Region V Public Report From This. No longer need citizens picket to be heard. New laws include them in de- cisions from the ground up. Cover story on Page Citizen Participation To This ------- Defining Standards For Our Cities Francis T. Mayo How iln you require cities to obtain second-si age Irciilmenl of sewage wastes by 1977 if experts in sewage treatment disagree on what levels of pollutant removal constitutes secondary treatment? In an effort to get around that chicken-and-egg problem. El'A on April 27 published definitions of secondary treatment in the Federal Register. The definitions rover biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids, fecal coliform bacteria, and pi 1 (acidity-alkalinity.) For BOD and suspended solids, we have proposed a limit of 30 parts per million as a monthly average and a maximum weekly average, of 45 parts per million. For fecal coliform bacteria, which is a benchmark for water contamination from human wastes, we have proposed a monthly maximum of 200 bacteria for 100 each milliliters of water and a weekly average of 400 of the bacteria per 100 milliliters of water. The pH range must be between (i and 9. Seven is neutral on a 1-10 scale. EPA is accepting public comment on the limits until the end of |une. Comments may be sent to the director. Municipal Wastewater Systems Division. EPA, Washington. D.C. 204BO. In This Issue . The Public Report is published periodically by the Public Affairs Office, Region V EPA, 1 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago, III., 60606. Francis T. Mayo Region V Administrator Valdas Adamkus Deputy Administrator Frank Corrado Public Affairs Director Sally W. Jones Public Report Editor Ann Hooe Graphics Editor Letters and comments on the report or other environmental issues may be sent to the address above. In an effort to provide greater access to the public: for publications, upcoming decisions, and research studies conducted by EPA, the Region V Public Report this month will begin several regular features. In the Epalog section, (p. 13) the Federal Register Listings have been revised to give a greater description on what each issue contains relative to the en- vironment. Looks Ahead (p. 11) is a capsule account of EPA decisions and studies that are underway or in soon-to- be-released form. We are publishing this feature with the feeling that if the public knows what is ahead, it can be alerted and thus hotter able to provide needed response to the agency. And finally, the Publications section (p. 13) will carry both a listing of those publications that provide general information to the layman; and listings of publications that provide technological information based on EPA-conlracted research projects nationwide. The energy crisis is af- fecting the environment. For stories on environment and energy, see Pages 3 and 4. Shore Conference Ahead The Region V EPA will cooperate with three other agencies for a two-day conference on shorcland planning for Lake Michigan. The sponsors of the conference are the Lake Michigan Federation, Chicago's Department of En- vironmental Control, the University of Illinois (Urbana) Institute for Environmental Studies, and EPA. The conference; will be held May 24 and 25 in the Field Museum on Chicago's Lakefront. The morning session will include addresses by several speakers and the afternoon meetings will be used for workshop sessions. PAGE 2 ------- No Gas? Try Mowing! Do we really need all these gadgets? By Lee Botts The so-called energy crisis could be the saving of us all. Consider how many of our society's current dif- ficulties are related to the profligate waste of energy. Then consider whether a shortage of energy will really be all that disastrous. Increasing health problems, pollution, unem- ployment, especially among the young and less educated—all can be related to an excessive use of energy in certain forms. Let me propose an energy con- servation measure for the coming summer months In illustrate my point. Two forms of energy are predicted to be in short supply during the summer of 1973: electricity and gasoline. Neither will be totally lacking: there simply may not be enough to support our accustomed assump- tion that there will always be more than we actually need, sold cheaply enough that we do not have to count the cost, either in money or social consequences. The predicted crisis is. in fact, a possible shortage that may force us to choose using the available supply for some purposes more essential than others. It is unlikely that we will have to read by candlelight. provided we choose to run our air conditioners ef- ficiently and sparingly. Ambulances will still be able to answer emergencies, and food will be delivered. We could make this more certain by taking a Sunday af- ternoon walk instead of a drive, reducing, incidentally the likelihood that we will need an ambulance from a highway accident. Housewives may have to plan shopping trips ef- ficiently to avoid unnecessary trips by car to the super- market for forgotten items. Or even walk, or send one of the children. Which brings me to my proposal for energy conservation this summer. Why not outlaw the use of power lawnmowers, in the interest not only of energy conservation but of social welfare? This simple step, nationwide;, could have the following consequences: 1. It would force harnessing the excess energy of the young to a useful purpose, providing employment to replace; jobs phased out with the shutdown of federally supported programs. 2. It would improve ihe health of the middle-aged. who would not have to resort to artificial forms of exer- cise, such as jogging. 3. It could reduce the consumption of electricity by getting more persons out of doors more of the lime. 4. It could encourage recycling, by the rescue of what must be; many, many thousands of abandoned hand lawnmowers rusting in basements and garages ,r>. It could reduce noise pollution. 6. And it would reduce air pollution from hydrocar- bons and carbon monoxide. 7. It could restore the natural landscape1. With hand scything along highways, some; wildflowers and weeds would be likely to escape. Consider that the1 dandelion in Great Britain is an endangered species. Single measures such as abandoning power lawn- mowers cannot solve the nation's energy proble-ms—let alone its social proble;ms—but the; proposal does illustrate my point. To wit. it can be argued that our problems stem from too mue:h available; energy rather than too little;. To borrow an analogy from a fellow con- servationist. consider how a baby grows. If he1 de>uble;s his birth weight by six months, he- is well and healthy. If he' double's it again by one year, he is plump but not necessarily too fat. If he; continues In grow at that rate, by the1 age1 of 10 he will weigh 10 million pounds. Those who spe;ak of an eme'rgy crisis as a disaster almost invariably invoke; the; statistical fae:t that fe>r a couple of decades the nation's growth in the; con- sumption of electricity has doubled every few years. The; implication is that continued growth at that rate is necessary and desirable. On the contrary, it can only le-ael ultimately te> re;al disaster such as the necessity te> use all of the nation's waterways by the year 2000 for cooling water. Or a nuclear power plant every 5 miles along the1 California coast. In my e>pinion. the re;al e;nergy crisis is the delusion that continued unlimited growth in energy con- sumptiem is vital te> the; nation's welfare. If we obtain no more; ene;rgy than we now have;, we will still have; six times our share of the world supply on a per capita basis. Essential needs will be; met—houses heated, food cooked, factories busy. Far from be;ing a crisis, the e;xpe'e:te;d shortages could fem:e a reconsideration of the