EPA 600/2 75 044
October 1975
Environmental Protection Technology Series
SUMMATION OF
CONDITIONS AND INVESTIGATIONS FOR
THE COMPLETE COMBUSTION OF
ORGANIC PESTICIDES
Monieipal Envirflnmental Resurch Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Envrenmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Qiii 45268
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into five series.
These five broad categories were established to facilitate further
development and application of environmental technology. Elimination
of traditional grouping was consciously planned to foster technology
transfer and a maximum interface in related fields. The five series
are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to
develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and methodology
to repair or prevent environmental degradation from point and non-
point sources of pollution. This work provides the new or improved
technology required for the control and treatment of pollution sources
to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-75-044
October 1975
SUMMATION OF CONDITIONS AND INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE
COMPLETE COMBUSTION OF ORGANIC PESTICIDES
by
Boyd T. Riley, Jr.
Independent Management Consultant on
Environmental Affairs
Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
Project Officer
Richard A. Carnes
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Division
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF AIR, LAND, AND WATER USE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CINCINNATI, OHIO 45268
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and
approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
Man and his environment must be protected from the adverse
effects of pesticides, radiation, noise, and other forms of pollution,
and the unwise management of solid waste. Efforts to protect the
environment require a focus that recognizes the interplay between the
components of our physical environment--air, water, and land. The
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory contributes to this
multidisciplinary focus through programs engaged in
• studies on the effects of environmental contaminants
on the biosphere, and
• a search for ways to prevent contamination and to
recycle valuable resources.
A summation of the conditions necessary for the satisfactory
disposal of pesticides by incineration is a necessary step in achieving
these objectives.
111
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CONTENTS
Page
I. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 1
II. INTRODUCTION 3
Pesticide Classification System 4
III. DEFINITION OF COMPLETE COMBUSTION 8
IV. INTRODUCTION TO COMBUSTION ON A MOLECULAR BASIS - 11
V. SUMMATION OF CONDITIONS ATSfD INVESTIGATIONS 14
Index to Page Locations of Data by Pesticide and Investigator -- 17
Data Summation 18-50
Author's Interpretation and Analysis of the Data 51
APPENDIX A - DESCRIPTION OF TEST INCINERATORS 53
APPENDIX B - OTHER SIGNIFICANT TEST FACILITIES OR
PROGRAMS 63
APPENDK C - TECHNIQUES FOR CONVERTING THE
TABULATED DATA INTO METRIC UNITS 67
APPENDK D - SOURCES OF DATA 68
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I. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The overwhelming majority of the experimental data in pilot scale
incinerators or larger, which is reported in this document, concerns the
combustion of Class IV Halo gen-containing pesticides. Little information
is available on the combustion characteristics of inorganic or metallo-
organic pesticides, as well as phosphorus-containing pesticides, and
nitrogen-containing pesticides.
2. The conditions necessary to thermally oxidize or burn certain
combustion products formed from some pesticides may preempt the
combustion conditions necessary to disassemble or partially combust the
pesticides themselves. For example, nitrogen-containing pesticides have
been shown to produce cyanide on combustion. Obviously, both the
environmental and human toxicity impact is great if cyanide is released
into the environment. Cyanide can be destroyed thermally into CO2 and
nitrogen or nitrogen oxides, but the conditions for this combustion reaction
are much more rigorous than those reported for many pesticides. Thus
nitrogen-containing pesticides should be burned in a facility which is
capable of totally destroying cyanide. One such field scale facility
operated at 2600 F; one-half second retention time; and a cyanide effluent
of one part per million. (Dow Chemical Co. Inc. , Midland, Michigan)
The metallo-organic pesticides may be destroyed by combustion;
however, the metal element components will pass through the system,
changed, at most, only to metal oxides. These oxides may be of
significance as toxic agents in many eco-systems. Consequently, air
pollution and/or water pollution control systems must be emphasized in
such a combustion facility. Such metallic compounds must be extracted
and contained prior to combustion of the organic portion of the pesticide,
or must be encased in a solid matrix which renders them biologically inert
during combustion. One system which holds promise is the use of a high
temperature or slagging incinerator with recycle of scrubbed or filtered
metallics back into the slag.
3. Since small quantities of pesticides and other toxic materials will
inevitably escape any type of combustion and air pollution control system,
environmental consideration must be emphasized when pesticide
incinerators are sited and sized. The mass flow or dilution capability of
the relatively immediate environment of the proposed location must be
carefully assessed to assure that no significant ecological damage will
occur. There will be a small change in the eco-systems in any area where
pesticides are destroyed, just as small changes are caused by almost any
other industrial activity. It is important, however, that these changes be
of minimal consequence in terms of the ecological balance of the area. To
take advantage of dilution capacity of the environment, pesticide incinerators
should be of limited capacity, and should be located in such a way that
dilution by natural forces is maximized.
4. Combustion data reported on various pilot plant experiments cannot be
extrapolated to include other incinerator designs because turbulence
measurements were not reported. Consequently, one may only assume
that for the particular design investigated, pesticides may be expected to
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be combusted to the efficiencies reported by the researchers. A deviation
from the experimental device, such as a change in blower or burner design,
may produce results which do not correlate well with those reported by the
various researchers. The data reported by the researchers is somewhat
suspect because of the very small quantities which necessarily had to be
measured. Some of the reported results could be changed drastically by
small differences between the amount of pesticide actually fed into the
incinerator and the quantities reported. (To determine efficiency of
combustion to three or more places in accuracy, one must also measure
the input of materials to be burned to three or more places in accuracy.)
5. This program has not attempted to evaluate the various emission
control systems used by researchers. Extrapolation of the results from
these emission control systems is required in order to design a pesticide
combustion system. These emission control systems may contribute one
or two places in accuracy for determining the overall system destruction
efficiency.
6. This program did not report on any experiments for the combustion
of pesticides in containers. Where large quantities of pesticides are
stored in small containers, e. g., aerosol one pound bombs, it would be
pointless to attempt to remove the pesticide from the container, since this
operation would be much less efficient and would release more pesticide
into the atmosphere than would actual incineration of the pesticide.
7. In the absence of any other type of evaluation, a simplistic example
was derived in order to produce an overall combustion system efficiency
required for pesticides. The number suggested by this example is
99.99999 percent. Admittedly, this number represents a probable worst-
case system, and one may argue that somewhat lower efficiencies are
adequate. Lower efficiencies would place greater stress on the
environmental forces which are required to dilute those pesticides and
pesticide derivatives which are released into the environment. Additional
work needs to be conducted in order to verify the percentage efficiencies
required for the combustion of pesticides.
8. Additional work is required to develop a coding system which will
relate the toxicity of a pesticide with its longevity in the environment and
with the production of toxic combustion products. There appears to be a
range of difficulties associated with combustion of various pesticides.
Certain types are readily combusted, produce virtually no undesirable
combustion products, and have very short lives when released into the
environment. Hence, a much less rigorous combustion system is required
for the treatment of these pesticides than, for example, of a mercury-
containing metallo-organic pesticide.
9. All types of incinerators are not compatible with pesticides disposal.
While the requirements for the combustion of certain classes of pesticides
are readily achieved by many types of incinerators, the requirements for
other classes are extreme and will probably require custom designs and
extremely sophisticated operation and monitoring programs.
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H. INTRODUCTION
Data presented to the Solid & Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency from several sources has
indicated that pesticides are produced in the United States at an annual rate
of 1. 3 billion pounds per year. Commercial production of certain types
of pesticides was started as much as 50 years prior to the date of this
report. Certain pesticides have been stockpiled by both governmental and
commercial organizations, and, in some instances, use of these materials
has been legally terminated. Thus, an adequate technique for disposal of
these stockpiles of materials, as well as lesser quantities of many types
of pesticides currently in use, must be discovered. In lieu of an improved
estimate, and after review of many documents pertinent to the subject, the
author suggests that as much as 10 percent of the annual production of
pesticides in the United States might require disposal in some manner, as
opposed to productive use. Hence, from the national viewpoint, the
technologies and financing required to dispose of comparatively large
quantities of these materials with minimal insult to the environment is a
problem of considerably importance.
Pesticides, by their very nature, are formulated to be extremely
toxic in order to allow them to accomplish their genocidal mission against
selected species. Very often, many other species are also affected by the
application of these materials. In addition, undesirable effects from
pesticides have been noted in remote areas of the world where man has not
intentionally applied pesticides for any purpose. These undesirable side
effects result because of a bio-refractory property of some types of
pesticides. As a result, certain pesticides deteriorate very slowly (tens
of years) after release to the environment, and migrate in unexpected ways
through the biosphere. The compensating factor favoring the use of
pesticides and acceptance of their adverse effects is significantly increased
yields in food crops for the human population of the world, as well as
supplementary foods to much of the animal population of the United States.
A termination of the production and use of all types of pesticides will
result in large scale famine throughout the world and would have a
significant effect on food supplies in the United States. To minimize
•unwanted environmental insult from pesticides, safe use standards must be
developed, and adequate means of disposal of unwanted or overly hazardous
pesticides must be developed.
Prior to this time, no standard or scientifically proven methods for
the complete and safe disposal of all types of pesticides have been
recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. A small
industry has been established to dispose of hazardous materials including
pesticides; however, little fully researched technology has been documented
at the present time. Many methods of disposal have been attempted,
including open dumping of pesticides and pesticide containers and injection
into sub-surface strata. Pesticides have also been incorporated,
intentionally and unintentionally, in sanitary landfill areas. Many examples
of undesirable effects from these practices can be cited. In its June 30,
1973 Report to Congress on Hazardous Waste Disposal, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency reported that in mid-1970, a pesticide
applicator rinsed and cleaned a truck, and thus dumped unused Endrin into
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the Cuivre River at Moscow Mills, Missouri. This act resulted in the
killing of an estimated 100, 000 fish and necessitated the closing of the river
for one year to all sport fishing activities. In another incident, a local
firm near Waynesboro, Tennessee dumped polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's)
into the local landfill dump. These PCB's were washed into Beech Creek
and caused several cattle deaths and created a potential for hazards to
humans residing on the creek further downstream. These brief examples
indicate the significance of improper disposal of pesticides.
The Report to Congress on Hazardous Waste Disposal, dated June 30,
1973, by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, lists 14 federal
statutes which are applicable to the control of pesticides. In particular, the
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, as amended by the
Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 (Public Law 92-516)
has bearing on the problem of pesticide disposal. Section 19 authorizes the
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to determine safe
methods for the disposal of excess amounts of pesticides or pesticides whose
registration has been cancelled under the auspices of this act. The purpose
of this report is to assist in the compliance with Section 19 of FIFRA as
amended.
To approach a discussion and summary of activities for the combustion
of pesticides, some type of system for classifying pesticides must be
utilized. For purpose of this report, the pesticide classification system
suggested by the Midwest Research Institute in their report entitled
Guidelines for the Disposal of Small Quantities of Unused Pesticides,
submitted to the Industrial Waste Treatment Research Laboratory, Edison,
New Jersey, part of the National Environmental Research Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio, will be followed. The classification system offered by
Midwest Research Institute is reproduced as follows.
PESTICIDE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Number of
Pesticide Classification Pesticides
I. Inorganic and Metallo-organic pesticides
Mercury compounds 28
Arsenic compounds 17
Copper compounds 11
Other heavy metal compounds 6
Cyanides, phosphides,1 and related compounds 6
Other inorganic compounds 11
79
n. Phosphorus-containing pesticides
Phosphates and phosphonates 19
Phosphorothioates and phosphonothioates 34
Phosphorodithioates and phosphonodithioates 27
Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds 8
Other phosphorus compounds 5
93
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III. Nitrogen-containing pesticides
N-alkyl carbamates, aryl esters 22
Other N-alkyl carbamates and related compounds 7
N-aryl carbamates 6
Thiocarbamate s 10
Dithio carbamate s 13
Anilides 13
Imides and hydrazides 9
Amides 6
Ureas and uracils 20
Triazines 14
Amines, heterocyclic (without sulfur) 18
Amines, heterocyclic (sulfur-containing) 12
Nitro compounds 26
Quaternary ammonium compounds 6
Other nitrogen-containing compounds 19
201
IV. Halogen-containing pesticides
DDT 1
DDT-relatives 8
Chlorophenoxy compounds 12
Aldrin-toxaphene group 16
Aliphatic and alicyclic chlorinated hydrocarbons 15
Aliphatic brominated hydrocarbons 5
Dihaloaromatic compounds 10
Highly halogenated aromatic compounds 19
Other chlorinated compounds 4
"90
V. Sulfur-containing pesticides
Sulfides, sulfoxides and sulfones 6
Sulfites and xanthates 4
Sulfonic acids and derivatives 5
Thiocyanate s 4
Other sulfur-containing pesticides 4
"23
VI. Botanical and Microbiological pesticides 19
VII. Organic pesticides, not elsewhere classified
Carbon compounds ( 9 carbon atoms) 18
Carbon compounds ( 9 carbon atoms) 23
Anticoagulants 4
~45
TOTAL 550
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The classification system organizes all types of pesticides into seven
general classes, based on chemical structure and ranked primarily by
toxicity. The most toxic is Class I Inorganic and Metallo-organic
pesticides, followed by phosphorus-containing pesticides, nitrogen-
containing pesticides, halogen-containing pesticides, sulfur-containing
pesticides, botanical and microbiological pesticides, organic pesticides not
elsewhere classified or miscellaneous. A second aspect of classification
of importance, when one considers disposal of pesticides, is the
environmental stability or persistence of the various types of pesticides.
The preceding classification system was not developed to incorporate this
information. In general, however, the Class I Inorganic and Metallo -
organic pesticides are both highly toxic and highly persistent.
Other types of persistent compounds include most of the chlorinated
hydrocarbon type pesticides and some of the sulfur-containing types of
pesticides. A "persistence" analysis is of considerable importance to the
operation of a combustion type disposal system, since small quantities of
unburned materials will necessarily escape from the system. It becomes
exceedingly important in analyzing the environmental impact of such a
system to know the quantity which may be successfully diluted into
surrounding environment. In the case of persistent pesticides, this number
is necessarily much lower than for those pesticides which do not persist for
long periods. For persistent pesticides, some type of environmental in-put,
out-put model is needed for each site which might be considered as a
possible location for the combustion of pesticides, so that the introduction
of the pesticide as a trace in the combustion system effluent does not exceed
the ability of the site to absorb the burden successfully and to disperse it
into a wider region via natural means at levels which are not toxic to any
eco-system.
