United
Environmental Protection
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Athens GA 30605
EPA-600/7-79-255
1979
Research and Develooment
oEPA
Research to
Identify
Components of
Energy-Related
Wastes
A State-of-the-Art
Report
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program
Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, have been grouped into nine series. These nine broad cate-
gories were established to facilitate further development and application of en-
vironmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
The nine series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
6. Scientific and Technical Assessment Reports (STAR)
7. Interagency Energy-Environment Research and Development
8. "Special" Reports
9. Miscellaneous Reports
This report has been assigned to the INTERAGENCY ENERGY-ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT series. Reports in this series result from the
effort funded under the 17-agency Federal Energy/Environment Research and
Development Program. These studies relate to EPA's mission to protect the public
health and welfare from adverse effects of pollutants associated with energy sys-
tems. The goal of the Program is to assure the rapid development of domestic
energy supplies in an environmentally-compatible manner by providing the nec-
essary environmental data and control technology. Investigations include analy-
ses of the transport of energy-related pollutants and their health and ecological
effects; assessments of, and development of, control technologies for energy
systems; and integrated assessments of a wide range of energy-related environ-
mental issues.
J f
This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/7-79-255
December 1979
RESEARCH TO IDENTIFY COMPONENTS
OF ENERGY-RELATED WASTES:
A State-of-the-Art Report
by
J.E. Gebhart and Mary M. McKown
Gulf South Research Institute
P.O. Box 26518
New Orleans, Louisiana 70126
Contract No. 68-03-2487
Project Officer
Ann Alford
Analytical Chemistry Branch
Environmental Research Laboratory
Athens, Georgia 30605
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ATHENS, GEORGIA 30605
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DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Environmental Research Laboratory,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, and approved for
publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessary reflect
the views and policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
ii
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FOREWORD
Nearly every phase of environmental protection depends on a capability
to identify and measure specific pollutants in the environment. As part of
this Laboratory's research on the occurrence, movement, transformation, im-
pact, and control of environmental contaminants, the Analytical Chemistry
Branch develops and assesses techniques for identifying and measuring chemi-
cal constituents of water and soil.
Efforts to achieve our national goal of energy independence will re-
quire increasing utilization of our country's vast domestic coal reserves as
well as resources available from oil shale and tar sands. Production of
synthetic fuels using coal gasification, coal liquefaction, oil-shale retort-
ing, and other processes offers promise of meeting many of our energy needs.
Of collateral importance with the production of energy,however, is assuring
that toxic or undesirable substances in energy process effluent are identi-
fied and properly controlled to prevent human health problems and reduce
environmental degradation. This state-of-the-art summary is provided as an
aid to researchers concerned with the environmental effects of energy-related
activities.
David W. Duttweiler
Director
Environmental Research Laboratory
Athens, Georgia
iii
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ABSTRACT
Pertinent abstracts from a survey of current (post-1976) research pro-
jects are categorized according to energy-related activity. Subjects include
coal strip mines, oil refineries, oil shale operations, coal-fired power
plants, coal liquefaction plants, geothermal energy production, and potential
quality control standards. These references were obtained from the Smithson-
ian Science Information Exchange, Inc., and the National Technical Information
Service of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Research projects and reports
conducted before 1976 are compiled in Identification of Components of Energy-
Related Wastes and Effluents (EPA-600/7-78-004).
Abstracts of available technical reports are also presented using the
same energy categories. These reports were obtained from a variety of
sources. Computer searches of several data bases, including MEDLINB, TOXLINE,
BIOSIS, CAIN, NTIS, DIALOG, and Chemical Abstracts, have been conducted.
Federal energy research centers supplied a large number of pertinent
documents. This state-of-the-art summary is provided as an aid to
researchers-concerned with the environmental effects of energy-related
activities.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of-Contract No. 68-03-2487 by
Gulf South Research Institute under the sponsorship of the U. S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency. This report covers the period November 16, 1976,
to November 15, 1978, and work was completed as of November 15, 1978.
iv
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CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD ...... ill
ABSTRACT *V
INTRODUCTION 1
CURRENT PROJECTS 3
Coal Strip Mining ,,..,,..,,,,. 3
Oil Refineries 10
Oil Shale Operations 27
Coal-Fired Power Plants 35
Coal Liquefaction Plants 109
Coal Gasification Plants , 113
Geothermal Energy Production .,.,...,... 125
Potential Quality Control Standards 130
TECHNICAL REPORTS 161
Coal Strip Mining 161
Oil Refineries 192
Oil Shale Operations ,, , 204
Coal-Fired Power Plants , 240
Coal Liquefaction Plants 300
Coal Gasification Plants 356
Geothermal Energy Production 438
Potential Quality Control Standards 473
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INTRODUCTION
To reduce the dependence of the United States on foreign sources of
energy and still keep pace with increasing energy requirements, our national
resources must be developed to a level unprecedented in our history. Alter-
nate energy sources must be developed but only after consideration of the
environmental impacts of their development. To prevent health problems and
reduce environmental degradation, toxic or undesirable substances in wastes
from energy-related activities must be identified and properly controlled.
Analysis of liquid effluents and solid wastes provides information about the
identities and concentrations of components. This information will assist
researchers who are concerned with control technology, monitoring techniques,
and the health and ecological effects of energy-related pollution.
A project to provide needed information about energy effluent
composition was initiated by Gulf South Research Institute under sponsorship
of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. To supplement other current
and completed projects and avoid duplication of efforts, the first phase of
this project was to identify gaps in existing data and probable future data
on chemical elements and volatile organic compounds in solid wastes and
aqueous effluents from energy processes. The scientific literature and
various government reports were searched to determine which wastes and
effluents had already been analyzed to identify and measure pollutants.
Pertinent concurrent project reports and plans were reviewed.
Information obtained in the first phase of this project was compiled
as a summary of research concerning identification and measurement of
chemical elements and volatile organic compounds in wastes from oil refine-
ries, coal strip mines, oil shale processors, coal-fired power plants,
geothermal energy developments, and coal gasification and liquefaction
plants. This information, which was used to select samples for analysis in
the second phase of this project, is now being published for use by other
researchers.
Projects cited are categorized according to type of energy activity.
Current project reports or plans are summarized from information obtained
from the National Technical Information Service and from automated searches
conducted by the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc. Results of
completed projects, as reported in the open scientific literature and in
various types of government reports ,are also presented.
In general, it might be noted that much of the work done in
characterizing energy-related wastes and effluents has focused on the
determination of metals, anionic species, and bulk parameters such as total
organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Reports of efforts
to identify organic components in energy-related wastes are few.
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Data obtained from analysis of liquid effluents and solid wastes from
energy activities will be published in a final report at the end of the
contract performance period. That report will include identities and con-
centrations of organic compounds analyzed by computerized gas chromatography-
mass spectrometry and chemical elements detected by spark source mass spec-
trometry (except for mercury, which was detected by flameless atomic absorp-
tion spectrophotometry).
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CURRENT PROJECTS:
COAL STRIP MINING
ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Cooperative State Research Service
Pennsylvania
TITLE:
Microspectrophotometric Analyses of Tissue Changes in Vertebrates Exposed
to Water Pollutants
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
A. Anthony
Penn. State University
Agric. Experiment Station
201 Shield Bldg.
University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
SUMMARY:
Develop and evaluate short term methods for detecting (by means of
quantitative histochemical bioassays) the presence of hazardous levels of
specified toxicants in streams.
Tissue samples will be obtained from fish exposed to sublethal and
lethal levels of metal toxicants and acidity simulating conditions found
in waters polluted by acid mine drainage. Laboratory and field studies
will be made on fish subjected to acute (l-7d) and longer term (1 mo)
exposures to different concentrations of heavy metal ions in acidified
water. Emphasis will be on histophysiological effects of single metallic
ions, ion-ion interactions and ion-acid interactions. Quantitative
cytophotometry will be used to assess toxicant induced aspects of tissue
damage.
Coal Strip Mining
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Continuous Flow Bioassays Using Natural Periphyton Communities with
Emphasis on the Effects of Coal Leachate
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Prof. D.Z. Gerhart
L.L. Holmetrand
T.J. Wood
J.R. Richter
SUMMARY:
Objectives of this project are 1) to quantify the effects of coal
leachate on species composition and structures of periphyton communities;
2) to identify leachate components with inhibitory or stimulator effects;
3) to elucidate possible synergistic or antagonistic interactions among
leachate components.
Approach: Periphyton communities are grown in laboratory streams on
artificial substrates. The bioassay facility utilizes water from Lake
Superior and is located at the EPA's National Environmental Research
Laboratory in Duluth, Minnesota. In experiments which last from 3 to 8
weeks, periphyton communities are dosed with various concentrations of
coal leachare, coal distillate, or fractions thereof, and growth response
is measured as changes in biomass (chlorophyll and ash-free dry weight).
Algal communities are also examined microscopically to detect changes in
species composition and diversity.
Current Plans and Progress: Coal leachate appears to stimulate the
growth of algae. Current efforts are focusing on identifying the specific
chemical factors responsible for this effect.
Coal Strip Mining
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Coal Research
TITLE:
A Study of Coal-Associated Wastes Resulting from the Mining, Processing, and
Utilization of Coal
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
J.W. Leonard
West Virginia University
School of Mines
Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
SUMMARY:
Research at West Virginia University has been concerned with investi-
gating all wastes and by-products associated with the conversion and
utilization of coal. The objectives of this program are: 1) To
characterize coal associated wastes both chemically and physically. 2) To
propose and investigate possible utilization processes. 3) To suggest
safe disposal methods for these materials, and 4) To describe their
environmental impact on the Nation.
The coal-associated wastes under investigation include coal preparation
wastes such as gob and coal fines, acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment
wastes, "modified flyash" and other lime/limestone wastes resulting from
sulfur dioxide abatement processes, coal ashes and those wastes which may
result from the various coal conversion processes, among others.
Coal Strip Mining
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Investigation of Matrix Interferences for AAS Trace Metal Analyses of
Sediments Affected by Coal Combustion and Acid Mine Drainage
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
M.M. McKown
Gulf South Research Institute
8000 Gulf South Research Institute Avenue
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808
SUMMARY:
Soils and sediments subjected to pollution from coal production and
combustion require analyses that are free of matrix interferences.
Current practice does not take these interferences into account adequately.
The experimental approach described below is designed to minimize this
problem by providing the following information: The identity of
interferents responsible for inaccurate trace metal determinations in the
above cited source materials; Analytical methodology necessary to eliminate
the matrix interferences which are the source of the difficulty; Data to
establish accurate analytical procedures for the trace metal analysis
of soils and sediment. These data will be in sufficient detail to allow
translation of the procedure to other source materials.
Coal Strip Mining
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Admin.
Div. of Biomedical and Environmental Research
TITLE:
Coal Conversion Pollutant Chemistry
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. M.R. Peterson
P.W. Ryan
J.S. Fruchter
SUMMARY:
In this program we are characterizing the products, effluents and
wastes from promising coal conversion processes. The objective of this
work is to determine which substances may possibly enter the environment
as a result of the full scale commercial operation of such processes. The
initial work has been conducted at the solvent refined coal plant operated
by Pittsburg and Midway Coal Mining Company at Fort Lewis Washington. The
characterization program involves a comprehensive analysis of inorganic
constitutents, of chemical species determination, and of organic materials
for major and potentially hazardous constitutents. The samples include
feed coal, solvent refined coal, mineral residue, by-product sulfur, light
oil, wash solvent, recycle solvent, process waste water at various treatment
stages, off-gas samples and aerosol materials collected over the cooling
product. Instrumental neutron activation analysis, x-ray fluorescence
and uv absorption spectroscopy are used to analyze solid and liquids for
inorganic elements. Selective absorption traps are used to collect the
various species of arsenic and mercury for analysis using plasma are
emission spectroscopy. Solvent extraction techniques and gas chromatography
coupled with mass spectrometry are used in analysis of the organic
components.
Results: Three different sets of samples have been collected and
analyzed. A total of about 65 aromatic, 25 aliphatic, 15 phenolic and f
15 heterocyclic compounds have been identified. Concentrations of
approximately 30 trace elements have been determined in both liquid and
solids. A large fraction of the refractory and alkaline earth elements
determined remains in the mineral residue. However, a substantial fraction
of the zinc, tatalum and chromium and most of the bromine are carried
from the coal into the product. None of the liquids contain elevated con-
centrations of the toxic trace elements.
Coal Strip Mining
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
State-of-the-art Evaluation on Petroleum and Coal Waste
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
L. Streebin
University of Oklahoma
Research Institute
202 W. Boyd, Room 101
Norman, Oklahoma 73069
SUMMARY:
The final report to this study presents a state-of-the-art evaluation
of pollution problems, abatement procedures, and control techniques relevant
to the petroleum and coal industries. Petroleum wastes are discussed under
three broad sections: drilling-production, transportation and storage, and
refining. The results of a field study of three small refineries are
reported, providing additional information which delineates the character-
istics of waste streams from individual processes within the refinery.
Coal mining, coal processing, and coal utilization, the wastes associated
with each, and the corresponding control measures are discussed. Acid
mine drainage, the most significant pollution problem from coal mining, and
possible control measures are presented. The major pollution problems
associated with coal processing originate from coal cleaning, the coking
process, and refuse disposal. The principal pollutants in water discharge
from the processing of coal are suspended solids usually in the form of
fi'ne clay, black shale, and other minerals commonly associated with coal.
The production of coke by carbonization of coal produces a wastewater that
is high in phenols, ammonia, and dissolved organics.
Coal Strip Mining
8
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. National Science Foundation
TITLE:
Mercury in the Environment at Alamaden, Spain
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
U.S. Energy Res. & Dev. Admin.
Oak Ridge National Lab.
P.O.Box X
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
SUMMARY:
Scientists from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in cooperation with
their colleagues at the Mines of Almaden in Spain, plan to conduct an eco-
logical study of mercury in both the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in
the vicinity of Almaden with the objectives of defining the range of mercury
concentrations in critical ecosystem compartments, identifying indicator
species (if they exist), and charting the distribution of environmental
mercury away from the mining area. The significance of this study is based
upon the fact that the Almaden mining operation generates the oldest and
probably the most extensive case of mercury pollution in the world. The
flora and fauna of the region are exposed to elevated levels of environmental
mercury deriving both from rock weathering and from the mining-smelting
processes. Effluents contaminate both the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems,
but neither the extent nor the effects of this contamination is known.
Coal Strip Mining
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CURRENT PROJECTS:
OIL REFINERIES
ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Identification and Measurement of Inorganic Compound Emissions
SUMMARY:
The Contractor shall review methods and develop procedures for the
collection, identification, and measurement of the amounts of inorganic
compounds emitted from sources using fossil fuels.
Laboratory evaluation and field testing at sources using or processing
fossil fuel (fossil fuel power plant, oil refinery, and coal conversion) of
xthe methods shall be conducted to obtain emission characterization data.
This report shall be performed in three (3) distinct phases.
10
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ORGANIZATION:
Oklahoma Gas & Electric Company
TITLE:
Studies on Environmental Pollution (1719 7306 7213 7202)
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
R.W. Lappin
Oklahoma Gas & Electric Company
P. 0. Box 321
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73101
SUMMARY:
Various studies concerned with pollution of air, water, and from
noise. One study was to conduct an emission survey for nitrogen oxides
emitted from boiler stacks. The tests would be conducted at normal full
load firing of various boilers burning natural gas and/or fuel oil. The
method used would be ASTM 1608. At the Seminole Generating Station an
air monitoring station would be set up and operated in conjunction with
Oklahoma State Department of Health in order to determine possible effects
on ambient concentrations of nitrigen oxides, sulfur oxides, oxidants,
ammonia, and particulate matter. Infrared photographs of Lake Konawa
would be used in determining how much of the lake's area was being used
in the cooling process. This type of image would give an instantaneous
picture of heat flow and dissipation at the surface. A program to determine
where high sound levels occur in plants and how this sound may be effectively
contained and reduced if it exceeds the levels set for work areas. /
Oil Refineries
11
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ORGANIZATION:
University of Texas
TITLE:
Hydrocarbons Emitted During Aeration of Refinery Wastewater (Air Stripping)
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Prof. J.O. Ledbetter
University of Texas
School of Engineering
200 W. 21st
Austin, Texas 78712
SUMMARY:
The amounts of hydrocarbons stripped from refinery wastewater are being
more carefully delineated than has been done in the past. Early measure-
ments in the study are being made by measuring the reduction in carbon
(total organic) when the wastes are aerated while no bacterial sludges
are present. Later bench scale studies will involve the measurements
and identification of the hydrocarbon emissions from model activated
sludge models. The final phase of the study will be to measure the
hydrocarbon emissions from a wastewater treatment unit at a refinery in
order to check the hypotheses formed from the bench units.
Oil Refineries
12
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Effects of Petroleum Compounds on Estuarine Fishes
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S):
Dr. B.J. Martinand H.D. House
SUMMARY:
The purpose of this project is to study chemically induced tumors
in teleost fishes. Both marine and freshwater species will be exposed to
low levels of a known carcinogen for 300 days. Fish developing tumors
or other pathologies during this period will be sacrificed and tissue from
the liver, kidney, intestine, and gills will be studied histologically.
Tissues from all the fish with no grossly apparent pathologies at the same
time the experiment is terminated will be studied in the same manner in
order to detect any neoplasias or preneoplastic conditions.
It is expected that this research will: (1) provide evidence concerning
the quantities of benzopyrene necessary to induce neoplasias, (2) supply
addition data concerning tumors in teleosts, (3) establish the feasibility
of using teleost fish as early indicators of carcinogenic substances in the
aquatic environment, and (4) demonstrate that this type system could be
used to screen compounds for carcinogenic properties with less difficulty
and expense than the methods currently employed.
Oil Refineries
13
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. National Science Foundation
Division of Advanced Environmental Research & Technology
TITLE:
Interdisciplinary Study of Environmental Pollution by Lead and Other Metals
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
G.L. Rolfe
University of Illinois
Institute for Environmental Stud.
408 S. Goodwin
Urbana, Illinois 61801
SUMMARY:
This award provides support for a continuation of work under NSF
Grant No ERT 74-24276 which is a comprehensive research program centered
on the environmental impacts of automotive emissions from the combustion
of leaded gasoline. This terminal phase of the project will include
studies on effects of soil and atomospheric lead on crop yields of corn and
soybeans. In addition, plant burdens of lead as a function of various soil
lead levels will be studied. The distribution of lead in an urban area,
including building interiors, will be determined to identify regions of
elevated exposure. Lead samples will be characterized in terms of
physical and chemical form as a first step toward identifying the environ-
mental transport pathways and transformation of lead. A risk/benefit
economic analysis will use data from this project and elsewhere to weigh
the benefits of continued use of leaded gasoline against the risk to
health and crop productivity.
Oil Refineries
14
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research & Development
TITLE:
Method for SSMS Fingerprinting of Oils
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
C.E. Taylor
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Environmental Research Center
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
SUMMARY:
A major problem in "fingerprinting" spilled oils for source identifica-
tion is that exposure to weather, particularly ultraviolet radiation,
changes some of the characteristices used to "fingerprint". Chemical
elemental fingerprinting shows promise of providing stable "fingerprints".
In this task, work performed under AEC contract AT (04-)-167 at Gulf
General Atomic for elemental fingerprinting by neutron activation will be
extended and spark source mass spectrometry will be applied to oils for
"fingerprinting". SSMS offers the probability of considering those
elements that are not amenable to neutron activation analysis. Oils
already characterized will be investigated first to demonstrate the
applicability of EPA's equipment. The technique will be extended to add-
itional oils and eventually applied to oils from actual spills.
Oil Refineries
15
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. National Science Foundation
Division of Awance Environmental Research & Technology
TITLE:
The Petroleum Industry in the Delaware Estuary
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
W. Whipple
Rutgers the State University
Water Resources Research Institute
Old Queens Building
New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
SUMMARY:
The main goals of the project are to (a) identify the nature and
sources of petroleum pollutants entering the Delaware estuary in the
Philadelphia area, and (b) evaluate the effects of the pollutants on
aquatic biota. Previous work (NSF/RANN Grants GI-42282 and 75-21359) has
shown that: (a) urban runoff and non-petroleum industries contribute more
oil pollutants than do the refineries, and (b) current levels of petroleum
wastes in the river are harmful to biota. Emphasis in the coming year
will be on better definition of sources of hydrocarbon pollution, identifica-
tion of specific toxicants in oils, evaluation of chronic effects on aquatic
animals using an in-situ floating laboratory, and the effect of petroleum
wastes on marshland ecosystems. The research is being done jointly by
a team from Rutgers University and the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. Source work is being accomplished by extending measurements
from storm sewers and tributaries to the entire metropolitan area through
examination of land-use patterns. The bioassay work is now moving from
the laboratory into the field so that effects to biota can be measured
in the natural environment.
Oil Refineries
16
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Ambient Hydrocarbon and Ozone Measurements Near a Refinery
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S):
H. Westberg
M.W. Holdren
SUMMARY:
The primary objective of this study is to examine the impact of
a petroleum refinery on downwind ambient air quality. Monitoring the
production of secondary gaseous pollutants such as ozone and other monitoring
systems will be employed to record chemical and physical changes in the
plume as it disperses downwind of the refinery. Detailed analyses for
hydrocarbons, the oxides of nitrogen, ozone, carbon monoxide, PAN and
sulfur dioxide will be performed. The field program will be conducted
during the summer of 1977 near a refinery that is isolated from other major
hydrocarbon emission sources.
Oil Refineries
17
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research & Development Administration
Division of Biomedical & Environmental Research
TITLE:
Environmental Pollution Analysis - Instruments and Methods
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. N.A. Wogman
Battelle Memorial Institute
P. 0. Box 999
Richland, Washington 99352
SUMMARY:
Before a realistic assessment can be made of the potential environ-
mental impact of the pollutants from energy-generation technologies, it
is essential that amounts and physical and chemical properties of associated
pollutant materials be determined. Pollutants enter the environment as a
result of fuel extraction, transport conversion, and utilization in energy
production and should receive early and detailed characterization to
provide the essential information for subsequent studies of their
environmental impact. This program develops both laboratory and field
instrumentation and methods for detailed pollutant analysis. It designs
and evaluates new sampling and analysis techniques required to obtain
maximum sensitivity under practical conditions, amd methods to study the
physical and chemical forms of non-nuclear pollutants in the environment.
Results: A reliable, fast, inexpensive technique for the measurement
of As, Cr, Cu, and Pb in natural waters as well as methods to measure
Hg ions, methylmercury, dimethyImercury, and elemental mercury, were
developed. Development of anodic stripping voltometry was initiated to
determine those elements detectable by the method in natural waters.
A method of using the coherent-incoherent scatter peaks in energy dis-
persive X-Ray Fluorescence allows accurate measurements to be made of
trace elements in varying matrices with thin element standards.
Oil Refineries
18
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Report of Characterization of Organic Emissions from Petrochemical Sources
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
H.M. Barnes
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Durham, North Carolina 27711
SUMMARY:
The objective of this task is to quantitatively and qualitatively
determine the gaseous organic emissions from various petrochemical sources,
principally those involving chemical processing.
Initial investigations involve studies at stationary sources emitting
halocarbon compounds. The two sources examined thus far include a solvent
degreaser using trichloroethylene and one using methylene chloride.
Sequential samples are collected both at the point emission sources and at
downwind fenceline locations and analyzed for halocarbons using GC/MS
techniques.
Currently, a preliminary report on hydrocarbon characterization data
available in the literature as well as a discussion of ongoing programs
within the EPA, was issued in 8/76. A halocarbon emissions measurement
report will be issued in 7/77.
Oil Refineries
19
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Characterization and Nature of Organic Composition of Petroleum Refinery
Wastewater
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Al Burlingame
University of California
School of Chemistry
Berkeley, California 94720
SUMMARY:
The proposed work will continue to be carried out in collaboration
with the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, Oklahoma,
and the Southeastern Regional Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency,
Athens, Georgia, in an effort to determine the nature and composition of
petroleum derived organics in refinery wastewater and their modification
by a treatment system prior to discharge into the environment. The Mass
Spectrometry Unit, Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California,
Berkeley, will work closely with Southeastern Regional Laboratory in
devising a "clean", effective separation scheme for compound classes by
high resolution mass spectormetric analysis of steps in the separation
scheme. This laboratory will subsequently carry out high resolution
mass spectrometric analysis of steps in the separation scheme. This
laboratory will subsequently carry out high resolution mass spectrometry
and Ci3 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of the fractions provided by
SERL. Gas chromatograph-high resolution mass spectrometry will also be used
in these studies. Capillary gas chromatography-low resolution mass spectro-
metry. It is expected that the following information on refinery wastewater
will result from this interlaboratory cooperative study: 1) determination
of what organics are discharged after typical refinery treatment; 2)
determination of where in the refining and treatment processes these
organics originate; 3) a knowledge of what happens chemically and
biologically to organics during different treatments.
Oil Refineries
20
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
OH Reactions of Importance on Perturbed Troposphere and Trace Gases
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
D.D. Davis
University of Maryland
School of Arts & Sciences
College Part, Maryland 20742
SUMMARY:
Task 1: The specific objectives of Task 1 in the second year of funding
will be to determine rate constants for reaction of OH with p-xylene,
m-xylene and ethyl benzene. In addition to the above rate measurements,
mechanistic information will be obatined (i.e., primary and/or secondary
products) on the reactions of OH with the compounds propylene, 1-butene,
cis-2-butene, tetramethylethylene, benzene, toluene, xylene and ethyl
benzene. The techniques to be employed in this study are (1) flash
photolysis-resonance fluorescence and (2) laser flash photolysis-time
resolved mass spectrometry.
Task 2: The objective of Task 2 will be to collect an extensive data
base on the concentrations of the trace gases NO, N02, S02» oxone and on
particles in oil fired power plant plumes located in northeastern U.S.
These data will be collected via small aircraft at distances up to seventy
miles when possible. Before, during, and after each sampling flight,
meterological data will be collected to provide as complete a meteorological
hisotry as possible for each sampling expedition. At least two different
oil fired power plants will be examined in this study.
Oil Refineries
21
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Identify Organics in Petroleum Refinery Wastewaters
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
A.W. Garrison
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Research Laboratory
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
SUMMARY:
Extracts from a typical refinery wastewater will be examined by
gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to identify the compounds being
discharged. Sampling points include the API separator effluent, Pasveer
Ditch effluent and final lagoon effluent. Tentative identification
of classes of compounds and some specific compounds will be available
from EPA Grant R803019-01 and confirmations and quantitation of some of
these will be attempted.
Oil Refineries
22
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Identification of Pollutants in Petroleum Refinery Wastewaters after
Activated Sludge Treatment
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. Wayne Garrison
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Environmental Research Center
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
SUMMARY:
The objective is the qualitative and quantitative analysis of specific
organic pollutants discharged in a representative petroleum refinery waste-
water that has been subjected to biological (activated aludge) treatment.
By analyzing samples before, during, and after treatment, information is
gained on those organics removed or reduced by the treatment, those which
pass through the treatment system, and those which are either increased by
the treatment or that are new compounds produced during the treatment.
Identifications are made primarily by GC/MS and are supplemented by IR and
NMR when necessary. Quantification of the individual compounds is based
on GC peak areas after identifications are confirmed. Mass spectra of
identified compounds are placed in computer libraries to aid other analysts
in identifying them. Compounds identified are used by other programs for
surveillance analyses, to evaluate treatment effectiveness, and to set
effluent criteria.
Oil Refineries
23
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Identification of Pollutants in Petroleum Refinery Wastewaters after
Aerated Lagoon Treatment
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. Wayne Garrison
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Environmental Research Center
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
SUMMARY:
The objective is the qualitative and quantitative analyses of specific
organic pollutants discharged in a representative petroleum refinery waste-
water that has been subjected to biological (aerated lagoon) treatment.
By analyzing samples before, during, and after treatment, information is
gained on those organics removed or reduced by the treatment, those which
pass through the treatment system, and those which are either increased by
the treatment or that are new compounds produced during the treatment.
Identifications are made primarily by GC/MS and are supplemented by IR and
NMR when necessary. Quantification of the individual compounds is based
on GC peak areas after identifications are confirmed. Mass spectra of
identified compounds are placed in computer libraries to aid other analysts
in identifying them. Compounds identified are used by other programs for
surveillance analyses, to evaluate treatment effectiveness, and to set
effluent criteria.
Oil Refineries
24
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research Service Wisconsin
TITLE:
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Environment
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS:
J.H. Harkin
University of Wisconsin
Agriculture Experiment Station
116 Agriculture Hall
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
SUMMARY:
Determine the distribution and levels of polycyclic aromatic hydro-
carbons is soil, water and plants in relation to point or diffuse sources
of origin, e.g. from plants, incinerators, oil refineries, and automobile
or marine engine exhausts. Make recommendations for land or water used
that will avoid health hazards due to elevated concentrations of
carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
Samples of soils, water, and plant materials will be collected from
areas where enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons might be
expected, e.g. from fallout near incinerators or oil refineries, from
automobile exhausts near highways and in metropolitan areas, or from
marine engine exhausts near marinas, as well as from control areas where
background levels can be established. The hydrocarbon mixtures will be
extracted, separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and/or gas
chromatography, and assayed by fluorescence spectroscopy. Regions of
enrichment of these hazardous chemical will be made which will minimize the
health hazard for these compounds.
Oil Refineries
25
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research & Development Administration
Division of Biomedlcal & Environmental Research
TITLE:
Ecosystem Stability
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
J. Harte
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720
SUMMARY:
We will examine the response of laboratory freshwater aquatic microcosms
to specific energy-related stresses and assess the validity of a variety
of possible predictive stability indicators. We will assess the impacts
of petroleum surface films on net primary productivity, respiration,
trophic structure, and chemical composition. We also propose to study,
using a combination of pure cultures and our freshwater microcosms,
manipulations (e.g. nitrogen additions) which would enhance the effective-
ness of bacteria in metabolizing petroleum products. Theoretrical studies
of stability properties of ecosystems will be continued with the objective
of using specific models to help organize and clarify the experimental
data obtained from our laboratory microcosms, and with the objective of
discovering and understanding further candidates for stability indicators.
Results: We have demonstrated the practicality of aquatic microcosms
as a research tool for studying ecological response to stress (LBL-5965,
5987). Many specific similarities and dissimilarities with natural
systems have been elucidated and modifications of our earlier facility
have been chosen on the basis of these studies.
Oil Refineries
26
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CURRENT PROJECTS:
OIL SHALE OPERATIONS
ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Dept. of the Interior
Office of Water Research and Technology
TITLE:
Identification of Presumptive Carcinogenic Compounds Released to Water
Supplies by Oil Shale
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Prof. V.D. Adams
D.L. Sorensen
D.B. Porcella
SUMMARY:
It is proposed to determine the potential mutagenic and carcinogenic
hazards posed by the development of oil shale in Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado.
The Ames test is particularly well adapted for use in such a study because
it provides a means for studying complex mixtures with the eventual goal
of isolating the compounds that are the mutagens and carcinogens. It is
proposed to test 1) raw shale, 2) spent shale development areas before and
after the shale development, 3) leachate from the spent shale, and 4)
chlorination and oxidation of products produced from chlorination or
ozonization of drinking water supplies and wastewaters containing possible
shale leachates.
Oil Shale Operations
27
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Control Technology Survey of Paraho Retort
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. J. Cotter
Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc.
1 Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
SUMMARY:
A total environmental characterization of air emissions, liquid
effluents and solid wastes is the objective sought for the Paraho surface
retort at Anvil Points, Colorado. There are 2-week periods of survey
which will occur in August 1977 and September 1977. The work will be
performed at the site at the same time other EPA, ERDA, and DOD environ-
mental and process sampling and analysis work is in progress. The sampling
and analysis will include "on-site" gas chromatography to measure
inorganic and light-end hydrocarbons in recycle gas streams as well as
all previous "on-site" analyses.
Oil Shale Operations
28
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Admin.
Div. of Environmental Control Technology
TITLE:
Analysis, Screening, and Evaluation of Control Technology for Wastewater
Generated in Shale Oil Development
PRINICPAL INVESTIGATOR:
G.W. Dawson
B.W. Mercer
SUMMARY:
The program is designed to identify the capabilities of current
technology to produce environmentally acceptable discharges from shale oil
development wastewaters. Wastewaters related to shale oil development will
differ significantly from those of the petroluem industry. Should improper
or inadequate treatment technology be employed, shale oil development may
threaten the quality of ground and surface waters with high dissolved
solids levels, oxygen demand, and toxic trace materials. Experimental data
will be generated utilizing bench and pilot-scale facilities to prepare
mine and in situ retort waters for surface discharge, groundwater recharge,
or land spreading. Work will focus on wastewaters from the Wyoming and
Colorado tracts.
Results: A critical evaluation of wasteater treatment needs has been
written identifying the areas of concern and some of the likely technologies
which can be applied.
Oil Shale Operations
29
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Department of the Interior
TITLE:
Sorption of Residual Organic Substances in Retort Waters by Spent Oil Shale
Residues
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS:
J.A. Leenheer
U.S. Department of the Interior
Geological Survey
Water Resources Division
Denver, Colorado 80225
SUMMARY:
The various oil-shale retorting processes produce 10-50 gallons of waste
retort water per barrel of oil. This retort water contains 3,000-5,000
mg/1 of dissolved organic substances. At present, retort water is disposed
on spent oil-shale residues. Organic solutes may leach into ground water or
run off into surface water if the sorptive capacity of spent oil-shale
residues is exceeded. Because the sorptive capacity of spent oil-shale
residues for residual organic substances in retort waters is unknown, there
are no recommendations pertaining to the disposal capacity of spent oil shale
organic substances in retort waters.
A preliminary objective will be to develop an organic water quality
analytical program such that background concentrations of dissolved and
sediment organic materials can be determined and characterized for surface
and ground water in regions of oil-shale and coal development. The overall
objective is to determine the capacity of spent oil-shale residues to adsorb
and immobilize residual organic substances in retort waters. The sorptive
capacities of the soils and sediments which underlie and which may be spread
upon spent oil-shale residuals will also be determined.
Organic solutes in natural surface and ground water in regions of oil-
shale and coal developemnt, and organic solutes in retort waters will be
characterized with respect to elemental composition, compound class,
and physical-chemical properties. Spent oil-shale residue, soil, and sedi-
ment adsorbents will be characterized with respect to surface area, permea-
bility, porosity, elemental and mineralogical composition, functional group
composition and saturating ions. Adsorption isotherms will be determined
for retort water organic solutes on oil-shale, soil, and sediment adsorbents.
Adsorption kinetics will also be studied to determine adsorption mechanisms.
Oil Shale Operations
30
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. National Science Foundation
TITLE:
Characterization of Contaminants in Oil Shale Residuals and the Potential
for Their Management to Meet Environmental Quality Standards
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
J.J. Schmidtcollerus
Denver Research Institute
University Park
Denver, Colorado 80210
SUMMARY:
Advancement in technology has contributed to making large scale
production of fuel from oil shale more feasible and the need for new sources
of energy has focused attention in obtaining oil from oil shales. Whether
retorted externally or in situ, processing results in large quantities of
spent carbonaceous ash residuals which will contain residual, volatile
organic matter and polycondensed organic material (POM) with a potential
for polluting air and water on a scale commensurate with the scale of
processing, adversely influence the compaction of the residuals ash and pro-
vide a source of organic contaminants and inorganic salts to be solubilized
by surface and ground water. This research is directed toward providing
information needed for management of residual spent shale to minimize
environmental impact. Objectives include: (1) Determination of the amount
and kind of organic components in carbonaceous spent shale and in the
process water from retorting operations. (2) Isolation and identification
of the structure and composition of those compounds that are of known
or suspected blastomogenic activity. (3) Investigation or the changes
compounds may undergo in large storage sites and investigation of their
impact on environmental quality including solubilization and leaching
by ground and runoff water, volatization of potential air pollutants,
identification of POM present in airborne carbonaceous particulate matter
from oil shale processing operations and effect of possible auto-oxidation
on volatilization or organic compounds from the waste and their transfer
into air.
Oil Shale Operations
31
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Energy-Related Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in the Wester Energy Develop-
ment Area
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
R.N. Smelling
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Monitoring & Support Laboratory
P.O. Box 15027
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
SUMMARY:
Provide integrated and validated air quality monitoring data (baseline
and trend) for the western area of the U.S. which are or will be impacted
by energy-related development activities. The geographic coverage includes
the Northern Great Plains, Four Corners Area, Colorado Plateau (Oil Shale),
Black Mesa, Arizona and areas of New Mexico.
Approach: 1. Maintain inventory of existing and projected pollution
sources and monitoring networks. 2. Integrate air quality monitoring
data and assess impact of energy-related activities. 3. Conduct aircraft
air quality monitoring missions to supplement ground^based network data.
Outputs: 1. Annual reports of ground based monitoring data;
2. Annual reports of airborne monitoring data.
Oil Shale Operations
32
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Monitoring the Impact of Western Coal Strip Mining and Oil Shale Extraction
on Groundwater Quality
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S):
Dr. R. Tinlin
SUMMARY:
The principal objective is to develop and validate in at least two
areas a strategy for monitoring groundwater quality alterations that are
occurring or could potentially occur as a consequence of the strip mining
of coal; mining and processing of oil shale; conversion of these resources;
and effects of other related situations (such as population increases and
industrial developments). The areas to be monitored will be in the western
United States.
Approach: The development of the monitoring strategy will follow, in
general, the methodology that is described in the recently printed EPA
report entitled "Monitoring Groundwater Quality: Monitoring Methodology."
A necessary prerequisite to the development of the strategy will be the
collection and evaluation of considerable data on subjects such as the follow-
ing: geology, water chemistry, identifiable pollutants, aquifer hydraulic
characteristics, mining methods, land reclamation processes, oil shale
processing methods, and practices for disposal of waste substances. The
evaluations will include identification of pollutants and the prioritization
of pollution sources. Actual field monitoring will be conducted to show the
validity and method of application of the monitoring strategy.
Outputs: Outlines and draft materials for the first phase of the work
have been prepared for Monitoring approaches and Methods; Sources of
Pollution and Methods of Waste Disposal; Identification of Potential
Pollutants; Groundwater Usage; and Hydrologic Framework.
Oil Shale Operations
33
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Fugitive Dust from Oil Shale Extraction
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S):
I. Zuckerman
SUMMARY:
Objective: To conduct a survey of the quantity of fugitive dust
produced by oil shale extraction at the Anvil Points, Colorado, facility.
To determine some of the major inorganic components of the dust.
Approach: High volume samples will be used to collect fugitive dust
at the mine, along the haul road, near the crusher, and near the spent
shale disposal area. Mass source spectrometry will be used for elemental
analysis. Particle size distribution will be determined by cascade
impactors.
Progress: Study is to commence in September, 1977.
Oil Shale Operations
34
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CURRENT PROJECTS:
COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS
ORGANIZATION:
U.S. National Science Foundation
Div. or Adv. Env. Res. & Tech.
TITLE:
Characterization of Hazardous Materials Emitted from Coal Combustion and
Conversion
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
G.R. Rolfe
Univ. of Illinois
School of Chemical Sciences
Urbana, Illinois 61801
SUMMARY:
Research is directed towards characterization of toxic materials emitted
in effluents from coal conversion and combustion operations. Emphasis is
placed on elucidation of the basic principles which govern formation and
release of toxic trace metals and carcinogenic organic species during power
generation. Studies are currently directed towards establishing the
mechanisms whereby toxic species become associated with particulate matter
and toward establishing the environmental impact of these materials when
released.
35
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. National Science Foundation
TITLE:
Sources, Transformations, and Speciation of Atmospheric Pollutants
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
W.H. Zoller
University of Maryland
School of Arts and Sciences
College Park, Maryland 20742
SUMMARY:
This is continuation of work under Grants GI-36338 and ESR-75-02667
on the trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in size-graded
participates emitted by power plants (coal-and oil-fired), municipal refuse
and sewage-sludge incinerators, automotive traffic, airports, and the rural
background. The objective is to identify sources to toxic elements and to
trace the origins of ambient particulates. A second objective is to
elucidate certain aspects of homogeneous gas reactions in polluted air and
to determine the conditions that control ozone formation in power-plant
and industrial plumes.
This grant extends the study to the combustion of refuse-derived fuel
and to industrial sources represented by steel-making, petroleum refining,
cement manufacture, and nonferrous smelting. Trace elements are analyzed by
neutron activation and atomic absorption. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
are measured in the particulate and gas phases. Studies in the meterological
forecasting of stagnation periods will assist in evaluating the significance
of the source emissions.
Studies of rainfall pH will attempt to correlate the acidity of rain
with the chemistry of power plant emissions.
Aircraft sampling will be continued to elucidate the factors controlling
the appearance of ozone bulges in power plant and industrial plumes by
coordinated measurements of ozone, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon
monoxide, humidity, condensation nuclei, and temperature.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
36
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ORGANIZATION:
Southern California Edison Co.
TITLE:
Trace Elements From Oil and Coal Plants
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Southern California Edison Company
2244 Walnut Avenue
Rosemead, California 91770
SUMMARY:
Objectives: To identify, quantify and remove selected trace elements
emitted by fossil fuel generating stations. Objectives: 1974 calendar year:
1. Development of methods for removing mercury and beryllium from stack
gas. 2. Develop pilot plant for removal of trace elements. 3. SCE
assessment for 15 participant trace element program. 1975 calendar year:
4. Additional development of analytical methods for trace elements. 5.
Continuation of pilot plant development for trace element removal.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
37
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research & Development Administration
Division of Biomedical & Environmental Research
TITLE:
Biogeochemical Cycling in Aquatic Ecosystems of Trace Elements in Coal
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
U.W. Elwood
U.S. Energy Research & Development Administration
Environmental Sciences Division
P. 0. Box E
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
SUMMARY:
Enrichment ratios for most trace elements in coal and coal ash (trace
element concentration in coal or coal ash/trace element concentration in the
earch's crust) vary between 2 and 400. Extraction, conversion, and combus-
tion of coal release many of these elements to the biosphere, thus increasing
their biogeochemical mobility and availability for acemulation in aquatic
and terrestrial environments. Autochthonous detritus in estuarine en-
vironments has been found to become progressively enriched in certain
trace elements, including Cu, Cd, Hg, and Mn, during decomposition. The
exact mechanism of this enrichment in detritus and its potential impact,
both on decomposition and remineralization processes and on the productivity
of detritus-based food chains in aquatic ecosystems, are unknown. This
program will examine,the mechanism and rate of enrichment of three trace
elements—^Ni,^^Cdj_and_C^—in biotic components of stream ecosystems,
including a stream which receives trace elements from atmospheric deposition
on the surrounding landscape and one which receives trace element contamina-
tion from fly-ash pond disposal. The goals of this program will be
accomplished through integrated field and laboratory research using
radionuclides and standard analytical methods for stable isotope analysis.
The field sites are Walker Branch Watershed, an undisturbed forested water-
shed, and McCoy Branch, a small stream flowing from a fly-ash holding basin.
Results: Concentrations of Nir Cd, Cr, C, N, and S in leaf detritus
as a function of stage of decomposition in Walker Branch have been determin-
ed. Results show that concentration enrichment of all three metals occurs
during the initial phases of detritus decomposition. Three major
mechanism of Ni enrichment initially appears to be adsorption concentrations
in finer particles of organic detritus which contain less organic matter
.and indicates that increasing specific surface area does not result in
increased enrichment of these metals.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
38
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ORGANIZATION:
University of Texas
TITLE:
Air Water & Quality Impacts of Acid Rainfall Formations
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Prof. H.B. Cooper
University of Texas
School of Engineering
200 W. 21st
Austin, Texas 78712
SUMMARY:
Field studies are being undertaken of the potential for acid rainfall
formation in the Austin area. Measurements are being made of sulfate and
nitrate acid-producing ions as well as buffering agents such as calcium
and ammonium on rainfall pH values. Potential contributions of electric
power plants by conversion from natural gas to fuel oil combustion material
corrosion potential and water quality impactment. Background levels of
rainfall acidity are being determined to show potential increases in sulfate
aerosol formation caused by motor vehicle catalytic converters and increased
coal combustion for electric power generation in Texas.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
39
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. National Science Foundation
TITLE:
Monochromatic Emissivity of Particles Formed in Pulverized Coal Combustion
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
W.L. Gro sshandler
Washington State University
School of Engineering
Pullman, Washington 99163
SUMMARY:
The emittance of a cloud of particles in a high-temperature combustion
environment is a function of the particle size, the temperature and particle
concentration distribution, the wavelength, and the emissivity of the par-
tilces. An experiment will be conducted to evaluate the monochromatic
emissivity of particles typical of those found in pulverized-coal combustion
systems. By measuring the emission from the transmission through a high-
temperature cloud of particles, the equation of transfer can be solved to
determine the monochromatic emissivity of the particles themselves. The
parameters which will be varied are particle temperature (300 to 1300 K),
particle size (50 to 80 micron m), wavelength (1 to 5 micron m), and particle
material. Different coals will be used, ranging from low to high ash
content and containing variable C/H ratio. The coal will be partially
oxidized in a flow reactor to simulate the cenospheres and ash residue
found in actual combustion systems. The radiation measurements will be
taken in an inert dry-nitrogen environment. The physical character of
selected samples will be determined with a scanning electron microscope.
Potential Quality Control Standards
40
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Environmental Research Center
TITLE:
Field Evaluation of a Sampling Procedure for Polycyclic
Organic Matter Emission Measurements From Stationary Sources
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
D.L. Harris
Monsanto Research Corporation
1515 Nicholas Road Box 8
Dayton, Ohio 45407
SUMMARY:
Objective: Monsanto Research Corporation will evaluate a previously
developed (by Langston Laboratories) sampling system for polycyclic
organic materials at an asphalt processing plant and a coal-fired power
plant.
Approach: Field evaluation of the sampling system will be conducted
at a coal-fired power plant and an asphalt batch plant to determine the
repeatability of the sampling procedure and advantages of point sampling
versus traverse sampling. The collected samples will be analyzed by gas
chromatography/mas spectrometry quantitatively for 8 POM compounds and
semi-quantitatively for 23 other POM compounds. Current Plans: Agreement
has been obtained with suitable sampling sites and evaluation will be
conducted and reported over the seven-month contract period.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
41
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Characterization of Gaseous Emissions from Stationary Sources by Remote
Sensing
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
W.F. Herget
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Emissions Measunnents & Characterization Division
Durham, North Carolina 27711
SUMMARY:
Objectives: Use ground-base remote sensing methods to determine species
identity and concentration of gaseous pollutants emitted by point and ex-
tended area stationary sources; determine optimum spectral regions for
monitoring specific pollutants.
Approach: Longpath high resolution infrared spectroscopy will be used
in absorption and emission to determine the spectral characteristics of
gaseous pollutants emitted by a variety of sources. Laboratory spectra
of various species will be obtained to assist in species identification
and concentration determinations. Longpath gas-filter correlation methods
will also be used.
Current plans/progress: Measurements using a grating spectrometer have
been made at coal-burning power plants, incinerators, gas purification
plants and carbon black plants. The grating spectrometer has been replaced
with a Fourier transform spectrometer to greatly increase spectral resolution
and sensitivity. A variety of sources will be studied in future years.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
42
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Obtain High Resolution Long-Path Infrared Absorption
Spectra of Selected Gaseous Pollutants
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. W.F. Herget
SUMMARY:
The purpose of this research effort is to obtain infrared spectra
in absorption of a wide variety of gaseous pollutants as they are produced
by stationary sources such as power plants, acid plants, oil refineries,
etc. These data will be used principally to determine which spectral
regions are most suited for measuring various pollutants, so as to minimize
interferences from other species. The effects of atmospheric interferences
will be studied. The instrumentation to be used in these stuides
consists of a 1800 degree Kelvin blackbody source which can be located up
to two miles from the receiver section; two-food diameter telescopic optics
to collimate and collect infrared energy; and a monochromater, detector
and associated signal processing equipment. The wavelenght range covered
is 2 to 14 microns, and the spectral resolution is on the order of one wave
number.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
43
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Methods for Identification and Measurement of Inorganic Compounds Emitted as
Particulates from Sources using Fossil Fuels
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
W.M. Henry
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
SUMMARY:
Objective: The objective of the proposed program is to investigate
methods of inorganic compound identification of particulate emissions,
select candidate methods, and based on the results of laboratory and field
trials, to develop, validate, and optimize a sampling and analytical
methodology.
Approach: Subject to revision based on information obtained from a
literature search the basic approach planned is: (a) obtain large amounts of
representative combustion process emission samples and determine their
complete cation-anion contents. Chemical and physical separations will be
made of these followed by structural (diffraction, infrared) and valence
state determinations. The objective here is to test and evaluate analytical
technology. (b) By use of a large multifuel experimental furnace generate
fossil fuel emissions under controlled combustion conditions and utilize an
existing thermodynamic data base to predict logical forms of the combustion
products to assist and guide the analytical techniques judged most useful
via the Phase I efforts. (c) Field test the developed analytical techniques
at up to four fossil fuel emission sources. Optimize and validate the
methodology and describe performance specifications.
Current plans: Literature search plus survey of prior and on-going
research programs followed up by personal discussions with identified
researchers who have developed promising techniques. Concurrently large
amounts of emission particulates from coal and oil combustion sources will
be obtained for laboratory trials of methodology.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
44
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Measurement of S02, S03, and H2SO, from Fossil-Fuel Fired Combustion Sources
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
U.B. Homolya
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Durham, North Carolina 27711
SUMMARY:
The objective of this task is to characterize sulfur emission from
coal and oil-fired combustion sources and to assess the adequacy of present
emission factors and to study the characteristics of SC^/I^SO^ formation
and emission relative to operating parameters. Selected emission sources
will be samples which represent a cross-section of boiler size, combustion
operating conditions, emissions controls and fuel type. Samples will be
collected and analyzed for S02» total water soluble sulfates, CO, C02» and
oxygen. In addition, research measurements will be carried out to evaluate
the adequacy of advanced methods and monitors for the characterization of
emissions. Currently, data has bee n obtained from a three coal-fired
sources and light oil-fired boilers which indicate a significant difference
in emissions of 804 between coal and oil fuels.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
45
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Development of Particulate Emissions Sampling Technology
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
K.T. Knapp
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Durham, North Carolina 27711
SUMMARY:
The objective of this task is to develop sampling interfaces and
study these and other interfaces with various particulate emissions
sampling devices and measurement systems.
The various components of the sampling systems will be carefully
evaluated. This includes nozzles, probes, both standard and boundary layer
dilution, filter types and sizes and gas flow measuring systems.
Currently, a boundary layer dilution probe is being tested both at the
stationary source simulator and in the field at oil-fired and coal-fired
power plants. Special sampling boxes for temperature control have been
built and are now being used with various sampling devices.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Size Distribution and Other Properties of Particle Emission From Selected
Sources Categories
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
K.T. Knapp
U.S. Environmantal Protection Agency
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Durham, North Carolina 27711
SUMMARY:
(1) The objective of this task is to determine the size distribution,
density, shape and optical properties of particles emitted from various
source industries. (2) Particles are collected from various preselected
source industries by filters and size fractioning devices. The samples
are analyzed in the lab for the physical properties of the particulate.
(3) Currently, emissions from oil-fired and coal-fired power plants and
municipal incinerators are being sampled.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office or Research and Development
TITLE:
The Development of Fugitive Emissions Sampling Techniques
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
H.J. Koinsberg
Res. Corp. of New England
125 Silas Deane Hwy.
Hartford, Connecticut 06109
SUMMARY:
To provide fugitive emissions measurement methodologies required for
environmental assessment and control technology development projects related
to stationary source energy and industrial process programs of the
Environmental Protection Agency.
Conduct a continuing program of evaluation, development testing and
field adaptation of measurement techniques for air-borne and water-borne
fugitive emissions from process and effluent streams, including the
following: Review current programs to identify measurements requirements.
Formulate specifications for basic sampling and analysis procedures.
Conduct laboratory and field studies to determine effectiveness of adapting
procedures to specific process streams. Review and critique measurement
programs developed or proposed in other EPA programs. Conduct sampling
and analysis programs for special projects. Prepare documents defining
recommended measurement procedures and their application to process
streams.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Development of a Field Instrument for Continuous On-Stact Monitoring the
Mass Concentration of Particulates in Stack Emissions
PRINCIPAL INVESTOGATOR(S):
J.W. Liskowitz
H. Perlis
SUMMARY:
The object of this program is to provide an instrument which can be
mounted on a stack and continuously monitor the mass concentration of
particulate emissions. The basis for this instrument is the measurement
of the depolarization of backscattered polarized radiation. Such a monitor
can be used for regulatory purposes, to evaluate the efficiency of abatement
equipment, and to record for control purposes the particulate emissions
under different plant operating conditions. Such information can be used
to define the optimum plant and abatement equipment operating conditions
required to meet acceptable particulate emissions standards for different
types of fules. Optimization of the operation of the abatement equipment
under different conditions would advance the state of the art of pollution
abatement and lead to improved air quality.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
49
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ORGANIZATION:
Kentucky Center for Energy Research
TITLE:
Trace Elements in Airborne Emissions from Coal Combustion
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
W. Lloyd
University of Kentucky
Graduate School
Limestone and Euclid
Lexington, Kentucky 40506
SUMMARY:
The project is an experimental study, in cooperation with the Physical
Plant Division, University of Kentucky, of the distribution of minor
and trace elements in airborne particulates from power plant coal
combustion. It is planned to use both established quantitative techniques
and three candidate modifications which are expected to enhance analytical
sensitivities.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
50
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Biomedical and Environmental Research Division
TITLE:
Survey of Instrumentation for Environmental Monitoring
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
D.A. Mack
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720
SUMMARY:
A critical and in-depth survey of instrumentation for environmental
monitoring has been conducted for the past three years under the auspices
of the RANN program of the National Science Foundation. Instruments and
techniques being investigated are those useful for measurements in Air,
Water, Radiation and Biomedicine related to the environment. The results
of the survey include summaries of conditions giving rise to environmental
problems, overviews of present methods of measurement, critical comparisons
among instruments and instrumentation methods, and recommendation for the
development of new instrumentation.
Results: Survey results entitled, "Instrumentation for Environmental
Monitoring, "Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-1, are compiled into
five loose-leaf binders to facilitate updating: Volume 1, Parts 1 and 2,
Air Monitoring, covers sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, photochemical
oxidants, hydrocarbons, metals, particulates and asbestos. Volume 2,
Water Monitoring, covers trace metals, halides, nitrogen, phosphorus
sulfur, biological parameters, pesticides, oil and grease, and turbidity.
Volume 3, Radiation Monitoring covers ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
Volume 4, Biomedical Monitoring, covers gaseous pollutants, liquid pol-
lutants, particulates, metals, pesticides and radiation.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Characterization of Effluents from Coal-Fired Utility Boilers
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. E.G. McKinney
U.S. Tennessee Valley Authority
350 Evans Building
Knoxville, Tennessee 37902
SUMMARY:
The objectives of the project are to (1) characterize and quantify the
chemical and physical components of coal pile drainage, (2) assess and
quanitfy. the chemical and physical nature of ash pond effluent after the
pH of the ash pond has been adjusted to meet existing standards, (3)
evaluate an ash pond monitoring program to determine the sampling necessary
to obtain reliable, representative information, (4) assess and characterize
coal ash leachate on ground water, (5) evaluate and quantify the chlorinated
effluent in the discharge canal of a once-through cooling system, and (6)
characterize the gaseous and particulate emissions from two plants with
different type units, e.g. cyclone and tangential fired units.
~"~ The project will focus on determining the quanitities of some trace
elements in various locations in and around the power plant. The samples
"will be analyzed for such trace elements as mercury, cadmium, chromium,
selenium, arsenic, and about eight to ten other trace elements.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
52
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Four Corners Ambient Air Monitoring Network
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S):
Dr. D.N. McNelis
SUMMARY:
Objectives: Maintain an air quality monitoring network in the Four
Corners area to evaluate the present and future air quality impact of energy-
related developments in the Western United States.
Integrate the air quality monitoring data collected by this network
with data collected elsewhere.
Approach: A 28-station Hi-Vol network is operated over the Four
Corners Region. A 24-hour sample is collected three times per week. Each
sample is analyzed for trace elements (Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Fe, and Cd), sulfate
nitrate, and total suspended particulate. All data are entered into the
EPA SAROAD System.
Outputs: Annual summary of data. Quarterly progress reports.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
53
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Morphology and Composition of Particulates Emitted by Stationary Sources
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
U.L. Miller
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Emissions Measurements & Characterization Division
Durham, North Carolina 27711
SUMMARY:
Objective: Determine the morphology and elemental composition of
particulate matter emitted by stationary sources using electron optical
techniques.
Approach: The analyses will be carried out using transmission and
scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with electron diffraction,
electron microprobe measurements, and advanced image analysis techniques.
Current Plans/progress: Sources under study include oil-fired and
coal-fired power plants, incinerators, and basic oxygen furnaces.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
EPA Colstrip
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
G.T. Monice
U.S. Department of Commerce
Environmental Research Laboratories
Boulder, Colorado 80302
SUMMARY:
Objective: Monitor and characterize atmospheric aerosol content
downwind of the Colstrip, Montana, coal-burning power plant.
Current Year Plan: Measure aerosol content at Colstrip before and
after the power plant begins operation.
Progress Report: The aerosol content at Colstrip was monitored for
two, two-week periods in the spring and fall of 1976, generating a clear
air baseline for future measurements.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
55
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Cloud and Precipitation Modification Effects of Pollutants from Energy
Production
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. R.F. Oueschel
U.S. Department of Commercy
Atomspheric Physics & Chemical Laboratory
Boulder, Colorado 80302
SUMMARY:
Provide information on the size, shape, and chemical compostion
of atmospheric pollutants from power plants under varying moisture and
background-pollution conditions. Develop criteria by which to assess their
impact on the cloud and ice nuclei budget and solar and terrestrial
radiative fluxes. Provide recommendations for control measures to minimize
detrimental environmental effects.
Measure in-situ by aircraft 1) primary (flyash) and secondary (gas-to-
particle converted) aerosols, 2) gases that lead to particle formation,
3) infrared terrestrial radiation. Collect additional aerosol samples
for delineating the parameters that determine cloud nucleating and
radiative effects, viz., particle size and size distribution, shape, and
elemental composition. Independently, determine the cloud and ice nucleating
portion of the aersol.
1. The Four Corners, N.M., power plant neither destroys nor creates
ice nuclei that act by the deposition and/or condensation followed by
freezing mechanisms. 2. In the same plume, a gas-to-particle conversion
mechanism creates cloud condensation nuclei at a rate of from 10 to the
14th power to 10 to the 16th power per second. 3. During the combustion
process, water soluble sulfates and chlorides condense at the surface of
flyash particles. 4. Infrared (8-14 microns) properties of plume effluents
are: transmissivity equals 0.82 plus or minus 0.01; extinction coefficient
equals 0.99 plus or minus 0.04 per kilometer; cooling rate equals 0.64
plus or minus 0.1 centigrade per hour.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
56
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Mechanisms of Photochemical Reactions in Urban Air
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Prof. J.N. Pitts
University of California
Statewide Air Pollution Research Center
Riverside, California 92507
SUMMARY:
Reactions of possible importance in photochemical air pollution are
being investigated with a variety of techniques over heterogeneous vapor,
liquid and solid systems. Research includes selected aspects of a photo-
chemistry, spectroscopy, kinetics and mechanisms of photo-oxidation of
common atmospheric pollutants, including PAN, oxides of nitrogen, mono-
cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, partially oxygenated hydrocarbons such as
aldehydes and ketones, alkylating agents including epoxides, hydrocarbons
and lactones, and polycyclic organic hydrocarbons. Long path (20-40M) ir
and uv techniques are used to identify unstable intermediates and products
in the ppm ranges. Chemiluminescent reactions of ozone with olefins and
organic sulfides are being investigated to determine emission intesities
and the nature of the reaction processes. Applications of this phenomenon
to improve air pollution monitoring instrumentation are being studied.
The o-nitrobenzaldehyde chemical actinometer orginally developed on this
project has been field tested by federal and state agencies and continues to
be evaluated and improved. Information derived from laboratory studies
cited above is being applied to the design and execution of cooperative
smog chamber studies of synthetic and real atmospheres. It is also being
used to derive more accurate hydrocarbon and oxygenated hydrocarbon react-
ivity scales useful in consideration of exhaust control devices and fuel
modifications.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
57
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Biomedical and Environmental Research Division
TITLE:
Trace Contaminants from Fossil-Fuel Power Stations - Dose to Man from
Toxic Trace Elements in Stack Emission
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
R.C. Ragaini
University of California
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
P. 0. Box 808
Livermore, California 94550
SUMMARY:
The objective of the study is to evaluate the trace element dose to man
by inhalation of stack emissions from fossil-fuel power plants. Particulate
and gaseous samples are being collected from the stacks at the Huntington
Canyon (Utah) and Four Corners (New Mexico) power plants. The particle-
size distributions and gaseous fractions of the trace elements are being
measured. Further in-plume measurements will be made to determine downwind
physical and chemical changes of the various trace elements. Elements of
major interest include Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Se, Be, Cu, Zn, Sb, Ag, Na, and K.
Other elements which will be analyzed include Al, Cl, Br, I, Ca, rare
earths, Ba, Mg, Mn, Ti, V, Cr, U, Th, Ra, Sc, and Fe, among others.
Results: Coal, flyash, bottom ash, and gas samples have been collected
from Huntington Canyon. They are currently being analyzed. Elemental
analysis procedures used have already been published in 2 reports. A
sampling program is underway at Four Corners.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
58
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Biomedical and Environmental Research Division
TITLE:
Chemical Reaction Kinetics of Combustion Products
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
L.A. Rancitelli
Battelle Memorial Institute
P. 0. Box 999
Richland, Washington 99352
SUMMARY:
This program will develop a model with which, when given inputs of
chemical composition of coal, combustion temperatures and conditions, fuel
gas temperature, and pressure profiles, precipitation devices and stack
conditions, can predict the composition of the flue gas and the chemical and
physical form of the emitted aerosol particles. The model will employ
thermodynamic and kinetic information such as the free energy of formation,
diffusion and reaction rate constants, temperature of combustion, and the
chemical composition of both the coal and flue gas to describe forma-
tion mechanisms of solid and gaseous products. It will include both labor-
atory and power plant measurements to verify kinetic and specific reaction
pathways. The study will be initially directed as describing and modeling
the conditions in the 1400 megawatt coal-fired electric generating plant
at Centralia, Washington.
Results: Although this is a new program, related work has been done
to begin to characterize the effluents from the Centralia fossil fuel plant,
and the deposition pattern of selected elements on the surrounding biota.
This initial study has defined the approximate particle size, chemical
composition, relationship of the aerosols, and established the approximate
amounts of these materials in the gaseous phase.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Fly Ash Characterization and Disposal and Studying Water Reuse or Recycling
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
S.S. Ray
SUMMARY:
The purposes of this project are to chemically and physically
characterize ashes and their waste effluents and to examine fly ash methods
for water reuse. Mass balances around several facilities having different
boiler systems and coals may be incorporated to determine the difference
in ash and effluent characterisitics with variation in boiler design,
operation, or coal type. The scope of this project includes summarizing
available information on ashes and effluents, wet and dry handling systems,
disposal and utilization of fly ash, and methods of treatment for water
reuse; characterizing ashes and effluents of several plants; studies on
disposal alternatives and specific ash problems; and studies on processes
for reusing or recycling wastewater streams from coal-fired power plants.
A report, "Characterization of Ash from Coal-Fired power Plants," was
completed and distributed. Sampling programs to determine mass balances
around the units have been conducted at two TVA steam plants. In October
1975 a three-day preliminary study was conducted to test procedures, equip-
ment, and personnel at wall-fired unit of Colbert Steam Plant. In August
1976 an eight-day sampling program was conducted on the same unit. Sampling
points were the coal scales, pulverizer, mechanical collector and electro-
static precipitator ash hoppers, pyrite hopper, inflow water, and sluice
waters for fly ash, bottom ash, and pyrites. For the second study the
gas stream, both before and after the electrostatic precipitator, was
sampled in addition. These samples have now been chemically and physically
analyzed. In July 1977 a similar study was conducted at a tangentially-
fired unit of Kingston Steam Plant.
Plans for this fiscal years are to chemically and physically analyze
the samples from the Kingston Steam Plant study; to complete a milestone
report on results of the Colbert Steam Plant study; to summarize methods
of treatments of water reuse; to summarize methods for disposal and
utilization of fly ash; and to study processes for reusing or recycling
wastewater streams from coal-fired power plants.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
60
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Environmental Research Center
TITLE:
Continuous Monitor of Mass Concentration of Particulate
Emission from Stationary Sources
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. E. Reisman
Pilco Ford Corporation
3825 Fabian Way
Palo Alto, California 94303
SUMMARY:
The objective of the program is to construct an optical instrument
that is capable of making measurements of mass concentration in times
approaching real time. The technique makes use of the fact that the
wavelength dependence of opacity varies with the size of the particles
in the effluent. The instrument makes transmission measurements at
several wavelengths from absorption bands in the visible and IR. The
data are fed into a computer that has been programmed for a particular type
of site. The program contains information on the optical indices of the
particles as a function of wavelength, the form of the particle size
distribution function typical size ranges, etc. The computer makes a best
fit of the optical data by adjusting the parameters of the size distri-
bution function and computes the mass concentration. Since the computa-
tions occur very rapidly, the results are available in almost real time.