real e:onseque;ncc;s of con- tinued growth at past rates; elimination of unnecessary uses of energy; and more efficient use for essential purposes. Let us push our lawnmowe;rs this summer: our he;arts will be healthier, our air cle;ane-r. our backyards more quiet, our youngste;rs busier and happier. Lee Botts is executive secretary of (he Lake Michigan Federation, Chicago. The opinions expressed in this article are her own. and no( necessarily EPA's. PAGE 3 ------- How Auto Ruling Affects You By William Omohundro Over half of the 210 million people in the United States who drive the more than 80 million vehicles in this country will be affected by EPA actions in carrying out its mandate under the Clean Air Act of 1970. In recognition of this broad national impact, EPA Assistant Administrator for Air and Water Programs Robert L. Sansom presented some relevant facts on the reduction of auto emissions in an address to the North American Conference on Motor Vehicle Emission Con- trol last November in Albuquerque, N.M. "The automobile is the single most important source of air pollutants in this country," Sansom said. Ac- cording to nationwide estimates, in 1970 gasoline- powered motor vehicles contributed 50 per cent of the hydrocarbons. 70 per cent of the carbon monoxide, and 30 per cent of the nitrogen oxide emitted to the air. "In many individual cities, however, motor vehicles contributed even more—in the 90 per cent range in some cities." Sansom pointed out. He said the Clean Air Act of 1970. which mandates that the automobile industry reduce these emissions by at least 90 per cent by 1976. will go far in removing automobiles from the pollution picture. MOST OF US know that the automobile causes degradation of air quality. What the average automobile owner wants to know is how EPA's cleanup campaign under the Clean Air Act is going to affect him: his pocketbook and his transportation needs. Sansom said some manufacturers have consistently claimed that the incremental cost of an automobile due to EPA's pollution control efforts will exceed $600. "Our estimates show that the increased sticker price of an average U.S. automobile in 1975 should be on the order of $150 to $300 over the price of a comparable 1968 car." he said. Sansom said this estimate was con- firmed by industry testimony before EPA public hearings held last May. "It is also clear that the cost will be even lower for cars with four and six cylinder engines." he explained. "We are confident that these cost increases can be fur- ther reduced through continued development. engineering and optimization of the basic systems, as well as through the development of new power engine systems with inherently better emission charac- teristics." The EPA Assistant Administrator said energy con- sumption is another standard by which this technology has to be judged. He said the question of fuel penalties from emission control devices has also received con- siderable recent attention in the press. "OUR-RESEARCH in this area does not indicate that on the average current model year vehicles show poorer fuel economy characteristics than did vehicles manufactured before emission control devices were required," Sansom noted. EPA figures indicate an overall fuel economy decrease from pollution control devices of 7 per cent in 1973 model year vehicles over pre-1968 vehicles. "But," he said, "let's put this 7 per cent into perspective. The automotive industry has indicated that there is a 5-6 per cent fuel penalty associated with the introduction of automatic transmissions." Sansom said there is an average of about 9 per cent fuel penalty associated with an automobile air con- ditioner, but this can range up to 20 per cent in urban driving on hot days. And, he noted, factory air con- ditioning is installed on over 60 per cent of all new cars on the market. "The type of engine used in the automobile is also a significant variable in terms of fuel consumption," he said. "The available data on diesel-powered automobiles show a 70 per cent increase in fuel economy over an automobile of the same weight using the gasoline, spark ignited, reciprocating engine which dominates the American market." On the other hand, he said, data available to EPA on the Wankel shows a 35 per cent decrease in fuel economy. The stratified charge engine which is a prototype low-emission engine being developed jointly under Army and EPA funding, shows a 12 per cent in- crease in fuel economy over the average 1973 vehicle of similar weight at a significantly lower emission level. "But the largest impact on fuel economy is associated with the general industry trend toward heavier vehicles," Sansom noted. "The fuel economy of the up- per and lower bound (limits) of vehicle weights com- monly found in the U.S. varies by 150 per cent." THE AVERAGE current model 5,000-pound vehicle achieves approximately 10 miles per gallon under simulated urban driving conditions compared to 25 miles per gallon for 2,000 pound vehicles. "Thus," he said, "the car buyer has a direct and effective method of achieving better fuel economy through his choice of the weight of the vehicle he purchases." Though EPA has found some fuel and economic "disadvantages" in clean cars, they are relatively minor when viewed in the light of Detroit's and the con- sumer's trend toward cars with increased weight, air conditioning, power equipment, automatic transmission, inflation, and now the Wankel engine. "With the energy crisis upon us," he said, "much can and must be done to minimize energy consumption PAGE 4 ------- r. Will these cars cost more? from mobile sources—sources using about 40 per cent of the petroleum resources in this country." The stratified charge engine, the diesel. or a shift to smaller cars—all these measures—would have sub- stantial fuel economy advantages. Sansom said these alternatives should be at the top of the list of measures to save energy, and meet emission goals. Other ways to combat the fuel-energy-cost pinch are motor vehicle modifications, emissions inspections, and transportation controls. Sansom said. "VEHICLE MODIFICATION appears to be a feasible and readily available alternative open at present." he said. Emission requirements could be ex- tended to pre-1968 vehicles and made more stringent on 1968 to 1974 models. Currently, approximately 60 per cent of the nation's automobiles—all those manufactured prior to 1968—have no form of exhaust pollution control device. The possibility of modifying or retrofitting older models has strong appeal because they often emit many times more pollution than new models. Retrofit systems have been developed and some require only carburetor and distributor modifications. Turning to emission inspection systems as a second transportation control alternative, he said periodic in- spection seems needed to assure maintenance, as well as identify high emitters. "Along with vehicle modifications and inspection the third option of transportation systems controls has been advanced as a pollution reduction approach with considerable, and as yet. largely unexplored potential." Sansom said. SANSOM SAID evaluating transportation controls is considerably more difficult than evaluating modifications hardware, and knowledge is correspond- ingly less complete. Further, he continued, the improvements that can be achieved are likely to vary considerably from city to city, depending on a city's urban structure, its disper- sion of origin and destination points, and the extent to which it uses mass transit. Sansom said that most non-hardware transportation control alternatives such as higher parking fees require mass transit improvements. If auto use is discouraged. alternative transportation will be needed, he said. "Leaving aside for the moment coercive