A third area of importance with respect to both classification of
pesticides and their disposal via combustion is the possibility of generating
toxic degradation products via partial or complete combustion. For
example, the combustion of metallo-organic pesticides may completely
destroy or reduce to carbon dioxide the organic portion, while introducing
relatively large quantities of toxic metal oxides into the environment. The
toxicity of these metal oxides may approach that of the original pesticide if
released quantities are of significance to the dilution capabilities of the
impacted eco-system. Similarly, certain phosphorus-containing
pesticides will readily produce, as a combustion by-product, highly toxic
gases, among which pyro-phosphates are a typical example. These by-
products are intermediate steps iri the complete combustion of phosphorus-
containing pesticides. When completely reacted, phosphorus-containing
pesticides should produce some type of phosphate compound which is quite
innocuous and compatible with most eco-systems. If released in large
quantities, phosphates can lead to significant deterioration of surface
waters by enhancing the eutrofication phenomena. Nitrate compounds may
be expected to behave similarly to phosphorus compounds. Finally,
combustion of certain types of pesticides, particularly the halogen-
containing pesticides, may produce combustion products which require
additional treatment. A classic example would be the combustion of DDT
to produce a hydrogen chloride gas. This gas is an acid and will react in
an acid-base manner with any compound susceptible to its activity. Hence,
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it would require a relatively exacting scrubber system in order to first,
capture the gas, and second, neutralize it by the addition of some basic
material, so that a salt, for example, calcium chloride, could be formed
for disposal purposes.
The reader should carefully note that this report addresses itself
only to the disposal of Class II Phosphorus-containing pesticides, and lower
classifications. The Class I Inorganic and Metallo-organic pesticides are
not addressed in the data summation portion of this document. These
pesticides contain heavy metal elements which are toxic to many eco-
systems. Examples are mercury, arsenic, and copper. Hence,
combustion of Class I pesticides without additional treatment would release
them in slightly different form, perhaps with only slightly lower toxicity
than the original pesticides. Data from all the sources provided for this
report have offered little information in this problem area. Hence, it has
been largely omitted from this report. A combustion system could be used
to treat Class I Inorganic and Me tallo-organic pesticides provided these
metallic compounds were retained in a slag type of material with extensive
controls on gaseous and/or liquid emissions from the system. The high
temperature slagging furnace or incinerator could be used to stabilize these
compounds by enclosing them in a glass-like matrix. This matrix could
then be used as an aggregate or placed in a landfill. The rate of leaching
and deterioration of the matrix would be on the order of thousands of years;
hence, for ecological purposes, rendering the metallic compounds harmless.
The operation of such a system would be extremely expensive if its only
purpose was to destroy pesticides. Such high temperature unit processes
are in operation throughout the United States, and the me tallo-organic
pesticides might be destroyed by these unit operations if additional
monitoring programs could be utilized to assure that leakage to the
environment was minimal. Such furnaces are typified by: electric arc
furnaces, oxygen utilizing furnaces for high temperature combustion of coal
or other types of fuel, and slagging type incinerators which operate at very
high temperatures and produce a molten slag rather than an ash residue.
Typical processes which include slagging operations are: The Torrax
Process of the Carborundum Co., The Melt-Zit Process of American
Thermogen, The Purox Process by Union Carbide Corp., some SWRS
research programs, and most aluminum and steel producing electric
furnaces.
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in. DEFINITION OF COMPLETE COMBUSTION
Combustion, or the chemical reaction of organic and inorganic materials
with oxygen at elevated temperatures, may be considered as a unit process,
and, as such, is quite similar in characteristics to many unit processes
used in chemical engineering technology. Combustion reactions, as other
chemical reactions, reach only a certain degree of completeness.
Completion of the reaction, or the amount of unreacted materials leaving
the reaction container, may range from one in two, to one in a hundred
thousand. The results of the reaction may be forced towards either
extreme by adjustment of reaction conditions. Ordinarily a system of
optimization is utilized in chemical engineering in order to reach the
lowest possible cost for the unit process. For our purposes, cost of
pesticide combustion has to be secondary, while completeness of reaction
must be our paramount interest.
To assess the degree of completeness of reaction which is acceptable
for the combustion of pesticides, factors other than the operation of the
combustion unit process must be considered. Perhaps the single most
important factor is the nature of the pesticide to be combusted. A second
factor is a consideration of the intended use of the pesticide and its
acceptable environmental impact when used in the prescribed manner.
Another factor which must be considered is the persistence of the pesticide
which will be released in small quantities to the environment via the
combustion process, and which is subjected to additional physical processes
and chemical reactions that are naturally found in the environment. Such
processes include the absorption of infrared and UV energy from sunlight,
interaction with mild organic acids and mild bases which are normally
found in the environment, reaction with oxygen and ozone found in the
atmosphere, and reaction with biochemical systems present in plant life,
microbiological life, and animal life. Finally, the in-put, out-put
capacity, i.e. , the relationship between the quantity of pesticide expected
to reside in a defined area and that which will probably be dispersed beyond
the boundaries of the defined area by natural forces, of the area which is
most directly impacted by the location of a pesticide combustion process
must be considered.
A related technical problem of considerable significance in establishing
levels for emission of pesticides into the environment is the difficulty of
measuring very small quantities of pesticides and their combustion
by-products. For example, if a combustion process operates at 99- 999
percent efficiency based on pesticide in-put and out-put, the amount of
pesticide released in the effluent combustion gas stream is under one part
per hundred thousand. This quantity may be further diluted by other
reactants, e.g., carbon dioxide, nitrogen, excess air, and combustion
products from auxiliary fuel, and thus will escape detection by most
sampling and measuring techniques. This small amount of pesticide
emitted on a continuous basis into the environment, which does trap the
material, may have environmental consequences of great significance.
In order to begin to assess these environmental consequences, a
hypothetical worst-case analysis can be conducted for each pesticide to be
disposed of by combustion in a certain location. If one wishes to incinerate
8
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a pesticide of toxic properties, similar to Endrin, one may assume an
incineration efficiency of 99. 999 percent, or one part in 100, 000, escapes
from the incinerator, either as material absorbed on ash residue or as a
gaseous combustion product. If the capacity of the incinerator is 1, 000
pounds per hour of pure pesticide, then 1/100 of a pound per hour of pure
pesticide escapes the incinerator and is transferred to the local
environment. In order to simplify the environmental impact analysis,
one could assume that the incinerator impacted directly on the local
drinking water supply. The suggested level of Endrin, as a maximum in
drinking water, is 0.001 milligrams per liter. Thus, our incinerator
could require approximately 4. 54 million liters of dilution water per hour
of operation. This water supply would be the equivalent of the water
supply required for a city of 150, 000 persons. If our hypothetical
incineration operation on Endrin discharged into a surface water course
in which fish life was protected, we would be forced to consider the impact
on selected species of fish. The mean toxic limit of Endrin on Blue Gill
is 0.0002 parts per million. This level reportedly causes death of 50
percent of the fish contacted in a 48 hour period. Hence, an acceptable
level of discharge would necessarily be at least one order of magnitude
greater, or 0.00002 milligrams per liter. Thus, a diluting flow of 225
million liters of water per hour would be required. Such a flow would be
equivalent to approximately one percent of the average flow rate of the
Ohio River. If our incinerator operated 24 hours a day for 300 days
every year, it would incinerate approximately one half of one percent of
the total production of all pesticides in the United States. It has been
suggested that perhaps 10 percent of the total annual production requires
adequate disposal. Hence, 20 incinerators of the type used in our
example would be required, and a diluting flow of roughly 20 percent that
of the average flow of the Ohio River would be required in order to safely
disperse trace quantities escaping from the incinerator into the
environment under the conditions suggested by our worst-case example.
In the author's opinion, this worst-case example suggests that a
combustion system which is to be used for the most toxic types of organic
pesticides must achieve an efficiency at least two orders of magnitude
greater than the efficiency cited in the example computations; or an
overall efficiency of pesticide destruction of 99. 99999 percent from the
combustion complex would be a reasonable requirement from the
environmental viewpoint. It would appear that any incinerator complex
attaining this efficiency overall would provide adequate safeguards for all
environmental impact purposes.
Data presented later in this report suggests that the attainment of
99.999 percent combustion efficiency is achievable in several types of
incinerators under optimum operating conditions, and that even greater
efficiencies might conceivably be achieved, but the monitoring of the
effluent gases was beyond the sensitivity of the techniques utilized in the
testing programs.
A second approach for attaining higher overall efficiencies would be
the use of a second unit operation to further process effluents from an
incinerator. Such unit processes might include after burners, or high
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efficiency scrubbers, followed by a carbon absorption and recombustion
of the carbon in the pesticide incinerator.
Logical arguments for the reduction of the required incinerator
efficiency for systems which are utilized to destroy less toxic pesticides
or which incorporate dilution capabilities that are less hazardous to the
environment than the example offered can be presented. However, if
one wishes to make a preliminary determination for a safe overall
number, a pesticide reduction via combustion and auxiliary processes
approximately seven orders of magnitude represents our best judgment.
Since combustion is to be used as a destructive process for at least
certain classes of pesticides, other environmental protection restrictions
must also be considered. Most obviously, the pesticide destruction
process must comply with all stationary source air emission
requirements. Principal among these concerns are carbon monoxide,
halogens, hydrocarbons, and particulate material. Each of these
out-put variables must comply with existing statutory requirements. In
addition, they can be used as a good indication of the overall efficacy of
the combustion operation. For example, if carbon monoxide is
detectable in the effluent gas stream, .one or more of the following may
require rectification: (1) insufficient oxygen is present for complete
combustion, (2) mixing is poor, (3) retention time is insufficient for
proper combustion, (4) premature quenching of combustion reactions by
cold surfaces is occurring. Also, when carbon monoxide is detectable,
hydrocarbons are likely to be present, hence uriburned or partially
burned pesticide.
Since many pesticides are sorbed on inert dusts, particulate
emissions may be noticeably affected by the inclusion of such a pesticide
on otherwise satisfactory stationary combustion processes.
All of these constraints must be weighed when researching,
planning, designing, and operating a combustion system for the
destruction of pesticides.
10
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IV. INTRODUCTION TO COMBUSTION ON A MOLECULAR BASIS
Many technical problems may be encountered in an attempt to achieve
the levels of combustion efficiency suggested in the preceding section. In
order to better understand the phenomena which take place in the
combustion chamber and which pertain directly to the achievement of the
combustion efficiency goal, one must visualize the steps through which a
molecule of pesticide must pass in order to be degraded via oxidation at
increased temperatures. First, the pesticide molecule must be
physically introduced into the combustion chamber. It must then absorb
sufficient energy to raise its temperature or level of molecular activity to
sufficient state to allow it to become unstable and to react with similarly
excited oxygen molecules. The sources of energy which might impact on
the pesticide molecule may be radiation from the combustion of other
molecules of either pesticide or auxiliary fuel or radiation from the wall
of the combustion chamber. When the molecule has reached a stage at
which bonds are unstable and broken simply because of its increase in
internal energy, it may react with molecular oxygen provided it comes in
contact with this oxygen. A certain amount of time is required for the
temperature of the molecule of pesticide to reach a reactive level. Next,
an atom of molecular oxygen must be available to the pesticide molecule
in order for a reaction to take place. Hence, adequate mixing of these
two different chemical species is required. At the time of reaction
between the molecule of pesticide and the molecular oxygen, energy will
be released which will further increase the energy content of the molecule,
thus making other reactive sites available to additional oxygen molecules,
and ultimately resulting in a destruction or deterioration of the original
pesticide molecule. This change in the molecule will continue under ideal
oxidizing conditions until the ultimate product of carbon dioxide and water
is formed, along with the most oxidized species of inorganic molecules.
The reactions may be terminated at any intermediate point if temperature
decreases so that stability is once again achieved by the chemical species
present, or if one or more of the reactants is decreased in availability to
such a level that the probability of collisions and reactions occurring
within the combustion chamber is reduced to an insignificant level.
To affect the probability of reactions occurring, one may control the
external parameters of the combustion process. These parameters have
often been described as time, temperature, and turbulence in classic
combustion terminology. As pointed out earlier, time is required for
the pesticide molecule to reach an adequate temperature for reaction to
take place. Additional time is required to allow for the random collision
of excited pesticide molecules with excited oxygen molecules, and finally
additional time is required for the degradation products of the pesticide
molecule to further degrade to their highest oxidation states. The total
time for all reactions to take place under proper operation is a function
of the design and resulting turbulence of the combustion chamber, as well
as the rate of mass flow through the combustion chamber. Once
constructed, the physical bounds of a combustion chamber usually cannot
be changed during operation. Hence, time of combustion is a direct
function of total mass flow through the combustion chamber, which in turn
is an operating variable and directly in the hands of the operator of the
device.
11
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The temperature in the combustion chamber is a function of the rate
of heat release by the reactants, the rate of mass flow through the
combustion chamber, and the rate of heat loss through the walls of the
combustion chamber. Turbulence, or physical mixing, within the
combustion chamber serves to increase the probability of collision or
association between various reactant molecules, and is a function of
design and mass flow.
In order to achieve the combustion efficiencies which are proposed,
attention must be given to the design and the operation of the combustion
chamber. Since our goal is to achieve very high combustion efficiencies,
the operating parameters of the combustion unit operation must be
adjusted so as to favor complete reactions. This may be done by
designing the combustion chamber in such a way as to maximize
turbulence, or mixing, by incorporating baffles and gratings within the
combustion chamber, so that the flow of gases through the combustion
chamber is diverted several times. Such a design increases operating
costs because a greater pressure drop is required in order to achieve
passage of the combustion gases through the combustion chamber than is
found in many combustion systems. Since temperature is a constraining
factor on reaction rate and reaction completeness, additional reactants
must be added so that the average temperature throughout the combustion
chamber significantly exceeds the temperature actually required for
reactions of the pesticide molecule to take place. Since the availability
of reactant molecules and, in particular, oxygen, are also critical,
excess oxygen must be supplied to the combustion chamber. Increasing
the average temperature of operation will increase both the construction
cost of the combustion chamber and the operating costs, since auxiliary
fuels other than pesticides may be required in order to assure that the
desired temperature levels are achieved and maintained during operations.