The current system used time share but future units will use an on-board
minicomputer.
The program will be accomplished in two phases. The first phase will
involve the construction of a breadboard unit that will be checked out in
the laboratory with controlled dust chambers and cells. The second
phase involves the packaging of a field worthy unit which will be tested
at a coal burning power plant and at a Portland cement plant. Concurrent
probe measurements will also be made.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
61
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ORGANIZATION:
Public Service Company of New Mexico
TITLE:
NO Reduction Studies for a Coal Fired Steam-Electric Power Plant
A
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
J.M. Robinson
Public Service Co. of N.M.
P.O. Box 2267
Alburquerque, New Mexico 87103
SUMMARY:
Familiarization with unit characteristics and normal operational
procedures to ascertain operational capability for control of air and
fuel flows, air register adjustment, etc. Probe and fly ash samplings
systems shall be designed and tested. Testing shall be performed over
the load range to measure NO, CO, and excess 09 concentrations in the
exhaust. 0 levels shall be varied to determine the sensitivity of
NO, CO and carbon content of the ash to excess 0^. Modified operating
modes shall be tested and low NO firing modes will be recommended and
verified. The main sample point shall be upstream of the air preheater
and precipitator, but NO concentrations shall be checked both up and down
stream from the precipitator.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
62
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Biomedical and Environmental Research Division
TITLE:
Environmental Effects of Solid Waste as a Supplemental Fuel
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
H.R. Shanks
Iowa State University of Science and Technology
Ames Laboratory
University Station, Box 14A
Ames, Iowa 50010
SUMMARY:
This research project is a systematic experimental study to determine
the environmental effects of burning solid waste as a supplemental fuel
with coal. The study is being carried out in a power plant which the
city of Ames, Iowa, has recently modified so that solid wastes and coal
can be burned for electrical power generation. Data collected before
modification of the power plant provide "baseline" values for the emission
of both stoker fired and pulverized coal tangential burner fired steam
generators and allow comparison with data obtained from the units when
solid waste is included as fuel. Items analyzed and quantified include
particulate matter, stack gases, fuel input and bottom ash such that a
material balance can be performed on each boiler under various loading
conditions.
Results: Sampling ports have been installed at a number of points
in the power plant. Baseline samples have been obtained on one unit and
on the ash pond. These samples are presently being analyzed by several
analytical techniques.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
63
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Energy Mineral and Industry
TITLE:
Regional Atmospheric Transport of Coal-Fired Plant Emissions
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
U. Sharma
H.C. Jones
L.M. Reisinger
SUMMARY:
The sulfur dioxide/sulfate issue requires development of a scientific
data base to delineate regional effects of coal-fired power mechanisms of
long-range transport of emissions. A long-range complex is being developed
and applied to a meso-scale region (approximately 1000 km) centered over
the Tennessee Valley watershed. Among factors being considered are
advection by wind field, air parcel trajectories, diffusion by atmospheric
turbulence, source/sink mechanisms and chemical transformations. A regional
S02 emissions inventory has been acquired and maintained by continual
updating. Field studies were conducted in spring 1976 and summer 1977. Data
are being analyzed and a regional atmospheric transport model is being
developed. Some findings have been reported in internal reports and
professional journals. Major milestone report is due in September 1978.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
64
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Air Monitoring of Energy Resource Development Related Toxic Substances
and Suspended Particulates in the Southwest United States
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. M.D. Slade
UTE Research Laboratory
Fort Duchesne, Utah 84026
SUMMARY:
Establishment of baseline data on selected hazardous air pollutants
and also the coninuous monitoring of these pollutants in areas of existing
energy related activities.
The contractor will provide environmental monitoring and analytical
services to develop a data base on airborne hazardous substances and
suspended particulate material for the purpose of assessing the environmental
impact of energy resources development activities in the Southwestern
United States (emphasizing the four corners area).
Sampling stations are to be maintained by the contractor. Filters
from the network are to be collected and analyzed by atomic absorption
spectroscopy for trace elements using appropriate EPA methods.
Quarterly, annual and a final report will be submitted in accordance
with "Interim Specifications for Or and M Grant, Contract and In-House
Reports."
Coal-Fired Power Plants
65
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Field Testing of the Barringer Cospec II as an Area Monitor
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
R.B. Sperling
Environmental Measure, Inc.
San Francisco, California
SUMMARY:
Objectives - To determine the relative accuracy of an EPA-Furnished
Barringer Correlation Spectrometer (COSPEC) II system as a perimeter
montior for Sulfur Dioxide (S0«), compared to Method 6 in-stack measure-
ments. The test will be conducted at a coal-fired power plant. Use of
the remote sensor as a ground-mobile monitor for surveillance of
stationary sources will be evaluated.
Approach - A mobile laboratory equipped with a power supply and
data recording equipment will be used to transport the remote sensor around
the power plant. The vertical viewing COSPEC will measure S02 burden; wind
data will be gathered simultaneously with the plume measurements. Together
the two sets of data will be used to calculate emission rates of SO-. The
results will be compared directly with instack SO- emission rate data.
Current plans - The study site will be the San Juan generating station
of the Public Service Company of New Mexico, located in northwest New
Mexico. A minimum of five plume cross-sections will be made each day
by the COSPEC for 10 days: an average of three in-stack measurements will
be conducted each day.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
66
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Comparative Toxicologic Evaluation of Emissions from Fuel Combustions
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
U.E. Stara
National Environment Research Center
5555 Ridge Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45213
SUMMARY:
Objectives include determination of relative toxic potential of
emissions resulting from use of various fuels, fuel additives, and control
devices in automotive, diesel and aviation mobile sources and in stationary
fuel combustion systems. The test data are used in process of developing
criteria which are used for setting the environmental pollution standards;
and in the process of development of standarized toxicological tests pro-
tocols. Serial experiments involving exposure to selected biological models
in vivo and in vitro to raw and irradiated whole emissions or components
thereof generated by combustion process using chemicophysical characteriza-
tion of emissions (gaseous and particulate components) and multidiscipli-
nary quantitation of associated biological effects are conducted. In 1972,
this approach has been used for the comparative evaluation of emissions and
bioeffects resulting from the use of reference fuel with and without a test
additive. In FY 73, studies will be conducted on diesel fuel, further
gasoline and additives testing, and the incorporation of emission control
devices (catalytic converter) using improved facilities and systems. Essen-
tial task elements of the project include supportive aerometry (atmosphere
monitoring and characterization); engineering (operation, exhaust generation,
dilution, delivery, and control systems); and multidisciplinary biological
testing approach including biochemical, pathological, and physiological
investigations.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Power Plant Plume and Sulfate Study in Complex Terrain
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
J.L. Swift
Goemet Incorporated
15 Firstfield Road
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20760
SUMMARY:
Objectives: (1) Creation of reliable data describing atmospheric be-
havior of sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxide emitted from a specific large power
plant in complex terrain; (2) Appraisal of current knowledge of plume be-
havior under similar conditions; (3) Improvement of capabilities for pre-
dicting such behavior.
Approach: (1) A six-month literature survey will be conducted of current
knowledge of atmospheric behavior of plumes from tall stacks in complex,
terrain, including conservative dispersion and sulfate transformation; plus
an appraisal of the adequacy of available modeling techniques for predicting
such behavior. (2) Field measurements will be conducted for a year using
fixed and mobile ground plus airborne monitoring at the 700 MW coal-fired
Clinch River Power Plant in the Appalachian Mountains at Carbo, Virginia.
Parameters observed continuously will include meteorology; NO and SO
emissions; concentrations over time and space of NO , S02, suffates and 0»
in the plume. (3) Improved modeling techniques for describing plume be-
havior in complex terrain and sulfate transformation will be developed upon
data and the Clinch River literature survey.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
68
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Chlorinated Compounds in Coastal Power Plant Cooling Waters
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
J.F. Thomas
University of California
School of Engineering
Berkeley, California
SUMMARY:
The objective of the proposed research is to determine the quantity,
nature and persistence of chlorine residuals in cooling waters from coastal
power plants that have been treated with chlorine for slime control.
Cooling water intake, in plant cooling water and cooling water discharges
will be sampled during chlorine treatment for gross chlorine residual
determination at several sites. At a limited number of sites an attempt
will be made by extraction, concentration gas chromatography and mass
spectrometry to quantitate and identify important components of the
chlorine residual under conditions representative of the discharge.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
69
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Comparative Toxicologic Assessment of Fly Ash from Western vs. Easter
Coals
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
C.E. Ulrich
SUMMARY:
The present contract was originated in order to increase the data base
concerning the toxicological properties of fly ash from coal fired power
generating facilities. Limited data is available from those using Eastern
United States and almost none from those using Western coal sources. The
study was therefore designed to compare the relative toxicological effects
of fly ash from a power plant located in the West and using coal from the
Powder River region and one from the East burning coal from the Appalachian
region.
Approach: Experimental animals will be exposed to an aerosol generated
from fly ash collected from the final stage of an electrostatic precipitator.
The particles will be first separated according to size to provide fly as
particles comparable to those passing through the precipitator and going up
the stack. Rats, guinea pigs and cynamolgous monkeys will be exposed 9
months at concentrations varying from threshold levels to near lethal.
Current Plans: The effective date of this contract was June 1, 1976
with a 2-year performance period. Due to problems in stack sampling, a
delay resulted in a 6-month extension. Fly ash collection and stack gas
collection has been completed. Chemical analysis is partially complete.
Animals have been exposed acutely to determine the fly ash concentration to
be used during chronic exposure. Chronic animal exposures are planned to
begin August 1977.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Basic Environmental Services
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
V. Valin
U.S. Department of Commerce
Environmental Research Laboratories
Boulder, Colorado 80302
SUMMARY:
Objective: Conduct an evaluation of the aerosol characteristics in the
vicinity of Colstrip, Montana, near a large coal-fired electric generating
plant, in order to assess the impact of plant effluents on precipitation
patterns in the area and downwind from the plant.
Current Year Plan: Conduct an aerosol sampling program in Montana using
an instrumental cloud physics trailer and airborne samples and complete scan-
ning electron microscopic analysis of the collected samples.
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Environmental Effect of Utilizing Solid Waste as a Supplementary Power-
Plant Fuel
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S):
D.A. Vaughan
W.K. Boyd
H.H. Krause
R.B. Engdahl
SUMMARY:
The objective of this project is to investigate the benefits to the
environment resulting from the utilization of solid waste as a supplemtary
fuel in existing coal-fired power plants.
The approach is to evaluate the gaseous and particulate emission plus
the corrosiveness of combustion products as a function of sulfur content
of the coal. Experiments will be conducted in an operating power station
through cooperation of the City of Columbus, Ohio, and at the Harrisburg
(PA) Waterwall Co. Incineration Plant.
Furnace and stack gas and particulate samples will be collected
throughout the periods that corrosion probes are inserted at several
locations in the heat-recovery passes. These probes will be examined for
corrosion attack and deposit composition for various gas and metal tempera-
tures to provide guidance in future utilization of solid waste as a supple-
mentary fuel.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
72
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Unspecified Unit
TITLE:
Particle Chromatographic Analysis of Fly Ash
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. W.R. Wilcox
Clarkson College of Technology
School of Engineering
51 Main Street
Potsdam, New York 13676
SUMMARY:
Particle Chromatograph was invented by the principal investigator
for separation of particle mixtures by their surface properties, rather
than by density, size electrical properties, etc. We propose to apply
this technique to the detailed analysis of fly ash. Without separation,
one is only able to obtain an average chemical analysis or the character-
istics of a few individual particles. Such detailed characterization
should prove useful for pollution control, optimization of boiler design
and operation, and analysis of trace impurities. Funding is requested
initially only for one year for a feasibility study for separation of fly
ash particles. Actual detailed characterization would be performed in the
second year.
The long term objective of our proposed program is to utilize our
new particle separation technique particle chromatography, in a program
of quantitative analysis of the different types of particles found in
fly ash from fossil-fuel fired electric power plants. The first year
objective is to adapt particle chromatography to the specific task of
separating particles of fly ash. Assuming that this is successful in the
second year separation and anlysis of representative samples of fly ash
will be performed.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
73
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Impact of Conditioning on Power Plant Emissions Through Controlled Airborne
Sampling
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
R.E. Williams
University of Denver
Denver Research Institute
University Park
Denver, Colorado 80210
SUMMARY:
Objective: To explore the feasibility of using a captive balloon, capa-
ble of carrying an ultra lightweight sampling package, to ascertain the con-
centration and composition of certain solid, liquid, and gaseous emissions
from a fossil fuel power plant. It is anticipated that this sampling scheme
would be used to quantify the impact of conditioning on emissions as well
as extending mass balance studies and investigating the primary versus
secondary aerosol content of stack plumes in areas where periods of rather
stable horizontal plum conditions occurs.
Technique: A tethered balloon with multiple, sequential particulate
samplers will be used to cross-section and profile an isolated power plant
plume collecting only solid particulates during this study. Particulate com-
position and size distribution will be compared with stack samples and plant
operating conditions.
Relevance: The fate of emissions from stacks is not well understood.
Attempts using aircraft are not feasibile at low flying altitudes and in
proximity to the power plant stack because of the poor spatial resolution
(aircraft velocity), and for safety reasons. Optical techniques, such as
the transmissometer, give no meaningful data as to changes in plume com-
position. An in situ sampler can lead to an understanding of how plant
operations, e.g., addition of HLSO,, lime, etc., can alter emissions with
time.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
74
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Mesoscale Sulfur Balance Studies
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. J.W. Winchester
State University of Florida Systems
School of Arts & Sciences
205 Wildwood Drive
Tallahassee, Florida 32306
SUMMARY:
A comprehensive study is being conducted to characterize the occurrence
of sulfur in aerosol particles at sampling stations in 14 locations between
the mid-continent and eastern seaboard of continental U.S.A. Additional
remote stations in marine and continental areas are also being operated to
provide important background information. Emphasis is being placed on the
concentrations of sulfur in relation to other elements present in the
aerosol and on the time variability of these concentrations with a time
resolution of 2 hours. Sampling is being carried out continuously at heights
from ground level to 30 meters by a unique time sequence filter sampler which
has been developed at Florida State University. Additional samples are
planned to be taken during intensive periods during the year by cascade
impactors at about five of the filter sampling sites, using cascade impactors
for determination of the particle size distribution of sulfur and related
elements. Elemental analysis is performed using proton induced X-ray
emission, a highly sensitive technique permitting both the extremely short
2-hour time resolution on a continuous basis for filter samples as well as
the size resolution of particles as small as 0.25 micron diameter by cascade
impactors. By means of the combination of sampling techniques, the impact
of fossil fuel combustion and other anthropogenic sources of sulfur on the
natural characteristics of the atmosphere may be precisely determined.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
75
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Formation of Atmospheric Aerosols
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S):
Professor K.T. Whitby
D.B. Kittelson
B.K. Cantrell
SUMMARY:
Aerosol size distributions have been measured in the St. Louis area as
part of EPA's Project MISST using aircraft and ground based self-contained
mobile laboratories. These measurements were made with a group of
collaborators so that a complete array of chemical, physical, and meteoro-
logical measurements were obtained on a coal fired power plant plume. The
University of Minnesota's portion of the project included aerosol measure-
ments aboard an aircraft and the operation of a mobile van on the ground
under the plumes.
This mobile van was also operated on freeways in the Los Angeles
area during October 1976 as part of an EPA sponsored project to study
sulfur aerosols on roadways.
Much of the work during the next project year will be analysis and
reporting of the large amount of data obtained during the past several
years. Analysis is being directed toward obtaining aerosol growth rates
in the plumes, aerosol nucleation rates in the plumes and surrounding
distributions. Laboratory work toward the development of a continuous
instrument for the measurement of aerosol sulfur is also being partially
supported by this project.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
76
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Water Research and Technology
TITLE:
Geochemical Controls on Trace Element Concentrations in Natural Waters of
a Proposed Coal Ash Landfill Site
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS:
D.O. Whittemore
Kansas State University
School of Arts
Dickens Hall
Manhattan, Kansas 66502
SUMMARY:
Geochemical controls on Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, As, Se, Zn, and Cd concentra-
tions will be determined for natural waters of a proposed ash storage
landfill site accompanying a coal fueled power plant to be built in north-
east Kansas. The study is the first step in evaluating the effect on water
quality caused by the large amounts of trace elements concentrated in the
ash or volatilized during the burning of the coal when the plant is
operative.
The present ranges and temporal variations of trace element concentra-
tions will be determined in precipitation, surface, and ground waters
in the drainage basins of the proposed coal ash landfill site and an
adjacent small stream. Analyses of chemical constituents and properties of
soils and bedrock in the two drainage basins will be made and their controls
on the addition, removal, and movement of trace elements evaluated
and compared. Models of the transport and mass balance of the trace
elements in the hydrologic cycle will be prepared.
The expected amounts and fates of trace elements which will be intro-
duced into the study are by the coal burning power plant and its ash
storage landfill will be estimated from the results obtained and from
existing analyses of coal and coal ash.
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77
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Coal-Fired Power Plant Impact on Terrestrial Ecosystems - Lacynge Plant
Vlncinity - Kansas and Missouri
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. A.L. Youngtnan
Wichita State University
School of Liberal Arts
1845 Fairmont
Wichita, Kansas 67208
SUMMARY:
Objectives: To evaluate the influence of stack emissions from a new
coal-fired electric generating plant on the surrounding rural-agricultural
ecosystem, based especially on trace element analysis of ecosystem
components. By employing a team of biologists and geologists we will seek
correlations between air quality and biosystem structure including trace
element patterns in producer and primary consumer organisms. Chemical
analyses for trace elements will be accomplished by means of both neutron
activation and atomic absorption spectrophotometric procedures.
Progressive changes during the first three years following initiation of
power plant operations will be compared with the conditions that existed
prior to power plant operation. Baseline conditions have been established
for biosystem composition (native and agricultural plants, insect grazers
and small mammals) and for air quality (particulates, sulfur dioxide, and
nitrogen oxides). Chemical analysis of soils and organisms collected
during the baseline phase is currently in progress, with most of the data
expected by June, 1978. An expansion of current air and biological
sampling programs is planned along with incorporation of aerial survey
and meteorological data collection.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
78
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. National Science Foundation
Division of Advanced Environmental Research & Technology
TITLE:
Sources, Transformations, and Specification of Atmospheric Pollutants
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
W.H. Zoller
University of Maryland
School of Arts and Sciences
College Park, Maryland 20742
SUMMARY:
This is a continuation of work under Grants GI-36338 and ESR-75-02667
on the trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in size-graded
particulates emitted by power plants (coal-and oil-fired) municipal refuse
and sewer-sludge incinerators, automotive traffic, airports, and the rural
background. The objective is to identify sources of toxic elements and
to trace the origins of ambient particulates. A second objective is
to elucidate certain aspects of homogeneous gas reactions in polluted air
and to determine the conditions that control ozone formation in power-plant
and industrial plumes.
This grant extends the study to the combustion of refuse-derived
fuel and to industrial sources represented by steel-making, petroleum
refining cement manufacture, and non-ferrous smelting. Trace elements
are analyzed by neutron activation and atomic absorption. Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons are measured in the particulate and gas phases.
Studies in the meterological forecasting of stagnation periods will assist
in evaluating the significance of the source emissions.
Studies of rainfall pH will attempt to correlate the acidity of
rain with the chemistry of power plant emissions.
Aircraft sampling will be continued to elucidate the factors controlling
the appearance of ozone bulges in power plant and industrial plumes by
coordinated measurements of ozone, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon
monoxide, humidity, condensation nuclei, and temperature.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
79
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ORGANIZATION:
Electric Power Research Institute
TITLE:
Nature of Effluents from a Large Coal Power Plant and Its Interaction
with The Atmosphere
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
University of Washington
Graduate School
C301 Health Sciences Building
Seattle, Washington 98105
SUMMARY:
Work to be performed under this contract will be concerned with
atmospheric emissions from the Centralia Coal-Fired Power Plant (CPP) and
their effects on the atmosphere. The principal objectives of the study
are: 1) To determine the nature, concentration, and size distribution of
the particles in the atmosphere emitted by CPP. 2) To determine the
changes in the nature, concentration, and moves through the atmosphere.
3) To investigate the emission, transport, and conversion of sulfur com-
pounds emitted by CPP and their ultimate removal from the atmosphere.
4) To determine the effects of the particles from the CPP on cloud and
precipitation processes. 5) To investigate the mechanisms by which
particles from the CPP are removed from the atmosphere.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
80
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ORGANIZATION:
Electric Power Research Insititute
TITLE:
Measurement of Atmospheric Sulfates
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creek Blvd.
Austin, Texas 78766
SUMMARY:
The project provides for development, laboratory validation, and
initial field testing of a sampling method to distinguish between sulfuric
acid mist and particulate sulfates. The literature will be searched to
identify highly sensitive methods for collecting and analyzing sulfur
dioxide, sulfates, and particulates from ambient air. Existing gas mixing
equipment will be modified and new filters and condensers for sulfur
dioxide and sulfur trioxide, and particulates will be built. After
satisfactory laboratory checkout, field verification will be performed.
To determine more accurately the chemical nature of sulfur compounds
emitted to the atmosphere by fossil-fueled power plants, a sampling
technique which discriminates between sulfuric acid and sulfate solids is
needed.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
81
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ORGANIZATION:
Electric Power Research Institute
TITLE:
Development of an Efficient Sampling System for Organic Combustion
Effluents
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
SUMMARY:
The objective of work performed under this contract is to develop
a simple and efficient sampling device for the collection of organic
components of stack gases from combustion sources and other energy related
activities.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
82
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Interpretation of Data from Biogenic Sulfur Field Studies/Mist Technical
Support
PRINCIPAL INVESTOGATOR(S):
Unknown
SUMMARY:
During the contract period the contractor will provide technical ser-
vices as directed by the Project Officer through task orders. Such services
will include but are not limited to: (1) prediction of size, shape and
direction of power plant and urban plumes, (2) planning assistance (site
selection and experimental design), (3) surface and vertical profile measure-
ments, (4) measurement of verticle fluxes of pollutants, (5) calculation
of wind fields and trajectories, and (6) preparation of appropriate
data and interpretive reports. These services are expected to require
approximately 700 man-hours during the contract period, but the contract
should provide for the purchase of additional services in increments of
325 man-hours if they are needed. The contractor shall provide equipment,
materials, and travel that may be required to perform assigned tasks.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
83
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ORGANIZATION
Pennsylvania Electric Company
TITLE:
West Trace Element Program
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creek Blvd.
Austin, Texas 78766
SUMMARY:
Purpose: To study trace element removal from fossil fueled power
generating station. Objectives: (1) To take advantage of mutual sharing
of R&D funds with other utility companies in order to obtain maximum bene-
fical results for money expended. (2) To determine selected trace element
removal efficiency of horizontal module at Monroe Generating Station. (3)
To determine selected trace element removal efficiency of vertical module
at Mchave Generating Station. (4) To collect and analyze selected trace
elements directly from stack gases by means of wet electrostatic precipitator
system.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
84
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. National Science Foundation
Division of Engineering
TITLE:
REMOTE DETECTION OF STACK POLLUTANTS BY MEANS OF CONCENTRATION MODULATION
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
F.S. Barnes
Univ. of Colorado
School of Engineering & Applied Science
1200 University Avenue
Bolder, Colorado 80302
SUMMARY:
The purpose of this research is to develop a system for making remote
measurements of photochemical pollutants in effluent from stacks. There is
currently a variety of techniques for remote-sensing of these pollutants.
These include IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, optical heterodyne tech-
niques, etc. However, all these techniques suffer from high optical noise
due to background radiation and stack emissions. It is proposed to use
an ultraviolet beam to modulate the concentration of these pollutants by
means of photochemical reactions. This provides modulated infrared emission
signals which can be selectively detected against unmodulated optical noises
by means of simple signal-processing techniques. The improvement of signal
to noise ratios due to this method is calculated to be a hundred times to
about 10 to the 4th power times, depending on the pollutant species under
measurement and the degree of cloudiness in the sky. The proposed program
will proceed in three parts: (1) Completion of the analysis and design
of the pollution detection system; (2) Construction and laboratory testing
of an instrument; (3) Testing on remote sites.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
85
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Environmental Research Center
TITLE:
Development of GFC Instruments of Gaseous Pollutant Measurements
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
E.R. Bartel
Science Applications Inc.
1200 Prospect Place
LaJolla, California 92037
SUMMARY:
Objective: To design, fabricate, field test and reduce the data for
two infrared Gas Filter Correlation instruments for measurement of
extended area stationary source gaseous pollutant emissions. One
instrument will operate in the up-looking mode (single-ended, passive) to
sense ambient temperature sulfur dioxide against the cold sky background.
The second will operate in the open-path mode (double-ended, active)
to sense sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and vinyl chloride monomer at
ground level. The design goals for each instrument are: Sensitivity:
50 ppm-meters (nominal); Dynamic Range: Two order of magnitude; Time
constant: Variable from 1 to 60 seconds.
Approach: To measure the infrared radiation emitted or absorbed by
the pollutants and correlating this radiation by alternately passing it
through a gas cell containing a sample of the specific pollutant to be
detected and a reference cell which is transparent. This is the GFC
technique which provides a highly specific measurement in the presence
of interfering species. The passive, up-looking instrument will measure
S0Ł at 4.0 micron. The active instrument will measure S02 at 8.6 micron,
H2S at 7.9 micron, and VCM at 10.9 micron using an infrared source and a
retroreflector.
Plans: To build and calibrate the two instruments over the next
nine months and then to field test them in the vicinity of a coal-burning
power plant.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
86
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Field Evaluation of Source Sampling Technology for Trace Elements and Pom
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
R.L. Bennett
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Durham, North Carolina 27711
SUMMARY:
The objectives of this task are to test collection methods for trace
elements and organic materials from various types of sources. The collected
sample will be used to help characterize the sources.
Samples are being collected on various types of filter material
under various conditions. Both solid sorbent and impingers are being
used for condensibles and organics.
Currently, samples are being collected at oil-fired and coal-fired
power plants and municipal incinerators.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
87
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Report on Sampling and Analysis Techniques for Condensable Emission From
Stationary Sources
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
R. L. Bennett
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Durham, North Carolina 27711
SUMMARY:
The objective of this task is to prepare a review report on the progress
of collection and analysis of vaporous emissions from stationary sources.
The task will include a careful study of the work on collection and
analysis method for toxic organic and inorganic compounds that have vapor
pressures sufficiently high so that filtration does not yield efficient
collection. Included in this group are compounds of arsenic, selenium,
lead and mercury.
Currently, only information gathering is in progress. Industries
under study are oil-fired power plants, coal-fired power plants, basic
oxygen furnace and municipal incinerators.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
88
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Detailed Organic and Inorganic Analysis or Particulate Emissions from
Selected Sources
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
R.L. Bennett
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Durham, North Carolina 27711
SUMMARY:
The objective of this task is to obtain chemical analyses on particulate
samples of the emissions from various preselected source industries. The
analysis will be for both organic and inorganic compounds.
The samples will be collected by various filters and special solid
sorbent systems. The analyses will be x-ray fluorescence for trace
element and IR and other methods of spectroanalysis for the organic content.
Currently, emission samples from oil-fired and coal-fired power plants
are being analyzed.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
89
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Biomedical and Environmental Research Division
TITLE:
Biogeochemical Cycling in Aquatic Ecosystems of Trace Elements in Coal
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
B.C. Blaylock
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Environmental Sciences Division
P. 0. Box E
Oak Ridge, TN 37831
SUMMARY:
It is expected that with increases in both energy demands and reliance
on domestic supplies of fossil fuels, coal consumption and resultant
releases of trace elements associated with coal to the environment will
increase. The objective of this research is to examine the biogeochemical
cycling of vanadium and nickel in a reservoir typical of the Southeast U.S.
These 2 potentially toxic trace elements occur in relatively high concen-
trations in effluents from coal combustion, coal extraction, and coal con-
version techniques. Specific objectives are: (1) to determine the distribu-
tional patterns of V and Ni in biotic and abiotic components of this
reservoir ecosystem. This will include identification and quantification
of the important pools of these 2 trace elements in this sytem; (2) to
examine those environmental variables (e.g., pH, Eh) which govern the
mobility of these 2 trace elements in aquatic systems; (3) to investigate
food chain kinetics of V and Ni and their influence on trace element con-
centrations at high trophic levels in the reservoir. The research includes
identification of critical pathways and determination of transfer coeffi-
cients for food chains leading to man. The goals of this program will be
accomplished through integrated field and laboratory research. The field
research site is an embayment of Melton Hill Reservoir which receives
runoff from Walker Branch Watershed, a forested catchment.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
90
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Department of the Interior
TITLE:
Environmental Evaluation of Municipal Refuse as an Energy Resource
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
W.I. Campbell
U.S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Mines
College Park, Maryland 20740
SUMMARY:
The objective of this project is to evaluate the possible
environmental impact of using the combustible fraction of municipal
refuse as an energy supplement. Trace elements of refuse will be identified
and their pollution potential compared to those obtained from coal. The
distribution of potentially toxic elements in combustion gases and the
ashes of combustion will be determined. The potential for leaching
pollutants from ash landfills will also be assessed.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
91
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ORGANIZATION:
Northeast Utilities Service Company
TITLE:
Laser Remote Monitoring of Smokestock Emissions
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
R.K. Change
Yale University
School of Engineering
206 ELM
New Have, Connecticut 06520
SUMMARY:
This research grant is for one year to pursue laser technology for
use in the remote measurement of sulfur dioxide and small particulates that
might be emitted from a power plant smokestack. In this phase, work would
be directed towards determining the practicality and effectivesness of
this remote instrumentation. Follow-on work could include the construction
of a prototype instrument for field testing. In addition some time will
be devoted to determining if the device proposed may also be used to
measure air quality of ambient air.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
92
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Performance Criteria for Opacity Measurements in Oil-Fired Power Plants
and Portland Cement Plants
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
W.D. Conner
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory
Durham, North Carolina 27711
SUMMARY:
The objective of this task is to determine criteria for opacity measure-
ments at oil-fired power plants and Portland cement plants.
Performance and design specifications for in-stack transmissometers
for measurement of the opacity of emissions from oil-fired power plants and
Portland cement plants are evaluated. The study involves experimental
and theoretical evaluations of the effects of the emissions and instrument
design specifications on transmissometer performance.
The study has been completed and a draft report has been prepared and
is being reviewed.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
93
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLES
Field Totting - Application of Combuation Modification to Control Pollutant
Emissions from Power Generation Combuetlon Systems
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S)J
A.R. Crawford
W. Babtok
15.H, Manny
SUMMARYi
The purpoae of thla itudy ia to field teat power generation combuation
equipment including utility bollera, gaa turbinea, and atationary I. C.
englnea. Bmphaaia will be placed on utility bollera firing coal, but the
atudy will include teata of gaa- and oil-fired bollera and boilers capable
of firing two or more fuela aimultaneoualy. Teata with aimultanaoua firing
of waate and foaail fuela ahall alao be included.
Emissions to be meaaured are oxldea of nitrogen, oxldea of aulfur,
hydrocarbona, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, opacity, eulfataa,
nltratea, participate (maaa and alia distribution), POM, and trace elemental
The effect of combuation modification on air pollutant emiaaiona and combua-
tion efficiency will be determined. Alao, the effect of modified operation
on equipment performance (e.g. alagglng, fouling, ateam temperature control)
will be inveatigated.
One primary goal ia to determine the effect of ataged combuation In
coal-fired bollera on tube wall corroalon ratea. Staged combuation combined
with low exceaa air firing la the moat attractive combuation modification
combination becauae it ia an effective method of reducing NOx and !• re-
latively eaay and Inexpenaive to implement. However, aome increaaea in tube
wall corroaion ratee occur. The contractor will uae three method! for
measuring corroaion rateai (1) corroalon probea for an eaay, inexpenaive,
but probably Inaccurate method, (2) ultraaonlc tube wall meaaurement which la
more coatly but ahould provide an accurate mapping of the furnace tube wall
surface, and (3) teat panela which will be welded into the boiler tube wall
in areaa where extenaive corroalon ia anticipated. The teat panela will be
removed after a 6 to 12 month period for preclae meaaurementa.
Coal-Fired Fever Plant!
94
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ORGANIZATIONI
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE I
Develop and Apply Biological Monitoring Methode
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR!
A.B. Crockett
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Monitoring & Support Laboratory
P. 0. Box 15027
Lai Vegae, Nevada 89114
SUMMARY:
Objective! Planta, animala, and varloue indicea will be evaluated
ai to their value ai biological monltore and potential for incorporation
Into operational monitoring network!.
Approaohi Soil, vegetation, and email mammale will be collected around
a coal-fired power plant and in a highly urbaniied area. After a potential
monitor hae been identified, factore affecting the receptor will be itudied
to determine Ite reeponee and ueefulneee. Domeetle livestock will aleo
be evaluated. Plant communltlee will be itudled to determine if exleting
•peclee divereity Indicea have value ae indlcatora of pollutant impact.
Mlcroorganiemi will be evaluated to determine uaefulneea ai indicatore of
pollutant bioavailability in eoll eyetema.
Outputi Complete eampllng at 4-Cornere Power Plant for eoil and
vegetation haa been carried out and analyaea for toll conducted for mercury,
lead, cadmium, alnc, aelenium, and copper. Plant communitiee have been
aampled for indicee evaluation and rate collected in Loa Angelee for lead.
Coal-Fired Power Plante
99
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Mercury Distribution in Soil Around a Large Coal-Fired Power Plant
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
A.B. Crockett
Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
SUMMARY:
Detailed soil sampling and analyses for mercury residues indicate no
significant differences in mercury residue levels within 30 km of a large
coal-fired power plant. Other recent data indicated emissions of 589 and
1,372 kg of mercury by a coal-fired power plant and a smelter, respectively,
and pose no health hazard relative to air contamination. These data should
be considered in making decisions concerning regulation of mercury emissions
from coal-fired utilities. In 1974, utility emissions amounted to only
4 percent of the natural degassing mercury loss in conterminous United
States.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
96
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. National Science Foundation
Division of Higher Education in Science
TITLE:
Research Initiation for Minority Institution Improvement - Trace Element
Analysis of Air and Water in Industrial Canal Zone Area in New Orleans
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. V.R. Dave
Southern University A & M College
Undergraduate School
New Orleans, Louisiana 70]26
SUMMARY:
This project is aimed at identifying the trace elements and
determining their concentration in air and water surrounding the Industrial
Canal zone area. Air and water samples will be analyzed for traces of
pollutants arising from industrial waste, exhaust gases and smoke.
Study of contaminants in water samples from Lake, Industrial Canal and Gulf
will be made, to ascertain the presence of vanadium, selenium,iron, mercury
sulfur, etc. Gulf water and hence lake water has often been polluted by
oil spills from ocean drilling, by various oil companies, and from
collision of heavy barges used for transporting crude oil, etc.
X-ray fluorescence analysis provides a very reliable method for
elemental analysis, qualitatively as well as quantitatively. This technique
involves excitation of X-rays in the constitutents of the sample, by
placing it at the center of an annular radio-isotope source of X-rays
with sufficiently high energies. Pure Germanium detector enables high
resolution study of emitted X-rays characteristic of the constitutents of
the sample. The spectrum is stored in 4096 channels of a multi-channel
analyzer interfaced with an H-P 2100 mini-computer for on-line data
analysis. The computer facilitates on-line subtraction, peak intergration
and comparison of the relative intensities of X-rays for multi-elemental
analysis of the sample.
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Field Test Beta Gauge
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
J.W. Davis
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Environmental Research Center
P.O. Box 12055
Durham, North Carolina 27711
SUMMARY:
A beta gauge for continuous mass monitoring has been developed under
contract; there is a European instrument which is commercially available.
There is a present need for an available continuous mass monitor. The beta
gauge technique appears to fulfill this need, but an extensive field
testing program is necessary to establish capabilities and limitations.
Arrangements have been made with a local power company to run tests on a
controlled stack. Parallel mass measurements will be made using the
EPA sampling train. Testing will begin January 1, 1973, and should be
completed on the power plant stack by June 30, 1973. It is anticipated that
the testing of other types of sources will be made in the future.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
98
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
TITLE:
Evaluation of Pollution from Trace Elements in Coal
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
A.W. Deurbrouck
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
SUMMARY:
To determine the levels of potentially harmful pollutants released
as combusion products of coal; and, further to determine the benefits that
may accrue by removal of high density impurtiies associated with coal.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
99
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Use of Lichens as Predictors and Indicators of Air Pollution from a
Coal-Fired Power Plant
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S):
S. Eversam
SUMMARY:
Two lichen species native to southeast Montana showed reduced respira-
tion rates and algal cell plasmolysis and bleaching when exposed to 0.02,
0.04, and 0.07 ppm SO- (geometric means) on a field fumigation site. The
major objective of the current project is to collect these same two lichen
species to be observed as biological monitors of S02 emissions from two
coal-fired power plants in Colstrip, Montana. Lichen community information
is also being collected in order to detect any changes in epiphytic and
soil lichen communities as coal burning proceeds in this area. All the
lichen information will be integrated with plant community data gathered by
other researchers in the area in order to determine effects of S02 emissions
(and other coal-burning pollutants) on Ponderosa pine-grassland ecosystems.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
100
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Biomedical and Environmental Research Division
TITLE:
Characterization of Gaseous Molecular Pollutants Emitted by Energy
Generation Sources
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
V.A. Fassel
Iowa State University of Science and Technology
Ames Laboratory
University Station, Box 14A
Ames, Iowa 50010
SUMMARY:
The broad objectives of this study are to develop general technologies
applicable to the characterization and quantification of gaseous molecular
pollutants from coal-related energy sources. Particular emphasis will be
placed on the development of multipollutant analytical concepts and on the
determination of ultratrace pollutants for which inadequate effort has been
devoted in the past. Special attention will be placed on those organic
pollutants which are or may be emitted from fossil-fueled energy sources
and from coal liquefaction and gasification plants. Many of these pollutants
are certainly health hazards, and some already identified are proven car-
cinogens.
Progress has been made on the determination of high molecular weight
organic pollutants in air when they are present as vapors, as particulate
matter, or as immobilized species sorbed on particulates. Recovery tests
with fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene and perylene at concentration
levels ranging from 3 ppb to 95 ppm in volumes ranging from 3 to 300 liters
showed that 100% recovery was achieved. The optical luminescences excited
on X-ray irradiation of several polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in frozen
(77°K) Shopol'skii matrices have been successfully observed.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
101
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Characterization of Effluents from Coal-Fired Utility Boilers
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. H.B. Flora
SUMMARY:
The objectives of this project are to 1) Characterize and quantify
the chemical and physical components of coal pile drainage, 2) Assess and
quantify the chemical and physical nature of ash effluent after the pH of the
ash pond has been adjusted to meet existing standards, 3) Evaluate an ash
pond monitoring program to determine the sampling necessary to obtain
reliable, representative information, 4) Assess and characterize coal ash
leachate on ground water, 5) Evaluate and quantify the chlorinated effluent
in the discharge canal of a once-through cooling system, 6) Characterize the
gaseous and particulate emissions from two plants with different type units,
e.g. cyclone and tangential-fired units, 7) Develop technology to remove
priority pollutants, and 8) Verify water chemistry model for specific water
treatment needed.
Current progress includes 1) Completing field and laboratory studies
on characterizing and treating coal pile drainage, 2) Completing laboratory
studies on effect of pH adjustment on the quality of ash pond discharge,
3) Completing field ash pond monitoring and assessment of the ability of
the monitoring program to obtain reliable, representative data, 4) Assessment
of optimum chlorination schedule to maintain generating unit thermal
'performance continues, 5) completing of field and laboratory studies on
quality of ash pond leachate, and 6) completing field studies and laboratory
analyses for characterizing gaseous and particulate emissions from different
types of boilers.
Future plans are: Publish milestone reports on tasks 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6
above and begin work on tasks 7 and 8.
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Mobile Engine Exhaust Hydrocarbon Analysis Via Chemiluminescence
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. Fontijn
Aerochem Research Labs. Inc.
P.O. Box 12
Princeton, New Jersey 08540
SUMMARY:
The objective of this work is to develop a real-time reactive hydro-
carbon analyzer, based on chemiluminescent reactions, to be used for
auto, exhaust monitoring. To determine the feasibility of such an analyzer
a comparison will be made of the chemiluminescence spectra of the reactions
of atomic 0 and atomic 0/atomic N mixtures with a number of representative
mono-olefinic, acetylenic, aromatic and conjugated double bond (-ienic)
hydrocarbons. These reactions will be studied in discharge flow systems.
Hydrocarbon-class selective emissions will be selected for further studies
which include determination of optimum flow conditions, linearity of
response, instrument response to hydrocarbon concentration ratio and limit-
of-sensitivity. Interference effects from other species present in auto
exhausts and exhaust bag samples, e.g. saturated hydrocarbons, NŁ, C>2,
H20, and C02, will also be investigated. It is intended that if adequate
interference-free response is obtained a prototype insturment, based on the
findings of this work, will be built.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. National Science Foundation
TITLE:
Ecology and Analysis of Trace Contaminants
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
W. Fulkerson
U.S. Energy Research & Development Admisistration
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
P. 0. Box X
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
SUMMARY:
This comprehensive interdisciplinary research program will 1) unify
and improve existing air, hydrologic and terrestrial submodels for trace
element transport mechanisms» 2) validate the resultant Unified Transport
Model andUTM) at several watershed sites, including two in the New Lead
Belt in Southeastern Missouri, in collaboration with the University of
Missouri-Rolla; 3) complete trace element budget studies at Walker Branch
Watershed; 4) determine the exchange coefficients, mobility and biological
availability of Cd, Zn, Pb and Cu in contaminated soils, sediments and litter
from the New Lead Belt; 5) identify the routes of trophic transfer of these
elements in a New Lead Belt watershed; 6) investigate the transport of
total and methylated mercury in Holston River-Cherokee reservoir and sites
of methylation; 7) develop rapid, simple soil tests for toxic metals by
extraction and by bioassay using Aspergillus niger; 8) validate the
reliability of microcosm simulations of transport and bioaccumulation by
comparisons with field studies; 9) demonstrate the ultimate sensitivity of
-x-ray fluorescence for quantitative rapid multielement analysis by use of
a double monochrometer system; 10) develop multielement isotope dilution
spark source mass spectroscopy techniques requiring minimum sample pre-
parations; 11) continue development and application of gas chromatography
with microwave emission spectrographlc detection; 12) explore the utility
of liquid chromatography for characterizing aqueous effluents from coal
hydrogen at ion processes; 13) demonstrated the recovery of Zn, Cd and
cyanide from electroplating rinse wastes by solvent extraction; 14)
field demonstrate a prototype electrolytic cell for recovering organic and
inorganic dissolved lead species from an alkyl manufacturing process
waste stream. This is the third year of support.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
Public Service Company of Colorado
TITLE:
Study of Pollution Contribution from Stationary Sources in the Rocky Mountain
Area
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
J.F. Fuller
University of Colorado
School of Engineering
1200 University Avenue
Boulder, Colorado 80302
SUMMARY:
The objective of this project is to perform a study of pollution con-
tributions from stationary sources in the Rocky Mountain area. The work
is performed by undergraduate and graduate engineering students at the
University of Colorado. In addition to the classification of pollution
contributions by parameters such as fuel consumption, energy production,
nature of the source, and nature of the emission constituents; it includes
a review of present measurement methods for pollutnat emissions and a study
of possible alternative measurement techniques.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
105
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. National Science Foundation
TITLE:
Emissions from Major Air Pollution Sources and Their Atomospheric
Interactions
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
G.E. Gordon
University of Maryland
School of Arts and Sciences
College Park, Maryland 20742
SUMMARY:
Particulates from coal-and oil-fired power plants, automotive ex-
hausts, municipal incinerators, continental weathering, and an airport
will be analyzed to determine total composition in relation to particle-
size range. Total composition will be determined, including the organic
fraction and 28 trace elements. Analytical methods will include instrumental
neutron activation analysis, atomic absorption, flame emission, x-ray
fluorescence, chromatography and other special techniques or organic
identification. The fate of pollutants from individual sources will be
explored in a preliminary way. Unstable gas-phase reaction species will
be studied for the purpose of determining their roles in the formation
of secondary gaseous pollutants. Rate constants will be determined for
key reactions potentially significant for smog formation.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
106
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. National Science Foundation Division of Adv. Environmental Research
and Technology
TITLE:
Atmospheric Impact of Major Resources and Consumers of Energy
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
G.E. Gordon
University of Maryland
School of Arts
College Park, Maryland 20740
SUMMARY:
Particulates from coal and oil-fired power plants, automotive
exhausts, and municipal incinerators will be analyzed to determine
composition in relation to particle-size range and fuel composition.
Composition will be determined, including certain organic components
and trace elements. The goal is to define the importance of the named
sources as contributors to the particulate load of the ambient atmosphere.
Gaseous emissions and their fate in power station plumes will be
studied by aircraft sampling and real-time analysis.
Laboratory gas-phase kinetics studies will be devoted to the
reactions of stable and unstable reaction intermediates to determine their
roles in the information of secondary pollutants.
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
St. Louis Waste Co-Firing with Coal Project - Equipment, Facilities and
Environmental Evaluation of Meramac Power Plant
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S):
P.G. Gorman
L.J. Shannon
M.P. Schrag
D.E. Fiscus
SUMMARY:
As part of an EPA demonstration grant, the City of St. Louis has been
processing municipal solid waste and the Union Electric Utility has been
firing it as an auxiliary fuel at the Meremac Power Plant. The feasibility
of the concept has been demonstrated but more data of a substantive nature
is being sought from the program. This procurement is to provide services
to fully test and evaluate the refuse preparation and firing processes.
Specifically, this project provides for tests to determine the effects
of firing refuse and coal on gases and particles emitted from a 120 MW
tangentially fired utility boiler. Tests will be made to investigate
the mechanisms which cause a loss in ESP performance. Water pollution tests
will be conducted and the emission of potentially hazardous pollutants will
be investigated. Testing and engineering analyses will be performed to
technically and economically evaluate the refuse preparation and firing
processes. Requirements for design of emission control devices will be
established and process or equipment modifications necessary to reduce
process cost and to increase energy or material recovery will be determined.
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CURRENT PROJECTS:
COAL-LIQUEFACTION PLANTS
ORGANIZATION:
U.S.Department of the Interior
TITLE:
Lignite Liquefaction Waste Water - Suitability for Reuse and Clean up for
Discharge into the Environment.
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Prof. R.J. Baltisberger
University of North Dakota
School of ARts & Sciences
University Station
Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201
SUMMARY:
The proposed research plan involves laboratory investigations directed
at the determination of organic and inorganic contaminants generated in the
waste water effluents of a lignite liquefaction pilot plant. Methods will
be investigated for the clean up or reuse of the waste water.
Laboratory Investigations Would Employ: (1) Extraction and concentration
of the organic contaminants. (2) Gas or Liquid chromatographic separation
of the organics, followed by UV of mass spectral analysis. (3) Measurement
of the inorganic contaminants by electrochemical or atomic absorption
techniques. (4) Water solubility studies of solid waste. (5) Absorption
studies using activated carbon, lignite or resin for removal of contaminants.
109
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
TITLE:
Advanced Analytical Techniques Applied to Coal Conversion
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
A.G. Sharkey
U.S. Environmental Research & Development Administration
SUMMARY:
The objective is to apply advanced spectral analytical techniques to,
and develop methods for, the solution of problems related to the use of
coal. Current programs include (1) determination of the composition of gas,
oil, tar, char, and water products from SYNTHOIL, SYNTHANE, COSTEAM, HYDRANE,
and other coal conversion processes, (2) studies of the mechanism of aging
of coal liquids and the development of inhibitors, (3) investigation of the
changes in chemical structure that occur during coal liquefaction under
pilot plant conditions, and (4) elucidation of the nature of the sulfur,
oxygen, and nitrogen heteroatom species, including organometallic compounds,
in coal liquids. Included among the instrumental techniques presently
being utilized are chromatography and MS, SEM, NMR, ESR, IR, UV, and laser
Raman spectroscopies.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. National Science Foundation
TITLE:
Matrix-Isolation Time-Resolved Fluorescence & Phosphorescence for Analysis
of Carcinogens Produced in Coal Conversion
PRINCIPAL IVESTIGATOR:
E.L. Wehry
University of Tennessee
School of Liberal Arts
W. Cumberland Avenue S.W.
Knoxville, Tennessee 37916
SUMMARY:
The possibility that coal conversion plants will produce significant
emissions of chemical carcinogens into the atmosphere is recognized. The
need for analytical procedures for the measurement of complex organic
mixtures on atmospheric particulates is well known, and the requirements
for both sensitivity and resolution are stringent. Dr. Wehry will study
the use of matrix isolated luminescence spectrometry for the analysis of such
pollutants. He will employ time and spectral resolution for sensitivity
enhancement using a mode-locked, cavity dumped laser as a source. Samples
of atmospheric particulates will be collected in the vicinity of coal con-
version pilot plants and in urban atmospheres in order to provide a basis
for the evaluation of laboratory results with real samples.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
Electric Power Research Institute
TITLE:
Matrix Isolation Analysis of Pollutant Emissions from Coal Conversion and
Utilization Processes
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Director of Research
University of Tennessee
Graduate School
W. Cumberland Avenue S.W.
Knoxville, Tennessee 37916
SUMMARY:
The principal objective of the research is to develop and evaluate new
analytical techniques for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and their
derivatives in the atmosphere. The general analytical approaches to be
pursued are matrix-isolation fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and
matrix-isolation fluorescence and phosphorescence spectrescopy. The
techniques to be employed should substantially increase the sensitivity and
selectivity of present methods, and may eventually lead to a substantial
simplification.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
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CURRENT PROJECTS:
COAL GASIFICATION PLANTS
ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research & Development Administration
TITLE:
Hazardous and Other Undersirable Elements and Compounds in Supplementary
Fuels from Coal.
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
A.G. Sharkey
U.S. Energy Research & Development Admin.
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
SUMMARY:
The objective is to provide data concerning contaminants in process
streams to assist in the design of proper purification procedures for
producing environmentally acceptable supplemental fuels. Products from
coal gasification and liquefication including gas, oil, tar, water and
char are being analyzed for toxic or otherwise hazardous components.
Trace elements that possibly are toxic in the vapor form or produce
hazardous compounds are determined by spark-source mass spectrometry,
neutron activation, atomic absorption, and other techniques. High
resolution mass spectrometry, combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometery,
fluorescence spectroscopy, and other appropriate spectral techniques are
used to determine the composition of the organic material associated with
these streams.
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Dept. of Energy
Division of Biomedical & Environmental Research
1717 H St. N.W.
Washington, District of Columbia 20545
TITLE:
Coal Conversion Trace Elements in Aquatic Ecosystems
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
E.W. Gekes
U.S. Dept, of Energy
Environmental Sciences Division
P.O. Box E
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
SUMMARY:
The objective of this research is to evaluate potential adverse
impacts to aquatic biota and man of trace elements in aqueous coal conversion
effluents. Trace elements released to aquatic systems in sufficient
quantities can be toxic to aquatic biota or potentially accumulated by
aquatic species to the point where consumption by man may pose a threat
to human health. We have analyzed two aqueous process streams from the
pilot scale COED coal conversion process (Coal-Oil Energy Development)
for 55 elements, using spark source mass spectrometry. In an initial step
in assessing the potential toxicity and bioaccumulation in freshwater
ecosystems of elements released in coal conversion effluents, we compared
observed element concentrations in effluents to concentrations reported
toxic to aquatic biota; we then calculated threshold concentration that may
cause bioaccumulation in aquatic biota to reach levels not safe for human
consumption. We have also compiled a data base from available literature
on the toxicity in fresh water of 35 elements measured in coal or coal
conversion effluents. This information (comprising 2000 reported toxic
concentrations spanning 164 taxa) has been incorporated on computer tape
and microfiche for external distribution in the near future.
RESULTS: The preliminary analysis indicated that 19 elements detected
in the COED process streams have a toxicity and/or bioaccumulation potential
in aquatic systems. Quantification of potential adverse impacts will by
necessity be both site-specific and process-specific. However, at this
stage in the environmental evaluation of coal conversion technology, this
analysis has been useful in defining a set of elements that require detailed
study, and has been used to design the next phase of research.
Coal Gasification Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Dept. of Energy
Division of Biomedical & Environmental Research
1717 H. St. N.W.
Washington, District of Columbia 20545
TITLE:
Physical transport in water of Organics from Coal Conversion
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
S.E. Herbes
U.S. Dept. of Energy
Environmental Sciences Division
P. 0. Box E
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
SUMMARY:
The objective is to relate structure (molecular size and functional
class) of trace organics to their rates and extents of transport and
transformation in natural waters. From laboratory data, compounds of
concern will be identified for examination in microcosm and field studies.
Processes examined include volatilization, photolysis/hydrolysis, and
sorptive partitioning. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), a sequence
of fused-ring compounds which are anticipated at trace levels in coal
conversion wastewater streams, were examined. Sequences of 8 to 10 PAH
are being tested to determine volatilization and hydrolysis/photolysis
rates, and extent of sorption onto organic particles. Compounds are
detected either fluorimetrically or by ^C-labelling. Henry's Law constants
are determined by measuring PAH loss from samples during nitrogen stripping
with known gas volumes. Sorption studies use inoculation of 1^C-labelled
PAH into 50 ml wastewater samples, centrifugal separation of participate
material, and quantification of C in each phase. Photolysis/hydrolysis
studies will be initiated in March 77 and will utilize presence and absence
of ambient sunlight as experimental variables. Degradation products will
be isolated by thin-layer chromatography and quantified.
RESULTS: Volatilization rates of PAH decrease from naphthalene to
benz(a)anthracene. Sorptive partitioning onto wastewater particles at
25 degrees C increases from less than 1% for napthalene to 20-30% for
benz(a)anthracene and benz(a)pyrene. Sorption onto autoclaved yeast cells
follows thermodynamic predictions and fits a Langmuir isotherm. Both
sorptive and evaporative processes appear to favor maintenance of larger
PAH (4- and 5-rings or more) in aquatic systems.
Coal Gasification Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Pollutants from Synthetic Fuels Processes
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
F.O. Mixon
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Durham, North Carolina 27709
SUMMARY:
Recognizing the importance of synthetic fuels in the nation's energy
future, the Research Triangle Institute is conducting for the Environmental
Protection Agency a major research program to study potential pollutants
from synthetic fuels operations.
The purpose of the research is to develop a fundamental understanding
of those factors and conditions which cause the production of environmental
pollutants in synfuels processes and to provide to EPA and to the scientific
and technical community the information needed to guide and control of
potentially hazardous materials from synfuels plants of the future.
The research includes both an experimental and an analytical study.
The experimental study includes first the design, fabrication and operation
of one or more laboratory reactors to simulate conditions which may be
utilized in action synfuels plants, second, the development and implementa-
tion of chemical analysis procedures for the evaluation of elements and com-
pounds that result from synfuel reactors, third, the screening of the
major coals which are available in the U.S. and characterization of compounds
as dependent upon reactor parameters and input coal, and fourth, the
determination of the kinetics of formation of the pollutants of significance.
The analytical study provides for utilizing results of the screening
tests to project potential human exposure to effluents and emissions from
these plants and to establish priority ratings for the various pollutants
based upon the extent to which projected exposures are hazardous. The
analytical study also provides for an understanding of the reaction kinetics
with the view of producing the controls necessary for synfuels plants.
Coal Gasification Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Admin.
Div. of Biomedical and Environmental Research
TITLE:
In-Situ Coal Gasification Pollutant and Effluent Characterization
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. M.R. Peterson
SUMMARY:
The objective of this program is to conduct a characterization study
which is useful in coal in situ gasification experiments which will identify
any unforseen emission problems. The production of low BTU gas by in situ
burning of coal has been demonstrated with considerable success by the
Laramie Energy Research Center. In the studies at Hanna, Wyoming, a
synthetic natural gas has been produced at 500-600 degrees F underground
and has an energy content of approximately 150 BTU's per SCF. Representa-
tive samples of the particulates, gases, tars and condensate will be col-
lected and analyzed for inorganic and organic constituents which are not
normally monitored.
Neutron activation and X-ray fluorescence permits analysis for Cu,
Zn, Ni, Ti, Cr, Mn, Ce, Br, Sb, Se, Hg, Cd, Fe, Sc, and As. Sampling forms
of selective absorption traps are used for As and Hg speciation and for
volatile organic compounds. Plasma arc emission-spectrometry, UV absorption
spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and high pressure
liquid chromatography and are used to analyze the various inorganic,
organometallic and organic species absorbed on the traps.
Coal Gasification Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Dept. of Energy
Assistant Administrator for Fossil Energy
1717 H St. N.W.
Washington, District of Columbia 20545
TITLE:
Hazardous and Other Undesirable Elements and Compounds in Supplementary
Gaseous and Liquid Fuels from Coal
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
A.G. Sharkey
U.S. Dept. of Energy
Pittsburgh Energy Res. Center
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
SUMMARY:
Products from coal gasification and liquefaction including gas, oil,
tar, water, and char will be investigated for toxic or hazardous components.
Analytical techniques will be developed for determining organic and
inorganic constitutents. Trace elements that possibly are toxic in the
vapor form or produce hazardous compounds will be investigated by spark-
source mass spectrometry, neutron activation, atomic absorption, and other
techniques. Organic material associated with these streams will be analyzed
by high-resolution mass spectrometry, combined gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry, and other appropriate spectral techniques. Organic and
inorganic contaminants also will be evaluated in terms of standard lists of
hazardous compounds such as Threshold Limit Values (American Conference
of Government Industrial Hygienists, U.S. Coast Guard List), lists prepared
by the National Research Council, the Toxic Substance List published by
HEW in 1971, and recent lists of carcinogens released by OSHA. (FE-TIMS).
Coal Gasification Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Department of Commerce
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, District of Columbia 20234
TITLE:
Environmental Mass Spectrometry
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
L.W. Sieck
U.S. Deptartment of Commerce
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, District of Columbia 20234
SUMMARY:
Project Objective: To conceive, develop and exploit novel tech.
pertinent to EPA, NOAA, DOT, and NASA atmos. and water poll. meas. and
modelling prog. To develop new methods for rapid analysis of fossil
fuels and coat gasification products.
Project Approach: The modified NBS high pressure photoionization
mass spec, will be used as detection system to test a new in-house
developed concept for analysis of high molecular weight hydrocarbons and
their derivatives occurring in fossil fuels. The specific method involves
highly selective ion chem. and the utilization of the solvent for the
fuel sample as the ionization source.
Prior Year Accomplishments: Alkyl iodide study completed, and data
published. Submit discriminatory gasoline fingerprinting method developed
and finalized.
Coal Gasification Plants
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
TITLE:
Assessment and Control of Wastewater Contaminants Originating from the
Production of Synthetic Fuels from Coal
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Prof P.C. Singer
University of North Carolina
School of Engineering
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
SUMMARY:
This is one of a multi-part project whose summary may be identical
to others.
The purpose of this project is to assess the environmental impact
of wastewater contaminants originating from the production of synthetic
fuels from coal, and to evaluate alternative wastewater treatment
technologies for the control of these contaminants. The project is
carried out in several phases over a 5-year period consisting of (a) a
literature review and survey of pilot- and full-scale coal conversion
facilities to identify specific contaminants which might be found in coal
processing wastewaters, (b) a study of the biodegradability of selected
organic constitutents from such wastewaters including an assessment of the
aquatic impact of these constitutents and biodegradation products, (c)
biological and physical-chemical treatability studies of selected organic
constituents and identification of the residuals following treatment, (d)
animal toxicology studies to evaluate the potential health effects of those
wastewater components for which sufficient information is not available in
the literature, (e) treatability studies of composite synthetic and real
coal-processing waters including analytical characterization and aquatic
impact assessment of the treated waters, and (f) development of design
criteria treatment of wastewaters from coal-conversion facilities.
ADDENDA:
1. The supporting organization's Project Monitor is TW Petric
2. Project's Starting Date: 11/76
3. Estimated Completion Date: 10/81
Coal Gasification Plants
120
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Dept. of Energy
Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research
1717 H St. N.W.
Washington, District of Columbia 20545
TITLE:
A Comparative Study of Effluents and their Control from Four Dry Ash
Lurgi Gasification Plants
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. M.H. Somerville
University of North Dakota
School of Engineering
Grand Forks, North Dakota 58201
SUMMARY:
This project is to identify and categorize the effluents from and
control methods utilized in the following coal gasification facilities;
1) Transwestern Coal Gasification Company, 2) El Paso Natural Gas Company,
3) ANG Coal Gasification Company and 4) Natural Gas Pipeline Company of
America. Each plant will be evaluated with respect of existing and
probable environmental regulations and the best available technology.
The design reliability of projected effluent levels is estimated. This
will be accomplished through a review of the design bases and where possible,
review of operational data. The primary data base will be the filings with
the federal government and the Environmental Impact Statements of the
proposed facilities. The product of this effort will be a report deli-
eating: 1) environmental control options and effluents anticipated from
each of the gasification systems considered, 2) costs of the control options
in terms of monetary and energy units, 3) environmental control design
reliability and associated design on uncertainties, and 4) existing as well
as probable environmental regulations not currently in existence. The above
criteria will be evaluated and the contractor will recommend an RD&D
program designed to develop environmental control methods where existing
controls are inadequate.
RESULTS: The review of the four gasification plant facilities has
been completed. This review has resulted in a complete summary of the
gaseous liquid and solid effluents from all four facilities. Sulfur control
techniques have been examined and some of the design weaknesses in the
sulfur control techniques noted. A review of the proposed EPA gasification
effluent limits and energy units are to be investigated during the coming
quarter. The contractor has recommended additions to the ERDA RD&D program,
particularly in the sulfur control area.
Coal Gasification Plants
121
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Dept. of Energy
Assistant Administrator for Fossil Energy
11717 H St. N.W.
Washington, District of Columbia 20545
TITLE:
Coal Gasification Environmental Problems from Trace Materials in
By-Products
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
W. Vanmeter
University of Montana
School of Arts and Sciences
770 Eddy St.
Missoula, Montana 59801
SUMMARY:
This study consists of three tasks: (1) Obtain representative ash
and other waste samples from several operating gasification pilot plants.
(2) Leach the samples with distilled and natural ground water, an ammonium
acetate solution, and sulfuric acid. The ammonium acetate (an ionic,
buffered medium) will cause the release of many ions not removed by simple
solubility in water, yet it will not mask the subsequent analysis of the
toxic species. The sulfuric acid will indicate the amounts of metals
that may be released over a long time. (3) Perform a qualitative and
quantitative chemical elemental analysis on the leachates obtained in
Task II to determine whether or not ground and surface water contamination
may result from the interaction of natural forces with the fly ash, slag,
and other by-products of coal gasification plants.
Coal Gasification Plants
122
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research & Development Administration
TITLE:
Environmental Effects from Leaching of Coal Conversion By-Products
INVESTIGATORS:
W.P. Vanmeter
University of Montana
School of Arts & Sciences
SUMMARY:
A typical full scale gasification plant producing 250 million SCF per
day of fuel gas will generate about 400,000 tons of slag or ash per year.
Virtually all of the trace mineral content of the coal will remain in this
solid waste, and will probably be in a more easily soluble state than in
the coal. This project will examine solid waste materials obtained from
existing pilot plants to determine the characteristics of the material as
concerns leaching of toxic or objectionable elements from it by the action
of preconcentration moisture or groundwater. Eluants used will include
distilled water, actual eastern Montana groundwater, 1 M ammonium acetate,
and 0.01 Normal sulfuric acid. Elements determined will include, at least,
Ba, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Mn, Sr and F. Data will be gathered in a way that
will show the quantity released versus time (and volume) of elution.
Computer processing of the data will allow estimation of the total amount
of each element that would be released by elution for very long times
(volumes). Results of the work will provide a basis for rational decisions
concerning the nature of the ultimate disposal of the waste materials.
Coal Gasification Plants
123
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Admin.
Assistant Administrator for Fossil Energy
TITLE:
The Characterisitics of American Coals in Relation to Their Conversion
into Clean Energy Fuels
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Penn. State University, University Park, Pensylvania 16802
SUMMARY:
In the research program dealing with investigations of cokes and chars,
1) studies of char reactivity as a function of coal rank are being conducted
in air, steam, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide atmospheres; 2) enhancement of
char gasification by mineral matter addition and ion-exchange to yield well-
dispersed calcium is being attempted; 3) effects of heating rate, atmosphere,
maximum temperature, and soak time variations during the conversion of
coals to chars on subsequent char reactivity are being studied; and 4)
small angle X-ray scattering, unsteady-state gas diffusion and DSC
measurements on oxygen chemisorption techniques are being developed in order
to better characterize chars.
The work performed this year concerning the combustion of low-volatile
coals and chars has emphasized the development of a radiation model to
provide insight into the reason for the different behaviors of gas
temperature profiles obtained with the different samples.
Since the start of the new program a milestone has been reached in
the successful burning of coal-oil-water-air emulsions.
