EPA-600/2-75-001
MARCH 1975
Environmental Protection Technology Series
Projects in the
Industrial Pollution Control Division
- December 1974
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development,
Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into five
series. These five broad categories were established to
facilitate further development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface
in related fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed
to develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental degradation
from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work
provides the new or improved technology required for the
control and treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental
quality standards.
The Office of Research and Development has reviewed this report
and approved its publication. Mention of trade names or
commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommen-
dation for use.
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600/2-75-001
March 1975
PROJECTS IN THE
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL DIVISION
DECEMBER 1974
PEMP 1BB036 Task 003
1BB037 Task 003
Director
William J. Lacy
Chief, Heavy Industries Branch
George Rey
Chief, Light Industries Branch
H. George Keeler
Office of Research and Development
Office of Environmental Engineering
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
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ABSTRACT
Projects of the Industrial Pollution Control Program - December 1974
y
is a compilation of information sheets from projects initiated since fiscal
year 1967 through fiscal year 1974. Each sheet contains the objectives,
statistical information, and a brief description of the project.
General introductory information on the Federal Industrial Pollution
«
Control Program is also presented to provide perspective on the magnitude
of industrial pollution and the research directions that must be pursued
in order to develop the technology to adequately control this largest
point source of pollution in the United States.
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Abstract . i
Table of Contents ii
Key Staff Locations . iii
Key Management-Implementation Staff v
Organizational Chart vi
Introduction 1-1
Chemicals and Allied Products, and Petroleum Refining II-l
Project Index II-7
Final Reports Available 11-72
Food and Kindred Products III-1
Project Index 111-16
Final Reports Available III-100
Joint Industrial-Municipal Point Sources IV-1
Project Index IV-3
Final Reports Available IV-25
Metal and Metal Products V-l
Project Index V-9
Final Reports Available V-62
Miscellaneous Industrial Point Sources VI-1
Project Index VI-2
Final Reports Available VI-22
Rubber and Plastics Products VII-1
Project Index VI1-6
Final Reports Available VII-15
Textile Mill Products VIII-1
Project Index VIII-4
Final Reports Available VIII-25
Thermal Pollution IX-1
Project Index IX-2
Final Reports Available IX-27
Wood Pulping, Paper and Paperboard Manufacturing, and X-l
Lumber and Wood Products
Project Index X-3
Final Reports Available X-49
Appendix A - Project Index by Grantee or Contractor A-l
Appendix B - Project Index by Project Number B-l
in
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KEY STAFF LOCATIONS
NAME
Mr. William J. Lacy
202 755-2877
Mr. William Galegar
405 253-2224
Dr. David Duttweiler
Dr. Norbert Oaworski
ADDRESS
Director, Industrial Pollution
Control Division (RD-679)
EPA-ORD
Washington, D. C. 20460
Director, Robert S. Kerr Environ-
mental Research Lab, EPA
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Director, Southeast Environmental
Research Lab, EPA
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Director, Pacific Northwest Environ- 503 752-4572
mental Research Lab, EPA
200 SW 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
404 546-3134
Dr. Tudor Davies
Dr. Peter Lederman
Mr. George Rey
Mr. George Keeler
Mr. Leon Myers
Director, Grosse lie Field Station
Environmental Protection Agency
9311 Groh Road
Grosse lie, Michigan 48138
Director, Industrial Waste Treat-
ment Research Lab, EPA
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Chief, Heavy Industries Branch
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA-ORD
Washington, D. C. 20460
Chief, Light Industries Branch
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA-ORD
Washington, D. C. 20460
Chief, Petroleum and Organic
Chemicals Section
R. S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
313 226-7554
201 548-3402
202 426-4170
202 426-9428
405 253-2202
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NAME
Dr. Robert Swank
Mr. Frank Rainwater
Mr. James Boydston
Dr. Hugh Durham
Mr. John Ciancia
ADDRESS
TELEPHONE
Chief, Industrial Pollution Branch 404 546-3175
Southeast Environmental Research Lab
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Chief, Energy Conversion Assessment 503 752-4349
Branch, Pacific Northwest Environ-
mental Research Lab, EPA
200 SW 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
503 752-4313
313 226-7811
Chief, Industrial Waste Branch
Pacific Northwest Environmental
Research Lab, EPA
200 SW 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Chief, Heavy Industrial Sources
Branch, Grosse lie Field Station
9311 Groh Road
Grosse lie, Michigan
Chief, Industrial Pollution Control 201 548-3410
Branch, Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Lab, EPA
Edison, New Jersey 08817
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KEY MANAGEMENT - IMPLEMENTATION STAFF
Program Area
Joint Industrial-Municipal
Petrochemical Petroleum Refining
Agricultural Chemicals
Textiles
Iron & Steel, Transportation
Equipment
Non Ferrous Metals, Metal
Finishing
Rubber & Plastics
Inorganic, Miscel. Chemicals
Miscel. Industries
Electric Power
Water Supply
Wood Pulping
Paper, Paperboard
Lumber, Wood Products
Meats, Fats, Oils, Tanning
Fruits, Vegetables, Sugar
Bakeries
Grain Products, Beverages
Dairy, Seafoods, Miscel.
Foods
HEADQUARTERS MANAGEMENT
Program Area Manager
William J, Lacy
Branch Chief
George Rey
FIELD IMPLEMENTATION
George Keeler
Program Element
Director
William Galegar
William Galegar
David Outtweiler
David Duttweiler
Tudor Davies
Peter Lederman
Peter Lederman
Peter Lederman
Peter Lederman
Norbert Jaworski
Branch Chief
Leon Myers
Leon Myers
Robert Swank
Robert Swank
Hugh Durham
John Ciancia
John Ciancia
John Ciancia
John Ciancia
Frank Rainwater
Frank Rainwater
James Boydston
James Boydston
James Boydston
James Boydston
James Boydston
James Boydston
James Boydston
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ORGANIZATION CHART
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL R?.0
ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR, R&D
Hashington, D. C.
DEPUTY ASSISTANT ADMINISTRATOR,
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Washington, n. C.
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
CorvalHs, Oregon
PROGRAM AREA MANAGER
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL DIVISION
Washinaton, n. C.
HEAVY INDUSTRIES BRANCH
LIGHT INDUSTRIES BRANCH
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
Cincinnati, Ohio
1
R. S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH LAB
Ada, Oklahoma
SOUTHEAST ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
LAB, Athens, Georgia
PACIFIC NORTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH LAB
Corvallis, Oregon
GROSSE ILE LAB
Grosse lie, MI
Petrochemical, Petroleum
Ref i ni ng
Joint Industrial-
Municipal
Agricultural Chemicals
Textiles
INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT
RESEARCH LAB
Edison, New Jersey
Wood Pulping, Paper, and
Paperboard
Lumber, Wood Products
• Meats, Fats, Oils, Tanning
Fruits, Vegetables, Sugar,
Bakeries
Grain Products, Beveraqes
Dairies, Seafoods, Misc. Foods
- Electric Power
- Water Supply
Iron and Steel,
Transportation
and Equipment
NonFerrous Metals, Metal
Finishing
Rubber and Plastics
Inorganic, Misc. Chemicals
Misc. Industries
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HEAVY INDUSTRIES BRANCH
CHIEF
Georqe Rev
Branch Secretary —
u 1 crK 1 y pi S L
Chemical and Allied Products — —
Metal and Metal Products —
Misc. Industrial Point Sources
Rubber & Plastics Products —
Textile Mill Products
Power Industry
II J. 0 1
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL DIVI
DIRECTOR
William J. Lacy
Secretary W. Mable Sea
Consultant Dean K. Fuhr
SION
les
iman
LIGHT INDUSTRIES
CHIEF
H. George Ke
— Malessa R. Porter Branch Secretary — — •
Mona A. Whittaker Lurnb
— Paul E. des Rosiers Food
n T r-
des Rosiers
— Paul E. des Rosiers J
— Paul E. des Rosiers p , p
Paul E. des Rosiers Ulp' pap
— Paul E. des Rosiers
— Charles H. Ris
i. Ris
• i. T J 11 c*
PROGRAM ELEMENTS
1BB036 - Heavy Industries
1B8037 - Light Industries
1BB392 - Thermal
1BB509 - Joint Ind-Mun
BRANCH
eler
Clara P. Williams
A v-t-U 1 1 m LI Mall f\n
ttrLnUr n. riot I ion
Marshall Dick
Charles H. Ris
Arthur H. Mallon
1975
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INTRODUCTION
WATER QUALITY LEGISLATION DEALING WITH INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
History
The first legislation relating to water quality was the Rivers and
Harbors Act of 1899, followed by the 1909 Boundary Waters Treaty between
Canada and the United States. Both were oriented toward the naviaational
aspects of rivers for commercial purposes. The Public Health Service
Agency was established by legislation in 1912. PL 68-238 (Oil ^Dilution
Act of 1924) provided for protection of navigation from "obstruction and
injury by preventing the discharge of oil into the coastal navinable
waters of the United States."
The first step toward restoration of our national water resources
was taken in 1948, with enactment of PL 80-845 (Federal Water Pollution
Control Act) to "provide for water pollution control activities in the
Public Health Service." This act established the Federal Water Pollution
Control Advisory Board. In addition, the tonic of industrial waste treat-
ment research was covered; the act provided support and technical aid
research to the states "to devise and perfect methods of treatment of
industrial wastes which are not suscentible to known effective methods
of treatment." This act had several amendments: PL 82-579 (Water Pollu-
tion Control Act Extension of 1952), PL 84-660 (Water Pollution Control
Act Amendments of 1956), and PL 87-88 (Federal Water Pollution Control
Act of 1960).
Another law amending the 1948 Act was PL 89-234 (Water Oualitv Act
of 1965), which established the Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis-
tration (FWPCA) to "provide grants for research and devel opmentj to
increase grants for construction of sewage treatment works, to require
establishment of water quality criteria and for other purposes." This
was the first water legislation authorizing a federal technoloqy research
program for the restoration of the nation's water resources.
PL 84-753 (Clean Water Restoration Act) amended the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act again in 1966 in order "to improve and make more
effective certain programs pursuant to such acts." Section 6(b) of this
act provided authorization for "grants to persons for research and
demonstration projects for prevention of pollution of waters by industry
including, but not limited to, treatment of industrial waste." Also,
Section 6(a)(2) provided for authorization for grants for asststtnq in
the development of any project that would demonstrate new or improved
methods of joint treatment systems for municipal and industrial wastes.
The 1966 Act made the first significant provision for water pollu-
tion technology research activities. The intent O-F making private
institutions eligible for participation in these activities was to
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combine the private and public resources of the nation to work on the
water pollution problem. The provision for the us e of Fed era^ funds for
grants to private institutions in joint pollution control research
ventures could be considered as the carrot in a cajrot-anj-^nnv ,n
approach. The "carrot11 would be the incentive to advance technology in
a manner conducive to cleaning up the environment- s?H^nq, a basis for
establishing or improving environmental regulations ( the stick ) would
evolve as an output.