The use of excess oxygen or excess air, if air is the source of the oxygen
supply, also increases operating costs since the combustion chamber
must be increased in size in order to produce effective retention times or
reaction times, and to contain the increased massed flow of materials
through the chamber. To achieve high combustion efficiencies, for any
given design, temperature throughout the combustion chamber must be in
excess of those required for reactions to occur; oxygen must be available
in quantities 25 to 50 percent greater than stoichiometric reaction
conditions would require, and retention time must be considerably in
excess of that actually required for molecular reactions to take place.
For any given design, an optimum region of.operation may be
determined via experimentation. Once this region is determined, little
can be done to improve the operation of a specific design without
redesigning and reconstructing the combustion chamber. The reader
should note that simply increasing flow rates of the various reactants
does not necessarily result in improvements in combustion efficiencies.
For example, if excess air is increased from approximately 25 percent to
300 percent, efficiency of combustion will be decreased. This decrease
occurs because, while additional oxygen molecules are available for
reaction and the probability of reaction is increased, additional heat is
also required in order to raise the average temperature to the reaction
12
-------
level. Thus additional fuel would be required. If additional fuel is
added, the construction materials may fail. In addition, because the
mass flow rate has been significantly increased, retention time in the
combustion chamber has been significantly decreased, resulting in a net
decrease in combustion efficiency.
For a given installation, mass flow of gases, resulting from both air
as an oxidizer and fuel, have peaked combustion efficiency curves which
represent an optimum operating condition. The effect of turbulence on
combustion efficacy via design increases in direct proportion to energy
expended on turbulence until a completely mixed condition is achieved
within the desired retention time, after which additional energy
expenditure on turbulence produces no further benefits. The lower end
of the turbulence phenomena is an area where laminar flow is achieved
and little or no physical mixing takes place; hence, little or no reaction
takes place between oxygen and pesticide molecules.
More could be written describing the complex variable interactions
occurring in a combustion phenomena. The purpose of this section is to
give the reader a superficial introduction to combustion phenomena only
to assist him in understanding and interpreting the techniques used to
generate the data reported in succeeding sections of this report.
13
-------
V. SUMMATION OF CONDITIONS AND INVESTIGATIONS
After a preliminary review of all the sources of data supplied by the
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory, it was decided that the
best approach was to develop a standard data reporting sheet which could
be applied to data from various sources, and to attempt to report these
data on a comparable basis. A list of the sources of information supplied
by the Solid & Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory is displayed in
Appendix D.
The purpose of this report is to summarize data from pilot plant or
larger installations on the incineration of pesticides. Hence, data of a
laboratory nature was excluded because this data is not comparable to
field or pilot plant operations and often may not be extrapolated to
represent those conditions. Within these limitations, the bulk of the data
was supplied by three organizations: Midwest Research Institute, under
contract to the Solid & Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory; T.R. W.
Inc., under contract to the U.S. Army Research and Medical Development
Command; and Versar Inc. Lesser quantities of data were available from
the Marquardt Corporation. Information available from Mississippi State
University was reviewed extremely carefully. However, the only data
furnished was on laboratory combustion devices, where only very small
quantities--a few grams--of samples were combusted under idealized
laboratory conditions. These data simply are not comparable to pilot
plant or field scale data; therefore, no data from Mississippi State
University has been included in this report.
The author feels additional data is available from other sources than
those included in the report. For example, a trip report by Midwest
Research Institute, which is included in Appendix A, indicates the
combustion of pesticides by the U.S. Army at Edgewood Arsenal.
Numbers are reported which imply an extremely sensitive monitoring and
measuring system, and this would imply that data is available at the
Edgewood Arsenal on combustion of pesticides which would be of value to
this report. The author feels other organizations, both governmental and
private, may have data they might be willing to have included in this
report if they were contacted. Such contacts are currently beyond the
scope of this contract effort.
The standard data reporting sheet was designed essentially so that
each page may be used singularly by any reader. Therefore, it is
composed essentially of two portions: an identification section, and a
section devoted to reporting of experimental measurements. The
identification section consists of a citing of the origin or source of the
data, a brief description of the type of incinerator that was used to
generate the data, the type of pesticide studied, classification of the
pesticide according to the M.R.I. Classification System, and any
obviously hazardous products of combustion that could be derived from the
pesticide. The data reporting portion of the sheet consists of a column
entitled "Experiment No. " in which the experiment number of the
originator of the data is utilized so that correlation with the original report
can readily be made. Three columns are devoted to the feed rate of
various types of fuels. Pesticides are usually in two forms; pure
14
-------
pesticide mixed or sorbed on an inert powder base which could be
emulsifiable or may be used as a dry dust; and pure pesticide dissolved
into a liquid carrier, such as a light fuel oil, e.g., kerosene. The
pesticide is initially tabulated, as grams per hour of actual pure pesticide
compound fired at a specified rate. "Pesticide As Fired" is reported if
the pesticide is carried in oil, as this will affect combustion calculations
and any auxiliary fuel required. When the pesticide is fired as a dust,
the dust does not enter into the combustion calculations, although it does
affect the amount of ash and particulate emissions produced in the
combustion chamber and thus affects the design. The next column is
"Excess Air" and this is reported in percent excess air, which is a
common reporting technique for most incinerators and combustion devices.
These measurements usually are calculated from Or sat analyses which
are accurate, at best, to only 1 percent. Relatively large errors of a few
percent, for example, have relatively little significance to the actual
operation of the combustion device. The next column is "Combustion
Temperature", again reported in degrees Fahrenheit, since most
American instrumentation and most combustion devices are instrumentated
for degrees Fahrenheit. Two temperatures are reported; an average
through the combustion chamber, and a maximum, if available, e.g.,
flame temperature. The next column is entitled "Retention Time" in
seconds. Again, this is the most common reporting form in the United
States, and applies to the actual time the pesticide would remain in the
combustion chamber in volatile form and thus is capable of reacting with
oxygen and being degraded. The next column is "Pressure Drop Inches
of Water". Little data for this column was found in the sources reviewed.
However, these data are a minimal measurement from which turbulence
or mixing efficiency inside the incinerator may be computed, e.g.,
Reynold's number is a unitless comparative measure of the degree of
frictional energy loss or turbulence in fluid flow. These data would
require a measurement of pressure at the entrance and exit of the
incinerator with corrections for temperature. With knowledge of fuel feed
rate, pesticide feed rate, combustion temperatures, and pressure drop
across the combustion chamber, one would be able to predict, within rather
broad limits, the combustion efficiency one might expect from other types
or designs of incinerators.
The next column is entitled "Pesticide in Gas Effluents Parts per
Million", or "Cyanide in Gas Effluents Grams per Hour", or "Pesticide
in Gas Effluents Mg/M3", or "Pesticide in Gas Effluents Grams per Hour",
or "Pesticide in Gas Effluents Milligrams per Hour". This column was
added to the form to enable one to begin to assess the actual quantities of
pesticide which would be released from a particular incinerator
installation. Certain data sheets were modified so that this column might
read "Hydrocarbons in Gas Effluents Grams per Hour, or Parts per
Million". Again, these data are incorporated in order to indicate the
magnitude of the quantities of pesticides derivatives potentially being
released into the environment during the operation of the combustion
device.
The final column is "Incinerator Efficiency". This number is
critical for the determination of the overall efficacy of combustion as a
15
-------
process for completely oxidizing waste pesticides. These data are quite
sensitive to the accuracy of other measurements. Incinerator efficiencies
were computed in different ways by different investigators, but generally
are comparable and indicate efficiency prior to other unit operations, such
as scrubbing. For example, some sources of data reported efficiency in
terms of pesticide destroyed; others reported efficiency in terms of total
hydrocarbons released, including pesticides, degradation products, and
auxiliary fuel. In most cases, however, reported efficiencies were so
high that the difference between pesticide being released and hydrocarbon
in other forms being released was a very small number.
At the bottom of the data sheet is a small space utilized for special
notations concerning the experiments, or missing data, or the way certain
data were reported on that page. Again, the purpose of these notes is to
enable each data sheet to be utilized singly, rather than making it
dependent on reference to other reports or pages. The majority of the
data included in this report have been transcribed from other reports
exactly as reported. Some minor modifications to the data, particularly
in the column of pesticides reported in grams per hour as fired, were
necessary in order to produce comparable numbers.
This report has not attempted either to reduce field data to finished
calculations, since information was not ordinarily available to enable this
to be done with ease, or to extensively modify the data as reported. The
principal calculations by the author were: to report pesticide in-put on the
basis of pure compound, and to supply only total retention time in the
combustion chamber, where several retention times were reported. When
reporting pesticide in-put, the author always computed data to two decimal
places accuracy, though the investigations seldom reported sufficient
significant digits to justify such accuracy by the author. Subsequently the
reader may assume that pesticide in-put is the author's computation when
reported to two decimal places. When these data are reported to fewer
significant digits, they represent calculations or measurements by the
original investigators.
Where data was available that could have been modified by extensive
calculations, this was noted in the note section of the data page pertaining
to that particular set of experiments. Finally, the data sheets have been
organized in such a way as to class pesticides by type and class rather
than incinerators by type and class. This will give the reader a cross
reference to several types of incinerators used on the same type of
pesticides.
16
-------
INDEX TO PAGE LOCATIONS OF DATA BY PESTICIDE AND INVESTIGATOR
CLASS OF PESTICIDE M.R.I. T.R. W. Marquardt Versar
Name of Pesticide
CLASS n
Malathion 18, 19
CLASS in
Atrazine 20, 21
50% Captan 22
Picloram 23, 24
CLASS IV
Aldrin 25, 26
Chlordane 27, 28
DDT 30, 34 29, 32 31, 38
35 33, 36 39, 40
37
Dieldrin 41, 42
Lindane 43, 44
"Orange" Herbicide 45
Toxaphene 46, 47
2, 4, 5 - T 48, 49
Hydrazine 50
NOTE: Numbers in this table refer to page numbers of this document.
17
-------
ORIGIN OF OA TA
Midwest Research Institute - 6/73 to 9/74
E.P.A. Contract No. 68-03-0286
"Determination of Incinerator Operating Conditions
Necessary for Safe Disposal of Pesticides"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Constructed by M.R.I, at M.R.I, according to
design standards published by the Incinerator
Institute of America for 100 Lb per Hour Class
Incinerators. Multiple Chamber Type.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
1
3
5
7
9
11
FEED RATS
PESTICIDE
GHS./HR.
L058.70
881.79
702.17
1192.06
Z177.28
378.30
FES1ICIDE
AS FIRED
GAL /HR.
0.95
0.79
0.63
1.14
1.78
0.33
AUXILIARY
FUEL
1.71
1.40
0.25
0
0.14
1.06
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
130
44
176
114
95
311
COMBUSTION
TEt.'P. ° F.
AVG
1980
1840
1140
1270
1755
1105
MAX
_ —
—
2010
1945
2105
.HE TEN J ION
TIME
SEC.
4.4
9.8
13.0
12.4
7.8
8.8
P£S TICIOE
Malathion - 5 Lbs/Gal
or 60%
C9 H16 °5 Pl S2
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
PCTENIIALLY HAZARCOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
Pyrophosphates
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. n20
PES'lCICE
IN li't
EFFLHE.VTS
PPU
INZINZRATCR
EFFICIENCY
"7C
>99.996
> 99. 999
> 99. 998
> 99. 999
>99.999
>99.999
18
-------
ORIGIN OF DA TA
Midwest Research Institute - 6/73 to 9/74
E.P.A. Contract No. 68-03-0286
"Determination of Incinerator Operating Conditions
Necessary for Safe Disposal of Pesticides"
TYPE Of INCINERATOR
Constructed by M. R.I. at M. R. L according to
design standards published by the Incinerator
Institute of America for 100 Lb per Hour Class
Incinerators. Multiple Chamber Type.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A
B
C
D
E
l
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
GMS./HR.
3330
4570
3130
3290
1500
PESTICIDE
AS flP£D
GAL/HR
--
—
—
AUXILIARY
FUEL
SAL./HR
1.07
2.25
1.08
2.77
0.96
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
43
37
113
156
157
COMBUSllOH
TElSP. ° F.
AVC.
1490
1900
1340
1710
1170
1
MAX.
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
\
8.7
7.7
11.3
3.7
8.2
PES TICIOE
Malathion - 25% Dust
C9 H16 °5 Pl S2
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
n Phosphorus -
Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
Pyrophosphates
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H20
\
PESTICIDE
IfJ GAS
EFFLUEtlTS
GM./HR.
L.2xlO "
i
lNCW£RATCR
EFFICIENCY
*7o
> 99.999
> 99.999
> 99. 998
> 99. 999
> 99. 995
19
-------
ORIGIN OF UA TA
Midwest Research Institute - 6/73 to 9/74
E.P.A. Contract No. 68-03-0286
"Determination of Incinerator Operating Conditions
Necessary for Safe Disposal of Pesticides"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Constructed by M. R. I. at M. R. I. according to
design standards published by the Incinerator
Institute of America for 100 Lib per Hour Class
Incinerators. Multiple Chamber Type.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE.
6US./HR.
1631.37
1586.06
1540.74
1586.06
3579.96
3262. 75
3534. 64
3579.96
1495.42
PESTIClOE
AS rlf^D
GAL/HR
1.89
1.99
1.69
1.89
4.37
4.25
4.28
4.20
1.73
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR.
2.60
2.60
1.14
0.88
2.40
0.72
1.15
3.01
2.37
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
79
123
138
90
76
93
143
140
52
\
COMBUST ICH
TEMP. ° F.
AVC.
1860
1860
1340
1290
1730
1030
1300
1720
1900
*
i
VAX
I960
2060
2020
1980
1990
1760
1900
1920
1980
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
5.1
4.1
7.6
9.6
3.8
6.0
6.9
2.9
6,4
PES TICIOE
Atrazine
4 Lb/Gal Liquid
C8 H14 N5
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
HI Nitrogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
CN
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H2O
CYAN ICE
IN CAS
EFFLUENTS
CM/HR.
_ —
< 0.1
36.7
39.1
< 0. 1
1358
128
< 0.1
13.8
INCINERATOR
EFFICIENCY
°7o
20
-------
ORIGIN OF VA TA
Midwest Research Institute - 6/73 to 9/74
E.P.A. Contract No. 68-03-0286
"Determination of Incinerator Operating Conditions
Necessary for Safe Disposal of Pesticides"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Constructed by M.R.I, at M. R.I. according to
design standards published by the Incinerator
Institute of America for 100 Lb per Hour Class
Incinerators. Multiple Chamber Type.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A
B
c
D
E
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
CUS./HR.