Coal Gasification Plants
124
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CURRENT PROJECTS:
OIL SHALE OPERATIONS
ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Dept. of the Interior
Office of Water Research and Technology
TITLE:
An evaluation of the Effects of Geothermal Energy Development on Aquatic
biota in the Geysers Area of California
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
V.H. Resh
SUMMARY:
This study has been designed to evaluate the effects of the development
and operation of geothermal energy power plants on the community organization
and the energy transfer processes of aquatic benthic organisms in streams
of the known Geothermal Resource Area (KGRA) Geysers, California. As
selected stations, instantaneous growth rates, production and turnover ratios
will be estimated for dominant benthic species and the entire benthic
community. Physical parameters such as sedimentation rates and chemical
measurements including ammonia, boron, arsenic, and mercury concentrations
will be incorporated into a data matrix arrangement to develop a predictive
model of the interactions occurring these environments. Study sites will
include: 1) streams that have received sediment and other material from
geothermal power plant construction and operating procedures; 2) streams
that are adjacent to natural fumarole areas and received heated effluents
prior to geothermal development; 3) streams that have received effluents
from cinnabar mining operations; 4) streams that have received both geo-
thermal and cinnabar effluents; 5) streams that have received no effluents.
The results of this study will develop methods of using biological indicator
organisms, particularly in analyzing any cumulative effects of the geothermal
energy plants on aquatic biota.
Geothermal Energy Production
125
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Monitoring Guides for t^S and Non-Condensible Hazardous Gaseous Emissions/
Geothermal Systems
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
W. Adams
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Monitoring & Support Laboratory
P. 0. Box 15027
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
Objective: To develop a strategy for air quality monitoring as
part of an integrated geothermal monitoring methodology for evaluating
the total impact of geothermal development on a given locality.
Approach: The design of a monitoring network is accomplished in two
phases. Field measurements of ambient air quality will be made and air
quality simulations will be made for predicting temporal and spatial
distributions of pollutants for various stages of geothermal development.
Because meteorological and air quality data for this area are sparse, a
two year field program is necessary to document aerometric data. A first
year effort would be a pilot study for collecting meteorological data at
several sites. Limited air quality data will also be collected during
the first year. Data from the first year will be used as a guide to deter-
mine the level of effort for an expanded network in the second year. These
data will be used as a basis for the air quality simulation phase of the
project.
Outputs: Completion of initial investigation with air monitoring
laboratory at 5 sites in the Imperial Valley, California (10/76); completion
of second round of air monitoring at 4 sites in the Imperial Valley,
California (4/77) ; initiate collection of continuous meteorological and
air quality data at fixed sites near Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah (10/77);
completion of final round of air monitoring at 4 sites in the Imperial
Valley (4/78); report on air monitoring strategy around geothermal sites
(12/79).
Geothermal Energy Production
126
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research & Development Administration
Division of Biomedical & Environmental Research
TITLE:
Chemical Physics of Atmospheric Pollutants
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
P.M. Dehemer
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 S. Cass Avenue
Argonne, Illinois 60439
SUMMARY:
Many non-nuclear technologies such as the use of coal for power
generation and of geothermal sources are accompanied by the production
of an enormous variety of gaseous pollutants which may enter into the
chemistry of the lower atmosphere through photochemical and natural-
molecular reactions. The chemical reactivity, as well as the toxicity, of
these pollutants depends greatly on their specific molecular forms. Thus,
in order to effectively assess the long-range environmental effects of
coal use and other technologies, it is necessary to detect, characterize,
and elucidate the reactions of each molecular species of the pollutants.
The present program is directed toward determining through laboratory
studies the chemical reactions and the physical properties of atmospheric
pollutants. In particular, we will concentrate on classes of species whose
physical and chemical properties are so similar as to prohibit routine
detection of individual species with present air-pollution monitoring
devices. These classes include sulfur and nitrogen containing compounds,
hydrocarbons, aromatic organics, trace metals and their oxides, halogen
containing compounds, and certain free-radical intermediates. Knowledge
of which species within these classes may exist in the polluted atmosphere
and their reactions is vital for a complete understanding of atmospheric
chemistry.
Results: An apparatus for the study of free radical and other
atmospheric reactions has been designed and is now under construction.
Preliminary experiments determining the techniques for efficient production
of atomic oxygen and excited molecular oxygen (al delta g) were performed
on an existing appartus. Measurements of the photoelectron spectra and the
angular distributions of the ejected photoelectrons are now being performed
on the appartus.
Geothermal Energy Production
127
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Res. & Dev. Admin.
Biomedical & Env. Res. Div.
TITLE:
Geothermal Technology Environmental Impact Assessment
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
J. Harte
University of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
Berkeley, California 94720
SUMMARY:
The program described here will focus on the environmental impact of
LBL's geothermal project in Nevada. However, the general methodologies
developed in this program will be applicable to many geothermal plants.
The LBL program will consist of: (1) Detection and monitoring of radio-
active and non-radioactive pollutants of air, land, and water (in some
cases plants and animals) in both the immediate and surrounding areas of
the geothermal production activity at the Buffalo Valley pilot plant.
(2) Studies of the effects of geothermal technology on water resources.
(3) Studies of the effect of geothermal technology on ecosystem stability
and health (i.e., will plant, animal, and human life be significantly altered
in areas surrounding geothermal energy production). In addition, the
possibility of induced earthquakes, permanent land denudation, decreased
aesthetic values, meteorological effects on gaseous dispersal, and noise
effects will be considered in these environmental studies. Gaseous and
fluid environmental pollutants will be measured using x-ray fluorescence,
neutron activation, sodium iodide crystal gamma detection, Zeeman spectro-
scopy, and other techniques.
Geothermal Energy Production
128
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Geothermal Environmental Impact Assessment-Fauna
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
W.W. Button
Z.C. Nelson
A.A. Mullen
G.D. Potter
SUMMARY:
Biological samples are collected at geothermal sites and analyzed for
selected elements. The objectives will be to 1) provide baseline information
prior to full scale energy production and 2) to examine the feasibility of
using animals as biological monitors for geothermal pollutants. Rodents,
rabbits, chickens and beef cattle represent various aspects of the field
sampling program. The relative abundance/density of various wildlife species
is also being investigated.
Approach: Field collected samples are transported back to Las Vegas and
will be analyzed for such elements as lead, arsenic, zinc, and cadmium.
Concurrent laboratory studies are designed to confirm tissue retention char-
acteristics (or complicating homeostatic factors) for geothermal elements
following quantitated oral exposures. These laboratory experiments serve
as an essential part of the quality assurance effort and the laboratory gen-
erated samples will be analyzed by those techniques used for the field
collected tissues.
Outputs: Samples have been collected from Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah
and from Imperial Valley, California. Relative abundance work on small
mamal populations at Roosevelt Hot Springs is also in progress. Analytical
data on the field collections and associated laboratory studies, are not
available but should be reported next year.
Geothermal Energy Production
129
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CURRENT PROJECTS:
POTENTIAL QUALITY CONTROL STANDARDS
ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
TITLE:
Trace Elements in the Environmental and Disease
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
H. Aceto
College of William and Mary
Undergraduate School
Newport News, Virginia 23606
SUMMARY:
The technique of proton-induced X-ray emission has been further devel-
oped at the Environmental Science Laboratory at the Virginia Associated
Research Campus so that now it is possible to simultaneously detect and
quantitate all metals with atomic number greater than 12 and with detection
sensitivities in the range of 1.0-1 ppm on a dry weight basis for all
elements with Z greater than 20. Current research projects and those
planned for the near future include the following: (1) Baseline concen-
trations of V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ba and Pb in the immediate environ-
ment of the Atlantic offshore gas and oil drilling sites; (2) Correlation
between trace elements in human serum and cancerous tissue in a few select
tumors and alternations in the serum levels before, during and after therapy.
Results: (1) In aircraft exhaust, heavy toxic elements such as Sn
and Pb tend to concentrate in small size aerosols. (2) Periodic and even
one-time exposures of humans to metals such as As and Bi appear to get
"recorded" in the long hair strands.
130
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Department of the Interior
TITLE:
Combustion Derivatives of Fuel Additives
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
U.R. Allsup
U.S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Mines
Bartlesville, OK 74003
SUMMARY:
Detergent dispersant type additives used both in engine or dynamometer
stands and in vehicle road tests. Emissions are measured and compared
with baseline data obtained using non-additive fuel. Particular emphasis
is placed upon detection and measurement of exhaust components that are
logically traceable to the additive either as pass-through material or as a
combustion-derivative of the additive.
Potential Quality Control Standards
131
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Sampling and Analysis of Emissions form Coke Oven Doors
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
R. Barrett
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
SUMMARY:
Objective: Evaluate the performance of the coke oven door emission
sampling system by executing a complete sampling program over two coking
cycles on one oven. Perform detailed elemental, organic, and bioassay
analyses on the samples thus obtained.
Approaches: All emissions are contained within an enclosure around
the door. Purging this enclosure maintains the door at its natural con-
ditions. Samples were taken throughout the cycle of the existing purge
stream. The collected emission samples will be subjected to rigorous
analysis utilizing various techniques such as GC/MS, high resolution MS
and biological evaluations. These samples, as well as coal and coke
samples, will also be subjected to spark source MS for element identifica-
tion.
Outputs: The final result will be published in a public report. It
will provide detailed information concerning the sampling equipment,
procedures, and analyses.
Potential Quality Control Standards
132
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Department of Commerce
National Bureau of Standards
TITLE:
Electron Spectroscopy for Gas Analysis
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
R.J. Celotta
U.S. Department of Commerce
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, D.C. 20324
SUMMARY:
The technique of electron energy loss spectrometry is being developed
and applied to the analysis of gas mixtures. This method is quite general,
an important consideration as pollution standards and regulations become
more complex, and it is an absolute technique, which can be utilized to
verify the accuracy of SRM samples. The unique energy loss spectra of the
constituent gases have been measured individually and fitted linearly to the
energy loss spectrum of the gas mixture, producing the relative concentra-
tions as the coefficients of the fit. We have investigated the detection
limits of various hydrocarbons in oxygen during the past year and will
concentrate on the SRM problem of the measurement of NQ in N? this year.
Objective: To develop electron energy loss spectrometry as a gas
analysis technique and to determine its sensitivity and advantages for
particular measurement problems.
Motivation: As our highly industrialized society limits its impact
upon the environment with an increasing number of standards and regulations,
a more sensitive, more accurate, and a more generally applicable class of
instruments is required. Many techniques exist which are very sensitive
to a particular contaminant, but detect nothing else. As pollution standards
become more complex, an instrument which determines all of the constituent
concentrations will be favored over those measuring only one. Even now,
to develop cleaner engines, the autombile manufacturers require instruments
which make relative concentration measurements of the 500 odd hydrocarbons
exiting from the tail pipe, rather than one or two.
Potential Quality Control Standards
133
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration Biomedical and Environ-
mental Research Division
TITLE:
Chemical Physics of Atmospheric Pollutants
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
P.M. Dehmer
Argonne National Laboratory
9700 S. Cass Avenue
Argonne, Illinois 60439
SUMMARY:
Expanding technology, particularly that associated with non-nuclear
forms of energy production, is likely to increase the variety and amounts
of process chemicals and other toxic materials released into the environ-
ment. Many of these will be introduced as vapors (i.e., hydrocarbons, etc.),
It is also expected that noxious vapors will be liberated by biogeneration
of natural gas and other fuels and by geothermal energy production. Many
of these molecular species will undergo photochemical reactions either in
the troposphere by absorption of visible and near ultraviolet light or in
the stratosphere and above by absorption of more energetic ultraviolet
radiation. At still higher altitudes some species may further encounter a
spectrum of relatively low-energy photoelectrons from the ionosphere. The
identification and quantification of specific neutral atomic and molecular
species generated after energy absorption by these pollutants is a major
area for future study.
Potential Quality Control Standards
134
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Lidar Measurement of Aerosols
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS:
V.E. Derr
U.S. Department of Commerce
Environmental Research Laboratories
Boulder, Colorado 80302
SUMMARY:
Objective: Develop lidar techniques for measuring particulate pollutants
from energy production and their transport and dispersion processes.
Current Year Plan: Construct, test and evaluate polarization-sensitive
aerosol lidar and measure stack emission vs. natural aerosols by polarization
lidar.
Potential Quality Control Standards
135
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Energy Minerals and Industry
TITLE:
Energy Related Water Pollutant Analyses Instrumentation
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
R. Durst
SUMMARY:
To improve the accuracy of water pollution analysis through the
development of reference materials and analytical reference methodology.
To investigate sources of error in water pollution methodolgy, to
evaluate methods for reliable water pollution monitoring, to improve
existing methods or develop new methods as needed to provide reliable
pollution measurements. To measure fundamental equilibrium constants
needed to interpret water pollution data. To develop reference materials
needed to eliminate analytical bias.
Completed development phase for a heavy-metal-in-water SRM.
Potential Quality Control Standards
136
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Synthesis and/or Purification of High-Purity Aromatic Compounds (Chiefly
PNA Hydrocarbons)
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. E.J. Eisenbraun
Oklahoma St. University
School of Arts and Sciences
Agriculture Hall
Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075
SUMMARY:
Continuation of the synthesis and/or purification of high-purity
(99.9% goal) polynuclear aromatic compounds, chiefly hydrocarbons for
possible use as analytical standards, is proposed. These hydrocarbons
are of the types found in the products of incomplete combustion (auto-
mobile exhaust gases, stack gases) and hence appear as environmental
pollutants. The lost of PNA compounds includes the following: (1) Hydro-
carbons completed: Anthanthrene, Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Pyrene, Benze(a)-
anthracene, Benzo(a)pyrene, 1,3,5-Triphenylbenzene, Benzo(b) fluroranthene,
Dodecahydrotriphenylene, Triphenylene. (2) Compounds under preparation:
Acridine, Benz(e)pyrene, Perylene, Benzo(j)fluoranthene, Chrysene (recently
added). (3) Compounds proposed as future work: Benz(a)acridine, 11H-
benzo(b)fluorene, Coronene, Benz(c)acridine, Benzo(ghi)perylene, Dibenz(a,h),
anthracene, Benzo(mno)fluoranthene, Benzo(c)phenanthrene (recently added),
Indeno (1,2,3,cd)pryene (o-phenylenepyrene).
In general, known synthesis routes are used, but their improvement is
sought through use of new reagents and techniques. High-pressure liquid
chromatography and/or zone refining is included in the purification
procedures. Modern analytical techniques (glc, Ic, tic, nmr, mass and
other spectrometric techniques) are used for identifying compounds and
establishing teh purity of the synthesis products.
Potential Quality Control Standards
137
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research & Development Administration
TITLE:
Instrumentation and Methods for Characterization of Inorganic and Organic
Pollutants Emitted by Energy Generation Sources
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
V.A. Fassel
Iowa State University of Science & Technology
Ames Laboratory
University Station, Box 14A
Ames, Iowa 50010
SUMMARY:
This study supports two projects: (a) laser pumped luminescence and
microwave resonance spectroscopy as a new and sensitive approach for the
detection of organic pollutants, especially carcinogens; and (b) absolute
mass calibration for the multielement quantitative analysis of atmospheric
aerosols and participates.
Potential Quality Control Standards
138
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Sampling and Analysis of "Reduced" and "Oxidized" Species in Process Streams
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. C.A. Flegal
Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Incorporated
1 Space Park
Rendondo Beach, CA 90278
SUMMARY:
Under this contract, TRW will conduct a continuing program for the
evaluation, development, testing and field adaptation of measurement
techniques for elemental analysis and inorganic compounds identification
in process and effluent streams. The primary objective of this program
is to provide the measurement methodologies required for environmental
assessment and control technology development projects related to the
stationary source, energy and industrial process programs of the EPA.
TRW will be responsible for conducting both the basic development effort
and the programs necessary to apply and evaluate the application of these
and other sampling and analytical techniques on specific engineering
studies. The five (5) major program work areas are: 1. Measurement Methods
Evaluation and Development; 2. Methods Adaptation and Application Studies;
3. Measurement and Test Program Reviews; 4. Sampling and Analytical
Support; 5. Preparation of Guidelines and Procedures.
Potential Quality Control Standards
139
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Cooperative State Research Service
TITLE:
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydorcarbons in the Environment
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
J.M. Hardin
SUMMARY:
Determine the distribution and levels of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons in soil, water and plants in relation to point or diffuse
sources or origin, e.g. from power plants, incinerators, oil refineries,
and automobile or marine engine exhausts. Make recommendations for land
or water use that will avoid health hazards due to elevated concentrations
of carcinogenic or cocarcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
Samples of soils, water, and plant materials will be collected from
areas where enrichment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons might be
expected, e.g. from fallout near incinerators or oil refineries, from
automobile exhausts near highways and in metropolitan areas, or from
marine engine exhausts near marinas, as well as from control areas where
background levels can be established. The hydrocarbon mixtures will be
extracted, separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and/or gas
chromatography, and assayed by fluorescence spectroscopy. Regions of
enrichment of these hazardous chemicals will be identified. Recommendations
for land and water use in these areas will be made which will .minimize
the health hazard for these compounds.
The methodology for the isolation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAHs) from soils and their analysis has been further improve: Air-dry
soil samples are Soxhlet continuously extracted with purified benzene.
The extracts are concentrated and filtered through Millipore teflon filters
to remove suspended particulates; alkaline permanganate oxidation is used
to convert the interfering organic matter to easily separated compounds;
preparative thin-layer chromatography on silica gel using cyclohexane/
carbon tetrachloride (19/1) separates the PAHs"from more polar organics;
PAHs are extracted with dichloromethane and concentrated to 1 ml for
analysis by gas chromatography. The anlysis is qualitative and quantitative
for PAHs with 4 through 6 condensed rings. PAH levels are closely related
to the organic matter content of the soil. PAH levels decrease sharply
with depth in the soil profile. Rural areas have lower PAH levels that
urban areas. Correlation of human activity and PAH levels is not yet
possible, because there is still insufficient data.
Potential Quality Control Standards
140
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Establishment and Improve Neutron Activation Analysis Capability
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
T.B. Hoover
U.S. Environmental Portection Agency
National Environmental Research Center
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
SUMMARY:
This project assesses the applicability of neutron activation analysis
to environmental samples. Application will be largely to tissue and
sediments that cannot be dissolved satisfactorily for analysis be spectre-
metric techniques. To date the technique has been shown to have broad
potential for multi-element analysis (up to 40 simultaneously) in sediments.
The analysis for one or two elements in large numbers of samples has
been quite successful for mercury and arsenic. Elemental finger-printing
by neutron activation will be evaluated for its utility in identifying
oils. Initially, work will be concentrated on oil from actual spills,
where the source is known, to develop a method for supplementing or con-
firming GC identification. Heavy oils, such as asphalts and lubricating
oils, that are difficult to identify by GC will also be investigated.
Potential Quality Control Standards
141
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Department of Commerce
TITLE:
Research In Environmental Analysis (Air Pollution)
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
E.E. Hughes
U.S. Department of Commerce
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, D.C. 20324
SUMMARY:
Objective: To develop advanced methodology and techniques for primary
standardization of air pollution measurements. To develop state-of-the-art
methodology for measurement of constituents of the normal atmosphere.
Approach: Techniques will be developed or improved for preparation of
primary gas standards, by gravimetric, volumetric, and nanometric procedures.
Instrumental methods will be developed for intercomparison of primary stand-
ards with each other and with SRM's to establish certification levels of the
latter. Methodology so developed will be adapted and utilized, as possible,
to the measurement of normal constituents of the atmosphere, and to the
analysis of research samples to a limited extent. The program must be
flexible to respond to the changing needs and priorities of the EPA and in-
dustry.
Progress: Studies of the stability of vinyl chloride-air mixtures were
completed and indicated feasibility of certification of such mixtures as
SRM's. High concentration mixtures of S02-air were found to be sufficiently
stable when stored in passivated aluminum cylinders for use as SRM's. A
gas-phase titration technique, utilizing SRM NO-nitrogen mixtures as reagents,
was developed for possible use in certifying the NBS ozone generator as an
SRM. A monitor for measuring exposure of personnel to mercury vapor was
developed, utilizing piezoelectric detection. Improved certification pro-
cedures were developed for comparison of NO-nitrogen mixtures with primary
standards. A gravimetric technique was developed for measurement of the
composition of organic solvent-air mixtures after absorption on activated
charcoal. Periodic measurements have been made on the NBS primary gas stand-
ards for automobile emission measurement to confirm their long-term stability.
Potential Quality Control Standards
142
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Energy-Related Radiological Monitoring Quality Assurance
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
A.N. Jarvis
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Monitoring & Support Laboratory
P. 0. Box 15027
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
SUMMARY:
Objective: The objective is to determine the potential radioactive
pollutants for which quality control standards, SRM's and procedures will
be needed as the result of expanded nuclear power, fossil-fuel extraction,
and geothermal activities and to supply these standards, SRM's and pro-
cedures to interested laboratories.
Approach: A report, "Potential Radioactive Pollutants Resulting from
Expanded Energy Programs," was prepared for the EPA through a contractual
agreement. Based on the results of this report, standard reference materials
and calibrated samples, required for the analysis of samples obtained by
monitoring activities in the vicinity of nuclear facilities, fossil-fuel
extraction and utilization activities, and geothermal sites, are being
developed.
Outputs: Laboratory intercomparison studies have continued.
Standards, including radium-228, have been made available to laboratories
upon request. Several guidelines, including use of radiation standards
and gamma measurements techniques, have been prepared.
Potential Quality Control Standards
143
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. National Science Foundation
TITLE:
Thin Film Pollution Detectors for Use in Gaseous and Water Environments
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
L.L. Kazmerski
University of Maine
School of Technology
251 Aubert Hall
Oronp, Main 04473
SUMMARY:
A study is to be made of solid state thin film pollution detectors for
use in both gaseous and water environments. A thin film environmental
detector using an ultra thin (10-100 8) metal or semiconductor film as its
sensing element will be designed to function primarily in three pollution
control situations: (1) Moving Source Emission, particularly to monitor
CO-NO automobile emission, (2) Stationary Source Emissions, especially
SO , and (3) Water Pollution, emphasizing the analysis of dissolved oxygen
levels important to municipal and industrial waste treatment. The proposed
devices will provide necessary accuracy and versatility in a number of
critical intermittent and continuous monitoring situations and promise to
be far less expensive than available systems.
Potential Quality Control Standards
144
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research
TITLE:
Isolation and Identification of Polycyclic Aromic Hydrocarbons and
Determination of their possible toxicity
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. S.R. Lipsky
W.J. McMurray
G. Alexander
SUMMARY:
To develop methods for the isolation and identification of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons found in complex mixtures and the bioassay system.
Procedure: High-efficiency glass capillary gas chromatographic columns
operating in conjunction with mass spectrometry will be utilized to separate
and identify the individual components of complex mixtures of polycyclic
hydrocarbons derived during a coal conversion process. The chromatographic
effluent will be directly or indirectly led into a vehicle which exposes
one or more bioassay systems to several individually resolved components -
on a time basis - as they emerge from the chromatographic column. Attempts
will be made to correlate chemical structure with biological function i.e.,
signs of mutagenicity as determined by the bioassay techniques.
Results: a) Glass capillary column gas chromatography analysis of
samples derived from a coal conversion process has revealed well over 100
individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and related structures, b)
A host mediated assay-using L4178Y/ASN Murine Leukemia-has been established
to screen isolated "groups" of this class of comounds for mutagenic effects.
Suitable vehicles for the appropriate "transport" of these substances to
the bioassay system are being investigated. Dose response curves are
being established.
Potential Quality Control Standards
145
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Department of Commerce
National Bureau of Standards
TITLE:
Coulometric Measurement of Nitrogen Oxides
PRINCIAPL INVESTIGATOR:
G. Marlnenko
U.S. Department of Commerce
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, D.C. 20324
SUMMARY:
An absolute method for measurement of the concentration of oxides of
nitrogen will be developed, based on reduction of ammonia which is
coulometrically titrated. The total oxides may be determined directly and
individual oxides will require a pre-separation. Techniques for separation
of the components of mixtures will be investigated.
Objective: The objective of this program is to develop accurate and
precise methods for the determination of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen
dioxide, and their mixtures.
Motivation: The best technique presently available for measurement
of the nitrogen oxide content of dilute binary gas mixtures such as the
automotive emission SRM's requires comparison with gravimetrically pre-
pared primary standards. The danger of deterioration after preparation
makes an independent method of assay very desirable and the consequences
of analytical bias caused by such a deterioration needs no elaboration.
Oxides of nitrogen can be reduced to ammonia by reaction with hydrogen,
and this can be titrated using the accurate coulometrlc techniques developed
at NBS. This present project was initiated to investigate the feasibility
of this approach.
Approach: Techniques for the efficient reduction of oxides of nitrogen
to ammonia will be developed. A coulometrlc cell, especially designed
to absorb the ammonia gas in a small volume will be constructed. Coulo-
meteric procedures will be developed to titrate the absorbed gas and the
accuracy and precision of the method will be evaluated. Techniques will be
investigated to separate individual oxides of nitrogens in mixtures so that
each species may be analyzed.
Progress: A system was developed for coulometric measurement of the
total nitrogen oxide content of binary gas mixtures, after reduction to
ammonia and its performance evaluated. For higher concentrations of NO
(greater than 0.1%) the precision of the results is 0.6%. The precision
decreases for lover concentrations and is about 3% at the 2 ppm level.
Investigation of the method for separation of nitrogen oxides in mixtures
was initiated.
Potential Quality Control Standards
146
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Energy Related Remote and In Situ Sensing Instrument Development
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. G.B. Northam
U.S. National Aeronautics & Space Administration
Atmospheric Environment & Science Division
Hampton, VA 23665
SUMMARY:
Objectives: To develop and apply advanced electro-optical techniques
to the measurement and characterization of power-riant and other source
efflents.
Approach: To meet the project objective the following tasks will be
conducted: Task 1 - Raman Lidar. - Evaluate Raman Lidar for remote
measurement of the concentration of S0Ł and NO at a power-plant stack exit.
(See Progress), Task 2 - Plume Dispersion Studies. - Apply aerosol
scattering lidar techniques to the study of plume dispersion under various
atmospheric conditions, (See Progress), Task 3 - IR Dial. - Develop and
apply the tunable IR differential absorption lidar (DIAL) technique to the
remote measurement of molecular plume effluents. Task 4 - Laser Heterodyne
Detector. - Evaluate the use of the laser heterodyne detector technique
as a means to increase the sensitivity of long path continuous wave absorp-
tion measurements using diffuse reflectors. Task 5 - HC1 Monitor. -
Develop and deliver to EPA an improved in situ HC1 chemllumlnescent
monitor. The monitor will be evaluated at concentrations as low as 5 ppb
HC1 in ambient and polluted air.
Progress: Task 1 involving evaluation of the Raman Lidar for remote
measurement of S02 and NO at power-plant stack exit, has been completed.
Take 2 which is Intended to apply aerosol scattering lidar techniques to the
study of plume dispersion under various atmospheric conditions has been
postponed due to the lack of funding at this time.
Potential Quality Control Standards
147
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Identification of Components of Energy-Related Wastes and Effluents
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Dr. Edo Pellizzari
Research Triangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Durham, North Carolina 27709
SUMMARY:
The long-term objective of the proposed research is to identify sub-
stances in wastes and effluents from energy-related processes. Information
developed from this program will assist researchers who are concerned with
control technology and monitoring techniques and the health and ecological
effects of such energy-related pollution. The proposed work is divided
into three phases. Phase A consists of a state-of-the-art summary and work
planning which constitutes contacting EPA personnel to determine which
energy-related solid waste and aqueous effluents have been analyzed for
the purpose of identifying and measuring pollutants and which current
contracts and projects will provide further identification. It will also
consist of judging the reliability of existing information and the probability
of accumulation of adequate data from current contracts and projects using
pre-selected criteria. This information will be collated and summarized
in a report for EPA. The report will identify gaps in existing and prob-
able future data on chemical elements and volatile organic compound in solid
wastes and aqueous effluents from coal mines, oil refineries, oil-shale
processors, coal-fired power plants, coal liquefaction and coal gasification
plants. Phase 8 consists of selecting sampling sites based on the recom-
mendations from the report prepared in Phase A. The specific aims of Phase
C consist of: (a) development and setup of analytical protocol, (b)
qualitative and quantitative analyses for elements and organics in aqueous
and solid wastes from the selected energy-related processes, and (c) the
interpretation and collation of data obtained.
Potential Quality Control Standards
148
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
TITLE:
Biological Indicators of Environmental Quality in California Lakes and Streams
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
V.H. Resh
University of California
Agriculture Experiment Station
Berkeley, California 94720
SUMMARY:
Objective: Develop the concept of biological indicators of environmental
quality as applied to California's lake and stream environments. Analyze
the effect of potential impacting activities (e.g. geothermal energy
development, organic and heavy metal effluents) on the energy transfer
processes in aquatic ecosystems.
Approach: Streams and lakes throughout California will be selected for
study. A statistically-sound sampling regime will be developed for quantita-
tive biotic collections and measurements of key water chemistry and physical
parameters. Diversity indices, production estimates, and bioassay procedures
will be applied in which biological information, water chemistry measurements,
and physical parameters can be used in preparing predictive models of the
dynamic interactions occurring in these environments.
Potential Quality Control Standards
149
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Identification of Components of Energy Related Wastes and Effluents
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS:
Dr. J.F. Ryan
Gulf South Research Institute
P.O. Box 26518
New Orleans, LA 70186
SUMMARY:
Objectives: To determine the components of energy related wastes and
effluents, both organic and inorganic.
Approach: (a) Organic - volatile components will be determined using
a sparging technique whereby chemicals are concentrated on a polymeric
resin, and then thermally desorbed into a GC/MS instrument for analysis.
Semi-volatile components will be concentrated by solvent extraction at
neutral, acid and base pH values, (b) Inorganic - all trace inorganic
materials will be determined by spark source mass spectrometry except for
mercury. The latter will be determined by flameless atomic absorption.
Current Plans: Selection of sampling sites and a review of all on-going
research efforts in this area are first priorities. Sample collection and
subsequent analysis will follow.
Potential Quality Control Standards
150
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Combustion Research on Coal Nitrogen and Particulate Organic Matter
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
A.F. Sarofim
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
School of Engineering
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
SUMMARY:
Task I. Characterization of POM from Diffusion and Premixed Flames.
The research is concerned with the qualitative and quantitative assessment
of the production of particulate organic matter in laboratory flames.
The objectives are to determine within the flame and in the exhaust gases (1)
the size distribution and concentrations of soot particles, (2) the identi-
ties and concentrations of organic compounds, (3) the relationship between
soot and organic compounds generated in the flame. Experimental method-
ology used includes particle concentration and size distribution by
electron microscopy, and analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon by
gas chromatographic mass spectormetry and high resolution mass spectrometry.
The major emphasis involves the application of molecular beam sampler
and on-line mass spectrometry for complete gas phase analysis. Additional
information is obtained by sampling atmospheric pressure turbulent diffusion
flames and laminar premixed flames by water-injected sampling probes.
Task II. Kinetics of Devolatilization of Nitrogen Compounds During
the High Temperature Pyrolysis of Coal. The program objectives are to
obtain a better understanding of the processes contributing to the emission
of NOx from coal fired boilers to better define control methods. Fuel
bound nitrogen complicates development of low NOx burners because the
nitrogen in char may persist into the second stage of a staged combustor.
During the past two years laboratory furnaces have been developed for
the pyrolysis and oxidation of pulverized coal under conditions simulating
utility boilers. Results on nitrogen retention in char have been determined
for two coals as a function of temperature and time. Also, the conversion
of the fuel nitrogen to NOx has been determined as a function of fuel/air
ratio for one furnace temperature. Five additional coals will be studied
over a wider range of temperatures and data will be obtained on the gas
phase constituents of pyrolysis. The coals chars will be characterized to
develop mechanistic models for extrapolation of data to other conditions.
Potential Quality Control Standards
151
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Division of Biomedical and Environmental Research
TITLE:
Relative Toxicity of Individual Organic Components of product Waters from
Energy Conversion Processes
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
T.W. Schulz
J.N. Dumont
SUMMARY:
From ongoing work we have observed that the untreated product waters
from energy conversion processes are highly toxic. Using the model system
Tetrahymena pyriformis we are investigating the relative toxicity of oil
shale retort water. We have examined the behavior and respiratory effect of
the major organic components of these waters and are currently examining the
cytological alterations with population growth studies to follow. Attempts
will be made to correlate toxicity with physical-chemical constants such as
partition coefficients and Hammett electronic constant.
RESULTS: Examination of the relative toxicity of the major organic
components of Synthane product water (phenol and substituted phenols). The
cresols are the least toxic group while the dimethylphenols express the
greatest variation with a group. The amount of carboxylic acids, the
major organic components of shale oil retort water, required to cause a
behavioral effect similar to that caused by 5% product water (100% lysis
in 300 min.) is 2,500 plus or minus 250 mg/liter. This is more than 20
times the total carboxylic acid concentration in 5% toxicant. Even less
toxic are the amides.
Potential Quality Control Standards
152
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Development & Application of Multiple Tracer Techniques for the Study of
Pollutant Transport and Dispersion in the Atmosphere
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Professor F.H. Shair
California Institute of Technology
School of Engineering
1201 E. California Boulevard
Pasadena, CA 91109
SUMMARY:
This is a proposal requesting support for the further development and
application of multiple atmospheric tracer techniques.
The analytical approach is to extend the use of electron capture
gas chromatography. Recently, with the helpful suggestions given to us
by Ray Dixon, we have developed systems which separate SFg, CBrF3,
CC12F2, 02, and CBr2F2 into sharp distinct peaks, the last of which elutes
within 200 seconds from the time of injection. The rest of the system
development is to develop the capability to accurately analyze at least 1000
air samples per day.
The first extended application of this multiple tracer technique would
be to determine the transport and extent of dispersion associated with:
(1) urban sources (emitted at low levels) and (2) rural power plant
plumes emitted at high levels. Specific experiments are planned to accurate-
ly determine the extent of vertical dispersion associated with plumes
traveling over rural regions and over urban-regions.
Potential Quality Control Standards
153
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE:
Methods for Analysis of N- and S- Containing Compounds
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
J.E. Sigsby
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Environmental Research Center
P.O. Box 12055
Durham, North Carolina 27711
SUMMARY:
The exhaust of vehicles which burn heavy petroleum fractions as fuels
may contain potentially hazardous compounds such as acridine and thiophene
derivatives. An experimental program to evaluate N- and S- specific detectors
for gas chromatography for the determination of such compounds in vehicle
exhaust has been instituted. It is- anticipated that such heavy organics
will be sought in the exhaust of diesel and turbine power plants. Project
initiated January, 1973, anticipated completion date December, 1974.
Potential Quality Control Standards
154
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
TITLE:
Energy Related Water Monitoring Data Integration
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
R. Thomas
V.W. Lambou
SUMMARY:
Establish a water monitoring network throughout the western states to
monitor and assess the impact of energy resource development.
Through the use of computer data banks, primarily STORET, water
monitoring stations that have been in operation, since 1970, and have re-
ported a large number of measured parameters were selected for incorporation
into a primary monitoring net. Parameters of interest were indentified and
a quality assurance program is being established in participating lab-
oratories. Historical data have been reviewed and baseline water quality
conditions are being established. A Western Energy Resources Atlas has been
published in conjunction with a similar effort on air monitoring.
Data from the primary net stations is being augmented with data from
other stations. An assessment of baseline water quality, trends, and on
a basin by basin basis is underway. As data stations are identified, actions
will be taken with appropriate EPA Regional Office or other governmental
agencies to correct them. The primary net will be updated periodically
and extended into areas not presently addressed.
Potential Quality Control Standards
155
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ORGANIZATION:
Energy Research and Development Administration
TITLE:
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coal-Identification by their X-Ray
Excited Optical Luminescence
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
C.S. Woo
Ames Laboratory-ERDA and
Department of Chemistry
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa 50011
SUMMARY:
Several polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons have been isolated from raw
coal and detected by their characteristic X-ray excited optical luminescence
spectra.
Potential Quality Control Standards
156
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Department of Defense
TITLE:
Evaluation of Energy - Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Analysis for Use
in the Environmental Protection DB Program
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR"
S. Yamamoto
U.S. Navy
Biosysterns Research Department
San Diego, CA 92132
SUMMARY:
This program proposes to evaluate the utility of energy-dispersive
x-ray fluorescence analysis in the assay of EPDB samples. If the method
is found applicable to the EPDB program, a substantial cost savings will
be effected in the analysis of trace metals because of the rapidity with
which determination can be made.
(1) Evaluate existing energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis
systems for the determination of trace metals in typical EPDB samples
of air filters (including samplings of stack and aircraft emissions), water,
and sediments. (2) Improve sensitivity of the method by optimization of
instrument parameters and sample preparation methods. (3) Develop
procedures for routine analysis of samples and compile a data base of X-ray
fluorescence analysis of NEPDB samples. (4) Study the applicability of
the method for field monitoring by testing in NUC van. (The analyzer
system is already mounted in a van.)
Potential Quality Control Standards
157
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Department of the Interior
Office of Water Res. & Tech.
TITLE:
Remote Detection of Water Pollutants by Computerized Laser-Raman Spectro-
scopy.
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
University of Rhode Island
School of Arts
Administration Bldg.
WakefieId, Rhode Island 02881
SUMMARY:
In the proposed research the technique for detecting solutes remotely
by Raman spectroscopy will be applied to real polluted samples and the
detectivity of the method will be increased. These goals will be accomplished
by computerizing the Raman spectral data, so that background signals due to
fluorescence and Rayleigh scattering can be eliminated, and so that time
averaging can be applied to increase the detectivity. The method will
be tested on laboratory samples, field samples, and oil films. Furthermore,
computer methods will be developed to automatically identify and determine
the concentration of pollutants in field samples.
Potential Quality Control Standards
158
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ORGANIZATION:
U.S. Energy Res. & Dev. Admin.
Biomedical & Env. Div.
TITLE:
Physical Methods and Instrumentation for Monitoring Contaminants
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Unknown
Univ. of California
Lawrence Berkeley Laobratory
Berkeley, California 94720
SUMMARY:
This project covers a broad range of studies of physical methods and
instrumentation applied to environmental monitoring. The production and
dispersal of potentially harmful chemical species by present and future
energy sources demand adequate instrumentation to monitor these contaminants.
Studies of their dispersal and uptake in biological species, and of their
effects, depend upon reliable measurements of chemical elements and compounds
present at very low concentrations. The use of physical methods, as opposed
to conventional chemical analysis techniques, appears to be essential in
view of the potential scale of the monitoring problem. Promising methods
include infrared absorption and emission spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence,
neutron activation and charged particle scattering to study elemental com-
position; and, finally photoelectron spectroscopy to study the chemical
states of elements. Development of these techniques, and the design and
engineering of large-scale monitoring systems based upon them, has proceeded
rather slowly and in an uncoordinated manner due to the diversity of interest
groups involved in their development. The present project is designed
to focus the attention of an experienced research, development and engineering
group onto the application of these methods to deal with the anticipated
large-scale monitoring problems.
Potential Quality Control Standards
159
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ORGANIZATION:
Ledoux & Company
TITLE:
Research Into Analytical Procedures Covering Energy Related Fields
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:
Ledoux & Company
Teaneck, New Jersey 07666
SUMMARY:
Ledoux Co. is engaged in activities relating to the energy field by
nature of the necessity to establish analytical procedures in the fuel-
enrichment and fuel reprocessing fields. For instance Ledoux and Co. staff
continuously experiment with advanced analytical systems to improve mass
spectrogeographic determinations of uranium isotopes to improve methods
input and output in the reprocessing cycle. All projects are interwoven in
as much as they are covered by the same personnel which also are engaged in
Developing better methods of analysis for plutonium and palladium in catalysts
for automotive exhaust control, and also in methods to improve the technology
of analyzing performing catalysts.
Potential Quality Control Standards
160
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TECHNICAL REPORTS:
COAL STRIP MINING
TITLE:
A Western Regional Energy Development Study: Primary Environmental
Impact. Volume I.
AUTHOR:
Radian Corporation
ADDRESS:
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creek Boulevard
Box 9948
Austin, Texas 78766
REFERENCE:
PB 246 264 NITS
ABSTRACT:
Arizona, Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Utah, and
Wyoming contain coal, oil, natural gas, oil shale, tight gas sands, tar
sands, uranium, and geothermal resources. Radian examines the primary
environmental impacts of 38 energy resource development scenarios:
the air and water emissions, solid waste, and land requirements of a plant
or process. Projected ground level ambient concentrations of pollutants
are compared with federal and state standards. Scenarios include all
aspects of development: extraction, conversion, and transportation to the
point of end use.
161
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TITLE:
Stream Quality in Appalachia as Related to Coal-Mine Drainage,{1965
AUTHOR:
J.D. Biesecker and J.R. George
REFERENCE:
Geological Survey Circular 526
SUMMARY:
A stream-quality reconnaissance at 318 locations in May 1965 offered the
first opportunity for a contemporaneous regional collection and appraisal
of water-quality data in Appalachia. The results provide a means of
regional comparison of the influence of coal-mine drainage on stream quality
at approximately median streamflow. The results disclose that the chemical
quality of the water at nearly 200 sites did not meet recommended drinking-
water standards. At many of these sites, inferior quality was caused by
excessive concentrations of solutes commonly associated with coal-mine waters.
- Water-quality damage from mine drainage is particularly severe in the
more heavily mined northern one-third of the region where high sulfate
content, free mineral acidity, and low pH are typical of most affected
streams. A deficiency in natural stream alkalinity in this part of the coal
region contributes greatly to the massive effect of mine drainage upon
stream quality. However, data collected from streams affected by mine
drainage along the west edge of this part of the coal field suggest
extensive neutralization of mine water. In southern Appalachia coal-mine
drainage had less influence on stream quality than in northern Appalachia.
Fewer streams in this area were influenced by mine drainage, and the
magnitude of stream damage for affected streams was less than in northern
Appalachia.
Coal Strip Mining
162
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TITLE:
Coal and Coal Mine Drainage
AUTHOR:
J.T. Boyer and V.E. Gleason
ADDRESS:
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.
Monroevllle, PA
REFERENCE:
CA:85 (24) 181791
SUMMARY:
Standards regulating the quality of point source discharge from coal
mines and coal preparation plants being promulgated by the U.S. EPA were
discussed by Schaffer along with the requirements of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act; individual coal mining activities that require ^_
permits were itemized. Some discharges that may be considered nonpoint
sources were described by Hill in a general review of mining and its related
problems that emphasized acid mine drainage abatement and control of dis-
charges from abandoned underground mines and surface mines.
Coal Strip Mining
163
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TITLE:
The Circle West Project: A Demonstration of the Compatibility of Mining,
Manufacturing and Agriculture
AUTHOR:
E.G. Bredeson, 6.6. Dahl and D.S. Gleason
REFERENCE:
Lignite Symposium; May 18-19, 1977; Grand Forks, ND
SUMMARY:
The Circle West project is an undertaking of the Burlington Northern
Company which will be a working example of the productivity of coal strip
mining and its innate compatibility with the surrounding environment. In
essence the project consists of the actual recovery of the sub-surface lig-
nite and the adjacent construction of an ammonia-methanol production plant
which will be totally independent of outside resources and will utilize the
coal being mined for power production. This report describes the objectives
of the project, tentative layout of the ammonia-methanol plant, and en-
vironmental impact on the area, with particular emphasis placed on pollution
control systems and possibly beneficial by products, such as a final
effluent rich in phosphates which could be used for irrigation in adjacent
agricultrual areas.
Coal Strip Mining
164
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TITLE:
Implications of the Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 for the Mineral
Resource Industry, A Survey
AUTHOR:
Bureau of Mines Interdisciplinary Research Task Force Committee
ADDRESS:
U.S. Department of the Interior
Stanly K. Hathaway, Secretary
Jack W. Carlson, Assistant Secretary-Energy and Minerals
Thomas V. Falkie, Director-Bureau of Mines
REFERENCE:
Information Circular 8681
SUMMARY:
This report summarizes the cost of U.S. mining and milling industry
compliance with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) interim water
quality guidelines for waste discharges. Applicable excerpts from Public
Law 92-500 are stated and interpreted in conjunction with the guidelines
being used for implementation of the law.
Over 200 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers applications for discharge
permits were used to develop the quality and quantity data base needed to
estimate the cost to comply with EPA guidelines.
Cost of three basic treatment methods were considered: Aeration,
addition of lime, and sedimentation. From the process design, cost-
capacity graphs were developed to consider maximum flow rate, maximum lime
addition, and average flow rates. The graphical method used in this
evaluation should provide a reasonable guide to the effect of waste treat-
ment and, therefore, Public Law 92-500 and corresponding EPA guidelines on
the mineral processing industry.
The cost of complying with the EPA guidelines will have the effect of
prompting the mining industry to minimize the production of waste water
and of undertaking some additional treatment. Two case studies are presented
to illustrate efforts that might be fruitful for minimizing waste water
production and for treatment of combinations of acid mine drainage, mill
wastes, and metallurgical process wastes when treatment is deemed necessary.
Coal Strip Mining
165
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TITLE:
A Study of Coal-Associated Wastes Resulting from the Mining, Processing
and Utilization of Coal
AUTHOR:
Jerry L. Coalgate
ADDRESS:
Coal Research
West Virginia University
Morgantown, W.VA. 26506
REFERENCE:
FE 1218-T-l NTIS
UC 901
This bibliography provides a readily available review of information
dealing with the utilization of wastes produced during the mining, prepara-
tion, combustion, gasification, and coking of coal. Such wastes could serve
potentially as sources of fuels, building and construction materials, and of
new materials for the metallurgical, chemical water treatment, and agri-
cultural industries. Chapters are included concerned with: acid mine
drainage, utilization of coal mining refuse, coal refining and preparation
wastes, shale, coal, coal dust and fines, coal ashes and coal slags, chars,
coke breeze and coking wastes, and coal gasification. The published litera-
ture covered by the bibliography was produced in the period between 1900
and 1972. References were compiled from several sources, including
Chemical Abstracts, 1970-1972.
Coal Strip Mining
166
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TITLE:
Probable Analytical Sensitivites Required for Trace-Element Studies of Mine
Spoils
AUTHOR:
Jon J. Connor
ADDRESS:
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Co. 80225
SUMMARY:
A collection of standard reference materials for use in problems arising
from environmental degradation due to coal extraction should include
materials typical of the natural predevelopment landscape. A recently com-
pleted U.S. Geological Survey study of the geochemical nature of the land-
scape in Missouri has provided data on the expected concentration and
expected range in concentration for a host of trace metals in the coal-
bearing region of the state. Concentration ranges for five trace metals
(Cd, Hg, As, Fb, Se) generally recognized as hazardous in a variety of
landscape materials were determined. Most of these ranges were computed
as the expected 95% range of the element distribution measured in randomly
collected sample sites. The metals were analyzed by a variety of methods.
The data suggested that standardized methods of analysis for work in mine
spoils should have sensitivities in the parts-per-million level for
arsenic and lead, the parts-per-billion level for cadmium, mercury, and
selenium, and the nanograms-per-liter level in water.
Coal Strip Mining
167
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TITLE:
Coal-Energy Development in the Northern Great Plains
AUTHOR:
Jack R. Davidson
ADDRESS:
Wyoming University, Laramie. Water Resources Research Institute.
REFERENCE:
PB-231 560/4 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
The growth demand for clean energy has focused attention on western
coals, particularly the extensive lignite and subbituminous deposits in
the Northern Great Plains. The Fort Union Powder River Coal beds, which
underlie a part of northern Wyoming, southeastern Montana and western North
Dakota offer the greatest potential for development, because of the vast
quant it ites of coal which can be strip mined. The U.S. Government has
undertaken to assess coal/energy development problems through the Northern
Great Plains Resources Program (NGPRP). The Water Research Institutes
of the three-state area, together with the Office of Water Resources
Research, undertook the following tasks: to determine the study needs, to
inventory current research efforts and to assess their potential contri-
bution, to establish the priorities for study as seen by the decision makers
in the three states, and to assess the capacity of the region's scientists
to carry out the needed studies. Eight categories for study were identified:
Trace elements; Atmospheric Effects: Surface Resources (including Reclama-
tion); Coal Resources and Mining Techniques; Water (including Water Quality);
Economic and Social Issues; Institutional and Legal Issues; and Technology
Development.
Coal Strip Mining
168
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TITLE:
Western Coal Deposits Pertinent Qualitative Evaluation Prior to Mining
and Utilization
AUTHOR:
Albert F. Duzy, Martial P. Corriveau, Roy Byrom, and Raymond E. Zimmerman
ADDRESS:
Paul Wier Company, Chicago, IL
REFERENCE:
Paper presented at the 1977 Ninth Annual Lignite Symposium, May 18, 1977,
Grand Forks, ND
SUMMARY:
This paper demonstrates how coal deposits in the Western U.S.A. are
(or should be) evaluated, with the objective being focused on their efficient
utilization. The discussion includes three main areas of coverage:
namely, the acquisition and evaluation of data for utilization; methods
of analyses for determination of quality; and coal beneficiation.
Coal Strip Mining
169
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TITLE:
Western Coal Deposits - Pertinant Qualitative Evaluations Prior to Mining
and Utilization
AUTHOR:
Albert F. Duzy, Martial P. Corriveau, Roy Byrom
ADDRESS:
Paul Wier Company
Chicago, 111.
REFERENCE:
Technology and Use of Lignite Symposium
Grand Forks, N.D. May 1977 (GFERC/IC-77/1) page 13
SUMMARY:
Coal exploration programs for evaluation of Wester U.S. coal deposits
are discussed. The included programs are: problems associated with evalua-
tion for efficient utilization.
Coal Strip Mining
170
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TITLE:
Demonstration Plants
ADDRESS:
Engineering and Economic Systems Analysis, Fluor, Utah
REFERENCE:
Shaping Coals Future through Technology, 1974-1975
Office of Coal Research, Washington, D.C. 20242
Stock # 024-014-0012-2
SUMMARY:
The objective of the Fluor Utah Study is to identify and define the
physical, technical, social, economic, legal, and environmental problems
associated with producing 75,000 or more tons of coal per day from individual
U.S. surface mines. Costs, safety, continuity of supply, conservation of
resources, and minimum environmental damage are the constraints under which
the study is being conducted. In addition to information on problems
involved in large-scale surface mining, the project will provide recommenda-
tions for further research and development appropriate to future, large-
scale surface coal-mining systems.
Research in coal liquifaction and gasification processes established
that commercial conversion plants will be very large, requiring substantial
capital investment and access to very large reserves of coal (up to 75,000
tons per day or more from a single mining operation). These projected
mining operations will be far larger than any coal-mining system currently
in operation.
Since contract award, this project has become even more important as
the shortfall between U.S. oil production and consumption continues to grow
and as the need for oil importation exerts an unfavorable influence on the
U.S. balance of payments. Adding further importance is the cartel power
of the oil-exporting nations which has resulted in dramatic increases in
the prices of crude oil and petroleum products.
Coal Strip Mining
171
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TITLE:
Bibliography of Strip Mi««» Ecology
AUTHOR:
D.C. Glemt-Lewin; G. Fay; S.D. Cecil
ADDRESS:
Iowa State University of Science and Technology, ABBS. Energy and
Resources Research Institute* Energy Research «n«f Development Adninistration
REFERENCE:
IS-ICP-20 (HITS)
SUMMARY:
This bibliography is intended to serve those -iiTf-«»Tn»«f-«wi in the ecology,
environment, and reclamation of surface-mine spoil banks, especially those
of coal strip-mines. The list is hopefully as conplete and up-to-date as
possible, although there are nodoubtdly several omissions. Placement of the
titles into various categories is ««wM«i-ily arbitrary in some cases.
Papers which clearly overlap categories have been cross-listed in two or
•ore places. Other bibliographies which are listed, have not been broken
up by titles; that is t"hf contents of other MM iogifipi^i*»« may not be listed.
(ERA citation 02:000069)
Coal Strip
172
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TITLE:
Environmental Protection in Surface Mining of Coal
AUTHOR:
Grim, Elmore C., Hill, Ronald D.
ADDRESS:
Rational Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
REFERENCE:
PB-238 538/3ST (HTIS)
SuaMARY:
Pxemining planning is maphatri Tf»A and particular attention is given
to incorporating Bined— land reclamation into the nin-ing method before
disturbance. Strip and auger mining methods, as well as equipment, are
described and evaluated. Hew mining methods that will maximize aesthetics
and minimize erosion, landslides, deterioration of water quality are dis-
cussed. Blasting techniques and vibration damage controls are recommended.
Methods of land reclamation including spoil segregation, placement,
topsoiling, grading, burying of toxic materials, andrevegetation are noted.
Technology for the control of erosion and sediment in the «ri«i«e area is
presented. Costs are given for different degrees of reclamation and re-
medial measures for controlling pollution from surface mines. Water
quality change is discussed in detail. Research needs are listed.
Coal Strip Mining
173
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TITLE:
Energy Options to the Year 2000
AUTHOR:
Richard E. Balzhiser
ADDRESS:
Electric Power Research Institute, P.O. Box 10412, Palo Alto, CA 94303
REFERENCE:
Chemical Engineering, 84 (1), 73 (1977)
SUMMARY:
The article discusses the U.S. fuel and energy options for the
next 25 years. It is the author's opinion that coal primarily, and
nuclear power seem to be the most likely candidates, and that natural
oil and gas (domestic or imported), geothermal, hydrothemal and solar
energy will play important but comparatively minor roles.
Coal Strip Mining
174
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TITLE:
Coal Creek Station Steam Generators
AUTHOR:
W.W. Hickok, D.A. Taylor, R.W. Klerstead
REFERENCE:
Technology and Use of Lignite Symposium
Grand Forks, N.D. May 1977 (GFERC/IC-77/1) page 43
SUMMARY:
Mining, handling, combustion systems, flue gas cleaning and waste
disposal are reviewed.
Coal Strip Mining
175
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TITLE:
Erosion and Sediment Control. Surface Min-tag in the Eastern U.S.
Volume I. Planning. Volume H. Design
AUTHOR:
Hittman Associates, Inc., Columbia, Maryland
ADDRESS:
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, Office of Technology
Transfer.
KErEKEHCE:
PB-261 343/8ST (OTIS)
SUMfART:
This publication presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of sedi
ponds in reducing suspended solids in the runoff from surface wining
activities. Mine selected sedimentation ponds in the three eastern coal-
mining States of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky were sampled
under two different operating conditions, a baseline and rainfall event.
Their theoretical and actual efficiencies of removal of suspended solids
are computed and compared.
Coal Strip Mining
176
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TITLE:
Environmental Impact of Coal Research and Development
n&THOR:
Hlttman Associates, Inc.
A1HHEESS:
9190 Bed Branch Road, Colombia, Maryland 21045
SUff&EF:
The growth of coal based industries is dependent upon fhe advancement
of coal technologies and other policies which may have an indirect impact
on coal. To characterize probable growth and ultimate size of coal-based
industries a clear understanding of possible futures could result from
trends in energy comsunption through 2025 must be developed.
Coal Strip Mining
177
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TITLE:
Potential Impact of the Development of Lignite Reserves on Water Resources
of East Texas
AUTHOR:
Wesley P. Janes; Frank J. Slowey; Robert L. Garrett; Carlos Ortiz; Jon Ortiz
ADDRESS:
Texas A and M University, College Station. Water Resources Institute.
Office of Water Research and Technology, Washington, D.C.
REFERENCE:
PB-263 492/1ST (HTIS)
SUMMARY:
Potential adverse effects of lignite strip mining and lignite utiliza-
tion on the hydrology and water quality of East Texas are Identified.
Studies included (1) monthly water sampling for all one-year period of
streams, lakes and wells near the strip-mined areas and at control stations
located away from the lignite development; (2) leaching studies of the
lignite and overburden at Fairfield and Rockdale; (3) precipitation samples
collected under the airborne waste plume from the lignite-fueled electric
generating plant at Fairfield; and (4) a limited trace element enrichment
study in the soils around the plant at Fairfield.
Coal Strip Mining
178
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TITLE:
Effectiveness of Surface Mine Sedimentation Ponds
AUTHOR:
D. Vlr Kathuriz, Michael A. Nawrocki, and Burton C. Beckei
ADDRESS:
Hittman Associates, Incorporated
Columbia, MD 21045
REFERENCE:
EPA-600/2-76-117
August, 1976
SUMMARY:
An In-field evaluation of the effectiveness of sediment poods in re-
ducing suspended solids In the runoff froa surface «g*ir*«g activities
was performed. Mine selected sedimentation ponds in the three eastern coal-
mining States of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky were sampled
under two different operating conditions—a baseline and a rainfall event.
Their theoretical and actual efficiency of removal of suspended solids
were computed and compared.
In general, poor construction and Inadequate maintenance of these
ponds were found to be the major problem areas. The ponds had generally
higher removal efficiencies during the baseline sampling period and much
lower efficiencies during die storm event. The theoretically predicted
efficiency of the ponds was essentially the same as the actual efficiency
under baseline conditions. During the rainfall event, there was generally
little or no correlation between the theoretical, and actual efficiencies.
The predlted efficiencies were found to be much higher than the actual
efficiencies druing the rainfall event in most cases.
Coal Strip Mining
179
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TITLE:
Effectiveness of Surface Mine Sedimentation Ponds
AUTHOR:
D. Vir Kathuria; Michael A. Nawrocki; Burton C. Becker
ADDRESS:
Hittman Associates, Inc., Columbia, Maryland, Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
REFERENCE:
PB-258 917/4ST (HTIS)
SUMMARY:
An in-field evaluation of the effectiveness of sediment ponds In re-
ducing suspended solids in the runoff from surface «rf«-ing activities was
performed. Nine selected sedimentation ponds in the three eastern coal-
mining States of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Kentucky were sampled
under two different operating conditions — a baseline and a rainfall event.
Tho-j-r fhooT-gt-f yal and actual efficiency of T-**oi«»uaT of suspended solids
were computed and compared. In general, poor construction and inadequate
of these ponds were found to be ffrp major problem areas. The
ponds i»a«i generally KighA'r removal efficiencies during I"*1**
period and much lower efficiencies during the storm event. The theoretically
predicted efficiency of the ponds was essentially the same as the actual
efficiency under baseline conditions. During the rainfall event, there was
generally little or no correlation between fh«» t-tre«vr*>t"i ^»a"| and actual
efficiencies. TJM» predicted efficiencies were found to be •"«*h ii-i gti^r than
actual efficiencies during the rainfall event in most cases.
Coal Strip
180
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TITLE:
Spark-Source Mass Spectrometer Investigation of Coal Particles and Coal Ash
AUTHOR:
T. Kessler, A.6. Sharkey, Jr., and R.A. Friedel
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA
REFERENCE:
Bureau of Mines Respirable Dust Research Program, Technical Progress Report -
42, September 1971
SUMMARY:
Spark-source mass spectrometry has been used to determine the amounts
of minor and trace elements in coal particles of various sizes, including
the respirable range (<5 microns). Fifty-six elements ranging in concentra-
tion from 0.1 ppm vt to 5,000 ppm wt have been determined. The investiga-
tion of coal and coal ash I«M* shown that t-h*» organic material in coal
does not interfere with the spark—source determination of i-ti«» various
i t
Coal Strip
181
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TITLE:
Debris Basins for Control of Surface Mine Sedimentation
AUTHOR:
Robert L. Kimball
ADDRESS:
Kentucky Department for Natural Resources and Conservation, Frankfort.
Office of Planning and Research. Ebensburg, Pennsylvania. Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. Extraction Technology
Branch.
REFERENCE:
PB-255 959/9ST (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
This report discusses effectiveness of debris basins in controlling
solids in water discharging from surface mine operations. Two sites in
Eastern Kentucky were selected for study in areas where very little erosion-
causing activity has occurred and where surface mining is to be initiated.
—'Adjacent virgin watersheds were also selected for each study site to pro-
vide background data on water quality where man's activities have been very
limited. Pertinent site information including flow and water quality data
was gathered.
Coal Strip Mining
182
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TITLE:
Assessment of Water Pollution Caused by Inactive Ore and Mineral Mines
AUTHOR:
Harry W. Martin
ADDRESS:
Toups Corporation, Santa Ana, CA 92711
REFERENCE:
Paper presented at Workshop on Standard Reference Materials for Mine Drain-
age, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Maryland, April 1976.
SUMMARY:
The discharge of mineralized acidic waters from inacitve mines has
overloaded the assimilative capacities of may receiving waters creating
a distressed environment. To date, no comprehensive assessment has been
conducted to determine the extent of this type of pollution. In addition
the extent of utilization of pollution control procedures at inactive
mines is not known. The Environmental Protection Agency has contracted
with Toups Corporation to perform this assessment.
The purposes of this study have been to:
Identify the nature and extent of water pollution caused by inactive
ore and mineral mines (pollution problems associated with mining of coal,
natural gas, petroleum, and sand and gravel are not included in this study).
Determine state-of-the-art and the use of water pollution prevention
and control procedures for inactive mines.
Prepare research and development programs to develop technology
to adequately control water pollution caused by inactive mines.
Coal Strip Mining
183
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TITLE:
Environmental Aspects of Coal Production in the Appalachian Region.
Progress Report, June 1, 1979—May 31, 1976.
AUTHOR:
R.A. Minear; B.A. Tschantz, J.H. Rule; G.L. Vaughn; D.E. Overton
REFERENCE:
ORO-4946-1 (BUS)
SUMMARY:
Work on the hydrology of surface mine spoil hanks is reported,
the aobilization of heavy metals in water (from wells in the spoil hanks,
ponds, seepage flow, streams, etc.) and in stream sediments. rc«»*Kilt-« are
described briefly and metal concentrations are given in tables. Lead, zinc,
and possibly chromium were higher in sed±ments in streams involving strip-
mined areas. The biological effects seem to be more significant: Both the
total number of organisms and the diversity index were lower in the areas
associated with •J«i«g activity. Samples have been taken for the analysis
of heavy metals and enzyme activities. (ERA citation 01:010251)
Coal Strip Mining
184
-------
TITLE:
Shallow Ground Hater in Selected Areas in the Fort Union Coal Region
AUTHOR:
northern Great Plains Resource Program, Denver, Colorado
ADDRESS:
Geological Survey, Helena, Montana
HKKKKKMI:K:
PB-244 84S/8ST (NTIS)
SQtHARY:
Three sample areas are ananlyzed to determine potential pollution
impacts of surface •rising on flig shallow ground water systems. Areas
analyzed were the southeastern portion or North Dakota, the Gillette area
of Wyoming and the Decker-Birney area of Montana. They were selected as
representative of areas where accelerated coal ni«i«g is likely to
occur. The analyses indicates there will be (1) Localized disruptions
of aquifers; (2) drainage of adjoining «-li»*lr«»T- beds; (3) drainage of aquifers
in Immi ill Hi vicinity of mines; (4) underlying aquifers will be little
affected; (5) possible increase in nitrate and sulphate concentrations
in mine waters; and most importantly (6) contamination of the water resource
by dissolved mntTTf^l leached form strip—mining spoils. ATI problems
except pollution of ground water from spoils should be •*"•*•*»'* after
replacement of spoils and whaM n f-a t-i «m - Ground water pollution could
be long term.
Coal Strip
185
-------
TITLE:
Reclamation of Disturbed Lands in the Lignite Area of the Northern Plains
AUTHOR:
R. W. Ries, F.M. Sandoval, and J.F. Power'
ADDRESS:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Great Plains Research Center,
Mandan, N.Dakota
REFERENCE:
Technology and Use of Lignite Symposium
Grand Forks, N.D. (May 1977) GFERC/IC-77/1 (Page 309)
SUMMARY:
Recommended procedures include premining soil and over burden
laboratory analysis, removing and stockpiling suitable soil materials
(up to 5 feed if available), removing over burden, extracting coal,
reshaping spoil, replacing stockpiled soil material, fertilizing and
seeding to either cropland or rangeland mixture of plant species.
If the recommended procedures are followed, the probability for
high level reclamation is promising. Some problems still exist for which
there is less knowledge — they include piping erosion, subsidence, need
for more reliable vegetation establishment practices, and the assurance
of sustained productivity under various land uses.
Current research is directed towards determining soil thickness
requirements needed over undesirable mine spoil for permanent reclamation.
Coal Strip Mining
186
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TITLE:
Application of LANDSAT-2 Data to the Implementation and Enforcement of
the Pennsylvania Surface Mining Conservation and Reclamation Act.
AUTHOR:
Orivlle R. Russell; David A. Nichols; Richard Anderson
ADDRESS:
Earth Satellite Corporation, Washington, D.C., NASA Earth Resources Survey
Program, Washington, D.C.
REFERENCE:
E77-108184 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
The author has identified the following significant results. Evalua-
tion of LANDSAT imagery indicates severe limitations in its utility for
surface mine land studies. Image stripping resulting from unequal detector
response on satellite degrades the image quality to the extent that images
of scales larger than 1:125,000 are of limited value for manual inter-
pretation. Computer processing of LANDSAT data to improve image quality
is essential; the removal of scanline stripping and enhancement of mine
land reflectance data combined with color composite printing permits useful
photographic enlargements to approximately 1:60,000.
Coal Strip Mining
187
-------
TITLE:
Coal Recovery from Bituminous Coal Surface Mines in the Eastern Unites
States: A Survey
AUTHOR:
Edwin S. Secor; Gary M. Larwood; Arvind B. Gupta; Arthus S. Lees
ADDRESS:
Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Eastern Field Operation Center.
REFERENCE:
PB-269 914/8ST (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
The Federal Bureau of Mines conducted a field survey of 153 bituminous
coal strip and auger mines to estimate coal recovery from surface mines in
the Eastern United States. Recovery was calculated from field data by
measuring coal losses resulting from mining coal and leaving barriers.