PL 91-190 (National Environmental Policy Act of 1969) established
the Council of Environmental Duality and also established environmental
pollution and restoration as a national policy. This law ream res
Federal agencies to prepare, and circulate for comment, analyses of the
environmental imnacts of their actions. Agencies must disclose the
impact of proposals, consider reasonable alternatives, and integrate the
goals and objectives of the act into traditional missions and patterns
of decision making.
The District of Columbia Court of Appeals issued a significant
decision concerning Federal technology programs and the assessment of
the implications of related research activities when they have reached a
stage of commitment to implementation likely to restrict later alterna-
tives. The relationship of this decision and the need for assessino the
EPA R&D program proposed in this achievement plan is relevant. Any major
effort by the Agency to expand the program along the course proposed by
this plan should be construed as a commitment toward the implementation
of the developed results of the proposed program.
Current: PL 92-500
PL 92-500 (Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972)
is based on technology. It brought together the disciplines of adminis-
tration, engineering, economics, law, and the ecological sciences in
order to define the national program in water pollution control.
PL 92-500 clearly specifies the objective, policies, and goals of
the national water pollution control program, all of which are relevant
to industrial pollution point sources. The national program directives
are pictonally presented in Figure 1, '
of thni " °bjectl've "to rest°re and maintain the intearitv
5' C°nqreSS provfded a foca1 P°int for
r In °^er to meet the objective,
"eliminaioE ni Ihf J^T actlJ1ti«? necessary to achieve the qoal of
industHa i Lit * dlschar?* of PO^utants into naviqable waters" by
industrial point sources. These activities are:
1. EPA will establish industrial effluent limitations and standards
pol1utant and industrial pretreatment
1-2
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3. EPA will institute a nationwide permit and licensing program
for industrial discharges.
4. EPA will mount a ma.ior research and demonstration effort to
develop the technology necessary to eliminate the discharge of
pollutants into navigable waters, waters of the contiguous zone,
and the oceans. To accomplish this, the law mandates that EPA
shall conduct and promote the coordination and acceleration of
research, investigations, exneriments and demonstrations,
surveys, and studies relating to the extent, prevention, reduc-
tion, and elimination of pollution.
As a result, EPA is authorized to:
a. Conduct continuing comprehensive studies of the effects and
methods of control of thermal discharges
b. Contract with public or private groups and individuals
c. Develop effective and practical processes, methods, and
prototype devices
d. Conduct research and investigations on technology for reduc-
ing the flow of sewage and water consumption
e. Conduct projects with public agencies to assist them in the
development of advanced waste treatment and water purffica-
tion methods and to develop new and/or improved methods of
treating combined municipal-industrial wastes
f. Conduct projects with any state or related agency that will
demonstrate, in river basins or portions thereof, advanced
treatment and environmental enhancement techniques to control
pollution from all sources
g. Conduct specific grant and contract R&D nro.iects for the
prevention of pollution and the reduction and elimination of
the discharge of industrial pollutants
(1) With priority attention to waste management methods for
the elimination of the discharge of pollutants includ-
ing the effects of pollutants from in-place or accumu-
lated sources
(2) With priority attention to advanced waste treatment
methods for reclaiming and recycling water and confin-
ing pollutants so that they will not migrate to cause
water or environmental pollution (indirect pollution
control).
1-3
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technology was to include new and/or improved re*(>dshaYing in
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process change, o'vd water recycle as a necessary part of a sound national
program. General guides for evaluating new technologies on a comparable
economic basis were developed. These included achieving effective treat-
ment and/or control of wastewaters within the economic constraint rf cost
of implementation not to exceed 2% to 4% of manufacturing cost. It
should be noted that the viability of a technology is determined by its
economic acceptability or adsorbability (.in the case of forcing acceptance)
Costs identified in excess of the range specified have been used to iden-
tify the need to consider manufacturing process changes or raw materials
alterations in lieu of end-of-pipe treatment as the more likely payoff
areas for R&D investment. Demonstration of by-product recovery, process
change, and wastewater reuse approaches to pollution control were sought.
Many opportunities to pursue these approaches were found and brought forth
by the private sector. These approaches are examples of cost/benefit
effective solutions to control pollution in lieu of end-of-pipe treatment
technology.
An operating policy for the administration of R&D grants also evolved.
This was the result of the Federal need to deal with private industry on a
joint-venture research basis. The joint-venture approach (through cost-
sharing grants) was found to be more economical in terms of taxpayer
dollars than the contract approach (in which the entire financial burden
is absorbed by the Federal Government). The program made ample use of
headquarters, regional, and laboratory personnel for relevancy, policy,
and technical evaluations. Capital obligations of a Federal grant share
of a project cost were avoided. In addition, cost overruns were not con-
sidered for supplemental Federal funding, any cost overruns were incurred
by the grantee. The program was characterized as being essentially
extramural, letting those who have the problem solve it with their skills
and resources, under general Federal guidance and direction and partial
financial assistance. Industrial cooperation and financial contribution
have been substantial. Unfortunately, limited resources have not allowed
extensive involvement with all the significant industrial segments of
concern to the NPDES program established under PL 92-500.
Mechanisms have been established to ensure EPA-industry cooperation
to resolve a national problem. Technology produced has become publicly
available. Financial participation has also been assured; to date, over
two industry dollars have been expended for every EPA dollar. The pro-
ductivity of the joint approach of R&D has been acknowledged by the parti-
cipating parties; EPA coordinates the national program for industry, a
task that industry should not and would not take on because of antitrust
laws and the competitiveness of private enterprise.
The program has proved to be an effective and high-leverage (Federal
to private resources; method of advancing the state-of-the-art. It has
enabled EPA to develop expertise in various industrial sectors within the
constraints of the limited resources used over the oast six years.
The demonstration projects involved have propagated research activi-
ties in industry and other agencies and have developed communication with
related national industrial organizations. Technology transfer between
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the betterment of the industry and the nation.
Industrial associations have participated in the EPA program and have
indicated the value of workinq together to reduce the financial impact of
dup iSive R&S expense on the individual industrial fliembershiDS. Labora-
to?y and sLll-scalPe feasibility investigations of new technologies have
been carried out by individual industrial grant applications, who have
sought support in further establishing the newer technologies. Where an
industrial group as a whole was found reluctant to work ^ cooperatively in
the R&D grant program, individual companies representative of that
industry have been willing to participate in the program.
In addition to direct involvement of the private industrial sector,
public institutions have also been involved extensively in projects
involving industrial technologies as well as projects for joint industrial -
municipal pollution control in Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW).
Eight state agencies are directing and coordinating technology research in
conjunction with industries within their borders as a result of EPA grants
relevant to the EPA mission. POTW, PTA (Public Treatment Authority), and
PO (Publicly Owned) utilities are currently involved in projects to achieve
the advancement of technology necessary to clean up the nation's waters.
Several problem areas have been identified in which the only plausible
solution to cleanup was through a combined and cooperative effort of the
public and private sectors of the nation.
THE NEED FOR A VIABLE FEDERAL R&D EFFORT
Industrial wastes are the largest man-made or man-induced point
sources of pollution entering the environment. The sources are grouped
into four major classes of origin for the purpose of this plan: heavy
industries, light industries, electric power generation utilities, and
combined industrial and municipal sewerage systems (Publicly Owned Treat-
ment Works (POTW)} wherein the industrial portion of the waste load is
the overriding consideration. In many instances the industrial portion
discharges incompatible industrial pollutants that pass through, are not
susceptible to treatment in, or interfere with the operation of POTW.
Such pollutants require pretreatment or treatment on site or in special-
ized basin or areawide service facilities.
for atmSt^nl «S ^? V' Wat^. Resources Council, industry accounted
for almost 50% of all water used in the United States in 1965 It is
Industry ** by 198° *°n than M °f a11 ^ter used will be drawn by
The annual volume of wastewater discharges originatina from all
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contact and non-contact) and other non-process waters: the remaininq
4 trillion gallons represent industrial process wastewater.
The amount of 8005 (Biological Oxygen Demand) and SS (Suspended
Solids) in industrial process raw wastewaters is equivalent to that of
untreated domestic sewage from a sewered population of more than 400
addition to the high BODs and SS, industrial process wastewater contains
varying concentrations of different pollutants such as dissolved solids
toxic and hazardous constituents, color, nutrients, and ingredients that
are incompatible with POTW. Industrial operations and pollution control
activities also produce significant amounts of residues ^potential or
actual solid wastes) which, because of their water solubility, may enter
our nation's waters directly or indirectly.
Industrial wastewaters emanate from more than 400 different manu-
facturing subcategories, each with different waste characteristics. Over
300,000 individual establishments are classified within "these
subcategories, and more than 20,000 of these establishments are ma.ior
industrial facilities. Many of these point sources are significant water
pollution sources. The problem is further amplified by the fact that
industrial expansion is taking place at an annual rate of nearly 4%,
about triple the population growth rate.
The rapid rate of expansion, the complexity of point sources, and
the diverse characteristics of industrial wastes result in the discharge
of many new synthetic chemicals. Many of these new chemicals are to
inhibit biological activities; some are toxic or hazardous, while toxicity
of others has yet to be determined. Many of these chemicals are entering
the environment without any significant monitoring or regulatory control.
The economic aspects of industrial pollution control are an integral
part of assessing the viability of a technology base used for the purpose
of establishing effluent water quality standards for point source dis-
charges. The economic impact resulting from the application of new tech-
nology and the practicability of the technology to satisfy PL 92-500
requirements must be guided by cost/benefit analysis before establishment
of regulations requiring nationwide implementation. Another factor that
should be considered before making the final assessment is the reasonable-
ness of the potential cost as it relates to the typical cost of manu-
facturing within the industrial segment. Guidelines and/or criteria as
to what constitutes reasonableness, based on the characteristics of the
industrial segment, are necessary in order to judge the adequacy of the
technology developed as a potential solution to industrial pollution
problems.
For the past several years the Office of Environmental Enaineering
of EPA has used a rule of thumb that a net cost range of 2% to 4% of
manufacturing costs of "wet industries" is a proper environmental require-
ment to expect for practicable water pollution control for these indus-
tries, based on end-of-pipe treatment. (The "wet industries" are those
heavy water users that have significant impact on water pollution.) Costs
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in excess of this, when applying an applicable end-of-pipe treatment tech-
nology, have been viewed as indicators of the need to upgrade manufactur-
ing technology (process change) and/or in-plant practices, alter raw
materials used, or optimize overall industrial water management practices.
With an appropriate technology research effort during the next decade it
is believed that all significant discharges causing pollution can be
eliminated within a cost range of 2% to 4% of manufacturing cost.
Economic impact studies indicate that costs of this range of magni-
tude will not materially affect the health of the U. S. economy. Exper-
ience in England indicates that the "capital cost of an effluent-treatment
plant for a chemical factory is normally between 3% to 5% of the capital
cost of the factory and the viscose industry is no exception." The chem-
ical industry is one of the most significant of "wet industries." For
"dry" industries the costs of water pollution control should be less, even
when water effluent discharges are characteristic of the industry. For
some "dry" industries there is essentially "no discharge" of water
effluents.