2900.22
3579.96
2718.96
3398.70
3715.91
FESTICTE
AS rir--.D
GAL/HR
AUXILIARY
FUEL
£ AS. /HR
2.20
2.25
0.71
1.82
0.67
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
43
125
146
71
111
COMBUST IOH
TEVP. " F.
AVC
I960
1770
1120
1780
1200
MAX
1920
1970
1720
1950
1800
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
5.5
6.1
10.8
6.5
13.2
PES TICIOE
Atrazine - 80%
Wettable Powder
8 H14 N5
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
m Nitrogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
CN
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. h«0
CYAtllCE
IN CAS
EFFLUENTS
GM/HR.
9.6
< 0.1
174.8
0.3
46.2
IHCl.VERATCff
"' <^o
21
-------
OK 1C IN Of DATA
Midwest Research Institute - 6/73 to 9/74
E.P.A. Contract No. 68-03-0286
"Determination of Incinerator Operating Conditions
Necessary for Safe Disposal of Pesticides"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Constructed by M.R.I, at M.R.I, according to
de-sign standards published by the Incinerator
Institute of America for 100 Lib per Hour Class
Incinerators. Multiple Chamber Type.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
F--D RATE
PESTICIDE
6US./HR.
2857.68
2857.68
1632.96
1134.00
1270.08
1406.16
2222.64
2041.20
PESTICIOE
AS FIRZD
GAL/HR
1.70
1.71
0.94
0.93'
0.93
0.92
1.68
1.63
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL /HR
2.30
1.52
2.33
2.44
0.94
1.01
0.72
0.98
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
137
94
76
135
192
130
252
99
COMBUST 10*
TEMP. ° K
AVC
1820
1680
1850
1790
1220
1230
1200
1280
VAX
2120
2040
2160
2170
2040
2010
1900
1980
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
3.6
6.4
5.0
3.9
8.1
10.4
13.2
13.2
PES TICIOE
50% Captan - Wettable
Powder (In Water)
C9 H8 02 C13 N S
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
m Nitrogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
Cyanide, HC1, SOX
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H20
CYANIDE
IN C-AS
EFFLUENTS
GU/HR.
32.6
33.9
12.9
20.6
5.4
17.3
20.9
INCINERATOR
EFFICIENCY
*7o
.
22
-------
ORIGIN OF DA TA
Midwest Research Institute - 6/73 to 9/74
E. P.A. Contract No. 68-03-0286
"Determination of Incinerator Operating Conditions
Necessary for Safe Disposal of Pesticides"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Constructed by M.R.I, at M.R.I, according to
de'sign standards published by the Incinerator
Institute of America for 100 Lb per Hour Class
Incinerators. Multiple Chamber Type.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A
B
•
C
D
E
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
GMS./HR.
1260
1250
1200
2380
2340
•v •
PESTICIDE
AS HP£D
GAL./HR.
—
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR
2.38
2,50
0.95
0.91
2.41
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
93
170
226
227
72
COW8USJION
TEVP ° F.
AVC.
1890
1720
1200
1310
1700
1
MAX.
2075
2320
1860
1800
1585
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
3.7
5.6
20.90
20.80
13.00
PES TICIDE
Picloram - 10% Pellets
C6 tt3 °2 N2 C13
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
JLli JNitrogen-tontaining
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COU3USTIOH
HC1 and CN
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H20
PESTICIDE
in CAS
EFFLUENTS
CM./HK.
_\
1.07x10
7.06x10""
-5
99. 999
> 99. 998
> 99. 979
>99.981
> 99. 976
23
-------
ORIGIN OF OA TA
Midwest Research Institute - 6/73 to 9/74
E.P.A. Contract No. 68-03-0286
"Determination of Incinerator Operating Conditions
Necessary for Safe Disposal of Pesticides"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Constructed by M. R. I. at M. R. I. according to
design standards published by the Incinerator
Institute of America for 100 Lib per Hour Class
Incinerators. Multiple Chamber Type.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
1
3
4
5
6
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
GMS./HR.
1870
1510
1285
1110
3465
PESTICIDE
AS FIRED
GAL./HR.
2.32
1.93
1.51
i.47
3.59
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR.
0.68
1.51
2.40
3.30
3.25
EXCESS
AIR
298
187
62
130
116
COMBUSTION
TEVP. ° F.
'AVG'.
1000
1160
1715
1870
1890
MAX.
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
15.31
13.06
7.68
2.57
2.36
PESTICIDE
Picloram - 10% in HZ©
C6 H3 02 N2 C13
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
in Nitrogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
HC1 and CN
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. HSO
PESTICIDE
IN GAS
EFFLUENTS
MG./M?
0.03
<0.01
0.02
0.06
0.02
INClHERATCR
EFFICIENCY
°7c
> 99. 837
>99.637
>99.979
> 99. 997
>99.999
Note: All experiments except #5 and #6 produced high CN content in the effluent
gases. Runs #5 and #6 achieve <0.1 gm/hr emission.
24
-------
ORIGIN OF DA TA
Midwest Research Institute - 6/73 to 9/74
E.P.A. Contract No. 68-03-0286
"Determination of Incinerator Operating Conditions
Necessary for Safe Disposal of Pesticides"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Constructed by M.R.I, at M.R. L according to
design standards published by the Incinerator
Institute of America for 100 Lb per Hour Class
Incinerators. Multiple Chamber Type.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A
B
D
F
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
GMS./HR.
1866
1705
3758
1841
PESJICIDE
AS rifKO
GAL./HR.
3.21
2.43
2.49
1.54
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR.
__
--
--
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
48
155
120
113
COMBUSTION
TEVP. * F.
AVG.
2150
1860
1945
1635
MAX.
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
5.49
5.10
4.61
6.61
P£S TICIOE
Aldrin - 19% Granules
C12'H8 C16
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMSUSTION
HC1
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H2O
PESTICIDE
IN GAS
EFFLUEHTS
GM./HR.
3.87x10
2.71x10
2.71x10"
3.54x10
i
INCIHERATCR
EFFICIENCY
> 99.999
> 99. 998
> 99. 999
>99.999
25
-------
ORIGIN OF DA TA
Midwest Research Institute - 6/73 to 9/74
E.P.A. Contract No. 68-03-0286
"Determination of Incinerator Operating Conditions
Necessary for Safe Disposal of Pesticides"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Constructed by M. R. L at M. R. I. according to
design standards published by the Incinerator
Institute of America for 100 Lb per Hour Class
Incinerators. Multiple Chamber Type.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
2
4
6
. FEED KATE
PESTICIDE
GMS./HR.
3479.11
1614.81
657.72
8
10
1351.72
616.89
PESTICIDE
AS FIRED
GAL./HR
2.02
0.94
0.38
0.78
0.71
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR.
2.92
0.44
0.96
2.33
0
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
128
230
158
70
380
COMBUSTION
TEVP. o r.
AVG
1930
1745
1620
2125
1155
MAX
2020
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
3.38
9.61
8.35
4.34
14.29
PCS TICIOE
Aldrin - 41.2%
Emulsifiable Concentrate
C12 H8 C16
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF CCU5USTION
HC1
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H20
PESTICIDE
IN CAS
EFFLUENTS
PPM
INCINERATOR
IFflCIENCY
°7o
> 99. 999
> 99. 999
>99.999
> 99. 999
> 99. 998
26
-------
ORIGIN OF OA TA .
T.R.W. Systems Group - 7/73 to 8/74
Contract No. D.A.D.A. 17-73-C-3132
"Thermal Degradation of Military
Standard Pesticide Formulations"
TYPE Of INCINERATOR
Custom Design Tube-Furnace consisting of Burner,
Refractory Lined Section, Water Cooled Section,
Afterburner Section, Quench Section, and Scrubber.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
All-6-6
18
30
All -11 -6
18
30
All-1-6
18
All-8-6
All-12-6
All-9-6
FEED KATE
PESTICIDE
GUS./HR.
22.65
33.97
22.65
33.97
22.65
33.97
FESirjOE
AS FIKiO
GAL/HR
AUXILIARY
FUEL
ZAi. /HR
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
18.7
14.8
45.0
47.7
71.0
71.9
COMBUST 10*
TEMP. " r.
AVC
2135
1840
1725
2180
1925
1650
1850
1685
1955
1745
1690
MAX
HETEftTlQN
TIME
SEC.
i
0.162
0.510
0.886
0.163
0.528
0.936
0.148
0.474
0.138
0.130
0.134
PES TICIDE
Chlordane - 5% Dust
C10'H6 C18
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
FOTEtniALLr HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
HC1
PRESSURE
OROP
IN. H20
HYDRO-
CAKSOXS
IN C-AS
EFFLUENTS
INCINERATCR
EFFICIENCY
«7o
PPM '
27
1
< 1
10
< 1
< I
* 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
Notes: 1. Summary of data suggested efficiencies of greater than 99. 99%
were achieved, but-these calculations were not shown.
2. Data sheets reported only measure of hydrocarbons as out-put
measure.
3. Samples were collected at 6", 18", and 30" from point of
injection. These are summarized by modifying the T.R.W. experimental
numbering system to read Al-2-6, 18, 30, etc.
27
-------
ORIGIN Of OA TA .
T.R. W. Systems Group - 7/73 to 8/74
Contract No. D.A.D.A. 17-73-C-3132
"Thermal Degradation of Military
Standard Pesticide Formulations"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Custom Design Tube-Furnace consisting of Burner,
Refractory Lined Section, Water Cooled Section,
Afterburner Section, Quench Section, and Scrubber.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A5-3-6
A5-4-6
18
30
A5-5-6
18
30
A5-8-6
A5-10-6
18
30
A5-13-6
A 5 -14-6
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
GUS./HR.
KSJICIOF.
AS FlFiD
GAL/HR
1.0
1.0
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.0
1.0
AUXILIARY
FUEL
C-i. /HR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EXCESS
45
12
77
46
98
47
72
i
i
COMBUSTION
TEMP. ° F.
AVC
I960
2125
2080
1880
1665
1510
1330
1850
1580
1540
1435
2045
1815
i
MAX
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
0.153
0.174
0.538
0.950
0.186
0.591
1.038
0.205
0.173
0.531
0.914
0.143
0.134
PESTICIDE
Chlordane - 72% Emul-
sifiable Mixed 1:3 with
#2 Oil C10H6C18
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
FC'TEtlllALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
HC1
PRESSURE
CROP
IN. H20
HYf)KO-
c/A/reavs
IN GAS
EFFLUcNTS
PPM
2
4
15
2
1
< 1
77
15
< 1
< 1
< 1
INClHEflATCR
EFFICIENCY
Notes: 1. Summary of data suggested efficiencies of greater than 99.99%
were achieved, but these calculations were not shown.
2. Data sheets reported only measure of hydrocarbons as out-put
measure.
3. Samples were collected at 6", 18", and 30" from point of
injection. These are summarized by modifying the T.R. W. experimental
numbering system to read Al-2-6, 18, 30, etc.
28
-------
ORIGIN Of OA TA
T.R. W. Systems Group - 7/73 to 8/74
Contract No. D.A.D.A. 17-73-C-3132
"Thermal Degradation of Military
Standard Pesticide Formulations"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Custom Design Tube-Furnace consisting of Burner,
Refractory Lined Section, Water Cooled Section,
Afterburner Section, Quench Section, and Scrubber.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
Al-2-6
18
Al-»3-6
18
Al-5-6
18
30
Al-7-6
18
30
Al-9-6
18
30
Al-11-6
Al-13-6
18
FEED KATE
PESTICIDE
CVS. /HR.
KSIICIOE
AS FlFzD
SAL/HR
1.0
0.75
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
30
30
76
12
-7
53
26
CGMBUS1IO*
TEMP o F.
AVC.
2300
2200
2120
1990
1700
1580
1475
2220
2170
1990
1775
1525
1225
1825
1540
1400
J
MAX
RET-, \TION
TIME
SEC.
[
0.146
0.449
0.210
0.653
0.288
0.882
1.523
0.174
0.528
0.908
0.239
0.774
1.405
0.152
0.407
1.295
PES TICIOE
DDT - 5% Solution
in Oil
C14 Hq C15
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
FCTEH1IALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF CCfJlBUSTION
HC1
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H20
Hrnm-
CAK£0\S
IN GAS
EFFLUENTS
PPM
2
1
< 1
< 1
336
c
2
1
2
3
3450
5900
4260
< 1
< 1
< 1
INCINSRAJCR
EFflCtEMCr
°7o
Notes: 1. Summary of data suggested efficiencies of greater than 99.99%
were achieved, but these calculations were not shown.
2. Data sheets reported only measure of hydrocarbons as out-put
measure.
3. Samples were collected at 6", 18", and 30" from point of
injection. These are summarised by modifying the T.R. W. experimental
numbering system to read Al-2-6, 18, 30, etc.
29
-------
ORIGIN or DA TA
Midwest Research Institute - 6/73 to 9/74
E. P. A. Contract No. 68-03-0286
"Determination of Incinerator Operating Conditions
Necessary for Safe Disposal of Pesticides"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Constructed by M. R.L at M.R.I, according to
design standards published by the Incinerator
Institute of America for 100 Lb per Hour Class
Incinerators. Multiple Chamber Type.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
2
3
5
6
8
FEED RATS
PESTICIDE
GMS./HR.
997.92
997.92
1723.68
2222.64
997.92
PESJICIDE
Af FIR-D
GAL XH/?.
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR.
3.50
2.61
2.77
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
58
164
128
111
124
COMBUSTION
r£**p. ° F.
AVC
2125
1765
1905
2095
1930
KfAX
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
3.76
2.46
2.46
3.68
4.22
PCS TICIOE
DDT - 10% Dust
C14H9C15
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF C CMS US r ION
HC1
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H2Q
r-iTiCiCE
IN 6*S
PPM
INCINERATOR
EFFICIENCY
°7c
> 99. 994
> 99. 999
>99.999
> 99. 999
> 99. 995
30
-------
ORIGIN OF OA TA
Versar Inc. , October 18, 1974 - Report to
U.S. E. P. A. entitled "A Study of Pesticide
Disposal in a Sewage Sludge Incinerator"
Contract No. 68-01-1587
TYPe OF INCINERATOR
Multiple Hearth Furnace by Envirotech Inc.
30" Inside Diameter - 6 Hearths and Afterburner
EXPERIMENT
NO.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
FEED RAT:
PESTICIDE
CUS./HR.