Mean total coal recovery varied only slightly for the two regions studied:
82.7 percent for Appalachian and 84.3 for the Midwest. Total recovery
grouped by mining method—contour, area, and mountaintop removal—was
79.8, 84.7, and 85.3 percent, respectively. Mean auger recovery was 35.9
percent; of the total average loss of 64.1 percent, over one half resulted
from design limitations while the remainder was attributed to operating
losses. The wide recovery range at individual mines indicates the varia-
bility of the eastern surface coal mining industry. Because of this, care
should be exercised in applying the results of this report to reserve
estimates other than those of a general nature.
Coal Strip Mining
188
-------
TITLE:
Detection of Organic Compounds in Respiratory Coal Dust by High-Resolution
Mass Spectormetry
AUTHOR:
J.L. Shultz, R.A. Friedel, and A.G. Sharkey, Jr.
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA
REFERENCE:
Bureau of Mines Respirable Dust Research Program, Technical Progress
Report - 61, October 1972
SUMMARY:
The investigation of organic compounds in respiratory coal dust by
high-resolution mass spectrometry has shown that the organic components
differ (1) with particle size, (2) with rank of coal, (3) in coals of same
rank from different coal seams, and (4) in respirable mine dust and
respirable coal dust (prepared) from the same mine.
The eight respirable mine dusts studied are from coal seams in the
Appalachian region where the incidence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis
is relatively high. The molecular weights of the major organic components
vary greatly among these respirable mine dusts; three show strong concentra-
tions of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.
Coal Strip Mining
189
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TITLE:
Toxic Effects on the Aquatic Biota from Coal and Oil Shale Development
AUTHOR:
Robert V. Thurston, Principal Investigator; Rodney K. Skogerboe and Rosemarie
C. Russo, Co-Principal Investigators
ADDRESS:
Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,
Colorado 80523
REFERENCE:
Progress Report - year 1. (July 1975 - June 1976).
SUMMARY:
This report discusses the potential impact on the aquatic environment
of four major areas of energy development:
(A) Coal mining; (B) Coal combustion; (C) Coal gasification and
liquefaction; (D) Oil shale mining and processing. Each category is treated
Individually, with the unique features and potential problem areas identified
for each of them.
The concept of laboratory bioassy is discussed and how the bioassays
are used as a screening tool to establish priorities listed are the publica-
tions and technical reports which have been issued since July 1975 on
research carried out within this report.
Coal Strip Mining
190
-------
TITLE:
Heavy Metal Pollutants In Waters of the Front Range Mineral Belt
AUTHOR:
Thomas R. Wildeman
ADDRESS:
Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines,
Golden, Colorado 80401
REFERENCE:
Presented at the Workshop on SRM's for Mine Drainage National Bureau of
Standards, Gaithersburg, MD, April 28-29, 1976
SUMMARY:
Recent studies on the water associated with mining activities in
Colorado and particularly in the Front Range Mineral Belt are used to pin-
point the parameters that control the chemistry of the water.
With regard to m-t.n-t.ng activity, most water of poor quality comes from
abandoned mines; drainage from active operations is not necessarily harmful.
With regard to ore petrology, studies of water draining from different
zones of mineralization in the Central City Mining District show that water
of the poorest quality will be generated where pyrite is a predominant
vein mineral.
With regard to ground water hydrology, seasonal studies on at least 9
different drainages in various ore districts in the Front Range show that all
of these drainages are recharged by a diffuse flow aquifer system in which
the water residence time is on the order of months and the physical and
chemical parameters of the water show little response to changes in
precipitation and the seasons.
With regard to ore occurance, comparison of drainages from other ore
districts with that from Central City show that water from a disseminated
ore system will generally be of poorer quality than that from a vein ore
system. Also, if much of the ore body occurs above the water table,
oxidation of the vein minerals will be promoted which leads to water of
poor quality.
Two maintanience guidelines should yield mine effluents of better qual-
ity in active mining operations; 1) keep the contact time of the water
with the vein minerals as short as possible, and 2) seal the vein minerals
from the air whereever possible.
Coal Strip Mining
191
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TECHNICAL REPORTS:
OIL REFINERIES
TITLE:
The Characterization of Trace Organic Constitutents in Petroleum Refinery
Wastewater by Capillary Gas Chromatography/Real Time High Resolution Mass
Spectrometry - A Preliminary Report
AUTHOR:
A.L. Burlingame, B.J. Kimble, E.S. Scott, D.M. Wilson and J.J. Stasch;
J.W. deLeeuw; 3L.H. Kieth
ADDRESS:
Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA;
Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering and
Chemistry, Organic Geochemistry Unit, Delft, The Netherlands; U.S.E.P.A.,
Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, GA
REFERENCE:
"Identification of Organic Pollutants", Chapter 32, p. 587.
SUMMARY:
Due to the extremely complex composition of oil refinery wastewaters,
standard techniques such as simple gas chromatography are not sufficient to
resolve the mixtures into the individual constituents. This paper deals with
the application of a powerful new technique - a combination of high-resolu-
tion gas chromatography and real-time high-resolution mass spectrometry-
in the analysis of these comples waste effluents. Three general samples
were studied: API separator effluent, oxidation pond clarifier effluent,
and discharge effluent. Experimental techniques including such pertinent
data as GC column type and temperature programming are described in detail.
Many sample mass chromatograms are given along with their analysis. A
listing of a variety of oxygen-sulfur-and nitrogen-containing components
found in the various fractions is included although it is debatable how far
this can be estrapolated in reference to other refinery effluents.
192
-------
TITLE:
The Synthesis of 5-tert-Butyl-l,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene
AUTHOR:
J.W. Burnham, W.P. Dtmcan, E.J. Eisenbraum*, O.W. Keen, and M.C. Hamming
ADDRESS:
^Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Okla. 74074
REFERENCE:
Organic Preparations and Procedures Int. 5_(6), 285-290 (1973)
SUMMARY:
The direct preparation of 5-jt-butyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene from
1-t-butylnaphthalene by catalytic hydrogenation is not feasible since re-
duction occurs exclusively in the substituted ring. Sodamide reduction of
the t-butylnaphthalene leads to a mixture of products in low yield. This
paper discusses a method whereby naphthoic acid is hydrogenated, the products
are separated, and the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l-naphthoic acid fraction is
treated to yield the desired 5-t>-butyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene.
Oil Refineries
193
-------
TITLE:
Environmental Problem Definition for Petroleum Refineries, Synthetic Natural
Gas Plants
AUTHOR:
E.G. Cavanaugh, J.D. Colley, P.S. Dzierlenga, V.M. Felix, D.C. Jones and
T.I. Nelson
ADDRESS:
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creak Boulevard
Austin, Texas 78766
REFERENCE:
U.S. Department of Commerce (NTIS)
PB 252 245
SUMMARY:
Information in this report was compiled for the purpose of providing
the Environmental Protection Agency with technical support in the area of
total environmental problem definition for petroleum refineries, synthetic
natural gas (SNG) plants, and liquefied natual gas (LNG) plants.
Process descriptions are presented for each plant. Where applicable,
comparisons to other types of energy conversion plants are made. Potential
ambient air emissions, liquid effluents, and solid wastes are identified and
the status of monitoring methods and control techniques for these emissions
and wastes are discussed.
The problem involved with the siting of new plants because of the
impact of these emissions and wastes are considered. Areas where research
and development can be usefully applied to these environmental problems
are identified.
Oil Refineries
194
-------
TITLE:
Petroleum Industry Activities in Energy Research and Development
AUTHOR:
Arthur L. Conn
ADDRESS:
Amoco Oil Company
Naperville, IL 60540
REFERENCE:
Proceedings of the 2nd Energy Technology Conference Energy Technology II
(page 207) 1975
SUMMARY:
The petroleum industry is funding a broad program of energy research
and development ranging all the way from improving traditional methods
finding oil and gas to nuclear breeder reators. Making use of its expertise
in carrying out advanced, sophisticated R&D and in scaling up from the
smallest practical unit to very large plants, the industry is becoming
increasingly involved in energy areas not directly related to petroleum.
A survey of a broad segment of the industry indicates that while a major
part of the effort involves exploring for and producing additional quantities
of oil and gas, and recovering oil from tar sands and oil shale, appreciable
effort is also involved in such "far out" areas as geothermal and solar
energy. Much work is being carried out on coal liquefaction and gasification
as well as in nuclear energy — finding and producing uranium, fabricating
and repocessing nuclear fuels, developing new methods of separating uranium
isotopes, and development of breeder reactors. A major industry-wide
effort is involved in environmental control — minimizing air pollution
from mobile and stationary sources, minimizing water pollution, prevention
and control of oil spills, and handling of solid wastes. While much effort
has also been expended on conservation using well-known techniques, there
is also a appreciable amount of research and development in this area. Thus,
the petroleum industry is active in practically every important area of
energy research and development.
Oil Refineries
195
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TITLE:
Separation of Anthracene Hydrogenation Products on a Picric Acid Column
AUTHOR:
K.D. Cowan, L.L. Ansell, and E.J. Eisenbraun
ADDRESS:
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, OK 74074
REFERENCE:
Chemistry and Industry, Nov. 6, 1976
SUMMARY"
Picric acid is widely used as a complexing agent for the purification
of aromatic hydrocarbons having a naphthalene or higher fused ring system.
Cleavage of this complex has been accomplished with a Soxhlet technique
which extracts the hydrocarbon directly from the solid complex. This paper
details the authors' work on the construction and capabilities of a modified
Soxhlet technique for the separation of the hydrogenation products of anthea-
cene. In this method, the hydrocarbon mixture is percolated through a column
of picric acid using isohexane solvent. Recovery of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-
anthracene was of the order of 69% and had a purity of 99%.
Oil Refineries
196
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TITLE:
Matrix Isolation Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry of Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
AUTHOR:
Gleb Mamantov, E.L. Wehry, R.R. Kennerer, and E.R. Hinton
ADDRESS:
Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee
KnoKville, TN 37916
REFERENCE:
Analytical Chemistry, 49, 86 (1977)
SUMMARY:
The application of matrix isolation Fourier transform infrared spectro-
scopy to qualitative and quantitative analysis of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH) is described. Samples in nitrogen matrices at M.5 K
are produced by mixing the PAH vapors effusing from a Knudsen cell with a
large excess of nitrogen gas. From the results obtained with nearly 20
PAH, analysis of moderately complex mixtures (M.O components) appears
feasible. The applicability of Beer's law to matrix-isolated PAH samples
over a large concentration range has been demonstrated. A detection limit
of 0.5 jag of perylene (2 X 10~9 mol) has been achieved.
Oil Refineries
197
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TITLE:
Heavy Metals in Water, Sediments, and Chironomids in a Stream Receiving
and Oil Refinery Effluents
AUTHOR:
Harold E. Namminga, Ph.D.
ADDRESS:
Oklahoma State University
REFERENCE:
Diss Abst. B, 1776, 36110 (4855-B) Ca 85 (16) 112397
SUMMARY:
Scope of Study: Distribution of copper, chromium, lead, and zinc in
water, sediments, and chironomids was studied in a stream receiving oil
refinery and municipal sewage effluents. The objectives of this study
were to (1) measure the concentrations of four heavy metals in water,
sediments, and chironomids in Skeleton Creek; (2) estimate accumulation
of heavy metals in sediments and chironomids above levels in water;
(3) determine if cool and warm season conditions change the distribution
of heavy metals in water, sediments, and chironomids; (4) determine the
effect of high discharge on concentrations of high discharge on concen-
trations of metals in water and sediments; and (5) determine if oil
refinery equipment cleaning increases the concentrations of metals in
water and sediments.
Oil Refineries
198
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TITLE:
The Biological Treatment of Waste Waters in Oil Refineries
AUTHOR:
POP, Victor, I., lonescu-Homoriceau, Serban, I
REFERENCE:
Rev. Chim (Bucharest) 26. 56, 1975
SUMMARY:
The waste waters from oil refineries contain very high concentrations
of phenols H2S, and mercaptans. Although most of these pollutants are
removed by physical stripping or coagulation the remaining levels are too
high to be released into receiving waters. By using an activated sludge
and by applying a 2-gradient pur ifn, method, the concentration of the
pollutants can be reduced to a permissible value. Thus, the phenols
content decreased to 0.6 mercaptans 0.7-1.9 mg/1.
Oil Refineries
199
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TITLE:
Evaluation of Waate Waters form Petroleum and Coal Proceeding
AUTHOR:
Profeeeor George W. Reid and Dr. Leale E. Streebln
ADDRESS:
Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center
Environmental Protection Agency
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Okla. 74820
REFERENCE!
EPA-R2-72-001, December 1972
SUMMARY:
Thla report presents an evaluation on pollution problems, abatement
procedures and control techniques relevant to the petroleum and coal in-
dustries. Petroleum wastes are discussed under three broad sections: Drill-
ing-Production, Transportation and Storage, and Refining. Each section Is
introduced with background information. Within each section, petroleum
wastes are identified as to their source, volume, and composition, and
waste treatment methods are discussed.
The results of a field study of three small refineries are reported,
providing additional information which delineates the characteristics of
waste streams from individual processes within the refinery.
Coal mining, coal processing, and coal utilization, the wastes associat-
ed with each, and the corresponding control measures are discussed. Acid
mine drainage, the most significant pollution problem from coal mining, and
possible control measures are presented. The major pollution problems
associated with coal processing originate from coal cleaning, the coking
process, and refuse disposal. The principal pollutants in water discharged
from the processing of coal are suspended solids usually In the form of
fine clay, black shale, and other minerals commonly associated with coal.
Oil Refineries
200
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TITLE:
Basic Research Needs for Tertiary Oil Recovery
AUTHOR:
R.S. Schechter and W.H. Wade
ADDRESS:
University of Texas at Austin, TX
REFERENCE:
Proceedings of a National Science Foundation Workshop held in Austin,
TX on June 26-27, 1974.
SUMMARY:
The aim of this workshop was to define that fundamental research needed
to achieve technically and economically feasible methods of enhancing
oil recovery. Six main problems were studied: (1) Low Tensions: what
we know and what we need to know, (2) Polymer Floods: persisting problems,
(3) Mlcellar Floods: fundamental questions, (4) Adsorption of Surfactants:
can It be reduced? (5) Thermal Recovery Methods: unresolved Issues, and
(6) Measurement of Residual Oil: the basic question Involves our petroleum
reserves.
Oil Refineries
201
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TITLE:
Hydrocarbon in Sewage and Urban Runoff - Delaware Estuary
AUTHOR:
The Water Resources Research Institute, Department of Environmental
Sciences, and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rutgers
University
REFERENCE:
Proceedings of the Symposium on Sources, Effects and Sinks of Hydrocarbons
in the Aquatic Environment, American Institute of Biological Sciences,
Washington, D.C., Aug. 9-11, 1976.
SUMMARY:
Research has been conducted to identify and measure the sources of
hydrocarbons entering the Delaware Estuary. The most important sources
of petroleum pollution have been industrial wastes; but currently mandated
treatment measures will greatly reduce such outputs, especially those of
petroleum refineries. Municipal sewage effluent has been sampled and
analyzed. Methods have been developed to sample storm runoff from urban
areas at frequent intervals and to use the analysis of these samples to
estimate total annual petroleum loadings. Major petroleum pollution above
water supply intakes is hazardous. Evaluation of sources appears likely
to change pollution control strategy.
Oil Refineries
202
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TITLE:
Environmental Objectives and Water Quality Control Programs
AUTHOR:
William Whipple, Jr.
ADDRESS:
Water Resources Research Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ
REFERENCE:
Wildlife Management Institute, Transactions of the 41st
North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, 1976.
SUMMARY:
In this report, present requirements for effluent treatment and those
which will be required by federal law in coming years are analyzed in terms
of an overall environmental objective which takes into account both attain-
able environmental quality and realistic economics. The opinion that present
views on environmental controls is inadequate and short sighted is put
forward and such ideas as regional environmental objectives vs. nationwide
objectives, control of nonpoint source pollution, and alternatives to
potentially hazardous or economically unfeasible treatment systems,
are advocated as the only realistic environmental objectives.
Oil Refineries
203
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TECHNICAL REPORTS:
OIL SHALE OPERATIONS
TITLE:
Polycondensed Aromatic Compounds (PCA) and Carcinogens in the Shale Ash of
Carbonaceous Spent and Shale from Retarting of Oil Shale.
AUTHOR:
J.J. Schmidt-Cillevus, F. Bonomo, Kishor Gala, and LaRose Leffler
ADDRESS:
Denver Research Institute, Denver, Colorado 80210
REFERENCE:
Science and Technology of Oil Shale, 1976, p. 115-156.
SUMMARY:
The objective of this investigation was to determine experimentally
possible specific physical environmental effects from solid carbonaceous
material from an oil shale industry, the full-scale impact of which might
only be felt many years after full operations have begun. Consequently,
these investigations rely on material and data obtained from rather small
pilot plant operations. With the foreseeable development of actual larger-
scale demonstration plants (about 50,000 barrels of oil per day, these
investigations appear timely and might contribute some new experimental
data useful for a better evaluation of potential environmental problems.
204
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TITLE:
The BER Balanced Program Plan: Oil Shale Technology
AUTHOR:
H.F. Schulte, A.K. Stoker, E.E. Campbell, E.G. Aderson, 6.E. Dials
ADDRESS:
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
REFERENCES:
U.C. 91, June 1976
SUMMARY:
Oil shale technology has been divided into two subtechnologies: (A)
Surface Processing and (B) In situ Processing. Definition of the research
program is essentially an amplification of the five King-Muir categories:
(A) Pollutants: Characterization, Measurement, and Monitoring; (B) Physical
and Chemical Processes and Effects; (C) Health Effects: (D) Ecological Pro-
cesses and Effects: and (E) Integrated Assessment.
Oil Shale Operations
205
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TITLE:
Leachability of Arsenic, Selenium, Molybdenum, Boron, and Fluoride From
Retorted Oil Shale
AUTHOR:
Stellenwerk, K.G., and D.D. Runnells
ADDRESS:
University of Colorado, Boulder
REFERENCE:
AIChE, New York, NY, 1977 Vol. 2
SUMMARY:
Leachability of selected trace elements in retorted oil shale was
studied in order to determine the potential for water pollution. Arsenic,
selenium, molybdenum, boron, and fluoride were chosen because they may occur
as soluble anions under the pH conditions (8-12) of water associated with
retorted shale. Spent shale samples, from the Mahogany Zone and prepared
by the TOSCO II process, were employed. The material is characterized by
silt-size grains that are coated with carbon. Shaker and column experiments
were designed in order to test the mobility of the elements. Maximum con-
centrations (mg/1) in retorted shale leachates from six column experiments
ranged from 11-20 (B), 8.4-4-14.5 (B), 8.8-11.8 (Mo), .03-.04 (As), and
.02-.03 (Se). Total dissolved solids ranged from 7,300-14,200 mg/1 and
pH from 8.3-8.7. Hydraulic conductivity ranged from 1.7 x 10~5 to
3.7 x 10~* cm/sec. 10 refs.
Oil Shale Operations
206
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TITLE:
Water Conservation with In Situ Oil Shale Development
AUTHOR:
Jerome F. Thomas, et. al.
ADDRESS:
Department of Civil Engineering, Division of Sanitary Engineering, University
of California, Berkerly, Berkerly, California 9A720
SUMMARY:
In situ oil shale facilities generate various types of wastewater
including (1) retort water, (2) wastewater from upgrading processes, and
(3) sanitary sewage. Untreated, partially treated, and treated wastewater
produced by in situ oil shale operations will be disposed of in one or
more of the following ways: discharge to surface waters, injection into
groundwater aquifers, land disposal, and discharge to evaporation ponds.
Major contaminants of waters used and generated by oil shale production
will be high levels of BOD/COD, ammonia, soluble organics, and TDS.
It is proposed to assess the effects of retort water from in situ
oil shale processing on lotic freshwater aufwuchs. A laboratory analog
model in which environmental variables can be controlled will be used to
monitor aufwuchs responses to retort water. Actual retort water and
some fractionated components will be bioassayed in this study.
Various wastewaters and effluents will be characterized for all
pertinent components. A complete water cycle for in situ oil shale
production will be developed including water demand, water production,
and water loss. Other environmental impact areas, such as nutrient rich
runoff from revegetative dump sites, will be assessed.
Oil Shale Operations
207
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TITLE:
Factors that Influence the Leaching of Organic Material from In Situ
Spent Sahle
AUTHOR:
Amy, Gary, and J. Thomas
ADDRESS:
University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Lab
REFERENCE:
AIChE, New York, NY, 1977 Vol. 1
SUMMARY:
In the reported study, a series of batch and continuous flow experiments
were run in order to assess the potential for contamination of groundwater
by organic material leached from in situ spent shale. The specific
objectives of these experiments were to 1) estimate the concentration of
organic material present in leachate derived from various types of in situ
spent shale, and 2) identify variables that affect the concentration of
organic materials in leachate. Concentrations of total organic carbon
(TOC) as high as 50 milligrams per liter were detected during experimentation.
Factors that significantly influenced the concentration of organic material
present in leachate included 1) retorting conditions associated with
spent shale, 2) spent shell particle size, 3) water temperature, and 4)
leaching time. 4 refs.
Oil Shale Operations
208
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TITLE:
Trace Elements Associated with Oil Shale and it's Processing
AUTHOR:
TRW
Los Angeles, California
DRI
Denver, Colorado
REFERENCE:
EPA 9Q8/4-78-Q03
SUMMARY:
This report includes a summary of existing trace element composition
data for shale and its products, an evaluation of these data and related
studies to estimate the distribution of trace elemtnts among shale products
during oil shale processing, and predictions of the disposition and ultimate
fate of trace elements after waste disposal or product use. Wide ranges
in trace element concentration reflect natural geographic and veritifical
profile variations in shale.
Oil Shale Operations
209
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TITLE:
Oil Shale Development
AUTHOR:
Paul Wellman
ADDRESS:
Ashland Oil, Inc., P.O. Box 391, Ashland, Kentucky 41101
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings,
1, 331 (1976).
SUMMARY:
This paper discusses the events leading to the significant decisions
that have been made concerning oil shale development and includes such
topics as economics, the political pressures, environmental, OPEC pricing,
new discoveries and conservation, technology, and social aspects and local
economy.
Oil Shale Operations
210
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TITLE:
Environmental Sampling of the Faraho Oil Shale Retort Process at Anvil
Points
REFERENCE:
Technology Transfer EPA 625/9-77-002
SUMMARY:
The analysis of recycle gases included measurements of H2S and N!^. In
either the direct or indirect mode of a commercial operation, the need for
NH3 and t^S removal can be anticipated before a recycle purge stream is
used as fuel. Some other postulated species were not detected. The recycle
gas was found to contain no COS, CS2, HCN, or Asl^-
Condensate water inorganics appear to contain essentially ammonium
carbonate and bicarbonates. Trace elements were not significant in the
condensates. Trace organics were found in the retorted shale, condensate,
and product water; the range of compounds included organic neutrals
(particularly aromatics), organic acids, and organic bases.
Oil Shale Operations
211
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TITLE:
Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Oil Shale Technology
AUTHOR:
H. Neal Dunning
ADDRESS:
Division of Petroleum, Natural Gas, and In Situ Technology, Energy Research
and Development Administration, Washington, D.C,
REFERENCE:
Energy Technology II, Proceedings of the 2nd Energy Technology Conference,
J.F.P. Sullivan, Ed., (Government Institutes, Inc., Washington) 1975. p. 40.
SUMMARY:
This report discusses some aspects of future technology which will aid
in the utilization of certain energy sources which at the present time is
technologically and more often, economically non-feasible. Included in this
discussion is tertiary oil recovery, which could become a major source of
energy, in situ processing of oil shale, and in situ coal gasification. A
summary of the major government-supported research programs in each of
these areas is also given.
Oil Shale Operations
212
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TITLE:
The Toscoal Process - Pyrolysis of Western Coals and Lignites for Char and
Oil Production
AUTHOR:
Mark T. Atwood and Bernard L. Schulman
ADDRESS:
Tosco Corporation, 18200 West Highway 72, Golden, Colorado 80401
REFERENCE:
American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry. Preprints, Z2 (2),
233 (1977)
SUMMARY:
Toscoal processing of coal is based on technology acquired in twenty
years of continuous work on the Tosco II oil shale retorting process. Coals
of low rank can be used directly. Those of higher rank may be retorted after
treatment with air and steam to effect decaking.
Processing of Western coals and lignites is of interest in reducing the
large freight costs currently involved in transporting moisture and non-
combustible components. Use of chars rather than coal as utility boiler
fuels offers investment and operating cost advantages. Chars produced
may also be used in the manufacture of formcoke and as an improved feedstock
in gasification.
Liquid products may be used as a fuel, and as a source of chemicals,
coke and pitch binders.
High heating value gas is produced as a coproduct.
Oil Shale Operations
213
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TITLE:
Trace Elements In Oil Shale
AUTHOR:
W.R. Chappell, D. Runnells; co-principal investigators
R. Klusman, T. Wildeman, W. Lindsay, H. Walton, R. Meglen; senior in-
vestigators.
ADDRESS:
Environmental Trace Substances Research Program, Ekely Chemistry
M335, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
REFERENCE:
Environmental Trace Substance Research Program, Progress Report for
period June 1, 1976 - May 31, 1977, COO-4017-1
SUMMARY:
During the initial year of funding a substantial number of samples of
water, stream sediment, soils, plants oil shale, spent shale, shale oil and
other materials were collected by the investigators for analyses. A consid-
erable amount of effort was also involved in the development and validation
of methods for preparing and analyzing these samples for trace element
content. Among the results are:
1. Cu, Li, and Zn exhibit well-defined trends in soils over the
Piceance Basin, with values increasing from north to south.
2. As, Mo, B, and Se are all elevated in the soils of the Piceance
Basin.
3. Mo and B are more soluble in TOSCO spent shale than in unprocessed
shale and are also elevated in plants growing on spent shale.
4. F is less soluble in spent (TOSCO) shale than in unprocessed oil
shale, but nevertheless, the levels in leachates are quite significant
(25 mg/Ł). Moreover, the F is not readily leached out.
5. Results to date show that As and Se are not very soluble in spent
shale (TOSCO) and are not taken up to a significant extent by plants.
Oil Shale Operations
214
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TITLE:
Sampling and Analysis Research Program at the Paraho Shale Oil Demonstration
Plant
AUTHOR:
J.E. Cotter, C.H. Prieu, J.J. Schmidt-Collerus, D.J. Powell, R. Snug, C.
Habenicht, and R.E. Pressey
ADDRESS:
TRW Environmental Engineering Division
Redondo Beach, California 90278
SUMMARY:
A sampling and analysis research program was conducted at the Paraho oil
shale retorting demonstration site at Anvil Points, Colorado. The work was
carried out the TRW and the Denver Research Institute. The overall objective
of the test program was to obtain preliminary quantitative and qualitative
measurements of air, water, and solid compositions, and to gain experience
that would lead to improved sampling procedures and the determination of
priorities for sampling and analysis of shale oil. recovery operations.
The existing Anvil Points operations include two vertical retorts:
a large semi-works unit in which a portion of the off-gas was recycled and
heated externally to supply heat to the retort and a smaller pilot plant
in which air was introduced with recycle gas to support combustion of carbon
on retorted shale as a resource of process heat. The test plan included
both retorts, as their process streams (with the exception of oil product)
are essentially different. Selection of sample locations was based on need
for information on process streams relative to emissions and effluents
expected in a full-scale plant.
Samples taken included the recycle gases (I^S, S02, NOX, NH3, and trace
organics), recycle condensate, product oil/water, processed shale discharged
from the retorts, and dust in the vicinity of crushing, screening, and
conveying equipment. A variety of laboratory analysis methods were used,
including wet chemical analysis, spark source mass spectonnetry, high
pressure liquid chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gel permeation
chromatography, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry methods (6C/MS).
Condensate water inorganic analyses were done for calcium magnesium,
sodium and potassium salts, ammonia, gross parameters, and trace elements.
Condensate and product water samples were also analyzed for organic neutrals
(particularly aromatics), organic acids, and organic bases. Elemental de-
terminations of both retorted shale and raw shale participates were made.
This report was submitted in partial fulfillment of Contract 68-02-1881
by TRW Environmental Engineering Division under the sponsorship of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. This interim report covers the period of
June 1, 1975 through December 1, 1976, and work is continuing.
Oil Shale Operations
215
-------
TITLE:
In Situ Recovery of Oil and Minerals from Ficeance Creek Basin Oil Shale
AUTHOR:
J.O. Cowles and E.M. Boughton
ADDRESS:
Energy Systems Group of TWR Inc., McLean Virginia
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings
1976 Vol. I.
SUMMARY:
This paper discusses an in situ process for recovering shale oil from
the salt capped shale deposit at the depocenter of the Piceance Creek
Basin in Colorado. The operations in this process are tailored to this
specific deposite. The deposit lies beneath a thick overburden and cannot
be economically recovered by conventional mining and surface retorting.
The formation is gas tight, free of aquifers and rich in soluble salts,
making it a likely candidate site for a successful demonstration of in
situ recovery techniques. The salt capped region is estimated to contain
over 50 billion barrels of oil in place. The potential oil recovery by
this process is 10-20 billion barrels of oil. In addition substantial
by-product soda ash and aluminum ore are recovered.
The paper further described in some detail a proposed development
program designed to assess the commercial feasibility of the process.
Oil Shale Operations
216
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TITLE:
A Preliminary Assessment of the Environmental Impacts From Oil Shale
Developments
AUTHOR:
K.W. Crawford, C.H. Prien, L.B. Baloolal, C.C. Shih and A.A. Lee
ADDRESS:
TWR Inc. Denver Research Institute
One Space Park P.O. Box 10127
Rendondo Beach Denver, CO 80210
California, 90278
REFERENCE:
PB 272 283 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
The report is a summary of major oil shale extraction and retorting
development activities. The potential impacts on the physical environment
which could result from commercial oil shale development are discussed
relative to sources, properties, and quantities of wastes. The report de-
scribes existing air, water, and land resources in northwestern Colorado
and northeastern Utah. The identification of potential impacts of oil
shale development on these resources, pollution control technologies and
management plans are reviewed. Potential hazards associated with refining
and end use of shale oil products are evaluated. The major environmental
monitoring and impact studies are identified, and the scope of oil shale
development projects is assessed by this document.
Oil Shale Operations
217
-------
TITLE:
A Preliminary Assessmant of the Environmental Impacts From Oil Shale
Developments
AUTHORS:
K.W. Crawford, C.H. Prien, L.B. Baboolal, C.C. Shih and A.A. Lee.
ADDRESS:
TRW, Inc.
Ine Space Park
Redondo Beach, California 90278
REFERENCE:
EPA-600/7/77-069 NTIS
SUMMARY:
The report is a summary of major oil shale extraction and retorting
development activities. The potential impacts on the physical environment
which could result from commercial oil shale development are discussed
relative to sources, properties, and quantities of wastes. The report
describes existing air, water and land resources in northwestern Colorado
and northeastern Utah. The identification of potential impacts of oil
shale development on these resources, pollution control technologies and
management plans are reviewed. Potential hazards associated with refining
and end use of shale oil products are evaluated. The major environmental
monitoring and impact studies are identified, and the scope of oil shale
development projects is assessed by this document.
Oil Shale Operations
218
-------
TITLE:
Mercury in Oil Shale from the Mahogany Zone of the Green River Formation,
Eastern Utah and Western Colordo.
AUTHOR:
Donnell, J.R., and V.B. Shaw
REFERENCE:
J. Res US Geol Surv Vol. 5
SUMMARY:
Mercury has been reported in concentrations as high as 4 parts per
million from oil shale in the Green River Formation near the Federal
oil-shale prototype lease-tracts U-a and U-b in eastern Utah. This high
concentration of mercury if present throughout a minable zone, would be of
concern in commercial oil-shale operations processing large volumes of
shale. Using an improved analytical method, surface samples from eastern
Utah previously reported to contain high concentrations of mercury were
reanalyzed, and an additional 183 drill core samples from the Mahogany zone
and adjacent beds were analyzed. The reanalyzed samples averaged slightly
more than 0.35 ppm mercury and the drill-core samples averaged 0.37 ppm.
The products from a Fischer assay of 100-gram sample of oil shale, found
to yield 35 gallons per ton of oil and 43 ppm of mercury, were analyzed for
their mercury content. The spent shale contained only 2 percent of the
total mercury in the assay products and the gas fraction contained about
58 percent. 4 refs.
Oil Shale Operations
219
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TITLE:
Oil Shale and the Environment
AUTHOR:
Environmental Protection Agency
REF:
EPA-600/9-77-033
SUMMARY:
This is a report about an American energy resource, oil shale. It is
also a report about the environment and the environmental changes that
an oil shale industry could bring about. This subject is currently surround-
ed by controversy, unresolved issues, conflicting interests, and uncertain-
ties.
There is an urgency to produce more domestic oil as existing supplies
dwindle and world oil prices rise. But what we know about the environmental
consequences of oil shale development is sparse and often speculative.
However, we do know that a relatively small region of the country will have
to bear the full burden of these environmental consequences. So—two
issues become basic to the future of oil shale:
Should the resource be developed now with all of the attendant en-
vironmental risks, or can we afford to wait until we find out more
about the risks and their prevention?
And
Is it fair to trade local lifestyle for the national good?
The purpose of this report, then, is to put oil shale development
into a realistic environmental perspective and to describe what the govern-
ment is doing to insure that development does not exact an intolerable
environmental price.'
Oil Shale Operations
220
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TITLE:
Acquisition, Processing and Storgae for Environmental Research of Aqueous
Effluents Derived from In Situ Oil Shale Processing
AUTHOR:
Farrier, D.S., R.E. Poulson, Q.D. Skinner, J.C. Adams, and J. Bower
ADDRESS:
US ERDA, Laramie Energy Res Cent, Wyo
REFERENCE:
AIChE, New York, NY, 1977 Vol. 2
SUMMARY:
A relatively large volume (12,450 gallons) of water significant to oil
shale processing by in situ combustion was required to carry out environmental
studies at the U.S. ERDA Laramie Energy Research Center. This effluent
is a relatively scarce commodity for research purposes. This paper is
concerned with the identification of problems and the solutions to problems
associated with the acquisition, processing and storage of a large stock
reserve of" environmental research water. Special attention is given to
the practical aspects of field collection procedures, processing by
filtration to remove suspended materials, and mitigation of chemical
instability induced by microbial degradation of dissolved components. 8 refs.
Oil Shale Operations
221
-------
TITLE:
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Characterization of Oil Shale
Retort Waters
AUTHOR:
Felix, W.D., D. S. Farrier, R.E. Poulson
ADDRESS:
Battelle Pac Northwest Lab, Richland, Wash
REFERENCE:
AlChe, New York, NY, 1977 Vol. 1.
SUMMARY:
Analytical procedures are required for the rapid, quantitative deter-
mination of organic solute alteration in oil shale retort water which may
occur through photolytic, thermal, chemical and microbial action. High
performance liquid chromatographic separations of retort water solutes were
optimized using selected eluants on 25 cm bonded phase columns. RP8
(reverse phase, long chain hydrocarbon bonded) columns of high theoretical
plate capacity (10,000 to 40,000 plates/meter) with programmed gradient
elution provided adequate resolution to obtain left double quote finger-
print right double quote spectra against which comparisons may be made of
spectra from altered retort waters. 6 refs.
Oil Shale Operations
222
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TITLE:
The Impact of Energy Development on Water Resources in the Upper Colorado
River Basin
AUTHOR:
Marshal Flug, Wynn R. Walker, Gay lord V. Skogerboe and Stepeen W. Smith
ADDRESS:
Agricultrual and Chemical Engineering Department,Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523
REFERENCE:
PB 273-017
SUMMARY:
A mathematical model which simulates the salt and water exchange
phase of potential fuel conversions has been developed based on a subbasin
analysis identifiying available mineral and water resources. Potential
energy developments are evaluated with respect to the resulting impacts
upon both the quanitity and salinity of the waters in the Colorado River.
Model solutions are generated by use of multilevel minimum cost linear
programming algorithm, minimum cost refering to the cost of developing
predetermined levels of energy output. Level one in the model analysis
represents an aggregation of subbasins along state boundaries and thereby
optimizes energy developments over the five states of the Upper Colorado
River Basin. In each of the five second level problems, energy developments
over a subbasin division within the respective states are optimized. A
generalized solution format is used so that changes can be made to the model
which enable its application to other watersheds.
Oil Shale Operations
223
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TITLE:
Chemical Characterization and Analytical Considerations For an In-Situ
Oil Shale Process Water
AUTHORS:
J. P. Fox
D. S. Farrier and R. E. Poulson
ADDRESS:
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
Laramie Energy Research Center, Laramie, WI 82071
SUMMARY:
This study has shown that standard analytical methods cannot be used
to determine most water quality parameters in complex waters such as oil
shale process waters. Methods specific to each type of water need to be
developed and published. Instrumental methods generally produce more
accurate results as these encounter fewer interferences than chemical
methods. However, significant variation and error can results from
differences in sample preparation and the fact the most of these techniques
produce precision data for a subset of the total set of elements reported.
Extensive experimental work is required to develop analytical methods
to routinely measure cyanide, COD, phenols, orthophosphate, solids, and
sulfide in this type of water. Existing methods for the measurement of
sulfate, inorganic carbon, ammonia, and some sulfur species and the methods
presented in this work for CO?, HCO? may be adequate and require additional
laboratory testing.
The instrumental methods are relatively free of interferences with the
exception of the high sodium concentration. SSMS consistently produced
the lowest detection limits but had the poorest precision of all instruments
methods evaluated. XRF and NAA both produced precise and accurate results.
AA was successfully used to measure the elements Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, Si, As, K,
Se and Zn.
Oil Shale Operations
224
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TITLE:
Production of Synthetic Crude from Crude Shale Oil Produced by in Situ
Combustion Retorting
AUTHOR:
C.M. Frost, R.E. Poulson, and H.B. Jensen
ADDRESS:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration
Laramie Energy Research Canter
Laramie, WI 82071
REFERENCE:
Advances in Chemistry Series, Number 151, Shale Oil, Tar Sands, and Related
Fuel Sources
SUMMARY:
The purpose of the present study was to test various modern hydro-
genation catalysts for their effectiveness in removing nitrogen from
in situ crude shale oil fractions and to determine the feasibility of
producing a synthetic crude oil that would meet the specifications for
syncrude suggested by the NPC. Six modern hydrogenation catalysts were
tested to compare their efficiencies in removing nitrogen from a heavy
(600°-1000°F) in situ gas oil. The best catalyst, nickel-molybedenum-on-
alumina, was used in preparing fractions of a synthetic crude using the
methods suggested by NPC.
Oil Shale Operations
225
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TITLE:
Direct Analysis of Organic Compounds in Aqueous By-Products from Fossil
Fuel Conversiton Processes: Oil Shale Retorting Synthane Coal Gasification
and Coed Coal Liquefaction
AUTHOR:
Ho, C.H., B.R. Clar, and M.R. Guerin
ADDRESS:
Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Tenn.
SUMMARY:
Whole water samples are injected directly into a gas chromatograph
equipped with a packed Tenax-GC column. Polar compounds are separated
with good resolution under the temperature programming conditions employed.
The by-product water from oil shale retorting contains carboxylic acids
in the homologous series ranging from acetic to decanoic acid. Various
amides, cresols and phenol are present in trace amounts. Coal conversion
by-product waters also contain carboxylic acids, but in trace amounts
(except acetic). Major components among the dissolved organics in coal
conversion samples are phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol and p-cresol. Present
at lower levels are several other alkyl substituted phenols and napthols.
16 refs.
Oil Shale Operations
226
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TITLE:
Research and Developemnt Program on the Disposal of Retorted Oil Shale—
Paraho Oil Shale Project
AUTHOR:
W.G. Holtz
ADDRESS:
Woodard-Clyde, Consultants
Development Engineering, Inc.
Anvil Points
Rifle, Colorado 81650
REFERENCE:
PB 253 598 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
This report contains information on the physical and chemical proper-
ties of retorted shale waste material which would be representative of
materials that would be produced during oil shale prototype plant retorting
operations. Comparisons are made between physical properties determined
on both newer and old shale.
Oil Shale Operations
227
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TITLE:
Research and Development on the Program of Retorted Oil Shale-Paraho
Oil Shale Project
AUTHOR:
W.G. Holtz
ADDRESS:
Woodard Clyde Consultants
Development Engineering Inc.
Anvil Points, Rifle, Co. 81650
REFERENCE:
PB 253 599 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
This report contains information on the physical and chemical proper-
ties of retorted oil shale waste material produced in the semi-works retort
which would be representative of materials that would be produced during
prototype plant operations. Comparison of those results and those obtained
from the pilot plant retroted shale (Phase III, Part I) are made to study
the scale-up efforts.
Oil Shale Operations
228
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TITLE:
Retorting of Single Oil Shale Blocks with Nitrogen Air
AUTHOR:
Edward T.S. Huang
ADDRESS:
Gulf Research and Development Company, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings
1976 Vol. I.
SUMMARY:
Experiments on retorting single oil shale blocks were carried out in
this study to investigate the anomalous fast internal heating phenomenon
reported by the other investigators. Two 0.156 I/kg (37.5 gal/ton) oil
shale polyhedral blocks (approximate diameter of 18 cm or 7.1 inches) having
almost identical organic content and lithological properties were heated
at atmospheric pressure to 500°C (932°F) with a carrier gas flow rate of
60 1/hr (2.1 SCR/hr). Carrier gas for one test was air and the other was
nitrogen, while"all the other experimental parameters were the same. The
experimental results showed that the thermal behavior was the same for
both runs and no anomalous fast internal heating was observed. A third
run with air at a higher flow rate (173 1/hr or 6.1 SCF/hr) also showed
no sign of fast heating.
Production of oil and gas was essentially completed in 5 hours under
the heating mode of this study. Oil recovery efficiency ranged between
80 to 91% Fischer assay. For the runs with air as a carrier gas, oxygen
was efficiently utilized in the retorting process. About on hour after
the heating started, almost no oxygen was detected in the effluent. The
oxygen penetration into the shale was 1.5 cm (0.6 inches) or less.
Oil Shale Operations
229
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TITLE:
Characteristics and Possible Roles of Various Waters Significant to
In Situ Oil Shale Processing
AUTHOR:
L.P. Jackson, R.E. Poulson, T.J. Spedding, T.E. Phillips, and H.B. Jensen
ADDRESS:
Laramie Energy Research Center, Energy Research and Development Administra-
tion, Laramie, WI 82071
REFERENCE:
Quarterly of the Colorado School of Mines, 70, No. 4 (1975)
SUMMARY:
An in situ oil shale development program requires consideration of
water produced with oil retorting oil shale and of natural waters significant
to oil shale processing. These waters may be heavily laden with organic,
inorganic, or both types of constituents and must be considered for feasi-
bility of use, storage or disposal in environmentally acceptable ways.
Analyses of such waters are presented. Compositions are shown for a variety
of simulated in situ retort-produced waters. Compositions of natural
underground wafers occurring in potential in situ development areas in the
Upper Green River Basin of southwestern Wyoming are presented. Retort-
produced waters contain as much as 2 percent organic and 5 percent inorganic
constituents and may be produced in volumes in excess of that of the oil.
Natural waters of significance may contain over 5 percent inorganic and
5 percent organic components.
Oil Shale Operations
230
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TITLE:
Chemical Characterization of Shale Oil and Related Fuels
AUTHOR:
P.W. Jones, R.J. Jakobsen, P.E. Strup and A.P. Graffeo
ADDRESS:
Battelle, Columbus La, Ohio
REFERENCE:
Am Chem Soc Div Fuel Chem Prepr 1976 Vol. 21
SUMMARY:
This paper presents results of a preliminary analytical survey of
the organic constituents of shale oil, synthoil, and Prudhoe Bay crude
oil, as a prelude to the comprehensive analytical inter comparison which will
be reported subsequently. The analytical techniques employed in this study
are liquid chromatography (LC), Fournier transform IR spectroscopy (FTIR),
and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analytical procedures
used are similar to those described in a recent EPA publication, "Technical
Manual for Analysis of Organic Materials in Process Streams", with regard
to Level I analysis. Seven chromatographically separated fractions were
characterized by FTIR technique. It is shown that synthoil is by far the
most aromatic in character and shale oil exhibits the greatest extent of
branching in the aliphatic side chains. Shale oil contains the greatest
proportion of carbonyl compounds, with synthoil containing the least.
Each of the oils contains phenols, and to a lesser extent amlno compounds,
in similar amounts to each other. 2 refs.
Oil Shale Operations
231
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TITLE:
Literature Study of Oil Shale, December 1975
AUTHOR:
H. Kroepelin and J. Ober-Sundermeyer
ADDRESS:
Technische UniversitSt Braunschweig Institut fiir Chemische Technologic
REFERENCE:
EKDA, n 76-33604
SUMMARY:
In a literature study, in which all the literature available on oil
shale deposits and the economic feasibilities within scope of mineral oil
exploration are dealt with. The oil shale deposits in the Federal Republic
of Germany are described in a comprehensive manner, and efforts made in
the years between 1930 and 1945 in connection with oil shale utilization
in Germany are illustrated. European and overseas deposits are dealt with
and, in addition, facts are given concerning tar sands, lignite, and
carbonaceous shales, and torbanite. The properties of different oil shales
in the Federal Republic of Germany and those of worldwide deposits are
specified in tables showing in detail the chemical knowledge on oil shale,
ash content, content of organic matter, calorific value, composition, and
methods for isolating the organic substance. All known processes of low-
temperature distillation, gasification and degasification of oil shale are
mentioned as well as processes for the thermal treatment, underground low-
temperature distillation, and distillation according to most diversified
methods. The ultimate product of shale oil, its properties, and the various
methods of processing are discussed In detail. Utilization of the residues
obtained in connection with low-temperature oil shale distillation is
referred to and examples cited from Europe and overseas countries. The
only oil shale plant still in operation in the Federal Republic of Germany,
Portiandzementwerke Dotternhausen, is referred to in detail as a particularly
good example; in this plant, the problem of utilizing the residues has been
solved. A comprehensive bibliography is included.
Oil Shale Operations
232
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TITLE:
Environmental Impacts of Oil Shale Development
AUTHOR:
David L. Meyers et^ al^
ADDRESS:
Stanford Research Institute International
Center for Resource and Environmental Systems Studies
333 Ravenwood Avenue
Menlo Park, California 94025
REFERENCE:
PB-276 617 CNTIS)
SUMMARY:
The purpose of this report is to put oil shale development into a
realistic environmental perspective, and to describe what the government
is doing to insure that development does not exact an intolerable price.
Oil Shale Operations
233
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TITLE:
In Situ Combustion of Michigan Oil Shale: Current Studies
AUTHOR:
Dr. William N. Musser and Dr. John H. Humphrey
ADDRESS:
Hydrocarbons and Energy Research Laboratory, Dow Chemical Co., Midland
Michigan 48640
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings
1976 Vol. I.
SUMMARY:
Eastern oil shales represent a vast reserve of energy and chemical
feedstocks. Michigan's known deposits represent 2.5 trillion barrels in
place - about 60 times the nation's oil reserves. The Dow Chemical Company
has been involved with this resource for about 20 years. The current
effort is focused on the combustion of the shale with air in a zone frac-
tured by the simultaneous detnotation of 21 tons (19,100 kg) of chemical
explosive divided between 2 wells drilled 60 feet apart.
Oil Shale Operations
234
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TITLE:
Interactions Between Ground Water and In Situ Reported oil Shale
AUTHOR:
Parker, H.W., R.M. Bethea, N. Guven, M.N. Gazdar, and J.C. Watts
ADDRESS:
Tex Tech University, Lubbock
REFERENCE:
AIChE, New York, NY, 1977 Vol. 1
SUMMARY:
In the reported experiments, leaching rate studies lasting up to 30
days have been conducted on 3.65 cm diameter retorted oil shale cores.
Leaching continued at noticable rates even after this prolonged time.
Slow chemical reactions between the high pH leachate and minerals in the
spent oil shale continue to generate new soluble ions such as K and Li
for leaching from the spent oil shale. 10 refs.
Oil Shale Operations
235
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TITLE:
Environmental Effects of In Situ Recovery of Shale Oil
AUTHOR:
R.E. Poulson and H.B. Jenson
ADDRESS:
Laramie Energy Research Center, Research and Development Administration
Laramie WI 82071
REFERENCE:
Proceedings of workshop in "In Situ Recovery Techniques of Oil from Oil
Shale" NSF/RANN Report No. 75-001
SUMMARY:
This paper discusses the potential effects of in situ shale-oil
recovery on environmental concerns relative to those that have been pub-
lished for aboveground recovery. The salient environmental features of the
in situ approach are discussed with respect to air, land, water, and
socioeconomic elements. Applicability of in situ techniques is shown to
be quite site specific. Where applicable in situ recovery could minimize
mining activity, particulate emissions, water supply requirements, and
land requirements. Gaseous emissions could be a similar problem in either
in situ or aboveground processing on a large scale. The need for managing
large volumes of water can occur in either approach. Internal-combustion
in situ retorting may produce in itself large volumes of organic- and
mineral-laden water for recovery or disposal. Similar numbers of people
would probably be employed in either approach. Not enough is known about
in situ methods or details of the resource in its matrix to make realistic
cost estimates of general applicability.
Oil Shale Operations
236
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TITLE:
Minor Elements in Oil Shale and Oil-Shale Products
AUTHOR:
R.E. Poulson, J.W. Smith, N.B. Young, W.A. Robb, and T.J. Spedding
ADDRESS:
Laramie Energy Research Center, Energy Research and Development Administra-
tion, Laramie, Wymoing 82071
REFERENCE:
^Presented at the BNS/EPA-Workshop on Standard Reference Materials for Oil-
Shale Environmental Concerns,
Gaithersburg, MD, D.A. Becker, ed., November 1975, to appear in proceedings.)
SUMMARY:
Order of magnitude minor elemental analyses for several Green River
Formation oil shales, shale oils, and retort waters were presented. The
oil-shale analyses showed a remarkable uniformity between Colorado Piceane
Creek Basin Mahogany zone and saline zone oil shales. Comparison with
earlier data of other workers extends this uniformity to rich and lean
Mahogany zone oil shales, to the Mahogany and R-4 zones of the Piceane
Creek (Colorado) and Uinta (Utah) Basins.
Crude shale oils and retort waters were shown to have variations in
trace elements of up to 10^ even in products from very similar retorting
runs. The cause of such variations could not be determined from the data.
Possible oil shale, subtle differences in retorting processes, or special
external influences, on the products after retorting.
Oil Shale Operations
237
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TITLE:
Characteristics of Synthetic Crude from Crude Shale Oil Produced by In Situ
Combustion Retorting
AUTHOR:
R.E. Poulson, C.M. Frost, and H.B. Jensen
ADDRESS:
U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration,
Laramie Energy Research Center
Laramie, Wyoming 82071
REFERENCE:
Advances in Chemistry Series, Number 151, Shale Oil, Tar Sands, and Related
Fuel Sources
SUMMARY:
The nitrogen contents of in situ crude shale oils may be somewhat lower
than those of crude shale oils produced in other retorts; however, these
in situ oils still contain more than twice as much nitrogen as high nitrogen
petroleum crude oils. Because existing refineries would not be able to cope
with the high nitrogen content of shale oil if it were a substantial portion
of the refinery feed, the National Petroleum Council (NFC) has suggested
that crude shale oil be upgraded at the retorting site by a catalytic
hydrogenation process to produce a synthetic, premium feedstock called
"syncrude." The production of such a syncrude from in situ crude shale, a
description of its bulk properties, and a comparison of its properties to
those of an NPC-type syncrude have been covered in Chapter 6 of this volume.
This paper reports the compound-type characteristics of that syncrude pro-
duced by Frost by catalytic hydrogenation of in situ crude oil. Special
attention has been devoted to the nitrogen-compound types that are likely
to be present in a syncrude because it is these compounds with which a refin-
er will have to deal if he uses this or a similar syncrude as his refinery
feed.
In addition to reporting the nitrogen-compound types present in this
syncrude, this paper also reports on the nitrogen types in intermediate
hydrogenation products in order to relate this study to other studies
which have shown that the efficency of nitrogen removal depends upon the
nitrogen types in the charge stock.
Oil Shale Operations
238
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TITLE:
Hydrocarbon Fuels from Oil Shale
AUTHOR:
F.C. Schora, P.B. Tarman, H.L. Feldkirchner, and S.A. Weil
ADDRESS:
Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago, IL
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings
1976 Vol. I.
SUMMARY:
A new process for producing substitute natural gas and/or middle-
distillate- type oils from oil shale is described. This process employs
controlled, countercurrent heating of the shale in the presence of hydrogen
at moderate pressure levels. Controlled heating in hydrogen promotes almost
complete recovery of the kerogen (Organic carbon) compared with about
75% recovery by conventional retorting.
The range of operating conditions for optimum organic carbon recovery
was determined in laboratory thermobalance tests. Organic carbon recoveries
as high as 98% were obtained from oil shale over a wide range of organic
carbon content. High recoveries were also obtained for a wide range of
shale particle sizes.
Flow tests were made in a. 10-cm (4-inch) diameter reactor to evaluate
the process in continuous countercurrent operation. Organic carbon
recoveries as high as 95% were obtained at shale flow rates of up to
57 kg/hr (125 Ib/hr). Temperature was the most significant operating
variable found in the range of shale space velocities studied.
Our current work involves operating a large process development unit
to obtain results under conditions approaching adiabatic. Laboratory
thermobalance tests are also being conducted to evaluate the process concept
with Eastern oil shales.
Oil Shale Operations
239
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TECHNICAL REPORTS:
COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS
TITLE:
Research and Development Relating to Lignite Use in Power Production
AUTHOR:
Everett A. Soundreal, Gordon H. Gronhord, Wayne R. Kube
ADDRESS:
Grand Forks Energy Research Center, ERDA
Grand Forks, ND 58202
SUMMARY:
The present emphasis on coal utilization in the United States together
with the requirements for reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions has dramatic-
ally increased utilization of lignite and subbituminous coals to over
80 million tons annually, mostly for electrical power generation. Boiler
and fuel specifications are summarized for three new facilities from 400
to 500 MW designed to use high fouling lignites from Texas and North Dakota.
Ash fouling of fire-side boiler tubes is the most serious operating problem.
Designs are conservative with low furnace heat release rates, relatively
wide tube spacing, and soot blowers. Research in ash fouling is described
and the role of sodium as an indicator of fouling discussed. Particulate
emissions from boilers fired with low-rank coals are being controlled
using electrostatic precipitators and wet scrubbers. Design data are
presented and research activities reviewed. High moisture and high sodium
contents result in satisfactory performance for ESPs operating on North
Dakota Lignite. Although lignites are considered low in sulfur, most
lignite-fired boilers will require some S0Ł removal to meet emission
standards. Research work on use of the natural alkali in lignite fly ash
in wet scrubbers is discussed. Included are data on operating and planned
ash-alkali scrubbers. Emission standards are reviewed.
240
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TITLE:
Geochemical Controls on Trace Element Concentrations in Natural Waters
of a Proposed Coal Ash Landfill Site
AUTHOR:
Donald 0. Whitmore and John Switek
ADDRESS:
Kansas State University
SUMMARY:
The Kansas Power and Light Company is building a coal-fueled electric
energy center in an area consisting of 12,800 acres and located a few miles
north of Belvue in Pottawatomie County, Kansas. The four units planned for
the center will have a total generating capacity of approximately 2800
megawatts and burn 8 million tons of low sulfur Wyoming coal a year. The
first unit is to be in service by January, 1978. The total site area will
include the main plant and cooling tower structures, a large and a small
cooling tower makeup reservoir, coal handling and storage areas, and two
ash storage landfills. The ash landfills will involve the transport of coal
bottom ash and fly ash to separate impoundments in a small valley southwest
of the power plant by hydraulic slucing utilizing recycled process water.
Drainage from the main coal storage area, the demineralizer system, and all
buildings will be collected in the ash impoundments.
The possible effects on natural water quality could come from three
main sources: (1) gases and particulates released to the atmosphere from
the power plant chimneys, which could affect the chemistry of the protein
precipitation, surface,water, and soil moisture; (2) seepage from the ash
storage impoundments and recharge into ground-water aquifers; (3) process
waters released from the ash impoundment into a small stream. Besides the
possible effects of sulfur and nitrogen oxides on air and water quality,
trace elements might be a potential problem in the immediate vicinity of
the power plant.
Before the future effects of the power plant can be determined, however,
the present controls on the natural water quality must be understood.
Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the geochemical
controls on certain trace elements in the natural waters of the proposed
ash storage landfill site before the plant became operational. The trace
elements selected (Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, As, Se, Cd, and Zn) are all toxic in
excessive amounts to plants, animals, or man.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
241
-------
TITLE:
Clean Coal Combustion through Coal Washing and Blending
AUTHOR:
1 2
James K. Shou , O.J. Hahn, H.C. Kao and T.C. Wu
ADDRESS:
Institute for Mining and Minerals Research
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Kentucky, Lexington,
Kentucky.
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings,
I, 300 (1976).
SUMMARY:
Blending of a high sulfur coal with a low sulfur coal could be one
of the Immediate means of complying with suflur dioxide emission
regulations. Laboratory and boiler tests have been completed for high
sulfur, high ash Western Kentucky seam coal. Blending of these coals at
the ratio of 1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 and their combustion characteristics have
been analyzed. Bench scale studies are conducted to determine the extent
to which the ash and sulfur content of western Kentucky coals could be
reduced by float-sink method. Although no significant combustion
characteristic difference is observed between input Kentucky coals, their
ash compositions are quite different. Coal cleaning by heavy media
washing is still a viable method of sulfur and ash reduction for coals
that contain a relatively high percentage pyritic sulfur.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
242
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TITLE:
AMMONIA INJECTION: A Route to Clean Stacks
AUTHOR:
C.C. Shale
ADDRESS:
Morgantown Energy Research Center, Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of
Interior, P.O. Box 880, Morgantown, WV 26505
REFERENCE:
Advances in Chemistry 141, 195, 1973
SUMMARY:
Previously reported results of laboratory research have demonstrated
essentially complete removal of sulfur dioxide from mixed gases by ammonia
injection; the simulated stack gas contained 4200 ppm of the contaminant
which is equivalent to combustion of coal containing 6.0% sulfur. Con-
tinuation of this work using gases from a small coal-fired comb ustor confirms
earlier findings for removal of sulfur dioxide to less that 100 ppm and
shows that ammonia can be regenerated on a continuous basis for re-use with
minimal loss. Product sulfur-bearing salts and remaining ash are removed
effectively from the gas in a wet scrubber, apparently assisted by the
process of nucleation. The ammonia-injection process could provide
effective control of sulfur dioxide from coal-burning power plants.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
243
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TITLE:
Fluid!zed Combustion of North Dakota Lignite
AUTHOR:
Gerald M. Goblirsch and Everett A. Sondreal
ADDRESS:
Grand Forks Energy Research Center
Grand Forks, N.D.
REFERENCE:
Technology and Use of Lignite Symposium
Grand Forks, N.D., May 1977 (GFERC/IC-77/1) Page 82
ABSTRACT:
Evaluation of the sulfur retention of high alkaline coal on fluidized-
bed combustion was studied. Data are presented on the effects of temperature,
fuel and air ratios, superficial gas velocity and coal particle size.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
244
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TITLE:
Desulfurization of Coals by High-Intensity High-Gradient Magnetic Separation:
Conceptual Process Design and Cost Estimation
AUTHOR:
C.J. Lin and Y.A. Liu
ADDRESS:
Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Ala. 39830
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. of Fuel Chem. Preprints 22 (2), 113 (1977).
SUMMARY:
High-intensity high-gradient magentic separation (HGMS) has become
a viable method for the removal of pyritic sulfur from coal prior to burning.
A short review of recent work on this subject appearing in the literature is
given and the process design and economics for both coal/water slurries and
liquefied coal is discussed.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
245
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TITLE:
Trace-Element Emissions from Western U.S. Coal-Fired Plants
AUTHOR:
R.C. Ragaini and J.M. Ondov
ADDRESS:
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Unviersity of California
Livermore, California 94550
REFERENCE:
Preprint UCRL-77669 Rev. 1
SUMMARY:
The Lawrence Livermore Laboratory program to evaluate the trace
elements in stack emissions from coal-fired power plants is described.
Stack sampling and analysis of fly ash at modern western U.S. power plants
is discussed. Scanning-element-microscope techniques are shown to be
essential for accurate sizing of stack particles sampled with cascade
impactors. Particle-size distributions for volatile and nonvolatile
trace elements are reported. Comparisons show that the trace element
enrichment factors of western and eastern U.S. coal-fired power plants
are significantly different.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
246
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TITLE:
The Behavior of the Natual Radionulides in Wester Coal-Fired Power Plants
AUTHOR:
David G. Coles, Richard C. Ragaini, and John M. Ondov
ADDRESS :
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California
Livermore, California 94550
REFERENCE:
Preprint UCRL-78940
SUMMARY:
-emitting radionuclides from the natural decay
The-behavipr of the ga
series ( TH, U, and U as well as K) in coal-fired power plants is
described. Lead- 2 10 was enriched in the finer stack fly-ash particles.
Thorium nuclides and K showed little fractionation in the fly ash and
bottom-ash (slag or kllnkers) compared to the original coal. Uranium-238
and U showed a definite enrichment in the finer stack fly-ash particles.
An explanation for this relationship includes a bimodal residence for
uranium in the coal.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
247
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TITLE:
Elemental Emissions from a Western Coal-Fired Power Plant:
Report on Current Plume and In-Stack Sampling
AUTHOR:
J.M. Ondor, R.C. Ragaini, A.H. Biermann, C.E. Choquette, 6.E. Gordon and
W.H. Zoller
ADDRESS:
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
Livermo re, California
REFERENCE:
Preprint UCRL 78825
SUMMARY:
In recent years, coal has become increasingly important for the pro-
duction of electric power in the U.S. Because of the potential biomedical
and environmental hazards associated with release of potentially toxic
substances during coal combustion, several authors have sought to character-
ize particulate emissions from coal-fired power plants. Results of
these studies indicate that elemental concentrations become enriched
inversely with particle diameter through a vaporization-surface condensation
mechanism and through preferential penetration of smaller particles
through a vaporization-surface condensation mechanism and through pre-
ferential penetration of smaller particles through emission-control
devices. In addition, consideration of mass balance indicates that
emission of several species (including Hg, As, Se, Br, I) have a significant
vapor-phase component as stack temperatures.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
248
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TITLE:
Interlaboratory Comparison of Neutron Activation and Atomic Absorption
Analyses of size-Classified Stack Fly Ash
AUTHOR:
J.M. Ondov, R.C. Ragaini, R.E. Heft, G.L. Fisher, D. Silberman, B.A. Prentice
ADDRESS:
Lawrence Liver Laboratory
University of California
Livermore, California 94550
REFERENCE:
Preprint UCRL 78194
SUMMARY:
We have undertaken a collaborative study to quantitate the chemical
composition of fly ash collected in-stack at a major coal-fired power plant.
This study is part of an effort to assess the potential biomedical health
hazards associated with coal combustion for electric power generation.
The power plant burns low sulfur (0.5%), high ash (23%) coal and is
equipped with an electrostatic precipitator (95% efficiency) emission
control system. The fly ash was fractionated in situ at the time of col-
lection with a specially designed aerodynamic sizing into four fractions:
<3 ym, 3-8 ym 8-15 ym, and >15 ym. These fractions were mixed to ensure
homogeneity and were analyzed for 18 elements by atomic absorption spectro-
scopy (AAS) at the U.C. Davis Laboratory and for 34 elements .by Instrumental
Neutron Activation analysis (INAA) at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
(LLL).
The procedure for flame and flameless AAS involved a HF-H3B03 sample
dissolution procedure with steps to control flame ionization, molecular
absorption, and interference from Na, K, and Fe,. The INAA procedure
involved two neutron irradiations at the Livermore Pool-Type Reactor, each
followed by three Ge(Ll) detector counts of the gamma-emitting radionuclides.
The gamma-ray spectra were analyzed using GAMANAL, a LLL peak-analysis code.
Comparison of analyses of NBS fly ash SRM 1633 by both AAS and INAA
indicated excellent agreement with the NBS-certified elements and with other
previously published values. Comparative analyses of the four size-classi-
fied elements and with other previously published values. Comparative
analyses of the four size-classified fractions are presented. Precision
and accuracy are also compared for elements analyzed by both techniques.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
249
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TITLE:
Supportive Studies of Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion
AUTHOR:
Argonne National Laboratory
ADDRESS:
Argonne, IL
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), under ERDA sponsorship since
November 1974, is conducting a research and development program to evaluate
the feasibility and potential of fluidized-bed combustion at pressures of
up to ten atmospheres. The objectives are:
Optimize combustion procedures while maximizing retention of sulfur
dioxide in the fluidized bed, minimizing the amount of nitrogen oxides
in effluent gas, and increasing combustion efficiency.
Evaluate the behavior and efficiency of the system for different types
of coal such as lignite and subbituminous.
Study the levels of trace-element pollutants in the flue gas and the
effects of process operating conditions on these levels.