The magnitude of industrial discharges, their diversity of pollu-
tants, the numerous classifications of industrial activity,' and the
potential economic impact of a national effort to contorl and abate these
sources of pollution suggested an obvious need for a coordinating Federal
role for any significant R&D effort directed to support advancing tech-
nology toward the objective of PL 92-500. The Act's reliance on regula-
tory standards for discharges is dictated by the technological state-of-
the-art. This state-of-the-art can only be changed by an'investment in
KaU.
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CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS, AND PETROLEUM REFINING
The basic objective of the industrial wastewater treatment research
program with respect to the chemicals and allied products and petroleum
refining industries is to establish the technology for new or improved
pollution control methods, having industry-wide application, which will
support the mandates of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972,
PL 92-500. The significant wastewater sources in the chemicals and
applied products and petroleum refining fields are shown in the following
table, which is organized according to the Standard Industrial Classifi-
cation (SIC) System and which is based on data taken from the 1967 Census
of Manufacturers - Water Use in Manufacturing, a U. S. Department of
Commerce publication. (Further subcategorization is delineated in a
subsequent paragraph.)
1968
Wastewater Discharge
SIC Industry Description Million Gallons
281 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals 832
283 Drugs 67
284 Soaps, Detergents, and Cleaning 30
Preparations, etc.
285 Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, Enamels, and 6
Allied Products
286 Industrial Organic Chemicals 2,181
287 Agricultural Chemicals 114
289 Miscellaneous Chemical Products 190
29 Petroleum Refining and Related Industries 1,217
TOTAL 4,637
The chemicals and allied products industry produces large numbers of
different products and mixtures thereof. Identical products are, in many
instances, made by any one of several different manufacturing processes.
Also, the manufacture of certain basic chemicals by non-chemically classi-
fied standard industries further compounds the problem of a clear defini-
tion of the sub-industrial classification within the industry. These
dimensions of complexity do not make it readily feasible to characterize
all the manufacturing establishments solely by the specific products pro-
duced or solely by the manufacturing process in use. Accordingly, the
sub-industries may either be classified on the basis of a pollution
problem based on the pollution problem of the major controlling pollutant
in the effluent, on the general type of manufacturing operation, or by the
class(es) of product(s) produced.
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The difficulty of defining the sub-industries by the SIC code
numbers has led to acceptance of an arbitrary division of the industry
into primarily two major sections: organic chemicals and inorganic
chemicals. In this method of classification, a sub-industry, as defined
by the SIC code, may be considered as in either the organic or inorganic
product classification depending on the specifics of the plant in
question. Hence, a complete sub-categorization, including the petroleum
refining category, follows:
SIC Industry Description __ _
28 Chemicals and Allied Products
281 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals
2812 Alkalies and Chlorine
2813 Industrial Gases
2816 Inorganic Pigments
2819 Industrial Inorganic Chemicals, n.e.c.
283 Drugs
2831 Biological Products
2833 Medicinal Chemicals and Botanical Products
2834 Pharmaceutical Preparations
284 Soaps, Detergents, and Cleaning Preparations, etc.
foil c°ap.a?d Other ^^gents, Except Specialty Cleaners
?u\ ?P!? I JJean!nS. Polishing, and Sanitation Preparations
2843 Surface Active Agents, Finishing Agents, Sulfonated
Oils, etc.
2844 Perfumes, Cosmetics, and Other Toilet Preparations
285 Paints, Varnishes, Lacquers, Enamels, and Allied Products
286 Industrial Organic Chemicals
2861 Gum and Wood Products
2865 CyCliC Inte™di*tes, Dyes, and Organic
2869 Industrial Organic Chemicals, n.e.c.
287 Agricultural Chemicals
Sitro?enous Fertilizers
m
™J ?h2??atlc Fertilizers
?«7Q ?ri1.1lzers» Mixin9 Only
2879 Pesticides and Agricultural Chemicals, n.e.c.
289 ell!r)U? Chemical
r hf ^es and
Explosives
Printing Ink
Carbon Black
2899 Chemicals and chile.! Preparations, n.e.c.
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SIC Industry Description
29 Petroleum Refining and Related Industries
2911 Petroleum Refining
2951 Paving Mixtures and Blocks
2952 Asphalt Felts and Coatings
2992 Lubricating Oils and Greases
2999 Products of Petroleum and Coal, n.e.c.
The Organic Chemicals Industry
The important products of this .industry are miscellaneous cyclic
and acyclic organic chemicals and chemical products, flavor and perfume
materials, gum and wood chemicals, drugs, organic fertilizers, soaps and
detergents, pesticides, miscellaneous chemical products and other synthe-
tic organic chemicals. The industry ordinarily includes production of
monomers, but does not include production of polymers or plastics and
synthetic fibers. Of total shipments in 1967, 75 percent were miscellan-
eous acyclic chemicals, a large number of which are generally designated
as petrochemicals. The expansion of the petroleum industry into chemical
production is of particular significance.
Organic chemicals industry pollutants originate from the incomplete
removal of principal products or raw materials from reactions, in the
production of non-recoverable or useless by-products, from equipment
cleaning operations, and from such water uses as cooling and steam pro-
duction. Wastewater generation in the industry per unit of product
varies so widely that an average value has little meaning except in a
statistical sense; wastewater generation varies from less than 100
gallons per ton of product to more than 100,000 gallons per ton of
product. The principal contaminants in the industry's wastewaters are
BOD, COD, oil, suspended solids, acidity, alkalinity, heavy metals,
color, taste and odor-producing compounds, and residual organic products
and by-products.
The production of organic chemicals results in many types of con-
taminated wastewaters, and the treatment methods employed cover the range
of known practical techniques. In-plant control is the first step in
instituting treatment practices. Such controls include the salvage of
unreacted chemicals, recovery of by-products, multiple reuse of water,
good housekeeping techniques to reduce leaks and spills, and changes in
processing methods. These controls can result in reducing the concentra-
tions of almost all potential pollutants and can, most importantly,
reduce the volumes of wastewaters requiring treatment. Physical treat-
ment methods such as sedimentation or flotation are used primarily to
remove coarse suspended matter and floating oils and scums. Filtration
is used as a form of tertiary treatment for reuse or as a pretreatment
step. Chemical treatment is used primarily as a pretreatment prior to
sedimentation, filtration, or biological treatment. Biological treat-
ment, that is, anaerobic and/or aerobic BIOX, is most widely used in the
industry due to the nature of the wastes, that is, their general suscep-
tibility to biodegradation as evidenced by relatively high BOD/COD values,
II-3
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Wastewaters from organic chemical processes consist of contaminated
and relatively clean effluent streams. In general, the contaminated
JSteSaters aVe those which are used in direct contact with products or
by-products in reactions, separation processes, vessel cleanouts, etc.
The cleaner wastewaters are those used for indirect heat exchange,
general washing, etc.
The sources of contaminated wastewaters from petrochemical opera-
tions are three-fold. First, wastes containing a principal raw material
or product arise during the stripping of the product from a solution.
Incomplete removal is a fundamental requirement of any equilibrium
process. However, use of more expensive or additional separation equip-
ment may result in reduction of effluents. By-products produced during
reactions constitute a second source of wastewaters. Many petrochemical
reactions take place under extreme conditions where the vagaries of
organic chemistry result in the production of chemicals other than those
specifically desired. Often markets cannot be found for those chemicals
or they cannot be reasonably recovered and are discarded to the waste
stream. New production methods are directed toward increases in yields
and reductions in by-products; accordingly, new technology often results
in a decrease in this source of waste. Spills, slab washdowns, and
vessel cleanouts comprise a third category of effluents and these are
generally not controllable by means of process modifications. Changes
in catalyst concentrations and increases in yields, however, reduce the
amount of pollutants from this source and result in some changes in the
character of the waste.
Joint industrial -municipal treatment has proved to be very effective
in treating organic chemical wastewaters, particularly for smaller chemi-
cal plants located near large municipal treatment systems. Treatment
costs play an important role in governing the expansion of joint treatment
participation. Rates established by municipalities vary extremely.
There are also some instances where a specific plant has accepted a muni-
cipal waste into its treatment facility, oftentimes as a source of badly
needed nutrients for a BIOX system.
The industry has generally found that tn-plant, separate treatment
has economic advantages, particularly when significant quantities of con-
^ter are 1nvolved- No significant percentage increase
I Tunt.of Or9anl"c chemical wastewaters that will be
hnnFmVE-S? "ear future' On the basts of an annua
1110 °
™ .
production S^hnnFmVE-S? "ear future' On the basts of an annual
i1!1-10!! P°Unds by the Or9an1c chemicals
be ** 83°
The Inorganic Chemicals Industr
™ 1s also not eas"y *«n*le in
produc value my bnoted » al5llJ?0r!!anJ,of.the gr°ups 1n terms of
ing an^onia and U ™
II-4
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not sufficient to ignore such groups as industrial gases (excluding
organic gases), which include the important production of nitrogen and
oxygen, paints and allied products, the latter of which includes the
vital surface coatings industry, or inorganic pigments, which involves
inorganic pigments such as titanium oxide. The surface coatings industry
is typical of the relationship which exists between segments of the
inorganic chemicals industry and the organic chemicals industry. The
solvents and film formers, which are utilized within the inorganic chem-
icals industry for the production of surface coatings, are important
products of the organic chemicals industry, whereas inorganic pigments,
primarily oxides and salts of titanium, iron and other metals, are pro-
ducts which fall into the inorganic chemicals industry category. The
total product is generally defined as being part of the inorganic
industry. However, it is obvious that the complex relationships which
exist between various products and industries (necessary to the smooth
functioning of our technological state) make it extremely difficult, if
not impossible, to arbitrarily associate certain products with one SIC
category.
The overall output of industrial inorganic chemicals, since they
are utilized in a wide range of industries and for a wide variety of
purposes, usually well removed from the final consumer, depends upon the
level of total economic activity rather than the economic activity in
any specific segment of the economy.
Changes in consumer preferences or redistribution of income and
spending, such as changes in tax levels or defense spending, may affect
product mixes, but do not significantly affect total industry output. In
general, price competition and product substitution are not as signifi-
cant in the inorganic chemicals industry as in the organic chemicals
sector. However, changes, although slow to come, tend to be quite pro-
found.
Supplies of raw materials frequently vary and, in the case of certain
materials, the industry may face serious shortages until new raw material
sources (usually ores or brines) are developed. The widely fluctuating
price of sulfur over the past ten years is a classic case resulting from
supply fluctuations which can be matched by mercury, potash and silver,
among others. Since new sources of minerals are found infrequently and
usually involve relatively large expenditures to develop, wide fluctua-
tions in the gap between demand and readily available supply are quite
common in the inorganic chemicals industry.
Industrial chemical industries are generally capital intensive
operations (with a few exceptions such as the paint manufacturing
industry) and are characterized by high productivity, high wages, a low
labor turnover, and a continuing demand for skilled labor. Most of the
plants operate continuously and must operate at 75 to 85 percent of
capacity to maintain adequate levels of efficiency and profitability.
Smaller plants generally operate batch processes, and hence, tend to
produce low-volume, high-cost, specialized chemicals.
Regional growth rates reflect a continuing trend to move production
facilities closer to raw materials and markets. The industry, as a whole,
is thus tending to concentrate in the Midwest and Southwest.