means of en- couraging mass transit use." he said, "the most im- portant mass transit improvement that can be made is to decrease door-to-door travel time." The EPA assistant administrator said travel time is a more important determinant of transit ridership than cost, and direct access time may be more important Continued on Page 6 PAGE 5 ------- Cars .. . than travel time. This means that transit improvement is likely to require not only the use of express bus lanes and the like, but also improved collection and distribution systems. It may be that to be most effective in reducing emissions, mass transit will have to be associated with vehicular restraints or pricing policies designed to discourage automobile use, he said. "Without such measures, it may be that no mass transit system can sufficiently attract enough drivers from their cars to achieve the necessary reduction in auto trips." While the measures discussed here are the last part of the regulatory framework to be put in place, he add- ed, they are among the first that will impact on the public. "We must achieve our air pollution goals, but we must do so with minimum cost to society." Ferrari Eats Gas, Honda Doesn't . . And speaking of sticker price and fuel economy, the EPA in April released a study showing what most of us already know—that big cars guzzle more gas than little ones. In a 29-page report, the EPA rated the gas mileage of all models of cars sold in the U.S. The ratings, EPA said, should not be considered a hard and fast guide, but were based on 364 vehicles submitted by 36 manufacturers to EPA for testing. Here, briefly, is what EPA found in 11 classes of autos. based on weight: 1.750 pounds Class average 24.7; Honda 24.7. 2.000 pounds - Class average 24.8; Datsun 27.7; British Leyland 23.2: Toyota 26.0: Fiat 22.29. 2,250 pounds Class average 20.9. Toyota 21.7; Volkswagen 21.7; Fuji Subaru 21.5; Cricket British Chrysler 21.2; Saab 21.0; Fiat 20.8; British Leyland 19.4. 2,500 pounds Class average 20.9. Mitsubishi Motors Dodge Colt 22.6; BMW 21.6; General Motors 21.7; Ford 21.1; Jensen Motors Healy 12.9; Datsun 20.7; Volkswagen 20.2; Fiat 19.7; Renault 19.7; Toyota 19.6; British Leyland 18.9; Saab 18.8; Toyo Kogyo 18.8: Alfa 18.6. 2,750 pounds - Class average 18.6. American Motors General (Special Utility) 19.5; General Motors 19.4; Ford 19.0; Volkswagen 18.8; Renault 18.7; Saab 18.4; British Leyland 18.0; TVR 18.0; Toyota 17.3; Toyo Kogyo 17.1; Isuzu Luv 16.9; Datsun 16.7; Porsche 16.3; Classic Phaeton Roadster 12.3. 3,000 pounds Class average 15.4. Volvo 17.7; American Motors General (Special Utility) 17.6; Peugot 16.9; British Leyland 16.3; Toyota 15.3; Ford 14.3; Audi 14.1; Ferrari 9.6. 3,500 pounds Class average 14.2. Volkswagen 16.45; Chrysler 16.0; Volvo 15.7; British Leyland Rover 14.6; Toyota 14.2; BMW 13.9; Mercedes Benz 13.9; General Motors 12.8; American Motors Corp. 12.5; Citroen 11.6; Ford 11.4; British Leyland Jaguar 8.6. 4,000 pounds Class average 10.8. American Motors General (Special Utility) 14.4; Mercedes Benz 12.9; Chrysler 12.7; International Harvester Light Utility 12.7; Checker 12.4; Toyota 12.3; American Motors Corp. 11.7; Avanti 11.0; Ford 10.9; S.S. Excalibur 10.1; General Motors 9.7; British Leyland Jaguar 9.6; Maserati 8.5; Lamberghini 7.3; Ferrari 6.4. 4,500 pounds Class average 10.2. Checker 11.6; American Motors 11.3; Chrysler 10.6; General Motors 10.0; Ford 9.2; International Harvester 9.2. 5,000 pounds - Class average 9.35. International Har- vester 10.0; Chrysler 9.7; General Motors 9.4; Rolls Royce 9.2; Ford 8.8. 5,500 pounds - Class average 8.7. Ford 8.4; In- ternational Harvester 8.1; Rolls Royce 8.0. (Copies of the complete fuel economy report for 1973 cars can be obtained by writing Public Inquiries, U. S. EPA, 401 M. St., S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460.) Beets, Fiberglass Get Limit The EPA published the first two of 27 effluent limit proposed regulations for industry in early May. The first two apply to sugar beet and fiberglass plants, and require the best practicable technology for control. The other 25, dealing with oil. steel, paper and other in- dustries probably will be issued beginning in late June or July. Because of the large volume of pages in the proposed limits, copies will be available only in EPA regional and district offices and state pollution control agencies. Comments on the regulations are being ac- cepted through the first week in June and should be ad- dressed to EPA Enforcement Branch, Region V, 1 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago, 111., 60606. PAGES ------- SHORT SUBJECTS Bottles: they keep disappearing Environmentalists who have had past experience conducting bottle and glass collection drives for recycling know the problem of getting the old bottles to market—especially if the reclamation center wants them crushed. A group of Calvin College, Mich., students and their professor may have an.answer. They've developed a do-it-yourself bottle crusher that costs as little as $17 to build—if environmental groups have a knack for scavenging old pieces of equip- ment no one needs. For ecology groups that can't af- ford the high cost of commercial crushers, the Calvin College gadget may be ideal. It's small enough for com- munity groups to handle, too. For information on the crusher, write to Professor James Bosscher, Calvin College, Grand Rapids, Mich., 49506. Disappearing Bottles There are other ways to get rid of containers, ac- cording to research studies being conducted in several universities nationwide. The universities have found that it's feasible to make containers that disintegrate. They're called biodegradable bottles, but further research is being done to determine if they biodegrade into more harmful substances than bottles themselves. Among the containers developed are plastic ones that disintegrate in the sun; a soluble glass with a special coating that turns into liquid when mixed with rain upon breaking; and a third kind made of cellulose- based protein that can be edible, if one likes that sort of thing. The three kinds of bottles were described in "Outlook," a review of solid waste technology published by the Owens-Illinois, Inc.'s news bureau, P.O. Box 1035, Toledo, Ohio, 43666. "Auntie Litter Says" The Milwaukee Journal, as a public service, has joined the city's Health Department in an anti-litter campaign. Several times weekly, the newspaper publishes a cartoon with an "Auntie Litter Says .. ." headline, and adds appropriate messages to the car- toon. Students now are submitting messages. Purdy Promoted Ralph Purdy, long in the water resources field, has been appointed deputy director of the Environmental Protection Bureau in Michigan. The bureau is within the newly-reorganized Department of Natural Resourc- es. Purdy formerly was technical secretary for the state's Water Resource Commission. Gas Leak Sealed A gas leak has been sealed in Williamsburg, Mich., where 200 people had to evacuate their homes in mid- April to avoid the geyser-like leaks. The Amoco Production Co., though it denied its well caused the leak problem, drilled other holes in the ground to relieve underground pressure and sealed the 6.000- foot-natural gas well. Health and the AM A The American Medical Association held a two-day conference in Chicago April 29 and 30. Doctors nation- wide discussed energy, the environment and human health. Information on obtaining the proceedings of the congress can be obtained from the association, 535 N. Dearborn, Chicago, 111., 60610. Bags for Litter Need a litter bag for your car or community clean- up effort? Keep America Beautiful, Inc., has them. They carry the red, white, and blue KAB insignia and are being sold at a nominal charge to community groups, trade