Determine the mechanisms of the various reactions in the process and
how their thermodynamices and kinetics are affected when parameters
are varied.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
250
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TITLE:
Pressurized Fluidized - Bed Component Test and Integration Unit (PFB/CTIU)
AUTHOR:
Argonne National Laboratory
ADDRESS:
Argonne, IL
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025-/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
A conceptual design of a three-Mw Component Test and Integration
Unit was completed by Argonne National Laboratory. The unit is intended
to support the pressurized fluidized-bed (PFB) combustor development program
by providing the flexibility to Investigate alternative and advanced
concepts of fluidized-bed combustion. It will allow testing of components,
instrumentation, and materials on a scale that is large enough to utilize
commercial-scale equipment yet small enough to allow rapid modification
of equipment and operating conditions.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
251
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TITLE:
Modification of Ash Behavior in Lignite Fired Boilers
AUTHOR:
B.K. Baker and W.H. Gardiner
ADDRESS:
Saskatchewan Power Corporation
Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
REFERENCE:
Technology and Use of Lignite Symposium
Grand Forks, N.S. May 1977 (GFERC/IC-77/1) page 74
SUMMARY:
Experiences of the Saskatchewan Power Corporation in burning lignite
are reviewed which are used for the design of a new mine and power plant.
Also discussed are methods of minimizing slagging and fouling conditions
in pulverized-lignite-fired boilers with beneficial effects of calcium
additives on ash fusion temperature.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
252
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TITLE:
The Energy Future and the Chemical Fuels
AUTHOR:
J. O'M. Bockris
ADDRESS:
Institute of Solar and Electrochemical Energy Conversion,
Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
REFERENCE:
Pure & Applied Chemistry 47, 25, 1976
SUMMARY:
An account is first given of the origin of present chemical fuels,
with particular reference to the lastingness of coal. Methods of estimation
of these fuels are discussed and the greenhouse effect arising from the
burning of coal is described. Consideration is then given to methods
available for extending the uses of chemical fuels, including interfacing
them with new inexhaustible, clean energy sources. Finally, accounts are
given of the Hydrogen Economy and of the production of chemical fuels from
wind energy in massive wind belts.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
253
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TITLE:
Trace Element Mass Balance Around a Coal-Fired Steam Plant
AUTHOR:
N.E. Bolton, J.A. Carter, J.F. Emery, C. Feldman, W. Fulkerson, L.D. Hulett
and W.S. Lyon
ADDRESS:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 4, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
REFERENCE:
Advances in Chemistry Series 141, 175, 1975.
SUMMARY:
Mass balance measurements for 41 elements have been made around the
Thomas A. Allen Steam Plant in Memphis, Tennessee. For one of the three
independent cyclone boilers at the plant, the concentration and flow rates
of each element were determined for coal, slag tank effluent, fly ash in
the precipitator inlet and outlet (collected isokinetically). Measurements
by neutron activation analysis, spark source mass spectroscopy (with
isotope dilution for some elements), and atomic adsorption spectroscopy
yielded an approximate balance (closure to within 30% or less) for many
elements. Exceptions were those elements such as mercury, which form
volatile compounds. For most elements in the fly ash, the newly installed
electrostatic precipitator was extremely efficient.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
254
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TITLE:
Evaluation of a Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion (PFBC) Combined
Cycle Power Plant Conceptual Design
AUTHOR:
Burns and Roe Industrial Services
ADDRESS:
Paramus, NJ
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025-/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
Under the terms of this contract. Burns and Roe Industrial Service will
provide an evaluation of a coal-fired combined-cycle power plant conceptual
design. The design will use a pressurized fluidlzed-bed (PFB) combustor
air heater cycle with a unique supplmental fuel-fire atmospheric fluidized-
bed (AFB) heat recovery boiler for obtaining high efficiency. Improvement
in the cycle will be achieved by reheating the gas turbine effluent in the
FFB or by additional heating of the gas turbine effluent in the AFB.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
255
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TITLE:
Rejection of Trace Metals from Coal During Beneficiation by Agglomeration
AUTHOR:
C. Edward Capes, Allan E. Mcllhinney, Douglas S. Russell, and Aurelio F.
Sirianni
ADDRESS:
Division of Chemistry, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
REFERENCE:
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol jB, Number 1, 35 (1974)
SUMMARY:
Examined was the rejection of trace quantities of heavy metals from
coals during the process of fine grinding followed by selective oil
agglomeration of the carbonaceous constituents. Six different steam and
coking coals, mainly from Canadian and U.S. sources, were treated. The level
of most heavy elements was generally low but, in light of the large
throughputs of power plants, the potential environmental hazard may be
significant, especially for those elements which are volatile or may form
volatile compounds when fired. Many of the trace metals were substantially
removed during agglomerative beneficiation of the coal. Some metals that
are apparently in organic association in the coal remained in the ag-
glomerated product. In addition to the reduced environmental hazard a number
of other advantages in upgrading coals prior to use are discussed.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
256
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TITLE:
Industrial Application of Fluidized-Bed Combustion Processes
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
During the past decade, the federal government has evaluated direct
combustion of coal by the fluidized-bed combustion process. As a result
of these evaluations, it has been determined that the fluidized-bed combustion
process can efficiently convert coal to usable power in an environmentally
acceptable manner. In order to develop the fluidized-bed combustion concept
for demonstration in the industrial sector, ERDA issued Program Opportunity
Notice (PON) FE-1, a part of the National Energy Research, Development and
Demonstration Program. Four categories of applications were identified and
defined.
Category I—An industrial steam generator capable of producing steam of
the quality and quantity for back pressure turbines, industrial processes,
and heating requirements.
Category II—An industrial boiler with the capability of producing steam
of the quality and quantity suitable for process heating and space require-
ments of industrial or institutional facilities.
Category III—An indirect-fired heater, utilizing tubes or other heat
exchange devices, designed to heat process liquids or gases.
Category IV—A direct-fired heater capable of heating process materials
by direct contact between the combustion gases and the process materials.
In each of the PON contracts, the program objectives as stated in the
PON are:
Identify and conduct evaluations of industrial boiler or process heater
requirements to determine the application in which fluidized-bed combustion
is technically, economically, and environmentally feasible.
Design, construct, operate, test, and demonstrate prototype boilers oy
heaters to burn coal and other fuels in an environmentally-acceptable manner—
Obtain sufficient data from prototype operations to design and con-
struct a commercial-size unit.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
257
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TITLE:
Energy Conversion Alternatives Study (EGAS)
AUTHOR:
Lewis Research Center, National Aeronautics and Spcace Administration
ADDRESS:
Cleveland, OH
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET -0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
The overall objective of this project, started in August 1974, is to
study advanced power generation techniques which can use coal or coal-derived
fuels and to evaluate their relative merits and potential benefits. EGAS
is to be conducted using a common basis of technology and materials per-
formance in the light of new national goals and current conditions. In
addition, EGAS is to define development plans for the various advanced
systems providing estimates of both cost and risk, and is to provide a basis
for establishing needed technology or development programs. The evaluation
of alternative systems on a comparable basis is needed so that cost-benefit
analyses may be performed and the preferred systems selected for further
development.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
258
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TITLE:
Coal-Oil Slurry Combustion Program
AUTHOR:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh, PA
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
SUMMARY:
A coal-oil slurry combustion project is being conducted by the Pittsburgh
Energy Research Center (PERC) to provide ERDA with an in-house technical
capability in support of its coal-oil slurry combustion program. The
purpose is to investigate and validate the potential of this near-term
retrofit technology for oil conservation and increased coal utilization.
PERC is presently operating a 100 Hp firetube oil-fired boiler on coal-oil
slurry and is designing and constructing a liquid-fuel-fired Combustion Test
Facility (CTF) analogous to the one currently operated by the Energy Con-
version Group for solid fuel research. The CTF should provide the data
required to design combustion systems using various slurries under process
development for both industrial and utility boilers.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
259
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TITLE:
Solvent-Refined Coal (SRC) Combustion Test Program
AUTHOR:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh, PA
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
As part of the overall ERDA program to increase coal utilization, com-
bustion tests on Solvent-Refined Coal (SRC) are being conducted by the
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center (PERC). SRC is a low-ash, low-sulfur,
coal-derived fuel having a melting point of less than 300°F and a heating
value of approximately 16,000 BTU per pound. Although the process of solvent
refining is fairly well defined, there has as yet been no effective
evaluation of SRC as a utility boiler fuel. The specific purpose of this
project, therefore, is to study the handling, pulverizing, combustion, and
fouling characteristics of SRC.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
260
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TITLE:
R & D Planning Assistance Services
REFERENCE:
Coal Power and Combustion, Quarterly Report from the Office of Fossil
Energy, April-June 1976, Energy Research and Development Administration,
20 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington D.C. 20545
SUMMARY:
R & D planning assistance services are being provided by the MITRE
Corporation under the sponsorship of ERDA. Under this contract, initiated
in December 1974, MITRE is to provide technical and other assistance in the
preparation and implementation of national program plans and analyses for
R & D in coal-based advanced power and direct combustion systems. Advanced
power systems research is directed toward development of power conversion
systems that will permit efficient and economically competitive generation
of electric power using coal and coal-derived fuels. The advanced power
systems being considered in this program include open-cycle gas turbines
(especially in combined-cycle configuration), closed-cycle turbines, and
alkali metal vapor turbines. Fluidized-bed combustion research including
atmospheric (utility, industrial, retrofit) and pressurized (utility,
industrial) systems, seeks to develop commercial systems for efficient
burning of coal in an environmentally acceptable manner.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
261
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TITLE:
Anthracite Refuse Utilization
AUTHOR:
Morgantown Energy Research Center
ADDRESS:
Morgantown, WV
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
Anthracite refuse and silt bank materials which have resulted from the
mining and cleaning of anthracite coal in the northeaster section of Pennsyl-
vania are potential sources of low-carbon, high-ash fuel. The mining
region in which the material is located covers only about 480 square miles
and is farily densely populated. The U.S. Bureau of Mines has estimated
that within the area there are 800 banks containing a total of 910 million
cubic yards of refuse. This material has been deposited by mining operations
and reject streams from preparation and cleaning plants over the entire his-
tory of the region. The deepest layers of material were deposited over 100
years ago when preparation methods were crude, whereas the surface layers
have resulted from much better washing procedures and are therefore essen-
tially depleted of coal. Some of the older banks have been reworked in recent
years using better cleaning methods to recover the coal and consequently
the characteristics of the refuse varies widely from bank to bank and even
within a single bank.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
262
-------
TITLE:
Application of Fluidized-Bed Combustion Technology to Industrial Boiler
AUTHOR:
Exxon Research and Engineering Company
ADDRESS:
Linden, NJ
REP:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
Several coal conversion technologies, including direct combustion
of coal in a fluidized-bed boiler, coal liquefaction, and coal gasification,
are currently being developed. When implemented on a commercial scale,
these technologies will greatly increase the utility of coal as a highly
acceptable source of industrial energy. Of these technologies, fluidized-
bed combustion offers the greatest possibility of near-term implementation.
Therefore, Exxon Research and Engineering Company is conducting a research
program to study the diverse industrial applications of fluidized-bed
combustion technology.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
263
-------
TITLE:
High Temperature Turbine Technology (HTTT) Program
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
Present base load electric generating plants, which can consume coal
directly in combination with conventional steam turbine systems, achieve
efficiencies of between 35 and 38 percent depending upon the fuel sulfur
content and energy required for stack gas scrubbing. Therefore, if clean,
coal-derived fuels are to be used for baseload power generation at
hundreds of megawatts power level, energy conversion systems of higher
efficiency or lower overall cost must be developed to compensate for the
process energy losses, and possible other additional costs, incurred
in coal gasification or liquefaction.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
264
-------
TITLE:
Fluldized-Bed Waste Material Utilization
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
When coal, containing three percent sulfur and 12 percent ash, is
burned in fluidized-bed boilers along with a quantity of limestone sufficient
to maintain a molar ration between 2:1 and 3:1 of calcium to sulfur,
between 400 to 600 pounds of waste bed material is generated for each ton
of coal burned. About 50 percent of this waste material is drawn from the
fluidized bed, the rest being discharged as fly ash. The material drawn
from the bed usually consists of 25 to 35 percent unhydrated lime, 50 to
60 percent calcium sulfate, and varying amounts of silica, aluminum, iron,
and magnesium oxides. ERDA has funded various studies to demonstrate the
effectiveness of using this fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) waste for
agricultural purposes, and for non-agricultural utilizations.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
265
-------
TITLE:
Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustor and Turbine Power Generation
AUTHOR:
Combustion Power Company, Inc.
ADDRESS:
Menlo Park, CA
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET - 0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
A combustor-gas turbine system is being developed by Combustion Power
Company, Inc. (CPC), under the auspices of ERDA. This contract is an
extension of an earlier research and development contract between CPC
and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in which municipal solid
waste was burned with minimal pollution in CPC's CPU-400 pressurized
fluidized-bed combustion and gas turbine system. The program objective is
to develop a process to generate electrical energy through the combustion
of high-sulfur coals mixed with dolomite, using an on-line gas turbine for
direct power generation.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
266
-------
TITLE:
High Temperature Dust Control
AUTHOR:
Construction Engineering Research Laboratory
U.S. Department of the Army
ADDRESS:
Champaign, IL
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
Under the sponsorship of ERDA, the Construction Engineering Research
Laboratory (CEKL), U.S. Department of the Army, is evaluating the efficiency
of a patented Particle Precipitating Heat-Transfer Surface (PPHTS) device
in removing dust particles from the high-temperature exhaust gas streams
of fluidized-bed combustors. The fluidized-bed combustor used in the
projects is operated for ERDA by Pope, Evans and Robbins, Inc. (PER) at
a government-owned test facility in Alexandria, Virginia.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
267
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TITLE:
Mercury Distribution in Soil Around a Large Coal-Fired Power Plant.
AUTHOR:
Alan B. Crockett and Robert R. Rinnison
ADDRESS:
Monitoring Systems Research and Development Division
Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory
Las Vegas, Nevada 89114
REFERENCE;
EPA-600/3-77-063
SUMMARY:
Detailed soil sampling and analyses for mercury residues indicate
no significant differences in mercury residue levels within 30 km of a
large coal-fired power plant. Other recent data indicate emissions
of 589 and 1,372 kg of mercury by a coal-fired power plant and a smelter,
respectively, and pose no health hazard relative to air comtamination
(Horn, 1975). These data should be considered in making decisions concern-
ing regulation of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. Horn
(1975) indicates that U.S. coal-fired utilities emit 9 percent of all
human-related releases to the atmosphere in the U.S. In 1974, utility
emissions amounted to only 4 percent of the natural degassing mercury los,s
in conterminous United States (calculated from Horn, 1975).
Coal-Fired Power Plants
268
-------
TITLE:
Combined-Cycle Electric Power Generation Using Pressurized Fluidized-Bed
Combustion
AUTHOR:
Curtiss-Wright Corporation
ADDRESS:
Wood-Ridge, NJ
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
Curtiss-Wright Corporation, under the sponsorship of ERDA, is conducting
a program to design, construct, operate, and evaluate a coal-fired combined-
cycle pilot pressurized fluidized-bed (PFB) technology and high-sulfur
coals. The program was inititated on March 1, 1976. The pilot plant
program is a five-year, four-phase effort. Phase I is a 14-month program to
provide:
Conceptual design of a commercial coal-fired 300-500 Mw combined-
cycle generating station using the PFB combustion technique.
Pilot plant design which is representative of the commerical concept.
Pilot plant site and environmental assessment study.
Technology support programs which provide data on the performance
of the selected PFB design.
Phase II is an eight-month effort to complete the detail design
drawings and specifications of the pilot plant, prepare a construction
bid package, and obtain bids for evaluation. Phase III is a 20-month
construction period for the manufacturing, build-up, and installation
of the pilot plant. The final phase is a 24-month effort to operate
the pilot plant and to evaluate operating parameters and durability using
several coal types. At the conclusion of this phase, a reassessment of
the commercial plant conceptual design will be conducted.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
269
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TITLE:
Magnetohydrodynamic Power Generation
AUTHOR:
ERDA
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA. 15213
REF:
Clean Energy from Coal (p. 17)
SUMMARY:
*\ A promising technique for improving the efficiency in converting fossil
fuels into electrical energy involves the principles of magnetothydrodynamics
(MHD). In an MHD power plant, electricity is generated by passing very
high-temperature, electrically conductive combustion gases through a magentic
field. The gases leaving this MHD generator are still hot enough to produce
additional electricity in a conventional steam power plant. The efficiency
of a commercial combined MHD/steam turbine plant would be 25 to 50 percent
greater than that of modern coal-fired stations. Research conducted at the
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center has also shown that MHD power plants will
operate with extremely low levels of pollutant emissions. Low-grade, high-
sulfur coals can thus be utilized in an environmentally desirable manner.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
270
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TITLE:
Fate of Trace Mercury in the Combustion of Coal
AUTHOR:
R.C. Diehl, E.A. Hattman, H.Schultz, and R.J. Haren
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA
REFERENCE:
Bureau of Mines Managing coal Wastes and Pollution Program, Technical
Progress Report - 54, May 1972.
SUMMARY:
Coal, fly ash, and blue gas samples were analyzed for mercury (Hg)
by double gold amalgamation-flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
The purpose of the study was to elucidate the fate of the trace mercury in.
the coal when the coal is burned. Samples were collected from a bench*
scale 100-g/hr combustor, a 500-lb/hr combustor, and three coal-burning
powerplants. In all cases mercury was found in the fly ash. The amounts
ranged from about 9 to about 70 percent of the mercury in the coal that was
burned.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
271
-------
TITLE:
Coal Combustion
AUTHOR:
ERDA
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
REF:
Clean Energy from Coal (p. 14-15)
PERC 1000
SUMMARY:
The PERC research and development program in coal combustion has as its
primary near-term objective the development of equipment and procedures for
efficient and clean burning of coal-oil slurries to raise steam for use as
such or for electric power generation. Also of major interest is the develop-
ment of techniques for burning coal-derived fuels such as chars and solvent
refined coal (SRC) in conventional power plants. Combustion of various
agricultural wastes is also being studied. The goals of these project are
to obtain more efficient combustion and to determine the combustion char-
acteristics and air pollution aspects for the various fuels studied.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
272
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TITLE:
Coal-Like Substances from Low-Temperature Pyrolysis at Very Long Reaction
Times
AUTHOR:
R.A. Friedel, J.A. Queiser, and H.L. Retcofsky
ADDRESS:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh Coal Research
Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
REFERENCE:
Journal of Physical Chem., 74, 908 (1970).
SUMMARY:
The importance of long reaction times in the coalification process
has been demonstrated in the laboratory. Samples of cellulose and pine
sawdust in evacuated, sealed glass vials have been heated at 200° for 2 years.
Black coal-like chars were produced; conventional heating at 200° for hours
produces very little chemical change. The chars were characterized by
infrared and electron spin resonance spectra and by ultimate analysis. The
infrared spectra of the pine sawdust char and of a subbituminous coal are
nearly identical, except for differing carbonyl absorption. The spectrum of
the cellulose char is also similar to that of the subbituminous coal. The
electron spin resonance (esr) results show that Ł values, line widths, and
spin concentrations are very similar for the two chars, and resemble closely
the corresponding values for subbituminous coal. 200° is considered a
reasonable coalification temperature; a feasible depth of burial can provide
such temperatures. The experimental coalification obtained in only 2 years
supports the hypothesis that geologic time could produce all ranks of coals,
from lignite to anthracite, at temperatures below 200°.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
273
-------
TITLE:
Coal-Fired Combined-Cycle Development Program
AUTHOR:
General Electric Energy Systems - Technology Division
ADDRESS:
Schenectady, NY
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
The Energy Systems Program Department (ESPD) of General Electric leads
the program, performing the required program management, system engineering,
reliability, and environmental effort. Foster-Wheeler, under subcontract
to GE, is responsible for the combustor/steam generator design activity
and technology support. Exxon is supplying experimental support, using
their miniplant facility and integrating the testing with ongoing
Environmental Protection Agency-sponsored work. Within General Electric,
ESPD will be supported by Corporate Research and Development for hot-gas
cleanup technology, by the Gas Turbine Division for gas turbine design/
technology, and by the Projects Engineering Operation of the Installation
and Service Engineering Business Division for commercial power plant
balance-of-plant design and costing.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
274
-------
TITLE:
Desulfurization of Coal in Fluldized Bed Reactor
AUTHOR:
6.B. Haldipur and T.D. Wheelock
ADDRESS:
Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, Energy and Mineral Resources
Research Institute, Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 50011
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. of Fuel Chem., Preprints, 22 (2), 50 (1977)
SUMMARY:
The work reported here was undertaken to determine the feasibility of
desulfurizing a high sulfur bituminous coal from an Iowa mine by treatment
at moderately elevated temperatures in a fluidized bed reactor with either
oxidizing, neutral, or reducing gases. Nearly isothermal experiments were
carried out with a small fluidized and coal weight loss for different
conditions of temperature and gas composition. Also the treatments were
applied to both run of mine coal and beneficiated coal. In addition the
off-gas composition was measured during some experiments to determine the
distribution of various sulfur and other compounds and to estimate the
heating value of the gas. Finally consideration was given to the possibility
of desulfurizing the off-gas and using it as a clean fuel to burn along
with partially desulfurized coal char in the same plant in order to meet
air pollution control regulations.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
275
-------
TITLE:
A Review of Current Information to Save Ecological and Health Relate Aspects
of Trace Metals into the Environment Associated with the Combustion of Coal
AUTHOR:
Merrill Heil
Address:
Health and Safety Laboratoty
Energy Research and Development Administration
New York, New York 10014
REFERENCE:
HASL-320 CNTIS)
SUMMARY:
The Middle East oil embargo of 1973-74 has resulted in the United
States initiating programs which are designed to lead to energy
independence. These program will cause:
Ca) an increase in the use of coal combustion for electric power
generation, and
(b) an increase in the production of fuels and chemical produced
synthetically from coal
This report is a review of the literature on one class of these
pollutants, trace elements, their occurrence in the environment and their
potential toxicity to man.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
276
-------
TITLE:
Power Plant Cooling Water Chlorination in Northern California
AUTHOR:
S. Hergott, David Jenkins, and Jerome F. Thomas
ADDRESS:
College of Engineering and School of Public Health
University of California
Berkely, California 94720
REFERENCE:
UCB/SERL No. 77-3
SUMMARY:
This research program was designed to determine the nature, levels, and
persistence of "chlorine" residuals in the cooling water effluents of power
plants located in the around the San Francisco Bay Area. Plants were
located at Potrero and Hunters Point (San Francisco Bay), Contra Costa
(San Joaquin River), Pittshurg (Suisun Bay), and Moss Landing (Monterey
Bay).
A survey was conducted of chlorination practices at five power plants
owned and operated by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Frequency and
duration of chlorination varied significantly from plant to plant and was
controlled analytically by the orthotolidine and/or amperometric methods.
All the plants plan to change to using the amperometric method for future
control purposes.
In-plant studies were conducted during chlorination cycles to determine
oxidant residuals at both the condenser inlets and at a point near the out-
fall. Both free and total oxidant residuals were measured amperometrically
for most studies. The DPA-FAS method was included in later studies to gain
a better understanding of the nature of the oxidant residual. These results
indicated that most of the oxidant residual at the Hunters Point and Moss
Landing power plants was bromine residual.
Decay studies were conducted at the plant sites on the chlorinated
cooling water collected at the outfall. The slowest decay was observed
at the Contra Costa plant where the cooling water was the freshest. The
most rapid decay was at the rate of decay at all locations.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
277
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TITLE:
Coal Creek Station Steam Generators
AUTHOR:
W.W. Hickok , D.A. Taylor , R.W. Button , and R.C. Keirstead
ADDRESS:
Cooperative Power Power Association, Minneapolis, Minn.
United Power Association, Elk River, Minn.
3
Black and Veatch Consulting Engineers, Kansas City, Missouri
4
Combustion Engineering, Inc., Windsor, Conn.
REFERENCE:
Paper presented at Lignite Symposium, May 18-19, 1977, Grand Forks, North
Dakota.
SUMMARY:
Cooperative Power Association and United Power Association are the
owners of the Coal Creek Station in central North Dakota. Two generating
units with a gross output of 550 Mw each are now under construction.
Commercial operation of Unit 1 will begin in November 1978, with Unit 2
starting one year later. The Coal Creek Station is a mine-mouth plant
and will burn lignite supplied concurrently from two pits operated by a
subsidiary of the North American Coal Company. Sufficient fuel for the
life of the plant is within 10 miles of the steam generators. The fuel
supplier will deliver crushed lignite to within 1.4 miles and it will then
be transported the remaining distance to the boilers by conveyor belts.
The steam generators are balanced draft Combustion Engineering
reheat units rated at 3,736, 961 pounds of steam per hour at 2620 psig
and 1005°F with 1005°F reheat. Steam temperature will be controlled with
the tilting tangential firing system as well as with desuperheating.
Overfire air will minimize NOx emissions. Each steam generator uses two
trisector air heaters with two primary and two secondary air fans to
provide independent heating of the primary air used to dry the high moisture
content lignite in the pulverizers.
The flue gas treating systems of the two generating units are
independent. Gas leaving the air heaters flows through precipitators
that remove 99.5 percent of the dry solid particulate matter. The induced
draft fans are situated between the precipitators and the scrubbers. The
scrubbers are designed to remove 90 percent of the SO. from up to 60 percent
of the flue gas. The remainder of the flue gas bypasses the scrubbers and
is used to reheat the scrubbed gas. Emissions from the 650-foot brick-lined
stacks will be well under regulatory limits.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
278
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TITLE:
Chemical Comminution: A Process for Liberating the Mineral Matter from Coal
AUTHOR:
P. H. Howard and R. S. Datto
ADDRESS:
Syracuse Research Corporation, Syracuse, New York 13210
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. of Fuel Chem. Preprints, _22 (2), 62 (1977).
SUMMARY:
Chemical comminution provides a unique way to crushing coal for mineral
matter liberation. Instead of mechanical size reduction, the coal is
treated with a chemical (usually ammonia gas or a concentrated aqueous
ammonia solution), resulting in selective breakage which appears to occur
along the bedding planes and along the mineral matter (e.g. pyrite) and
maceral boundaries. This paper reviews current techniques for the application
of chemical comminution of coal and discusses such pertinent topics as
effective chemicals for comminution of coal, effects of reaction conditions,
effect of coal type and chemical reaction of the comminuting chemical and
coal.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
279
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TITLE:
Trace Element Behavior in Coal-Fired Power Plant
AUTHOR:
12 1
John-W. Kaakinen , Rober M. Jordan , Mohammed H. Lawasani , and Ronald E.
West .
ADDRESS:
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.
80302.
2
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado,
Boulder, Colo. 80302
REFERENCE:
Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. Ł, No. 9, 862(1975).
SUMMARY:
Measurements of the amounts of 17 elements in the inlets and outlets
of a pulverized-coal-fired power plant indicate that Al, Fe, Rb, Sr, Y, and
Nb were at essentially constant concentrations in all outlet ashes, and that
concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Sb, Pb, and Se were generally
lowest downstream toward the stack. A model was developed for the
enrichment behavior in downstream ashes of this latter group of elements
assuming that these elements vaporize in the furnace and then condense or
absorb onto fly ash, smaller particles have larger specific surface area
and thus will have greater concentrations of these elements, and increasing
proportion of smaller particles in downstream fly ashes results in
enrichment of these-elements. Experimental enrichment values for Zn, As,
Mo, and Sb agree with values predicted by this model.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
280
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TITLE:
Total Mercury Mass Balance at a Coal-Fired Power Plant
AUTHOR:
C. William Kalb
ADDRESS:
TRA-DET Laboratories
Columbus, OH 43212
REFERENCE:
Advances in Chemistry 141, 154, 1975
SUMMARY:
A series of mercury mass balances was obtained at a coal-fired power
plant by comparing the volatile and particulate mercury in the stack gas
stream to the mercury initially in the coal, corrected for the mercury
adsorbed and retained by the various ashes. These data were used to deter-
mine the fate of the mercury in the combustion process and to check the
accuracy of the volatile mercury sampling procedure (gold amalgamation).
The bottom ash had the lowest mercury concentration of the ash samples
collected, and the mercury concentration increased as one proceeded through
the ash collection system from the initial mechanical ash to the electro-
static ash. The mercury recovered in the various ashes represented about
10% of the total mercury introduced in the raw coal.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
281
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TITLE:
Potentially Hazardous Emissions from the Extraction and Processing of Coal
and Oil
AUTHORS:
H. Lebowitz, S. Jam, 6. Smithson, Jr., H. Nack, J. Oxley, 6. Cavanaugh,
C. Burklin and J. Dickerson
ADDRESS:
Battelle, Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
REFERENCE:
P.O. 241 803 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
The report lists potentially hazardous materials which may be associated
with the air, water, and solid waste from a refinery, a coke plant, a Lurgi
high-Btu gas process, and the solvent refined coal process. Fugitive loss
was identified as the major emissions source in the refinery, although its
composition is difficult to quantify. Coking is the most offensive of the
four processes assessed. Coal gasification may produce materials as
dangerous as those from the coke plant, but the former will probably be more
contained than coke oven emissions. The environmental impact of coal
liquifaction is not well defined; however, liquefaction products will
probably be more hazardous than crude oil products, and their refining
and utilization will be worse offenders than corresponding petroleum
operations. The study indicates that available documents are not adequate
to develop an accurate list of potentially hazardous emissions from these
four processes. A detailed assessment of the processes, field sampling,
and analysis are needed to identify the potentially hazardous emissions more
accurately.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
282
-------
TITLE:
On-Line Particulate Analysis Instrumentation
AUTHOR:
Leeds and Northrup Company
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
An on-line particulate analysis instrument is being developed by Leeds
& Northrup Company, under EKDA sponsorship, for pressurized fluidized-bed
combustion systems. The objective of this project is to design and con-
struct a prototype instrument to measure particulate loadings and particle
size distributions in high temperature gas streams and to evaluate this
instrument on pressurized fluidized-bed combustion systems. This type of
instrumentation will enable near real-time monitoring and analysis of gas
entrained particules to evaluate performance of particle separators and to
record the size and concentration of particles at the inlet to gas turbines
in direct combustion systems. This capability will provide critically needed
information relative to analysis of turbine blade erosion problems.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
283
-------
TITLE:
Combined Cycle Research Program
AUTHOR:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ADDRESS:
Cambridge, MA
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
SUMMARY:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology was commissioned by the Energy
Research and Development Administration to provide essential data for
the future development of combined cycle power plants. Gas turbine —
steam turbine combined cycle power plants, operating on coal or coal-derived
fuels, are thought by many experts to be the most practical and efficient
choice for the next generation electric power production. The major bene-
fits of this combined cycle system are the potential attainment, at
relatively low risk and development cost, of high efficiences while
maintaining pollutant emissions within environmental specifications.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
284
-------
TITLE:
Modeling of Fluidized Bed Combustion Processes
AUTHOR:
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
REF: Coal Power Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
SUMMARY:
The modeling of the fluidized-bed combustion of coal is planned by the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) under this program sponsored
by ERDA. The specific objective of the contract is to develop a phenomeno-
logically-based system model for the coal-fired fluidized-bed combustion
process.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
285
-------
TITLE:
Atmospheric Fluidized-Bed Component Test and Integration Unit (AFT/CTIU)
AUTHOR:
Morgantown Energy Research Center
ADDRESS:
Morgantown, WV
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
SUMMARY:
The AFBC/CTIU is a coal-fired boiler which consists of a three-
cell fluidized-bed combustor with the beds stacked one above the other.
The bottom two cells burn coal and the third (or top) cell, the carbon
burnup cell (CBC), burns the residual carbon in the ash. Ash removal
from flue gases will be in cyclone separators with reinjection for carbon
burnup in the separate carbon burnup cell or within either coal burning
cell. Final gas cleanup will be effected by bag filter collectors.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
286
-------
TITLE:
Pressurized Fluidized-Bed Combustion Research
AUTHOR:
National Research Development Corporation
ADDRESS:
London, England
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
SUMMARY:
The National Research Development Corporation (NRDC), in conjunction
with the British Coal Utilization Research Association, Ltd. (BCURA), is
studying pressurized fluidized-bed combustion from the point of view of
minimizing pollution, especially from high-sulfur coals; avoiding excessive
maintenance because of corrosion in conventional plants; and reducing capital
and operating costs of electric power generating systems. The program
enables ERDA to obtain combustor performance data on systems of substantial
size, while obtaining additional research information. The specific purpose
of this contract is to establish the effect on performance of:
Fouling of turbine blades
Emmission of alkalis and sulfur and nitrogen oxides
Bed behavior (clinker formation) at higher temperatures (1650°F to
1750°F) than previously used for this type of combustor (1450°F).
Coal-Fired Power Plants
287
-------
TITLE:
Pilot Plant Scrubbing of S02 with Fly Ash Alkali from North Dakota Lignite
AUTHOR:
Harvey M. Ness, Frank I. Honea, and Everett A. Sondreal
ADDRESS:
Greand Forks Energy Research Center, ERDA
REFERENCE:
Paper presented at
Lithte Symposium, May 18-19, 1977, Grand Forks, North Dakota
SUMMARY:
The test program conducted by GFERC was designed to investigate
parameters affecting sulfur dioxide removal efficiencies using only fly ash
from a cyclone-fired boiler under conditions representative of long-term
steady-state conditions. Conclusions of the GFERC program are:
1. At a sulfur dioxide concentration of 1000 ppm-dry, the NSPS
requirement can be met and exceeded at L/G of 30 using only the average
amount of fly ash available from a cyclone-fired boiler (CaO/SO_ about 0.6).
2. At a sulfur dioxide concentration of 1800 ppm-dry and a L/G
of 60, about 40 pet supplemental alkali must be added with fly ash to meet
the NSPS emission requirement.
3. Long-term operation at low pH (Less than pH 5) will result in
dissolved solid levels of about 10 pet.
4. At a pH of about 3.5, 100 pet of the fly ash calcium oxide was
utilized; below pH 3.5, up to 75 pet of the total fly ash alkali (214 pet
based on CaO) was utilized.
5. The level)of recirculated suspended solids had no effect on
sulfur dioxide removal.
6. Increasing levels of recirculated suspended solids up to 6 pet
slightly decreased the level of calcium sulfate super saturation; suspended
solid levels greater than 6 pet had a negligible effect on degree of calcium
sulfate saturation.
7. An increase in soluble sodium levels from a normal 1.5 pet and
eliminated all traces of scale formation.
8. An increase in soluble magnesium levels from a normal 1.2 pet to
3 pet marginally increased sulfur dioxide removal by 5 to 10 pet.
9. The scrubber system was operated essentially scale-free
throughout the eight-month test program.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
288
-------
TITLE:
Externally Fired Gas Turbine for Modular Integrated Utility System (MIUS)
AUTHOR:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
ADDRESS:
Oak Ridge, TN
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025/1
UC090E
SUMMARY:
A fluidized-bed coal combustor for an externally fired closed-cycle gas
turbine is being designed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) as part
of the Modular Integrated Utility System (MIUS).
Coal-Fired Power Plants
289
-------
TITLE:
Boiler Tube Bundle and Burner Module Tests with Potassium
AUTHOR:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
ADDRESS:
Oak Ridge, TN
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
Boiler fuel consumption can be reduced by increasing the efficiency of
thermodyanmic cycles. Little has been done to increase efficiencies since
the upper practicable temperature limit (about 1000°F) for the steam cycle
was reached more than 25 years ago. Thermodynamic efficiency is directly
related to the absolute temperatures at which heat enters and leaves the
process. Thus, to increase thermal efficiency further, temperatures must
be higher, which implies the use of other working fluids. A leading candidate
for an advance thermodynamic cycle is a potassium or cesium vapor cycle. Oak
Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is conducting tests of a boiler tube bundle
module and burner assembly with potassium.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
290
-------
TITLE:
Multicell Atmospheric Pressure Fluidized-Bed Boiler
AUTHOR:
Pope, Evans, And Robbins, Inc.
ADDRESS:
New York, NY
REFERENCE:
Coal Power and Combustion (January-March 1977)
DOE/ET - 0025/1
UC - 90E
SUMMARY:
A multicell atmospheric pressure fluidized-bed boiler is being
developed by Pope, Evans and Robbins, Inc. (PER), under the sponsorship
of ERDA. The objective of this program is to design, construct, and
operate a prototype multicell fluidized-bed boiler at an electric
utility power station as an environmentally acceptable method of burning
high-sulfur or corrosive coals without excessive maintenance problems.
The system is to have a capacity of 30 megawatts (Mw) and is to be operated
under practical electric utility conditions. PER is also conducting
a laboratory research program to optimize boiler hardware and operational
parameters. Experience gained from designing and operating the boiler
and from laboratory research will be used as the basis for scaling up to
a utility-sized system.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
291
-------
TITLE:
Diagonistic Assessment For Advance Power Systems
AUTHOR:
Sandia Laboratories
ADDRESS:
Live more, CA
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
The objective of the first phase of the program is a review and
assessment of diagonostic techniques which are needed to characterize
the flow at the combustor exit and turbine inlet in advance, open-cycle
gas turbine systems which will be used for stationary power generation.
These systems will be designed for firing with pulverized coal, coal-
derived liquid and gaseous fuels, and heavy residual fuels.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
292
-------
TITLE:
Sulfur Removal From Coals: Ammonia/Oxygen System
AUHTOR:
S.S. Sareen
ADDRESS:
Ledgemant Laboratory, Kennecott Copper Corporation, 128 Spring Street,
Lexington, Mass. 02172
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. of Fuel Chem. Preprints, 22(2), 93(1977).
SUMMARY:
This paper discusses the sulfur removal from coals using an ammonia/
oxygen system which removes almost all of the pyritic sulfur and up to
25% of the organic sulfur in about 2 hrs. Because organic sulfur removal
necessarily implies coal carbon losses, a balance must be struck between
the amount of organic sulfur removed and the thermal losses that can be
economically tolerated from the coals being cleaned. Although no effort
has been made to optimize the system reported here, the results of BTU
loss, oxygen consumption, retention time, etc. are fairly consistent with
the oxygen/water system for pyrite removal from coal. The carbon losses
as might be expected, are somewhat higher. Furthermore, the data presented
here can be used to construct an optimization scheme for future develop-
ment work.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
293
-------
TITLE:
X-Ray Study of the Structure of Cokes Carbonized at Different Temperatures
AUTHOR:
R.R. Schehl and R.A. Friedel
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pa.
REFERENCE:
Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 7888, 1974
SUMMARY:
The Bureau of Mines analyzed the structure of a high-grade
metullurgical coke, carbonized at different temperatures in the range 500°
to 1,111°C, through X-ray diffraction studies. Growth in the crystallite
size with increasing coking temperature was calculated from profile analysis
and compared with values obtained from the radial distribution function.
The carbonization temperature appeared to have little influence upon the
stack height, whereas the layer diameters more than doubled in size
between 500° and 1,000°C. These results are comparable to those obtained
from other studies of poorer quality cokes.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
294
-------
TITLE:
Removal of Fly Ash from Stack Gases by Electrostatic Precipitation
AUTHOR:
Everett A. Sondreal
ADDRESS:
Grand Forks Energy Research Center, Grand Forks, N. Dakota
REFERENCE:
GFERC/QTR - 76/3 UC 90 ,
SUMMARY:
Combustion of some low-sulfur Western coals in powerplant boilers
results in fly ash which is difficult to remove by means of electrostatic
precipitation (ESP). The goal of this project is the development of means
of reducing the uncertainty in the design of ESPs for such coals. A com-
bination of laboratory and pilot-scale techniques is under study.
Work is continuing on the design and construction of a 75-lb/hr. pc-
fired furnace and pilot-scale ESP for studies on representative fly ashes
prepared from test coal samples. The major construction phase of this work
should be completed during the next quarter. The furnace, which was des-
cribed in a previous quarter, has been fabricated, and assembly is in progress.
The pilot-scale ESP designed this quarter will have a tubular configuration
because of its greater flexibility in achieving operating parameters over
the ranges of interest.
Computer modeling and the study of factors affecting the measurement
of fly ash resistivity are continuing. The development of new and improved
techniques for characterizing fly ash is an ongoing activity.
A test program relating ESP performance to flue gas mositure content
is planned for next quarter. The excellent record of performance for ESPs
operating on powerplants burning North Dakota lignites, compared with poor
performance on some subbituminous coals, has generated an interest in the
effect of the high moisture content of lignite. The existing pilot ESP and
ash-fouling furnace will be utilized for this study.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
295
-------
TITLE:
Control of Ash Fouling
AUTHOR:
Everett A. Sondreal
ADDRESS:
Grand Forks Energy Research Center, Grand Forks, N. Dakota
REFERENCE:
GFERC/QTR - 76/3 UC 90
SUMMARY:
Fouling of boiler heat transfer surfaces by ash from low-rank coals
(subbituminous coals and lignite) is a continuing problem, resulting in
reduced boiler efficiency and availability. The problem has been found
to be closely related to the concentration of sodium in the coals, with
the ash content of coal also being a factor. No effective means has yet
been found for preventing formation of fire-side ash deposits in the
combustion of coal with high sodium levels. Progress has been made in
studies on the mechanism of ash fouling, but additional work is necessary to
resolve the problem.
A pilot pulverized-coal combustor of 75-lb/hr capacity, designed and
constructed at GFERC, is used to measure fouling under controlled conditions.
In this way, relatively small samples of candidate coals can be tested prior
to plant design, and utilization criteria can be established on the basis
of the characteristics of the coal to be used.
A new additive delivery system is being designed to facilitate pilot
plant testing of a proprietary anti-fouling boiler additive.
A test has been made in which the mixing phenomenon of ash particles
in a pulverized coal flame was studied. Interpretation of results await
microprobe analysis of fly ash particles collected during the test.
A paper on the ash fouling potential of Western subbituminious coals
in the pilot combustor has been prepared for the 1976 meeting of the
American Power Conference in April.
Work is continuing on the microscopic and microprobe examination of
coal ash deposits in order to delineate the ash fouling mechanism of Western
subbituminous coals.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
296
-------
TITLE:
Particle Measurement in Fluidized-Bed Combustion Systems
AUTHOR:
Spectron Development Laboratories, Inc.
ADDRESS:
Costa Mesa, CA
REF:
Coal Power and Combustion (jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0025/1
UC-90E
SUMMARY:
The primary objective of this program is to assess the capability of
an advanced diagnostic technique to make required particle field measurements
to determine efficiencies of particle separators and filters, and to monitor
particle environments at gas turbine inlets of combined cycle systems.
Measurements will be made at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) FBC
facility, and will provide data on particle size and velocity distribution
in the combustion gas flows. Currently available SDL lasar instrumentation
will be used for data acquisition.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
297
-------
TITLE:
Environmental Effects from Leaching of Coal Conversion By-Products
AUTHOR:
Wayne P. Van Meter
Ronald E. Erickson
ADDRESS:
University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59801
REFERENCE:
PE-2019-3
SUMMARY:
Leaching column operations and eluant analyses have continued, using
residue materials from Consolidation Coal (CO* Acceptor, Rapid City)
and the Institute of Gas Technology (Hygas, Chicago). Results are reported
from six runs; seven others were terminated before completion because of
various mechanical difficulties. Concentrations in the effluent of
hydroxide, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and manganese, and the pH,
are reported in graphical form as functions of the volume of eluant. The
concentrations of copper, cadmium, nickel and zinc were found in all runs
to be below their atomic absorption detection limits. The CO2 Acceptor
residue releases large amounts of the soluble strong base calcium hydroxide
when extracted with water. The ammonium acetate eluant does, as expected,
produce rapid release of all the metals found to be present in measurable
amounts. The level of participation of students is briefly reported.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
298
-------
TITLE:
Studies on the Co- Cu- Al.O.. Catalyst System for Conversion of CO and
H- to Light Hydrocarbon Products.
AUTHOR:
Chen-Hsyong Yang, M.K. Zaman Khan, F.E. Massoth and A.G. Oblad.
ADDRESS:
Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Fuels Engineering, University of
Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
REFERENCE:
Am. Chen. Soc., Division of Fuel Chem. Preprints; 22 (2), 148 (1977).
SUMMARY:
Extensive studies of different catalysts for the conversion of
CO and H, light hydrocarbons have been reported. Among others, a catalyst
consisting of cobalt and copper supported on alumina was found to be
promising for achieving the above-mentioned objective. In this paper,
additional studies on this catalyst system were reported. Work included
catalyst characterization and testing of various catalyst formulations.
Coal-Fired Power Plants
299
-------
TECHNICAL REPORTS:
COAL-LIQUEFACTION PLANTS
TITLE:
Development of the CO-Steam Process for Liquefaction of Lignite and Western
Subbitiminous Coals
AUTHOR:
Everett A. Sondreal, Curtis L. Knudson, Joseph E. Schiller, Thomas H. May
ADDRESS:
U.S. ERDA, Grand Forks Energy Research Center Grand Forks, N.D.
REFERENCE:
Technology and Use of Lignite Symposium
Grand Forks, N.D. May 1977 )GFERC/IC-77/l) page
SUMMARY:
The CO-Steam process is a second-generation coal liquefaction technology
for conversion of low-rank coals into environmentally acceptable liquid
boiler fuels, and with additional hydrogenation, into refined products
including gasoline, distillate heating oil, and chemical feedstocks.
Work on reaction kinetics is conducted in a modified one-liter batch
autoclave which is capable of hot reactor charging and timed sampling of
both gas and liquid products. Kinetic data have been obtained on the rate
of disappearance of carbon monoxide and hydrogen reacting with a selected
North Dakota lignite and on simultaneous changes in the molecular weight
distribution and composition of the liquid product. Results point to the
possibility of more rapid conversion by reaction with carbon monoxide
through moderate increase in reaction temperature and improved use of
hydrogen donor compounds that are produced in the process.
300
-------
TITLE:
Operation of Solvent-Refined Coal Pilot Plant
AUTHOR:
Southern Company Serivces, Inc.
ADDRESS:
Birmingham, AL
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Feb 1977)
DOE/ET-0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
The SRC process converts high-sulfur, high-ash coals to a clean
distillate fuel and a clean high-Btu gas. The pulverized coal is mixed with
two to three parts process-derived solvent. Hydrogen is then added to the
coal-solvent slurry. The mixture is pumped to a preheater and then fed into
a single-stage reactor or dissolver which operates at 800°-875°F. Approx-
imately 93 percent of the carbonaceous material in the coal feed is dissolved
during the residence time of approximately 45 minutes. The product gases
from the dissolver are separated and sent to a clean-up system to remove the
hydrogen sulfide (about 60 percent of the organic sulfur in the coal is
converted to hydrogen sulfide) and convert it to elemental sulfur. The
slurry is then subjected to a mineral separation step wherein the undissolved
solids are removed. Process solvent is recovered from the coal solution
by distillation and recycled to slurry the coal feed. The residue which
remains is the solvent refined coal product, which solidifies at about
350°F.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
301
-------
TITLE:
Gasification of Residual Coal Liquefaction Products
AUTHOR:
Texaco, Inc.
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
The thermal efficiency of a coal liquefaction plant using a process
that requires hydrogen or synthesis gas is dependent upon the efficient
recovery of that gas from the non-liquefied fraction of the coal. This
material, together with inorganic ash and some fraction of the converted
coal, can be recovered after liquefaction as a residue from a vacuum
distillation tower. The chemical and physical properities of the high-ash
coal-derived residues determine both and method of introducing these
materials into the gasifier and the efficiency of the gasifier. As Texaco
has demonstrated that high-ash coal-derived residues can be gasified
directly using the Texaco coal gasification process, the necessary design
parameters will be determined for the materials resulting from ERDA-
sponsored liquefaction projects.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
302
-------
TITLE:
Clean Boiler Fuel Demonstration Plant
AUTHOR:
Union Carbide Co., Inc.
ADDRESS:
New York, NY
REF:
Coal Demonstration Plants (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0027/1
UC-89
SUMMARY:
The Coalcon Department of Union Carbide is under contract with ERDA
to design a demonstration plant for producing clean boiler fuels from high-
sulfur coal. The plant was to be fully integrated in all phases of
processing, from receipt of coal to delivery of a finished product. The
design was geared to be environmentally acceptable by cleanup of all
waste streams, and energy efficient by recovery of all by-products.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
303
-------
TITLE:
Characterization of Coal Liquids
AUTHOR:
UOP, Inc.
ADDRESS:
Des Plains, IL
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
Four tasks are identified under this program. The first task involves
two stage continuous catalyst bed hydrocracking of two coal liquid
distillates through continuous fixed catalyst bed hydrotreating and fluid
catalytic cracking units. The third task covers processing of two naphthas
through continuous refining-reforming bench scale units. The fourth
task involves the correlation of feed-stock properties and process conditions
with product yields and qualities which can be composed into a simple
process model.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
304
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TITLE:
Clean Coke Process
AUTHOR:
U.S.S. Engineers and Consultants, Inc.
United States Steel Corporation
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh, PA
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
The Clean Coke process combines coal carbonization and hydrogenation
in an environmentally acceptable manner to produce solid, liquid, and
gaseous fuel products. No external hydrogen source is required and only
minimal amounts of external energy will be consumed.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
305
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TITLE:
Coal Utilization: The Emission Control Alternative
AUTHOR:
Lawrence H. Weiss
ADDRESS:
Chem System Inc., 747 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings,
September 1976.
SUMMARY:
The direct combustion of coal produces air-borne emissions of sulfur
oxides (SOx). The main alternatives for limiting SOx emissions are
conversion of the coal to a clean fuel or fuel gas desulfurization (FGD).
Neither is well-established in the U.S.A. The most economic coal conversion
processes for power generation are Lurgi gasification and H-Coal liquefaction.
Three representative FGD processes were selected for comparison. The
unit cost estimated for electric power generation using the limestone
slurry FGD process is 45.9 mil/kwh, for the Wellman-Lord sodium-based
FGD process it is 46.7 mil/kwh, and for the Atomics International ACP
FGD process it is 44.6 mil/kwh in 1980 costs. Intermediate BTU gas from
a Lurgi installation gives electricity at 62.1 mil/kwh on the same basis.
Similarly, syncrude from an H-Coal plant has a generation cost of 57.5
mil/kwh. The higher capital required for the coal conversion plants plus
their low conversion efficiencies lead to the higher costs. However, site-
specific factors may favor production of clean fuels over the installation
of FGD.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
306
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TITLE:
Analysis of Volatile Polar Organics in Untreated By-Product Waters from
Coal Conversion Process
AUTHORS:
Curt M. White and Charles E. Schmidt
ADDRESS:
U.S. Department of Energy
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
REF:
American Chemical Society
Div. of Fuel Chem. 23_, #2, (Mar 12-17 1978)
SUMMARY:
Analysis of by-product waters from coal conversion processes is
important because the need for constructing large-scale coal liquefaction
and gasification plants is increasing. Coal liquefaction and gasification
technologies will use or produce water which must be made environmentally
acceptable before discharge from the plant. However, some gasification
processes plan to recirculate a major portion of the process water within
the plant. It is therefore necessary to obtain qualitative and
quantitative data concerning the organic constituents present in
these process waters in order that effective water treatment technologies
can be developed and evaluated. This knowledge would also provide
insight into the potential environmental impact of coal conversion
processes.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
307
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TITLE:
Coal Liquefaction
REFERENCE:
Shaping Coal's Future through Technology, 1974-1975, Office of Coal Research,
Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock #024-014-00112-2
SUMMARY:
Coal liquefaction is gaining emphasis as a promising approach to supple-
ment U.S. energy needs by providing a non-polluting fuel oil. Because it
has less materials problems and higher conversion efficiency, liquefaction
may achieve commercialization sooner than gasification even though the
latter has been developed more vigorously in the recent past.
Today's modern catalyst also promote sulfure removal when coal or
extract is hydrogenated to fuel oils, removing this pollutant. The entire
range of liquid products, including fuel oil, gasoline, jet fuel, and
diesel oil, can be produced from coal by proper choice of conditions in
all the above processes.
Modern improvements are providing better catalysts, better reactor
designs, and better materials of construction, leading to more attractive
processing economics and less capital investment. Coal liquefaction can
now be achieved at milder conditions, more rapidly, and at less cost than
the wartime German operations or the Sasol plant in South Africa.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
308
-------
TITLE:
Development of the CO-Steam Process for Liquefaction of Lignite and Western
Subbituminous Coals
AUTHOR:
E.A. Sondreal, D.L. Knudson, J.E. Schiller, and T.H. May
ADDRESS:
Grand Forks Energy Research Center, Energy Research and Development
Administration, Grand Forks, North Dakota
REFERENCE:
Preprints of the 9th Biennial Lignite Symposium, Grand Forks, ND
5/18-19, 1977
SUMMARY:
CO-Steam is a second generation coal liquefaction technology for con-
verting low-rank coals to environmentally acceptable liquid boiler fuel, and
with fractionation or additional hydrogenation, to distillate heating
oil, gasoline, and chemical feedstocks. The process utilizes the reaction
of carbon monoxide and steam on coal with or without the addition of
catalyst. Favorable reaction conditions are 4000 psig and 460°C. Work on
the CO-Steam process at the Grand Forks Energy Research Center was started
in 1975; this report presents the significant aspects of the progress
to drte.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
309
-------
TITLE:
Development of a Continuous Dry Coal Screw Feeder
AUTHOR:
Ingersoll-Rand Research, Inc.
ADDRESS:
Princetown, NJ
REF:
Coal Demonstration Plants (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0027/1
UC-89
SUMMARY:
Development of a continuous dry coal screw feeder is being conducted
by Ingersoll-Rand Research, Inc. through ERDA sponsorship. The feeders
are to be developed through the pilot plant stage, with the engineering
and economic viability evaluted throughout the development process. The
end result of the research will be a recommendation by Ingersoll-Rand
of coal feed injector equipment that will be compatible with projected
demonstration plant requirements. The successful developement of a
continuous dry coal feeder would have a significant impact on coal
processing. The equipment could be used in both high-and low-Btu
gasification plants and also in coal liquefaction systems.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
310
-------
TITLE:
Technical Assistance Services
AUTHOR:
Ralph M. Parsons Company
ADDRESS:
Pasadena, CA
REF:
Coal Demonstration Plants (Jan-Mar. 1977)
DOE/ET-00271
UC-89
SUMMARY:
The Ralph M. Parsons Company is providing technical assistance
services to ERDA with the objective of developing and demonstrating
practical processes for producing liquid and/or solid fuels from coal.
Under this program, initiated in 1972 and updated in 1974, Parsons is:
Preparing conceptual designs and economic evaluations
for commercial plants.
Evaluating pilot plant perfomance and other experimental
programs.
Evaluating unit operations and processes for possible
applications in coal processing, including design and
construction of pilot plants.
Evaluating proposals for new work and for changes in ongoing
work.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
311
-------
TITLE:
Engineering and Technical Support
AUTHORS:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Huntsville Division
ADDRESS:
Huntsville, AL
REF:
Coal Demonstration Plants (Jan-May 1977)
DOE/ET-0027/1
UC-89
SUMMARY:
Under the interagency agreement between ERDA and the Office of the
Chief of Engineers, U.S. Department of the Army, the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers is providing ERDA with engineering and technical support. This
contract, initiated in mid-1974, involves the services of the Corps of
Engineers engineering forces to provide technical services for demon-
station plant design, construction, and related support for such projects
and at such locations as requested by ERDA.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
312
-------
TITLE:
Chemical Bond Cleavage During Asphaltene Formation
AUTHOR:
B.M. Benjamin, V.F. Raaen, 6.W. Kabalka, and C.J. Collins
ADDRESS:
Chemistry Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. of Fuel Chem. Preprints, 22_ (2), 206 (1977).
SUMMARY:
An important question arising from experiments involving coal liquefact-
ion processes is "which bonds are broken when solid coal is converted to
liquids, or to soluble oils, asphaltenes, and preasphaltenes?" Previously,
we found that a variety of diaryl-and triarylethanes and ethylenes were
found to cleave at the central C - C bond; the derived products were
characterized. Certain ethers were found to cleave accompanied by the
formation of water.
We have now investigated a large variety of compounds and have found
that bonds attaching large groups to the aromatic nucleus of phenols and
phenol ethers break easily. Radioactive labeling was also used to determine
the presence of any isolated, nonaromatic double bonds.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
313
-------
TITLE:
Commercial Scale Ebullated-Bed Hydroprocessing of Solvent Refined Coal
Extract
AUTHOR:
Cities Services Research and Development Company
ADDRESS:
Cranbury, NJ
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
Solvent refined coal (SRC) extract is a hydrocarbon mixture
containing significant quantities of oxygen, nitrogen sulfur, and ash.
SRC extract composition and properties are similar to heavy sour petroleum
crude and process-derived residue. These are problem stocks which must
be upgraded by treatment with hydrogen before they can be further refined
to liquid finished products. Ebullated-bed hydrotreating can upgrade
these stocks and maintain continuous operation for extended periods of
time as well.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
314
-------
TITLE:
Synthoil Process
REFERENCE:
Coal Liquefaction, Quarterly Report from the Office of Fossil Energy.
April-June, 1976, Energy Research and Development Administration, 20
Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington D.C. 20545
SUMMARY:
Development of the Synthoil process, initiated by the U.S. Bureau of
Mines, is currently being managed by ERDA through the Pittsburgh Energy
Research Center (PERC) in Pennsylvania. The objective of this project
is to determine the technical and economic feasibility of the process for
scale-up to commercial use. Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation is responsible
for designing and managing the construction of a 10-ton-per-day process
development unit to test the Synthoil process. PERC is conducting support
research for the design of the unit. In addition, PERC is monitoring
laboratory research on various aspects of the Synthoil process being
conducted by Sandia Laboratories, and Argonne National Laboratory. Research
being conducted at Exxon Research and Engineering and Battelle Memorial
Institute is being monitored by the Morgantown Energy Research Center
(MERC) in West Virginia.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
315
-------
TITLE:
Synthoil Process
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
The synthoil process is a dehydrodesulfurization process that covers
high-sulfur coal to a low-sulfur coal, low-ash synthetic fuel oil. The
coal is crushed and dried and mixed with process product oil to form a
slurry. The slurry is combined with hydrogen and fed into a fired preheater.
From the preheater, the slurry enters a fixed-bed catalytic reactor packed
with catalyst pellets, of cobalt molybdate on a silica aluminum base.
The product mixture is then cooled and the liquid and unreacted solids are
separated from the gases.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
316
-------
TITLE:
Zinc Halide Hydrocracking Process
AUTHOR:
Conoco Coal Development Company
ADDRESS:
Library, PA
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
The zinc halide hydrocracking process is designed to maximize the
conversion of coal into light distillates by severe catalytic cracking.
The coal is dried and pulverized and then introduced into a feed tank where
it is slurried with a process-derived recycle oil. The slurry feed is
transferred to a hydrocracking reactor where it is mixed with hydrogen and
the zinc chloride catalyst. In the reactor, the coal is cracked to
distillates in the gasoline within further processing, and a small quantity
of very low sulfur, low-nitrogen fuel oil. The gas is subsequently
separated from the liquid in a product receiver. Spent catalyst is then fed
to a regenerator for catalyst recovery.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
317
-------
TITLE:
Chemicals from Coal
AUTHOR:
Dow Chemical Company
ADDRESS:
Midland, MI
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
COE/ET-0026-/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
Historically, coal was used as a chemical feedstock, but petroleum
and natural gas were substituted as cheaper feedstocks when they became
available. However, because of the recent rising costs and decreasing
availability of petroleum and natural gas, The Dow Chemical Company, under
sponsorship of ERDA, is studying the possibility of using coal-derived
liquids as chemical feedstock. Dow is testing liquids from four coal
liquefaction processes (COED, Synthoil, H-Coal, and SRC) in standard
petrochemical processing experiments and is evaluating these results to
select one process for further study. The selection will be based on
process design, quality of chemicals produced, and overall plant economics.
For the process selected, further development will include material
balances and utility requirements for each major process step, a prelim-
inary process flowsheet, and estimates of captial and operating cost for
a commercial plant.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
318
-------
TITLE:
Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts of Coal Gasification and
Liquefaction Plants
AUTHOR:
R.6. Edwards, A.B. Broderson & W.P. Hauser
ADDRESS:
AME Technology, Inc.
Lexington, Kentucky 40505
REFERENCE:
PB 253 747 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
This work was commissioned by the University of Kentucky Institute for
Mining and Minerals Research in order to identify potential Impacts on the
environment occasioned by the construction and operation of major coal con-
version plants.
The principal objective of any good environmental impact assessment
is to identify and address potential problems, regardless of the ease of
difficulty of their solution, so that adequate attention may be given to
their preclusion or solution. An especially searching and penetrating
study is required in order that coal conversion plants may be intelligently
sited, planned, and designed. We asked for such a study and requested
that any and all potential problems be identified and discussed. We realize
this may appear to place undue emphasis on the negative aspects of the
benefit-cost-impact relationship, but, unfortunately, this seems to be the
nature of environmental impact studies. The reader must bear in mind the
fact that there are substantial benefits accruing to the establishment of a
coal conversion industry which must be properly factored into overall plan-
ning considerations.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
319
-------
TITLE:
Coal Liquefaction
AUTHOR:
ERDA
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA. 15213
REF:
Clean Energy from Coal (p. 6-9)
PERC 1000
SUMMARY;
A major objective of the Pittsburgh Energy Research Center is
development of processes intended primarily to produce clean fuel oil
from coal. The most advanced of these, the SYNTHOIL process, has
progressed to the scale of 10 ton-per-day Process Development Unit (PDU)
which is now under construction. Another process, using disposable
catalysts, is being tested in a 1/2 ton-per-day unit. A third process,
termed COSTEAM, is aimed toward use of low rank coals without a
catalyst and with cheaper reacting gases. These different liquefaction
processes thus employ various materials and operating conditions to
reach similar objectives.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
320
-------
TITLE:
Fluid Coking of Coal Liquefaction Residues
AUTHOR:
Exxon Research and Engineering Company
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
The treatment of residual, solids-containing liquids produced by
various coal liquefaction processes is important in determining the overall
economic viability of the process. Solids are removed from primary coal
liquids by methods such as hydrocyclones, vacuum distillation, and solvent
deashing. The solids-containing- residues from these operation may contain
additional valuable liquid products which may be recovered by fluid coking.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
321
-------
TITLE:
Donor Solvent Liquefaction Process
AUTHOR:
Exxon Research and Engineering Company
ADDRESS:
Baytown, TX
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0026/1
UC-90
SUMMARY:
Crusted coal is liquefied in a non-catalytic tubular reactor in the
presence of molecular hydrogen and the hydrogen-donor solvent. The
liquefaction reactor operates at 800-880°F and 1500-2000 pounds per square
inch.
The hydrogen-donor solvent is a 400°-850°F boiling range material.
The solvent is a catalytically hydrogenated recycle stream fractionated
from the middle boiling range of the liquid product. After hydrogenation,
the solvent is mixed with fresh coal feed and pumped through a preheat
furnace into the liquefaction reactor. Slurry leaving the liquefaction
reactor is separated by distillation into gas, naphtha, distillates, and
a vacuum bottoms slurry. The vacuum bottoms slurry is coked to produce
additional liquids.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
322
-------
TITLE:
Conceptual Design for Advanced Coal Liquefaction Commercial Plant
AUTHOR:
Fluor Engineers and Constructors
ADDRESS:
Irvine, CA
REF:
Coal Demonstration Plant (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0027/1 UC-89
SUMMARY:
Fluor Engineers and Constructors are currently under contract to
the Division of Major Facilities Project Management to prepare a conceptual
design package for a commercial facility to produce liquid synthetic fuels
by an advanced coal liquefaction scheme. The process currently under
study is similar to the hydrogen donor solvent concept.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
323
-------
TITLE:
Cresap Test Facility
AUTHOR:
Fluor Engineers and Constructors, Inc.
ADDRESS:
Los Angeles, CA
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
In this process, coal is converted to low-sulfur liquid fuel. The
coal is first crushed to 100-mesh and then combined with aromatic solvent in
a mixer. The coal-solvent slurry is then pressurized and preheated. The
slurry passes to an extractor where coal dissolution occurs. The product
stream is then treated in a liquid-solid separation unit where the coal
extract and solvent are removed, leaving a thickened slurry. This stream
is sent to a carbonizer where the material is converted to char, oil, and
gas. The oil is recycled to the liquid-solid separation unit and the char
and gas are recovered.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
324
-------
TITLE:
Major, Minor, and Trace Elements in the Liquid Product and Solid Residue
from Catalytic Hydrogenation of Coals
AUTHOR:
P.H. Given, R.N. Miller, N. Subra and W. Spademan
ADDRESS:
College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
REFERENCE:
Advances in Chemistry Series 141. 188, 1975
SUMMARY:
Approximate contents of 14 minor and trace elements in oils produced
from three coals by the catalytic hydrogenatlon process of Gulf Research
and Development Co. were determined by emission spectroscopy. The results
were compared with corresponding data for the original coals and the solid
residues from the process. The contents of ash, sulfur, vanadium, lead,
and copper are near or below the limits specified for an oil to be fired
directly in a gas turbine while sodium and probably calcium are too high.
Titanium appears to be somewhat enriched in the oils analyzed relative to
other elements, suggesting its presence in organometallic complexes.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
325
-------
TITLE:
H-Coal Project
AUTHOR:
Hydrocarbon Carbon Research, Inc.
Ashland Synthetic Fuels, Inc.