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Wastewater from inorganic chemical processing consists both of con-
taminated and relatively clean effluent streams. In general, the con-
tarn nated wastewaters are those taken from processes, whereas the cleaner
waslewaLrs are those used for indirect heat exchange, genera washing,
etc Clean waters are basically uncontami nated and can be discharged
untreated. Cooling water and steam condensates are the primary sources
of such water.
Contaminated wastewater from the inorganic chemicals industry arises
primarily from electrolysis and crystallization brines, washings from
filter cakes, spent acids and alkalies, and washings from raw materials.
These wastewaters are generally characterized by both dissolved solids
and suspended solids. In addition to contaminated waste streams,
process cooling discharges occur, accounting for 40 to 80 per cent of
the total discharge on the average. Treatment practices vary, but
involve in-plant segregation of contaminated wastes from uncontami nated
cooling waters.
Many waste treatment methods are available depending on the degree
of treatment required; however, equalization, neutralization, sedimenta-
tion and lagooning processes are most widely used. Biological treatment
is not applicable, since the contaminants are primarily dissolved or
suspended inorganic materials. Plants with small discharges tend to
employ only equalization and neutralization with total discharge to
municipal sewer systems for joint treatment. It is estimated that
between 10 and 20 percent of the process wastewater discharged from this
industry is to municipal systems (7.9 percent of the total discharge).
No significant percentage changes in this regard are expected through
1974. The inorganic chemicals industry has generally found that in-plant,
separate treatment has economic advantages, particularly when significant
quantities of wastewater are involved.
The Petroleum Refining and Related Industries
The petroleum refining industry is by far the largest water user in
this subprogram element. The industry uses 20 billion gallons of water
n^Miv P?nrcent °f ?tal indus*rial water usage. Approximately
diftinrJ nnl9^ nS P\r day *™ used ™ Processing operations. Many
craSi'na th*™ ?WC- *S "?* oil distillation; reforming, catalytic
Sddll Si<:«?E£ r"*1.1*' Polarization, alkylation, gasoline and
FoSl conden Jf 1, ^ati?9' m0t0r oil ma"^cturing, etc. are utilized.
at ^e source, but, for the most
HpH , ,
of? Si™ ?ntral,waste treatment facilities for pollu-
XiSE?1 ^ recove7' followed b* biological con-
^^^
II-6
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PROJECT INDEX
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS, AND PETROLEUM REFINING
Grantee or Contractor Project Status
DIS
DIT
DKF
DML
DMT
DQC
DRC
DSH
DXR
EAS
EAW
EEQ
EFW
EGC
EGM
EID
EJI
EKT
EMI
EPH
ERM
EXG
Union Carbide Corporation
Texas A&M Research Foundation
University of Oklahoma Research Institute
American Oil Company
Engineering Science, Incorporated
State of Louisiana
Illinois Institute of Technology
American Petroleum Institute
Harvard University
The Dow Chemical Company
E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company
The Dow Chemical Company
Armour Industrial Chemical Company
State of Alabama
Farmers Chemical Association, Incorporated
Engineering Science, Incorporated
Datagraphics, Incorporated
American Oil Company
State of Louisiana
Celanese Corporation of America
Mineral Pigments Corporation
Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc.
A
C
A
B
A
A
A
A
C
A
B
A
B
B
B
A
A
A
B
B
A
A
II-7
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Grantee or Contractor Project Status
A
EZG Shell Oil Company
PER Union Carbide Corporation A
FOH CIBA-GEIGY Corporation B
FPD BatteH e-Northwest A
FYE University of Texas A
QIZ Southern Dyestuff Company B
6ND Datagraphics, Incorporated A
GTR Atlantic Richfield Company B
GXF B. P. Oil Corporation B
14-12-435 C. W. Rice and Company A
5-532-1 Water Economy Research Institute, Poland B
68-01-0083 Envirogenics Systems B
68-01-0457 Diamond Shamrock Corporation A
68-03-0456 Repro Chemical Corporation B
68-03-2133 Hoechst-Uhde Corporation B
800300 The Dow Chemical Company B
800312 Georgia Institute of Technology B
800554 University of Missouri - Columbia B
800602 Southern Research Institute A
800766 The Dow Chemical Company B
800773 State of Louisiana B
800857 Illinois Institute of Technology B
800947 Texas A&M University B
801030 University of California - Berkeley B
II-8
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Grantee or Contractor Project Status
801159
801349
801398
801431
801 577
802684
802753
802872
802908
803026
803085
803159
803231
803286
803357
803358
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Association
New Jersey Zinc Company
Union Carbide Corporation
Hercules, Incorporated
National Agricultural Chemical Association
State of Florida
University of California - Berkeley
American Defense Preparedness Association
Louisiana Chemical Association
American Oil Company
The Dow Chemical Company
Velsicol Chemical Corporation
University of Connecticut
Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Incorporated
International Ozone Institute, Inc.
Crown Chemical Company
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Project Status
A - Completed, Final Report Available
B - Project Ongoing
C - Project Discontinued
II-9
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi, ahn-l briH'U describe an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of (l.r
Kcdrral \\atrr Pollution Control Acl Amrndmcnts ol 197L (PI- J--*'<')
PROJECT NUMBER: DIS
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Anaerobic Treatment of Synthetic Organic Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Union Carbide Corporation
R&D Department
Bound Brook, New Jersey 08805
PrOJeCt Site: south Charleston,
West Virginia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 1968
Completion Date: June 1971
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. James Horn
R. S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory, EPA
P. 0, Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Project Cost: $314,859
Federal Cost: $220,400
The objective of this project was to determine the technical and economic
feasibility of an anaerobic-aerobic process for the treatment of composite
organic chemical wastes from a integrated petrochemical complex. Optimum
d^Yf* r°nStK^ °n 3 5°°0"gpd 8Cale treat**nt facility to obtain
Sf JL ! I *?? establish operating criteria for larger scale installations.
The demonstration was conducted subject to a technical and economic feasi-
bility study based on laboratory-scale research studies
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-10
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheel briefly describes an R & I) project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of ll)72 (PL 92-.iOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: BIT
TITLE OF PROJECT: Metal Ion-Catalyzed Oxidation of Phenols and
Aromatic Amines
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Texas A&M Research Foundation
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George Rey
Environmental Protection Agency
Ind. Pol. Control Division (RD-679)
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Site: Texas A&M
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: September 1967
Completion Date: August 1972
Summary:
A study of the mechanism and feasibility of the metal ion-catalyzed oxida-
tion of phenols and aromatic amines by molecular oxygen in wastewater
systems partially treated with potassium permanganate was undertaken in
this project.
Project Cost:$234,ooo
Federal Cost: $40,255
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-11
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SHEET
Tti. sh,H briefly deibes an R « 0
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl
,04 ^ 105 ofU.,
1972 (PI. W-nOO)
PROJECT NUMBER:
DKF
TITLE OF PROJECT: State-of-the-Art Evaluation on Petroleum and Coal
— " Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
University of Oklahoma Research Institute
1808 Newton Drive
Norman, Oklahoma 73069
Site: Norman, Oklahoma
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Leon Myers
R. S. Rerr Environmental
Research Laboratory, EPA
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October
Completion Date: April 1970
Summary:
Project Cost: $17,397
Federal Cost: $14,297
The final report to this study presents a. state-of-the-art evaluation of
pollution problems, abatement procedures, and control techniques relevant
to the petroleum and coal industries. Petroleum wastes are discussed
under three broad sections: drilling-production, transportation and
storage, and refining. The results of a field study of three small refin-
eries are reported, providing additional information which delineates the
characteristics of waste streams from individual processes within the
refinery. - Coal mining, coal processing, and coal utilization, the wastes
associated with each, and the corresponding control measures are discussed.
Acid mine drainage, the most significant pollution problem from coal min-
ing, and possible control measures are presented. The major pollution
problems associated with coal processing originate from coal cleaning,
the coking process, and refuse disposal. The principal pollutants in
water discharged from the processing of coal are suspended solids usually
in the form of fine clay, black shale, and other minerals commonly
associated with coal. The production of coke by carbonization of coal
produces a wastewater that is high in phenols, ammonia, and dissolved
organics.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
II-12
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or I0."> of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
DHL
Treatment of Refinery Effluent by a Unique Combination
of Biological and Chemical Processes
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Clifford Risley
Region V, EPA
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
American Oil Company
910 South Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois
Project Site: Whiting, Indiana
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February 1969
Completion Date: September 1974
Summary:
A 30-mgd scale project to demonstrate the advantages of using chemical
coagulation and air flotation following biological conditioning to pro-
vide refinery effluent of high quality was undertaken to establish
what operating flexibilities exist in such a combination of processes and
the costs associated therewith. Evaluation of a number of unique design
features, including a hitherto unproven process for disposal of oily
sludges, a unique and low-cost method for preventing sludge deposition in
an aerated lagoon, a novel application of rotary-drum skimmers and a com-
parative study of alternate design features for air flotation, was also
made.
Project Cost: $1,737,775
Federal Cost: $ 336,535
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-13
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed l>riefl\ describe- an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal \\alcr Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1()72 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DMT
TITLE OF PROJECTlThe Characteristics and Pollutional Problems
Associated with Petrochemical Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Engineering Science, Inc.
150 East Foothill Boulevard
Arcadia, California 19006
PrOJeCt Site : Austin, Texas
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: September 1968
Completion Date: April 1969
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. James Horn
R. S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Cost:
$11>190
Federal Cost: $11,190
The general scope>of the project, as developed under the plan of operation,
includes a detailed development of the following: 1) History and projec-
tion of the petrochemical industry; 2) Definition, magnitude, and pollu-
tants associated with these waste treatment problems; 3) Evaluation of
control, treatment and disposal practices; 4) Listing of the special
legal problems involved with petrochemical waste management; 5) Determina-
tion of the economic feasibility of present and future control methods,
reflecting downstream uses; and 6) Evaluation of research needs. The objec-
tives of this proposed project were achieved through a well coordinated
plan of operation. A complete literature review was conducted using the
numerous volumes available in the numerous libraries located on the
University of Texas campus. Additional information was obtained from
various governmental agencies and selected industries. Additional data
derived from the unpublished Environmental Health Engineering Reports was
also utilized.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
II-14
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & U project Section 104 or 10.1 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DQC
TITLE OF PROJECT. Polymeric Materials for Treatment and Recovery of
Petrochemical Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Commerce and
Indus try
State of Louisiana
Site :
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. James Horn
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory, EPA
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Project Cost: $68,992
Federal Cost: $43,295
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Aprii 1969
Completion Date: October 1970
Summary:
Reverse osmosis has been used as a unit operation to study the recovery
of products from industrial waste streams. Precursory examination of
several industrial wastes was performed in this project. - The recovery
of glycerin from a petrochemical waste stream containing inorganics and
polyglycerins has been studied in detail with the results applied to the
design of an effective process scale unit. Membranes employed were asym-
metric cellulose acetate butyrate and cellulose acetate. The pilot-scale
experimental studies were performed with tubular membrane modules which
readily accommodated the sample plant stream being studied. - Good separa-
tion was achieved operating between 600 and 800 psig for best selectivity.