associations, companies, and labor unions for clean-up drives. The name of the campaign sponsor can be printed on the small bags. For information write to KAB, 99 Park Ave., New York. N.Y. 10016. Polluting Puppets Creative Presentations, Inc., has put together a pup- pet show on the environment for kids. The company, at 370 Crestwood Dr., Roselle, 111., 60172, has the show self-contained in a traveling van. Entitled "Annie and the Pollution Gang," the show features Sesame Street- type monsters holding a convention to foul the en- vironment. Annie foils the plot, though, by eavesdrop- ping on the convention. PAGE 7 ------- COVER STORY Citizen Participation Law For U.S., States By Frank Corrado ON APRIL 24, 1973, the Environmental Protection Agency, after waiting 60 days for comments, began putting together final rules for public participation un- der the new Water Pollution Control Act of 1972. During those sixty days, a total of ninety persons in the United States responded either for or against the regulations, or requested changes. This meager response took place in spite of a very serious attempt by EPA and major citizen groups to in- volve the public in the commenting process. Unfortunately, most of the public is concerned only when faced with a local or neighborhood problem. This lack of participation is endemic to governmental efforts to involve the public traditionally. One political scien- tist, Leonard Dahl, estimated a number of years ago that only about one in 2,000 persons takes any active role in civic affairs. WHAT MAKES THE lack of public involvement in the water cleanup efforts so disheartening, however, is that many serious attempts and lots of effort by the legislative and executive branches have been expended in developing and implementing Section 101(e) of the new water act—the "public's section." One of the stumbling blocks for public participation is simply the complexity of the new act. The new water amendments run a total of 98 pages long, and that's just the law. Hundreds of additional pages are being published spelling out how the law will work. The key to citizen participation in the new law is Section 101(e) which states: "Public participation in the development, revision, and enforcement of any regulation, standard, effluent limitation, plan, or program established by the administrator or any state under this act shall be provided for, encouraged, and assisted by the administrator and the states. The ad- ministrator, in cooperation with the states, shall develop and publish regulations specifying minimum guidelines for public participation in such processes." Even though the final regulations have not yet been published, other regulations issued for other parts of that new law do have sections on public participation, as required in 101(e). For example. Section 303(e) of the act also requires states to provide for public participation as they develop their State Continuing Planning Process. Guidelines for states to implement participation were published in the March 27, 1973 Federal Register: "EACH PROCESS OR any revision thereof shall be developed with provisions for public participation in accordance with Section 101(e) of the act, and any regulation issued by the administrator thereunder. Public participation with adequate opportunity for public hearing upon proper showing shall be required on significant elements of the planning process in- cluding proposed state strategy and priority lists developed under the continuing planning process pur- suant to section 106 regulations." This means that states may hold public hearings on their cleanup strategy (and any annual changes) and on their priority lists (for grants to cities, for priority streams to clean up, for industrial and municipal dischargers). A second regulation—covering overall water quality management plans—is yet to be published in the Federal Register. In its section 131.401 on public hearings, it states: "There shall be conducted, prior to the adoption or any substantive revision of the plan and after reasonable notice thereof, one or more public hearings on the proposed plan or on parts of the plan, in ac- cordance with the requirements of Section 101(e) of the act. The number and location of hearings shall reflect the size of the planning area and its population and population distribution. Public participation and con- tribution shall be encouraged commencing with the earliest possible stages of plan development and con- tinuing throughout the period of plan preparation, in- cluding revisions thereof. The State may conduct its public hearing on the plan simultaneously with public hearing on permits in the area covered by the plan .... If a public hearing was conducted on a segment or cluster of the plan for the purpose of facilitating the issuance of permits then this portion of the plan need not be subject to additional public hearing requirements." State hearings on the priority lists and strategies are expected to be held by the end of June this year. The strategy that the states will be required to submit will form the basis for their attack on pollution. Public par- ticipation in helping the state set up this program is critical. PAGES ------- Publications for citizen input in water clean-up 1. Public Law 92-500—The Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. 2. Federal Register -Jan. 17, 1973—Interim Regulations, Pre- paration of Environmental Impact State- ments. -Feb. 23, 1973—Public Participation in Water Pollution Control Programs, Pro- posed Rulemaking. -Dec. 22, 1972—State Program Elements. Necessary for Participation in the Nation- al Pollutant Discharge Elimination Sys- tem. -Jan. 11, 1973—National Pollutant Dis- charge Eliminations System, Proposed Rulemaking. 3. "Don't Leave it All to the Experts." (All publication available from Region V Public Affairs, 1 N. Wacker, Chicago, 111. 60606. THE MOST CRITICAL areas of public participation and those that will be of interest to most people involve Section 402 of the Act—the take-over by the state agency of the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES.) Public participation in NPDES comes at two critical points: first, when the state requests that it take over the program. (In Region V, such a request from the State of Michigan is imminent). Second, when a State agency with permit authority (or EPA in absence of a state program) takes steps to issue a permit, public participation also is required. A public notice announcing EPA's determination to issue (or deny) a permit is mailed to major citizen groups, people that have requested to be notified, public officials and others in the area where the discharger is located. Also, a legal notice is published in a local newspaper within the area of the discharge. In addition, a proposed permit is drawn up and a fact sheet prepared which describes the significant discharge constituents and proposed effluent limits. The fact sheet is available to the public upon request to the state agency or the EPA Regional Office. The proposed permit also may be inspected at either office or copied at a cost of 20 cents per page. The public notice provides for a period of 30 days during which time interested citizens may submit their written comments concerning the proposed permit or request that a public hearing be held. The written com- ments are retained by EPA and are considered before a final permit is issued. However, according to Al Man- zardo, director of Region V's program, citizens' com- ments must go into more detail than just "I'm against the discharge" in order to validly surface the need for a hearing. The action to issue a permit is taken jointly with the State agency which either must certify to the conditions or disapprove the proposed EPA action on the permit. If the State denies certification, then no Federal permit can be issued. Manzardo emphasizes that citizens who want to be informed when a certain discharger will be coming up for permit consideration should contact: Carolyn Kates Permit Branch, EPA, 1 N. Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. 60606. Larger citizen groups and governmental agen- cies may also be put on a mailing list covering all dischargers in a certain area. In addition, an individual or group can request a fact sheet on a discharger or series of dischargers. States that begin to issue permits under NPDES will have to comply with requirements in the final 101(e) regulations for public participation. Region V Office of Public Affairs has strongly urged each of the State water agencies in the region to hire at least one person to handle the public participation requirements of the new law for the 1974 fiscal year beginning in July. One of the best programs for public participation is now being conducted by the Ohio EPA (SEE BOX). There are also requirements for public participation in the federal program grants to cities for sewage treat- ment works. Rules and regulations for construction grants are contained in the Federal Register of February 28, 1973. Although the subject of public par- ticipation is not included in the interim construction grant rules and regulations, the public is involved in in- terim regulations on environmental impact statements. THE IMPACT STATEMENT guidelines were issued on January 17, 1973 in the Federal Register. They require that any significant environmental ac- tion taken by EPA must be accompanied by an impact statement. If actions are taken that do not require an impact statement in the eyes of the agency, then a negative declaration must be issued. Municipalities that submit requests to EPA for sewage treatment funds will have to present an assessment of public in- terest in the project and then EPA will decide whether an environmental impact statement will be prepared. If an environmental impact statement is prepared, whether for sewage plant or an EPA action, the public in the project area will be given 30 days to comment on the proposed actions. Environmental activists, who have been most in- volved in the development of the 101(e) guidelines, are concerned about opportunities for citizen expression at all key stages of the regulatory process, as the March 1973 Conservation Foundation Newsletter notes. They seek involvement in the formulation of standards, guidelines and regulations. Others also want a voice in the development of implementation plans and Continued on Page 10 PAGES ------- decisions on discharge limitations, com pi inner; schedules (for ,iir). and permits. Many regulatory agency personnel and state officials are concerned about public participation requirements because they feel the requirements arc; burdensome and unnecessary in light of the strong safeguards already built into the program. Many foci that the law is exceedingly complex for a governmental official to understand, let alone be able to explain to a layman. Among comments received from Region V state agencies on the l()l(e) guidelines are complaints that the proposed regulations impost; an untenable burden on the agency to search out and identify "interested persons and organizations:" and that the requirements reflect a lack of confidence in the motives of slate water control agencies, implied in federal statements like "public effort in reporting violations shall not be discouraged." Other complaints were that a required "special ef- fort" to summarize complex technical materials for public and media use would involve too much staff time, and that workshops and other educational activities should be handled by the federal government. CITIZEN GROUPS, however, contend that it is ab- solutely critical—because of the complexities in- volved—not only to be able to comment on an agency decision, but to have the; agency explain how and why a decision was reached. "We need to know why a date was chosen for com- pliance, why one process was chosen over another. why a three-year permit was given instead of a two- year, and so on, if we; art; going to be able to participate; effectively." said Alexander Polikoff director of the Businessmen for the; Public Interest. Chicago. Barbara Reid, a member of the Natural Resources Defense Council and a key Washington en- vironmentalist in the water pollution public par- ticipation area, feels that the regulations for public in- volvement arc; important, and maybe more than just important, since the citizen clean water movement lacks a constituency across the country like those that have developed in the air programs through the; Breathers Lobby and the national TB and RD programs. But in the Midwest there is a strong citizen activist lobby, mainly because of the Great Lakes. Chicago's Lake Michigan Federation and Businessmen for the Public Interest, the Save Lake Superior Association, the Indiana Izaak Walton League. Cleveland's Clean Air. (Mean Water Group and others have long been involved in the water pollution battle and can be expected to be actively involved in the public participation aspects of the new law. Outside of the professional and semi-professional en- vironmentalists, the question still remains as to just what kind of non-professional public involvement will emerge from the 101(e) requirement. Ann Dore, EPA public affairs director, visits Region V and hears citizens' ideas for Washington. Although less than a year old—it was formed in the summer of 1972—Ohio's EPA already is taking steps to implement one of the nation's most effective programs for public participation. The state's EPA already has made plans to allow free access to the public by notifying citizens about important hearings in the future, holding hearings thruout the state to allow citizens to testify easily; and providing easy access to documents such as permit applications and environmental impact statements. David Milenthal, director of EPA's Public In- formation Center in Columbus, has even proposed holding hearings during afternoon and evening hours to obviate the necessity of citizens missing work—and pay—to participate in rulemaking and enforcement processes. Here are a few highlights of Ohio's program: * Notices of upcoming hearings will be placed in newspapers at least 30 days before the hearing is held. Milenthal has proposed that in large metropolitan areas, such as Cleveland, notices should be placed in all newspapers because readership is split among them. The EPA will send personal letters of notification of hearings to air and water permit holders for regulatory hearings. The personal-letter list also includes 200 ac- tive environmental groups. * Hearings, where possible, will be held in the area in which the subject applies. Thus, a corporation seeking a variance from air pollution regulations may find the hearing held near to those citizens his pollution affects. * The information center plans to report monthly on environmental legislation proposed in the state Capitol. The monthly report will contain the agency's position on the bills. * The Public Interest Center also intends to in- form the public when environmental impact statements are received by the agency. Environmental groups also will receive notification of the impact statements, most likely by region. The Ohio program provides the public with access to the decision-making process, rather than an- nouncing actions after the fact. To do this, the center is making an effort to inform the public at the ground level of rulemaking. Said Milenthal, "The public cannot comment if it is unaware of the existence of a particular environmental impact statement." That holds true for other functions of the