ADDRESS:
Trenton, NJ,
Ashland, KY
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
The overall objectives of this project are to further develop the
H-Coal process and to demonstrate its technical and economic feasibility on
larger scales. The specific objectives are to:
Perform laboratory research on all phases of the H-Coal process, using
the existing bench-scale unit and process development unit to establish
design criteria.
Design a pilot plant capable of converting 600 tons of coal per day
to 2,000 barrels per day of low-sulfur boiler fuel or synthetic crude oil.
Procure equipment and materials for the pilot plant.
Ultimately, the pilot plant will be constructed and operated to provide
data for further evaluation of the process and design of a full-size
commercial plant.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
326
-------
TITLE:
Filtration Process and Equipment Studies
AUTHOR:
John-Manville Sales Corporation
ADDRESS:
Denver, CO
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET 0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
The filtration research program is divided into two phases. The
objectives of Phase I are to (1) develop basic knowledge of the coal oil
filtration process and its dependence on liquefaction process parameters
and (2) apply the knowledge gained to improve the performance of filtration
operations in existing liquefaction plants. Phase II involves the design
and construction of a rotary drum pressurized percoal filter capable
of processing the product flow from an existing liquefaction pilot plant.
One of the criteria established for a viable system is the capability
of filtering in excess of 20 gallons of solid-liquid mixture per
square foot per hour. Data obtained from operation of the pilot scale
filtration unit will be used to design filters for commercial plants.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
327
-------
TITLE:
Evaluation of Pollution Control in Fossil Fuel Conversion Processes
(analytical test plan)
AUTHOR:
C.D. Kalfadelis, E.M. Mager, G.E. Milliman and T.D. Seal
ADDRESS:
Exxon Research and Engineering Company
P. 0. Box 8
Linden, New Jersey 07036
REFERENCE:
P.B. 249 845 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
The report gives results of a preliminary definition of those streams
which require analysis to permit an assessment of the pollution potential
of the processes in the light of current environmental standards, using
a coal gasification process (Lurgi) and a coal liquefaction process (COED)
as a basis. It defines methods for sampling indicated streams and analytical
procedures which are required to obtain the data. These summaries may be
readily modified or adapted to other processes, and expanded to include
additional polluting constituents or improvements in analytical procedures.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
328
-------
TITLE:
Aging Characteristics of Coal Liquids
AUTHOR:
Fred S. Kara, Fred R. Brown, A.G. Sharkey, Jr.
ADDRESS:
ERDA, 4800 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. of Fuel Chem., Preprints, Z2 (2), 227 (1977).
SUMMARY:
Materials handling and storage is an important part of any chemical
process. The Synthoil process, which converts coal to a low-ash, low-sulfur
fuel oil, requires careful storage to control the viscosity of the products.
The economics of this process requires a light hydrogenation of coal, and
therefore any chemical changes during storage that may increase the viscosity
of the product to a level at which it becomes a handling problem must be
avoided. Recommended handling procedures can be determined by laboratory
studies. Previous studies give a brief resume of the changes in viscosity
of Synthoil samples during ambient storage for times up to 120 days. The
present report, also based on viscosity measurements, covers a variety of
storage conditions which include storage temperatures of 30°-61°C, atmospheres
of nitrogen, air and oxygen, both stirred and unstirred samples and ambient
light versus darkness. Further studies of these samples based on chemical
and instrumental analyses will be reported.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
329
-------
TITLE:
Production of Clean Liquid Fuels from Lignite: Catalytic Hydrotreating of
Solvent Refined Lignite Employing Low Surface Area Catalysts and Commercial
Catalysts
AUTHOR:
K.J. Klabunde, D.S. Jones, D.H. Ralston, K. Tanabe, M. Govek, V.I. Stenberg,
N.F. Woolsey, and R.J. Baltisberger
ADDRESS:
Department of Chemistry, University of ND, Grand Forks, ND 58202
REFERENCE:
Paper presented at:
1977 Ninth Annual Lignite Symposium, May 18-19, 1977 Grand Forks, ND
SUMMARY:
Solvent Refined Lignite (SRL) is a heavy demineralized solid fuel
derived from lignite (by Project Lignite of UND). It is highly aromatic
and contains a good deal of oxygen and nitrogen. A series of commercial
hydrotreating catalysts normally used in the petroleum industry were tested
in batch autoclave experiments under moderate pressures of hydrogen to
determine which were superior for conversion of SRL to light distillable
high quality liquid fuels. It was found that NiO-Mo03 on Al203 and
CoO-Mo02 on A^Og (both from Harshaw) were effective in this process, giving
90% overall conversions with 40-50% going to light liquids and oils.
However, these catalysts have very high surface areas, and were originally
designed for petroleum feedstocks. Therefore, a series of low surface area,
NiS04-Mo03/supports were synthesized choosing various catalyst supports with
SRL as a feedstock in mind (we now know a great deal about SRL chemical
properties). The supports chosen were Ti02 (a), Ti02($), Ti02(a)-Si02,
Zr02, Al2Q3 fibers, FE and FF Al203(H). It was found that NiS04-Mo03/Zr02
was a very effective low surface~area catalyst, as were NiS04~Mo03 on
Ti02(a) and Ti02(B). However, the high surface area NiS04-Mo03/Al203(FF)
had the highest activity overall, quite similar to NiO-Mo03/Al2Oq HT-100
from Harshaw. The most significant points are, however: (1) we have prepared
some low surface catalysts that approach the high surface catalysts in
overall activity, (2) no correlations with catalyst acid amount were found
(3) optimum reaction conditions have been established, and (4) properties of
the liquid fuels produced have been studied yielding promising results
(may be. excellent liquid fuels).
Coal Liquefaction Plants
330
-------
TITLE:
Production of Clean Liquid Fuels from Lignite: Catalytic Hydrotreating
of Solvent Refined Lignite Employing Low Surface Area Catalysts and
Commercial Catalysts
AUTHOR:
K.J. Klabunde, D.S. Jones, D.H. Ralston, K. Tanabe, M. Gorek, V.I.
Stenber, N.F. Woolsey and R.J. Baltisberger
ADDRESS:
Department of Chemistry
University of North Dakota
Grand Forks, N.D.
REFERENCE:
Technology and Use of Lignite Symposium
Grand Forks, ND May 1977 (GFERC/IC-77/1) page
SUMMARY:
A series of commercial hydrotreating catalysts normally used in the
petroleum industry were tested in batch autoclave experiments under
moderate pressures of hydrogen to determine which were superior for con-
version of solvent refined lignite (SRL) to light distillate high
quality liquid fuels. It was found that NiO-MoOs on A1203 and CoO-Mo02
on A1203 (both from Harshaw) were effective in this process, giving 90
percent overall conversions, with 40 to 50 percent going to light liquids
and oils. However, these catalysts have very high surface areas and were
originally designed for petroleum feedstocks.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
331
-------
TITLE:
Coal Feeder Development Program
AUTHORS:
Lockheed Missiles and Space Go.
ADDRESS:
Sunnyvale, CA
REF:
Coal Demonstration Plant (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0027/1
UC-89
SUMMARY:
Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Inc., a subsidiary of Lockheed
Aircraft Corporation, is conducting a coal feeder development program
under the auspices of ERDA. A need exists for this development effort
because current lock hopper or slurry concepts for coal feeding are
inadequate. The feeder system is a critical component of a coal conversion
plant, affecting equipment and maintenance cost, plant efficiency, and
down time. An improved coal feeder that is applicable to all processes
using pulverized dry coal at reacter pressures up to 100 atm must be
developed.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
332
-------
TITLE:
CO-Steam Process
AUTHOR:
Everett A. Sondreal
ADDRESS:
Grand Forks Energy Research Center
Grand Forks, North Dakota
REFERENCE:
GFERC/QTR-76/3
SUMMARY:
In-house work at GFERC on the CO-Steam liquefaction process includes
laboratory scale research on chemical reaction kinetics, reactor optimization,
and product characterization. Research facilities include 300-cc, 1-liter,
and 1-gallon batch autoclaves, specialized equipment for hot charging and
timed sampling in batch experiments, a 10-lb/hr continuous unit (under
construction), low and high resolution mass spectrometers with a computer-
ized data system, gas chroma tography, liquid chroma to graphy, UV, IR, AA,
and other analytical instrumentation. In-house research at GFERC is in
support of process scaleup for Western U.S. coals.
During this quarter considerable progress was made in defining
analytical procedures for identifying and measuring products and reactants
in the CO-Steam process. A mass spectrometric method was developed for
quantitative analysis of molecular species for up to 90 pet of the lignite
derived oil. Pyrolysis-elemental analysis equipment (for C, H, N, 0, and S)
has been received, assembled, and is being operated. Nonaqueous titration
methods for phenols and amines have been reduced to practice, and an auto-
matic titrator has been ordered. Measurement of calcium and iron in product
oil was performed by atmoic absorption. Progress has also been made in the
high pressure liquid chromatographic methods to isolate compound types and
measure molecular weight for lignite derived samples.
Six batch autoclave runs were made with hot charging periodic sampling
during the reaction. Results indicate that the conversion of lignite to
tetrahydrofuan soluble material is rapid (t-j/2 = 15 minutes). Exploratory
work in these runs has defined the following conditions as necessary for
successful hot charging and sampling: 1) a solvent which does not separate
from lignite prior to and during reaction, 2) adequate stirring, 3) charging
temperature below 475°C ot prevent coking, and 4) a solvent to coal ratio of
at least 3:1.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
333
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TITLE:
Production of Clean Industrial and Transportation Fuels from Coal
AUTHOR:
The Lummus Company
ADDRESS:
Bloomfield, NJ
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
The Lummus Clean Fuel From Coal (CFFC) Process is being studied under
this contract for the purpose of establishing optimum operating conditions
and proving the reliability of the process. The primary objectives of this
development program are to:
Establish recycle oil self-sufficiency, catalyst life, and process
operability for coal liquefaction and demonstrate comparative hydrolique-
faction performance of a proprietary Lummus catalyst versus a standard
cobalt-molybdate catalyst.
Convert all-distillate coal liquid product to gasoline by continuous
fixed-bed hydrotesting/hydrocracking operation.
Provide a preliminary engineering design of a Lummus CFFC pilot
plant facility.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
334
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TITLE:
Coal Technology - Actions and Plans
AUTHOR:
G. Alex Mills
ADDRESS:
Energy Research and Development Administration
REFERENCE:
Proceedings of the 2nd Energy Technology Conference Energy Technology II
page 23) 1975
SUMMARY:
Coal, because of its abundant supply in the United States, offers a
unique opportunity for both near- and mid-term supply. Unlike other
energy sources such as solar and geothermal, coal offers a relatively
immediately available energy supply. Moreover, an extensive technological
background exists for coal extending over many decades. Coal research
efforts have been greatly expanded recently. Coal technology is moving into
a new, advanced phase in which laboratory findings are being tested in
several large pilot plants and definitive plans and commitments being
made for commercial-sized demonstration plant.
The primary objective of coal liquefaction research is to provide
technology which is economically feasible and environmentally satisfactory
to convert coal to a clean liquid fuel for electric power generation,
transportation, and heating for industry and houses. The short term strategy
is to develop to an industrial scale the conversion of coal into a low-
sulfur, low-ash fuel oil suitable for electric power generation. This
will release for other uses petroleum and natural gas. The longer term
objective is to develop technology for production of gasoline, methanol,
diesel fuel, and heating oil and chemical feedstocks.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
335
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TITLE:
R & D Engineering Services - Carbonization of Residue
REFERENCE:
Coal Liquefaction, Quarterly Report from the Office of Fossil Energy.
April-June 1976, Energy Research and Development Administration, 20 Mass-
achusetts Avenue N.W., Washington D.C. 20545
SUMMARY:
The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is conducting several research
and development projects in support of the increased utilization of coal
as a source of clean energy. Under this contract, begun in November of 1975,
ORNL is to:
Review the experience with the low-temperature carbonizer at the
Cresap Test Facility.
Modify the existing atmospheric batch reactor to operate continuously
on solids-laden residue from ERDA processes.
Operate the above reactor with material from the H-Coal, Solvent Refined
Coal (SRC), and Consol Synthetic Fuel (CSF) processes.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
336
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TITLE:
R & D Engineering Services — Carbonization of Residue
AUTHOR:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
ADDRESS:
Oak Ridge, TN
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
SUMMARY:
In the process, used by ORNL, the residual materials are converted to
char by carbonization. The feed-stock is transported from the feed pot to
the reactor by a stream of inert gas. Additional inert gas is preheated
and fed to the reactor for fluidization. The fluidized-bed reactor is
operated at temperatures up to 1,200°F. The char overflow pot connected to
the reactor by two overflow tubes. Inert gas passing up through the central
draft tube transfers the product char from the reactor to a cyclone where
the gas and solid phases are separated. The gaseous effluent is sub-
sequently scrubbed and filtered prior to being discharged.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
337
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TITLE:
R & D Engineering Services — Hydrocarbonization
AUTHOR:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
ADDRESS:
Oak Ridge, TN
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE-ET-0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
Hydrocarbonization is an improtant type of coal liquefaction process
which combines high-temperature, high-pressure, and fluidized-bed operation
using hydrogen-rich gas for fluization. The hydrocarbonization process
can produce controlled yields of desulfurized char, liquid fuels, and
substitute natural gas. The product char may be suitable for use in
boilers, without stack gas treatment units. The liquid products may be
composed of naphtha, light gas oil, and heavy gas oil.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
338
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TITLE:
Flash Pyrolysis Coal Liquefaction Process
AUTHOR:
Occidental Research Corporation
ADDRESS:
LaVerne, CA
REF.
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
The Occidental Research Corporation (ORC), will evaluate the commercial
potential of its flash pyrolysis coal liquefaction process under the
sponsorship of ERDA.
The main objectives of the program are to: Demonstrate that caking
coals can be processed continuously in a specially designed single-stage
pyrolysis reactor without oxidative pretretement, and that this method will
results in a significantly higher yield of liquids that other proposed
pyrolysis processes.
Conduct extended runs in the three-ton-per-day process development
unit (PDU) in order to obtain steady state heat and material balances.
Produce and recover large quantities of the primary tar, and to
evaluate methods for upgrading this material to clean fuel or synthetic
crude oil.
Continue development of specific areas of the pyrolysis and liquids
collection systems to ensure a technologically sound basis for futher
scale-up.
Obtain sufficient process and environmental data for detailed design of
a larger plant and conduct an assessment of the potential commercial
viability of the process.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
339
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TITLE:
Environmental Factors in Coal Liquefaction Plant
AUTHOR:
J.B. O'Hare, S.N. Rippes, B.I. Loran, W.J. Mindheinm
ADDRESS:
Ralph M. Parsons Co.
Pasadena, Calif.
REFERENCE:
CA 84 (12) 079005 EPA 650-2-74-118 1974
SUMMARY:
Environmental factors will play an important role in the design and
operation of coal liquefaction plants. Such plants are a major national
goal. The first large units could be built during this decade. Proposed
treatment methods are discussed for solid, liquid, and gaseous effluents
based on a preliminary liquefaction plant design developed for the Office
of Coal Research by The Ralph M. Parsons Company. An approach to noise
control procedures designed to satisfy requirements of the Occupational
Health and Safety Act is also described.
During the course of future development efforts, further research
is recommended to develop additional data and information on environmental
factors. Such data will further improve the effectiveness and economy
of plant environmental control and of the monitoring systems.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
340
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TITLE:
Hydrodesulfurization In the Solvent Refined Coal Process
AUTHOR:
W.S. Pitts, A.R. Tarrer, J.A. Guin, J.W. Prather
ADDRESS:
Coal Conversion Laboratory, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Division of Fuel Chem., Preprints, 22 (2), 214 (1977).
SUMMARY:
In the present work, an experimental evaluation is made of the feasi-
bility for accelerating HDS of coal by simply varying reaction conditions
and utilizing coal mineral matter and/or other cheap regenerable catalysts.
The rate data reported were all obtained in a batch system; and except for
one series of experiments, only one coal type, a bituminous Kentucky No.
9/14, was used. A reaction model was developed that gives an excellent fit
to the experimental data. The model, as well as other results of the com-
parative studies performed, is intended to assist in predicting and inter-
preting results from pilot studies of the SRC process, such as those at
Wilsonville, Alabama, and Tacoma, Washington. The model provides also a
useful design tool; but, for a reaction system as complex as the one dealt
with here, it would be presumptuous to suggest that it represents the
true mechanism.
In a previously reported catalyst screening study, several minerals
indigenous to coal were shown to have a catalytic effect on the HDS of
creosote oil. Of particular interest was the observation that in the pre-
sence of reduced metallic iron the HDS rate of the oil was significantly
higher than that resulting when no mineral was present; whereas, in the
presence of pyrite the HDS rate was about the same as it was when no
mineral was present. These observations were surprising in that both
reduced iron and pyrite are converted into the sulfide form (pyrrhotite)
within the first fifteen to twenty minutes of reaction. Based on these
observations, to further examine the practicality of coal mineral catalysis,
a series of experiments was performed to ascertain whether the acceleration
of the HDS rate in the presence of iron was predominantly thermodynamic
or catalytic in nature. It is possible that iron, by removing HgS, promotes
HDS by Le Chateller's principle, or simply prevents the ^S from reducing
the activity of catalytic sulfides by preferential adsorption.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
341
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TITLE;
Solvent-Refined Coal (SRC) Process
AUTHOR:
The Pittsburgh and Midway Coal Mining Company
ADDRESS:
Merriam, Kansas
RE:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
The SRC process is being developed by Pittsburg and Midway Coal
Mining Company (P&M), a subsidiary of Gulf Oil Corporation, under the
sponsorship of ERDA. The specific objectives of the contract are to (1)
continue obtaining technical and economic data from the pilot plant to
validate scale-up to commercial production and (2) provide large samples
of solvent-refined coal and by-products from the process for market
development studies.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
342
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TITLE:
Comparative Economics for the Authur D, Little Extractive Coking Process
AUTHOR:
S.A. Rever, R.M. Nadkarni, R.W. Hyde, and A.H. Schutte
ADDRESS:
Arthur D. Little* Inc., 20 Acorn Park, Cambridge, MA
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings
1976 Vol I.
SUMMARY:
There is considerable interest in coal liquefaction as a means of
upgrading coal to more desirable feedstocks or a more valuable fuel form.
However, there are several unanswered technical issues concerning coal
liquefaction, the most serious technical problems being connected with sep-
arating the liquids from the unreacted coal and ash. The Arthur D. Little
(ADL) coal liquefaction process uses coking to effect a clean separation.
Other advantages include efficient hydrogen utilization, low-severity
extraction and coking conditions, the absence of a need for mechanical
separations equipment, utilization of commercially available hardware,
the absence of an extraction catalyst, and the avoidance of high-pressure
slurry letdown. The process is now undergoing development under ERDA
sponsorship and in in conjunction with Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation,
where pilot plant testing is being carried out and Pittsburgh Energy Research
Center, where solvent hydrotreating and autoclave experimentation have
been done.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
343
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TITLE:
Liquefaction of Coal by Direct Hydrogenation
AUTHOR:
Rocketdyne Division
Rockwell International Corporation
ADDRESS:
Conoga Park, CA
REF:
Coal Liquefaction (Jan-Mar 1977)
(DOE/ET-0026/1
UC-90D
SUMMARY:
Under contract to ERDA, The Rocketdyne Division of Rockewell
International is conducting a research program to develop a technology to
liquefy coal via direct hydrogenation. This technique would involve
rapid mixing, reaction, and quenching of a gaseous hydrogen and pulverized
coal mixture to form hydrocarbon liquids. These products would be suitable
for conversiton to fuel oil or chemical feedstocks.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
344
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TITLE:
Isopropyl Alcohol as a Coal Liquefaction Agent
AUTHOR:
David S. Ross and Janes E. Blessing
ADDRESS:
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA 94025
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Division of Fuel Chem. Preprints, 22_ (2), 208 (1977)
SUMMARY:
The use of Tetralin and similar H-donor solvents in the hydrocon-
version of coal to liquid fuels is well known, and is important in large-
scale coal conversion processes. This report presents evidence that
isopropyl alcohol can act as an H-donor solvent, yielding products similar
to those generated in Tetralin-based systems. Contrary to the case for
Tetralin, it appears that the action of the isopropyl alcohol can be promoted
by the presence of bases. This report presents initial data from a research
program still in progress; a full account of the work is to be presented in
a subsequent manuscript.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
345
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TITLE:
Composition of Coal Liquefaction Products
AUTHOR:
Joseph E. Schiller
ADDRESS:
Grand Forks Energy Research Center, Grand Forks, ND
REFERENCE:
Hydrocarbon Processing, January 1977
SUMMARY:
Solvent refining of coal and coal liquefaction involve reaction of a
coal/oil slurry with reducing gas (Hg or synthesis filtration solvent) which is
removed by vacuum distillation to leave solid "solvent refined" coal (SRC).
In coal liquefaction, higher temperature and pressure or a catalyst are used,
and some of the product oil is recycled as vehicle for continuous operation.
Five SRCs, their respective process solvents and two coal liquefaction
products were analyzed by microdistillation, column chromatography, high
pressure liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The SRCs contained
from 2 to 17% volatile material (at 250°C and 1 torr), and total saturates
plus aromatics ranged from 2 to 20% of the total sample. Mass spectrometric
analysis of the SRC distillates showed them to be mainly unremoved solvent
and solvent heavy ends. One solvent refining process studied gives a
product low in ash and sulfur with very low solvent residue and minimum
chemical modification of the original coal. Recycle solvents are typically
10% saturates, 60% aromatics, 10% N compounds and 20% 0 compounds. Vigorous
hydrogenation leads to a decrease in N compounds and an increase in 0
compounds in the recycle solvents were the aromatics are almost entirely
naphthalene and biphenyl derivatives. Coal liquefaction products from
the Synthoil and CO-Steam process are midway in character between SRC and
recycle solvents. These materials are 55 to 65% distillable, and the
distillate contains aromatics, 0 compounds and N compounds in the approximate
ratio of 3:2:1.
Results show that process variables have the following effects on
conversion products:
•Vigorous hydrogenation of coal increases the amount of oxygen compounds
and decreases the amount of nitrogen compounds in distillable products.
•Mild hydrogenation gives dibenzofuran as the major oxygenated compound,
while mainly hydroxyl compounds result from vigorous hydrogenation.
•Naphthalenes and phenanthrenes are the major aromatics from mild
hydrogenation, but.acenaphthene/biphenyl are more abundant in vigorous hydro-
genation distillates.
•Unremoved solvent or 2 and 4 condensed ring aromatics account for the
major amount of distillable material in SCR.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
346
-------
•The distillate from SRC #115R contains the Intermediate between
asphaltenes and oil In coal hydrogenation.
•Carbazoles are more unreactlve than other nitrogen compounds.
•The average molecular weight of SRC is reduced by vlgoroous reaction
conditions.
•Aromatlcs In coal conversion distillates exhibit a low degree of
alklyation.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
347
-------
TITLE:
A Simple Separation Method for Coal-Derive Solids and Heavy Liquids
AUTHOR:
Joseph E. Schiller and Dennis R. Mathiason
ADDRESS:
Grand Forks Energy Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58202
SUMMARY:
A rapid, simple chromatographic procedure has been developed to
fractionate coal-derived solids and liquids for subsequent analysis by
mass spectrometry and other spectral methods. The sample is pre-adsorbed
on neutral alumina (activity I), and eluted with hexane, toluene, chloroform
(2 fractions) and 9:1 tetrahydrofuran—ethanol. The principal compound
types eluted in each fraction, respectively, are: saturated hydrocarbons,
aromatic hydrocarbons and benzofurans, ethers, nitrogen compounds, and
hydroxyl compounds. Solvents and adsorbents are used as received, gravity
flow columns are used, the separation may be followed visually, and less than
two hours are required per analysis when several samples are separated
concurrently. Mass spectral analysis is enhanced because the toluene eluate
contains only aromatic hydrocarbons and ethers, while the second chloroform
fraction includes almost all of the nitrogen compounds in the sample.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
348
-------
TITLE:
Process Development of Lignite Liquefaction
AUTHOR:
D.E. Severson, A.M. Souby and J.J. Harris
ADDRESS:
Grand Forks, ND
REFERENCE:
Proceedings of the Lignite Symposium; May 18-19, 1977; Grand Forks, ND
SUMMARY:
Primary effort of this group has been directed toward operation of a
0.6 ton/day process development unit (PDU) designed for continuous solvent
extraction of lignite at pressures up to 2500 psig and at temperatures up
to 950°F in an atmosphere of reducing gases, usually synthesis gas, and
with a hydrogen donor solvent. The PDU features provision of recovery and
recycle of solvent and of unreacted process gases. Ash removal is accomplish-
ed by dilution of vacuum flash bottoms with toluene followed by settling out
and separation of the mineral matter and unreacted lignite from the toluene
extract. SRL is recovered after flashing off the toluene for recycle.
This report will discuss additional laboratory work, design and operational
details of the PDU, effects of operating variables on yields, product
characteristics, and the economics of a commercial SRL installation.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
349
-------
TITLE:
Process Development of Lignite Liquefaction
AUTHOR:
D.E. Severson, A.M. Souby and J.J. Harris
ADDRESS:
Project Lignite
University of North Dakota
Grand Forks, ND
REFERENCE:
Technology and Use of Lignite Symposium
Grand Forks, ND May 1977 (GFERC/IC-77/1) page 159
SUMMARY:
Progress on an ERDA-sponsored program for production of solvent-
refined lignite (SRL) in an continuous process development unit (PDU)
and in laboratory-batch autoclaves is reviewed. Laboratory studies dis-
cussed include investigation of process variables such as solvent type
and recycle, prior storage, drying, carbonization, combustion of hydrogena-
tion atmosphere, lignite source, and particle size of lignite. The unit
has been operated from 1500 to 2500 psi, with lignite feed rates of 14
to 61 Ib/hr and with solvent-to-lignite ratios of 1.33 to 3.00. Effects
of pressure, temperature, and feed gas composition are presented.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
350
-------
TITLE: ;
Spectral Studies of Coal-Derived Liquids
AUTHORS:
A. J. Sharkey, Jr., H. L. Retocfsky, Fred R, Brown
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center
Pittsburgh, PA
REF:
PERC/RI-77-14
SUMMARY:
Coal-derived materials form the PERC/ERDA SYNTHOIL process have been
studied with an array of spectrometric techniques. Spectral measurements
are reported for the process feed coal, the total centrifuged liquid ,
product (CLP) and 13 fractions derived from the CLP. Mass spectrometry,
magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy were the primary instrumental
techniques utilized.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
351
-------
TITLE:
CO-Steam Process
AUTHOR:
Everett A. Sondreal
ADDRESS:
Grand Forks Energy Research Center, ERDA
Grand Forks, ND
SUMMARY:
The major objective to develop engineering design data for commercial-
ization of the CO-Steam coal-liquefaction process for producing liquid
fuels of suitably low sulfur, nitrogen and ash contents from low-rank
Western Coals to be environmentally satisfactory. To obtain laboratory
data for optimization of reactor design. To cooperate with the Pittsburgh
Energy Research Center In planning, design, construction, and operating of
a process development unit (PDU) at Grand Forks under contract with
selected outside organizations. To establish an analytical support
capability in product characterization for both laboratory and PDU programs.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
352
-------
TITLE:
Neutron Activation Analysis at the Livermore Pool-Type Reactor for the
Environmental Research Program
AUTHOR:
R.C. Ragaini, R.E. Heft, and D. Garvis
ADDRESS:
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
University of California, Livermore, CA 94550
REFERENCE:
Distribution Category UC-11, UCRL-59092
SUMMARY:
Instrumental neutron activation analysis is a technique of trace
analysis using measurements of radioactivity induced in the sample by
exposure to a source of neutrons. The induced activity is measured by the
energy of the photopeaks produced as the nuclide decays and by the half-life
of the neutron—induced activity. A complex-computer program GAHANAL has been
used to accomplish the major tasks of nuclide identification and quantifica-
tion. The nuclide data output from CAMANAT. is processed by a second computer
code NADAC, which develops elemental abundance data from disintegration
rates observed. The methods are those employed at the Livermore Pool-
Type Reactor in support of the Environmental Research Program. Among the
procedures described and discussed are sample preparation, irradiation,
analysis, and application of the technique.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
353
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TITLE:
Organic Contaminants in Aqueous Coal Conversion Effluents: Environmental
Consequences and Research Priorities
AUTHOR:
Stephen E. Harbes, Carl W. Gehrs, George R. Southworth
ADDRESS:
Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
Tn 37830
REFERENCE:
Publication No. 880, Environmental Sciences Division, ORNL
SUMMARY:
The anticipated emplementation of an extensive coal conversion industry
in the United States within several decades will result in production of
substantial quantities of highly-contaminated wastewater. Many of the con-
taminants produced, if released into natural waters, could have deleterious
effects on aquatic ecosystems, and ultimately, on human life. Research is
required to determine potential acute and sub-acute effects of potentially
hazardous effluents constituents, and to evaluate their transport and
persistence in aquatic systems.
To facilitate a rational assignment of future aquatic research
priorities to answer these issues, we have initiated a systematic assessment
of the environmental hazards of anticipated organic components of aqueous
coal liquefaction effluents by the compilation of a critical literature
review. Five major classes of organic compounds have been operationally
defined: (1) phenols, (2) arylamines (organic bases), (3) aliphatic hydro-
carbons, (4) mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and (5)
sulfur-containing compounds. We present here a summary assessment of each
class on the basis of (1) concentrations anticipated in coal liquefaction
effluents, (2) removal by wastewater treatment systems, (3) acute toxicity,
(4) chronic toxic effects on aquatic organisms, and (5) environmental
transport and persistence. Gaps in understanding and future research needs
are identified.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
354
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TITLE:
Organic Sulfur Compounds in Coal Hydrogenation Products
AUTHOR:
Sayeed Akhtar, A. 6. Sharkey, Jr., J.L. Shultz, and P.M. Yarrersky
ADDRESS:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 4800 Forbes Avenue,
Pittsburgh, Penn. 15213
REFERENCE:
Paper presented at 167th National Meeting, Am. Chem. Soc., March 31 - April
5, 1974
SUMMARY:
Bituminous coals from Indiana #5 seam and Homestead mine, Kentucky,
were hydrogenated in a batch autoclave at 450°C and 4,000 psi without
adding any catalyst. In one hour more than 90 percent of the coals were
converted to benzene soluble liquids and gases. The liquid products
contained 14 organic sulfur compounds, 13 of them thiophene derivatives.
Their relative ease of decomposition was determined by Dibenzothiophene is
most difficult to decompose, followed by benzothiophene and naphtho-
benzothiophene.
Coal Liquefaction Plants
355
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TECHNICAL REPORTS:
COAL GASIFICATION PLANTS
TITLE:
Magnetic Desulfurization of Some Illinois
AUTHOR:
Haydn H. Murray
ADDRESS:
Department of Geology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47401
REFERENCE:
American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemical Preprints, 22 (2),
106 (1977).
SUMMARY:
High extraction magnetic filtration (HEMF) has long been used to success-
fully process kaolin for commerical use. Due to the fact that pyritic
sulfur accounts for 40 to 80% of the sulfur content of most coals, HEMF
can he used to desulfize coal prior to briming. Pyritic sulfur is paramagne-
tic, thus it is amenable to the HEMF treatment. This paper gives the results
of desulfurization tests on several coals using the HEMF technique and dis-
cusses the economics of the process.
356
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TITLE:
Synthane Process
AUTHOR:
The Lunmus Company
ADDRESS:
Bloomfield, NJ
REP:
Coal Gasification (Jan-Mar 1977) p. 21-24
DOE/ET-0024/1
UC-90C
SUMMARY:
The Synthane process was developed by the Bureau of Mines and is now
the responsibility of ERDA. The government-owned Synthane pilot plant is
being operated by the Lummus Company. The objective of this contract is
to obtain definitive process Information, sufficient for commercial design
purposes, on the conversion of coal to gas of pipline quality.
Coal Gasification Plants
357
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TITLE:
Humans: Metabolism and Biological Effects
AUTHOR
S. S. Talmage
REF:
Environmental, Health, and Control Aspects of Coal Conversion: An
Information Overview. 2^ 10/1-10/89, (1977) ORNL/EIS-95
SUMMARY:
Coal conversion processes may produce and release substances that
can be hazardous to human health; some substances, studies indicate, are
potential carcinogens, cocarcinogens, mutagens, or teratogens. Others
promote chronic respiratory and/or metabolic diseases. However, rigorous
quantitative data relating human exposure with health effects are still
sparse.
The effect of carcinogens can be enhanced or inhibited by associated
substances. For example, particulates, sulfur dioxide, and some aliphatic
hydrocarbons have been identified as possible cocarcinogens, whereas
vitamin A and several antioxidants appear to give partial protection
against the formation of cancers.
Coal Gasification Plants
358
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TITLE:
Production of Low Btu Gas Involving Coal Pyrolysis and Gasification
AUTHOR:
C.Y. Wen, R.C. Bailie, C.Y. Lin and N.S. O'Brien
ADDRESS:
Chemical Engineering Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, W. Va.
26506
SUMMARY:
Experiments involving the pyrolysis of bituminous coal, sawdust, and
other carbonaceous feed materials have been performed in a 15-inch diameter,
atmospheric, fluidized bed. Data from the pyrolysis experiments are analyzed
to generate kinetic and heat-transfer information and to formulate a coal
pyrolysis model useful in the design of commercial-sized processes. The
model is then applied in forming a conceptual flowscheme for a relatively
low pressure (5-13 atm) electrical-power generation plant. In the conceptual
flowscheme, the low Btu gas is produced in two units, a pyrolyzer and a
pyrolysis-ehar gasifier. The gas is then purified and fed into a combustion
chamber; the electricity is generated in an advanced design gas turbine
and steam turbine power cycle.
Coal Gasification Plants
359
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TITLE:
Activities in Support of OCR/AGA Coal Gasification Program
AUTHOR:
C.F. Braun & Company
ADDRESS:
C.F. Braun & Company
Alhambra, California 91802
REFERENCE:
FE — 1235-T-4
SUMMARY:
Studies on acid-gas removal processes, sulfur recovery, and shift
conversion have progressed to the estimating stage for comparative cost
evaluation; also comparing the alternatives of coal pretreatment at high
or low pressure. Studies on effluent treatment have progressed to the point
where experimental data from pilot plant operation is necessary before more
definitive design work can he done.
Included also are reviews on the liquid phase methanation work and the
first-pass commercial concept for the synthane process.
Coal Gasification Plants
360
-------
TITLE:
Desulfurization of Low-BTD Producer Gas
REFERENCE:
Coal Gasification, Quarterly Report from the Office of Fossil Energy
April-June, 1976, Energy Research and Development Administration, 20
Massachusetts Avenue H.W., Washington, D.C. 20545
SUMMARY:
Air Products and.Chemicals, Inc. (APCI), under the sponsorship of
ERDA, is conducting a research, development, and engineering support program
to accelerate the development of a solid-absorbent system for desulfruizing
hot, low-BTD producer gas. This system, being developed by ERDA at the
Morgantovn Energy Research Center (MERC), involves the use of a cyclic,
fixed bed with iron oxide on fly ash as the absorbent, at producer gas
temperatures and pressures. The specific objectives of the APCI support
program are development of an iron oxide/fly ash absorbent, definition
of process scale-up criteria, and process design of a commercial-size system.
Coal Gasification Plants
361
-------
TITLE:
Coal Gasification: A Review
AUTHOR:
C. R. Aleta
ADDRESS:
304 Olin Hall
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14850
REFERENCE:
NTIS No. PB-228 887
SUMMARY:
Methods of underground and aboveground gasification of coal are re-
viewed. Four promising aboveground gasification techniques—Hygas, C0Ł
Acceptor Process, Bigas, and Synthane—are described and compared. The
objective of these four methods is to produce synthetic pipeline gas from
coal. Recent trends, however, indicate that production of natural gas
from gasification of naptha feedstocks is likely to become commercialized
earlier than production by gasification of coal.
The environmental effects of fuel gasification of coal to supplement
the deficiency of natural gas by the 1990's is discussed in the appendix.
Coal Gasification Plants
362
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TITLE:
Solvent Coal (SRC) Process: Environmental Program
AUTHORS:
Alsid, Snowden and Associates
ADDRESS:
13240 Northrup Way
Bellevue, Washington 98005
REF:
FE/496-T16 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
This report summarizes the environmental program under the Solvent
Refined Coal (SRC) Contract from January 1, 1972, through June 30, 1977.
Three major areas are included in the program. They are: air quality,
water quality, and foliage effects. Baseline studies of air and water
quality were performed before the pilot plant was constructed. Studies
made during plant operation indicate that the pilot plant had virtually
no measureable impact on air and water quality in the surrounding
environment. Foliage studies made during plant operation at areas that
would be receptors of plant emmissions and at control areas indicate that
the pilot plant operation has no discernable effect upon the vegetation.
Monitoring studies will continue throughout the pilot plant operation.
Coal Gasification Plants
363
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TITLE
High-BTU Gasification
REFERENCE:
Shaping Coal's Future through Technology, 1974-1975
Office of Coal Research, Washington, D.C. 20402
Stock #024-014-0112-2
SUMMARY:
In 1971, industry, as represented by the American Gas Association (AGA)
and the Government joined together in cooperative efforts to establish a
viable coal-gasification industry by means of a joint, accelerated research
and development program. The principle objective of this program is the
continued development of each of three different but technically feasible
processes' for the conversion of coal to high-BTU gas. It was determined
that only concurrent development of each concept through the pilot plant
stage could generate, within the shortest period of time, the data necessary
to determine which of the three concepts is more suitable for implementation
on a commerical scale. At the same time, the program recognized the need
to develop a suitable, compatible methanation process, to investigate the
suitability of current state-of-the-art gasification systems and to initiate
support studies for the development of advance structural materials, sophis-
ticated processing equipment and supporting processes.
The overall program now underway includes a large number of projects.
Each project has been selected so that, through its subsequent development,
data needed in the design of the many processing subcomponents contained by
a complex coal-gasification facility will be generated. Depending upon
the objectives to be accomplished by the data so accumulated, these projects
have geen grouped together into one of the following four divisions.
A. Development of New, Sophisticated Coal-Gasification Techniques
for the Production of High-BTU Gas.
B. Development of Auxiliary Process Integral to a High-BTU Coal-
Gasification Plant.
C. Engineering Assessments as Required for Process Evaluation, Select-
ion, and Design.
D. Development projects to provide needed but unavailable supporting
technology.
Coal Gasification Plants
364
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TITLE:
Liquid Phase Methanation Process
REFERENCE:
Coal Gasification, Quarterly Report from the Office of Fossil Energy.
April-June 1976, Energy Research and Development Adminstiration, 20
Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. 20545
SUMMARY:
The liquid phase methanation process is being developed by Chem
Systems, Inc., under the auspices of ERDA and the American Gas Association
(AGA).
ERDA is providing two-thirds of the funds and AGA, one-third.
The overall objective of this contract is to develop a practical and
useful process for converting coal-derived synthesis gases to methane
as the major constituent of synthetic natural gas, using liquid fluidized
beds.
The work is divided into three phases. The first phase was a lab-
oratory investigation to establish the technical feasibility of methanation
of synthesis gases by passing them through a liquid containing solid catalyst
particles. The specific objectives were to:
Develop an acceptable process liquid (to suspend catalytic particles)
and investigate the use of aromatic and paraffinic hydrocarbons as possibili-
ties; investigate various catalytic materials that can be used in the
methanation process; determine the catalyst particle size that will produce
the optimum process reaction; develop a reaction correlation model for
investigating the mass transfer from gas to liquid, the mass transfer
from liquid to catalyst, and the catalytic surface reaction.
The second phase included the design, procurement, construction,
and operation of a process development unit having a design feed gas rate
of 1,500 standard cubic feet per hour. The specific operational objectives
were to determine:
Catalyst life, recovery, and regeneration methods; liquid life and
effectiveness, the effect of all process variables on performance; the
correlation between the laboratory reaction models and process development
unit performance data; data needed for engineering designs and cost estimates
of large plants.
The third phase includes the design, procurement, technical supervision,
and construction of a pilot plant methanation unit. The unit will be used
to (1) .demonstrate the liquid phase methanation process on a synthesis
gas actually produced in a coal gasification process and (2) obtain data
for detailed design and engineering of a methanation unit for a coal
gasification plant having a capacity of about 250 million standard cubic
feet per day.
Coal Gasification Plants
365
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TITLE:
Molten Salt Gasification Process
AUTHOR:
Atomics International Division
Rockwell International Corporation
ADDRESS:
Canoga Park, CA
REF:
Coal Gasification (Jan-Mar 1977) p. 37-46
DOE/ET-0024/1
UC-90C
SUMMARY:
The molten salt coal gasification process is being developed by the
Atomics International Division of Rockwell International Corporation.
This 45-month project, initiated in March 1976, is sponsored by ERDA.
The objective of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility of the
molten salt coal gasification process for use in environmentally-acceptable
generation of electric power. Atomics Interantlonal is to design and
construct a process development unit (PDU) which will convert one ton of
coal per hour to a non-polluting low-Btu fuel gas. The PDU will be located
at the Santa Susana Test Site of Atomics International. In addition, Atomics
International is to operate the plant to obtain data for evaluating the
process and designing a full-scale commercial plant.
Coal Gasification Plants
366
-------
TITLE:
Symposium Proceedings: Environmental Aspects of Fuel Conversion
Technology (May 1974, St. Louis, Missouri)
AUTHOR:
Franklin A. Ayer (compiler)
ADDRESS:
Research Traiangle Institute
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
REFERENCE:
Pb238 304 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
The principal objective of the symposium was to review and discuss
environmentally related information of coal conversion technology. More
specifically, papers were presented that covered environmental quality and
standards, fuel contaminannts, environmental aspects of specific fuel
conversion systems, fuel utilization and total environmental assessment,
and research and development needs.
Coal Gasification Plants
367
-------
TITLE:
Agglomerating Burner Process
AUTHOR:
Battelle Memorial Institute
ADDRESS:
Columbus, OH
REF:
Coal Gasification (Jan-Mar 1977) p. 25-28
DPE/ET-0024/1
UC-90C
SUMMARY:
The agglomerating burner gasification process is being developed
by Battelle Memorial Institute, under the sponsorship of ERDA. The objective
of the current contract is to develop a two-stage process using a self-
agglomerating fluidized-bed combustor as part of a practical and economical
means for producing synthesis gas by steam gasification of coal. A process
development unit is to be designed, constructed, and operated, and the
following aspects of the process are to be explored:
Operability of a self-agglomerating fluidized bed coal combustor that
operates on eastern bituminous coal under pressure and uses air for
combustion.
Mechanical feasibility of continuous circulation of hot ash agglomerates
between fluidized-bed combustor and gasifier vessels at seven atm pressure
and at flow rates and temperatures required for effective heat transfer.
Operability of integrated fluidized-bed burner and gasifier vessels
both fed by eastern bituminous coal (or char in the base of the combustor)
and operating at seven atm pressure.
Coal Gasification Plants
368
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TITLE:
Respiratory Rentention Function Applied to Particle Size Distribution
AUTHOR:
A. Biermann and J. Ondov
ADDRESS:
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Unviersity of Californai
Livermore, California 94550
REFERENCE:
Distribution Category UC 41, UCRL-52135
SUMMARY:
Particulate amount deposited in regions of the respiratory tract are
assessed by the use of a simple numerical integration of the ICRP lung
deposition function with particulate size distributions. The fractional
mass retained in a respiratory region, from both a number and mass particle
size distribution of emitted fly ash, is calculated. Also, bimodal,
nonlognormal, and mass histogram distributions are investigated with this
technique.
Coal Gasification Plants
369
-------
TITLE:
Low-BTU Fuel Gas (Tri-Gas Process)
AUTHOR:
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.
ADDRESS:
Monroeville, PA
REF:
Coal Gasification (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0024/1
UC-90C
SUMMARY:
Bituminous Coal Research (BCR) is developing a multiple fluidized bed
coal gasification process for producing low-Btu fuel gas from caking and
noncaking coals. The low-Btu fuel gas product will be suitable primarily as
boiler fuel gas for electricity generation, although alteration of
operating conditions could yield medium-Btu gas suitable for other uses.
The research task includes the design, construction, and testing of a process
development unit, and laboratroy investigations.
Coal Gasification Plants
370
-------
TITLE:
Bi-Gas Process for the Generation of Pipeline Gas
AUTHOR:
Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.
ADDRESS:
Monroeville, PA.
REF:
Coal Gasification (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0024/1
UC-90C
SUMMARY:
The BI-GAS process is being developed by Bituminous Coal Research,
Inc. (BCR), under the auspices of ERDA and the American Gas Association
(AGA) as part of the effort to develop a method for producing high-Btu
pipeline gas from coal. The pilot plant operational program is being
managed by Phillips Petroleum Company.
The principal objective of this program is the development of the
BI-GAS process. Specifically, BCR is directed to:
Conduct laboratory-scale coal gasification experimentation, together
with process and equipment development, to verify the technical and
economic feasibility of producing high-Btu gas using the BI-GAS process.
Design, construct, and operate a multi-purpose research pilot plant
with the aid of engineering subcontractors.
Coal Gasification Plants
371
-------
TITLE:
Low-BTU Gasification of Coal by Atomics International's Molten Salt.Process
AUTHOR:
W.V. Botts, A.L. Kohl, C.A. Trilling
ADDRESS:
Atomics International Division, Rockwell International
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings
1976 Vol. I.
SUMMARY:
Research and development work conducted to date has demonstrated the
basic feasibility of the Molten Salt Coal Gasification Process and indicated
it to have a number of key technical advantages over other techniques for
converting coal to clean gas. The design of a Process Development Unit
(PDU) is well under way under ERDA sponsorship. The PDU program is aimed
at demonstrating the performance of a complete integrated system and
providing design data for process scale-up and evaluation. Engineering
studies to evaluate the applicability of the process of power generation
indicate the potential generation system appears to be combined cycle
involving gasification with air under pressure, combustion of the product
gas in a gas turbine, and operation of a waste heat boiler system on the
turbine exhaust gas.
Coal Gasification Plants
372
-------
TITLE:
Interpretation of Chemical and Physical Measurements from an In Situ
Coal Gasification Experiment
AUTHOR:
Charles F. Brandenburg, Ray P. Reed, R. Michael Boyd, David A. Northrop,
and James W. Jennings
ADDRESS:
Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME
6200 North Central Expressway
Dallas, TX 75206
REFERENCE:
Prepared for the 50th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum
Engineers of AIME, Dallas, TX, Sept. 28-Oct. 1, 1975. Paper Number: SPE 565A
SUMMARY:
A second undergound coal gasification experiment is being conducted
at the Laramie Energy Research Center's field site near Hanna, Wyoming. This
paper presents the results from the first phase of the Hanna II experiment in
which coal seam permeability was evaluated, pneumatic linking and linking
Via reverse combustion were studied, and a sustained gasification process
was maintained between the two linked vertical wells. Extensive in situ and
surface process instrumentation on the chemical and physical mechanisms in-
volved in underground coal gasification were used. Air injection alone did not
increase permeability to levels which would allow sustained gasification.
Reverse combustion linking was determined to be a local, relatively low
temperature process which advanced at a 5 ft/day rate and produced a
high permeability carbonized path. Subsequent gasification was completed
over a 38 day period. Overall, injection of 1.9 MM scf/day of air yielded
2.7 MM scf/day of gas with a heating value of 152 Btu/scf. Material
balance calculations indicate that 1688 tons of coal in place were utilized.
Specific discussion or reaction front configurations and interpretation
of in situ thermometry are included.
Coal Gasification Plants
373
-------
TITLE:
Evaluation of High-BTU GAsification Projects
AUTHOR:
C. F. Braun and Company
ADDRESS:
Alhambra, CA
REF:
Coal Gasification (Jan-Mar 1977) p. 33-36
DOE/ET-0024/1
UC-90C
SUMMARY:
High-Btu gasification projects are being evaluated by the engineering
firm of C.F. Braun and Company. The project, initiated in September 1972,
is being sponsored by ERDA and the American Gas Association (AGA).
The overall objectives of this contract are to provide technical
evaluations of gasification processes currently being investigated and
develop conceptual designs for commercial plants to produce pipeline-quality
gas using each of the candidate processes. These evaluations and concept
designs will permit early identification of problem areas so as to develop
solutions through pilot plant accelerated mechanical development programs.
They will provide bases for recommending the process that should be
demonstrated with commercial-size equipment. The process will be selected
based on criteria such as successful demonstration in pilot plant operations,
reliability, suitability for handling a variety of coals, economic viability,
thermal efficiency, and significance of potential environmental impacts.
Coal Gasification Plants
374
-------
TITLE:
Physical Property Data on Fine Coal Refuse
AUTHOR:
R.A. Busch, R.R. Backer, L.A. Atkins, and C.D. Kealy
ADDRESS:
Spokane Mining Research Center, Spokane, Washington 99210
REFERENCE:
Bureau of Mines Report of Investigation (1975) I 28.23:8062
SUMMARY:
The elemental, chemical and mineral compositions of some representative
coal sludges as determined by x-ray diffraction and other spectrographic
methods is given. A discussion of coal sludge deposits and the undesirable
characteristics of the sludge which make these deposits potentially
dangerous is given. Some possible alternatives to dumping of this refuse
are offered, in particular recovery of burnable coal, high grade alumina
precursors, and other valuable by products.
Coal Gasification Plants
375
-------
TITLE:
Trace Element Leaching from Ash and Scrubber Sludge at Five Generating
Stations
AUTHOR:
S. Carlisle, J. Norris and A. Weir, Jr., Southern California
Edison Company
F. Mesich and W.F. Holland, Radian Corporation
ADDRESS:
Southern California Edison Company
B800, 2244 Walnut Grove Avenue
Rosemead, California 91770
REFERENCE:
Presented at the twelfth Air Pollution and Industrial Hygiene Conference
"Air Quality Management in the Electric Power Industry"
Austin, Texas, January 28-30, 1976
SUMMARY:
The disposal of solid wastes from coal-fired electric generating
stations was investigated from the standpoint of potential trace element
contamination of ground waters. Coal ash and lime/limestone flue gas
desulfurization sludge are commonly disposed of by ponding. The trace
elements entering the generating station in the coal will leave the station
primarily in the ash and sludge. Contact with water in a disposal pond
will solubilize a small amount of the trace elements and, if pond leakage
occurs, a potential problem with ground-water contaimination could be of
concern.
Actual samples of ash and sludge from five operating generating
"stations were mixed with water to simulate ponding. The levels of the
dissolved trace elements were in general very low, near the analytical
detection limit. As an example, the trace element levels in the supernatant
of many ponds are comparable to those found in make up waters for the
generating stations.
Results of soil leaching tests have shown that the soil underlying
a pond has the ability to remove trace elements from any pond leakage.
Thus, even in cases where the concentration of an element may be higher
than desirable, groundwdters can be protected from contamination.
Coal Gasification Plants
376
-------
TITLE:
Plant Interaction
AUTHOR:
R. F. Carrier
REF:
Environmental, Health and Control Aspects of Coal Conversion: An Infor-
mation Overview. Ł, 8/1-8/100, (1977) ORNL/EIS-95
SUMMARY:
Plants affect man in many ways: They are part of his diet, his
aesthetic environment, and his economic situtation; they form the basis
of the environmental food chain, and they play a role in the cycling of
atmospheric and aquatic pollutants. Therefore, knowledge of plant-pollutant
interactions is essential for evaluating possible environmental and health
effects of potential industrial effluents.
The chemical pollutants from coal conversion processes have not yet
been completely characterized. Nevertheless, sufficient information about
effluents from similar industries is available to allow preliminary
examination of their interaction with plants.
It is not the intent of this chapter to include every published
aspect of plant interactions with the potential pollutants from a coal
conversion industry. Rather, the aim has been to give some indication of
the areas in which abundant material is available and to highlight areas
of potential interest and concern.
Coal Gasification Plants
377
-------
TITLE:
Liquid Phase Methanation Process
AUTHOR:
Chem System, Inc.
ADDRESS:
Hackensack, NJ
REF:
Coal Gasification (Jan-Mar 1977) p. 29-32
DOE/ET-0024/1
UC-90C
SUMMARY:
The liquid phase methanation process is being developed by Chem Systems,
Inc., under the auspices of EKDA and the American Gas Association.
The overall objective of this contract is to develop a practical
and useful process for converting coal-derived synthesis gases to methane as
the major constitutent of synthetic natural gas, using liquid fluidized beds.
The work is divided into three phases. The first phase is a laboratory
investigation to establish the technical feasibility of methanation of
synthesis gases by passing them through a liquid containing solid catalyst
particles.
The second phase includes the design, procurement, construction, and
operation of a process development unit having a design feed gas rate of
1,500 standard cubic feet per hour.
The third phase includes the design, procurement, technical supervision,
and construction of a pilot plant methanation unit.
Coal Gasification Plants
378
-------
TITLE:
Low-Btu Gasification of Coal for Electricity Generation
AUTHOR:
Combustion Engineering, Inc.
ADDRESS:
Windsor, CT.
REF:
Coal Gasification (Jan-Mar 1977) p. 45-48
DOE/ET-0024/1
UC-90C
SUMMARY:
A method for the production of low-Btu gas from coal for electricity
generation is being developed by Combustion Engineering, Inc., under the
sponsorship of ERDA and an industry team.
The overall objective of this contract is to generate electricity economi-
cally from a low-Btu coal gas in an environmentally acceptable manner, with
a minimum of process development. Combustion Engineering is conducting
a three-phase program involving the design, construction, and operation of
a coal gasification process development unit.
Coal Gasification Plants
379
-------
TITLE:
Carbon Dioxide Acceptor Coal Gasification Process
AUTHOR:
Conoco Coal Development Company
ADDRESS:
Library, PA.
REF:
Coal Gasification (Jan-Mar 1977) p. 5-8
DOE/ET-0024/1
UC-90C
SUMMARY:
The carbon dioxide acceptor process is being developed by the Conoco
Coal Development Company (CCDC) under the joint sponsorship of ERDA and
the American Gas Association (AGA).
The objectives of this contract are to (1) demonstrate the operability
of all features of the carbon dioxide acceptor process through operation
of a pilot plant and (2) obtain adequate design data to construct a com-
mercial plant capable of producing 250 million standard cubic feet of
high-Btu gas per day. Specifically, CCDC is to:
Test several types of lignite and acceptors.
Design, construct, and operate methanation facilities in conjunction
with the gasification pilot plant.
Use process data derived from pilot plant runs to improve the process.
Coal Gasification Plants
380
-------
TITLE:
Current Status of Studies in Slagging Fixed-Bed Gasification
AUTHOR:
Robert C. Ellman, Bruce C. Johnson, Harold H. Schobert, Leland E. Paulson,
and H. Merle Fegley
ADDRESS:
U.S. ERDA Grand Forks Energy Research Center, Grand Forks, ND
REFERENCE:
Technology and Use of Lignite Symposium
Grand Forks, ND (May, 1977) GFERC/IC-77/1 (page 207)
SUMMARY:
Recent accomplishments and status of a research program to study
slagging fixed-bed gasification of a variety of coals and the characteristics
and properties of effluents produced are discussed. The operability of a
pilot plant which was in standby status for over ten years was re-established
in May of 1976. Test results accumulated to date in the reactivated pilot
plant using lignite from the North American Mine of Zap, N. Dakota are
presented. Initial tests were directed to re-establish operability, train
operating personnel, and develop sampling and operational reproducibility,
refine analytical techniques for effluent characterization, improve re-
fractory life, and establish controlled test conditions for comparative
studies.
Coal Gasification Plants
381
-------
TITLE:
Current Status of Studies in Slagging Fixed-Bed Gasification at the Grand
Forks Energy Research Center
AUTHUR:
R.C. Ellman, B.C. Johnson, H.H. Schobert, L.E. Paulson, and M.M. Fegley
ADDRESS:
Grand Forks Enerfy Research Center, Energy Research and Development
Administration, Grand Forks, North Dakota
REFERENCE:
Preprints of the 9th Biennial Lignite Symposium, Grand Forks, North Dakota
SUMMARY:
The recent high level of interest in slagging fixed-bed gasification
indicates that it may well be the process utilized in second generation
gasifiers. This paper has been prepared to describe the process facilities
and current status of a reactivated research program in the only existing
slagging fixed-bed gasification pilot plant in the United States. The
research program includes operational studies, slag and refractory studies,
and effluent collection and analysis. Each of the three areas is discussed
separately in this paper. A description of the gasifier design and
configuration is provided.
Coal Gasification Plants
382
-------
TITLE:
Slagging Fixed-Bed Gasification at the Grand Forks Energy Research Center
AUTHOR:
Robert C. Ellman and Bruce C. Johnson
ADDRESS:
Grand Forks Enerfy Research Center
REFERENCE:
Eight Synthetic Pipeline Gas Symposium, ERDA
SUMMARY:
The recent high level of interest in slagging fixed-bed gasification
as evidenced by the studies at Westfield, Scotland and the selection by ERDA
of this process for a demonstration plant, indicates that this may be the
process of choice for second generation gasifiers. This brief summary has
been prepared to describe pilot plant facilities and capabilities of the
only existing slagging fixed bed gasification pilot plant in the United
States. In addition the objectives of the slagging gasification research
program which was reestablished in 1974 at the Grand Forks Research Center of
ERDA are presented.
The slagging gasification pilot plant was first designed and operated
under the Bureau of Mines, Dept. of Interior, during the period 1958 to 1965
to determine the feasibility of slagging operation and to assess operational
parameters. From 1965 until 1974 the pilot plant was essentially maintained
in a moth-ball status. Operation of the GRERC gasifier was resumed in May
of 1976 after reconditioning the unit and installing a new oxygen supply
system. To date, the resumed operations have been primarily directed at
training operating personnel, developing sampling and analytical procedures,
and establishing reproducibility in operating data.
Coal Gasification Plants
383
-------
TITLE:
Slagging, Fixed-Bed Gasification
AUTHOR:
Robert C. Ellman
ADDRESS:
Grand Forks Energy Research Center, Grand Forks, N.Dakota
REFERENCE:
GFERC/QTR - 76/3 UC-90
SUMMARY:
A pilot-scale pressure fixed-bed slagging gasifier constructed and
operated at GFERC in the period 1958 to 1965, is being reconditioned for
further studies. Resumed operation is scheduled for the latter part of FY
1976. Since 1965, the gasification unit has not been used, with some system
components disassembled and some instrumentation utilized in other projects.
Major components, however, has been retained in a moth-ball status.
Previous studies (1958-65) had been directed to establish operability
of the slagging method of ash discharge and to evaluate process parameters.
These studies demonstrated that the slagging ash-removal mode of operation
increased gas production capacity fourfold and reduced steam consumption
by a factor of five, compared to dry ash-removal operation.
A major objective of the present program is to produce liquid effluents
for study. The quantity and properties of effluents produced in fixed-bed
gasification of a variety of Western coals and chars will be studied by
which recovery of useable products will be maximized, environmentally
undersirable water will be achieved. It is believed that the character and
composition of effluents produced in the slagging gasifier will be closely
comparable to those produced in the dry-ash type. Data and information
should, therefore, be directly application to environmental considerations
in respect to the first-generation coal-based synthetic natural gas plants
now being planned by industry.
Coal Gasification Plants
384
-------
TITLE:
Catalytic Coal Gasification for SNG Production
AUTHOR:
W.R. Epperly, H.M. Siegel
ADDRESS:
Exxon Research and Engineering Company
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings
1976 Volume I
SUMMARY:
Exxon Research and Engineering Company is engaged in the early stages
of research and development on a catalytic coal gasification process for the
production of substitute natural gas (SNG). The catalyst, which is an
alkali carbonate, increases the rate of steam gasification, prevents
agglomeration when gasifying caking coals, and promotes gas phase methanation
equilibrium. The processing sequence which is being studied maximizes the
benefits which can be derived from use of the catalyst. The process combines
a relatively low gasifier temperature of 1200-1400°F (650-750°C) with
separation of synthesis gas (CO + H2) from the product methane and recycle
of the synthesis gas to the gasifier. Thus the only net products from
gasification are Ctfy, C(>2, and small quantities of HŁS and NH3 and the
overall gasification step is essentially thermoneutral. By contrast with
thermal processes, the catalytic process requires very little high level
heat input and, in addition, synthesis gas shift conversion and methanation
are unnecessary. As a result, the catalytic process potentially is higher
in thermal efficiency and lower in cost than existing thermal coal gasifica-
tion processes.
Coal Gasification Plants
385
-------
TITLE:
Coal Gasification
AUTHOR:
ERDA
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
REF:
Clean Energy form Coal (p. 11-13)
PERC 1000
SUMMARY:
PERC is conducting research and development on two processes designed
to produce substitute natural gas (SN6) from coal. The SYNTHANE processes
under development elsewhere, for recommendation by ERDA to industry for
ultimate commercialization. Another process under study at PERC appears
to have certain advantages of even simpler, more efficient operation
that will be explored for possible input into ERDA's general gasification
program.
Coal Gasification Plants
386
-------
TITLE:
Chemical from Coal
AUTHOR:
ERDA
ADDRESS:
Pittsburg Energy Research Center
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pitsburg, PA 15213
REF:
Clean Energy from Coal (p. 19)
PERC 1000
SUMMARY:
Projections of demand for C2-C, olefins in the U.S. during the next
decade indicate that a two-fold expansion in manufacturing capacity
will be necessary. This new capacity will be based primarily on cracking
heavier feed-stocks, such as naphtha or gas oil derived from coal. Besides
these olefins, which are valuable as basic chemicals for the manufacture of
plastics and rubber, the paraffinic C?-C_ hydrocarbons are valuable as
high-Btu supplements for pipeline gas. Any excess of propane or butane
will find its way to market via liquefied petroleum gas. Alcohols and
hydrocarbons of somewhat higher molecular weight can be used as gasoline
blending stocks or cracked to gaseous hydrocarbons.
Coal Gasification Plants
387
-------
TITLE:
The Laramie Energy Research Center's Underground Coal Gasification Program
AUTHOR:
ERDA
ADDRESS:
Laramie Energy Research Center, Energy Research & Development Adminsitration,
Laramie, WY
REFERENCE:
May-June 1977
SUMMARY:
A series of underground coal gasification (UCG) field tests have been
conducted since 1972 at a site near Hanna, Wyoming, with the most recent,
Hanna 11, having been completed in July 1976. Results exceeded predicitions
based on previous tests at Hanna. Maximum gas production achieved was 11.5
MM scf/day (million standard cubic feet/day) with a heating value of 175
Btu/scf (equivalent to 325 barrels of oil per day). Over 6700 tons of
coal were gasified during the test. The technique being developed at Hanna,
by ERDA scientists at the Laramie Energy Research Center, is known as the
Linked Vertical Well (LVW) concept.
Coal Gasification Plants
388
-------
TITLE:
Status of the Linked Vertical Well Process
AUTHOR:
D.D. Fischer,* C.F. Brandenbrug,* S.B. King,* R.M. Boyd,* and H.L.
Hutchinson**
ADDRESS:
*ERDA, Laramie Energy Research Center, Laramie, WY
**University of Wyoming and ERDA, Laramie Energy Research Center, Laramie,
WY 82071
SUMMARY:
The Linked Vertical Well (LVW) process, which employs reverse combustion
as a preparatory step to forward combustion gasification, will be described
from both a practical and theoretical viewpoint. Fifty years of under-
ground coal gasification experimentation has shown that, prior to efficient
gasification, a "linkage" between injection and production boreholes must
be prepared. The LERC experimentation has concentrated on the character-
ization and the development of reverse combustion linking such that it
has become a predictable means of process control. The results of eight
different reverse combustion links at Hanna indicate that subbituminous
coal is Ideally suited to reverse combustion linkage both from a controll-
ability standpoint and the quantity of air needed to complete a linkage.
Following reverse combustion linking, forward gasification ensues. Eight
different well to well gasification periods have been completed since
initiation of tests at Hanna. A detailed chemical and physical description
of the recent results from Hanna II will be given. This latter experiment
resulted in the gasification of 6690 (6070 tons) of coal and production
of up to 12 MM scfd (0.36 MM scmd) of 175 Btu/scf (6.2 metajoules/scm) gas.
The reasons for these improved process results will be discussed in detail.
Coal Gasification Plants
389
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TITLE:
Soze-Dependence of the Physical and Chemical Properties of Coal Fly Ash*
AUTHOR:
G.L. Fisher, B.A. Prentice, D. Silberman, J.M. Ondov, R C. Ragaini, A.H.
Bierman, A.R. McFarland, and J.B. Pawley.
Address:
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Unviersity of Calfiornia
Livermore, Californai 94550
REFERENCE:
PREPRINT UCRL
SUMMARY:
In order to aid in the assessment of the potential biomedical and
environmental consequences of coal combusion for electric power generation,
we have performed detailed collaborative studies of the physical and chemical
properties of size-fractionated coal fly ash. In this report, we demonstrate
that many of the physical and chemical properties of aerodynamically size-
classified fly ash depend on the relative size distributions of each fraction.