The product throughput rate appeared the limiting consideration and proved
sensitive to increased turbulence and reduced feed vicosities, the latter
achieved by dilution. - The pilot-unit data were used to design a counter^
current multi-stage battery to achieve even closer separations. It was
shown that sufficient glycerin could be recovered to provide an attrac-
tive recurn on the required investment.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-15
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INFORMATION SHEET
PROJECT NUMBER: DRC
TITLE OF PROJECT: Efficiency of Fibrous Bed Coalescers
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Chemical Engineering
Illinois Institute of Technology
Chicago, Illinois 60616
Project Site: Chicago,
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1970
Completion Date: June 1971
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Clifford Risley
Region V, EPA
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Project Cost: $41,665
Federal Cost: $34,999
A 1 sq. ft. coalescer unit using filter press construction has been designed
for removing dispersed oil from water and has been tested on both a synthetic
stream and an actual pollutant stream. The oil removal efficiency was
essentially 100 percent at a superficial velocity of 1 fpm. The present
design is suitable for large-scale operation by the use of both mutiple
cells and larger individual cells. - The performance of fiber glass coal-
escers was studied in depth using a cell with an active area of 1.77 sq.
in. The commercial fibers, with phenol formaldehyde coatings and a fiber
diameter of 3.2u, gave efficiencies of 90-99 percent with bed densities
of 12 lb/ft3 when operating at superficial velocities from 0.2 to 4 fpm
on emulsions containing 50-500 ppm of oil. In all cases the pressure drop
increased continually with run time due to both accumulation of oil in
the bed and mechanical degradation of the fibers. Preliminary tests indi-
cated that the bed degradation phenomenon could be eliminated by struc-
turally stabilizing the compressed fibers with methacrylate resin.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
II-16
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
i.s sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 107:2 (PI, 02-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
DSH
TITLE Or PROJECT) Improved Capabilities of Biological Systems to
Assimilate Oil
Project Cost: $34,990
Federal Cost:$5i.47o
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
American Petroleum Institute Mr. Paul Lefcourt
Air and Water Conservation Hudson-Delaware Basins Office
1801 K Street, N.W. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20006 Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Site: New York, New York
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 1968
Completion Date: December 1969
Summary:
Small-scale, continuous activated sludge systems were exposed to a variety
of oily compounds at several loading levels and the system performance was
observed. Batch studies to determine the biodegradability of the oily
compounds, and the effects of emulsification and temperature on the rate
of biological reaction were also conducted. - As a result of this study,
it was found that oils introduced into an activated sludge system are
absorbed on the floe and are very slowly degraded. If the loading rate is
higher than the degradation rate or the rate of wastage, the oil accumu-
lates on the sludge. The accumulation causes a loss of density and then
a loss of acceptable sludge settling characteristics. The biological
system fails due to the loss of floe, but it is important to note that the
ability of the biological system to remove other substrates is not inhibited
by the presence of oil compounds until excessive loss of MLSS has occurred.
The continuous feed level of oils to activated sludge should not exceed
0.10 pounds per day per pound of sludge under aeration. Shock loads
should not exceed 5 per cent of the weight of the sludge under aeration.
The study also considered separation of oils before biological treatment
and various chemical methods of handling complex cases.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-17
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tliis shrrl l.rirfly drsmbrs a,. R & U project Srrlion 104 or lO
Knlrral \\alcr Pollution Control -\cl Amt-ndmc-nts of l()72 (PL
of llir
)2-.->00)
PROJECT NUMBER:
DXR
TITLE OF PROJECT: Oil Dispersion Coalescence by Porous Solid Contact
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
President & Fellows of Harvard College Mr. Richard Keppler
Office of Research Contracts Region I, EPA
1350 Massachusetts Avenue John F. Kennedy Federal Building
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Boston, Massachusetts 02203
PrOJBCt Slt6 . Cambridge, Massachusetts
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February 1970
Completion Date: juiy 1971
Summary:
The first year-report describes progress toward completion of a laboratory
experimental and theoretical investigation of oil dispersion separation
by filtration through packed beds. The end results of this study should
be important to process design for treatment of waste aqueous oil disper
sions such as those produced in industrial processing and ship ballast
discharge.
Project Cost: $16,157
Federal Cost:$15 3/l9
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-18
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 ol the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT! Recondition and Reuse of Organically Contaminated
Waste Sodium Chloride Brines
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
The Dow Chemical Company Mr. Clifford Risley
1000 Main Street Region V, EPA
Midland, Michigan 48640 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
PrOJeCt Site : Midland, Michigan
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Jime 1969
Completion Date: June 1971
Summary:
The development and demonstration of a chemical-adsorption process for
wastewaters from a phenol manufacturing plant were performed in this
study. The process treated the wastewaters for the removal and recovery
of phenol and acetate. The remaining brine wastewater was utilized
for caustic-chlorine production. The basic process involves the selective
separation of organic constituents by activated carbon beds.
Project Cost: $1,300,408
Federal Cost: $509,310
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-19
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tin's shrrl l,riH'l> docribo an R & D project Section 104 or I OS of (he
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
EAW
TITLE OF PROJECT: Ocean Disposal of Industrial Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company Mr. John Ulshoefer
Pigments Department Edison Water Quality Res. Lab.
Wilmington, Delaware 19898 Environmental Protection Agency
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Site: Wilmington, Delaware
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: July 1969
Completion Date: September 1974
Summary:
of antacid-iron'i^ Varl°US technical and economic aspects of the dispersal
off the coast of Delaware, was evaluated.
Project Cost: $874>452
Federal Cost: $150,116
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-20
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet hrid'ly describes an R & D project Section 104 or I(K> of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: EEQ
TITLE OF PROJECT! Treatment of Wastewaters Resulting from the Produc-
tion of Polyhydric Organic Compounds
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. James Horn
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory, EPA
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Dow Chemical Company
Texas Divis ion
Freeport, Texas
PrOJCGt Site : Freeport, Texas
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1959
Completion Date: june 1971
Summary:
The basic goal in this project was to develop a method of treatment of
wastes from polyhydric manufacturing processes. Several alternative
treatment methods were examined to determine their technical engineer-
ing, and economic feasibility. The results will be used to develop a
conceptual design of a waste treatment facility for the briny wastes
resulting from this chemical industry. Processes evaluated were aerobic
biological systems, solvent extraction, foam fractionation, dialysis, and
adsorption. Studies included laboratory, bench-scale, and pilot-plant
scale testing.
Project Cost: $282,490
Federal Cost: $197,740
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-21
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> sheet briefly describes a,, R & D project Section 104 or 105 of lh«'
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1()72 (PI- °2-.iOO)
PROJECT NUMBER:
EFW
TITLE OF PROJECT: Armour Industrial Chemical Company Secondary Wastewater
~~ Treatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Armour Industrial Chemical Co.
Chicago, Illinois 60611
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Clifford Risley
Region V, EPA
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Project Cost: $503.000
Federal Cost:,?in
Project Site :MCcook,
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October 1969
Completion Date: December 1974
Summary:
The development and demonstration of a secondary treatment biological
process to reduce the effluent from a fatty acid derivatives chemical
plant to less than 100 ppm of hexane soluble materials will be undertaken.
Development work includes the evaluation of an existing pilot-plant test
unit to be followed by a full-scale (0.5 mgd) demonstration at the Armour
plant in McCook, Illinois. The treated effluent water quality improve-
ment, obtainable by use of a tertiary treatment process, will also be
explored on a pilot scale. «•»«
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
U-22
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> >heet lirirl'h de.MTil«> an R. «K I) project Section 104 or H).") ul' (lie
Federal \\aler Pollution Control \ci Amendment* of I<)7l2 (PI. <)2-.">()0)
PROJECT NUMBER:
EGC
TITLE OF PROJECT. Treatment and Disposal of Complex Chemical Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
State of Alabama Mr. Edmond Lomasney
Geological Survey and Oil & Gas Board Region IV, EPA
University, Alabama 1421 Peachtree Street, N.E.
PrOJeCt Site : Tuscaloosa, Alabama
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October 1969
Completion Date: September 1974
Summary:
In this program, development and evaluation of a surface or subsurface
method for control of pollution from a complex chemical waste from a
petrochemical complex, manufacturing alkyd resins and phenols, will be
performed. Development of the methodology and/or testing techniques to
permit projections of the fate of waste components and the waste assimu-
lative capacity of deep geological formations will be also made.
Project Cost: $989.525
$314 , 5 25
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-23
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi* «l..-.-l l.rid'lv ,l.'M-ril«-, an R & U project Section 104 or 105 of llir
hV,lrr,il \\alrr Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL y2->00)
PROJECT NUMBER: EGM
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Removal of Nitrogenous Compounds from a Fertilizer
Plant Effluent
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Farmers Chemical Association, Inc.
P. 0. Box 87
Harrison, Tennessee
PfOJBCt Site.' xyner, Tennessee
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Pate: April 1969
Completion Date: June 1975 (revised)
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edmond Lomasney
Region IV, EPA
1421 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Project Cost: $220.300
Federal Cost:$i54.2io
Summary:
This project involves the full-scale development and demonstration of the
treatment of nitrogenous fertilizer effluents using stripping, oxidation
pretreatment and ion exchange/recovery reuse techniques. Present objec-
tive of this project is to determine the efficiency and operating costs
of a moving bed ion exchange system in removing nitrogenous compounds
from the nitrogen fertilizer plant effluent.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-24
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or I0f5 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI- 92-o()0)
PROJECT NUMBER: BID
TITLE OF PROJECT! Preliminary Investigational Requirements -
Petrochemical and Refinery Waste Treatment Facilities
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Engineering Science, Inc.
150 East Foothills Boulevard
Arcadia, California 91006
Project Site: Austlnj Texas
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1959
Completion Date: March 1970
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George Putnicki
Region VI, EPA
Dallas, Texas 75202
Project Cost: $17,000
Federal Cost: $17,000
The objectives of this project included the compilation, interpretation,
and presentation of the pertinent aspects which constitute a preliminary
wastewater treatability study for the refining and petrochemical indus-
tries. The preliminary investigation relative to the successful treat-
ment of petrochemical and refinery wastewaters included those factors
essential in the proper development of design criteria for pollution abate-
ment and control facilities.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-25
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Th, «h,H briefly .Im-ribr, an R & U projerl Section 104 or KW uf lln-
Knlrral \\alrr Pollution Control Ac I Amrndmcnb of !<>,:> (PL W-oOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: EJI
TITLE OF PROJECT: Inorganic Chemical Industry Profile
Project Cost: $55,327
Federal Cost: $55,327
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Datagraphics, Incorporated Mr. George Key
4790 William Flynn Highway Industrial Pollution Control
Allison Park, Pennsylvania Division (RD-679) EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Site .' Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 1959.
Completion Date: January 1970
Summary:
The final report to this project presents a description of the inorganic
chemical industry and the costs that the industry would incur in attain-
ing various levels of pollution abatement over the five-year period
through 1974. For the study purposes, the inorganic chemical industry
has been defined as including establishments producing alkalies and
chlorine, industrial gases, inorganic pigments, paints and allied
products, fertilizers (excluding ammonia and urea), inorganic insecti-
cides and herbicides, explosives, and other major industrial inorganic
chemicals. The report presents in considerable detail the description
of the various production processes, the waste treatment methods prac-
ticed, and the possible impact that changes in processes might have on
the volume and character of the wastes produced.