181.6
181.6
181.6
181.6
454
454
454
454
FESJICIDE
AS FIRED
GAL XH/?.
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR.
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
ji;
COMBUSTION
TEUP. " F.
'AVC.
1546
1515
1536
1546
1538
1545
1488
1475
MAX
1720
1680
1680
1680
1660
1640
1650
1640
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
PCS TICIOE
DDT - 20% Solution
C14H9C15
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF CCMsUSriON
HC1
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H20
PE3TICICE
IN 0-»S
f.FFL'JF..VTS
PPM
1.710
0.43
1.65
0.55
—
2.15
2.84
0.45
INC IN£ RATCft
EFFICIENCY
°7C
99.79
—
99.986
99.993
—
99.993
99.982
99.994
Notes: . 1. Data on excess air rates was not computed by Versar; however,
Orsat analysis data reported indicates air was supplied at two to three
times stoichiometric requirements.
2. Sludge feed at rate of 45 Kg/hr. DDT Solution feed at rate of
0.91 Kg/hr on third hearth for Experiments 9 - 12.
. 3. DDT Solution feed at rate 2. 25 Kr/hr for Experiments 13 - 16.
31
-------
ORIGIN OF DA TA
T.R. W. Systems Group - 7/73 to 8/74
Contract No. D.*A-D.A. 17-73-C-3132
"Thermal Degradation of Military
Standard Pesticide Formulations"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Custom Design Tube -Furnace consisting of Burner,
Refractory Lined Section, Water Cooled Section,
Afterburner Section, Quench Section, and Scrubber.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A2-5-6
18
30
A2-7-6
A2-9-6
18
30
A2-11-6
18
30
A2-12-6
18
30
A2-13-6
18
A2-14-6
18
30
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
C.WSVW.
FESTICIOE
AS F/PiD
GAL/HR
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
AUXILIARY
FUEL.
ZAi./HR
0
0
0
0
0
0.
0
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
26
75
-3
12
28
70
90
COMBUST 1C ft
TEVP. ° f.
AVG.
2100
1990
1810
1900
2000
1795
1495
1940
1880
1680
2005
1905
1675
1720
1640
1385
1370
1340
MAX
KETE.\riO\
TIME
SEC.
0.151
0.470
0.819
0.122
0.212
0.686
1.242
0.238
0.738
1.314
0.207
0.649
1.156
0.178
0.553
0.189
0.573
0.965
PES TICIDE
DDT - 20% Oil Solution
Mixed 1:3 with #2 Fuel O:
C14 H9 C15
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
Tf Halogen-Containing
FOTEtlllALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
HC1
PRESSURE
CROP
IN. H2Q
HWRO-
CARSOHS
IN C~AS
EFFL UENTS
PPM
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
2430
4210
4040
< 1
8
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
265
89
5
INCINSRATCR
EFFICIENCY
°7o
Notes: 1. Summary of data suggested efficiencies of greater than 99.99%
were achieved, but these calculations were not shown.
2. Data sheets reported only measure of hydrocarbons as out-put
measure.
3. Samples were collected at 6", 18", and. 30" from point of
injection. These are summarized by modifying the T.R. W. experimental
numbering system to read Al-2-6, 18, 30, etc.
32
-------
ORIGIN Of DA TA
T.R. W. Systems Group - 7/73 to 8/74
Contract No. D.A.D.A. 17-73-C-3132
"Thermal Degradation of Military
Standard Pesticide Formulations"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Custom Design Tube-Furnace consisting of Burner,
Refractory Lined Section, Water Cooled Section,
Afterburner Section, Quench Section, and Scrubber.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A2-17-6
18
30
V
FEED KATE
PESTICIDE
GUS./HR.
PES7ICIOE
AS f/ffiC
GAL./HR
1.0
AUXILIARY
FUEL
SAL./HR
0
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
92
)!:
CGMBuStiCH
TEMP. ° F.
AVC
600
980
1220
. ;
MAX
frfrc.vr/cw
TIME •
SEC.
\
I
0.204
0. 530
0.832
PES TICIOE
DDT - 20% Oil Solution
(Continued)
C14 H9 C15
CLA
TV W^
xv xia
SS OF PESTICIDE
logen-Containing
FCTEH1IALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
HC1
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H20
HYDRO-
CAKSO\'S
Iti CAS
EFFLUENTS
PPM
874
640
185
i
INCIN£UATCZ
EFFICIENCY
"7o
Notes:
1. Summary of data suggested efficiencies of greater than 99. 99%
were achieved, but these calculations were not shown.
2. Data sheets reported only measure of hydrocarbons as out-put
measure.
3. Samples were collected at 6", 18", and 30" from point of
injection. These are summarized by modifying the T.R. W. experimental
numbering system to read Al-2-6, 18, 30, etc.
33
-------
ORIGIN OF DA TA
Midwest Research Institute - 6/73 to 9/74
E.P.A. Contract No. 68-03-0286
"Determination of Incinerator Operating Conditions
Necessary for Safe Disposal of Pesticides"
TYPE Of INCINERATOR
Constructed by M; R.I. at M. R. I. according to
design standards published by the Incinerator
Institute of America for 100 Lb per Hour Class
Incinerators. Multiple Chamber Type.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A
B
C
F
H
J
N
P
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
G.WS./H/?.
1097.71
1918.72
1628.42
4649.40
2422. 22
1242.86
1796.25
3338.49
PESTICIDE
AS FIRED
GAL /HR.
1.18
2.09
1.77
5.38
2.63
1.35
2.57
3.73
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR.
1.30
2.03
4.59
--
3.68
1.27
--
EXCESS
Alft
°7o
92
162
120
143
135
138
166
164
COMBUSTION
TiMP. " F.
'AVC.
1955
1785
1955
1760
1975
1870
1790
1935
MAX
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
5.10
2.41
1.58
1.80
1.54
6.17
5.81
2.44
PES TICIDE
DDT - 25% Emulsifiable
Concentrate
C14 H9 C15
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HA'ARTOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
HC1
PRfSSL/RE
•DROP
IN. K20
PESTICIDE
in 6*5
EfFLUFHTS
PPU
INClNEffATCR
EF?lCIEHCr
°7c
> 99. 996
>99.995
> 99. 974
> 99. 992
>99.992
> 99. 980
>99.976
>99.996
34
-------
ORIGIN OF DA TA
Midwest Research Institute - 6/73 to 9/74
E.P.A. Contract No. 68-03-0286
"Determination of Incinerator Operating Conditions
Necessary for Safe Disposal of Pesticides"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Constructed by M. R.I. at M.R.I, according to
design standards published by the Incinerator
Institute of America for 100 Lb per Hour Class
Incinerators. Multiple Chamber Type.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A
B
*
C
D
E
H
FEED RAT-
PESTICIDE
GMS./HR.
3157.05
3411.07
3633.33
1909.65
1755.43
3828.38
PESJICIDE
AS FIRED
GAL /HR.
5.00
5.00
5.00
3.50
3.50
3.50
AUXILIARY
FUEL
CtL/HR.
0
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
130
217
150
49
77
COMBUSTION
TEf'P. " r.
'AVC.
1901
1712
1770
1985
1677
2150
MAX
ffcTENTION
TIME
SEC.
1.36
1.44
1.28
2.36
1.25
1.11
PES TICIOE
DDT - 25% Emulsifiable
Concentrate
C14 H9 C15
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
POTEHJlALLr HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF CCUSUSTlON
HC1
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. K2Q
PESTICICE
IN bJS
ffft.t/.f.vrs
PPM
IN:INZ**TCR
EFFICIENCY
°7c
> 99.99
>99.99
>99.99
>99.99
>99.99
>99.99
Note: 1. Midwest Research Institute initially started experimentation with
an actual loading rate of their incinerator of 10 pounds of DDT per hour as
a 25 percent emulsiiiable concentrate. Due to the occurrence of a black
smoke plume from the stack, alleged to be the fault of an undersized
scrubbing system, the loading rate was reduced to approximately 5 pounds
per hour of the DDT.
35
-------
ORIGIN Of UA TA
T.R. W. Systems Group - 7/73 to 8/74
Contract No. D.A.D.A. 17-73-C-3132
"Thermal Degradation of Military
Standard Pesticide Formulations"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Custom Design Tube -Fur ance consisting of Burner,
Refractory Lined Section, Water Cooled Section,
Afterburner Section, Quench Section, and Scrubber.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A4-2-6
18
30
A4-4-6
A4-5-6
A4-6-6
18
30
A4-7-6
18
30
A4-9-6
18
A4-10-6
18
30
A4-11-6
18
30
FEfO RATE
PESTICIDE
G.US./HR.
KSriClOE
AS FIPzO
GAL./HR
1.0
1.0
0.75
0.75
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
AUXILIARY
FUEL
CAL/HR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
31
65
46
94
87
29
103
16
COMBUST /C-V
TEMP. ° £
AVG.
2000
1890
1710
1900
1725
1750
1530
1270
1250
1415
1450
1775
1640
1510
1430
1220
1900
1490
1210
MAX
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
0.164
0.504
0.089
0.137
0.219
0.166
0.537
0.964
0.168
0.477
0.782
0.368
1.153
0.272
0.842
1.455
0.392
1.313
2.398
PC S TICIOE
DDT - 25%
Emulsifiable Concentrate
C1A H. C1-
14 9 5
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
FCTEtlTIALLr HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COM BUST ION
HC1
FKESS-JRE
OROP
IN. H20
HYPRO-
CAffSCVS
IN GAS
EFFLUENTS
PPM
5
4
5
< 1
< 1
33
23
17
438
8
36
2
1
22
34
29
1420
150
24
i
INCINzRATCR
EFFICIENCY
*7e
Notes: 1. Summary of data suggested efficiencies of greater than 99.99%
were achieved, but these calculations were not shown.
2. Data sheets reported only measure of hydrocarbons as out-put
measure.
3. Samples were collected at 6", 18", and 30" from point of
injection. These are summarized by modifying the T.R. W. experimental
numbering system to read A1-2-6, 18, 30, etc.
36
-------
ORIGIN Of DA TA
T.R.W. Systems Group - 7/73 to 8/74
Contract No. D.A.D.A. 17-73-C-3132
"Thermal Degradation of Military
Standard Pesticide Formulations"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Custom Design Tube-Furnace consisting of Burner,
Refractory Lined Section, Water Cooled Section,
Afterburner Section, Quench Section, and Scrubber.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A4-12-6
18
30
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
GMS./HR.
PESTICIDE
AS FlteQ
GAL XH/?.
0.75
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR.
0
EXCESS
AIR
14
COMBUSTION
TEMP. ° F.
AVG
1775
1640
1480
•
MAX
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
0.284
0.876
1.509
PES TICIOE
DDT - 25% Emulsifiable
Concentrate (Continued)
C14 Hq C15
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
HC1
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H.20
CAKSQ\'S
IN GAS
EFFLUENTS
PPM
552
410
48
i
EFFICIENCY
^7o
|
Notes: 1. Summary of data suggested efficiencies of greater than 99.99%
were achieved, but these calculations were not shown.
2. Data sheets Deported only measure of hydrocarbons as out-put
measure.
3. Samples were collected at 6", 18", and 30" from point of
injection. These are summarized by modifying the T.R.W. experimental
numbering system to read Al-2-6, 18, 30, etc.
37
-------
ORIGIN OF DA TA
Versar Inc. , October 18, 1974 - Report to
U.S.E.P.A. entitled "A Study of Pesticide
Disposal in a Sewage Sludge Incinerator"
Contract No. 68-01-1587
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Full Scale Multiple Hearth. Sewage Sludge
Incinerator located in Palo Alto, California.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
1
2
•
3
4
FEED RAT;
PESTICIDE
GHS./HR.
6920
6920
16350
16350
PES1ICKJE
AS fIFZD
GAL./HR.
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
COMBUSTION
TEVP. ° r.
AVC.
1162
1172
1160
1218
\
MAX.
1450
1460
1480
1475
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
PCS TICIOE
DDT - 75% Dust
C14'H9 C15
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
HC1
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H20
PESTICIDE
IN GAS
EFFLUENTS
GM./HR.
0.015
0.015
0.116
0.022
iNClfJERATCR
EFFICIENCY
°7o
99.970
99.975
99.977
99.983
Notes: . 1. Data on excess air rates was not computed by Versar; however,
Orsat analysis data reported^ indicates air was supplied at two to three
times stoichiometric requirements.
2. DDT Dust feed 2 grs/100 gms sewage sludge for Experiments
1 and 2, and 5 grs/100 gms sewage sludge for Experiments 3 and 4.
38
-------
ORIGIN OF DA TA
Versar Inc., October 18, 1974 - Report to
U.S.E.P.A. entitled "A Study of Pesticide
Disposal in a Sewage Sludge Incinerator"
Contract No. 68-01-1587
TYPE Of INCINERATOR
Multiple Hearth Furnace by Envirotech Inc.
30" Inside Diameter - 6 Hearths and Afterburner
EXPERIMENT
NO.
5
6
7
8
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
GMS./HR.
2270
2270
2270
2270
PESTICIDE
AS FIRED
GAL /HR
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR.
EXCESS
AIR
i
.1
COMBUSTION
TEVP. " F.
'AVG.
1396
1441
1435
1438
MAX
1660
1700
1650
1660
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
•
pEs^cioe
DDT. - 75% -Dust
C. . H_ Cl
IA 7 5
CLASS OF^'PESTICIOE
IV Halogen-Co
itaimng
POTENTIALLY' HAZARC-OUS
PRODUCTS OF CCMSUSTION
HC1
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H2O
IH &*S
PPM
1.31
1.93
1.60
55.75
INCINERATCR
EFFICIENCY
°7e
99.995
99.997
99.998
99.66
Notes: - 1. Data on excess air rates was not computed by Versar; however,
Orsat analysis data reported indicates air was supplied at two to three
times stoichiometric requirements.
2. . DDT formulation feed at rate of 5 gms per 100 gms Sewage Sludge.
39
-------
ORIGIN OF DA TA
Versar Inc. , October 18, 1974 - Report to
U.S. E. P. A. entitled "A Study of Pesticide
Disposal in a Sewage Sludge Incinerator"
Contract No. 68-01-1587
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Multiple Hearth Furnace by Envirotech Inc.
30" Inside Diameter - 6 Hearths and Afterburner.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
1
I
3
4
FEED KATE
PESTICIDE
GMS./HR.