Aerodynamically size-classified fly ash was collected downstream from
the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) in the stack breeching of a large
southwestern U.S. power plant burning low sulfur (0.5%), high ash (23%)
coal. The specially designed collection system (1) which consists of two
cyclones and a centripeter separator is capable of size-classifying in situ
kilogram quantities of stack fly ash. When used for 12 days to collect
fly ash from stack gas, the apparatus yielded a total .of 8.08 kg of fly ash
in fractions with volume median diameters (VMD) of 20 ym (fraction 4)
all with geometric standard deviations of approximately 1.8. The size
distribution data determined by optical sizing, centrifugal sedimentation
and Coulter analyses are presented.
Coal Gasification Plants
390
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TITLE:
Analyses of Tars, Chars, Gases, and Water Found In Effluents from the
Synthane Process
AUTHOR:
Albert J. Forney, William P. Haynes, Stanley J. Gasior, Glenn E. Johnson,
and Joseph P. Strakey, Jr.
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA
REFERENCE:
Bureau of Mines Application of Improved Technology to Provide Clean Energy
Program Technical Progress Report 76, January 1974.
SUMMARY:
Extensive studies have been made of the various effluents found in the
Synthane coal-to-gas process. Analyses have been made of the waters, gases,
and trace elements present in some of the streams. Results of analyses show
the water effluents are the areas where extensive research is needed.
Coal Gasification Plants
391
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TITLE:
Recovery of Inaccessible Coal Reserves by In Situ Gasification
AUTHOR:
R. C. Forrester III
ADDRESS:
Oak Ridge National Laobratory, Oak Ridge, TN
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings
1976 Vol. I
SUMMARY:
Nearly 95% of all U.S. coal reserves are inaccessbile b.y present
surface and deep-mining techniques. Energy contained by many deposits,
however, may be largely recovered by in situ gasification which entails
injection of oxygen or air with or without steam into a coal seam whose
permeability has been enhanced. Injected oxygen permits ignition of the
coal and subsequent maintenance of an underground combustion front which
produces a flammable product gas. Technical problems associated with this
process are addressed by presenting field test results obtained both in the
United States and abroad.
Coal Gasification Plants
392
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TITLE:
Development of Coal Feeders For Coal Gasification Operations
AUTHOR:
Foster-Miller Associates, Inc.
ADDRESS:
Waltham, MA
REF:
Coal Demonstration Plants (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET - 0027/1
UC89
SUMMARY:
Under the sponsorship of ERDA, coal feeders for use in all coal
gasification plants are to be developed through the pilot plant stage by
Foster-Miller Associate, Inc. The project recognizes the coal feeder as
one element common to all gasification processes. However, no currently
available system can handle the quantities of coal, about 1,000 tons per
hour, that will be used in commercial processes. These processes require
the injection of coal, crushed to 1/8-inch and below, from an atmospheric-
pressure hopper into a gasifier whose pressure may be as high as 100 atm.
Coal Gasification Plants
393
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TITLE:
Coal Gasification Combined-Cycle System for Electric Power Generation
AUTHOR:
FORSTER Wheeler Energy Corporation
ADDRESS:
Livingston, JN
REF:
Coal Gasification (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0024/1
UC-90C
SUMMARY:
The objective of this project is to design a pilot plant capable of
producing low-BTU gas from many types of coal and to integrate the coal
gasification system with a combined-cycle electric power generating unit.
The project is divided into four phases: Phase I— Technical feasibility
studies, Phase II— Detailed design and engineering of the pilot plant,
Phase III — Pilot plant construction, and Phase IV — Pilot plant start-up
and operation. The current contract covers Phase II.
Coal Gasification Plants
394
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TITLE:
Brown Coal Gasification with Oxygen or Air in the High-Temperature Winkler
Gasifier
AUTHOR:
F.H. Franke and E. Pattas
ADDRESS:
Rheinische Braunkohlenwerke AG,
Cologne
Federal Republic of Germany
REFERENCE:
Technology and Use of Lignite Symposium
Grand Forks, ND, May 1977 (GFERC/IC-77/]) page 258
SUMMARY:
Development work on the Winkler fluidized-bed coal gasification process
is being done by Rheinische Braunkohlenwerke, AG, to allow increased operat-
ing pressures and temperatures. Use of oxygen or air as the gasifying
agents allows production of reducing gases for iron reduction, low Btu
gas for power stations, and a synthesis gas for methane, ammonia, or methanol.
Coal Gasification Plants
395
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TITLE:
Fluidized Combusion of North Dakota Lignite
AUTHOR:
Gerald M. Goblirsch and Everett A. Sondreal
ADDRESS:
Grand Forks Energy Research Center
Envergy Research and Development Administration
Grand Forks, North Dakota
REFERENCE:
Presented at the 9th Biennial Lignite Symposium, Grand Forks, North Dakota,
May 18-19, 1977
SUMMARY:
Fluidized-bed combustion (FBC) is the combustion of fuel in a bed of
inert or chemically active particles which are held in suspension by an
upward flow of air. A bed of fluidized particles behaves very much the
same as a boiling liquid. The minimum air velocity required to fluidize
the bed is defined by the balance between the aerodynamic drag force on the
particles and the gravitational force. The earliest application of the
fluidized combustion process is reported by Skinner to be the Winkler
Gasification Process of about 1930. At the present time, there is great
interest in the fluidized comsion of coal in an environmentally acceptable
manner. ERDA is the lead agency in the development of this technology, and
is currently operating or in the process of starting up process development
units, componenet test units, and demonstration size units, the largest
of which is the 30 MW unit at Riversville, West Virginia.
The role of the Grand Forks Energy Research Center in the fluidized-bed
combustion program is to develop data on sulfur retention on the alkaline
coal ash from Western United States coals, when burned in a fluidized-bed
combustor without an additive. FBC will result in substantially lower S02
emissions than from conventional combustion systems and may, therefore, meet
the Federal New Source Performance Standard of 1.2 Ib S0_/10 BTU. The
effects of operating conditions and coal ash compostion on the retention
of sulfur dioxide during fluidized-bed combustion of Wester coals will be
evaluated to provide a design base for these coals.
Coal Gasification Plants
396
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TITLE:
Organic Contaminants in Aqueous Conversion Effluents: Environmental Con-
sequences and Research Priorities
AUTHOR:
Stephen E. Herbes, George R. Southworth, Carl W. Gehre
ADDRESS:
Environmental Sciences Division
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37380
REFERENCE:
Publication No. 880, Environmental Sciences Division, ORNL.
SUMMARY:
The anticipated implementation of an extensive coal conversion industry
in the United States within several decades will result in production of
substantial quantities of highly-contaminated wastewater. Many of the
contaminants produced, if released into natural waters, could have deleterious
effects on aquatic ecosystems, and ultimately, on human life. Research is
required to determine potential acute and subacute effects of potentially
hazardous effluents constituents, and to evaluate their transport and per-
sistence in aquatic systems.
To facilitate a rational assignment of future aquatic research priorities
to answer these issues, we have initiated a systematic assessment of the
environmental hazards of anticipated organic components of aqueous coal
liquefaction effluents by the compilation of a critical literature review.
Five major classes of organic compounds have been operationally defined:
(1) phenols, (2) acrylamines (organic bases), (3) aliphatic hydrocarbons,
(4) mono- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and (5) sulfur-con-
taining compounds. We present here a summary assessment of each class on
the basis of (1) concentrations anticipated in coal liquefaction effluents,
(2) removal by wastewater treatment systems, (3) acute toxicity, (4) chronic
toxic effects on aquatic organisms, and (5) environmental transport and
presistence. Gaps in understanding and future research needs are identified.
Coal Gasification Plants
397
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TITLE:
The Potential Toxicity and Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Systems of Trace
Elements Present in Aqueous Coal Conversion Effluents
AUTHOR:
Stephen 6. Hildebrand, Robert M. Cushman, and Joel A. Carter
ADDRESS:
Environmental Sciences Division, and Analytical Chemistry Division,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
P. 0. Box X
Oak Ridge, TN 37830
REFERENCE:
Publication No. 878, Environmental Sciences Division, ORNL
SUMMARY:
Implementation of coal conversion technology on a large scale may
result in releases of many elements to aquatic environments. To insure the
orderly and safe development of coal conversion technology it is necessary
to assess potential adverse impacts of trace element releases on aquatic
ecosystems and human health. We present results of analyses for 55
elements in aqueous effluents of a single experimental run of a coal
conversion pilot plant. We summarize our review of the literature on
toxicity and bioaccumulation factors for aquatic biota of these elements.
We relate this review to observed concentrations of elements which have
the greatest known potential for toxicity or bioaccumulations, and those
elements for which we could not find adequate information to assess potential
impacts.
Coal Gasification Plants
398
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TITLE:
Modification and Operation of an Atmospheric Pressure Ash-Agglomerating
Gasifier
AUTHOR:
Institute of Gas Technology
ADDRESS:
Chicago, IL
REF:
Coal Gasification (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0024/1
UC-90C
SUMMARY:
t;;-f^;.
A seven-ton-per-day process development unit, previously operated by
IGT under the HYGAS program, demonstrated the operability of the ash-
agglomerating process on coke feedstock. Under the current program, the
gasifier will be modified to process coal feed. The specific objectives
of the contract are to:
Demonstrate the use of the ash-agglomerating gasification process in
the production of low-Btu gas from coal at high carbon utilization rates
for extended periods of time.
Provide design and cost estimates for both a commercial-scale
atmospheric pressure gasifier and a pilot-scale atmospheric pressure
gasifier.
Coal Gasification Plants
399
-------
TITLE:
The Coal Conversion Systems Technical Data Book
AUTHOR:
Institute of Gas Technology
ADDRESS:
Chicago, IL
REF:
Coal Gasification (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0024/1
UC-90C
SUMMARY:
The Coal Conversion Systems Technical Data Book is being prepared by the
Institute of Gas Technology of this project, initiated in October 1974
to provide a single, comprehensive source of data on coal conversion systems.
IGT is to provide up-to-date information for the research, development,
design, and engineering of coal conversion processes and/or plants. In
addition, IGT is to identify those areas where data are required and to
suggest research programs that will provide the necessary data not available
otherwise. The data book will be published with a loose-leaf binding and
loose-leaf sheets will be published periodically for the timely distribution
of new and revised data.
Coal Gasification Plants
400.
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TITLE:
Pipeline Gas by Hydrogasification (Hygas Process)
AUTHOR:
Institute of Gas Technology
ADDRESS:
Chicago, IL
REFERENCE:
Coal Gasification (Jan-Mar 1977) p. 13-16
DOE/ET-0024/1
UC-90C
SUMMARY:
The HYGAS Process is being developed by the Institute of Gas
Technology (IGT) as part of the joint program of ERDA and the American
Gas Association (AGA).
The objective of this contract is to operate the HYGAS pilot plant
facility to continue and expand research and development efforts directed
toward completion of a commercial concept suitable for producing pipeline
quality gas from coal. IGT's specific objectives include:
Development of a high-pressure hydrogasification process that uses
all ranks of coal.
Determination of the technical and economic feasibility of the HYGAS
process using the steam-oxygen hydrogen-generating system.
Demonstration of the feasibility of ash agglomeration as a technique
to increase carbon utilization.
Determination of steady-state conditions and acquisition of scaleup
data.
Coal Gasification Plants
401
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TITLE:
Evaluation of Pollution Control in Fossil Fuel Conversion Process,
Gasification: Section 8, Winkler Process
AUTHOR:
C.E. Jahnig
ADDRESS:
Exxon Research and Engineering Company
P. 0. Box 8
Linden, N.J. 07036
REFERENCE:
PB 249 846 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
The report gives results of a review of the Winkler coal gasification
process, from the standpoint of its potential for affecting the environment.
The quantities of solid, liquid, and gaseous effluents have been estimated
where possible, as well as the thermal efficiency of the process. For
the purpose of reduced environmental impact, control systems, modifications,
and alternatives which could facilitate pollution control or increase
thermal efficiency are discussed, and new technology needs are pointed out.
Coal Gasification Plants
402
-------
TITLE:
Fossil Fuel Conversion Processes, Gasification; Section I: CO,
Acceptor Process
AUTHOR:
C.E. Jahnig, E.M. Magee
ADDRESS:
Exxon Research and Engineering Company
P. 0. Box 8
Linden, N.J. 07036
REFERENCE:
PB 241 141
SUMMARY:
The report gives results of a review of the C02 Acceptor Coal Gasifica-
tion Process from the standpoint of its effect on the environment. The
quantities of solid, liquid, and gaseous effluents have been estimated,
where possible, as well as the thermal efficiency of the process. For the
purpose of reducing environmental impact, a number of possible process
modifications or alternatives have been proposed and new technology needs
have been pointed out.
Coal Gasification Plants
403
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TITLE:
Kinetics of Initial Coal: Hydrogasification Stages
AUTHOR:
James L. Johnson
ADDRESS:
Institute of Gas Technology, 3424 South State Street, Chicago, Illinois
60616
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. of Fuel Chem., Preprints, Z2 (1), 17 (1977).
SUMMARY:
An experimental study was initiated at the Institute of Gas Technology
(IGT) with the objective of quantitatively characterizing intermediate
reaction processes occurring prior to completion of the rapid - rate
methane - formation reaction. This paper discusses some of the main results
obtained thus far in the study of the gasification kinetics of low-rank
coals in hydrogen, helium and hydrogen - helium mixtures.
The results obtained in this study indicate that the inital
gasification of low-rank coals in hydrogen-containing gases at elevated
pressures occurs in two stages. The first stage involves thermally
activated devolatilization reactions resulting in the evolution of carbon
oxides, water, oil and tar, and some light gaseous hydrocarbons, and
leading to the formation of an intermediate simi-char. The second stage
occurs consecutive to primary reactions associated with the secondary
devolatilization of remaining coal hydrogen, leading to the formation of
a relatively nonreactive char. Significantly, yields of methane-plus-
ethane, other than that derived from thermal coal-decomposition reactions
or from C_+ light hydrocarbon hydrogenation reactions, are stoichiometrically
related to coal hydrogen evolved during the secondary devolatilization
stage. This has suggested a model in which the transitions that occur in
conversion of semi-char to char, with associated coal hydrogen evolution,
involve the formation of a reactive intermediate carbon structure that
can either rapidly react with gaseous hydrogen to forma methane and ethane
or can convert to nonreactive char. The ratio of methan-plus-ethane
formation is independent of temperature but is directly proportional to
hydrogen partial pressure.
Coal Gasification Plants
404
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TITLE:
Donor Solvent Reactions with Coal in a Batch-Recycle System
AUTHOR:
Doohee Kang, L.L. Anderson and W.H. Wiser
ADDRESS:
Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Fuels Engineering University of
Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
REFERENCE:
American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry Preprints, 22 (2), 160
(1977). —
SUMMARY:
Numerous reports concerning kinetics of coal dissolution with hydrogen
donor solvent are available. However, little knowledge about the primary
products and the reactions which take place in experiments with short
residence times have been reported until recently.
This study involved the dissolution of coal in hydrogen donor solvent
(tetralin) in a rapid heat and rapid quench batch recycle system. The
residence time of the coal-solvent slurry was in the range of a few seconds
per pass in the slurry dissolver. The differential reactor system of batch
recycle applied here had two main advantages compared with conventional
autoclaves. (1) The rapid initial rate was expanded in the time scale of
differential conversions; consequently, the initial conditioning period
was minimized. In addition, continuous monitoring of data in a single run
gave more definitive and smoother results which could probably not have
been achieved by batch experiments. (2) A quench system was used which
allowed only a few seconds of thermal exposure of the slurry (at the
reaction temperature) per pass. This apparently reduced the reorganization
and polymerization reactions of the primary reaction products and permitted
the analysis of these primary fragmentation products from the dissolution
process.
Coal Gasification Plants
405
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TITLE:
A Research & Development Program for Catalysts in Coal Conversion Process
AUTHOR:
Howard Katzman
ADDRESS:
W.F. Libbey Laboratories
Los Angeles, CA
REFERENCE:
EPRI 207-0-0
•
SUMMARY:
The use of catalysts in coal conversion processes is reviewed and a
research and development program is recommended for catalysis in future coal
conversion technology. Emphasis is on those processes leading to clean fuels
for electric power generation. A literature survey containing abstracts of
more than 400 relevant publications is included.
Coal Gasification Plants
406
-------
TITLE:
Composition of Selected Fractions from Coal Tars Produced from an Under-
ground Coal Gasification Test
AUTHOR:
S. Bruce King
ADDRESS:
Energy Research and Development Administration, Laramle Energy Research
Center, P. 0. Box 3395, University Station, Laramie, Wyoming 82071
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. of Furel Chem., Preprints, J22 (2), 169 (1977).
SUMMARY:
The Laramle Energy Research Center has been developing a technique
called the linked vertical well (LVW) process to produce a low-Btu gas
by gasifying a coal seam in situ. In addition to this low-Btu gas an
organic condensate (called coal tar) was co-produced with the gas. This
paper discusses the characterization of this coal tar and considers the
following: 1) its value as a petrochemical feedstock or fuel, 2) the
possible changes in composition due to changes in reaction conditions, and
3) the possible environmental effects of such a by-product on groundwater
quality since the seam is considered to be a low-grade aquifer.
Coal Gasification Plants
407
-------
TITLE:
Gasification of Iowa Coal in the Synthane PDU Gasifier
AUTHOR:
R.M Kornosky, S.J. Gasior, J.P. Strakey and W.P. Haynes
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Energy Research and Development
Administration, 4800 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem., Soc., Div. of Fuel Chem., Preprints, 2!2(2), 197 (1977)
SUMMARY:
Vast deposits of high sulfur caking coals found in the eastern and
midwestern United States can be converted to clean gaseous energy by
gasification. One important consideration in the development of a coal
gasification process is the acceptability of various coal feedstocks. The
Synthane process is one such process for the manufacture of high-Btu gas
from coal. This report demonstrates the capability of using the Synthane
process for the gasification of the mildly caking high sulfur coal from
Iowa. This coal is not only present in substantial reserves (7.2 x 19 tons)
by is also convenient to the large energy markets of the Midwest. The
Iowa coal for this study is from the Iowa Coal Project Demonstration Mine
#1 of Iowa State University. This coal bed is located in the southwest
corner of Mahaska County and is part of the Cherokee Group.
Over all results from an exploratory study to gasify the mildly caking,
high sulfur Iowa coal in the Synthane PDU gasified show that carbon
conversitons of 80 percent and steam conversitons of 16 percent can be
achieved at average mazimum gasifier temperatures of 1832°F and coal
throughputs of 40 Ib/hr ft .
Coal Gasification Plants
408
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TITLE:
Coal Gasification, A Bibliography with Abstracts
AUTHOR:
Edward J. Lehmann & Kirk 6. Werner
ADDRESS:
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
VA 22151
REFERENCE:
Com-74-10967
SUMMARY:
This bibliography contains 76 selected abstracts of research reports
retrieved using the NTIS on-line search system—NTI Search. The period
covered is 1964 - May 1974. The topics included cover all aspects of coal
gasification which concern the use of coal gas as a fuel or feedstock.
Desulfurization of coal be gasification is not covered unless the use of the
gas is discussed. Also presented are in situ combustion studies on removing
coal from its deposits by underground gasification.
Coal Gasification Plants
-------
TITLE:
Operation of the Westinghous Fluidized Bed Devolatilizer with a Variety
of Coal Feedstocks
AUTHOR:
P.J. Margaritis, S.S. Kim, P. Cherish, L.A. Salvador
ADDRESS:
Westinghouse Research Laboratories, Energy Systems Operations, Madison,
Penn. 15663
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. of Fuel Chem. Preprints, 22, (1) 174 (1977).
SUMMARY:
Under Energy Research and Development Administration sponsorship,
Westinghouse is conducting a diverse program to develop a low Btu coal
gasification, combined cycle electrical power generating process. The
total program includes work in gas turbine combustor development, studies
of turbine tolerance to erosive and corrosive fuel gas cleaning and coal
gasification process development. As part of the gasification work,
Westinghouse is operating a process development unit (PDU) at Waltz Mill,
Pennsylvania. It is this aspect of the program that the paper discusses.
The results of this study of char product characteristics along with
the other results achieved during the past year of testing with the
devolatilizer reactor indicate that the design concept for this portion of
the process is feasible. Highly caking coals were processed for over two-
hundred hours without pre-treatment utilizing the draft tube and recir-
culating fluidized bed concept. Char product produced in the process was
adequately devolatilized and was in an acceptable size range, for both
overhead and bed material fractions, to be used in the gasifier-agglomerator
reactor. The attrition growth of particles which occurred was within
acceptable limits with respect to overall process dynamics. To some extent,
the resulting char particle size distribution depends on freeboard gas
velocity, coal feed rate and coal rank.
Coal Gasification Plants
410
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TITLE:
Ground-Water Quality Effects of an Underground Coal Gasification Experiment
AUTHOR:
S. Warren Mead, John W. Campbell, Douglas R. Stephens
ADDRESS:
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory
P. 0. Box 808
Livermore, CA 94550
SUMMARY:
Ground-water sampling and analysis have been carried out at the site
of an in situ coal gasification experiment conducted by the Lawrence
Livermore Laboratory (LLL) near Gillette, Wyoming. An important environmen-
tal question associated with the in situ gasification of coal concerns
the possibility that reaction products (ash and tars) left underground
following the gasification process may lead to the contamination of local
ground waters. In an effort to clarify the significance of this problem,
we have sampled the water from more than 12 wells in the vicinity of an
underground gasification experiment before, during, and up to 6 months
following gasification. Water samples were analyzed in the field and at
LLL, U.S. Geological Survey, and Research Triangle Institute for a variety
of characteristics, including the presence of 70 inorganic elements
and compounds, phenolic materials, dissolved organic carbon, and volatile
organics. We find a greatly increased concentration t>f phenolic materials,
dissolved organic carbon, and volatile organics. We find a greatly in-
creased concentration of phenolic materials (450 mg/1) just outside the
burn boundary, and a variety of inorganic species issuing from within the
residual ash bed. All contaminants decrease rapidly with distance,
although above-background levels of some species were detected 100 feet
from the burn zone. Several important contaminants showed a large decrease
in concentration with time, possibly a result of adsorption.
Coal Gasification Plants
411
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TITLE:
Conclusions and Recommendations from Workshop on Materials Problems and
Research Opportunities in Coal Converstion, Vol. I.
AUTHOR:
The Department of Metallurgical Engineering, the Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio; R.W. Staehle, Workshop Director. Sponsored by the National
Science Foundation, and the Office of Coal Research
ADDRESS:
Corrosion Center, The Ohio State University, 116 West 19th Avenue, Columbus,
Ohio 43210
SUMMARY:
This meeting was organized to identify and assess materials problems
which may limit the performance of equipment in coal conversion technology.
Attention was given to processes which produce intermediate and high BTU
gas, liquid products, and gasification processes which has associated
turbine cycles. Recommendations were prepared for substantive research
and development work which would assure the reliable and economical
performance of materials. The recommendations were prepared by topical
workshops which considered 18 component areas of materials performance in
coal conversion technology. The recommendations from each of the workshops
were evaluated by the attendees according to a priority rating. In addition,
written discussions were prepared by attendees as the recommendations from
the various workshops were presented.
Coal Gasification Plants
412
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TITLE:
Characteristics of Chars Produced by Pyrolysis Following Rapid Heating of
Pulverized Coal
AUTHOR:
N. Nsakala, R.H. Essenhigh, and P.L. Walker, Jr.
ADDRESS:
The Pensylvania State Unviersity, Materials Sciences Department, University
Park, Pensylvania 16802.
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Cocl, Div. of Fuel Chem. Preprints, 12 (1), 102 (1977).
ABSTRACT:
Due at least partly to the dwindling native supplies of oil and
natural gas, major research and development efforts aimed at converting
coal into alternative fuels are currently underway in this country. During
these various coal conversion processes two main events take place,, namely:
(i) evolution of the volatiles (pyrolysis) and (ii) gasification of the
solid residue.
The understanding of the mechanisms of pyrolysis and gasification of
coal is therefore important for achieving optimization of any conversion
process. Nevertheless, the complexity of this subject matter is so great
that it is always desirable to study pyrolysis separately from gasification.
Accordingly, this paper describes experiments in which closely size graded
pulverized coal particles were pyrolyzed (in a laminar flow pyrolysis
furnace) following a rapid rate of heating. The resulting chars were
examined to determine the changes in physical characteristics due to rapid
heating.
Coal Gasification Plants
413
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TITLE:
Clean Power Generation from Coal
AUTHOR:
Office of Coal Research
ADDRESS:
Department of the Interior
Washington, D.C. 20240
REFERENCE:
R. and D Report No. 84
SUMMARY:
The Westinghouse Electric Corporation, through its Research Laboratories,
entered into a three-year research and development contract on clean power
generation from coal. The objectives were to provide more extensive and
detailed information in systems study and evaluation of power generation
devices, magnetohydrodynamic generators, fuel cells, and gas turbines; fuel
gas cleaning by cyclones and precipitators; hydrogen generation for coal
gasification and gaseous and liquid fuel coproduct production, or both;
and superconductive detransmission.
Prior to cancellation of the contract some six months after its award,
significant progress had been made on several tasks. No work was done,
however, on superconductive detransmission. Work on magnetohydrodynamics
(MHD) was initially cancelled, but reinstated several days later. The
work done under the MHD contract is not covered in this report.
We strongly recommmend that the original comprehensive project be
reinstated to provide the necessary design data to economically utilize
coal as a clean source of fuel in the immediate future.
Coal Gasification Plants
414
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TITLE:
Wet Scrubbers vs Electrostatic Precipitators: Relative Particulate
Inhalation Hazards for Toxic Species
AUTHOR:
John M. Ondov, Richard C. Ragaini, and Arthur H. Biermann
ADDRESS:
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Unviersity of California
Livermore, California 84550
REFERENCE:
Preprint UCRL-78359 Rev. 1
SUMMARY:
Elemental emissions and particulate size distributions are compared
for a Venturi scrubber and an electrostatic precipitator (ESP), both in use
at a large western coal-fired power plant. Potential pulmonary deposition
of toxic particles from the two devices suggests that electrostatic
precipitators provide greater control of the emission of particles most
hazardous to humans.
Coal Gasification Plants
415
-------
TITLE:
The Synthane Process-Research Results and Prototype Plant Design
AUTHOR:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center
REFERENCE:
OP 160-73
SUMMARY:
The paper discusses the development of the Synthane Process at the
Bureau of Mines laboratories at Bruceton, Pennsylvania, the research on a
Synthane gasifier done at the Hydrocarbon Research, Inc., plant in Trenton,
New Jersey, and the Lummus design of the 75-tpd prototype plant to be
constructed at Brucetone.
Because of the importance of environmental problems, the pollution
aspects of the Synthane Process and solutions are also discussed.
Coal Gasification Plants
416
-------
TITLE:
Trace Elements in California Aerosols Part 1. Instrumental Neutron
Activiation Analysis Techniques
AUTHOR:
R.C. Ragini, Hr. R. Ralston, D. Garvis, and R. Kaifer
ADDRESS:
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Unviersity of California
Livermore, California 94550
REFERENCE:
Distribution Category UC-11, UCRL-51850
SUMMARY:
Instrument Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) done at LLL played a
key role in the 1972-1974 California Aerosol Characterization Experiment
(A CHEX), a major experiment in the chemistry of aerosols in urban and
non-urban sites of California sponsored by the State of California Air
Resources Board.
The main purpose of INAA was to measure the particle size distributions
and diurnal patterns of key chemical constitutents in aerosols collected
in California. These data were used to satisfy some of the key objectives
of A CHEX, including aerosol characterization and evaluation of the origins
and evolutions of aerosols.
Secondary uses of INAA were the validations of the Lundgren rotating
drum cascade impactors used in the A CHEX, and validations of other
analytical techniques used in the chemical analyses.
As a result of these studies, it was concluded that techniques using
INAA were useful operational methods for chemical analysis of aerosols
collected over two-hour periods in urban air with an active monitoring
program.
Coal Gasification Plants
417
-------
TITLE:
Evnironmental Trace Metal Contamination in Kellogg, Idaho, Near Zinc
and Lead Smelters
AUTHOR:
R.C. Ragaini, H.R. Ralston, N. Roberts, D. Garvis, and A. Langhorst
ADDRESS:
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, University of California
Livermore, California 94550
REFERENCE:
Preprint UCRL-77733
SUMMARY:
Soil cores, grasses, and ambient air aerosols were sampled in the
vicinity of Zn and Fb smelters in Kellogg, Idaho. Of 34 elements analyzed
by instrumental neutron activation and x-ray fluorescence, Cd, Sb, Ag, Pb,
Au, Z, Se, As, In, Ni, Cu, and Hg were the most highly enriched, ranging
in surface soils up to 7,900 ppm lead, 29,000 ppm zinc, and 140 ppm cadmium.
For grasses, lead ranged up to 10,000 ppm, zinc to 12,000 ppm, and cadmium
to 4400 ppm. Aerosol enrichments above contributions from local resuspended
soils were 4,100 for cadmium, 180 for arsenic, 110 for lead, and 60 for
zinc.
Soil profiles, aerosol enrichments, and factor analysis of air filter
data indicate that the major sources of the above twelve elements in the
atmosphere are the smelting operations.
Coal Gasification Plants
418
-------
TITLE:
Environmental Interactions
AUTHOR:
R. H. Ross
REF:
Environmental, Health, and Control Aspects of Coal Conversion: An
Information Overview. 2^, 6/1-6/123, (1977) ORNL/EIS-95
SUMMARY:
The future of coal conversion cannot be adequately assessed without
considering the environmental impact of possible effluents from conversion
processes. This chapter will attempt to explore the fate of potential
coal conversion pollutants in the environment by considering such factors
as mobility, transport, bioaccumulation, retention, and degradation. Four
principal classes of pollutants will be reviewed: hydrocarbons (parti-
cularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), trace elements, sulfur oxides,
and nitrogen oxides.
The behavior of a chemical pollutant introduced into the environment
depends largely upon two factors - the nature of its surroundings and
the physico-chemical properties of the pollutant. For example, trans-
formations can occur in all environmental media - hydrosphere, lithosphere,
atmosphere, and biotic component of the environment. Likwise, in the
media, the behavior of a chemical is determined by its solubility, vapor
pressure, adsorption ability, and degradability.
Coal Gasification Plants
419
-------
TITLE:
Low BTU Gasification
REFERENCE:
Shaping Coal's Future through Technology, 1974-1975
Office of Coal Research, Washington, D.C. 20242
Stock #024-014-0012-2
SUMMARY:
Low-BTU gas from coal offers one of the most promising methods of using
coal as a utility fuel in an economic and environmentally acceptable manner.
This program promises a higher conversion efficiency than high-BTU gasifica-
tion.
The objective is to provide the technology required to begin commercial
application by FT 1979, and permit the widespread commercial utilization
of low-BTU gasification by the mid-1980's.
The program will provide for the development of gasifiers for operation
at near-atmospheric and higher-than-atmospheric pressures. However, the
state of development of near-atmospheric gasification is currently more
advanced than that of pressurized gasification. For this reason, and in
order to provide a commercially acceptable process at the earliest possible
date, the strategy or intent of the program is to promote the development
of near-atmospheric gasifiers as a primary development of higher pressure
gasifiers.
In addition, the use of a clean, particle-free low-BTI gas in a combined
gas turbine-steam turbine power cycle offers the possiblility of a signif-
icant increase in thermal efficiency for electrical power generation.
Different processes have been found to be optimum for different
types of coal. Each of these processes involves unresolved problems
as discussed, and in some cases, appear to be redundant. However, only
through a systematic approach which addresses itself to the resolution of
the problems of each of the various processes can the optimum process
or processes be identified for ultimate selection.
The basic types of gasifiers to be developed for use at both atmospheric
and/or higher pressures are briefly discussed below:
Fixed-Bed Gasifiers—In this process, the coal particles are supported
on a fixed grate with steam plus oxygen or air being supplied to provide
for the necessary gasification reaction.
Entrained-Bed Gasifiers—In an entrained- or suspension-bed gasifier,
the solid particles are carried throughout the reactor entrained in the gas
flow; the necessary small size of the particles for entrainment permits
high reaction rates. Also, since the particles are in suspension and
are rapidly heated through the plastic range, the agglomerating problems of
the fixed-bed gasification are eliminated.
Coal Gasification Plants
420
-------
TITLE:
Potential Trace Elements Emissions from the Gasification of Illinois Coals
AUTHOR:
N.F. Sather, W.M. Swift, J.R. Jones, J.L. Beckner, J.H. Addington and
R.L. Wilburn
ADDRESS:
Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois
60439
REFERENCE:
ANL-75-XX-1
SUMMARx.
Results of comprehensive trace element analyses of samples of Illinois
#5 and #6 seam coals and the unquenched ashes obtained from gasification
of these coals in a Lurgi reactor are reported and discussed. Areas where
additional background information is needed for assessment of the
environmental impact of trace element emissions from coal gasification are
identified.
Coal Gasification Plants
421
-------
TITLE:
Membrane Applications to Coal Conversion Process
AUTHOR:
W.J. Schell, W.M. King
ADDRESS:
Envirogenics Systems Company, El Monte, California
REFERENCE:
FE 2000-2
SUMMARY:
A major portion of the technical effort this quarter involved a
continuation of the characterization of cellulose acetate blend membranes.
This study consisted of measurements of permeation rates and separation
factors for hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide and nitrogen at pressures as
high as 1500 psig and temperatures up to 65°C. A heat-treatment temperature
study was also made in order to optimize blend membrane performance. An
investigation of "free-standing" membrane was conducted as a method of
improvement of membrane reproducibility and avoidance of membrane curl
induced by high shrinkage during solvent exchanging and drying.
Determining a method to reduce brittleness in cellulose acetate
membranes has been an important investigative area, but so far the effort
has been fruitful in elucidation a suitable procedure for improving membrane
flexibility. The study has involved addition of cellulose acetate butyrate
to blend formulations and the use of higher molecular weight cellulose
acetate in blend formulations.
An intensive polysulfone membrane development effort was initiated
this quarter. The approach consisted of varying solvent ratios, drying
times and gelation media at several polymer concentrations. The resulting
membranes were evaluated from gas permeation rate measurements.
Coal Gasification Plants
422
-------
TITLE:
Mixing and Reaction of Pulverized Coal in an Entrained Gasifier
AUTHOR:
L. Douglas Smoot, F. Douglas Skinner, and Richard W. Hanks
ADDRESS:
Chemical Engineering Department, Bringham Young Universiy, Provo, Utah 84602
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. of Fuel Chem. Preprints, 2.2 (1), 77 (1977).
SUMMARY:
Several coal gasification processes under development include an
entrained gasifier as one step in the process. In such cases, coal or
char is contacted with a hot gas to cause particle combustion or gasification.
Design and optimization of such units require an understanding of particle
gasification kinetics, together with insight into turbulent mixing processes
of the coal-laden streams with the hot gases. The present study is
designed to develop an understanding of the physical and chemical rate pro-
cesses that occur during gasification of entrained, pulverized coal particles.
Specific objectives are to measure locally: (1) the extent of mixing
of primary and secondary gases, (2) the extent of particle dispersion,
(3) the extent of particle reaction, and (4) the gaseous reaction products
including pollutants. This study includes both non-reacting flow tests
to be run at pressures from 1 to 20 a tin. Key to the technical approach
is particle and gas sampling from the reactor using water-cooled probes.
Separate key components in primary and secondary streams will indicate
directly the extent of gas phase mixing at the various sampling points.
The particulate portion of each sample will be analyzed to determine ash,
volatiles, and sulfur and nitrogen content.
Coal Gasification Plants
423
-------
TITLE:
Trace Elements: Analysis of Their Potential Impact form a Coal Gasification
Facility
AUTHOR:
Mason H. Somerville, James L. Elder, and Robert G. Todd
ADDRESS:
Engineering Experiment Station, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND
REFERENCE:
Technology and Use of Lignite Symposium, Grand Forks, North Dakota,
(May 1977), GFERC/IC-77/1 (Page 285).
SUMMARY:
An analysis of the potential impact of trace elements emitted from
a proposed 250 MMSCFD dry-ash Lurgi coal-gasification facility is reported.
Baseline data of the trace elements in the overburden from the proposed
mine area, overburden leachdate data, coal, oil, tar, and ash and its
leachate data are included and discussed. A prediction of the effluent
quantity and the distribution around the proposed facility for 73 elements
is presented. Four of the 73 elements considered (sodium, molybdenum,
boron, and arsenic) were chosen for wheat plant toxicity tests.
Results of the study indicate that the leaching of trace elements from
the returned overburden and disposed ash buried in the mine area will not
pose a significant environmental problem. Tests indicate that wheat
plant toxic levels will not be reached even if leaching of the overburden
and disposed ash occurs. A recommendation is made and justification
presented for not regulating trace element emissions at this time.
Coal Gasification Plants
424
-------
TITLE:
Trace Elements: Analysis of Their Potential Impact from a Coal Gasification
Facility
AUTHOR:
Mason H. Somerville, James L. Elder, Robert G. Todd
ADDRESS:
Engineering Experiment Station, University of North Dakota, Box 8103,
Grand Forks, ND 58202
SUMMARY:
An analysis of the potential impact of trace elements emitted from
a proposed 250 MMSCFD dry ash Lurgi coal gasification facility is reported.
Baseline data of the trace elements in the overburden from the proposed mine
area, overburden leachate data, coal, tar and ash and its leachate data
are included and discussed. A prediction of the effluent quantity and
the distribution around the proposed facility for seventy-three elements
is presented. Four of the seventy-three elements considered (sodium,
molybdenum, boron, and arsenic) were chosen for wheat plant toxicity tests.
The research of the study indicated that it is highly improbable
that the leaching of trace elements from the returned overburden, and dis-
posed ash buried in the mine area will pose a significant environmental
problem. The results of the toxicity tests indicate that it is highly
improbable that wheat plant toxic levels will be reached even if leaching
of the overburden and disposed ash occurs. A recommendation is made and
justification presented for not regulating trace elements emissions at this
time.
Coal Gasification Plants
425
-------
TITLE:
S02 Removal Using Ash-Akali Wet Scrubbing
AUTHOR:
Everett A. Sondreal
ADDRESS:
Grand Forks Energy Research Center, Grand Forks, N.D.
REFERENCE:
GFERC/QTR - 76/3 UC 90
SUMMARY:
The fly ash derived from some Western coals contain significant amounts
of soluble sodium and magnesium, and high concentrations of these elements
will result after long-term operation of a closed-loop scrubber employing
the fly ash alkali scrubbing process. During this quarter, tests have been
carried out in the 130 scfm GFERC scrubber on high sodium and magnesium
fly ash under widely varying conditions. In addition, reliability tests
were initiated at the 5000-acfm pilot scrubber located at the Milton R.
Young Power Station. The reliability tests are being conducted under a
cooperative agreement among GFERC, Square Butte Electric Cooperative,
Minnesota Power and Light Company, and Combustion Equipment Associates.
Coal Gasification Plants
426
-------
TITLE:
Product Composition and Kinetics of Lignite Pyrolysis
AUTHOR:
Eric M. Suuberg, William A. Peters, and Jack B. Howard
ADDRESS:
Department of Chemical Engineering and Energy Laboratory
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc. Div. of Fuel Chem.
Preprint, 22_ (1), 112(1977).
SUMMARY:
The pyrolysis of pulverized Montana lignite by time-resolved measure-
ment of the yields and compositions of products formed under controlled
temperature-time histories was studied in a captive sample apparatus. A
thin layer of particles held in a folded strip of stainless steel screen
was electrically heated under both 1 atm helium and a vacuum in a vessel
connected to a series of product recovery traps. The temperature of
the sample was measured with a thermocouple. Heating rate, peak temperature
attained, and residence timg0at the peak temperature were independently
varied in the ranges 100-10 C/s, 150-1100°C, and 0-10s. The yields of
char and tar were determined gravimetrically and selected char samples
were subjected to elemental analysis. The yields of water, carbon, monoxide,
carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and hydrocarbon gases and light liquids were
determined by gas chromatography.
The yields of all the volatile products increase monotonically with
temperature and approach asymptotic values at the higher temperatures. At
1000°C/s and 1 atm helium the ultimate yields, in percent by weight of the
lignite (as-received), are 16.5% water (including 6.8% moisture), 9.5%
carbon dioxide, 9.4% carbon monoxide, 5.4% tar, 1.3% methane, 0.6% ethylene,
0.5% hydrogen, and 0.9% ethane, propylene, propane, benzene, and trace
hydrocarbons. The total yield of 44.0% is close to the ASTM volatile matter
plus moisture (43.7%). Pyrolysis at the highest temperatures volatilizes
about 70% of the sulfur and about 25% of the nitrogen; the percent by weight
of sulfur in the char is less than that in the lignite but the reverse is
true for nitrogen.
Coal Gasification Plants
427
-------
TITLE:
Computer Modeling of Coal Gasification Reactors
AUTHOR:
Systems, Science and Software
ADDRESS:
LaJolla, CA
REF:
Coal Gasification (Jan-Mar 1977)
DOE/ET-0024/1
UC-90C
SUMMARY:
Under the terms of this ERDA contract, Systems, Science, and Software
(S ) is to develop a general computer model of coal gasification reactors.
The model will combine theoretical descriptions of the thermo-mechanical
interactions between the solid and gas phases with a kinetic model of
chemical reactions based on the best experimental data available at the
time of program development. The model will be used to expedite the
development, aid in optimization, and assist in the scale-up of coal
gasification reactors. The model will first be applied to high-Btu
fluidized-bed gasification processes and later expanded to include low-Btu
fluidized-bed reactors, entrained-flow reactors, and fluidized-bed com-
bustors.
Coal Gasification Plants
428
-------
TITLE:
Hydrogasification of Brown Coal Using Process Heat From High Temperature
Gas-Cooled Nuclear Reactors
AUTHOR:
H. Teggers and 6. Falkenhain
ADDRESS:
Rheinische Braunkohlenwerke, A6
Cologne
Federal Republic of Germany
REFERENCE:
Technology and Use of Lignite Symposium
Grand Forks, ND May 1977 (GFERC/IC-77/1, page 248)
SUMMARY:
In conventional gasification processes, thermal requirements are
supplied by combustion of some of the feed coal. A more economical method
of supplying heat Is the use of heat from gas-cooled, high-temperature
reactors. About 40 percent of the feed coal may be conserved.
In the project "Prototypanlage Nukleare Prozesswarme," sponsored by
the Ministry of Research and Technology of the Federal Republic of Germany,
design data for a commercial-scale plant have been completed. Part of this
project is a pilot plant for hydrogasificatlon of coal in a fluid!zed bed
at elevated pressure. The pilot plant is operated by the Rheinische
Braunkohlenwerke. Data verified the basis for the process schemes selected
for commercial-scale units. Carbon gasification of 64 percent, a coal
gasification of more than 70 percent, and a methane content in raw gas of
over 30 percent were obtained. The throughput of coal was higher than
originally designed.
Coal Gasification Plants
429
-------
TITLE:
Catalysis of Char Gasification by Minerals
AUTHOR:
A. Tomita, O.P. Mahajan and P.L. Walker, Jr.
ADDRESS:
Material Sciences Department, Penn State University, University Park, Penn.
16802
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. of Fuel Chem., Preprints, ,2j2 (1), 4 (1977)
SUMMARY:
It is well known that most minerals act more or less to catalyze
carbon gasification. In coals, there are two broad classes of inorganic
impurities—the discrete mineral matter, which is usually present in particles
greater than about 1 ym in size, and the minor and trace elements, which
are more or less associated with the organic phase or mineral phase in a
highly dispersed state. Because of current interest in producing low and
high BTU gases by coal gasification, it is desirable to know to the extent
to which inorganic impurities in chars (as a result of being present in
the original coals) increases gasification rates. The aim of the present
study is to investigate possible catalytic activity of major minerals found
in coals for char gasification in air, C0« and H?. Since coals and, hence,
chars are invariably associated with many inorganic impurities, a high purity
polymer char have a structure similar to coal-derived chars has been used
in the present study.
Coal Gasification Plants
430
-------
TITLE:
Mass and Heat Balance for Coal Gasification by Atomic International's Molten
Salt Gasification Process
AUTHOR:
Charles A. Trilling
ADDRESS:
Atomics International, 8900 DeSoto Avenue, Canoga Park, CA 91304
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. of Fuel Chem. Preprints, J22(l), 185 (1977)
SUMMARY:
Rockwell Internationals's Atomics International (AI) Division is
presently developing molten salt processes for the gasification of coal. In
these processes the coal is oxidized and completely gasified by reaction with
air or with oxygen and steam in a bed of molten sodium carbonate. The
gasification takes place at temperatures of 1700 to 1800°F and pressures
of 10 to 30 a tin. The sulfur and ash of the coal are retained in the melt.
A nonpolluting low-or medium-Btu gas is produced which can be used as fuel
gas for electric utility or industrial applications or as a synthesis gas
for the production of pipeline quality gas, methanol, or liquid hydrocarbons.
A sidestream of melt is withdrawn from the gasifier and processed in an
aqueous regeneration system for removal of ash, recovery of elemental
sulfur, and return of the regenerated sodium carbonate to the gasifier.
This report describes the mass and heat balance around the molten
salt gasifier and the composition of the fuel gas produced as a function of
air-to-coal oxygen-and steam-to-coal feed ratios and system heat losses.
Calculated values are compared with the experimental data obtained in
laboratory and small scale pilot plant tests.
Coal Gasification Plants
431
-------
TITLE:
Advanced Coal Gasification System for Electric Power Generation
AUTHOR:
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
ADDRESS:
Lester, PA
REF:
Coal Gasification (Jan-Mar 1977) p. 41-44
DOE/ET-0024/1
UC-90C
SUMMARY:
The advanced coal gasification system for electric power generation
is being developed by Westinghouse Electric Corporation. The primary
objective of this contract is to develop a fluidized-bed system for producing
low-Btu gas from coal and apply the system to a combined-cycle electric
generation system.
Coal Gasification Plants
432
-------
TITLE:
Pyrolysis of Lary Coal Blocks: Implications of Heat and Mass Transport
Effects for In situ Gasification
AUTHOR:
Fillip R. Westmoreland and Richard C. Forrester III
Address:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. of Fuel Chem., Preprints, 2.2(1), 93 (1977)
SUMMARY:
Dewatering of coal blocks at in situ moisture levels was shown to
markedly affect pyrolysis gas production by being the rate-limiting mechanism
in heat transfer, and by causing self-gasification of the block as steam
diffuses from a shrinking core of damp coal through a hot, outer layer of
char. Cracking of product oil vapors as they diffuse outward may also
contribute to the increased combustible gas evolution of block pyrolysis
compared to powder pyrolysis.
These results influence modeling and design of in situ gas gasification.
Since no data are available on coal-block pyrolysis, improved understanding
of heat and mass transfer effects significantly improves semitheoretical
models which have depended on powder pyrolysis data. For satisfactory
resource recovery, the shrinking core of unreacted coal makes it critical
to limit flame-front speed. If the flame front moves too fast, only an
outer layer of any large masses of coal will be gasified, leaving damp,
ungasified centers behind the front.
Coal Gasification Plants
433
-------
TITLE:
Environmental Contamination from Trace Elements in Coal Preparation Wastes:
A Review and Assessment of the Literature
AUHTOR:
E.M. Wewerka, J.M. Willimas, P.L. Wanek, and J.D. Olsen
ADDRESS:
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, University of California, Los Alamos,
New Mexico 8754A
REFERENCE:
ERDA LA-6600-MS; EPA-600/7-76-007, August 1976
SUMMARY:
The purpose of this review of the literature is to collect and evaluate
the available information on the chemistry and behavior of trace elements in
coal processing wastes, and to utilize this information to assess the poten-
tial for environmental contamination from the trace elements in these wastes.
Only limited attention has been given previously to the chemistry of trace
elements in coal waste materials; however, most of the growing body of know-
ledge concerning trace elements and minerals in raw coals can be applied
directly to coal wastes. The consensus from analytical studies is that nearly
every naturally occurring element is likely to be present in coal and coal
refuse. The fate of these elements during coal preparation is poorly defined;
however, large concentrations of trace elements are discarded in the washing
refuse. Toxic or harmful quantities of elements, such as Fe, Al, Mn, Co,
Ni, and Zn are released into the environment in the drainage from coal min-
eral wastes, but, in general, the behavior of trace elements during refuse
weathering, leaching, and burning is not well understood. Although the
mineral and inorganic matter in coal wastes is an acknowledged major con-
tributor to both air and water pollution, without the benefit of further
research, a comprehensive assessment of the full potential for environmental
contamination from the trace elements in these wastes cannot be made.
Coal Gasification Plants
434
-------
TITLE:
Dry Table - Pyrite Removal from Coal
AUTHOR:
Donald C. Wilson
ADDRESS:
Central Engineering Laboratories, PMC Corporation, 1185 Coleman Avenue,
Santa Clara, California 95052
REFERENCE:
American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemicals Preprints J2 (2),
132 (1977).
SUMMARY:
This paper discusses the use of a vibrating dry table method for the
removal of pyrite from coal. Due to the differences in size, shape, bulk
density, resiliency and surface roughness between coal and pyrite particles,
their separation may be accomplished by this method. The equipment design,
operating parameters and some experimental results are given.
Coal Gasification Plants
435
-------
TITLE:
Animals: Bioenvironmental Effects
AUTHOR
D.J. Wilkes
REF:
Environmental Health and Control Aspects of Coal Conversion: An
Information Overview. 2^ 9/1-9/144, (1977) ORNL/EIS-95
SUMMARY:
Many organic compounds may be released into the environment from
coal conversion processes. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and
heterocyclic compounds containing either nitrogen or sulfur have been
identified as organic compounds of particular environmental concern because
of their carcinogenic potential.
Coal Gasification Plants
436
-------
TITLE:
Gasification of a Highly Caking Coal in the GEGAS Pressurized Gas Producer
AUTHOR:
D.E. Woodmansee and P.M. Palmer
ADDRESS:
General Electric Company, Corporate Research and Development Center,
Schenactady, New York
REFERENCE:
Am. Chem. Soc., Div. of Fuel Chem. Preprints, 22 (1) 158 (1977)
SUMMARY:
The purpose of this paper is primarily to describe the results from
the GEGAS producer operating with a highly caking coal at low steam
consumption. It can be concluded from the preliminary trials that crushed,
run-of-mine, highly caking Pittsburgh #8 coal can be gasified successfully
in a fixed-bed gasifier with periodic deep-bed agitation. This verifies
and extends results obtained on the Morgantown Energy Research Center
gasifier with continuous deep-bed agitation. Results from both experiments
confirm that this difficult coal can be gasified with a low steam consumption
with steam-to-air mass ratios near or less than 0.2 in the reactor blast
at pressures between 6 and 20 atmospheres. Moreover, the present experiment
has given a preliminary indication that refractory-lined shafts are
compatible with low steam/air, stirred-bed operations with this difficult
coal. The use of insulated, rather than water-cooled shafts and periodic
vs. continuous bed agitation seems to be worth from 5 to 10 points in cold
gas conversion efficiency in 3 to 3 1/2 foot diameter pilot units.
Coal Gasification Plants
437
-------
TECHNICAL REPORTS:
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY PRODUCTION
TITLE:
Subsurface Techniques for Locating and Evaluating Geopressured Geothermal
Reserviors along the Texas Gulfcoast
AUTHOR:
D.G. Bebout
ADDRESS:
Bureau of Economic Geology
The University of Texas at Austin
REFERENCE:
Proceedings of the Second Geopressured Geothermal Energy Conference, Austin,
Texas, Feb. 23-25, 1976.
SUMMARY:
A potential geothermal reservoir along the Texas Gulf Coast should have
a volume of at least three cubic miles (which translates into a cumulative
sand thickness of greater than 300 feet and areal extent of 50 square miles),
greater than 250°F uncorrected subsurface fluid temperature, and permeability
greater than 20 millidarcies. Based on analyses from actual water samples
and interpretation from log analysis, deep-subsurface fluids are expected
to have salinities lower that 20,000 ppm and perhaps as low as 5,000 ppm
(Jones, 1975). Most well reports indicate that the water will be saturated
with methane gas.
This report describes techniques being used in the assessment of
geopressured geothermal resources along the Texas Gulf Coast and defines
geological procedures for test- or industrial-site section. These approaches
have been proven in petroleum exploration and are applicable in geothermal
exploration here in the Gulf basin and in other sedimentary basins.
438
-------
TITLE:
Resevoir Mechanics of Geopressured Aqulfiers
AUTHOR:
William J. Bernard
ADDRESS:
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
REFERENCE:
Proceedings: First Geopressured Geothermal Energy Conference, June 1975.
SUMMARY:
To evaluate the practicality of producing energy from geopressured
aquifers, methods to predict energy-production rates are necessary. This
paper reviews established petroleum-resevoir engineering techniques as
applied to geopressured systems. Also, the effects of dissolved natural
gas, shale water influx, and abnormally high rock compressibilities on
aquifer behavior are discussed.
Geothermal Energy Production
439
-------
TITLE:
The Potential National Benefits of Geothermal Electrical Energy Production
from Hydrothermal Resources in the West
AUTHOR:
C.H. Bloomster and R.L. Engel
ADDRESS:
Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland Washington 99352
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings
1976 Vol I
SUMMARY:
To evaluate the competitive role of geothermal energy in a predominately
nuclear and coal based electric power economy, we employed a computer
simulation of the U.S. power economy. The simulation optimizes the
installation of new generating capacity on a multiregional basis. This
study included only the hydrothermal resources in the West. New geothermal
capacity in the West, however, has national impact through reducing the
demand and the cost of nuclear and fossil fuels. The potential benefits
from geothermal energy are estimated at $2-$8 billion in reduced electricity
costs. Geothermal energy is estimated to achieve 8-20% of the electricity
generation in the West (9,000-17,000 MWe by 1990). Our "most likely
scenario" is the lower values in the above ranges. This scenario would
save (1) $11 billion in powerplant capital costs, (2) 32 million
separative work units, (3) 64,000 tons (58.2 x 103 tonne) of U30s, and
(4) 700 million barrels (112 x 106 m3) of oil.
Geothermal Energy Production
440
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TITLE:
Guidelines Acquiring Environmental Baseline Data on Federal Geothennal Leases
AUTHOR:
Max D. Crittenden, Jr.
ADDRESS:
United States Department of Interior
Menlo Park, California
SUMMARY:
These guidelines are developed to assist geothermal leases and operators
in complying with Federal Regulation 30 CFR 270.34 (k) which states that a
plan of operation shall include "A requirement for the collection of data
concerning the existing air and water quality, noise, seismic, and land
subsidence activities, and ecological system of the leased lands covering
a period of at least one year prior to the submission of a plan for pro-
duction."
The purpose of collecting environmental data is to provide a baseline
representing selected physical, chemical, and biological conditions prior
to significant disturbance by leased operations against which later environ-
mental data can be compared. This comparison will provide a basis for
determing the net environmental change attributable to the operations on the
leasehold at any subsequent time.
The purpose of these guidelines is to aid those involved in the
exploration for geothermal resources in meeting the requirements for baseline
data in a timely manner. Where unit operations are involved these guidelines
should apply to the entire unit in the same way as to an individual lease-
hold. Their timing is desigend to coordinate with the generalized scheme
of phased operations outlined in orders issued or to be issued by the Super-
visor, Conservation Division, USGS.
Geothermal Energy Production
441
-------
TITLE:
Geothermal Steam Pricing of the Geysers, Lake and Sonoma Counties California
AUTHOR:
John L. Dutcher and Leo H. Moir
ADDRESS:
455 Golden Gate Avenue, San Francisco, CA
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference
Proceedings 1976 Vol. I
SUMMARY:
One utility company in the United States produces electricity from
geothermal steam. This company buys the steam from several steam producers
under contracts with essentially identical rate provisions. These provisions
are based on historical fossil-fuel costs and plant efficiency and nuclear
generation costs experienced by the utility. A change in the parameters of
generation, efficiency, or fuel, costs will change the geothermal steam rate.
Several changed circumstances are postulated and their effect on the geother-
mal steam rates considered.
Geothermal Energy Production
442
-------
TITLE:
f Fluidized Bed Heat Exchangers for Geothermal Applications
AUTHOR:
C.A. Ellen, E.S. Grimmett, K.L. Wagner
ADDRESS:
Allied Chemical Corporation, Idaho Falls, Idaho
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings
1976, Vol. I.
SUMMARY:
Bench-scale liquid-fluidized bed heat exchangers used with geothermal
water prevented fouling and nearly doubled the rate of heat transfer compared
to identical tube and shell arrangements. A six-inch pressured unit
operated at the Raft River geothermal site near Malta, Idaho verified these
results. Horizontal and vertical configurations and other design considera-
tions are discussed. Insufficient data currently exist to make valid
correlations for scale-up for demonstration or commercial size units.
An experimental program is in progress to correct this deficiency.
Geothermal Energy Production
443
-------
TITLE:
Geothermal Systems and Power Development
AUTHOR:
A.J. Ellis
ADDRESS:
Chemistry Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
New Zealand
REFERENCE:
American Scientist, Sept.-Oct. 1975, p. 510
SUMMARY:
This article provides a brief outline of the nature of geothermal
fields, geothermal power projects, and some development problems. The
topic was covered thoroughly in a series of papers presented in a United
Nations Symposium on the Development and Utilization of Geothermal Resources
at Pisa, Italy, in late 1970 (Geothennics 1970) and again at a similar
symposium held in San Francisco in May 1975.
Geothermal Energy Production
444
-------
TITLE:
Control of Environmental Impacts from Advanced Energy Sources
AUTHOR:
Evan E. Huges, Edward M. Dickson, and Richard A. Schmidt
•
ADDRESS:
Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
REFERENCE:
EPA-600/2-74-002, March 1974
SUMMARY:
The technology and the environmental effects associated with the
production of energy from some new or advance sources are reviewed.
These include solar, geothermal, oil shale, solid wastes, underground coal
gasification, and hydrogen energy sources. Projection to the year 2000
of the levels of energy production from the first four of these sources are
presented. Levels of these advanced energy sources are projected. Impacts
likely to require control measures are identified. Subjects for research
and development directed toward control of environmental impacts are
recommended. These recommendations are incorporated into a research and
development plan. Approximate priority assignments derived from considera-
tion of the timing of development and the importance and degree of definition
of the identified environmental effects are given.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract 68-01-0483
by Stanford Research Institute under sponsorship of the Environmental
Protection Agency. Work was completed as of March 1974.
Geothermal Energy Production
445
-------
TITLE:
Geothermal and Hydrocarbon Regimes, Northern Gulf of Mexico Basin
AUTHOR:
Paul H. Jones
ADDRESS:
Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, LA
REFERENCE:
Proceedings: First Geopressured Energy Conference, Jun 1975
SUMMARY:
Geothermal heat flow in the Gulf basin is primarily a function of its
hydrology. Water expelled from sediments with deepening burial and in-
creasing over-burden load escapes upward and toward the basin margin.
Where it moves freely in the hydropressure zone, the basin is relatively
cool; but where rapid sedimentation and contemporaneous faulting have
retarded water loss from compacting sediments, the interstitial fluid
pressure reflects a part of the over-burden load, and the formation waters
are superheated and geopressured. The geopressured zone is common below
depths of about 3 km (9,600 ft) in the basin, beneath an area of 375,000
km* (150,000 mi?), and extends downward perhaps 15 km (50,000 ft) to the
base of Cenozoic deposits.
The upper boundary of the geopressured zone is the most important
physical interface in the basin. Across it the head of formation water
increases downward from a few hundred to several thousand feet above sea
level; the geothermal gradient increases downward from 20° to 40°C/km to
100°C/km or more; the salinity of formation water decreases downward,
commonly by 50,000 mg/1 or more; and the porosity of shale and sand increases
downward by 10 to 25 percent.
Petroleum matures in geopressured clay at 140° to 220°F. Montmorillon-
ite is dehydrated at 180° to 250°F; fresh water released may equal half
the volume of the mineral altered. Molecular solubility in fresh water
of the hydrocarbons in Gulf basin crude, under geopressured zone conditions,
could account for petroleum resources of the basin. Exsolution of petroleum
hydrocarbons near the geopressured zone boundary could account for observed
occurrences.
This geopressured zone is a natural pressure vessel from which super-
heated water of moderate salinity could be produced through wells, each
yielding millions of gallons a day at pressures of several thousand pounds
per square inch, and temperatures above 300°F, with considerable amounts of
methane gas in solution.
Geothermal Energy Production
446
-------
TITLE:
Hydrogeologic Aspects of Structural Deformation In the Northern Gulf of
Mexico Basin
AUTHOR:
Paul H. Jones and Raymond H. Wallace, Jr.
ADDRESS:
Bay Saint Louis, MS
REFERENCE:
Journal Research U.S. Geological Survey, J2 (5), Sept.-Oct. 1974, p. 511-517
SUMMARY:
Resistance of unconsolldated elastic sediments to structural deforma-
tion, an Inverse function of water content and pore pressure, has no uniform
relation to depth of burial In the Gulf of Mexico basin. Deposited rapidly
along the northwestern margin of the Gulf Coast geosyncllne, sediments
of younger deltas leapfrogged older deltas and spilled gulfward upon
prodelta and marine clays of older deltas, burying them deeply before they
could drain properly In response to compaction stress of overburden load.
Contemporaneous gravity faults of major dimension occur gulfward. Margins
of deltafront and bodies, reflecting the effect of sediment facies
distributions on structure-sand bodies, are more stable than shale masses.
Such contemporaneous or growth faults are a most distinctive feature of the
of the geology of the Gulf of Mexico basin; they are normal faults with
progressive increase in throw with depth and, across which, from upthrown
to downthrown block, correlative section thickens greatly. In plan and
profile, faulted masses resemble land slides; fault planes are concave
gulfward and upward, the dip decreasing with depth. Fault movement rotates
the block, causing reversal of dip of beds in the block and sealing the
landward ends of included aquifers to discharge of waters of compaction-
producing geopressured conditions so common in the Gulf Coastal Plain and
Continental Shelf. Early development of geopressure in the block sustains
rotational stress. Geopressured water flowing into the fault zone-the
easiest escape route-reduces drag and facilitates movement on the fault.
Geothermal Energy Production
447
-------
TITLE:
Report on Testing a Geopressured Aquifer in Southern Louisiana
AUTHOR:
0. Karkolits and F.H. Jones
ADDRESS:
McNeese State University
Lake Charles, LA 70601
REFERENCE:
Proceedings on The Second Conference on Geopressured Thermal Energy, Austin,
Texas, February 23-25, 1976.
SUMMARY:
There are several unknown factors regarding geopressured geothermal
water. One of these is the rate at which water from the sand bed aquifers
will flow into the well, which has implications upon the viability of
utilizing these wells contain natural gas in solution, but little is known
about the quality and amounts. This paper- presents an account of the physical
characteristics of a test well which will be utilized to answer the above
questions, including structural and geological determination of the test
bed area and chemical analysis of the well water.
Geothermal Energy Production
448
-------
TITLE:
NSTL's Capabilities for Geothermal Systems Verification
AUTHOR:
Fritz R. Krause
ADDRESS:
NASA, Nation Space Technology Laboratories
Bay St. Louis, MS 39520
REFERENCE:
TM-X072728, June 1975
SUMMARY:
NSTL's capabilities for verification of geothermal systems were
documented as an input to nation-wide geothermal energy research, development,
and demonstration program planning activities by National Aeronautics and
Space Administration's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The industrial water and
high pressure gas supplies of the engine test stands might support test
beds of hydraulic turbines and hot water pipeline subsystems. NSTL's
multi-agency character is structured in a way that allows 18 resident
federal and state agencies to contribute their systems verification cap-
abilities to geothermal studies. NSTL's geographical location within the
geopressurized zone provides fresh opportunities to open federal field
installations to special work study programs which integrate planning
and evaluation of turbine and pipeline component tests with other industrial,
state, university, and federal geothermal systems verification studies.
Geothermal Energy Production
449
-------
TITLE:
Development of the Nation's Geothermal Energy Resources
AUTHOR:
Paul Kruger
ADDRESS:
Division of Geothermal Energy, Energy Research and Development Administra-
tion
REFERENCE:
Proceedings of the 2nd Energy Technology Conference
SUMMARY:
Geothermal resources have been heralded as one of the more promising
alternate sources of indigenous energy for the United States. Yet the U.S.
geothermal electric power industry has grown from 12.5 MWe in 1960 to
396 MWe in 1973, all at a single high-quality geothermal site. The
utilization of geothermal waters for heating purposes is insignificant.
Forecasts of potential geothermal electric power capacity that can be
installed by 1985 have ranged from pessimistic values of less that 2000
MWe to overly optimistic values as high as 400,000 MWe. The Task Force
for Geothermal Energy in the Federal Energy Adminsitration Project
Independence Blueprint report of November 1974, established a 1985 goal
of some 20,000 to 30,000 MWe, the latter value representing an equivalent
energy supply of one million barrels of oil per day.
The attainment of this national goal will require an accelerated
development of a geothermal industry involving three parallel paths of
effort: (1) the discovery, proving, and extraction of geotheraml resources
to support the production of more than 5 x 10^ KWh of electricity over
the amortization period of the investment in resource development and
power plant construction, (2) the technology to convert the resources as
found in its various natural types and qualities into electric and thermal
power production, and (3) the removal of institutional constraints to the
development of an economic and environmentally-acceptable industry.
Geothermal Energy Production
450
-------
TITLE:
The Economic Generation of Electricity from Moderate Temperature Geothermal
Resources
AUTHOR:
J.F.