Projections have been based upon the chemical industry data in the 1963
and 1967 Census of Manufacturers, the 1967 Manufacturing Chemists Assoc.
survey, and the 1968 FWPCA study of the organic chemicals industry. Costs
of treatment are estimated by year for the levels of treatment correspond-
ing to 27 percent and 100 percent removal of contaminants. Data from 59
inorganic chemical plants were obtained as primary input to the study.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-26
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R. & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shce, briefly describe, an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of (I,,-
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments ol 1972 (PL J--->UU)
PROJECT NUMBER: EMI
TITLE OF PROJECT: Concentration and Removal of Industrial Wastes by
Dialysis
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
State of Louisiana
Department of Commerce and Industry
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. James Horn
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory, EPA
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Project Cost:$67,263
Federal Co$t:$32,539
Project Site : New Orleans, Louisiana
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: April 1970
Completion Date: June 1974
Summary:
The objectives of the proposed research were the following: 1) Investi-
gation of the phenomenon of dialysis with a view toward developing a
satisfactory theory of selective migration and generating an appropriate
mathematical statement. 2) Comparison of the efficiency of various types
of dialysis equipment with respect to selectivity and mobility of solute
particles in various media and thereby to develop parameters by which
dialyzer membrane and optimal operating conditions can be determined for
a number of typical industrial waste streams. 3) Evaluation of the eco-
nomics of dialysis as a tool in removing pollutants from industrial
wastes and concentrating them to the extent that recoverability becomes
feasible. 4) Design of dialysis equipment for continued research and for
pilot plant scale studzed for possible industrial applications
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-28
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & U project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
EPH
TITLE OF PROJECT. Anaerobic-Aerobic Chemical Waste Treatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Celanese Corporation of America
522 Fifth Avenue
New York, New York 10036
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Thomas Short
R. S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory, EPA
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Site :
Bay City, Texas
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1971
Completion Date: December 1975
Summary:
Project Cost: $60o,ooo
Federal Cost: $395,340
The proposed project will study and demonstrate the economics and process
parameters of a bio-oxidation disposal system for high-strength organic
wastes on a commercial scale and compare the economics to deep-well dis-
posal. Additionally, the project will: 1) Investigate the anaerobic con-
version of intractable organic compounds to aerobically bio-degradable
species to reduce the COD and BOD to levels suitable for discharge to
receiving waters or for reuse. 2) Study the nitrate removal characteris-
tics of the anaerobic—aerobic systems. 3) Demonstrate the use of automatic
on-stream total organic carbon analyzers as process controllers and/or
monitors. 4) Investigate the effects of series and parallel operation,
changes in recycle rates, and dilution on the process efficiency.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-29
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sh,rl l.riH'K doiTibo an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of U>e
Federal \\alcr Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: EBM
TITLE OF PROJECT: Ion-Exchange Effluent Treatment Unit (PET)
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Mineral Pigments Corporation
Muirkirk, Maryland
Project Site : Muirkirk, Maryland
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October 1959
Completion Date: juiy 1959
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. John Ciancia
Edison Water Quality
Research Laboratory, EPA
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $225,422
Federal Cost: $115,957
Development and demonstration of the use of an ion-exchange process
for recovery of chromate from chromate wastewaters containing high con-
centrations ( 1000 ppm) of chromate was undertaken. The proposed
process was one which is used for dilute chromate content cooling tower
waters. °
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-30
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & L) project Section 104 or 103 of
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1072 (PI. 92-3
PROJECT NUMBER: EXG
TITLE OF PROJECT:
The Effects of Chlorination on Treated Organic
Chemicals
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Manufacturing Chemists Assoc., Inc.
1825 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20009
Site : Leonia, New Jersey 07650
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Hend Gorchev
Region I, EPA
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March 1970
Project Cost: $50,000
Federal Cost: $42,000
Completion Date: June 1971
Summary:
The basic objectives of this project were to conduct a study to determine
any adverse effects that might result from the chlorination of certain
industrial chemicals either before or after biological treatment. More
specific aims included the following:
1. Evaluation of the effect of selected organic chemicals and their
degradation products on chlorine demand and disinfection efficiency.
2. Determination, for selected chemicals, of cases in which it is
possible to form chlorinated compounds during disinfection of the
treated effluent.
3. Determination of the physical properties and degradation rate of
chlorinated compounds found.
4. Examination of the influence of persistent chlorinated compounds on
the stream biota, in which several levels of life forms were con-
sidered.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-31
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INFORMATION SHEET
Thi> sl«,-. kiefU .U-MTiU-s an R & D project Section 104 or Htt of
F(,|,-ral \\alcr Pollution Control Acl Amendments ol !<),! (PI. J--
PROJECT NUMBER: EZG
TITLE OF PROJECT: Demonstration of Oily Waste Disposal by Soil
" ' Cultivation Process
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Shell Oil Company
P. 0. Box 100
Deer Park, Texas 77536
Project Site: Deer Park, Texas
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March 1970
Completion Date: January 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Leon Myers
R. S. Kerr Env. Res. Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Project Cost: $100,000
Federal Cost: $ 70,000
The project consisted of a series of experiments on the treatment of
oily sludges (crude tank bottoms, Bunker C, intermediate wax oils) by
spreading and cultivation into soil under prevailing climatic conditions.
Nine test plots were operated at specific nutrient addition levels.
The objectives were to determine: 1) Decomposition rates of various
types of oily waste sludges. 2) Effectiveness of adding nutrient supple-
ments. 3) Major microbiological species active in the soil. 4) Cost of the
process for the disposal of oily waste. 5) Depth of oil penetration into
the soil. - The demonstration phase followed a six-month pilot phase
for optimization of waste loading rates and nutrient addition.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-32
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.") ol the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: FER
TITLE Or PROJECT. Identification and Control of Petrochemical Pollutants
Inhibiting Anaerobic Treatment Processes
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. J. H. Ferguson
Water Quality Office, EPA
303 Methodist Building
Wheeling, West Virginia 26003
Project Cost$6?,050
Fede£a|_Cosi:$46}936
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Union Carbide Corporation
Research and Development Dept.
P. 0. Box 8361
South Charleston, West Virginia 25303
Project Site : South Charleston, West Virginij
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February 1970
Completion Date: December 1971
Summary:
The objectives of this project was to identify chemicals in the waste-
water from a large petrochemical plant that are inhibitory to anaerobic
treatment and to study applicable means to eliminate such inhibition.
As an initial step, inhibitory chemicals were identified by perform-
ing batch degradability studies in conjunction with analysis by the
latest methods available at the Union Carbide Technical Center in South
Charleston, West Virginia. Materials of particular interest were
sulfates, B-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, and ammonia. A second study
involved the use of a photosynthetic bacterial-algal culture to overcome
sulfide problems (i.e. microbial inhibition and oxygen demand). Digestion
studies in which a degradable substrate was spiked with various levels of
inhibitory materials was made to indicate allowable levels. A final demon-
stration run in pilot facilities using typical wastewaters was planned to
verify the findings of the laboratory study.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-33
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet liriel'U describe.- an R & D project Section 104 or l()o of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of I°7l2 (PI, 02-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
TOH
... . , 1/fc
Biological/Physico-chemical Treatment Alternatives
for a Diversified Organic Chemicals Wastewater
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
CIBA-Geigy Corporation
Ardsley, New York 10502
Si:
Cranston, Rhode island
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. D. H. Stonefield
Surveillance and Analysis
Division
240 Highland Avenue
Needham, Massachusetts 02194
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
A»ard Date: March 1970
$1)268,300
Date:
December 1974
Federal Cost:
$392,600
Summary:
The objectives of this proiect were- n T^
of a multi-stage (three or more) nLtL T^*"011 °f the — ***•*
for wastewaters from multip^ea^ £ ^ trickl^g filter process"
and demonstration of the techni if e ca-"-s plant. 2) Development
by automated systems for the procesflf%?? °5 tOtal process c°ntrol
of a specific design of plastic «£a Vn ^ °f the Performance'
per uSf011 °f ^Cr°-°r8^is^ ^a f;ctor tnttaati0n °f thS Stage~V
ST") ii/i/'H^^^*«»-."| f_ j~ ^^"-^ ^*n • J J j£\Fl% Il1Qt""fy^v« f J.T O
an additional treatment operation for further pfJ? the Perfo™ance of
further effluent quality improvement.
ADDRESS ,NOU,«,IS TO EPA P.O4KT Off,C»
II-34
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IN FORM A TION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & 1) project Section 104 or l()o of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT!
Water Pollution and Its Control in the Inorganic
Fertilizer and Phosphate Mining Industries
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Battelle-Northwest
P. 0. Box 999
Richland, Washington
C! + «.
bite . Richland, Washington
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Thomas Sargent
Southeast Environmental
Research Laboratory, EPA
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Project Cost:$24>75o
Federal Cost: $23,500
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Aprii 1970
Completion Date: September 1971
Summary:
A state-of-the-art survey was made of the water pollution problems which
result from the production of inorganic fertilizers. Information required
to complete the study was obtained through an extensive literature search,
questionnaires sent to the major fertilizer producers, and visits to
selected production plants. Ninety-eigh <_ plants representing 33 different
companies were surveyed. Production figures since 1940 and estimates of
production through 1980 were accumulated for phosphate rock and the major
fertilizer products . The specific production operations which are the
principal generators of contaminated wastewaters were identified, and the
wastewater volumes and compositions for each operation were determined
wherever possible. The capability of current technology to treat and control
the contaminated wastewaters generated by the fertilizer industry was eval-
uated. Problem areas where additional research and development effort is
needed to provide adequate control of wastewater discharge were identified.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-35
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> sheet briH'U ,1,-M-rilM-s an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of llu-
Fe.l.-nil Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: FYE
TITLE OF PROJECT! Characteristics and Pollutional Problems of
Pesticide Manufacturing Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Texas
Austin, Texas
Site :
Austin, Texas
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Thomas Sargent
Southeast Environmental
Research Laboratory, EPA
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1970
Completion Date: December 1971
Summary:
Cost:
$26 183
Federal Cost:$9fi 1/(3
In this project a state-of-the-art study and survey was conducted on
practices and research needs pertaining to wastewater treatment and
" technol°^ rela
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: GIZ
TITLE OF PROJECT: Biological Oxidation and Chemical Coagulation of
Dyes tuff and Organic Chemical Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Southern Dyes tuff Company Mr. Edmond Lomasney
Division of Martin Marietta Corp. Region IV, EPA
P. 0. Box 10098 1421 Peach tree Street, N.E.
Charlotte, North Carolina 28201 Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Site : Charlotte, North Carolina
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February 1971 Project Cost: $1,515,900
Completion Date: Juiy i973 Federal Cost: $ 501,122
Summary:
The grantee will design, construct, operate, and evaluate a waste treatment
system for the control of wastes from a textile dyestuff and organic chemi-
cals plant. The plant produces over 200 different dyestuff products and
more than" 40 aromatic organic chemicals . The plant will be designed to
handle a flow of 2.2 mgd with a BOD of 760 mg/1, a COD of 1750 mg/1, sus-
pended solids of 350 mg/1, and a high -color content. The waste treatment
system consists of biological decomposition of a thiosulfate waste stream,
pH control of acid and alkaline waste streams, and biological oxidation,
coagulation and clarification of the combined wastes. The system will be
operated for a 12-month period in order to determine the unit process
operating parameters and system characteristics.