EPA, as well. PAGE 10 ------- GOVERNMENT State Actions The Michigan Department of Natural Resources an- nounced in April it plans to initiate a program to ex- pand historical markers within the state park system. The plan calls for developing 30 historical areas within 10 years to highlight the state's past heritage of mining, lumbering, shipping, agriculture;, industry. military affairs, and Indian cultures. The state also reports that commercial enterprises have paid $994.238 to the; state, covering the cost of monitoring their wastewater discharges. MINNESOTA In April, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency banned the use of asbestos in certain phases of con- struction work, and required manufacturing plants to install baghouse filters to control the emission of the material. The new regulation is the state's 17th specific law on air quality. Asbestos, according to some research reports, has been shown to be a cause of can- cer when inhaled. The agency also has approved two schedules for in- dustry clean-ups. General Mills. Inc.. which operates three plants in Minneapolis and Duluth. has agreed to clean dust emissions, at a cost of $1 million, by mid- 1975. The Peavey Co.. which has facilities in Min- neapolis. Hastings, and Shakopee. has agreed to spend $050.000 to clean up. LOOKS AHEAD Land Use, Power In EPA Future The Washington. D.C. office of EPA currently is making final additions and revisions for a com- prehensive land use study. A May. 1973 publication date is anticipated. Also anticipated in May or (hereafter is a Federal Power Commission National Power Survey, with data obtained by a task force on fuels. Under a Congressional mandate;, the EPA plans in May to complete the initial draft of a report on the; state of the art in controlling thermal (heated) discharges into waterways. In a move to expand international knowledge on the environment, EPA and countries thruout the world have been working out "swap" agreements on en- vironmental information and documents. Such cooperation was one of the results of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held last summer in Stockholm. Sweden. OHIO The Ohio EPA held hearings on 20 major air emission sources during April and early May. Fourteen of the hearings were concerned with determining whether to approve air pollution clean-up schedules for 14 power plants. Five clean-up schedules also were examined during hearings with three major rubber producing companies in the state. The state EPA also conducted a hearing on a request by Interlake Inc.. of Toledo, for a variance from air pollution regulations. In all cases, the Ohio companies are being required to meet federal and state air quality standards by mid- 1975. From May to June. EPA's noise control programs division will pull together final documents relating to aircraft and airport noise. The target date for a report to Congress on the; issue; is June, and staff hopes to sub- mit regulations pertaining to aviation ne>ise to the EPA administrator in Se;pte;mber. EPA in May will begin studying the testing procedures and certification practices used by foreign auto manufacturers. The information is needed in or- der to determine whether foreign cars meet U. S. auto emission standards. PAGE 11 ------- Honor Stream In Illinois' Cook County, (surrounding Chicago) some governmental groups and a citizens group yearly pay more than lip service to the fight for clean water. Each year, the Cook County Clean Streams Com- mittee, a group of citizen pollution-watchers, holds an annual Clean Streams Week to emphasize the need for wise planning along Chicagoland's waterways, and the recreational potential of the rivers and streams. The citizen committee was formed nearly 10 years ago and sponsored by the county's Forest Preserve District. It is charged with recommending policy to the board and reporting apparent water pollution violations to the necessary state or local agencies. The committee, county, and Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago jointly sponsor Clean Streams Week, held from May 14 to 20 this year. The Sanitary District is planning a boat parade down the Chicago River, and other agencies also will join in. But this week will be a special. The annual Des Plaines River Canoe Marathon, a 23.5-mile race, will, as usual, cap off the events. But this year, the marathon will be held as an an- niversary celebration for the discovery of the Illinois Country and Mississippi River by Louis folliet and Father James Marquette 300 years ago. As the racing canoes launch on May 20 in Liber- tyville, a team of Illinois canoeists will be paddling their birchbark canoes in St. Ignace, Mich, to reenact the famous 3,000-mile voyage of Marquette and Jolliet down the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers to the mouth of the Arkansas River. The Tricentennial reenactment crew, headed by Reid Lewis of Chicago. will leave on May 17. the same day their French an- cestors left in 1673. And meanwhile, on the Des Plaines, the canoeists who finish the marathon race will receive special com- memorative Tricentennial patches, and the winners commemorative trophies. The race is sponsored by Cook and Lake County. 111. and by the Illinois Paddling Council. Indiana, too. is getting into the act of river- appreciation. On May 12. the Committee on Big Pine Creek. Attica. Ind.. held a Big Pine Creek Appreciation Day. It was a weekend of canoeing, hiking, and camping. and for the second year many of the creek-lovers canoed from Rainsville to Kramer. At night, committee members held campfire discussion and singalongs. The appreciation day was held to aid Indiana's Warren County in preserving the creek. Both the com- mittee and Friends of Big Pine Creek are opposing a proposed Army Corps of Engineers project to construct a dam on the creek 2.7 miles north of its junction with the Wabash River. Recalling A Past Director William Ruckelshaus There's no payoff for writing eulogies for departed bosses. Bill Ruckelshaus was two or three levels of bureaucracy removed from those of us here in Chicago and we only worked with him now and then. And I don't know if anybody cares what we thought or think of him, and especially now that he has moved on. But we're going to do it anyhow. It was once said that Bill Ruckelshaus had more power than a bad man would need or a good man would want; but in his cool, mild-mannered way he managed that amount of power with amazing deftness. You could say a lot of things good about him. but one attribute stands out above all: horse sense. No matter what decision he had to make—whether it was grant- ing the auto industry a delay, banning DDT, or going after some polluter—he used good judgement. For a public official performing during a period of crisis and lack of confidence at all governmental levels, he walked the line and kept the faith. For that he was maligned by both the prophets of environmental doom and the hard-core polluters. After the auto decision this year, there was a great feeling of confidence within his staff, simply because no one seemed satisfied with the decision—neither the environmentalists nor the automakers. But those of us who had an occasional chance to see the man close up found him to be not bigger than life, but one of us. One of the people is a man who typifies the inherent American feeling that any man can measure up to any job so long as he is hard-working and uses good sense, and especially if he has a sense of humor. After helping out on visits of his to Chicago. I received a nice photograph of him. which I was happy to have. But I cherish the letter that came with it. It noted the enclosed photograph and ended by saying "... at least it will make a good dart board." It was signed "Bill." You