-------
TITLE:
Application of the Stretford Process for I^S Abatement at the Geysers
Geothermal Power Plant
AUTHOR:
J. Laszlo
ADDRESS:
Pacific Gas and Electric Co., San Francisco, CA
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings,
1976, Vol. I
ABSTRACT:
Superheated steam occurs naturally, 150-3,000 meters (m) (500-10,000
feet) underground in the area know as The Geysers in Northern California,
130 kilometers (km) (80 miles) north of San Francisco, Produced by wells
drilled by techniques very similar to those used in natural gas production,
the steam is collected and is piped to electric generating plants. Electric
power is generated by utilizing the naturally occurring steam in low
pressure, steam turbine generators. As a by-product of power generation,
small amounts of hydrogen sulfide (I^S) are released to the atmosphere. In
low concentrations E^S has an offensive sulfurous odor. During certain
weather conditions the low level E^S content in the ambient air can be
a definite nuisance as well as a potential violation of air pollution
regulations. Pacific Gas and Electric Company, the owner and operator of
The Geysers Power Plants has for several years carried out extensive
research on a number of different methods to reduce I^S emissions originat-
ing from power generating equipment. For the latest three generating
units to be completed by 1978 and 1979, the Stretford Process I^S abatement
for the removal of I^S from coal gas is planned. It proved to be equally
suitable for desulfurization of a variety of other gas streams, such as
refinery gases, synthetic gas and natural gas as well as hydro-carbon
liquids. Extensive re-design of the power plant equipment is required in
order to facilitate the application of the Stretford Process at the Geysers
however, significant reduction of total i^S emissions is expected as a
result.
Geothermal Energy Production
452
-------
TITLE:
A Description of Imperial Valley, California for the Assessment of Impacts
of Geothermal Energy Development
AUTHOR:
David Layton and Donald Ermak
ADDRESS:
Lawernce Livermore Laboratory
University of California
Livermore, CA 94550
REFERENCE:
UC66 UCRL 52121
SUMMARY:
Impending geothermal development in the Imperial Valley of California
has raised concern over the possible impacts of such development. As an
initial step in impact assessment of geothermal projects, relevant features
of the valley1s physical and human environments are described. Particular
attention is placed on features that may either influence development or
be affected by it. Major areas of consideration and biological resources),
economic, fiscal, and social characteristics of Imperial County, and geo-
thermal laws.
Geothermal Energy Production
453
-------
TITLE:
Extracting Energy From Hydraulically - Fractured Geothermal Reservoirs
AUTHOR:
R.D. McFarland and H.D. Murphy
ADDRESS:
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos NM 87545
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conferences Proceedings
1976 Vol. I
SUMMARY:
In the absence of fluid "short circuiting" the rate at which energy
can be produced from a single hydraulic fracture in hot rock is limited only
by the size of the fracture and the low thermal conductivity of most types
of rock. The extent of "short circuiting" is determined by the location of
the reservoir inlet and outlet and by the ratio of the Grashof and Reynolds
numbers. Since the fracture gap width continuously changes due to thermal
contraction of the rock, fractures that are intially "short circuited" can
eventually evolve, due to buoyancy effects, eddy-like flow patterns, so that
more of the heat transfer area in the fracture is accessible to the flowing
water. In this manner, significant quantities of energy can be extracted
from hydraulic fractures—even when the placement of the inlet and outlet
is far from optimum; and the anticipated, beneficial effects of thermal
stress cracking are neglected.
fJeothermal Energy Production
454
-------
TITLE:
Economic and Engineering Implications of the Project Independence 1985
Geothermal Energy Output Goal and the Associated Sensitivity Analysis
AUTHOR:
Asok V. Mukhopadhyay
ADDRESS:
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Pasadena, California 91103
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings,
1976, Vol. 1.
SUMMARY:.
The present paper combines the Project Independence 1985 geothermal out-
put goal, via., 20,000 megawatts (MW) with the available time-line data
for a typical geo thermal energy plane in order to establish
requirements, such as, the rate of lease award, exploration, production
drilling, plant construction resource expenditure/supply necessary to
meet such an adopted goal. Though the specific time-line used in the study
is based on detailed diacussions with federal, state and industry repre-
sentatives, time-lines by their very nature can vary drastically with state
and local regulations, the nature of the specific reservoir under develop-
ment and other factors. Similarly, the exploratory and drilling rig
efficiencies and the unit costs associated with the various phases of
geothermal development depend on today's framework of technological,
environmental and economic constraints. Thus, it is highly imperative
to determine the sensitivity of the needed rates of development to various
technical, economic and institutional parameters; it is equally significant
to investigate the sensitivity with respect to variations of the goal
magnitude, the goal rate and the goal date from the nominal values set out
in Project Independence. A computer program has been written, so that the
results of such a sensitivity analysis can be quickly obtained as printed
and plotted output with the least expense.
Geothermal Energy Production
455
-------
TITLE:
An Engineering Feasiblity Study of Using Low Temperature Geothermal Sources
in Colorado
AUTHOR:
1. L.W. Nannen (deceased), 2. F. Krieth and R.E. West
ADDRESS:
1. Environmental Consulting Services, Inc., Boulder CO
2. Chemical Engineering Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conferences Proceedings
1976 Vol. I.
SUMMARY:
The technical and economic feasibility of using low temperature geo-
thermal sources in Colorado was investigated. It was projected that several
of the known sources could be used to heat buildings and water in district-
type projects at costs between 2 and 5 dollars per Gj delivered. The
technology necessary to use geothermal sources for low temperature applica-
tions exists. Not enough is known about the thermal, chemical and geological
characteristics of the several geothermal sources in Colorado to determine
whether they are suitable for electric power generation. None
theless, several should be suitable for applications which can reduce the
demand for power and natural gas. It is recommended that an exploratory well
and demonstration heating project be undertaken at Glenwood Springs, CO.
Geothermal Energy Production
456
-------
TITLE:
Interdisciplinary Planning for Geothermal Development at the County Level.
AUTHOR:
David E. Pierson
ADDRESS:
Director of Public Works, Imperial County, El Centre, CA 92243
SUMMARY:
A National Science Foundation grant to the County of Imperial is funding
a study for planning for geothermal development at the County level, the
outcomes of which will be a geo thermal element of the County General Plan
and a research methodology for utilization by other government entities.
The research work is being subcontracted to two universities. The project
results must withstand public accountability in the form of public hearings,
and acceptance by the County Planning Commission and the County Board of
Supervisors. The subject areas addressed by the study are: resource
assessment, engineering, geography, environment, economics, sociology
and political/legal. A status report of research results is included.
Geothermal Energy Production
457
-------
TITLE:
Electric Utility Companis and Geothermal Power
AUTHOR:
Donna Shirley Pivirotto
ADDRESS:
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Pasadena, CA
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Proceedings
1976, Vol. I
SUMMARY:
The electric utility industry is currently the primary potential market
for geothermal energy. Engineers concerned with the design of geothermal
power plants, electric conversion equipment or exploration and development
technology must therefore consider utility industry requirements which may
affect such designs. This paper discusses the needs of the electric utility
industry as these needs impact the development of geothermal energy. The
paper describes the electric utility industry, its structure, the forces
which influence utility companies and their relationship to geothermal
energy. Considerations necessary to a federal program for geothermal develop-
ment are presented, and a strategy for federal stimulation of utility in-
vestment in geothermal energy is suggested. The needs for demonstration
of commercial feasibility of hydrothermal resources and fox reservoir
engineering technique development are pointed out. Possibilities are
discussed for stimulating utility investment through financial incentives,
amelioration of institutional barriers, and technological improvements.
Geothermal Energy Production
458
-------
TITLE
Pressure Drawdown and Buildup Analyses in Geothennal Reservoirs
AUTHOR:
Larry Rice
ADDRESS:
Systems, Science and Software, P.O. Box 1620, LaJolla, CA 92038
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings
1976, Vol. I
SUMMARY:
Classical well analyses were performed using Systems, Science and
Software's Quasi-Active Geothermal Reservoir simulator (QUAGMR). QUAGMR
solves the equations of heat flow and unsteady Darcian fluid flow in one,
two or three space dimensions and is capable of handling a single phase
liquid-water system or a multiphase liquid/vapor system. Pressure
drawdown and buildup well tests are performed to acquire permeability data
for the reservoir. Classical interpretation assumes that only a single
phase is flowing during the test. This assumption can lead to dramatic
errors in the permeability data, if in fact, there is multiphase flow.
One and two-dimensional problems were formulated with single and multiphase
flow during the well test. In the single phase problems, very good agree-
ment with the classical theory was demonstrated. However, in the multiphase
problems, the classical interpretation led to gross errors in the
permeability data. These errors could lead to mismanagement of the
reservoir engineering of the geothermal field.
Geothermal Energy Production
459
-------
TITLE:
Power Production from High Temperature Geothermal Waters
AUTHOR:
I. Sheinbaum
ADDRESS:
I. Sheinbaum Co., Pasadena, CA
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings
1976, Vol. 1.
SUMMARY:
It appears that the first electrical power production from a liquid-
dominated geothermal reservoir to be developed in the United States will be
processed from the high salinity, high temperature reservoir. There are
currently two recognized state-of-the-art processes and one experimental
process for the conversion of high temperature geothermal waters into electric
power. The adaptability, the efficiency, and the relative costs of the
Direct Contact Binary Cycle (1) for the conversion of high temperature
geothermal resources into power, will be explored in this paper and compared
with the existing processes. Two types of hot geothermal waters are evaluat-
ed.
a. High temperature, low salinity, no noncondensables.
b. High temperature, higy salinity, with noncondensalbes.
The Direct Contact Binary Cycle can be characterized as highly efficient,
flexible, and very economical when compared to the other power conversion
processes. The process is especially suitable for handling high salinity
and precipitating brines.
Geothermal Energy Production
460
-------
TITLE:
Geothermal Energy in Hawaii'—Hydrothermal Systems
AUTHOR:
John W. Shupe, Robert M. Kamins, Paul C. Yuen
ADDRESS:
University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii USA
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering
Coverence Proceedings, 1976, Vol. I
ABSTRACT:
The Hawaii Geothermal Project (H6P) was organized to focus the re-
sources of the University, the State and the County of Hawaii on the
identification, generation, and utilization of geothermal energy on the Big
Island of Hawaii. The research program involved an interdisciplinary
team of researchers from throughout the University system which conducted
scientific investigations on short-range exploratory and applied technology
tasks to assist in the early development of any conventional hydrothermal
systems in Hawaii, as well as long-range studies of a more basic nature.
This paper is a general case study or progress report on Phase I, the
exploratory geophysical survey program, with supporting activity in
engineering, socioeconomic, and environmental programs; and Phase II,
the research drilling program. Drilling for the initial well got underway
in December 1975 and continued through April 1976 to a depth of 1964.4
meters (6445 feet), at a site established through data obtained in Phase I.
Preliminary results and projections on the potential of geothermal power
for Hawaii are presented.
Geothermal Energy Production
461
-------
TITLE:
Direct Application of Geothermal Energy
AUTHOR:
R.C. Schmitt, R.J. Schultz, J.L. Griffith, Dr. W.S. Brown
ADDRESS:
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory,
ERDA-Idaho Operation Office, Dean of Engineering, University of Utah
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings
1, 815 (1976).
SUMMARY:
The direct application of geothermal energy commenced in the United
States in the late 1800's, but utilization has developed on a very limited
scale. The U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration's Idaho
National Engineering Laboratory has engaged in expanding the scope of
applications and in stimulating the utilization of the low-to-intermediate
temperature hydrothermal sources.
The techniques currently being used to stimulate growth of the in-
dustry include the proposed Geothermal Loan Guarantee Program, compilations
of engineering and economic analyses, resource/utilization surveys,
demonstration or field verification unit development, and various tech-
nology transfer mechanisms.
Geothermal energy can be used for almost any activity requiring large
quantities of heat at relatively low temperatures. Several types of
demonstration and field verification projects have been initiated by the
INEL to illustrate this viability. These projects areas are central space
heating districts, large building space heating using low temperature
resources, industrial food processing, agricultrual uses and aquaculture.
Information which is provided on these project areas includes process type,
location, technical problems and goals, and status and schedules.
Geothermal Energy Production
462
-------
TITLE:
Environmental Aspects of Geothermal Energy Development Salton Sea/Imperial
Valley Area
AUTHOR:
Kathy Tonnesen
ADDRESS:
Lawerence Llvermore Laboratories
University of California
Livermore, CA
REFERENCE:
UCID-16717
SUMMARY:
Geothermal energy, the natural heat of the earth is currently the
subject of a significant amount of investigation, experimentation and
development as a source of potentially large amounts of electrical energy.
These projects are concerned with three different types of geothermal
energy:
1) Dry steam geothermal - being developed at Geysers, California
2) Hot, dry rock - which is the resource under investigation by
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory,
and Battelle PNW Laboratory. This approach involves deep dry
rock fracturing and subsurface heating if injected waters, and
3) Hot brines - which are the hot, often highly saline fluids such
as those which underlie the Imperial Valley of California.
Geothermal Energy Production
463
-------
TITLE:
Energy From the West: A Progress Report of a Technology Assessment of
Western Energy Resource Development Vol. I
AUTHOR:
I.L. White
REFERENCE:
PB 271 752 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
This is a progress report of a three year technoIgoy assessment of
the development of six energy resources (coal, geothermal, natural gas,
oil, oil shale, and uranium) in eight western states (Arizona, Colorado,
Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming) during
the period from the present to the year 2000. Volume I describes the
purpose and conduct of the study, summarizes the results of the analyses
conducted during the first year, and outlines plans for the remainder of
the the project.
Geothermal Energy Production
464
-------
TITLE
Energy From the West: A Progress Report of a Technology Assessment of
Western Energy Resource Development Vol. II
AUTHOR:
I.L. White
REFERENCE:
PB 271 752 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
This is a progress report of a three year technology assessment of the
development of six energy resources (coal, geothennal, natural gas, oil,
oil shale, and uranium) in eight western states (Arizona, Colorado, Montana,
New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming) during the
period from the present to the year 2000.
In Volume II, more detailed analytical results are presented. Six
chapters report on the analysis of the likely impacts of displaying typical
energy resource development technologies at sites representative of the study
area. A seventh chapter focuses on the impacts likely to occur if western
energy resources are developed at three difference levels from the present
to the year 2000.
Geothermal Energy Production
465
-------
TITLE:
Energy From the West: A Progress Report of a Technology Assessment of
Western Encergy Resource Development Vol IV.
AUTHOR:
I.L. White
REFERENCE:
PB 271 752 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
This is a progress report of a three year technology assessment of the
developement of six energy resources (coal, geothermal, natural gas, oil,
oil shale, and uranium) in eight western states (Arizona, Colorado, Montana,
New Mexico, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming) during the
period from the present to the year 2000.
The Fourth Volume presents two appendices, on air quality modeling and
energy transportation costs.
Geothermal Energy Production
466
-------
TITLE:
Assessment of Geothermal Resources of United States, 1975.
AUTHOR;
D.E. White and D.L. Williams, Editors
ADDRESS:
U.S. Geological Survey
National Center
Reston, Virginia 22092
REFERENCE:
Geological Survey Circular 726
SUMMARY:
The appraisal of the geothermal resources of the United States
presented here is as factual as we can provide from available data. Much
effort has been made in each individual chapter to specify the uncertainties
and assumptions involved in each estimate; we urge that these uncertainties
be kept in mind. The estimates should be regarded as first attempts that
will need to be updated as new information becomes available.
This assessment consist of two major parts: (1) estimates of total
heat in the ground to a depth of 10 km and (2) estimates of the part of this
total heat that is recoverable with present technology, regardless of
price. No attempt has been made to consider most aspects of the legal,
environmental, and institutional limitations in exploiting these resources.
Geothermal Energy Production
467
-------
TITLE:
Problems and Opportunities in Geothermal Energy
AUTHOR:
Eric H. Willis
ADDRESS:
Energy Research and Development Administration
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings,
1, 693 (1976).
ABSTRACT:
This article discusses the ERDA's Geothermal Energy Program, its
strategy, the criteria by which the priorities are ordered, and what the
program hopes to accomplish. The objective is to provide the Nation with
a viable energy option by helping to develop and demonstrate the substantial
geothermal resources with which the country is endowed.
Geothermal Energy Production
468
-------
TITLE:
Geothermal Studies in Northern Nevada
AUTHOR:
Harold A. Wollenburg
ADDRESS:
Lawrence Berkely Laboratory, University California, Berkely, CA 94720
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering
Conference Proceedings 1976. Vol. I
SUMMARY:
The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) and University of California
(UCB), under the auspices of the U.S. Energy Research and Development
Administration- ar.e. conducting field studies at potential geothermal re-
source areas in north-central Nevada. The goal of the LBL-UCB program is
to develop and evaluate techniques for the assessment of the resource
potential of liquid-dominated systems. Field studies presently being
conducted in northern Nevada incorporate an integrated program of geo-
logic, geophysical, and geochemical surveys leading to heat flow measure-
ments, and eventually to deep (1.5-2 km) confirmatory drill holes.
Techniques evaluated include geophysical methods to measure contrasts
in electrical resistivity and seismic parameters. Geochemical studies have
emphasized techniques to disclose the pathways of water from its meteoric
origin into and through the hydrothermal systems. Geochemical and radio-
metric analyses also help to provide a baseline upon which the effects of
future geothermal development may be superimposed.
Geothermal Energy Production
469
-------
TITLE:
Geothermal Energy - Final Task Force Report
AUTHOR:
Under Direction of National Science Foundation
ADDRESS:
Federal Energy Administration
Washington, D.C.
REFERENCE:
Project Independence Blueprint
November, 1974
SUMMARY:
Geothermal energy is becoming a small but viable contributor to U.S.
energy supplies. However, its development must be greatly accelerated if
it is to contribute to meeting urgent domestic energy needs on a significant
scale.
Geothermal waters have been used since ancient times; they have been
used for municipal heating in Iceland since the 1930*s and are being used to
a small extent in the United States. Electric power production from
geothermal energy began in 1904 at the Larderello field in Italy. Today,
somewhat more than 1,000 MWe is being generated in the world.
The U.S. Geothermal resource base has been compared favorably with
present oil and gas reserves. It is believed that the most readily
exploitable geothermal resources are located in the western third of the
U.S. Their development could have considerable impact on meeting the power
requirements of the Nation. For instance, it has been estimated that the
Imperial Valley in California could sustain a generating capacity of as
much as 100,000 MWe for 50 years. Costs of electricity produced from
geothermal energy are estimated to be lower than those associated with
fossil and nuclear fuels. For example, electric power derived from geo-
thermal resources could be competitive with oil at $4 per barrel.
Only one geothermal resource, dry steam, is presently being used to
produce power in the Unites States, generating more than 400 MWe at
The Geysers in California at a capital investment cost of $100 million
annually. There are no other known sources of dry steam in the U.S.
except those in Yellowstone National Park.
Geothermal Energy Production
470
-------
TITLE:
Economic Optimization of Binary Fluid Cycle Power Plants for Geothermal
Systems
AUTHOR:
Ronald A. Walter and Stephen W. Wilson
ADDRESS:
Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Richland, WA
REFERENCE:
Eleventh Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference Proceedings,
1976, Vol. I.
SUMMARY:
An analytical model called 6EOCOST has been constructed and used to
study the design, performance and cost of geothermal power plants using the
binary fluid cycle. The GEOCOST computer program simulates all the major
components of a geothermal system and calculates the cost of energy pro-
duction by equating the present worth of revenues and expenses including
investment return over the economic life of the plant and/or reservoir. The
characteristics of the binary fluid cycle power plant are determined for a
variety of geothermal resources, working fluids, and cycle types. An
optimization technique based upon the maximum use of available energy in
the geothermal fluid is generated, and results of this optimization technique
are compared with computed cost data for a variety of binary power plants.
Geothermal Energy Production
471
-------
TITLE:
Resource Technology and Environment at the Geysers
AUTHOR:
Oleh Waves, Karen Lsao, and Byron Wood
ADDRESS:
Energy & Environment Division
Lawerence Barkeley Laboratory
University of California
Berkeley, CA 94720
REFERENCE:
LBL-5231 UC-66 TID-4500-R65
SUMMARY:
The widespread public debate over further geothermal development at
the Geysers and in Lake County has created a general interest in the Geysers
development and their environmental consultants have an even more pressing
need for information about it. Up until now, this information has only been
available in such scattered and often highly technical form that only those
who actually work in the geothennal energy area have had fuctional access to
it.
This report is intended to remedy that lack by providing a comprehen-
sive and readable account of the Geysers development, its environmental
impacts, and the state of development of the technology for mitigating
them. It is not intended to be an Environmental Impact Report; rather, it is
intended to complement the numerous EIR's (and EIS's, DES's, etc.) which
have dealt with geothermal development in the area. EIR's are very site
specific and, because they are written mostly by environmental scientists,
they focus much more on the local environment than upon the nature of the
resource, the technology, or other such generic questions. Our report
is mostly about the resource, the technology, and its generic environmental
impacts. We are sure that it will be put to good use as a source document
by those who prepare EIR's. Its companion report by Vollintine, Sathaye,
and Kunin (1977) is likewise intended to serve as a source document and
data base for the study of the socioeconomic impacts of geothermal develop-
ment in Lake County.
Geothermal Energy Production
472
-------
TECHNICAL REPORTS:
POTENTIAL QUALITY CONTROL STANDARDS
TITLE:
The Synthesis of Benz[a]Anthracene
AUTHOR:
R.U. Ahmed, T. Rangarajan, *E.J. Eisenbraun, 6.W. Keen, and M.C. Hamming
ADDRESS:
*Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074
REFERENCE:
Organic Preparations and Procedures Int. 7 (6), 267-270 (1975)
SUMMARY:
Benz[a]anthracene, a carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon
widely distributed in the environment, is an important reference hydro-
carbon in pollution studies. Consequently a direct and reliable synthesis
was developed. 2-(l-Naphtholy)benzoic acid, prepared from the reaction of
naphthalene and phthalic anhydride in the presence of ammonium chloride,
was cyclized to 1,2-Benzanthraquinone using PPA as the catalyst. The
1,2-Benzanthraquinone was reduced by the action of aluminum tricyclohexoxide
to the desired Benz[a]anthracene. The crude product was separated and
purified by complexing with picric acid.
473
-------
TITLE:
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coal Identification By Their
X-Ray Excited Optical Luminescence
ADDRESS:
Ames Laboratory and Department of Chemistry
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa 50011
SUMMARY:
Several polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons have been isolated from
raw coal and detected by their characteristic X-ray excited optical
luminescence spectra.
Potential Quality•Control Standards
474
-------
TITLE:
The Synthesis of l,2,3,7,8,9-Hexahydrodibenzo[ded,mno] Chrysene and the
use of Hydroiodic Acid - Red Phosphorous in the Deoxygenation of Ketones
AUTHOR:
L. Ansell, T. Rangarajan, W. Burgess, E.J. Eisenbraun*, 6.W. Keen, and M.C.
Hamming
ADDRESS:
^Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Okla. 74074
SUMMARY:
In this paper we describe the synthesis of 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexahydro-
benzo[def,mno]chrysene, a new hydrocarbon, from the reduction of dibenzo-
[def,mno] phosphorus (DI-P.) reduction method, which was used in synthesizing
the desired product, appears to be the most practical method for deoxygenation
of some benzylic ketones.
Potential Quality Control Standards
475
-------
TITLE:
Synthesis of 2-(l-Naphthylmethyl)-3,4-Dihydronaphthalene, 2-(1-Naphthyl-
methyl)-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene, 7a,8,9,13b-Tetrahydro-7H-Dibenz-
[a,kl]Anthracene, and5,6-Dihydro-4H-Dibenz]a,kl]Anthracene
AUTHOR:
L.L. Ansell, T.E. Webb, J.W. Burnham, E.J. Eiseribraun*, M.C. Hamming and
G.W. Keen
ADDRESS:
Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Okla. 7407A
REFERENCE:
Organic Preparations and Procedures Int. 8(3), 125(1976)
SUMMARY:
This paper describes the synthesis of three new hydrocarbons - 2-
(1-naphthylmethyl)-3,4-dihydronaphtalene, 2-(1-naphthylmethyl)-1,2,3,4-
tetrahydronaphthalene, and 7a,8,9,13b-tetrahydro-7H--dibenz[a, kl]anthracene-
all based on an initital aldol condensation of 1-tetralone and 1-naphthal-
dehyde to produce 3,4-dihydro-2-(l-naphthlmethyl)-l(2H)-naphthaleone.
Also described is a procedure for converting the latter of the three new
hydrocarbons to 5,6-dihydro-4H~dibenz[a,kl]anthracene by the action of
Pd/C catalyst and heat.
Potential Quality Control Standards
476
-------
TITLE:
Spiro Hydrocarbons and Dibenzo[c,p]chrysene from 1-Tetralone
AUTHOR:
John W. Burnham, Robert 6. Melton, and Edmund J. Eisenbraun*
ADDRESS:
*Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074
REFERENCE:
Journal of Organic Chemistry, 38, 2783 (1973).
SUMMARY:
1-Tetralone and phenylmagnesium bromide yield 3,4-dihydro-l-phenyl-
naphthalene and l',2l,3',4',5,6-hexahydrospiro[7H-benzo[c]fluorene-7,1'-
naphthalene]. The latter is formed in a series of reactions involving
the self-condensation of 1 to 2-(3,4-dihydro-l-naphthyl)-3,4-dihydro-
l(2H)-naphthaleone, addition of Grignard reagent, acid-catalyzed dehydration
to the diene, and its subsequent cyclization. The latter was dehydrogenated
with Pd/C to l',2f,3',4'-tetrahydrospiro[7H-benzo[c]fluorene-7,1'-naphtha-
lene] and then was converted to dibenzo]c,p] chrysene by heating in the
presence of Pd/C and sulfur.
Potential Quality Control Standards
477
-------
TITLE:
USEPA Coal Leachate Project R803952-01-1
AUTHOR:
R.M. Carlson and R. Caple
ADDRESS:
University of Minnesota, Duluth
SUMMARY:
A major improvement has been made in the development of a reliable method
for the quantitative analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)'s
at the ppt level. This methodology, involving a combination of HPLC and GLC
separation techniques, should find universal application to the identification
of PAH's in aqueous samples and to further enable us to pursue our bio-
accumulation studies of these potential carcinogens in fish. Experimental
procedure for the application of this method is given, along with some
experimental results. Results from the application of this technique in
the study of the toxicity and bioaccumulation of the leachate on fish is
also cited and discussed.
Potential Quality Control Standards
478
-------
TITLE:
Trace Impurities in Fuels by Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry
AUTHOR:
J.A. Carter, R.L. Walker, J.R. Sites
ADDRESS:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
P. 0. Box Y
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 3783-
REFERENCE:
Advances in Chemistry 141, 74, 1975
SUMMARY:
Spark source (SSMS) and thermal emission (TEMS) mass spectrometry are used
to determine ppb to ppm quantities of elements in energy sources such as
coal, fuel oil, and gasoline. Toxic metals—cadmium, mercury, lead and
zinc—may be determined by SSMS with an estimated precision of +5%, and
metals which ionize thermally may be determined by TEMS with an estimated
precision of +1% using the isotope dilution technique. An environmental
study of the trace element balance from a coal-fired steam plant was done
by SSMS using isotope dilution to determine the toxic metals and a general
scan technique for 15 other elements using chemically determined iron as
an internal standard. In addition, isotope dilution procedures for the
analysis of lead in gasoline and uranium in coal and fly ash by TEMS are
presented.
Potential Quality Control Standards
479
-------
TITLE:
NOX Standards of Performance for New Lignite-Fired Steam Generators
AUTHOR:
John P. Christiano and Richard V. Grume
ADDRESS:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
REFERENCE:
Technology and Use of Lignite Symposium, Grand Forks, ND
(May 1977) GFERC/IC-77/1 (page 274).
SUMMARY:
A standard of performance limiting NOX emissions from large lignite-
fired steam generating units was proposed for public comment by the
Enviornmental Protection Agency in December 1976. The supporting informa-
tion and rationale for the standard are discussed.
The standard of 260 nanograms of NOx per joule (ng/J) heat input
(0.6 Ib/lO** Btu) would, in effect, ban the use of cyclone-fired boilers.
Since some of the utilities firing lignite have claimed that cyclone-fired
units can burn lignite more reliably than pulverized-fired units, EPA
solicited comments and factual information to assess the relative costs
and reliability of cyclone- and pulverized fuel-fired steam generators.
Information submitted in response to EPA's request is presented.
EPA also requested comments on the effects of a lower standard on the
boiler manufacturing industry and on the electric utility industry. One
boiler manufacturer can likely meet a standard of 220 nanograms per joule
(0.5 lb/10^ Btu), while the other manufacturers may have difficulty meeting
the proposed standard of 260 ng/J. Comments received on the effect of
removing the competitive balance among boiler manufacturers and removing
the option of the utilities to obtain a competitive bid are also discussed.
Potential Quality Control Standards
480
-------
TITLE:
Acid Mine Drainage Abatement Measures for Selected Areas within the
Susquehanna River Basin
AUTHOR:
Gannett Fleming Corddry and Carpenter, Inc.
ADDRESS:
Harrisburg, PA
REFERENCE:
PB-220 150/0 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
A major source of pollution in the Susquehanna River Basin having a
detrimental effect on water quality is the mine drainage resulting from
coal mining operations in Pennsylvania. Investigations and studies were
performed in five designated coal mining areas located in the basin to
establish (1) the causes and extent of mine drainage, (2) the various
mine drainage pollution abatement plans that are available and capable
of meeting current discharge limitations as well as costs associated
therewith, and (3) an abatement plan which should be implemented. The
findings, conclusions and recommendations resulting from the investigations
and studies are discussed in the report.
Potential Quality Control Standards
481
-------
TITLE:
Soxhelt Extraction as a Safety Feature in the Synthesis of Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
AUTHOR:
K.D. Cowan and E.J. Eisenbraun
ADDRESS:
Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OR 74074
REFERENCE:
Chemistry and Industry 46 (1975)
SUMMARY:
The construction and operation of a safety modified Soxhlet Extraction
apparatus useful in the synthesis of carcinogenic hydrocarbons is described.
The addition of the safety features herein described is necessary to
contain surges of foiling liquid which may result from bumping in a super-
heated solution.
Potential Quality Control Standards
482
-------
TITLE:
Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydro-3-methyl-l-(2-Naphthyl)-lH-Benz[e]Indene and
1,1,3-Trimethyl-3-Phenylindan
AUTHOR:
W.P. Duncan, E.J. Eisenbraun*, A.R. Taylor, and G.W. Keen
ADDRESS:
*Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74074
REFERENCE:
Organic Preparations and Procedures Int. 7(5), 225(1975)
SUMMARY:
This paper describes the formation of cis - and trans - 2,3-dihydro-3-
methyl-l-(2-naphthyl)-lH-benz[e]indene by the cyclization of either 1-
(2-Naphthyl)-ethanol or 2-Vinyjlnaphthalene. Both compounds readily cyclized
to the desired products through the use of PPA and also by amberlyst-15
sulfonic acid resin which gave slightly better yields. Also described is
a method of producing l,l,3-trimethyl-3-phenylindan from a-methyl-styrene,
again by treatment of the latter with amberlyst-15 sulfonic acid resin.
Potential Quality Control Standards
483
-------
TITLE:
Sodium-Ethylenediamine Reductive Dimerization of Naphthalene to 5,6,7,12,13,
14-Hexahydro-5,13:6, 12-dimethanodibeitzo[a,f jcyclodecene
AUTHOR:
E.J. Eisenbraun,* L.L. Ansell, T.K. Dobbs, L.E. Harris, D.V. Hertzler,
P.H. Ruehle, John E. Burks, Jr., and Dick van der Helm
ADDRESS:
*Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Okla. 74074
REFERENCE:
Journal of Organic Chemistry, 41, 2910 (1976).
SUMMARY:
Crystallographic studies of the C20H20 reduced dimer, mp 179-180°C,
obtained from treatment of naphthalene with sodium and ethylenediamine
showed the hydrocarbon to be the title compound. This analysis allowed H
NMR absorption assignments. Other properties of 1 and its oxidation products
are reported.
Potential Quality Control Standards
484
-------
TITLE:
Stream Pollution by Coal Mine Drainage in Appalachia
AUTHOR:
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
ADDRESS:
Cincinnati, Ohio, Ohio Basin Region
REFERENCE:
PB-230 022/6 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
The report is intended to serve as a summary reference concerning the
occurrence and sources of coal mine drainage pollution in Appalachia.
Potential Quality Control Standards
485
-------
TITLE:
Brown Coal Gasification with Oxygen or Air in the High-Temperature Winkler-
Gasifier
AUTHOR:
F.H. Franke and E. Pattas
ADDRESS:
Rheinishe Braunkohlenwerke AG, Cologne (FRG)
REFERENCE:
Presented at the Lignite Symposium, Grand Forks, North Dakota, May 18-19,
1977
SUMMARY:
In 1922 the patent concerning a fluidized-bed reactor for coal gasifica-
tion was first applied for by Mr. F. Winkler. This unit showed market
advantages compared with the gasification processes known until that date.
On the basis of the simple gasifier concept which can be easily operated a
substantial increase in capacity could be achieved entailing the erection
of a number of large-scale industrial plants.
From 1956 up to the end of 1964 two fluidized-bed generators with a
capacity of 1 7000 Nm3/h, each, were operated by the Union Rheinische
Braunkohlen Kraftstoff AG - a subsidiary of the Rheinische Braunkohlenwerker
AG - for the production of synthesis gas. In these plants Rhenish brown
coal was gasified.
Potential Quality Control Standards
486
-------
TITLE:
Spectral Techniques in Structural Studies
AUTHOR:
R.A. Friedel and A.G. Sharkey
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, U.S. Bureau of Mines,
Pittsburgh, PA
REFERENCE:
Research/Development 30 (1973)
SUMMARY:
Information for characterization of matter can increase exponentially
with the number of complementary spectral techniques used. Combination
of infrared, laser-Raman, uv-visible, MS, NMR, ESR, Mossbauer, x-ray and
other methods are described.
Potential Quality Control Standards
487
-------
TITLE:
Determination of Trace Metals in Power Plant Effluents
AUTHOR:
J.C. Guillaumin
ADDRESS:
The Detroit Edison Company, 2000 Second Avenue, Detroit, MI 48226
REFERENCE:
Atomic Absorption Newsletter, Vol. 13, No. 6, 135 (1974).
SUMMARY:
Flameless atomic absorption spectophotometry was used to determine
the level of 12 trace metals in power plant effluents and inlet water samples.
The metals determined include: arsenic, calcium, cadmium, chromium, copper,
iron, mercury, maganese, nickel, lead, selenium, and zinc.
Inlet and outlet samples were obtained using a specially modified
sequential sampler to obtain 24 one-hour composite samples per day. Each
plant was sampled for one-to-three-week period. Over 20,000 individual
analysis were performed on over 1000 samples from 11 plant locations.
Sampling procedures, sample container preparation and storage are examined.
Analytical procedures are detailed and precision and recovery data are
given.
Potential Quality Control Standards
488
-------
TITLE:
Solid and Gaseous Fuels
AUTHOR:
E.A. Hattman, H. Schultz and C. Ortuglio
ADDRESS:
U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, 4800 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh,
PA 15213
REFERENCE:
Anal. Chem., 45 (5), 345 R (1973).
SUMMARY:
This is the 13th of the series of reviews on methods of sampling,
analyzing, and testing solid mineral and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels. The
present review covers a 2-year period ending on October 1, 1972, and follows
the general pattern of the previous reviews. A definitive bibliography of
429 references is included and topics such as gas chromatography, mass
spectrometry and IR, analysis of sulfur compounds, potentiometrie and
colorometric methods, petrography, inorganic constituents, in coal and coal
ash, coking processes and coke testing, etc. are discussed at some length.
Potential Quality Control Standards
489
-------
TITLE:
Rehabilitation of Streams Receiving Acid Mine Drainage
AUTHOR:
Herricks, Edwin, E., Cairns, John, Jr.
ADDRESS:
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg,
Water Resources Research Center, Washington, D.C.
REFERENCE:
PB-237 268/8ST (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
The effects of short term low pH and long term acid mine drainage
(AMD) stress were studied in relation to recovery and restoration of aquatic
macrobenthic communities. Experimental acid additions were made to a
healthy productive stream, reducing pH from 8.0 to 4.0 for 15 minutes.
Diversity and density were decreased. Recovery was related to downstream
drift of recolonizing organisms; full recovery occurred within 19 to 28
days with density and diversity equaling prestress values. A second
study was made to observe drive-borne recolonizing organisms.
Potential Quality Control Standards
490
-------
TITLE:
EPRI Research Program: Focus on Lignite
AUTHOR:
George R. Hill
ADDRESS:
Electric Power Research Institute
Palo Alto, California
REFERENCE:
Technology and Use of Lignite Symposium
Grand Forks, ND, May 1977 (GFERC/IC-77/1) page 123
ABSTRACT:
Environmental problems and work on particulate removal and reduction
of SO^ and NO^ emissions are reviewed with emphasis on application for use
with low-rank coals. A high intensity ionizer prior to an electrostatic
precipitator has shown promise for improved removal; bag filters are
also being tested.
Potential Quality Control Standards
491
-------
TITLE:
Control of Environmental Impacts from Advanced Energy Sources
AUTHOR:
Evan E. Hughs, Richard M. Dickson, Richard A. Schmidt
REFERENCE:
EPA-600/2-74-002
SUMMARY:
The technology and the environmental effects associated with the pro-
duction of energy from some new or advanced sources are reviewed. These
include solar, geothermal, oil shale, solid wastes, underground coal
gasification, and hydrogen energy sources. Projections to the year 2000 of
the levels of energy production from the first four of these sources are
presented. Environmental impacts on air quality, water quality, and land
uses are derived per unit of energy produced. Levels of pollutant emissions
and other environmental effects of the development of these advanced energy
sources are projected. Impacts likely to require control measures are
identified. Subjects for research and developemnt directed toward control
of environmental impacts are recommended. These recommendations are in-
corporated into a research and development plan. Approximate priority
assignments derived from consideration of the timing of development and
the importance and degree of definition of the identified environmental
effects are given.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract 68-01-0483 by
Stanford Research Institute under sponsorship of the Environmental
Protection Agency. Work was completed as of March 1974.
Potential Quality Control Standards
492
-------
TITLE:
Studies of the Solid and Gaseous Products from Laser Pyrolysis of Coal
AUTHOR:
F.S. Karn, R.A. Friedel and A.6. Sharkey, Jr.
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the
Interior, Pittsburgh, PA
REFERENCE:
Fuel, Vol 51, No. 2, 119 (1972)
SUMMARY:
Laser pyrolysis of coal yields a variety of gaseous and solid products.
Irradiation with high energy from a pulsed ruby laser produces (1) a gas
having a high concentration of hydrogen and acetylene and (2) a solid
having approximately the same elemental composition as the original coal.
Low-energy irradiation with a continuous CC>2 laser produces (1) a complex
mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbon gases and (2) a low-
ash solid having a slightly lower C/H ratio than the parent coal. The
solid has several interesting characteristics including a very low density
and a high solubility in benzene. A high-resolution mass spectrum of this
material revealed that it is a very complex mixture of organic molecules with
many of the characteristics of coal. The solid has also been investigated
by gel-permeation chromatography and catalytic dehydrogenation.
Potential Quality Control Standards
493
-------
TITLE:
Laser Irradiation as a Rapid Screening Process for the Evaluation of Flame
Inhibitors
AUTHOR:
Fred S. Kara, A.G. Sharkey, R.A. Friedel
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of
the Interior, 4800 Forbes Avenue, Pittsubrgh, PA 15213
REFERENCE:
VSBM Contract Report USP/AD-M No. 71-306, January 3, 1973.
SUMMARY:
Inhibitors are used in coal mines as a precaution against accidental
dust explosions. Although rock dust is the usual inhibitor many others
have been tested. To facilitate testing a screening process using laser
irradiation was proposed. The procedure includes irridation of a coal-
dust mixture followed by mass-spectrometric analysis of the evolved gases
and an evaluation of the flammability characteristics of the gases.
Carbonate-type inhibitors decreased the percentage of combustibles in the
gases generated and inhibitors like NcCl (thermally stable salts) decreased
the total gas generated. A suitable test procedure did not result from the
investigation, demonstrating the inadequacy of fast heating, non-combustive
techniques in rating inhibitors of coal dust explosions.
Potential Quality Control Standards
494
-------
TITLE:
Composition of Pyridine Extracts From Reduced and Untreated Coals as
Determined by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry
AUTHOR:
T. Kessler, R. Raymond, and A.G. Sharkey, Jr.
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Coal Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
SUMMARY:
The purpose of this investigation at the Bureau of Mines was to
determine the factors required for the solvation of coal. Because of
the complexity of coal, in situ investigations of the chemical structure
of coal often cannot be conducted. Coal extracts have been used by many
investigators to study the constitution of coal. Chemical changes pro-
duced by the reduction of coal should be detected in pyridine extracts.
For example a pyridine extract of a reduced vitrain should contain less
sulfur than the corresponding untreated vitrain extract, as indicated by
ultimate analyses of the coals.
High-resolution mass spectrometric analyses of pyridine extracts
obtained from reduced and untreated vitrain showed 1. A greater concentra-
tion of oxygen - containing compounds in the reduced vitrain compared to
the untreated vitrain. 2. A approximate 8-fold decrease in organic
sulfur compounds in the vitrain following reduction, which is consistent
with the decrease in S as shown by ultimate analyses. 3. A lower con-
centration of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons such as 3-ring aromatics
in the reduced vitrain. 4. A significant increase in the amount of hydro-
aromatic compounds in the reduced vitrain.
Potential Quality Control Standards
495
-------
TITLE:
Surface Mine Water Quality Control in the Eastern Kentucky Coal Fields.
Water Quality Manual. Research and Demonstration of Improved Surface
Mining Techniques for the Eastern Kentucky Coal Fields
AUTHOR:
Robert L. Kimball
ADDRES:
Kentucky Department for Natural Resources and Environmental Protection,
Frankfort. Appalachian Regional Commission, Washington, D.C.
REFERENCE:
PB-262 578/8ST (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
This manual is intended to provide the reclamation inspector with
indicators and procedures for identifying the acid pollution potential of
an area in Eastern Kentucky proposed for surface mining. In addition,
it provides the inspector with indicators for controlling acid pollution
from permit application through bond release.
Potential Quality Control Standards
496
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TITLE:
Surface Mine Water Quality Control in the Eastern Kentucky Coal Fields
AUTHOR:
Rober L. Kimball
ADDRESS:
Kentucky Department for Natural Resources and Environmental Protection,
Frankfort. Appalachian Regional Commission, Washington, D.C.
REFERENCE:
PB-262 579/6ST (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
This report and accompanying field manual offers the Commonwealth of
Kentucky a means to aid in the control of chemical stream pollution resulting
from surface mining. It attacks the source of the problem, chemical
contaminants contained within the overlying strata associated with the
coal seam. The study, designed and primarily aimed at the pre-mining
identification of potential chemical pollution characteristics, will serve
to strengthen state programs directed toward protecting Kentucky's teams and
rivers.
Potential Quality Control Standards
497
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TITLE:
Potential Radioactive Pollutants Resulting from Expanded Energy Programs
AUTHORS:
Hong Lee, Thomas 0. Peyton, Robert V. Steele, Ronald K. White
ADDRESS:
Center for Resource and Environmental Systems Studies
Stamford Research Institute
Menlo Park, CA 94901
REFERENCE:
PB 272 519 (NTIS)
EPA-600/7-77-082
August 77
SUMMARY:
The radionuclide releases and the resulting population exposure doses
from several energy systems for four projected energy utilization scenarios
were calculated and compared. The energy system components examined were:
coal mining, processing, combustion, and ash disposal; coal gasification
and liquefaction; oil shale mining, processing, residue disposal and
product utilization; geothermal development and operations; uranium
mining, milling, conversion, enrichment and fabrication; nuclear reactor
operations; and fuel reprocessing and waste disposal. The energy utiliza-
tion scenarios included one that projected a high level of synthenic
fuel production, one that projected high electrical power utilization—
mostly derived from nuclear power developments beyond 1985, and one
that assumes moderate developments in all energy systems along with energy
conservation measures.
Potential Quality Control Standards
498
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TITLE:
Pilot Plant Scrubbing of S02 with Fly Ash Alkalai from North Dakota Lignite
AUTHOR:
Harry M. Ness, Franklin I. Honea, Everett A. Sondreal and Phillip Richmond
REFERENCE:
Technology and Use of Lignite Symposium
Grand Forks, ND May 1977 (GFERC/IC-77/1) page 100
ABSTRACT:
A presentation of results on a pilot scrubber for scrubbing 802
a slip stream of flue gas. Variables include CaO/S02 stoichiometric
ratios; liquid-to-gas ratios; and suspended solids.
Potential Quality Control Standards
499
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TITLE:
Identification of Components of Energy-Realted Wastes and Effluents
AUTHOR:
Dr. Edo Pellizzari
ADDRESS:
Research Triangle Institute
SUMMARY:
The long-term objective of the proposed research is to identify
substances in wastes and effluents from energy-related processes. Informa-
tion developed from this program will assist researchers who are concerned
with control technology and monitoring techniques and the health and
ecological effects of such energy-related pollution. The proposed work
is divided into three phases. Phase A consists of a state-of-the-art
summary and work planning which constitutes contacting EPA personnel to
determine which energy-related solid waste and aqueous effluents have been
analyzed for the purpose of identifying and measuring pollutants and which
current contracts and projects will provide further identification. It
will also consist of judging the reliability of existing information and
the probability of accumulation of adequate data from current contracts and
projects using pre-selected criteria. This information will be collated
and summarized in a report for EPA. The report will identify gaps in
existing and probable future data on chemical elements and volatile organic
compounds in solid wastes and aqueous effluents from coal mines, oil
refineries, oil-shale processors, coal-fired power plants, coal liquefica-
tion and coal gasification plants. Phase B consists of selecting sampling
sites based on the recommendations from the report prepared in Phase A.
The specific aims of Phase C consists of: (a) development and setup of
analytical protocol, (b) qualitative and quantitative analyses for
elements and organics in aqueous and solid wastes from the selected energy-
related processes, and (c) the interpretation and collation of data obtained.
The proposed methods of analyses for the elements consists of
flameless atomic absorption for mercury and spark source mass spectrometry
for the qualitative and quantitative analysis for all elements through
uranium in the periodic table of the elements expect oxygen, helium,
hydrogen, neon, krypton, zeon, radon, nitrogen, carbon and mercury. Volatile
and semi-volatile organic compounds in water and solid samples will be
identified primarily by gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/
computer analysis.
Potential Quality Control Standards
500
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TITLE:
Trace Element Emissions: Aspects of Environmental Toxicology
AUTHOR:
Elliot Piperno
ADDRESS:
McNeil Laboratories, Inc., Fort Washington, PA 19034
REFERENCE:
Advances in Chemistry Series 141, 192, 1975
SUMMARY:
This general review of the toxicity of coal-based trace elements
emphasizes those which are currently of environmental concern. Increased
potential health risks are now associated with those elements which are
highly volatilized (e.g., mercury, selenium, and arsenic) and discharged
principally as submicron particulates (e.g., lead, cadmium, and nickel).
Extensive references to general pharmacologic and toxicologic laboratory
data provide a basis for predicting the biological consequences of excessive
trace element exposure. Parameters and mechanisms of injury are known,
in many instances, however, tolerable body burdens for each of the trace
elements must be defined.
Potential Quality Control Standards
501
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TITLE:
Spectral Studies of a Carbon Disulphide Extract of Bituminous Coal
AUTHOR:
H.L. Retcofsky and R.A. Friedel
ADDRESS:
U.D. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh Coal Research
Center, 4800 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
REFERENCE:
Fuel, Vol. XLVII, 487 (1968)
SUMMARY:
The structure of the carbon disulphide extract of vitrain-rich Pitts-
burgh coal (hvab-82.6 percent C) was studied by various spectral techniques.
The carbon disulphide-soluble material, which represented approximately four
percent of the original coal, was obtained by extracting the coal with
pyridine followed by extraction of the pyridine-soluble material with
carbon disulphide. Both the pyridine and the carbon disulphide extracts
were studied by ultra-violet-visible and infrared spectrophotometry and
by electron and proton magnetic resonance. The carbon-13 magentic resonance
spectrum of the carbon disulphide extract was also obtained. This re-
presents the first application of this relatively new spectral technique
to a coal extract and permitted a direct measure of the aromaticity. The
mean structural unit in the carbon disulphide extract was found to consist
of two to three polynuclear condensed aromatic rings with 0.4 of the avail-
able aromatic edge carbons bearing alkyl, phenolic, and/or naphthenic
groups. The carbon disulphide extract was found to be less aromatic than
the pyridine extract, and to contain a smaller condensed aromatic ring
system while maintaining the same degree of aromatic ring substitution.
The mass spectrum of the carbon disulphide extract indicated the presence of
alkyl aromatic compounds having from one to more than ten alkyl carbons
per molecule.
Infrared studies showed that complexation of pyridine with both
extracts occurs. A new pyridine absorption band at 1000 cm~l appears in
spectra of the extracts moistened with small amounts of pyridine. Further
evidence for the complexation of the carbon disulphide extract with
pyridine was obtained by measuring its visible light absorption in
carbon disulphide and in pyridine solutions.
Potential Quality Control Standards
502
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TITLE:
Spectra of Coals and Coal Extracts: Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectra of
Pyridine and Carbon Bisulfide Extracts*
AUTHOR:
H.L. Retcofsky and R.A. Friedel
ADDRESS:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Pittsubrgh Coal Research
Center, Pittsburgh, PA
REFERENCE:
Spectrometry of Fuel, Chap. 6, 70 (1970)
SUMMARY:
High-resolution proton magnetic resonance (% NMR) spectrometry is a
technique that can be used to study the hydrogen distribution in liquid
products and soluble materials from coal. The relative amounts of aromatic
hydrogen, benzylic hydrogen, and other nonaromatic hydrogen can be determined
directly. Because all protons have essentially the same NMR sensitivity,
no intensity calibration of the spectrometer is require; thus in this respect,
!fi NMR is far superior to may other techniques used in the investigation
of coal structure. Unfortunately, high-resolution NMR is not applicable to
whole coals, since the dipole-dipole interactions in solids generally prevent
the observation of chemically shifted NMR absroption areas. Nevertheless
coal extracts, which often represent a large amount of the whole coals, can
be studied by the technique. The properties of extracts are thought to be
similar to those of the whole coals from which they are derived.
In this paper, the hydrogen-atom distribution obtained by lH NMR and
the carbon-atom distribution calculated by the method of Brown and Ladner
are presented and discussed for pyridine and carbon disulfide extracts of
six coals of United States origin.
Potential Quality Control Standards
503
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TITLE:
Computerized System for Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Pyrite
in Coal
AUTHOR:
R.R. Schehl and R.A. Friedel
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA
REFERENCE:
Bureau of Mines Advancing Utilization Technology Program, Technical Progress
Report 71, June 1973.
SUMMARY:
The Bureau of Mines has developed a quantitative analysis for pyrite in
coal by X-ray diffraction that can be accomplished in little more than 1 hour.
To minimize the sample analysis time, data processing has been completely
computerized with pertinent output information displayed on a VR 12 cathode-
ray tube display. Use of this computerized system is not only advantageous
during the experimental stages of the pyrite analysis project but would
also be essential if the X-ray diffraction procedure is accepted as a standard
method of analysis.
Potential Quality Control Standards
504
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TITLE:
An Evaluation of Methods for Detecting Mercury in some U.S. Coals
AUTHOR:
M.D. Schlesinger and Hyman Schultz
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA
REFERENCE:
Bureau of Mines Report of Investigation 7609 (1972)
SUMMARY:
Mercury exists in coal in minute quantities, but the large tonnages of
coal consumed could represent relatively large amounts of mercury entering
the environment. Limits have not been placed on the emission of mercury,
and it is important that reliable analytical methods be available to
the chemist.
The Bureau of Mines has evaluated analytical techniques used by a
number of laboratories; most used vapor phase atomic absorption as the final
detection method. Neutron activation was used by some of the laboratories.
All of the methods described could be applied, but they require careful
manipulation to prevent loss or mercury contamination. In the samples
analyzed the mercury content ranged between 0.04 + 0.01 and 0.41 + 0.06
part per million.
Potential Quality Control Standards
505
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TITLE:
Analysis for Mercury in Coal
*
AUTHOR:
M.D. Schlesinger and Hyman Schultz
ADDRESS:
Pittsburgh Energy Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA
REFERENCE:
Bureau of Mines Managing Coal Wastes and Pollution Program Technical
Progress Report - 43, Sept. 1971
SUMMARY:
Mercury exists in coal at very low levels; the structure of coal,
the vapor pressure of mercury, and its almost universal occurrence introduce
unusual problems into the analytical methods. Round-robin analyses by
several laboratories, each using its own techniques, indicate that the
average mercury content of coal is about 0.2 part per million. Some western
coals are as low as 0.05 ppm.
Potential Quality Control Standards
506
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TITLE:
High-Resolution Mass-Spectrometric Investigation of Coal Derivatives
AUTHOR:
A.G. Sharkey, Jr., J.S. Shultz, T. Kessler, and R.A. Friedel
ADDRESS:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh Coal REsearch
Center, Pittsburgh, PA
REFERENCE:
Spectrometry of Fuels, Chap. 1, 1 (1970)
SUMMARY:
High-resolution mass spectrometry has proven to be a useful analytical
method not only for characterizing complex coal-carbonization products,
but also for studying reaction of coal and coal derivatives.
The study of the coal-tar pitch resulted in the determination of
precise masses corresponding to 128 chemical formulas composed of the
elements C, H, 0, N, and S. Of these, 49 formulas correspond to previously
identified components of coal-tar products, 79 formulas indicate components
with molecular weights not previously reported. A minimum of 47 structural
types, compared to the 38 previously reported, are observed in these data.
The investigation of compositional changes occurring in road tars
during weathering indicated that the rate of change with exposure time
of oxygen-containing structures is greater than that of the polynuclear
aromatics after 12 months and 24 months of exposure. Increases in both
the average molecular weight and average number of rings per structural unit
occur during weathering for all structural types observed.
High-resolution mass spectra of pyridine extracts of the original and
reduce Pittsburgh vitrain supported theories proposed previously and gave
further insight into coal solvation.
The feasibility of using high-resolution mass spectrometry to determine
deuterated species in complex gaseous mixtures has been demonstrated.
This study shows that high-resolution mass spectrometry provides
a means of detecting changes in either the concentration or compostion
or organic compounds in coal derivatives following exposure to various
atmospheres. While the identifiaction of particular structural isomers is
not possible, the precise masses indicate the empirical formulas. Such
information should lead to a better understanding of the properties of
commercially important fractions of coal and its reaction products.
Potential Quality Control Standards
507
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TITLE:
Nuclear Meter for Monitoring the Sulfur Content of Coal Streams
AUTHOR:
R.F. Stewart, A.W. Hall, J.W. Martin, W.L. Farrior, and A.M. Poston
ADDRESS:
Morgantown Energy Research Center, Morgantown, W. Va.
REFERENCE:
Bureau of Mines Advancing Energy Utilizing Program Technical Progress Report
74, January 1974.
SUMMARY:
A nuclear meter based on measurement of prompt capture gamma rays is
being developed for monitoring the sulfur content of coal streams. Equipment
has been built to measure sulfur rapidly, and methods have been devised to
compensate for changes in moisture, ash, and bulk density of coal flowing
through a bin. Pilot plant tests of the system with various additives to
different coals show a precision and accuracy of 0.02 percent sulfur
and 0.04 percent sulfur, respectively. Based on these results, a hardwired
meter has been fabricated for testing in a commercial coal preparation plant.
Potential Quality Control Standards
508
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TITLE:
Analysis of Trace Elements in Environmental Materials
AUTHOR:
H.E. Taylor & R. Brown
ADDRESS:
Accu-Laboratory Research, Inc.
Wheatridge, Colorado
REFERENCE:
Instrument Min. Metall, Ind., .2, 21, 1974
SUMMARY:
The use of spark-source mass spectroscopy to determine trace elements
in coal, fly ash, soil, waste water, and air particulates is reviewed.
Potential Quality Control Standards
509
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TITLE:
Effect of Strip Mining on Water Quality
AUTHOR:
J.P. Vinnerstedt, J.H. Finney, and P. Button
ADDRESS:
Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Water Resources Center
REFERENCE:
PB-217 872/1 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
The report deals with two separate topics, the effects of strip-
mining on water quality of Little Mill Creek, Ohio, and infiltration of
water on strip-mine spoil banks. Chemical water quality in Little Mill
Creek was measured for 236 weeks. Two of four sampling points received
effluent from a coal strip-mine. Sulfate, manganese, calcium, magnesium,
iron, aluminum, and hydrogen ion concentrations were determined. Rainfall
infiltration on graded spoil banks, measured with a sprinkling infiltrometer,
averaged about 1.5 cm per hour. Differences in moisture content, slope,
bulk density, and texture of the spoil did not explain most of the
difference in infiltration between spoils.
Potential Quality Control Standards
510
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TITLE:
Hydrogenolysis of Urethanes: Deoxygenation of Phenols
AUTHOR:
J.D. Weaver, E.J. Eisenbraun and L.E. Harris
ADDRESS:
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, OK 74074
REFERENCE:
Chemistry and Industry, 197 (1973)
SUMMARY:
Our synthesis of 1,4-dimethylindan via the Pd/C catalysed hydrogenolysis
of 2-(l,4-dimethyl-7-indanyloxy) benzoxazole in ethyl acetate led to the
discovery of urethanes as new derivatives useful in deoxygenating phenols.
We found that Pd/C catalysed hydrogenolysis of urethanes in acetic acid
gives the corresponding arene in good yield. This paper details these
developments and gives many representative examples performed by us.
Potential Quality Control Standards
511
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TITLE:
Low-Temperature Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
AUTHOR:
E.L. Wehry, G. Mamantov, R.R. Kemmerer, H.O. Brother ton, and R.C. S troupe
ADDRESS:
Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee
Knoxville, TN 37916
REFERENCE:
"Carcinogenesis", Vol 1, Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Chemistry,
Metabolism, and Carcinogensis, edited by R.I. Freudenthol and P.W. Jones.
Raven Press, NY (1976)
SUMMARY:
The scope of the applicability of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectro-
scopy to the quantitative and qualitative analysis of polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons, particularly in submicro amounts, is discussed. A short
review of the construction and capabilities of the Fourier Transform
Infrared Spectrophotometer is given. Sampling techniques appropriate
to this method of analysis are compared with particular emphasis on the
Matrix Isolation method, of which there is an extensive discussion.
Several examples of spectra are given, along with a modest bibliography.
Potential Quality Control Standards
512
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TITLE:
Comments on the Collection and Storage of Mine Effluent Waters
AUTHOR:
Thomas R. Wildeman and Armando J. Ramirez R.
ADDRESS:
Department of Chem. and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden,
CO 80401
REFERENCE:
April 26, 1976
SUMMARY:
Two of the questions which must be considered when developing analytical
methods on a specific material are how does sample preparation bias the
analytical results and does the material change upon storage. This note
describes various tests which have been made to try to pin down some of
the aspects of these two questions which affect mine effluents.
Potential Quality Control Standards
513
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TITLE:
Inorganic Chemical Analysis of Mine Drainage Waters
AUTHOR:
Thomas R. Wildeman and Armando J. Ramirez R.
ADDRESS:
Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden,
Colorado 80401
SUMMARY:
A scheme is described for the analysis of inorganic constituents in mine
drainage waters with particular attention being paid to the problems that the
high iron and sulfate concentrations might cause in standard analytical
methods. It is found that Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Na, K, Mg, Cd, and Pb can be
accurately analyzed in mine drainages using direct analysis by atomic
absorption spectrometry. However, the matrix can interfere in the analysis
of Ca and methods for eliminating the interference are given. Also, inter-
ferences have been encountered in the determination of As by the arsine
generating method and the analysis of SO, by the indirect barium precipitation
method. The determination of low concentrations of base metals by the sol-
vent extraction methods used in atomic absorption is also hampered by the
high Fe concentrations in mine drainage waters. Methods for eliminating the
interference using different chelating agents met with only limited success.
The analysis of trace amounts of Cu, Pb, and Cd in mine drainage by anodic
stripping voltametry appears to be a promising alternate method when solvent
extraction cannot be used.
During the course of this investigation, standard mine drainage (SMD)
were made to check matrix interferences and maintain quality control. The
SMDs were made such that the concentrations approximinated the highest to be
found and then this was diluted to required levels. The dilutant is always
0.05% HNO_ so that the matrix of samples and standards is the same. Recently,
the first standard prepared in February, 1974, and dilutions of this standard
made at the same time were tested for deterioration of the elemental abund-
ances. No changes to within + 5% were found in any of the elements tested in
the original standards or its dilutions. All these tests were performed by
atomic absorption using direct aspiration.
Potential Quality Control Standards
514
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TITLE:
Syncrudes Characterized by Compound Types Using Gel Permeation Chromatography-
Mass Spectral Correlations
AUTHOR:
P.W. Woodard, G.P. Sterm, Jr., J.E. Dooley
ADDRESS:
Bartlesville Energy Research Center
P. 0. Box 1938
Bartlesville, OK 74003
SUMMARY:
The types of compounds in aromatic concentrates derived from synthetic
crude oil distillates can be estimated from a gel-permeation chromatographic
(GPC) analysis by the use of tables developed from extensive GPC and mass
spectral analyses on fractions from four crude oils and numerous pure
compounds. For a given fraction from the GPC analyses; the retention
volume and the molecular weights (from mass spectrometer) suffice to indicate
the predominant types of compounds. The correlations and tables were
developed for petroleum derived samples, but they have proven to be applicable
to synthetic crude oils as well.
Potential Quality Control Standards
515
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TITLE:
Comparison Studies of the Organic Constituents in Different Solvent
Refined Coals as a Function of the Feed Coal
AUTHOR:
D.L. Woo ton
ADDRESS:
Department of Chemistry
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
SUMMARY:
The solvent refined coal (SRC) process is one of several processes
currently under consideration for converting coal to a relatively ash free,
low sulfur fuel. Chemical characterization of the heterogeneous semisolid
SRC product obtained from this process should provide a better understanding
of the SRC process and perhaps new insight regarding coal processing in
general.
Potential Quality Control Standards
516
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TITLE:
Water Infiltration Control to Achieve Mine Water Pollution Control - A
Feasibility Study.
AUTHOR:
Frank J. Zaval and John D. Robins
ADDRESS:
West Virginia Department of Natural Resource, Charleston, WV
REFERENCE:
PB-217 886/1 (NTIS)
SUMMARY:
The study determined the feasibility of conducting a full-scale
demonstration to document the effectiveness of land reclamation at mined-
out areas in establishing surface water infiltration control to prevent
acid mine water pollution. The study site was the Dents Run Watershed,
Monogalia County, West Virginia. Investigative measures included: investi-
gation of each mine area and opening; a detailed description of each site;
sampling and analysis of all receiving streams and discharges points to
determine the severity of acid mine water pollution; and evaluation and
selection of weir structures, monitor enclosures and instruments to be
placed in unattended areas to provide a continuous record of stream
conditions. Recommendations and cost estimates are presented for reclama-
tion at each site and for the installation of monitoring facilities.
Potential Quality Control Standards
517
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/7-79-255
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Research to Identify Components of Energy-Related
Wastes: A State-of-the-Art Report
7. AUTHOR(S)
J.E. Gebhart and M.M. McKown
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME Al>
Gulf South Research Institu
P.O. Box 26518
New Orleans, Louisiana 701
JD ADDRESS
te
26
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Research Laboratory - Athens, GA
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Athens, Georgia 30605
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
5. REPORT DATE
December 1979 issuing date
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
A37B1D
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-03-2487
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final, 11/76-11/78
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/600/01
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Pertinent abstracts from a survey of current (post-1976) research pro-
jects are categorized according to energy-related activity. Subjects include
coal strip mines, oil refineries, oil shale operations, coal-fired power plants,
geothermal energy production, coal liquefaction plants, and potential quality
control standards. These references were obtained from the Smithsonian Science
Information Exchange, Inc. , and the National Technical Information Service of
the U.S. Department of Commerce. Research projects and reports conducted be-
fore 1976 are compiled in Identification of Components of Energy-Related Wastes
and Effluents (EPA-600/7-78-004) .
Abstracts of available technical reports are also presented using the
same energy categories. These reports were obtained from a variety of sources.
Computer searches of several data bases, including MEDLINE, TOXLINE, BIOSIS,
CAIN, NTIS, DIALOG, and Chemical Abstracts, have been conducted. Federal
energy research centers supplied a large number of pertinent documents. This
state-of-the-art summary is provided as an aid to researchers concerned with
the environmental effects of energy-related activities.
17.
a. DESCRIPTORS
Energy
Elements
Effluents
Coal gasification
Refineries
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
RELEASE TO PUBLIC
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Organic chemicals
Solid wastes
Coal liquefaction
Coal-fired power plants
Oil-shale processing
Geothermal energy
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
UNCLASSIFIED
c. COSATI Field/Group
48A
68D
97F
97G
21. NO. OF PAGES
524
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
518
mimNQOmCt 1NO-657-146/55Z1
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