In addition, pilot-plant studies will be conducted to determine the basic
design factors needed to upgrade the system's treatment capabilities for
color removal.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-37
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INFORMATION SHEET
This she,, briefly de^bes an R & t> project S,elion 104 »r 103 of (he
K,,l,.ral *a.er Pollution Control Acl Amendment, of 1072 (PI. <)2-,00)
PROJECT NUMBER: GND
TITLE OF PROJECT! Projected Wastewater Treatment Costs in the
~ ~ Organic Chemical Industry
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Datagraphies , Incorporated
4790 William Flynn Highway
Allison Park, Pennsylvania
Site : Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George Rey
Environmental Protection Agency
Ind. Pollution Control Div. (KD-679)
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost$6,735
Federal Cost:
$6,735
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October 1970
Completion Date: June 1971
Summary:
The final report to this project presents a description of the organic
chemical industry and the costs the industry would incur in attaining
various levels of pollution abatement over the five-year period through
1974. For the study purposes, the organic chemical industry has been
defined as SIC 2815 (cyclic intermediates-, dyes, organic pigments (lakes
and toners), and cyclic (coal tar) crudes); SIC 2818 (organic chemicals,
not elsewhere classified) ; portions of SIC 2813 (industrial gases);
portions of SIC 2879 (agricultural chemicals, not elsewhere classified);
and portions of SIC 2871 (fertilizers). Organic gases only were included
from SIC 2813 and ammonia and urea only from the fertilizer industry.
The report presents in considerable detail the description of the various
production processes, the waste treatment methods practiced, and the
possible impact that changes in processes might have on the'volume and
character of the wastes produced.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-38
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheel briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: GTR
TITLE OF PROJECT: Refinery Effluent Water Treatment Plant (Calgon
Filtrasorb System)
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Atlantic Richfield Company
260 Broad Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19101
PrOJeCt Site : Wilmington, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Leon Myers
R. S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Award Date:
July 1971
Completion Date: January 1974
Summary:
Project Cost: $1,159,534
Federal Cost: $ 274,719
This project will demonstrate and evaluate the effectiveness and economics
of a non-biological system (activated carbon) for periodic treatment of
refinery process and storm water runoff. The system is designed to relieve
the hydraulic and waste loading of a municipal system, normally used for
joint treatment during dry weather conditions, during peak flow storm
periods. - The system is a parallel downflow granular activated carbon
system, including carbon regenerations designed to directly treat 4.2 mgd
of wastewater, reducing the chemical oxygen demand over 90 percent to an
effluent value less than 40 mg/1. In addition, the effluent water quality
resulting will be in compliance with the effluent quality regulations
imposed by the California Water Quality Board for the Dominguez Channel.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-39
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IN FORM A TION_ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This slu-r, briefly describe an R & D project Section 104 orJOS of ll,r
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendment ol 1072 (PL J--*"')
PROJECT NUMBER:
GXF
TITLE OF PROJECT: Treatment of Oil Refinery Wastewaters for Reuse
Using a Sand Filter-Activated Carbon System
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
B. P. Oil Corporation
P. 0. Box 428
Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania 19061
Project Site : Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 1971
Completion Date: January 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Leon Myers
R. S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Project Cost: $2,625,240
Federal Cost: $ 350,000
Project objectives include: 1) Demonstration of the unique application of
sand filtration followed by activated carbon adsorption for total treatment
of refinery wastewaters. 2) Demonstration of the use of two-stage centrifu-
gation for sludge dewatering and oil recovery from the centrate. 3) Investi-
gation of the practicality of the reuse of treated effluent within the
refinery. 4) Collection of reliable operating data from full-scale facili-
ties including capital and operating costs of treatment facilities; and
5) Investigation of the reuse of treated effluent for cooling tower and
boiler feed water makeup.
The project plan will be to design, construct, and operate a refinery waste-
water treatment facilities consisting of sand filtration and activated carbon
adsorption. The design is to be based on information gathered during prior
pilot-scale evaluation of sand filter-activated carbon system. The project
will demonstrate the feasibility of use of sand filter-activated carbon
system for treatment of refinery wastewaters as an alternate to the conven-
tional biological treatment.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
II-40
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describe.-- an R. & U project Section 104 or 10.") of (lie
Kederal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1072 (PI,
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi, >.„,, iTiefK ,l«..scril,,, an R & I) projert Section 104 or 103 of llu-
Knl.-ral \\alrr Pollution Control Ad Amondmcnb ol 19,1 (PI- >--*>">
PROJECT NUMBER: 5-532-1
TITLE OF PROJECT: Physico-Chemical Treatment of Industrial Wastewater
~~~~ and Sludge Utilization
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Ministry of Land Resources
and Environmental Protection
Katowice, Poland
PrOJeCt Site: Katowice, Poland
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: January 1973
Completion Date: December 1975
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Herbert S. Skovronek
Edison Water Quality Research
Laboratory
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost:$35,400
Tederal Cost:$85.4oo
Summary:
This project will develop, on a laboratory and pilot-plant scale, physico-
chemical treatment for combined municipal and industrial (primarily steel
mill) wastewater. Sludges available from the current primary wastewater
treatment, themselves a local environmental problem, are high in iron
and should be useful as the coagulant for such treatment. The extent to
which the sludges must be dewatered and/or chemically modified to make
them suitable for this purpose and the effectiveness of physico-chemical
treatment for this wastewater, including multi-media filtration, will be
established. Biological treatment will also be evaluated for comparison.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
II-42
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D projeet Section 104 or l()o of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 68-01-0033
TBTLE OF PROJECT:
Development of Treatment Process for Chlorinated
Hydrocarbon Pesticide Manufacturing and Processing
Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Envirogenics Systems
9200 East Flair Drive
El Monte, California 91734
Project Site : El Monte, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1971
Completion Date: August 1974
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Robert R. Swank
Southeast Environmental Research
Laboratory
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Project Cost: $328, 640
Federal Cost:
Objective - To develop and demonstrate through the bench scale (1.5 gpm)
chemical degradation treatment processes for DDT, toxaphene, and chlor-
dane aqueous pesticide manufacturing and processing wastes. Specific
targets for the processes include a 99% or greater conversion of DDT
(and major isomers) to products of demonstratably reduced hazard to the
environment and 95% for toxaphene and chlordane. Process definition and
equipment design for DDT wastes are to be completed for possible pilot-
full scale implementation. Lab scale screening test data on "in-situ"
metal/bimetal couple-catalyzed reduction of chlorinated pesticides in
aqueous wastes will be used for scale-up to the commercialization design
stage. The work focuses on chlorinated cyclodiene pesticides: heptachlor;
endrin; chlordane; and toxaphene. Continuous bench scale studies using
actual manufacturing plant wastes is being used to provide both the engineer-
ing control/design (scaleup) data and process economics needed for the
ultimate mini-works—full scale design (100 gpm) and demonstration phases.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-43
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or l()o of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1()72 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 68-01-0457 OJSAF/EPA Interagency Agreement No. EPA-
IAG-008(R))
TITLE OF PROJECT. Study of Feasibiiity of Herbicide ORANGE Chlorinolysis
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Diamond Shamrock Corporation
T. R. Evans Research Center
Painesville, Ohio 44077
Project Site: Painesville, Ohio
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 1972
Completion Datj: February 1974
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Robert R. Swank
Southeast Environmental Research
Laboratory
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Project Cost:$34.7oo
Federal Cost:$34.7oo
A process termed chlorinolysis (exhaustive chlorination) was applied to
samples of USAF Herbicide ORANGE. The ORANGE (50/50 volume mixture' of
the n-butyl esters of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T) contained a production impurity
called dioxin - a powerful teratogen. - The research objective was to
demonstrate the feasibility of converting such herbicides into marketable
products, namely, carbon tetrachloride (CCl^) , carbonyl chloride (COC^) ,
and hydrogen chloride (HC1), while destroying any dioxin present. - Bench
scale (100 g/hr) chlorinolysis of ORANGE was evaluated over a range of
reactor conditions. The critical reaction parameters were found to be:
chlorine to carbon ratio (4.4 - 7.2); temperature (600 - 800°C); pressure
(225 - 300 psig) ; and retention time (0.5 - 1.0 minute). - Thermodynamic
analysis had indicated that CCl^, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) , and chlorine
(C12) would exist in equilibrium at the reaction conditions utilized.
Because of the balance required between reaction rate (reactor size) and
HCB content of the effluent, recycle of unconverted HCB from the product
recovery system was found to be necessary. Recycle tests indicated that
single pass HCB conversion rates of 80% could be realized.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-44
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> sheet hriei'ly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 103 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 68-03-0455
TITLE OF PROJECT! Conversion of Chlorocarbon and Pesticide Wastes
by Complete or Partial Chlorinolysis
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
REPRO Chemical Corporation
1629 K Street, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
Project Site: Washington, D. c.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May 1974
Completion Date: December 1974
Summary:
Task 1 -
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Robert R. Swank
Southeast Environmental Research
Laboratory
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Project Cost: $43,400
Federal Cost: $48,4oo
Definition of the magnitude of the United State's organic waste
disposal problem with specific reference to chlorinelysis feed-
stock potential.
Task 2 - Definition of the impact of chlorinolysis conversion products,
carbon tetrachloride, carbonyl chloride, and anhydrous hydro-
chloric acid, on their respective markets.
Task 3 - Based upon the results of Tasks 1 and 2, provide recommendations
as to the most cost effective routes for future chlorinolysis
process development, testing, and implementation.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-45
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INFORMATION SHEET
PROJECT NUMBER: 68-03-2133
TITLE OF PROJECT: Chlorolysts Applied to the Conversion of
- ~~ - Defoliants/Chlorocarbon Residues
MMTEE OH Cfl«mCT9.f. miROJECLOIFM'-
Hoechst-TJhde Corporation Dr. Robert R. Swank
560 Sylvan Avenue SERL> EPA
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632 College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Site: Hoechst, West Germany
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: August 1974 Pr°iect Cost: $41>°°° (e!
Completion Date: December 1974 Federal Cost: $25,000
Summary:
The purposes of the program study are to determine whether herbicides used
as defoliants (TCP) can be converted into carbon tetrachloride by means of
technology developed by Farbwerke Hoechst AG (for chlorinated residues
wastes) and whether the byproduct dioxin in TCP is converted into an
inert product. In order to achieve high yield (more than 99%) of carbon
tetrachloride and minimal byproduct dioxin it will be necessary to mix
TCP with residues of the production of EDC and/or propylene oxide and the
program will attempt to establish guidelines on the percentage of residues
required.
