breadth measurement is a diameter;
thus, the mass can be calculated from
Mass (ug) = r (length, urn) * (diameter, urn)
(density, g/cm3) 10
3
The density of chrysotile is assumed to be 2.6 g/cm , and of
amphibole 3.0 g/cm . The mass concentration for each type of
asbestos is then calculated from
Total Mass of all
ers of that Type
Particular Type Volume of Air Sampled (m )
Other characterizing parameters of the asbestos fibers are:
(a) Length and width distributions of chrysotile fibers
(b) Volume distribution of chrysotile fibers
(c) Fiber concentration of other asbestos minerals
(d) Relative proportion of chrysotile fibers with respect
to total number of fibers, (from text)
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Stewart, I.M.
Asbestos in the Water Supplies of the Ten Regional Cities.
Part I.
Performing Organization:
Walter C. McCrone Associates, Inc.
Chicago, Illinois
Sponsoring Organization:
Office of Toxic Substances
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, B.C.
EPA-560/6-76-0}?, (NTIS #PB-252 620/OST) 60 p. April ]976
The Office of Toxic Substances of the Environmental Protection
Agency has sponsored a nationwide survey to determine the impact
of point and non-point sources on waterborne sources of asbestos.
This survey covers both natural sites, in which asbestos-con-
taining rocks are prevalent, and man-made sources (plants pro-
ducing asbestos-containing products). Additionally, it provides
for sampling water supplies in a number of cities and towns.
This report records the results of the analyses of water from
the ten cities housing Regional Headquarters of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency. These cities are: Boston, Mass.,-
New York, New York,- Philadelphia, Pa., - Atlanta, Ga., -
Chicago, 111., - Dallas, Texas, - Kansas City, Missouri, -
Denver, Colorado, - San Francisco, California, and Seattle,
Washington. The determination of asbestos content was by a
transmission electron microscopic method.
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Stewart, I.M.; Putscher, R.E.; Humecki, H.J.; Shlmps, R.J.
Asbestos Fibers in Natural Runoff and Discharges from Sources
Manufacuring Asbestos Products. Part II. Non-Point Sources and
Point Sources Manufacturing Asbestos Products.
Performing Organization:
Walter C. McCrone Associates, Inc.
Chicago, Illinois
Sponsoring Organization:
Office of Toxic Substances
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C.
EPA-560/6-76-020, (NTIS #PB-263 746/OST) 175 p. October 1976
The Office of Toxic Substances of the Environmental Protection
Agency has sponsored a nationwide survey to determine the impact
of point and non-point sources on levels of waterborne asbestos.
Part I of the final report presented the results of analyses
of water from the ten Regional cities. Part II of the final
report, contained herein, presents the results of the analyses
of water from natural sources and from point sources manufact-
uring asbestos products. The results described indicate that
waterborne levels of asbestos originating from natural sources
may be as high as 10 to the 8th power fibers per liter and is
subject to seasonal variation. Where asbestos was found, fibers
were usually below 5 micrometers in length. Levels of asbestos
originating from asbestos product manufacture may range from
below the detection limits of electron microscopy to values
in excess of 10 to the 12th power fibers per liter. Levels of
asbestos fibers above 5 micrometers in length were found in
excess of 10 to the llth power fibers per liter. The major
impact on the environment due to such sources would be expected
from asbestos paper plants which combine a high fiber content
with a large effluent flow.
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Stewart, I.M.; Putscher, R.E.; Humecki, H.J.; Shimps, R.J.
Asbestos Fibers in Discharges from Selected Mining and Milling
Activites. Part III.
Performing Organization:
Walter C. McCrone Associates, Inc.
Chicago, Illinois
Sponsoring Organization:
Office of Toxic Substances
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C.
EPA-560/6-77-001, (NTIS //PB-264 288/2ST) 50 p. January 1977
The Office of Toxic Substances of the Environmental Protection
Agency has sponsored a nationwide survey to determine the impact
of point and non-point sources on levels of waterborne asbestos.
Part I of the final report presented the results of analyses
of water from the ten Regional cities. Part II of the final
report presented the results of the analyses of water from
natural sources and from point sources manufacturing asbestos
products. Part III of the final report, contained herein,
presents the results of the analyses of water from point sources
associated with the mining and milling of potentially asbestos-
bearing rocks. The results of these analyses indicate that a
variety of mineral ore types may have asbestos minerals associ-
ated with them and that these fibers are liberated into their
effluents. In some instances, however, the final effluent has
little impact on levels in the local surface water which already
have high asbestos contents.
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"Drinking Water and Health: Recommendations of the National
Academy of Sciences"
Sponsoring Organization:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C.
Federal Register. 42(132):35763-35779 1979
A summary of a NAS report recommending maximum contaminant
levels for substances in drinking water which may have adverse
effects on humans is presented. Principles which underlie
efforts to assess the irreversible effects of long-continued
exposure to carcinogenic substances are outlined. Some recom-
mendations for future research include a survey of suspended
particulate matter in raw and treated drinking water, ingestion
studies of fibers of various types and sizes in validated animal
model systems, epidemiclogical studies of the trends in death
rates in areas of high-fiber-concentration water, electron
microscopy procedures for detecting and counting asbestos fibers,
effects of organic, inorganic, and biological toxicants adsorbed
on clay and organic particulates, and development of improved
and standardized methods for determining particle concentrations
and size distribution by optical techniques. Tables are pre-
sented which show the categories of known or suspected organic
chemical carcinogens found in drinking water, organic pesticides
and other organic contaminants in drinking water, organic pest-
icides and other organic contaminants found in drinking water
with insufficient data on chronic toxicity, and organic contam-
inants found in drinking water on which information on chronic
toxicity is lacking, (from Text)
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CURRENT ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDIES
SPONSORED BY
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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Anderson, C.H (Investigator)
Electron Microscopy
Sponsoring Organization:
Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Athens, Georgia
Contract/Grant No.: K713B-127
This project will develop an analytical method, based
on best current technology, for determining the asbestos
fiber content and size distribution in water. After
developing and publishing an interim method, new and
improved techniques will be established. Methods will be
developed for physical and chemical characterization of
particulates.
