DOC
EPA
United States
Department of
Commerce
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
Seattle WA 98115
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Environmental
Engineering and Technology
Washington DC 20460
EPA-600 7-80-185
December 1980
Research and Development
An Empirical Model
For Tidal Currents in
Puget Sound, Strait of
Juan De Fuca, and
Southern Strait of
Georgia
Interagency
Energy/Environment
R&D Program
Report
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
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AN EMPIRICAL MODEL FOR TIDAL CURRENTS IN
PUGET SOUND, STRAIT OF JUAN DE FUCA, AND SOUTHERN STRAIT OF GEORGIA
by
Carol H.}Pease
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Environmental Research Laboratories
3711 15th Avenue N.E.
Seattle, Washington 98105
Prepared for the MESA (Marine Ecosystems Analysis) Puget Sound
Project, Seattle, Washington in partial fulfulment of
EPA Interagency Agreement No. D6-E693-EN
Program Element No. EHE625-A
This study was conducted as part of the
Federal Interagency Energy/Environment
Research and Development Program
Prepared for
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
AUGUST 1980
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Completion Report Submitted to
PUGET SOUND ENERGY-RELATED RESEARCH PROJECT
OFFICE OF MARINE POLLUTION ASSESSMENT
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
by
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
Environmental Research Laboratories
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3711 15th Ave. N.E.
Seattle, Washington 98105
This work is the result of research sponsored by the Environmental
Protection Agency and administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration does not approve,
recommend, or endorse any proprietary product or proprietary material men-
tioned in this publication. No reference shall be made to the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or to this publication in any adver-
tising or sales promotion which would indicate or imply that the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration approves, recommends, or endorses
any proprietary product or proprietary material mentioned herein, or which
has as its purpose to be used or purchased because of this publication.
ii
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ABSTRACT
An empirical model for tidal currents in Puget Sound, the Strait of
Juan de Fuca, and the Southern Strait of Georgia was constructed in support
of trajectory modelling and surface drifter analyses of the MESA Puget Sound
Project. The model uses NOS tidal constituents for current measurements
from 157 stations from the region and interpolates among them to represent
the spatial variation of the region. The spatial interpolation is based on
previous identification of areas or family groups of grid points expected to
have similar temporal behavior. No mean currents are modelled.
Five detailed studies of test cases were performed for locations around
the domain. The model underestimates the magnitude of the velocity by about
20% and quality of performance varies from place to place.
111
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CONTENTS
Abstract iii
Figures and tables v
Acknowledgements vi
1. Introduction 1
2. Conclusions 3
3. Recommendations 4
4. Model Structure 5
5. Model Numerical Formulations 7
6. User's Guide 9
7. Application of the Model 13
8. References 15
APPENDICES
I. Directory of the Tide Library and Support Programs and Files 31
II. Listing of the Tide Library and Support Programs
and Files (microfiche)
iv
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FIGURES
Number Paj
1. Plot of modelled tide current flood direction without
scaling considerations 23
2. Diagram of functional relationship of Tide library routines 24
3. Chart of 5 case study locations(.) and the closest reference or
subordinate station for each case (+) from Tidal Current Tables
1978; Pacific Coast of North America and Asia 25
4. Time series of modelled tidal current (+flood, -ebb) for
case study 1 (48°28.8'N, 124°39.3'W) compared to NOS predicted
tidal currents from the Entrance to Juan de Fuca Strait
(48°27.'N, 124°35.'W) beginning at OOZ on 31 March 1978 26
5. Time series of modelled tidal current for case study 2
(48°20.3'N, 123°26.7'W) compared to NOS predicted tidal
currents near Race Rocks (48°14.'N, 123°21.'W) beginning
at OOZ on 31 March 1978 27
6. Time series of modelled tidal current for case study 3
(48°18.6'N, 122°57.6'W) compared to NOS predicted tidal
currents near Smith Island (48°18.'N, 122°51.'W) beginning
at OOZ on 31 March 1978 28
7. Time series of modelled tidal current for case study 4
(47°58.6'N, 122°37.4'W) compared to NOS predicted tidal cur-
rents near Olele Point (47°59.'N, 122°38.'W) beginning at
OOZ on 31 March 1978 29
8. Time series of modelled tidal current for case study 5
(47°37.1'N, 122°27.8'W) compared to NOS predicted tidal
currents near Restoration Point (47°35.'N, 122°28.'W)
beginning at OOZ on 31 March 1978 30
II-l
Schematic diagram of vector relationships considered in microfiche
subroutine NORMAL within Program CURANL2 p. 93
TABLES
1. Tidal reference stations which serve as a basis for the
tide velocity predictions 17
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Several people associated with the then Numerical Studies Group at
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (FMEL) helped to construct the data
arrays relating the base grid to the tidal current stations. These people
included J. A. Gait, A. S. Gait, J. E. Overland, D. L. Payton and
C. M. Fridlind. S. A. Schoenberg helped to extend the arrays for Puget
Sound and to convert the original grid assignments to a single grid base.
P. LaNore helped with the computing.
The National Ocean Survey (NOS) through B. B. Parker and R. Muirhead
provided tidal station data and other helpful information. C. A. Pearson,
H. 0. Mofjeld, C. S. Smyth, and R. J. Stewart gave suggestions and insight
during the model development.
vi
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
A computer model of tidal currents in Puget Sound, Strait of Juan de
Fuca, southern Strait of Georgia, and connecting channels was developed in
response to a need for tidal current input to pollutant trajectory models and
surface drifter analyses. These applications required tidal current informa-
tion on a variety of spatial and temporal scales, and over a region of complex
topography. Since the purpose of the algorithm was to provide estimates of
tidal currents for assessment problems and not the study of tidal physics, an
empirically based modelling method was chosen over a theoretically based
method. The model described herein was the result of a multiyear effort, with
much of its design and functional characteristics resulting from its historical
association with other studies (Pease et al., 1979; Cannon et al., 1978;
Smyth, 1978; and Overland, Hitchman, and Han, 1979). This report documents
the model derivation and some associated analysis products.