couldn't help but like him. —Frank Corrado PAGE 12 ------- EPAlog EPA Gets New Publications New Films "A New Mandate," will be available for free loan in Region V Offices, Public Affairs, 1 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago, sometime in May. Produced in Washington, the film deals with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act amendments passed by Congress last year. New Publications of General Interest "Clean Air. It's Up to You, Too," is a March publication from Washington. To date, it is the most com- prehensive, factual publication on how to cut through bureaucratic data and red tape to react responsibly as citizens. It points the way to spotting loop-holes industry may mean to employ. The booklet is available from Region V Public Affairs, 1 N. Wacker Dr.. Chicago, 60606. "A Citizen's Guide to Clean Air" is available in limited quantities, also, from the Region V Public Affairs office. It is published by the Conservation Foundation and provides a layman's interpretation of the Clean Air Act and an overview of air pollution problems. "Common Environmental Terms" is a handy booklet that is a mini-dictionary of technical terms. It was com- piled by Gloria Studdard, of EPA's Atlanta office. The Region V office in Chicago can supply the glossary. "The Challenge of the Environment: A Primer on EPA's Statutory Authority," tells in concise terms what the EPA can and cannot do in the war against pollution. Sections of the booklet are broken down into different kinds of pollutants. The booklet also is available from the Region V public affairs office. "Your World. My World." is a book written for young environmentalists. It describes, in language children can easily understand, why we must work for a clean environment and what we all can do to help. One copy of the book is available, free of charge, from Region V Office of Public Affairs, but copies in addition to one are $1.50 each. assessment of EPA's actions and effectiveness from December, 1970 to June, 1972. Single copies of the book are free from the Region V Public Affairs office. Technical Publications The National Technical Information Service, which is the federal government clearinghouse for technical reports, studies, and research projects, publishes a booklet summarizing technical publications in "Environmental Pollution and Control." The booklet, called "1973 NTIS Special Interest Publications." (the environment) is free of charge and can be obtained by writing the service, in care of the U. S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Royal Road, Springfield, Va., 22151. The NTIS also has a free booklet describing the service and what it has available. The booklet's order number is NTIS—PR—73—00. The Superintendent of Documents also publishes a periodical catalog of U.S. government publications available from the Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402. The catalog, which is free, lists both technical and non-technical publications. State Publications Illinois' Environmental Protection Agency has published a handbook for environmental action, entitled "Your Illinois World." It lists how citizens can spot areas needing environmental improvement and how citizens can ef- fect that improvement. It is available, free of charge, from the IEPA Public Information Section, 2200 Churchill Rd., Springfield, 111., 62706. The Federal Register By law, EPA and other governmental agencies are required to publish notices of rule-makings, regulations and public hearings in the daily Federal Register. The register is available at most libraries (including the Region V library at 1 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago) or by an annual subscription of $25 from the U. S. Government Printing Of- fice, Washington, D.C. 20402. APRIL 4—EPA published two items on the pesticide Mirex. The first clarifies the instances in which Mirex may be used for the spring, 1973, growing season in the south . The second item sets the points of inquiry to be pursued during July hearings on the use of the pesticide. Continued on Page 14 PAGE 13 ------- EPAlog . . . April 5—Contained in this register are interim regulations for ocean dumping, and procedures necessary to ob- tain a permit for interim permission to do so. Comments on the regulations must be submitted by June 4 ... Also in this issue are proposed rules regarding hearings on insecticides, fungicides, and rodenticides. The rules outline hearing procedures that will be used when EPA refuses to register a pesticide, cancels registration, changes a registration, or suspends registration of a pesticide ... In response to a petition submitted by BASF Wyandotte Corp., of Parsippany, N.J. the Administrator agreed to establish a .05 parts per million tolerance of the pesticide Bentazon on raw agricultural commodity soybeans. April 6—Contained in this issue are the national emission standards for the first hazardous air pollutants to be regulated by EPA: mercury, asbestos, and beryllium. Included in the regulations are sample reporting forms for industries using the elements, and control techniques to limit their discharge. April 10—EPA extended its authority to regulate the pesticide DDT to intrastate use of the chemical. Effective immediately, use of DDT made, sold and used within a single state also falls under restrictions of the Federal In- secticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. States are to regulate DDT's use along federal guidelines ... Three en- vironmental impact statements received by the Council on Environmental Quality are for projects in Region V. One is a proposal by the U.S. Forest Service to open the Hoosier National Forest, Indiana, for off-road vehicles and to regulate their use. The second is a Federal Aviation Administration airport project near Detroit Lakes, Becker County, Minn. The third is a Department of Transportation project to build part of highway 1-70 near Vandalia, 111. All the impact statements are published by the National Technical Information Service in Washington, D.C. April 11—EPA commented on three draft environmental impact statements for Region V in February. One was the Donald Cook nuclear power plant in Michigan, with which the agency has environmental reservations. Another was for a highway U.S. 131 proposal in Montcalm and Mecosta Counties, Mich. The third was for the Social Security Administration Payment Center, Chicago. April 12—The EPA Administrator has recommended that four battery-powered vehicles manufactured by the Boyertown Auto Body Works be certified as low-emission vehicles ... Twenty-three objections were filed on EPA's proposal to cancel registration of pesticides containing mercury. A hearing on the cancellation will be held at a date to be announced ... In two federal Register items, the administrator advises that advisory circulars relating to what must be reported in information requesting vehicle model certification are available. Requests to receive these information circulars can be sent to EPA's Office of Air and Water Programs, 401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. April 17—EPA proposes to exempt states from certain limitations of pesticide uses if an emergency exists within that state. The exemption also would apply to federal agencies. April 18—EPA proposes regulations governing the preparation, adoption, and submittal of state im- plementation plans under the Clean Air Act. April 19—The Council on Environmental Quality has received four impact statements for projects within Region V. The Army Corps of Engineers proposes a damming project for the Flint River. Genessee County, Mich.; the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources proposes to buy 7,000 acres along the Pine, Popple, and Pike Rivers; and the