Results to Date:
An interim asbestos method, based upon state-of-the-art,
was published after applying this method on a variety of
different water sources. It has been established that
improvements are possible and therefore result in an
improved procedure.
Reprinted by permission of the Smithsonian Science Informantion Exchange.
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Feldman, R. (Investigator)
Preparation of Suspension of Asbestos in Water Suitable
for Use as Reference Samples for Electron Microscopy
Sponsoring Organization:
Water Supply Research Division
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio
Contract/Grant No.: C614A-7167
This study involves preparation of asbestos suspensions
utilizing various asbestos sources to determine the
feasibility of their use as reference samples. During
the initial phase of this project, a known mass of asbestos
will be suspended in a detergent solution containing HgCl2
preservative. The characteristics of asbestos from at
least two sources (synthetic asbestos being prepared under
contract, and asbestos being used by NIEHS in animal feeding
studies) will be examined to determine which source provides
asbestos with the desired characteristics. This asbestos
suspension must contain fibers which (1) can be analyzed
by electron diffraction and energy dispersive x-ray
fluorescence, (2) have a size distribution like that usually
found in water supplies, (3) does not clump and appears in
preparations as individual fibriles, and (4) contains
little foreign material. If satisfactory suspensions can
be prepared, they will be sorted in 20 ml sealed ampoules
and periodically analyzed to determine if the suspension
changes with time. If no significant changes occur in 6
months, then reference samples will be prepared for
distribution.
Reprinted by permission of the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange.
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Miller, J.L. (Investigator)
Morphology and Composition of Particulates Emitted by
Mobile Sources
Sponsoring Organization:
Special Techniques Group
Emissions Measurements and Characterization Division
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Contract/Grant No.: G712B-BC-06
Objectives:
Determine the morphology and elemental composition of
particulate matter emitted by mobile sources using
electron-optical techniques.
Approach:
The analyses will be carried out using transmission and
scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe measure-
ments, and advanced image analysis techniques.
Current Plans/Progress:
Particulate sources currently under study include automobile
brake linings and diesel engines, and specific items being
studied include lead and asbestos samples.
Reprinted by permission of the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange.
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Millette, J.R. (Investigator)
Assessment of Asbestos Exposure to U.S. Public from
Drinking Water
Sponsoring Organization:
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio
Contract/Grant No.: D614B-018D
The purpose of this task is to gather information either by
in-house analyses of correspondence with other researchers
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Millette, J.R. (Investigator)
Electron Microscope Analysis of Fibers in Tissue - Support
to Migration Studies
Sponsoring Organization:
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio
Contract/Grant No.: D614B-010D
The purpose of this task is to provide support for synthetic
tritiated asbestos studies of migration of asbestos fibers
in the tissues of mammals.
The outputs of the task will be in-house reports which will
eventually be data listed in EPA publications of the research
on asbestos migration in the body.
No results are available to date because the synthetic
asbestos to be used in the studies has not been produced.
Reprinted by permission of the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange.
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Millette, J.R. (Investigator)
Identification of Non-asbestos Fibers Ocurring in
Drinking Water
Sponsoring Organization:
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio
Contract/Grant No.: D614B-101
The purpose of this task is to provide data and non-asbestos
fibers in drinking water through electron microscopy analyses.
The output of this task will be a report on the particulates
in drinking water.
Results to date include analyses of over 100 samples for
particulates. The only non-asbestos fibers found in sig-
nificant concentrations have been biological in origin, and
clays.
Reprinted by permission of the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange.
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Millette, J.R. (Investigator)
Particulate Analysis of Drinking Water Supplies
Sponsoring Organization:
Exposure Evaluation Branch
Field Studies Division
Health Effects Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio
Contract/Grant No.: D614B-007C
The purpose of this task is to accumulate data on the
particulates found in drinking water and develop systems
for classification of these particulates.
The outputs of this research will be in-house reports on
particulates found in various water samples and the prepar-
ation of an ORD Research Report on particulates in
drinking water.
Results to date include analysis of over 60 samples of
drinking water and classification of particulates into
fibrous, non-fibrous, crystalline, organic and asbestos
categories. A report differentiating between chrysotile
asbestos and two clays, attapulgite and halloysite, is
being prepared.
Reprinted by permission of the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange.
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA 560/13-80-019
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOI*NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Bibliography of Selected Reports on Electron Micro-
scopy and Its Use in Monitoring Asbestos
5. REPORT DATE
June 1980 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
M. Virginia Shreve, Compiler
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
302-106-28
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Tracor Jitco, Inc.
1776 East Jefferson Street
Rockville, Maryland 20852
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-01-6021
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
Office of Program Integration and Information
Washington. D.C. 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final 1/1/68 - 6/1/80
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Presented at the Asbestos International Association's Third Colloquium on Dust
Measuring Techniques and Strategy, Cannes. France, June 10 - 12. 1980.
16. ABSTRACT
A bibliography of selected documents and reports issued by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency on electron microscopy has been assembled as a quick reference
document; several additional reports from other government agencies are also included.
This document also includes summaries of electron microscopy studies currently
sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It was prepared for inter-
national distribution at the Asbestos International Association's Third Colloquium on
Dust Measuring Techniques and Strategy held in Cannes. France, June 10 - 12, 1980.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMEN1
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
26
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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