The tidal currents in the Puget basin are strongly influenced by the
geography. The region is dominated by a mixed semidiurnal tide which
intricately weaves its way among the channels. The tide in the Strait of
Juan de Fuca is characterized as a progressive wave, converting smoothly in
the region of the San Juan Islands to nearly a standing wave in the Strait of
Georgia (Parker, 1977; Thomson, 1975a-d). The tide in Puget Sound also
exhibits standing wave properties, although they are not as pronounced as in
the Strait of Georgia (NOS, 1977). Eddies formed in the lee of spits and
headlands are a common, time-varying feature of the tidal currents in the
region. The largest of these occurs on flood in the embayment formed between
Race Rocks and Victoria. No major eddy is seen to form on ebb in this area
so the tidal current is rectified toward the southwest along the coast.
Another major rectification occurs around Vashon Island. On flood the cur-
rent is directed south along the east side of the island while the west side
has weak flow. On ebb the current is directed north along the west side of
the island while the east side has weak flow. The net effect is a clockwise,
tidally induced circulation about Vashon Island (McGary and Lincoln, 1977).
Although the eddy by Victoria and the circulation about Vashon Island are
among the largest asymmetries in the region, there are other smaller eccen-
tricities exhibiting horizontal scales equivalent to the size of geographic
features forming them.
Despite these obvious exceptions, the tidal current over the basin is
generally symmetric in speed between ebb and flood, and the ebb and flood are
separated by 180° in direction. Although there is a rotary nature to the
tidal cycle, most tidal currents of the region except in the eastern Strait
of Juan de Fuca, exhibit a dominant major axis oriented parallel with the
geographic axis of the channels. The M2 component is the strongest, and the
axial orientation of the observed currents is strongly correlated with the M2
major axis orientation over most of the basin.
The National Ocean Survey (NOS) completed a series of current measure-
ments in Puget Sound, Strait of Juan de Fuca, southern Strait of Georgia, and
their connecting channels. Tidal analyses for 90 stations taken since 1973
in the northern portion of this region were reported by Parker (1977).
-------
Another 38 stations were analyzed recently for Puget Sound proper and were
made available by NOS for this study. To supplement these current data in
areas where modern measurements were sparse or not yet available, standard
harmonic constants for prediction of currents were obtained from NOS for six
reference stations in the region. These were extrapolated for an additional
23 subordinate stations in Hood Canal and southern Puget Sound based on
velocity ratios and time differences published annually in the NOS Tide
Current Tables (1977). Thus a total of 157 tidal current stations comprised
the available basis for the construction of the tide current model. The
model reference number, the location, and the source for each current station
are listed in Table 1.
The study region was bounded by 47° and 49°N latitude and 122°10' and
125°10'W longitude parallels. The size of this square was chosen for compat-
ability with other models, principally meteorological (Pease et al., 1978
and Overland, Hiteaman, and Han, 1979). However, the western limit of the
tide information available was approximately 124°30'W longitude. No attempt
was made to acquire tidal current information for the Pacific Coast. So the
model nominally treated this western belt as out-of-bounds, although the
regional umbrella was designed so that the model could include data for this
region if it were desirable later.
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS
An empirical tide model based on 157 NOS tidal current stations was
constructed by defining a 2232 regional base grid divided into 760 groups of
similar tidal velocity and direction and subjectively assigning interpolation
coefficients for up to three current stations for each group. These inter-
polation coefficients and station numbers are read by a FORTRAN tide library
which can then calculate tidal current velocities for specified times on
demand. The actual major axis constituent phases and amplitudes for the
current stations are held in data statements within the library.
The model was exercised for each of the 760 groups through a program
which generated time series for any particular place within the domain. Five
of these case studies were compared in detail to tide current predictions
from NOS Tide Current Tables 1978; Pacific Coast of North America and Asia.
The model mimicked the phase information and distribution of the semidiurnal
characteristics of the NOS predicted current. The model typically under-
estimated the magnitude of the velocity by about 20%. A few percent of this
error could possibly be due to the limitation of the constituent sums to the
five largest contributing components. The NOS tables include an estimated
mean surface current and the model did not, which led to some difficulties in
comparing model performance to table predictions.
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SECTION 3
RECOMMENDATIONS
The model could be improved by a number of modifications. The most
critical to the technique would be to reassign interpolation coefficients for
current stations based on an explicit hydrodynamic model of tidal currents
instead of subjective criteria. Some streamlining of the FORTRAN library
could be achieved by eliminating arbitrary current station numbers and sub-
stituting sequential station numbers to avoid searching algorithms. The
model could be extended to full tidal elliptical format by including minor
axis information for the constituents. The model could be extended to in-
clude ebb directions as independent variables from flood so that asymmetric
flows could be modelled. The node factors (long-period lunar factors) could
be allowed to vary in time by adding a subroutine which would calculate the
node factors from sinusoids with a period of 8.85 years instead of specifying
them in a data statement. If the model were to be used for assessment or
prediction studies, several of these changes should be considered.
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SECTION 4
MODEL STRUCTURE
There are several tacks one could take in spatially interpolating
time dependent current information. These possibilities include assuming
the tidal current at the desired location is: (1) exactly the current at the
nearest station chosen by virtue of shortest distance (Smyth, 1978); (2) the
linear sum of three stations where the model weights coefficients by the
relative distance of each station (Mofjeld, 1975); or (3) a fixed relation
to predetermined current stations where the model reads the relationships
from a table. All three options work easily on regions of simple geometry
(no islands, peninsulas, etc.) where the currents are well behaved (smoothly
varying). Difficulties arise in applying these methods when the geometry is
complex, when the current data is considerably sparser than the details in
the flow, and when the flow is not well behaved spatially. The third inter-
polating option can be forced to conform to complex regions with the addi-
tional constraint that the direction of flow is a specified parameter and
not a variable dependent on the interpolation. This latter method was
chosen to be applied to the Puget Sound region for this project because
of the extreme complexity of the basin.
The interpolation scheme involved assigning current meters and coeffi-
cients and current directions to all parts of a regional grid. Rather than
carry coefficients for a vast number of locations, we decided on a two-
layered approach: (1) a location matrix which would organize the grid into
groups of like tidal characteristics; and (2) an array of interpolation
assignments for these groups.