908
908
908
908
PESTICIDE
AS FIRED
GAL /«?.
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR.
Excess
AIR
°7o
COMBUSTION
TEVP. " F.
AVG
1406
1388
1318
1360
MAX
1640
1600
1620
1640
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
PCS TICIOE
DDT - 75% Dust
C14 H9 C15
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HA'ARTOUS
PRODUCTS OF CCUSUSTIOh
HC1
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. HyO
PES'iCICE
IN OJ.
-------
ORIGIN Of CM TA
T.R. W. Systems Group - 7/73 to 8/74
Contract No. D:A.D.A. 17-73-C-3132
"Thermal Degradation of Military
Standard Pesticide Formulations"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Custom Design Tube-Furnace consisting of Burner,
Re'fractory Lined Section, Water Cooled Section,
Afterburner Section, Quench Section, and Scrubber.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A9-8-6
18
30
A9-6-6
18
30
A9-1-6
18
A9-7-6
A9-4-6
A9-5-6
18
30
A9-11-6
18
30
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
GMS./HR.
F-tSJIClOE
AS Fin-c
SAL /HR.
1.0
0.75
1.0
0.75
1.0
1.0
0.75
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL /HR
0
0
. 0
0
0
0
0
EXCESS
AIR
*7o
13
15
29
49
71
111
91
COMBUST 101
TEMP ° F
AVC
2235
2000
1765
2060
1900
1690
1915
1820
1910
1975
900
1150
1275
1710
1515
1415
MAX
KET€\riON
TIME
SEC.
1
0.177
0.567
0.999
0.244
0.770
1.366
0.174
0.543
0.212
0.131
0.166
0.461
0.749
0.182
0.571
0.980
PESTICIDE
Dieldrin - 15%
Emulsifiable
Cl2 H8 Q! C16
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
v** «•* 1 ^* . • •
IV Halogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
Tjr/^i
HC1
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H20
HYHRO-
CASSGYS
IN GAS
EFFLUENTS
INCINERATOR
EFFICIENCY
°7o
PPM 1
150
3
2
3
2
2
< 1
< 1
< 1
1
451
248
67
46
25
22
Notes: 1. Summary of data suggested efficiencies of greater than 99. 99%
were achieved, but these calculations were not showni
2. Data sheets reported only measure of hydrocarbons as out-put
measure.
3.' Samples were collected at 6", 18", and 30" from point of
injection. These are summarized by modifying the T.R. W. experimental
numbering system to read Al-2-6, 18, 30, etc.
41
-------
ORIGIN Of OA TA
T.R. W. Systems Group - 7/73 to 8/74
Contract No. D.A.D.A. 17-73-C-3132
"Thermal Degradation of Military
Standard Pesticide Formulations"
TYPE Of INCINERATOR
Custom Design Tube-Furnace consisting of Burner,
Refractory Lined Section, Water Cooled Section,
Afterburner Section, Quench Section, and Scrubber.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A 6 -11 -6
18
30
A 6-10 -6
18
30
A6-3-6
18
A6-2-6
18
A6-6-6
18
A6-1-6
18
30
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
G.WS./W?.
AS FI^-0
SAL/HR
1.0
0.75
1.0
0.75
1.0
0.75
AUXILIARY
FUEL
CAL./HR
0
0
0
0
0
0
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
13
15
46
50
73
70
;
COMBUST 1C*
TEMP. ° F.
AVC.
1835
1760
1550
1985
1760
1460
I960
1850
1820
1750
1680
1620
1840
1755
1585
• . V .
'<: V
MAX
RETENTION
TIHf
SEC.
0.209
0.654
1.166
0.268
0.867
1.588
0.162
0.510
0.225
0.693
0.153
0.471
0.197
0.616
1.072
PES TICIOE
Dieldrin - 15% Emul.
Mix with 3:1
Chlordane 72%
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS Of COMBUSTION
HC1
FKESSURE
DROP
IN. H20
CAK=0\'S
It.' C-AS
PPM
90
380
285
30
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
3
3
3
EFFICIENCY
"70
Notes: 1. Summary of data suggested efficiencies of greater than 99.99%
were achieved, but these calculations were not shown.
2. Data sheets reported only measure of hydrocarbons as out-put
measure.
3. Samples were collected at 6", 18", and 30" from point of
injection. These are summarized by modifying the T.R. W. experimental
numbering system to read Al-2-6, 18, 30, etc.
42
-------
ORIGIN OF DA M
T.R. W. Systems Group - 7/73 to 8/74
Contract No. D.A.D.A. 17-73-C-3132
"Thermal Degradation of Military
Standard Pesticide Formulations"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Custom Design Tube-Furnace consisting of Burner,
Refractory Lined Section, Water Cooled Section,
Afterburner Section, Quench Section, and Scrubber.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A10-8-6
18
Aia-9-6
A10-1-6
A10-7-6
A10-10-6
18
30
A10-4-6
18
30
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
GUS./HR.
6.7x9
4.5x3
4.5x3
6.7x9
6.7x9
4.5x3
FESriClOE
AS FIP'iQ
GAL/HR
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL/HR
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
EXCESS
Alrt
<7o
18.6
40.9
44.8
49.3
89.1
106.0
CCM61/S7/0-V
TEMP. ° r.
AVC.
1940
1900
1885
1690
1885
1684
1490
1350
1140
1230
1225
MAX
f£ Tt \TIOH
TIME
SEC.
i
0.165
0.507
0.143
0.145
0.140
0.124
0.395
0.583
0.140
0.413
0.594
PCS TICIOE
Liindane - 1% Dust
C6 tt6 C16
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
HC1
PRESSURE
OROP
IN. H20
HYDRO-
CAKBOXS
It.' GAS
EFFLUENTS
INCMZ RATCff
EFFICIENCY
°7e
P PM l
< 1
1
1
< 1
< 1
3
< 1
< 1
705
133
< 1
Notes: 1. Summary of data suggested efficiencies of greater than 99.99%
•were achieved, but these calculations were not shown.
2. Data sheets reported only measure of hydrocarbons as out-put
measure.
3; Samples were collected at'6", 18", and 30" from point of
injection. These are summarized by modifying the T.R. W. experimental
numbering system to read Al-2-6, 18, 30, etc.
43
-------
ORIGIN OF DA TA
T.R. W. Systems Group - 7/73 to 8/74
Contract No. D.A.D.A. 17-73-C-3132
"Thermal Degradation of Military
Standard Pesticide Formulations"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Custom Design Tube-Furnace consisting of Burner,
Refractory Lined Section, Water Cooled Section,
Afterburner Section, Quench Section, and Scrubber.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A 7-3 -6
18
30
A7-7-6
18
30
A7-9-6
18
A7-6-6
18
30
A7-U-6
' 18
A7-5-6
A7-2-6
18
A7-4-6
18
30
F-£S ft Alt
PESTICIDE
6US./HR.
FESTICIOE
AS FlPZZ
GAL/HR
1.0
0.75
1.0
0.75
1.0
0.75
uo
0.75
AUXILIARY
FUEL
ZAL/HR
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
EXCESS
Alft
°7o
14
14
31
28
50
47
73
77
covei/sr/cv
TEMP. " f.
AVG
2135
2000
1790
2030
1950
1735
2410
2005
2000
1850
1635
2145
1910
1830
1475
1630
1220
1450
1480
MAX
ffET£.\TIO\
TIME
SEC.
i
0.173
0.545
0.954
0.243
0.755
1.346
0.146
0.480
0.222
0.700
1.239
0.136
0.435
0.210
0.146
0.424
0.215
0.613
1.028
PES TICIDE
Lindane - 12%
Emulsifiable Concentrate
C& H6 C16
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
FCTftlllALLY HA'ARCOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
HC1
PKESSL/RE
DROP
IN. H20
Hrnrto-
CAGSO\!S
IN C-AS
EFFLUENTS
PPM
487
14
13
3
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
1
1
9
810
2
1050
39
14
INCINERArCR
Erfici£ncr
°7e
Notes: 1. Summary of data suggested efficiencies of greater than 99.'
were achieved, but these calculations were not shown.
2. Data sheets reported only measure of hydrocarbons as out-put
measure.
3. Samples were collected at 6", 18", and 30" from point of
injection. These are summarized by modifying the T.R. W. experimental
numbering system to read Al-2-6, 18, 30, etc.
44
-------
ORIGIN OF UA TA
The Marquardt Corp. , February 1974
"Report on the Destruction of 'Orange'
Herbicide by Incineration"
Contract No. F41608-74-C-1482
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
S.U. E. Burner manufactured and sold by
The Marquardt Corp. Includes Scrubber.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
I
n
m
IV
V
VI
vn
vm
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
GMS./HR.
Z.llxlO
2.20x10"
2.60xlOS
2.60xl05
2.93x10'
2.60xlO£
2.94xl05
1.95xlO£
PESTICIDE
AS FIRED
GAL./HR.
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GtLSHR.
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
89
89
52
53
34
52
34
37
COMBUSTION
TEMP. " f.
AVG.
1820
1759
1900
1786
2049
2100
2053
2210
MAX
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
i
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.15
0.18
P ES TICIDE
"Orange" Herbicide
C10 Hio °3 C12
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing 1
POTENTIALLY HAZARTOUS
PRODUCTS OF CCMBUS7IOH
HC1
i
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H20
6.25
6.0
3.4
7.7
5.7
5.2
5.6
4.9
W GAS
EFFLUENTS
tfC/HK.
2.4
1.8
2.4
1.8
2.4
6.6
3.0.
1.8
EFFICIENCY
1
1
I
I
Note: 1. Marquardt did not report incineration efficiencies; however, worst
conditions show efficiency of 99. 99999757 percent. Reported hydrocarbon
data does not correlate with this efficiency since hydrocarbon contents of
50 to 100 PPM were measured.
45
-------
ORIGIN OF DA TA
Midwest Research Institute - 6/73 to 9/74
E.P.A. Contract No. 68-03-0286
"Determination of Incinerator Operating Conditions
Necessary for Safe Disposal of Pesticides"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Constructed by M. R. I. at M. R. I. according to
de'sign standards published by the Incinerator
Institute of America for 100 Lb. per Hour Class
Incinerators. Multiple Chamber Type.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
A
B
C
D
E
F
FEED RAT-
PESTICIDE
GA/S./Hff.
3520
2750
3060
3850
3430
3310
PESIICtllE
AS HKD
CAL./HR.
_-
__
--
--
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR
1.02
1.07
2.30
2.32
2.56
2.35
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
94
166
53
44
122
121
COMBUST IOH
TEL'P. ° F:
AVC.
1240
1240
1845
1875
1765
1850
f V
i ',
MAX.
1645
1765
__
1645
1920
1900
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
16.0
11.0
6.1
7.5
5.3
5.2
PCS TICIDE
Toxaphene - 20% Dust
C10 HIQ C18
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
HC1
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H20
PESTICIDE
in CAS
EFFLUENTS
QM./HR.
-2
1.1x10
5.4xlO~3
l.bdO"1
3
6.8x10
3
5.4x10
l.Oxlo"1
INCI.VERATCR
EFFICIENCY
°7o
> 99. 999
> 99. 999
> 99. 996
> 99. 999
> 99. 999
> 99. 997
i
46
-------
ORIGIN OF DA TA .
Midwest Research Institute - 6/73 to 9/74
E.P.A. Contract No. 68-03-0286
"Determination of Incinerator Operating Conditions
Necessary for Safe Disposal of Pesticides"
TYPE OF INCINERATOR
Constructed by M'. R.L at M.R.I, according to
deeign standards published by the Incinerator
Institute of America for 100 lib per Hour -Class
Incinerators. Multiple Chamber Type.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
1
4
6
8
10
11
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
6MS.SHR.
753.88
906.29
1940.50
1339.02
1262.82
642.29
PESTICIDE
AS FIRED
GAL /Hff.
0.63
0.75
1.61
1.11
1.06
0.53
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR.
0.27
1.67
0.70
0
0
0.44
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
349
47
71
212
228
150
COMBUSTION
TEMP. " F.
A.VG
1150
1895
1895
1245
1255
1205
MAX
* ••.
1910
2090
--
2080
Kt'TENTION
TIME
SEC.
10.2
7.3
7.7
9.5
12.9
13.2
PESTICIDE
Toxaphene - 60%
Liquid Emulsifiable
<" W f 1
10 ^LO 8
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HA7ARCOUS
PROD (JC TS OF C CMS USTION
HC1
PRiSSURE
DROP
IN. H20
PESTlCICE
IN 0->S
EFFLUENTS
PPM
INClNEfiATCR
EFFICIENCY
> 99. 999
> 99. 999
> 99. 999
> 99. 999
> 99. 999
>99.999
47
-------
ORIGIN OF DA TA
Versar Inc. , October 18, 1974 - Report to
U.S. E. P. A. entitled "A Study of Pesticide
Disposal in a Sewage Sludge Incinerator"
Contract No. 68-01-1587
rrPE OF INCINERATOR
Full Scale Multiple Hearth. Sewage Sludge
Incinerator located in Palo Alto, California.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
9
10
11
12
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
GMS./HR.
1108
1108
3450
3450
PESIICIdE
AS nr-D
GAL./HR.
AUXILIARY
FUEL
CAL./HR
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
COMBUSTION
TE»P " F.
AVC.
1290
1249
1274
1294
VAX.
1660
1640
1675
1725
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
PESTICIDE
2, 4, 5 - I - 20% in
Polyalcohol Solution
C10 Hq 03 C13
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS
PRODUCTS OF COM3USTION
HC1
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H20
PESTICIDE
It! CAS
EFFLUENTS
GM./HR.
0.102
0.111
0.126
0.366
lNCl\TRATCR
EFFICIENCY
"70
99.991
99.990
99.996
99.990
Notes: 1. Data on excess air rates was not computed by Versar; however,
Orsat analysis data reported indicates air was supplied at two to three
times stoichiometric requirements.
2. 2, 4, 5 - T Solution fed 2 grs/100 gms sewage sludge for
Experiments 9 and 10, and 5 grs/100 gms for Experiments 11 and 12.
48
-------
ORIGIN OF DA TA .
Versar Inc. , October 18, 1974 - Report to
U.S. E.P.A. entitled "A Study of Pesticide
Disposal in a Sewage Sludge Incinerator"
Contract No. 68-01-1587
TYPE Of INCINERATOR
Multiple Hearth Furnace by Envirotech Inc.