Department of Transportation proposes to build highways to extend 1-69 in Charlotte, Mich., and build the St. Marys south connector in Auglaize, Ohio .. . EPA also sets forth the proposed rules and regulations for obtaining information on point pollution sources under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. Also published are the proposed forms for industry and municipal government. April 20—Tolerances for the chemical pesticides benomyl, cyprazine, and ethephon were set for raw agricultural fruits and vegetables. Also set were tolerances for endosulfan and an exemption for tolerances for xylene, when used in certain irrigation systems ... Several companies also filed petitions requesting tolerance limits for some chemicals. PAGE 14 ------- EPA ACTION EPA ACT/ON THOUGH THALLIUM sulfatc has been banned for use as a home pesticide for seven years, several EPA regional offices nationwide have reported finding the chemical still being sold on hardware store shelves. The thallium product formerly was used to control rats, roaches and ants in homes and has been found to be extremely hazardous to human health. For that reason, the EPA has asked hardware stores and other retailers nationwide to voluntarily surrender any stocks of the chemical they may still have on their shelves. Failure to do so could result in prosecution. All such pesticides are labeled as to the chemicals they contain. so that the consumer is aware of what he is buying. Reports of any thallium sulfate found in stores should be sent to the Region V EPA. 1 N. Wacker Dr., Chicago. II.. 60606. EPA Region V offices have begun sending letters to companies suspected of emitting the hazardous air pollutants asbestos, mercury, and beryllium. More than 7,000 letters have been sent to com- panies, warning them they must report to EPA 90 days from April 6 that they are emitting the sub- stances. James McDonald. Region V chief of enforcement, re- ceived a citation in April from a city he forced to clean up. The mayor of Vincennes, Ind. congratu- lated McDonald on his fair- ness and judgement in re- quiring the city's sewage treatment plant to remove pollutants. (^ «• II* ll James McDonald EPA appointed two new nationwide directors in April. Richard D. Wilson. 29. was appointed the direc- tor of stationary source enforcement. He will be responsible for controlling air and noise pollution from a variety of stationary, or fixed, sources. Lillian D. Regelson was appointed deputy assistant administrator for water planning and standards by William Ruckelshaus, EPA administrator. Mrs. Regelson, 45, will be responsible for developing an overall program strategy for water pollution abatement. An Addison, III., company has pleaded guilty to six charges of violating the federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. United Laboratories, Inc., in a case brought by EPA, was fined $4,000 by Federal Judge Bernard Decker. The firm was ordered to pay a $500 fine immediately, and the remainder was suspended during a one-year probationary period. EPA and other federal and state agencies are par- ticipating in a comprehensive air pollution and meteorological study in the St. Louis metropolitan area in Missouri and Illinois. Called "SLAPS," (for St. Louis Air Pollution Studies) the study will evaluate air pollution from buildings, cars, airports and how weather affects it in the area. Further information can be obtained by writing the study at P.O. Box 8068, Laclede Station. St. Louis. Mo.. 63156. Indiana recently was awarded $105,900 in grant funds for construction of sewage treatment plant im- provements. That brings EPA's grants to Indiana to $466,000 for the 1973 fiscal year ending July. In mid-April, the EPA issued long forms for ob- taining wastewater discharge permits as required by the Water Pollution Control Act. Cities with more than 10.000 persons will be required to use the long forms. as will industries that discharge more than 50.000 gallons of wastes daily. Twelve water supplies in Region V have been ap- proved as safe by the EPA for interstate use. That brings to 85 the number of approved supplies in an ongoing program in the region. The latest are: Milwaukee, Madison, Manitowac, La Crosse. Green Bay, Sturgeon Bay, Sheboygan, Oshkosh, and Superior, all in Wisconsin; and Cleveland, Wellsville, and Fairport Harbor, all in Ohio. The approvals are required from EPA for water supplies used by bus, train, and aircraft passengers. Region V EPA has completed comments on eight environmental impact statements for projects thruout the region. The comments may be obtained from Region V Public Affairs, 1 N. Wacker Dr., 60606. The draft impact statements as submitted to the agency, however, must be obtained from the National Technical Information Service, U. S. Depart- ment of Commerce, Springfield, Va., 22151. The eight are: Continued on Page 16 PAGE 15 ------- EPA ACT/ON . . * U.S. Hwy. 6-Bypass of Bremen, Marshall County, Ind. * Roscommon County Airport, Houghton Lake, Mich. * Bel Vista Lakeside Estates, Shiloh, St. Clair County, III. * Proposed Knife Lake Improvement RC&D Measure, Kanabec County, Minn. * Proposed development at the Creator Portsmouth Regional Airport, Scioto County, Ports- mouth, Ohio. * Trunk Hwy. 61 Minnesota City By-Pass. * County Trunk Hwy. "Y"—Spring Creek Dr., Lin- coln and Oneida Counties, I.D. 1595-0-00. * Meredosia Levee and Drainage District Local Protection Project, Rock Island and Whiteside Coun- ties, III. Four buttery-powered vehicles have been designated as "low-emission vehicles" by EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus. Manufactured by the Battronic Truck Corp.. Boyerlown, Pa., the vehicles now will be judged by a certification board to determine if the federal government should purchase them to reduce pollutants from vehicles. The board has 180 days to rule on the vehicles' suitability. They include a van carrying 2.500 pounds; a suburban bus carrying a driver and 11 passengers; a transit bus carrying a driver. 15 passengers, and 10 standees; and a bakery van carrying 3,200 pounds of cargo. The Youth Advisory Board met April 13 and 14 in Evanston, III. During the meeting, the board com- pleted planning for a summer-long study on citizen participation. The project will be a case study of par- ticular citizen participation problems, from a citizen's viewpoint. The board also agreed to com- ment on guidelines for environmental impact statements. EPA proposed on April 18 that states set up procedures to review air quality impact on new facilities that may generate auto traffic. Though the proposed rule does not specify what sources must be reviewed, examples of significant ones are airports, amusement parks, highways, shopping centers, and sports complexes. The ruling was made because of a U. S. Court of Appeals order that EPA assure states adequately protect air quality by thoroughly reviewing such traffic-generating facilities. Dr. Allen S. Lefohn has been appointed to head the animal ecology branch of the EPA's Nation En- vironmental Research Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon. The branch is one of three new ones being formed in Corvallis. The other two will study pollution effects on vegetation and integrate research data through statistical methods. Printed on recycled paper. U.S- GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1973 754-317/P 0 NO. 2 REGION V PUBLIC REPORT ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Public Affairs One North Wacker Drive Chicago, Illinois 60606 THIRD CLASS POSTAGE AND FEES PAID ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY EPA-335 Return this sheet if you do NOT wish to receive this material, or if a change of address is needed. (Indicate change, including zip code.) PAGE 16 ------- |