The study region was gridded into 223 segments on a side, where the
segments are nominally 1 km and can be considered to be roughly the resolu-
tion of the model. Thus the base grid contains 2232 or just slightly less
than 50,000 boxes. Many of these are over land or are outside the data base
of the model. An array (HOC) was constructed which delineated boxes over
land (or the Pacific belt) from boxes over water in the Puget basin system.
Boxes with comparable tidal phases, velocities, and flood directions were
grouped into families. These 760 families contained from one to about 50
boxes depending on the local complexity of the basin geometry. The location
array ILOC was assigned a dummy integer value of -99 if the box were over
land or out-of-range and a positive integer representing specified family
number if the box were over water. The southwest or lower left corner is
location 1,1 in this array, and the I,J pair are the east, north com-
ponents. For purposes of the tide model the array is stored as a mass
storage, random access file where J is the line number and I is the word
number in the line. This storage method is superior to sequential file
structure because any independent record may be retrieved without lengthy
sorts of sequential data and because this eliminates holding the 5000-word
location array in core during model runs.
-------
The next consideration was the interpolation scheme for the current
meter data to the families. Each family was assigned one to three current
meter stations which would be interpolated to find appropriate tidal
velocities. Each assigned current meter received a weighting coefficient
signifying its relative importance to the group. The weightings were made on
a scale of 0.1 to 1.0 (10 to 100%) on the subjective basis of proximity,
streamline dependence, and cross-sectional area of the channel. Typically a
family which contained a tidal station was related only to that one station
with an assigned weighting of 1.0 (100%). The M£ flood direction was
ascertained for each group by comparing directions from McGavy and Lincoln
(1977), the NOS charts (1973a, b) and actual current meter records. The ebb
direction was assumed to be opposite the flood direction and the elliptical
or rotary behavior of the current was ignored. Hence, seven integer numbers
(3 meter numbers, 3 weighting factors, and 1 flood direction) were stored in
a second array (ISTA). This array was also constructed as a mass storage,
random access file for model use where the group number is the line number
and the line contains seven words of station information. The assigned flood
directio >s are depicted in figure 1.
The tidal current model was constructed as a library containing sub-
routines and functions which are meant to be accessed directly by the user's
assessment model or analysis scheme. The functional dependence of the
various routines in the library is outlined in figure 2. Subroutines TIDES,
JULIAN, and LOCALE are the user accessible routines in the library, while
STATS, TIMER, and real function SPEED are meant to be transparent to the
user. TIDES acts as the main vehicle for controlling the computation of the
tidal velocities. JULIAN converts calendar dates to number of days begun
since the new year which is only necessary if the user's model carries Roman
calendar dates. LOCALE converts latitude and longitude to grid locations so
that the I, J values can be transparent to the user. STATS stores and
retrieves phase and amplitude information for the tidal current stations.
TIMER calculates the time elapsed since the base date of the algorithm. The
base date was arbitrarily fixed at OOZ on 1 January 1978 and all phases (or
epoches) are related to this date. This choice is transparent to the user
and would only affect someone adding or changing tide station data to the
model. SPEED actually computes the current speed for a particular current
station and time. The overall library is called PSTIDE3 in card image format
and PSTIDE in compiler-dependent, library format. These are included in the
program directory in Appendix 1, and the card images are listed in full in
Appendix 2.
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SECTION 5
MODEL NUMERICAL FORMULATIONS
The current speed at a given time at a particular current station is
given by
5
V = Z f. A. cos(cr.t . + a.)
1=1 i i i pst i/
where f., A., a., and a. are the node factor, amplitude, frequency (constituent
speed), '''and phase relative to time on the local Meridian 000 PST 1 January 1978.
The frequencies were taken from Shureman (1958). The node factors vary slowly
in time, but they were fixed at 1978 values from_ Shureman (1958) for this
application. The constituent amplitudes in cm a were taken from the data
sources listed in Section 1. The phases were derived by
a. = Greenwich (V + u). - K'
i o i i
where the Greenwich (V + u) . is the Greenwich equilibrium argument for each
constituent from Shureman (1958) and K1 . is the principal axis phase lag for
each constituent from the data sources listed in Section 1. Late in the model
development process, it was decided that the tide library needed to process GMT
rather than PST time. The time Meridian was changed in the TIDE subroutine
rather than by modifying the array containing the phase information. Time then
was returned to GMT before returning to the user's program,
entry: t = t - (8 hrs.),
exit: tGMT
The contribution of a particular current station to the current speed at
a random location is given by
Vj = WK(j) V«jV j * {1>2'3}
where W~ and K(j) are the weight factor and station number for each preselected
station described in Section 4. Grid position is calculated from decimal
latitude and longitude via a pair of equations
I = INTEGER (* _ i ' -j-) +1
*e we
J = INTEGER C, . A ' jp-) +1
*n " 's ns
where £ , £,£»$»$ ( <|>» N , N are the longitude limits of the grid and
longitude of the point^ the latituB! limits of the grid and latitude of the
point, and the number of divisions of the grid by longitude and latitude.
-------
The group number and station data relationships can be symbolized by
STATION DATA. = (j, ILOC(I,J)), i & {!,...,?}
J
where for j = 1,2,3, S.D.. is equivalent to K(j) of above and for j = 4,5,6,
S.D.. is equivalent to W(j) of above, and S.D._ is the direction of the tide
at flood, presumed to be the major axis flood direction of the M_ component.
Lastly the u and v components of the tide at an arbitrary point are com-
puted by
3 8=6, V.*0
u = I V. sin 6, J
j=l J 6 = 6f - 180°, V.<0
3 6 = 6_, V.£0
v = Z V. cos 6, J
j=i J e = ef - 180°, v.
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SECTION 6
USER'S GUIDE
The following section addresses the form of the actual subroutines and
functions within the tidal current library. Some of the information pre-
sented here is duplicated in APPENDICES I and II which constitute a program
directory and listing.
A. Subroutine TIDES (I,J,DATE,U,V)
This routine controls the computation of the tidal current velocities.