30" Inside Diameter - 6 Hearths and Afterburner.
EXPERIMENT
NO.
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
FEED RATE
PESTICIDE
GUS./HR.
PESJICIOE
AS FIR-0
GAL /HR.
AUXILIARY
FUEL
GAL./HR.
EXCESS
AIR
°7o
COMBUSTION
TEMP. " f.
'AVG.
1456
1460
1436
1380
1429
1458
1435
1441
MAX
1670
1640
1640
1640
16.00
1600
1600
1600
RETENTION
TIME
SEC.
PES TICIOE
2, 4, 5 - T - 20% in
Polyalcohol Solution
CIQ Hg Og CLj
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
IV Halogen-Containing
POTENTIALLY HA'ARTOUS
PRODUCTS OF C CMS US r ION
HC1
PMSSURE
DROP
IN. *20
r-STtCICE
in o'JS
EFFLUENTS
PPM
1.0
0.16
0.67
0.29
0.05
0.01
0.48
IN-INZR*TCR
EFFICIENCY
°7c
99.98
99.99
99.99
99.98
99.99
99.99
99.99
Notes: . 1. Data on excess air rates was not computed by Versar; however,
Orsat analysis data reported indicates air was supplied at two to three
times stoichiometric requirements.
2. Sewage sludge feed rate 45 Kg/hr.
Experiments 17 - 20 2,4, 5 - T Solution rate - 0.91 Kg/hr
Experiments 20-25 2, 4, 5 - T Solution rate - 2.25 Kg/hr
49
-------
ORIGIN OF OA TA •
The Marquardt Corp. 7/72 to 7/73
Report entitled "Toxic Waste Burner Evaluation"
Contract No. F04611-73-C-0007
S.U. E. Burne
manufacture's
EXPERIMENT
NO.
4
17
TYPE OF rNCINERATOa
x and Venturi Scrubber
by Marquardt.
FEED KATE
PESTICIDE
GUS./HR.
3750
2513
KSJIClCE
AS FlPZD
GAL/HR
AUXILIARY
FUEL
CAi. /MR.
EXCESS
Alft
°7o
COMflysr/C-V
TEMP. ° r
AVC.
1270
2060
i
r . \
* «•';
MA*
ftETE.\TI01V
TIME
SEC.
20.1
20.1
PES TICIOE
Hydrazine
N2H4
CLASS OF PESTICIDE
POTENTIALLY HAZARCOUS
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
PRESSURE
DROP
IN. H20
HYDRO-
CAftSO\'S
IN GAS
EFFLUcNTS
PPM
< 10
< 10
INCl,V£RATCft
EFFICIENCY
*7o
Note: 1. The Marquardt Corp. performed extensive combustion experiments
on Hydrazine and two other liquid rocket propellants. Data was reported in
"raw" or unreduced form. Hence, this sheet is included to inform the
reader that such data is available and could be used if properly reduced by
Marquardt or others.
50
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AUTHOR'S INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA
1. In general the data suggest that combustion may be used as a technique
for the safe destruction of certain classes of pesticides. To date the data
have been collected mostly on Class III and Class IV pesticides; hence,
additional research is needed to explore the efficacy of incineration on other
classes of pesticides.
General conclusions which determine minimum operating conditions for
incinerators to destroy pesticides may not be drawn specifically from these
data because of the absence of information on mixing. Thus, while one may
conclude that the types of incinerators tested were generally satisfactory
under certain test conditions, the interaction between retention time,
combustion temperature, and mixing precludes direct extrapolation of the
operating conditions of the test incinerators to other designs.
2. Little data is available on Class n Phosphorus-containing pesticides;
however, the data summarized indicate that these pesticides were success-
fully destroyed via combustion at a temperature range from 1150 F to 1900 F
and retention times ranging from approximately 4 seconds to approximately
12 seconds, depending on mass flow conditions. In the absence of
turbulence data and without exhaustive numeric analysis, the data suggests
that malathion, the only Class II pesticide tested, could be destroyed safely
in most incinerators that achieved an operating temperature of greater than
1400 F and a retention time of approximately 8 or more seconds. An
incinerator whose operating temperatures were higher, or whose mixing was
improved, and whose retention time was somewhat decreased from the 8
second figure might also be acceptable as a disposal process.
3. The data suggests that Class HE Nitrogen-containing pesticides require
temperatures in excess of 1750 F and retention times of greater than 4
seconds in order to achieve satisfactory cyanide destruction. Again, this
data is presented without adequate turbulence data; hence, my conclusion can
only be interpreted as a general guideline.
4. Class IV Halogen-containing pesticides were successfully combusted in
different types of equipment under conditions ranging from two-tenths of a
second retention time and approximately 2000 F combustion temperature to
1200 F or 1300 F and 8 to 10 seconds retention time in a different type of
combustion equipment, both of which gave 99. 999 percent or better
combustion efficiency. Again, in the absence of turbulence data, it is
difficult to extrapolate these data to other equipment because of the
tremendous differences in the operating characteristics of the two types of
combustion devices.
5. Some data was reported by Versar Inc. on the combustion of DDT in a
full scale multiple hearth sludge incinerator. The feed rate of DDT,
however, was 2 gr per 100 gr of sludge, and auxiliary fuel was used in
addition to both these fuels. Hence, the efficiency of pesticide destruction
might be as much a function of monitoring error, because of the high
dilution of combustion gas components, as a function of combustion
efficiency. The author believes these data should be verified in several
51
-------
other carefully monitored situations before one concludes that multiple
hearth sludge incinerators can be used for any type of pesticide destruction.
The author does not feel the data reported are invalid, but rather that the
difficulties in monitoring under the conditions of a full scale operation are
extremely taxing on equipment and personnel, and very small errors in
monitoring technique or operating conditions may result in the release of
significant quantities of pesticide to the environment, if multiple hearth
incinerators are generally used as a technique for the destruction of
Class IV pesticides.
52
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APPENDIX A - DESCRIPTION OF TEST INCINERATORS
The information displayed in Appendix A has been excepted from original
sources of data. This information pertains to the incinerator system utilized
to collect data on the combustion of pesticides. The purpose is to give the
reader ready access to additional information on the particular designs
utilized in the experiments producing the combustion data. When available
from the original materials, line drawings illustrating the incinerators have
been photocopied and included.
1. Description of Test Incinerator Used by Midwest Research Institute
The M.R.I, incinerator was constructed according to the Incinerator
Institute of America specifications for small multiple chamber incinerators.
It consists essentially of: a burner, a 300 standard cu ft per minute induced
draft blower, a primary chamber of 26. 3 cu ft, a secondary chamber of 20. 6
cu ft, and an overall heat release design rate of 650, 000 BTU's per hour.
Figure A-l, photocopied from M.R.I.'s report, entitled "Incinerator Scrub-
bing System," illustrates the layout for the incinerator and an elaborate
scrubbing system designed to recover pesticides downstream from the
incinerator. Nominal dimensions and design flow rates are given on the
figure. A second figure, A-2, entitled "Incinerator Configuration," shows
design dimensions of the incinerator as constructed by M.R.I. The design
was modified somewhat to allow the addition of powdered pesticides, along
with auxiliary fuel, into the primary chamber of the incinerator.
53
-------
Exhoust
cn
©
er
u
0
^fir"*""
I
1 GPM
Incinoioior
2 GPM Ed.1 g
Nozzle A
8 GPM Total 1/2 |n.
2nd Stg
Scrubbing
Hexylene
Glycol
Blower
300 SCFM
at 10" DP
120° F
3rd Slg
H2O
Scrubbing
hi Stg
H2O
Scrubbing
Figure A-l. Incinerator Scrubbitip; System
-------
Figure A-2. Incinerator Configuration
55
-------
2. Description of the Incinerator System Utilized by T.R. W. Inc.
The process consists of: the burner, refractory lined sections, water
cooled sections, quench chamber, and scrubber, as shown in Figure A-3,
entitled "Schematic Pesticide Incinerator." The first refractory lined
section contains the ports for inserting the water cooled dust injector. Ports
for inserting the sample probe are shown along the axis of the furnace, both
in the refractory and the water cooled sections. Thermometers for
measuring the coolant water temperature are shown installed in the coolant
sections. The quench chamber has two rows of three spray nozzles to
reduce combustion gas temperature prior to entering the scrubber. The
entire burner-incinerator-scrubber assembly is a sealed system.
A clear blue flame at'a nominal 1 gallon per hour distillate No. 2 oil flow
rate was attained. The combustion gas temperature was measured with a
platinum 10 percent rhodium thermocouple. Chromel-alumel thermocouples
were attached to the outer shell of the refractory lined section at 6, 18, and
30 in. from the back plate. Temperature of the back plate was also recorded.
56
-------
SCRUBBER
AFTERBURNER
QUENCH SECTION WAT£R
EXHAUST
DUCT
en
SECTION
SECTIONS
REFRACTORY
SECTIONS
BURNER
1
O O
\
o o
DRAIN
SAMPLE
PORTS
Figure A-3. Schematic of Pesticide Incinerator
-------
3. Description of the Incinerator Test Facilities of The Marquardt Corp.
The following information has been excerpted verbatim from a report
supplied by the Marquardt Corporation.
"3.0 Test Facilities. The major components of the system consisted of
a SUE Burner incinerator and reaction tailpipe, venturi scrubber, scrubber
collection tank, natural gas and "Orange" Herbicide fuel supply systems, air
supply system, caustic solution supply system, scrubber water collection
system, and scrubbed effluent stack and sampling platform.. Operating
personnel, controls, and instrumentation were housed in a concrete block
control room which was adjacent to the test set up and provided visibility of
the test cell. A detailed description of the test set up and control system is
described in Appendix B. -The following paragraphs present a brief
description of the system components and facilities utilized.
3.1 Incinerator and Reaction Tailpipe. The basic air-cooled SUE
incinerator and uncooled reaction tailpipe are shown in Figure 2 . Natural
gas was used for system ignition and temperature stabilization. "Orange"
Herbicide was injected either via slot nozzles (configuration shown) or with a
single central poppet type nozzle. The incinerator/re action tailpipe was 12
inches in diameter with a combined length of 19 feet.
3. 2 Venturi Scrubber and Scrubber Tank. Combustion gas leaving the
reaction tailpipe passed through the venturi scrubber and into the scrubber
tank. Scrubbing water or a caustic solution (NaOH/water) was injected at
the venturi inlet and mixed with the combustion gas at velocities up to 400 ft/
sec. in the venturi throat. Spent scrubber water was pumped from the
scrubber tank to holding tanks for disposal. The water saturated, scrubbed
effluent gases were discharged through the scrubbex stack. See Figures 6
and 16.
3. 3 Air Supply System. Combustion air was supplied from the facility
air storage system via a remotely operated control valve and a choked
venturi meter. See Figure 3.
3.4 Natural Gas System. Natural gas was used to preheat the incinerator
system to an equilibrium temperature (approximately 800° F) prior to
introduction of the herbicide. Upon ignition of the herbicide, the natural gas
was turned off and a small air flow was supplied through the natural gas
system to cool the gas injection nozzles during sustained herbicide combustion.
*Only Figure 2 is reproduced here, as Figure A-4 "Basic Test Arrangement
of N2O4 SUE Incinerator. "
58
-------
••port S-U71
sue
BAS/C TfST
en
CO
TO
1
on
TI5
• ss"-
=&
a-
i 4 «;•*
OffA/fJ
9/w
Figure A-4. Basic Test Arrangement of N20i, SUE Incinerator
-------
Both natural gas and cooling air mass flow were measured with a choked
venturi meter. Cooling air flow was added to primary air flow in calculating
total incinerator mass flow and fuel/air ratio. Flow was regulated by a
remotely operated control regulator. A gaseous nitrogen (GN£) purge system
was included to clean the system during shutdowns.
3.5 Primary Fuel ("Orange" Herbicide or JP-4) System. Fuel was
supplied from a 300 gallon, 500 psig feed tank through either of two parallel
5 micron filter pots, a remotely operated control valve, and a turbine type
flowmeter. This system is shown in Figure 4. The feed tank was
pressurized with nitrogen which was vented to atmosphere through a charcoal
bed. A herbicide fuel tank preheater was used to permit heating of the
"Orange" Herbicide to 90 to 180° F prior to incineration. The fuel line to the
incinerator was purged with a GN2 system. Fuel injection in the incinerator
was either by a single central poppet type nozzle or a series of radial
injection slot nozzles as discussed in Appendix B. A shop air bubbler was
used to mix the fuel tank contents prior to test.
3.6 Caustic Solution and Water Supply Systems. A solution of NaOH and
water was injected into the system, at the venturi scrubber inlet to neutralize
the HC1 and Cl2 resulting from combustion of "Orange" Herbicide. The
solution was approximately 12% by weight of NaOH and was injected at a rate
to provide 1.1 to 3. 1 times the amount required to neutralize the theoretically
expected amounts of HC1. Fresh water was also injected at the same
location to cool the combustion gases to saturation temperature, and to
provide a total liquid flow of approximately 5 gpm per 1000 cubic feet of gas
flow. The caustic solution was stored in a 4500 gallon tank and supplied to
the control valve by a pump. See Figure 5. Caustic solution (50% by weight
of NaOH) was loaded from drums into the caustic supply tank and tap water
added to obtain the desired strength solution. Provisions were included to
bubble shop air through the solution to ensure thorough mixing. Fresh water
was supplied from the 140 psig facility system. Both flows were controlled
by remotely operated control valves and metered with turbine type flowmeters.
See Figure 14 foreground.
3. 7 Scrubber Liquid Collection System. Spent scrubber water was
collected in the scrubber tank and periodically pumped, by a float actuated
switch, from the scrubber tank to one of three 5500 gallon holding tanks. See
Figure 6. All spent scrubber water from an entire burn was thus collected
and held until the results of the Air Force bioassay testing for that burn
indicated that the water could be safely drained into the facility's 1.4 million
gallon concrete waste water tank (also referred to as a holding pond). The
system included a sample tap for the collection of spent scrubber water
samples for chemical analyses and bioassay testing. Scrubber water
samples were also drawn from the bottoms and sides of the holding tanks."
60
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4. Description of Proto-type Furnace Used by Versar Inc. for the
Investigation of Pesticide Incineration
The following information has been excerpted directly from a report
prepared by Versar Inc.