If the user calls this routine with grid location and time information it
will return tidal velocity. The argument list includes:
I - integer east-west grid value (1-223) required by TIDES.
J - integer north-south grid value (1-223) required by TIDES.
DATE - integer 5-word array containing GMT time and date information
(seconds, minutes, hour, Julian day, two-digit year) required
by TIDES. Julian day is the number of days initiated since OOZ
of the new year.
U - real value of east-west velocity (cm s , oceanographic convention)
returned by TIDES. If I, J are out of area or on land, TIDES will
return U = 9999.
V - real value of north-south velocity (cm s , oceanographic conven-
tion) returned by TIDES. If I, J are out of area or on land, TIDES
will return V = 9999.
There is a common statement in TIDES which carries some extra information on
current direction which may be of help to the user. This takes the form
COMMON/TIDDAT/DIR,RAD
where the operating variables have the following definitions:
DIR - real value of flood direction only, in decimal degrees from true
north (oceanographic convention).
RAD - real value of present current direction, in radians from true north
(oceanographic convention).
Discussion of possible structural modifications to the model are included in
the model introduction in APPENDIX II, Section A6. This routine reads the
location and station interpolation arrays discussed earlier, although this
function should be transparent to the user.
B. Subroutine STATS (DATE,STN,CURRENT,IERR)
This routine stores and retrieves information on current amplitudes,
node factors, constituent speeds, and current phases. It also calls TIMER,
invokes function SPEED, and returns current magnitude to TIDES. The argument
list includes:
-------
DATE - integer 5-word array containing PST time and date information
(seconds, minutes, hour, Julian day, two-digit year) required
by STATS.
STN - integer station number (11-990, intermittant cardinals) required
by STATS.
CURRENT - real value of velocity magnitude, positive if flood and nega-
tive if ebb, (cm s" ) returned by STATS.
IERR - integer variable returned by STATS which is set to 1 if STN is
a valid request and set to 2 if STN is invalid.
This subroutine contains no common statements. There are no external reads
or writes, as all the station data arrays are initiated through data state-
ments. This simplifies model interaction for an arbitrary user, although
modifications to the station list (Table 1) are cumbersome at best. The fact
that the tidal stations were entered into the tide station interpolation
array (TIDDAT2) as arbitrary station numbers in the early phases of the work
dictated that STATS be able to sort station numbers. A butterfly sort tech-
nique developed by Smyth (1978) was adapted for use in STATS. This entire
process plus an array of 157 words containing the station numbers could be
eliminated if the data files were reformatted to use simple sequential inte-
gers.
C. Subroutine TIMER (BDATE,DATE,TIME)
This routine calculates the number of elapsed hours between two times of
the same form and time zone. It is valid for any dates not spanning an even
century (e.g., not spanning the years 1900 or 2000) as it contains no provi-
sion for correcting for the lack of leap year on even centuries. The argument
list includes:
BDATE - integer 5-word array of seconds, minutes, hour, Julian day,
and year for some specific time zone, required by TIMER.
DATE - another integer 5-word array of time and date related to the
same time zone as BDATE, required by TIMER.
TIME - real number of hours elapsed between BDATE and DATE, returned
by TIMER. TIME is positive if BDATE precedes DATE and negative
if DATE precedes BDATE.
There are no common statements in this routine, nor are there any external
reads or writes. TIMER stores no data and is generalized within the limits
described above.
D. Real Function SPEED (AMP,FAC,FREQ,PHAS,T,N)
This function calculates current magnitude for a given set of constitu-
ent amplitudes, node factors, frequencies, and phases applied at a given
time. The argument list includes:
AMP - real N-word array containing the current amplitudes for the
various constituents required by SPEED.
10
-------
FAC - real N-word array containing the node factors for the various
constituents required by SPEED.
FREQ - real N-word array containing the frequencies or phase speeds
of the various constituents required by SPEED.
PHAS - real N-word array containing the phases (equilibrium argument
minus epoch or phase lag) of the various constituents required
by SPEED.
T - real variable of time in hours since the base date related to
the phases required by SPEED.
N - integer number of constituents to be summed over, required by
SPEED.
Since SPEED is a function, the real value is self-assigned and will have the
units of the variable AMP. There are no common statements, external reads or
writes, nor data storage within SPEED.
E. Subroutine JULIAN (MM,MD,MY,JULDAY)
This routine will return the Julian (or sequential) day of the year
to the user given the month, day, and year. The routine will check for leap
years, but will not check for lack of leap years in even centuries. The
arguments list includes:
MM - integer number of the month (1-12) required by JULIAN.
MD - integer number of the day of the month (1-28,29,30,31) required by
JULIAN.
MY - integer number for the year (1-99) required by JULIAN.
JTJLDAY - integer number of the Julian day (1-365,366) returned by
JULIAN.
This routine has no common statements nor external reads or writes. It does
not call any other routine nor is it called by any other routine in the tide
library.
F. Subroutine LOCALE (LAT,LONG,I,J)
This routine chooses tide grid coordinates for latitude and longitude
values within 47.° and 49.°N latitude and 122°10' and 125°10'W longitude.
The routine does not check for out-of-bounds latitude or longitude values.
If latitude is south of 47.°, the J value will be negative. If latitude is
north of 49.°, the J value will be greater than 223. If longitude is west
of 125°10', then the I value will be negative. Finally, if longitude is east
of 122°10', then the I value will be greater than 223. The argument list
includes:
11
-------
LAT - real variable expressing latitude in positive decimal degrees,
required by LOCALE.
LONG - real variable expressing longitude in positive decimal degrees,
required by LOCALE.
I - integer word for the east-west component of the tide grid location
returned by LOCALE.
J - integer word for the north-south component of the tide grid loca-
tion returned by LOCALE.
This routine has no common statements nor external reads or writes. It does
not call any other routine nor is it called by any other routine in the tide
library.
12
-------
SECTION 7
APPLICATION OF THE MODEL
As a preliminary verification of the tide model function, case studies
were made throughout the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound. One case
study was run for each of the 760 family groups of the tide grid using the com-
puter program described under PSTIME in Appendices I (A10) and II (A10). Of
these cases, five were chosen for detailed comparison to NOS Tidal Current
Tables 1978. The selection was essentially random; only the thought of
spreading the detailed cases over the basin entered into the selection.
These five studies are highlighted on the map in figure 3 and form the basis
of the discussion of applications of the model.
After a tide series was calculated and plotted for each of the cases,
the tidal current tables were consulted for the nearest reference or sub-
ordinate station in the NOS prediction tables. The times from the tables
were adjusted to GMT, time differences for slack water and maximum current
for subordinate NOS stations were added in, velocity ratios for correcting
subordinate NOS stations were accounted for, and the current velocities were
converted to cm s . The results of these calculations were dotted in for
the first 90 hours of each tide model plot and are displayed in figures 4
through 8. The first thing that is apparent is that the model agrees with
the NOS predictions with respect to phasing and the relative timing of the
components of the diurnal inequality. The most obvious difference between
the modeled currents and the currents from the tide tables is that the flood
values are reduced in the tables and the ebb values enhanced relatively in
each case because the tables add an assumed mean velocity in the ebb direction.
Another feature in two of the plots (figures 5 and 7) is that there are
significant velocity scaling differences between the model and the tables
which are best discussed on a case-by-case basis.
Case 1 (figure 4) near the entrance of the Strait of Juan de Fuca is
6.25 km from station 815 in the tide tables. The model calculation is based
mainly on Parker's station 4 (Table 1). There is approximately a 25 cm s
shift in the tide table values toward the ebb as a mean current which leaves
the modelled current amplitudes at about 0.8 of the values in the tables.
Case 2 (figure 5) in the lee of Race Rocks is about 12.5 km from station
830 in the tide tables. The model calculation is based mainly on Parker's
station 18 (Table 1). There is approximately a 15 cm s shift in the tide
table values toward the ebb, as a mean current. Thus the net modelled cur-
rent amplitudes are about 0.8 of the table values except on the modelled
weaker ebb tide. Here the modelled values are about 0.25 of the table values
indicating that the model is using different constituent sums. This may be
due in part to the fact that Parker's station 18 is further north and inshore
thus seeing a different constituent amplitude.
Case 3 (figure 6) near Smith Island in the eastern Strait of Juan de
Fuca is 5.5 km west of station 925 in the tide tables. The model calculation
is dependent on fractions of stations 39 and 40 from Parker (Table 1). There
is about a 5 cm s shift in the tide table values toward the ebb, as a mean
current. Thus the modelled current amplitudes are about the same as the tide
table values, except on the weaker maximum current, particularly ebb current.
For the weak ebbs, the modelled values are about 0.5 table values.
13
-------
Case 4 (figure 7) near Olele Point in northern Puget Sound is about the
same position as station 1030 in the tide tables. The model calculation is
based mainly on Parker's station 37 (Table 1). Even accounting for an appar-
ent shift toward the ebb of roughly 10 cm s in the table values, the
modelled current amplitudes are about half again as large as the tide table
values. This is the only example known where the model gives larger than
otherwise predicted or observed currents. Other experience with the model
(Pease et al., 1979) and all the other details cases in this study have led
to the conclusion that the model estimates are usually low, as in cases 1 and
2, or tending toward similar magnitudes as otherwise measured or predicted,
as in case 3. It would be most reasonable for the model to underpredict
since the model velocity series truncates after the five larger constituents.
In other respects, the current seems well represented in the model run for
case 4.
Case 5 (figure 8) near Restoration Point in central Puget Sound is 4 km
north of station 1160 in the tide tables. The model calculation is based on
C156 and C166 from the new NOS Puget Sound stations. There is about an 8 cms'1
shift toward the ebb in the current tables. Thus the modelled current
amplitudes are about 0.75 of the table values and consistent for this case.
The similarity of predictions in the tide tables and the empirical tidal
model in this analysis may be misleading. Since both rely on some of the
same station data and since both rely on the NOS interpretation of current
records which disregards asymmetries in the field and other problems, both
may have the same deficiencies. What we have attempted to show here is that
they are comparable and that the model can be used with certain limitations
to reliably estimate tidal currents in the Puget Sound basin.
14
-------
REFERENCES
1. Cannon, G.A., N.P. Laird, and T.L. Keefer (1979): Puget Sound Circu-
lation; Final Report for FY 77-78, NOAA Technical Memorandum,
ERL-MESA-40, Marine Ecosystems Analysis Program, Boulder, Colorado,
55 pp.
2. Cannon, G.A. (editor) (1978): Circulation in the Strait of Juan de
Fuca Some Recent Oceanographic Observations, NOAA Technical Report
EKL-399-PMEL-29, Environmental Research Laboratories, Boulder,
Colorado, 49 pp.
3. McGary, N. and J.H. Lincoln (1977): Tide Prints: Surface Tidal Cur-
rents in Puget Sound (Washington Sea Grant Publ., WSG 771-1), Uni-
versity of Washington Press, Seattle, Washington, 51 pp.
4. Mofjeld, H.O. (1975): Empirical Model for Tides in the Western North
Atlantic Ocean. NOAA Technical Memorandum, ERL-340-AOML-19, Environ-
mental Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colorado, 24 pp.
5. National Ocean Survey (1977): Tidal Current Tables 1978. Pacific Coast
of North America and Asia, NOAA, National Ocean Survey, Rockville,
Maryland, 254 pp.
6. National Ocean Survey (1973): Tidal Current Charts, Puget Sound North
Part, NOAA, National Ocean Survey, Rockville, Maryland, 12 pp. +
endpapers.
7. National Ocean Survey (1973): Tidal Current Charts, Puget Sound
Southern Part, NOAA, National Ocean Survey, Rockville, Maryland,
12 pp. + endpapers.
8. Overland, J.E., M.H. Hitchman, and Y.J. Han (1979): A Regional Surface
Wind Model for Mountainous Coastal Areas. NOAA Technical Memoran-
dum, ERL-MESA-38, 32 pp.
9. Parker, B.B. (1977): Tidal Hydrodynamics in the Strait of Juan de Fuca -
Strait of Georgia, NOAA Technical Report, NOS-69, National Ocean
Survey, Rockville, Maryland, 56 pp.