"4.2 Proto-type Furnace Operations. A schematic diagram of the
Envirotech Corporation proto-type 76.2 cm. (30 in.) multiple hearth furnace
shown in Figure l*represents the normal configuration of the system. For
the purposes of this series of experiments, the cyclone was by-passed and
the scrubber was arranged for closed circuit operation by the addition of a
reservoir approximately 1. 22 m x 0. 91 m x 0. 91 m (4 ft x 3 ft x 3 ft) fitted
with a surface closure and an access port to allow periodic sampling. The
major purpose of recycling the scrubber water was to minimize escape of
unburned pesticide to the environment; however, it also provided samples
for a chloride production analysis.
Provisions were made to allow a continuous measurement of the
individual hearth temperatures, the afterburners and exhaust temperatures
and the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the emergent gas stream.
Provisions were also made to collect the product (ash) and to impound the
scrubber water pending the outcome of the analyses. "
The equipment used in full scale tests was very similar in schematic
plan and layout to that used in the pilot scale examination.
^Reproduced here as Figure A-5.
61
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05
FEEDER(S)
\7 (Screw)
I /VWVWV''AA'V\AVV.'WS'\AA
J
(Pump)
FURNACE
AFTERBURNER
CYCLONE
SCREW
CONVEYOR
V
PRODUCT
SAMPLE
EMERGENT
||0-AIR SAMPLE
^S!,.D.
f
02,C02
MEASUREMENT
<:
7)
.
<\- Scrubber
Water In
2-STAGE
SCRUBBER
«i
-------
APPENDIX B - OTHER SIGNIFICANT TEST FACILITIES OR PROGRAMS
This appendix is included to provide the reader with brief information
concerning those facilities which might be used for the combustion of
pesticides, or those facilities which were used for pesticide combustion
tests but whose data were not deemed comparable to the data reported.
1. John Zink & Company Incinerator Owned and Operated by the General
Electric Company, Pittsfield, Massachusetts
This facility consists principally of a cylindrical combustion chamber.
On one end of the cylinder are two oil burners which may be utilized to fire
liquid pesticides or hazardous materials. At the opposite end of the
cylindrical container is a quenching and scrubbing system for removing
particulates and other airborne pollutants. Tests were run during the
period September 10 through 12, 1974, and were observed by Mr. Ira
Leighton of the Region One office of the Environmental Protection Agency.
A distillate oil containing 20 percent by weight DDT emulsion was burned,
and effluents from the incinerator were monitored for the detection of DDT.
Essentially no DDT was detected, and very high combustion efficiencies for
DDT were reported. The feed rate of the DDT, as well as the actual
amount of pure DDT fired, was not available. Hence, these data were not
included in the data sheets in the main body of this report.
2. Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Maryland
This facility is owned and operated by the Department of Defense, and
more specifically by the U.S. Army. The officer in charge is Lit. Col.
William O. Lamb of the U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency. Data
offered by Midwest Research Institute in the form of a trip report indicated
that Edgewood possessed a standard multiple chamber type incinerator quite
similar to the M.R.I, incinerator, and that a considerable amount of testing
of pesticides and their destruction was on-going. Efficiencies of
destruction of greater than 99.9998 percent were reported, with excess air
in the range of 50 to 83 percent, and a retention time of 1. 73 seconds at
2500 F. The author believes that additional data could be obtained at the
Edgewood Arsenal Facility that would be an excellent supplement to the data
provided in this report. The Figure B-l, "Modified Agent Incinerator" is
included to illustrate the Edgewood Arsenal installation.
63
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t
CHARCOAL
,PARTICULATE
FIBER GLASS
/
ROOF
CAPSULE CEILING
: r
-J \
.
/
.<§
- 7
WATER
I i!
(
(0
INCINERATOR _
.yO'O'vyW
QUENCH
CROSS FLOW
SCRUBBER
BRINK
DEMISTER
DRAIN •*-
Figure B-l. Modified Agent Incinerator
-------
3. Molten Salt Process of Atomics International Division of Rockwell
International Corporation
This process consists of pyrolyzing and combusting pesticides in a
eutectic mixture of molten salt at about 1800 F. Information on the system
has not been included in the report because of a proprietary information
claimed by the Rockwell International Corporation. A request was presented
to the Rockwell International Corporation for release of the information to be
included in this report, but no answer, either positive or negative, was
received. Hence, the information is not included.
4. MT Volcanus Incineration Vessel
The MT Volcanus Incineration Vessel offers a unique approach to the
destruction of pesticides and other toxic or hazardous materials. Two high
temperature incinerators have been mounted on a tanker vessel of modest
proportions. The tanker loads combustible non-corrosive liquid wastes; puts
out to sea; and burns these wastes. The air pollutants are injected into the
atmosphere, but may be diluted satisfactorily for some wastes by the larger
space available for this purpose at sea. Little data on this vessel and its
combustion system is currently available; however, since the incinerators
make use of auxiliary fuel, one could anticipate that for Class III and lower
classes of pesticides the vessel might be satisfactory as a disposal technique.
A major demonstration and test program has recently been completed on the
MT Volcanus; however, these data are not available for inclusion in this
report.
5. Mines Branch Program on Environmental Improvement, Canadian
Government
This organization conducted tests on the combustion of liquid
formulations of DDT in 1970 and reported these. The tests appear to have
indicated satisfactory combustion of DDT in the incinerator design used by
the Mines Branch Program. The design essentially consisted of a combustion
chamber oriented in a vertical fashion with a burner at the top, quench tank,
and gas bypass at the base of the chamber. Information on efficiency and
method of computation was sparse in the reports available to the author.
Hence, these data were not included in the data summation presented in the
body of this document.
6. Mississippi State University, State College, Mississippi
Under grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, lengthy
investigations were carried out on the thermal destruction of many pesticides.
According to the data submitted to the author, the overwhelming majority of
the work reported was of laboratory scale under very idealized conditions.
Hence, these data were not included in the main body of this document. There
is some indication that a pilot scale incinerator exists as a part of this study,
and that it has been used for testing of the destruction of various pesticides.
However, these data were not available during the compilation of this report
and are, therefore, not included.
65
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7. The Combustion Power Company, Menlo Park, California
The Combustion Power Company has designed and has offered as a
commercial facility a fluidized bed type incinerator for the destruction of
liquid and solid wastes. A portion of these liquid wastes might well be
construed to be pesticides. Some tests have been conducted on the
destruction of pesticides with the system by the company, but these data were
not available during the compilation of this report; hence, are not presented.
The facility might offer an additional option for the destruction of certain
classes of pesticides.
8. Additional facilities which might be investigated for the combustion of
pesticides include the Pinebluff Arsenal, in Arkansas; and the Rocky
Mountain Arsenal, near Denver, Colorado. The Dow Chemical Company has
been active in thermal destruction of certain types of industrial wastes and
may have systems and information which may be of benefit to the E. P. A.
program on pesticides destruction by thermal means.
66
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APPENDIX C - TECHNIQUES FOR CONVERTING THE TABULATED DATA
INTO METRIC UNITS
i
The tabulated data sheets are expressed partially in metric units and
partially in English units, according to the most common usage and most
common technique of reporting for the several documents from which the
reported data were extracted. All of the data may be converted to metric
units if there is a need.
Under the general heading of feed rate, three columns are included.
The first, "Pesticide, Grams per Hour", describes the pure pesticide
formulation fired. Grams per hour is a metric designation. The second
column "Pesticide As Fired, Gallons per Hour" is utilized because most
pesticide formulations were liquid. Gallons per hour may be converted to
liters per hour, a metric designation, by multiplying the data displayed by
3.785. The third column "Auxiliary Fuel, Gallons per Hour" represents
fuel oil utilized to maintain desired temperatures. Again, gallons per hour
may be converted to liters per hour by multiplying by 3. 785.
The column entitled "Excess Air, Percent" can be considered either as
a metric or English designation, since the percentage is a representation of
the relative measure of two numbers.
The general heading "Combustion Temperature, Degrees Fahrenheit"
shows two temperatures, average and maximum. The temperature may be
represented as degrees centigrade by subtracting 32 from the Fahrenheit
degrees reported and then multiplying that num.ber by five-ninths.
"Retention Time, Seconds" is considered a metric designation, as well as an
English designation. The column entitled "Pressure Drop, Inches of Water"
does not include any data at the present time. It would be possible to
convert this to centimeters of water by multiplying the data, if it were
shown, by 2. 54. The succeeding column entitled "Pesticide in Gas Effluents
or Hydrocarbons ..." is expressed in parts per million or in metric units.
Parts per million is generally considered to be equivalent to milligrams per
cubic meter. Hence, the data is, for the most part, represented in metric
units.
The last column "Incinerator Efficiency" again is a numeric
representation and is the same in either the English or metric system.
67
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APPENDIX D - SOURCES OF DATA
1. Ferguson, Thomas L., Dr. Raymond T. Li, and Fred J. Bergman.
Determination of incinerator operating conditions necessary for safe
disposal of pesticides. Environmental Systems Section, Midwest
Research Institute, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, Missouri
64110. (Monthly Progress Reports 1 through 17. E.P.A.
Contract No. 68-03-0286.)
2. U.S. Tariff Commission. U.S. production and sales of pesticides and
related products, 1972. Washington, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Oct. 1973. 11 p.
3. Tentative guidelines for hazardous waste and land disposal facilities,
report A. Supplement to the report, Survey of hazardous waste
disposal in California. California Department of Public Health,
1971. (Unpublished report.)
4. Toxic substances. Council on Environmental Quality, 1972.
5. Water quality criteria, 1972. , Environmental Protection Agency,
.R3.73.033. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, March
1973. 372 p.
6. Flinn, James E., and Robert S. Reimers. Development of predictions
of future pollution problems. Environmental Protection Agency -
600/574-005. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1974.
132 p.
7. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, Public Law 92-516.
Oct. 21, 1972.
8. Lawless, Edward W., Thomas L. Ferguson, and Alfred F. Meiners.
Guidelines for the disposal of small quantities of unused pesticides.
Midwest Research Institute, Aug. 1974. (Unpublished report, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Contract No. 68-01-0098.)
9. Shih, C. C. Thermal degradation of military standard pesticide
formulations. T.R.W. Systems Group, Monthly Progress Reports
to Date, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command,
Washington, D. C., Nov. 1974. Contract No. DADA 17-73-C-3132.
(Unpublished report.)
10. Robert C. Putnam et al. Organic pesticides and pesticide containers, a
study of their decontamination and combustion. Foster D. Snell &
Company. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Publication
SW21C, National Technical Information Service, 1971. 175 p.
11. The Atomics International molten salt process for special applications,
Atomics International Division, Rockwell International, a proposal.
12. The thermal destruction of DDT in an oil carrier, Department of Energy,
Mines, and Resources, Mines Branch, Ottawa, Canada, Mines Branch
Program on Environmental Improvement, Canadian Combustion
Research Laboratory, Fuels Research Center, Apr. 1970.
68
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13. Thermal destruction of DDT bearing powders, Mines Branch Program
on Environmental Improvement, Canadian Combustion Research
Laboratory, Fuels Research Center, Jan. 1971.
14. Stojanovic, B. J., M. V. Kennedy, and F. L. Shuman Jr. Chemical
and thermal methods for disposal of pesticides. Reprinted from
Vol. 29, Residue Reviews. Edited by Francis A. Gunther, 1969.
15. Stojanovic, B. J., M. V. Kennedy, and F. L. Shuman Jr. Development
of incineration technology for disposal of pesticides and containers.
Agronomy, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering and
Biochemistry Departments, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry
Experiment Station, June 1972. (Unpublished report, U.S. "
Department of Agriculture Grant No. 12-14-100-9937 (34).)
16. Hudson, J. E. Toxic waste burner evaluation. The Marquardt Corp.,
16555 Saticoy Street, Van Nuys, California.
17. Hudson, J.E., R. P. Babbitt, and R. J. Haas Report on the
destruction of "Orange" Herbicide by incineration. The Marquardt
Corp., Feb. 1974. (Unpublished report, U.S. Air Force
Environmental Health Laboratory Contract No. F41608-74-C-1482.)
18. Hudson, J. E. Incineration of DDT solutions. The Marquardt Corp. ,
Jan. 1974. (Unpublished report, Sierra Army Depot, Contract No.
DAAG08-74-M-4202.)
19. Stojanovic, B. J., M. V. Kennedy, and W. C. Shaw. Thermal
decomposition of "Orange" Herbicides. Mississippi Agricultural and
Forestry Experiment Station, June 1, 1972. (Unpublished report,
Department of the Air Force, U.S.D.A. Cooperative Agreement No.
12-14-100-10,673 (34).)
20. Hilsmeier, Allen E. Proceedings; Fourth Annual Symposium on
Environmental Pollution, Apr. 4-5, 1973. Sponsored by the American
Ordinance Association, Sept. 1973. Department of the Army,
Headquarters Edgewood Arsenal, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
21010. 159 p.
21. Summary of interim guidelines for disposal of surplus or waste pesticides
and pesticide containers. Working Group on Pesticides, Washington,
D. C., Dec. 1970. (Unpublished report. )
22. Whitmore, Frank C. , and Robert L. Durfee. A study of pesticide
disposal in a sewage sludge incinerator. Versar Inc. , Oct. 1974.
(Unpublished report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Contract
No. 68-01-1587.)
23. Office of Solid Waste Management Programs. Report to Congress on
Hazardous Waste Disposal. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973. 143 p.
69
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-75-044
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. REPORT DATE
SUMMATION OF CONDITIONS AND
INVESTIGATIONS FOR THE COMPLETE
COMBUSTION OF ORGANIC PESTICIDES
October 1975 (Issuing Date)
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
Boyd T. Riley, Jr.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Management Consultant on Environmental Affairs
690 Clinton Springs Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 \.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO. 1 ft 1331 1.
ROAP 21BKV: Task 008
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
5-03-3516-A
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS " -~^___^
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Air, Land, and Water-Use
U.S . Environmental Protection Agency
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Richard A. Carnes (Project Officer) 513/684-4487
16. ABSTRACT
The disposal of various types of pesticides by incineration without significant insult
to the environment is a major problem. This project summarizes the findings of
several investigators, who tested the combustion efficiency of several pilot plant
scale incinerators on several classes of pesticides. A brief discussion of a
classification technique for pesticides is included, as well as a brief discussion of
theoretical combustion requirements.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
* Pesticides
*Incinerators
Combustion efficiency
Retention time
Excess air
13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
76
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
70
ftUSGPO: 1976 — 657-695/5437 Reqlon 5-11-
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