10. Pease, C.H., R.J. Stewart, and J.E. Overland (1979): Report on FY-78
Numerical Modeling in the Strait of Juan de Fuca and Puget Sound,
NOAA Technical Memorandum, ERL-MESA-38, Marine Ecosystems Analysis
Program, Boulder, Colorado, 32 pp.
11. Schureman, P. (1958): Manual of Harmonic Analysis and Prediction of
Tides, Coast and Geodetic Survey Special Publication No. 98, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 317 pp.
12. Smyth, C.S. (1978): Report on FY 1977 Numerical Modeling in Puget Sound.
NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL-MESA-30, Marine Ecosystems Analysis
Program, Boulder, Colorado, 47 pp. + microfiche appendix.
15
-------
13. Thomson, R.E. (1975a): The physical oceanography of the B.C. coast -
Part IV. The Strait of Georgia, Pacific Yachting. 9 (4), 42-144
(intermittent pp.)
14. Thomson, R.E. (1975b): The physical oceanography of the B.C. coast -
Part V. Currents in the Strait of Georgia, Pacific Yachting, 9_
(6), 58-84 (intermittent pp.)
15. Thomson, R.E. (1975c): The physical oceanography of the B.C. coast -
Part VI. Surface currents in the Strait of Georgia, Pacific
Yachting. 10 (1), 62-97 (intermittent pp.)
16. Thomson, R.E. (1975d): The physical oceanography of the B.C. coast -
Part VII. Currents in Juan de Fuca Strait, Pacific Yachting, W
(2), 84-91.
16
-------
TABLE 1
Tidal Reference Stations Which Serve as a Basis for the
Tide Velocity Predictions
Sequence
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
Model
Station
Number
11
15
21
31
41
51
60
61
65
70
71
75
81
91
101
111
120
121
125
131
141
151
161
171
181
185
191
Latitude
North
48°26.30'
48°01.8'
48°33.30f
48°24.90'
48°30.30'
48°24.90'
47°49.'
48°15.10'
47°42. '
47°32.'
48°17.95f
47°21.'
48°21.20?
48°11.43'
48°17.15'
48°10.62'
47°38.'
48° 14. 03'
47°42.'
48°14.3'
48° 16. 85'
48°08.13'
48°08.15'
48° 15.70 '
48°22.42f
47°34. '
48°24.52'
Longitude
West
124°46.50r
122°38.2'
124°44.60'
124°34.20'
124°32.20f
124°16.30'
122°41.'
124°06.30'
122°46.f
123°02.'
124°04.90'
123°02.'
124°03.20'
123°39.75'
123°38.43'
123°32.06'
122°35.'
123°33.55f
122°36.'
123°32.'3
123°32.60f
123°25.00'
123° 17. 45'
123°20.00'
123°26.13'
122°36.f
123°24.48'
Source1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
Source
Reference
Number
1
1015
2
3
4
5
1060
6
1065
1070
7
1075
8
9
10
11
1120
12
1125
13
14
15
16
17
18
1185
19
M2 Flood
Direction
(degrees)
095
180
115
138
110
104
220
099
185
2252
119
050
110
063
087
101
360
077
3602
091
090
278
091
090
056
2252
120
17
-------
Sequence
Number
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
Model
Station
Number
195
200
201
205
211
220
221
231
240
241
251
261
265
270
271
280
290
291
301
305
311
321
331
340
341
350
351
355
361
365
370
Latitude
North
47°34.'
47°36.'
48°11.23'
47°32.'
48°14.90'
47°21.'
48°19.40'
48°23.45'
47°18.'
48°26.35'
48°27.10'
48°23.13'
47°15.'
47°17.'
48°26.60'
48°22.25'
47°09.'
48° 19. 40'
48° 16. 62'
47°13.'
48° 10. 95'
48°06.45'
48°05.62'
47°10.'
48°08.90'
47°13.'
48°09.28'
47°11.'
48°06.66'
47°12.f
47°12.'
Longitude
West
122°37.'
122°40.'
123°09.50'
122°30.'
123°12.10'
122°29.!
123° 15. 03'
123°16.96'
122°33.'
123°12.30f
123°09.40'
123°09.66'
122°35.'
122°39.'
123°00.03'
123°01.20'
122°30.'
122°59.30'
122°58.40'
122°43.'
122°55.60'
122°57.45f
122°53.93'
122°54.'
122°44.60'
122°55.'
122°41.42'
122°55.'
122°36.92'
122°58.f
123°02.'
Source1
3
3
1
3
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
3
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
3
Source
Reference
Number
1195
1200
20
1205
21
1220
22
23
1240
24
25
26
1265
1270
27
28
1290
29
30
1305
31
32
33
1340
34
1350
35
1355
36
1365
1370
M2 Flood
Direction
(degrees)
325
330
065
1352
068
350
064
075
135
342
000
031
275*
300
346
039
2154
060
081
205
087
100
132
3154
134
320
137
285
194
285
285
18
-------
Sequence
Number
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
Model
Station
Number
371
381
391
401
410
411
421
430
431
441
451
461
470
471
481
491
501
511
521
531
541
551
561
571
581
591
601
611
621
631
641
Latitude
North
48°01.35'
48° 14. 30'
48°17.66'
48°18.45'
48°16'
48°21.45'
48°23'90'
48°24'
48°25.93'
48°24.30'
48°21.63'
48°24.06'
48°27.53'
48°27.53'
48°31.35'
48°31.32'
48°31.43'
48°33.90'
48°33.65'
48°37.65'
48°40.50'
48°38.58'
48°40.65'
48°40.98'
48°44.90'
48°44.20'
48°44.25'
48°45.30'
48°47.10'
48°49.42'
48°51.47'
Longitude
West
122°39.50'
122°48.60'
122*52.03'
122°45.47'
122°32.'
122°50.10'
122°56.50'
122°38.'
122°56.45f
122°46.50'
122°41.30'
122°41.03'
122°46.75'
122°46.77'
122°44.09'
122°42.13'
122°37.88'
122°39.60'
122°44.85
122°36.00'
122°36.05'
122°38.75f
122°42.42'
122°46.50'
122°46.77'
122°48.12f
122°53.80'
122°51.80'
122°51.60f
122°49.08'
122°45.95'5
Source1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Source
Reference
Number
37
38
39
40
1410
41
42
1430
43
44
45
46
1470
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
M2 Flood
Direction
(degrees)
189
171
082
039
060
067
044
090
354
046
019
345
335
355
354
038
078
005
344
056
331
318
342
287
342
343
083
009
322
323
313
19
-------
Sequence
Number
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
Model
Station
Number
651
660
661
671
681
691
701
711
721
731
741
751
761
771
781
791
801
811
815
821
831
841
851
861
871
878
881
891
901
930
931
Latitude
North
48°53.30'
48°28.f
48°50.47'
48°55.60'
48°50.80'
48°56.85'
48°54.60'
48°52.85'
48°46.48'
48°46.65'
48°45.23'
48°40.67'
48°4l.OO'
48°35.35'
48°30.97'
48°37.38'
48°35.37'
48°33.98'
48°27.'
48°31.25f
48°27.70'
48°35.43'
48°35.32'
48°35.75'
48°36.00'
48°08.90'
48°35.45'
48°31.65'
48°28.80'
48°06.67f
48°01.35'
Longitude
West
122°53.50'
122°57.'
122°58.05'
123°05.00'
123°10.07'
123°05.62'
123°09.47'
123°12.75'
123°00.13'
122°55.30'
122°58.47'
122°59.95'
123°25.00'
123°13.47f
123°09.57'
123°04.17f
123°02.63'
123°00.57'
124°35.f
122°56.47'
122°57.00'
122°59.80'
122°54.75'
122°50.92'
122°48.20'
122°44.25'
122°48.55'
122°48.37'
122°49.15'
122°36.92'
122°39.50f
Source1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
Source
Reference
Number
65
1660
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
815
82
83
84
85
86
87
C078
88
89
90
C130
C131
M2 Flood
Direction
(degrees)
315
010
344
328
312
301
310
313
014
027
008
023
080
355
306
064
325
309
115
003
350
250
284
014
117
131
064
272
253
194
189
20
-------
Sequence
Number
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
Model
Station
Number
932
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
943
944
945
947
948
949
950
951
952
954
955
956
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
976
977
Latitude
North
48°01.63'
48°06.60f
48°09.20'
47°55.65'
47°53.75'
47°56.85'
47°57.55'
47°57.80f
47°55.27'
47°54.50'
47°57.18'
48°00.88'
48°04.95'
48°04.87'
48° 10. 20'
47°52.68'
47°48.50'
47°42.35f
47°34.33'
47°34.90f
47°30.15!
47°30.45'
47°23.38'
47°43.18'
47°19.30'
47°21.23'
47°18.60f
47°39.00f
47°27.25'
47°07.10'
47011.40f
Longitude
West Source1
122°38.30'
122°44.05'
122°37.97'
122°38.00'
122°36.08'
122°34.82'
122°34.50'
122°33.53'
122°27.30'
122°21.23'
122°20.00'
122°21.00'
122°20.30'
122°26.08'
122°33.37'
122°24.70
122°26.97'
122°26.57f
122°31.83f
122°26.87'
122°26.30'
122°24.28'
122°21.40'
122°33.34f
122°31.25'
122°32.33f
122°33.43'
122°27.70'
122°24.28'
122°42.30f
122°43.83'
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Source
Reference
Number
C132
C134
C135
C136
C137
C138
C139
C140
C143
C144
C145
C147
C148
C149
C150
C151
C152
C154
C155
C156
C159
C160
C161
C162
C163
C164
C165
C166
C167
C176
C177
M2 Flood
Direction
(degrees)
167
1466
1136
145
1656
128
130
126
1636
009
012
347
332
328
341
121
190
233
318
221
183
154
186
210
295
0306
160
178
152
281
192
21
-------
Model
Sequence Station Latitude
Number Number North
Longitude
West Source1
Source
Reference
Number
M2 Flood
Direction
(degrees)
153
154
155
156
157
978
979
980
981
990
47°10.08'
47°09.93'
47°13.85'
47°18.07'
48°06.'
122°47.37'
122°51.73'
122°50.12'
122°51.70'
122°41.'
2
2
2
2
3
C178
C179
C180
C181
990
332
2366
343
229
120
1. Numbers in this column reference:
1. Parker (1977), northern stations
2. NOS unpublished, southern stations
3. NOS standard stations
2. Flood direction inferred from continuity.
3. Location taken from figure 17 in Parker (1977).
4. Flood direction assumed to be (180° - ebb direction).
5. Correct longitude taken from figure 17 in Parker (1977).
6. Flood direction corrected by 180° from Ellipse data set.
22
-------
Figure 1. Plot of modelled tide current flood direction without
scaling considerations.
23
-------
USER'S
PROGRAM
I
TIDES
STATS
JULIAN
LOCALE
I SPEED!
Figure 2. Diagram of functional relationship of Tide
library routines.
24
-------
Ul
30'-
48°-
STRAIT OF
'ORGIA
VANCOUVER
ISLAND
* SAN JUAN ISLAND
+ STRAIT0
JUANDE FUCA
ENTRANCE
PACIFIC
OCEAN
ADMIRALTY
INLET 'OLELE
POINT
PUGET
SOUND
WASHINGTON
RESTORATION eOlMB+^fl \
^ ft'--- ihVu3*ssk~ xvY.-aiRjgi
-30'
-48'
TLE
P S o
I25e
30'
124
• 5 O
-^ 2 «».
Figure 3. Chart of 5 case study locations (.) and the closest reference or subordinate station
for each case (+) from Tidal Current Tables 1978; Pacific Coast of North America
and Asia.
-------
ro
Ov
360.00
UBS.
0.90.78.
Figure 4. Time series of modelled tidal current (+flood, -ebb) for case study 1 (48°28.8'N, i24°39.3'W)
compared to NOS predicted tidal currents from the Entrance to Juan de Fuca Strait (48°27.'N,
124°35.'W) beginning at OOZ on 31 March 1978.
-------
fO
360.00
1190.J110.
0.90.78.
i
Figure 5. Time series of modelled tidal current for case study 2 (48°20.3'N, 123°26.7'W) compared to NOS
predicted tidal currents near Race Rocks (48°14.'N, 123°21.'W) beginning at OOZ on 31 March 1978,
-------
N)
00
360.00
I39.J166.
0.90.78.
Figure 6. Time series of modelled tidal current for case study 3 (48018.6'N, 122°57.6'W) compared to
NOS predicted tidal currents near Smith Island (48°18.'N, 122°51.'W) beginning at OOZ on
31 March 1978.
-------
ro
60.00
1129.J15U.
0.90.78.
Figure 7. Time series of modelled tidal current for case study 4 (47°58.6'N, 122°37.4'W) compared to
NOS predicted tidal currents near Olele Point (47°59.'N, 122°38.'W) beginning at OOZ on
31 March 1978.
-------
360.00
1202.J7Q.
0.90.78.
Figure 8. Time series of modelled tidal current for case study 5 (47037.1'N, 122°27.8'W) compared
to NOS predicted tidal currents near Restoration Point (47°35.'N, 122°28.'W) beginning
at OOZ on 31 March 1978.
-------
APPENDIX I
DIRECTORY OF THE TIDE LIBRARY AND SUPPORT PROGRAMS AND FILES
A. Puget Sound Tide Files
1. TIDDAT2: Card image, indirect access, tide field and station data.
Two sequential fields: 1) location matrix, 2) station data. May
be edited.
2. ILOC2: Mass storage, direct access, tide data: location matrix
only.
3. ISTA2: Mass storage, direct access, tide data: station array
only.
4. MASTOR1: Card image, indirect access FTN routine to convert tide
field data from card image to mass storage. Needs TIDDAT2 and
creates ILOC2 and ISTA2. Must be rerun fro TIDDAT2 edits.
5. RUNMAS2: Card image, indirect access procedure file to run MASTDR1.
6. PSTIDE3: Card image, indirect access FTN tide library. Needs
ILOC2 and ISTA2. May be edited.
7. PSTIDE: Compiled library, indirect access version of PSTIDE3.
Needs ILOC2 and 1STA2. Must be regenerated for PSTIDE3 edits.
8. PLOTMAP: Card image, indirect access, FTN routine which plots
arrows representing direction of tide at flood and the appropriate
background. Uses ILOC2, ISTA2, CALCOMP LIB, and Puget background
from CMF.
9. RUNMAP: Card image, indirect access, procedure file which runs
PLOTMAP.
10. PSTIME: Card image, indirect access, FTN routine which interogates
the tide model for developing a velocity time series at a point.
Needs PSTIDE, ILOC2, ISTA2 and a dummy file with certain input
information. Creates an output file called OUTPSTM.
11. RUNPSTM: Card image, indirect access, procedure file which runs
PSTIME.
12. OUTPSTM: Card image, indirect access, velocity time series data
for tides at a point.
13. PSTPLOT: Card image, indirect access, FTN routine which plots tide
velocity time series. Needs OUTPSTM and CALCOMP library.
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14. RUNPSPT: Card image, indirect access procedure file for running
PSTPLOT.
B. Puget Sound Wind Files
1. PU6DATA: Packed card image file, indirect access, contains wind
field data files: PUGSE1, PUGSE2, PUGS, PUGSW, PUGW, PUGNW, PUGN,
PUGSB; these may be retrieved via GTR commands.
2. PSWLOC: Mass storage, direct access, wind data: location matrix
only.
3. PSWVEL: Mass storage, direct access, wind data: velocity fields
only.
4. REMODEL: Card image, indirect access, FTN routine to convert wind
field data from card image to mass storage. Needs PUGDATA and
creates PSWLOC and PSWVEL.
5. RUNWMOD: Card image, indirect access, procedure file to run REMODEL.
6. WINDS: Card image, indirect access, FTN wind library. Needs
PSWLOC and PSWVEL. May be edited.
7. WINDLIB: Compiled library, indirect access, version of WINDS.
Needs PSWLOC and PSWVEL. Must be regenerated for WINDS edit.
8. WINDPIC: Card image, indirect access, FTN routine which cycles
through all possible calls to WINDLIB to check data and file
operation. Needs PSWLOC, PSWVEL and WINDLIB.
9. RUNWIND: Card image, indirect access, procedure file to run WINDPIC.
C. Puget Sound Current Analyses
1. STRAIT1, STRAIT2, STRAIT3: Card image, indirect access, current
meter velocity files corresponding to Holbrook's east straits cur-
rent meters 11, 12, 13 during Aug. 1978.
2. CURANL2: Card image, indirect access FTN routine which compares
Holbrook's CM data to tide model results; needs ILOC2, ISTA2, any
of the STRAITn files, PSTIDE; and creates CURn files.
3. RUNANAL: Card image, indirect access, procedure file to run CURANL2.
4. CUR1, CUR2, CUR3: Card image, indirect access; velocity data
files.
5. HOLPLOT: Card image, indirect access FTN routine which plots time
series comparisons of velocity data on CURn files. Needs CURn and
CALCOMP library.
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6. RUNHOLP: Card image, indirect access, procedure file to run HOLPLOT.
7. HOLVECT: Card image, indirect access FTN routine which plots
progressive vectors from velocity data in CURn files. Needs CURn
and CALCOMP library.
8. RUNHOLV: Card image, indirect access, procedure file to run HOLVECT.
9. DATASET: Card image, indirect access, FTN routine which prepares
current meter, model, or difference velocity data sets for input
corapatability with R2SPEC, a spectral analysis routine for tide
data maintained by Carl Pearson of the PMEL Coastal Physics Group.
Needs CURn files and creates METERn, MODELn, or DIFFn files.
10. RUNDATS: Card image, indirect access procedure file to run DATASET.
11. SCATTER: Card image, indirect access, FTN routine which computes
scatter diagrams on the DIFFn files and creates a CALCOMP plot of
the results. Needs DIFFn files and CALCOMP Library.
12. RUNSCAT: Card image, indirect access, procedure file to run SCATTER.
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