This program will help establish whether technology developed by Farbwerke
Hoechst AG and known as Chlorolysis (for conversion of chlorinated residue
wastes to carbon tetrachloride) can be applied to the conversion of
defoliants without byproduct dioxins in harmful concentration and amounts.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-46
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> shrcl liriH'ly describe* an R & U project Section 104 or 10."} of the
Kedcral \\atcr Pollution Control Act Amendment* of 1072 (PI. <)2-7->(}())
PROJECT NUMBER:
800300
TITLE OF PROJECT! Ultraviolet Chlorination of Organic Acids in
Waste Brines
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Dow Chemical Co.
Midland, Mn. 48640
Project Site:
Midland, Michigan
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Robert R. Swank
Southeast Environmental
Research Laboratory
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1972
Completion Date: April 1974
Summary:
Project Cost: $201,733
Federal Cost: $103,250
The objectives of this demonstration project are to evaluate:
1) Effects of ultraviolet light placement, chlorine concentration operat-
ing temperature, and flow rate on removal efficiency; 2) Vent gas composi-
tion; 3) Corrosive effects of process streams on the equipment; 4) Large
scale instrumentation requirements; and 5) Treatment chemical unit ratios.
In addition to the above demonstration study on the removal of acetic acid
from waste brines by UV chlorination, laboratory studies will be conducted
in a mini-plant reactor to determine the applicability of the process to
other aliphatic acids, namely, glycolic, lactic, chloroacetic, propionic,
and butyric acids. These additional studies will entail determination of:
1) Reaction rates as a function of pH at a temperature of 95°C and acid con-
centrations in the range of 1,000 - 2,000 mg/1 at a constant C12 concentra-
tion of 10 mg/1; 2) Optimum pH for each acid; 3) Chloride ion dependence:
4) Quantum yields of glycolic and lactic acids and comparison of results
with no UV usage; and 5) Vent gas material balance by mass spectroscopy.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-47
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thin shed liriH'K (tc>ci ilics an R <5i D project Section 104 or l()."> of the
Kcclenil Water Pollution Control \cl Amendments of 1972 (PI. <)2-/>00)
PROJECT NUMBER:
800312
TITLE OF PROJECT: Radiation Treatment of High Strength Chlorinated
Hydrocarbon Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia 30332
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Robert R. Swank
Southeast Environmental Research
Laboratory
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Project Cost:$76,o55
Federal Cost:
Project Site: Atlanta, Georgia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October 1972
Completion Date: September 1974
Summary:
Project Objectives: 1) To investigate the feasibility of using ionizing
of vl^T w™ r ^ T?inati°n ^ *«acal agents for the treatment
drill* ^flue^s resulting from the manufacture of chlorinated hydro-
carbons; 2) To study the products remaining after treatment to determine
Mot*T prrirrad^f f resistance ^d/or toxicity to treatment plant
biota have been sufficiently reduced to make them amenable to ordinary
biological waste treatment; 3) To design and construct a small pilot-
scale flow-through system (100 GPH) for continuous irradiation
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-48
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 ol the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 800554
TITLE OF PROJECT! Carbon Sorption and Regeneration for Petrochemical
Waste Treatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
University of Missouri
Columbia, Missouri 65201
PrOJeCt Site : Columbia, Missouri
•
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March 1972
Completion Date: April 1974
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. L. Frank Mayhue
R. S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Project Cost: $33,520
Federal Cost: $36,444
The subject proposal is a two part program: (1) To determine the specific
response of spent activated carbon to regeneration, and (2) To develop
and fabricate two carbon adsorption pilot plants. A departure from the
traditional empirical approach to activated carbon regeneration will be
made in an effort to evaluate the basic parameters, techniques, and
requirements of the regeneration process. The successful completion of
the project will make a significant contribution to the understanding of
regeneration phenomena. An optimum economic utilization of the overall
carbon adsorption process will be the end result, thereby placing an
enhanced value on its use in industrial waste treatment activities.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-49
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INFORMATION SHEET
ThU sh.,-1 l,rieflv dt,,nU, an R & D project Section 104 ^
Fniml lUlor Pollution Control Act Amendment, of 1072 (PL «)2-
PROJECT NUMBER: soo&o2
TITLE OF PROJECT: Waterborne Wastes of the Paint and Pigments Industry
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue South
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
Project Site : Birmingham, Alabama
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1972
Completion Date: March 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Herbert S. Skovronek
Edison Water Quality Research
Laboratory, EPA
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $35,815
Federal Cost: $33,000
The objectives of the proposed research program are: 1) To characterize
the subject industries in relation to their wastewater problems; 2) To
assess the waste-control technology currently being employed in the
subject industries; 3) To determine the best practice now extant; 4) To , J
determine what can be achieved in the way of control of effluent quality)
with technology now available to these industries, and 5) To recommendrrh
remedial measures where present treatment technology is either deficient,
lacking, or nonexistent. It is anticipated that through pursuit of these
objectives it will be possible to define clearly the pollutant-control
problems of the Paint and Pigments Industries and to provide a sound
basis for the planning of future research and development efforts necessary
to the resolution of those problems.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-50
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-5
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
800766
Optimizing a. Petrochemical Waste Bio-Oxidation
System Through Automation
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Dow Chemical Company
Texas Division
Freeport, Texas 77541
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Thomas Short
R. S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Project Cost: $226,574
Federal Cost: $142,250
Project Site : Freeport, Texas
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: January 1972
Completion Date: juiy 1974
Summary:
Covers the installation and operation of control systems on an existing
activated sludge pilot plant. These control devices will allow for
monitoring and assessing the nature and amount of the biological process
variation, and by "feedback" and "feedforward" responses, will compen-
sate for these variations so as to maintain a high rate of removal. The
results will be employed to develop a conceptual design of a waste treat-
ment facility for alkaline, saline and organic-laden wastes generated
from a manufacturing process producing polyhydric compounds.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-51
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INFORMATION SHEET
. s, (,
K«l,>ral \Valor Pullutiun Control Acl Amendments ol 10,- (H. J-
PROJECT NUMBER: 800773
TITLE OF PROJECT: Development of Treatment and Control Technology
- ~ - ~ — for Eefractory Petrochemical Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
State of Louisiana
Louisiana State Science Foundation
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70804
PrOJBCt Site .' Baton Rouge, Louisiana
DESCRIPTION OF PR01ECT
Award Date: February 1972
Completion Date: February 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Frank Mayhue
R. S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Project Cost: $1,100,205
Federal Cost: $ 663,750
The objectives of this R&D Program are: 1) To develop and demonstrate
waste treatment procedures for the reduction of refractory petrochemical
waste, equivalent to or exceeding that level of treatment attainable by
biological treatment processes. Emphasis will be placed on the reduction^
of waste constituents affecting potable water supplies, aquatic and
marine life with respect to taste and oddr. The process to be investi-,
gated (individually or in combination) will include biological oxidation,
solvent extraction, adsorption, and ozonization. 2)Development of an eco-
nomical source of activated carbon from a waste petroleum based carbon
by-product stream. 3)A quantitative definition as to which refractory
compounds pose hazards in the lower Mississippi in current and projected
concentrations, and the effect of industrial growth on stream quality.
To meet the objectives of this proposal, nine major tasks are identifiable:
1) Waste characterization: priority ranking of plant streams, and evalua-
tion of pollution significance; 2) Preliminary process feasibility studies;
3) Carbon preparation, activation, and regeneration procedures; 4) Pilot
plant trials; 5) Analytical services; 6) Analysis of present and projected
loadings, treatment levels, and treatment costs; 7) Supporting studies;
8) Evaluation of results and recommendations; and 9) Participating companies,
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-52
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.") of llie
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of \<-)72 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 300357
TITLE OF PROJECT: State-of-the-Art for the Inorganic Chemicals Industry:
Industrial Inorganic Gases, Inorganic Pesticides,
Commercial Explosives.
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Illinois Institute of Technology
Dept. of Env. Engineering
Chicago, Illinois 60616
Mr. Elwood E. Martin
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: $30,972
Federal Cost: $28,695
Project Site: Chicago,
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 1972
Completion Date: juiy 1974
Summary:
The project will identify types and classes of pollutants present in the
organic chemical industry wastewaters; define "normal" ranges of raw waste
loads associated with industry production; identify wastewater treatment
processes available to the inorganic chemicals industry, and evaluate the
effectiveness and cost of these processes relative to significant pollu-
tants; and" from these data, establish practical and achievable wastewater
effluent guidelines applicable to the inorganic chemical industry. The
study will yield a condensed, handbook-type compilation of available
information on inorganic chemicals industrial wastewater composition,
treatment technology, treatment effectiveness and costs.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-53
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tlii> sherl liriefl) docrilio aci R & D project Section 104 or 105 ol' the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 300947
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Extraction or Destruction of Chemical Pollutants
from Industrial Wastewater Streams
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Texas A&M Research Foundation
P. A. Faculty Exchange H
College Station, Texas 77843
Site: College Station, Texas
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Frank Mayhue
R. S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
DESCRIPTION OF PR01ECT
Award Date: March 1972
Completion Date: Juiy 1974
Summary:
Project Cost: $33,531
$34,928
treatment processes for the Eduction S . S** f°r advanced "*st
Plant waste effluent streams equivaLnt T ntaminates in Petrochemical
biological treatment process The nl+9 °r/xceeding second stage
include halogenated hydrocarbons and
effect potable water suppUes
River with respect to talte
of this project are: 1) To a
tatively evaluate how selected ro
economically by solvent extraction aS
tribution, performance, and other
of In-plant continuous flow pilot
solvent recovery systems; 3)^ cons Sue t
bench-sc
cons
bench-scale pilot plant to determine
P™ducts to b* Deduced will o
refjactory compounds which ac
li£e in the lower ****-
Primary ob3ectives
ben<* work to quanti-
trSamS can be Created
°Xldf ion' 2> ^ obtain dis-
f f°r Preli*^ary design
^ S°1Vent extra-tion Sd
Contlnuo^
mne nerfo™
waste streams can be treated economical T *** dSSigtl data on how
preliminary designs of continuous Sow in ^/r^,0^^10115 4) To ^ke
previous processes; and 5) To deterr^ 1 ptlot plants f°r the
types of equipment for the previousT^ reCOinmend ^ «»t suitable
and economics £or the f-U1 -t estimates
11-54
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 ol' llie
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-oOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: soioao
TITLE OF PROJECT! Extraction of Chemical Pollutants from Aqueous
Industrial Streams with Volatile Solvents
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
University of California
Chemical Engineering Dept.
Berkeley, California 94720
Site : Berkeley, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 1972
Completion Date: May 1975
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Jack Hale
R. S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Project Cost: $124,424
Federal Cost: $115,125
- To obtain experimentally fundamental physico-chemical data
on the distribution of various pertinent chemical solutes (alcohols,
phenols, aldehydes, ketones, etc.) between water and candidate volatile
solvents, as a function of temperature, pressure and solute concentration.
The solvents include carbon dioxide, isobutylene and propane. - To esta-
blish a correlation for distribution coefficients. - To construct and
operate bench-scale, continuous -flow demonstration units (mini-plants) for
quantitative evaluation of the extraction process as applied to waste-
stream samples from petroleum-refining and petrochemical plants. - To
obtain experimentally fundamental physical data (interfacial tensions,
diffusivities, mass transfer rates, etc.) and operating data required for
scale-up of an efficient extraction process. - To demonstrate the worka-
bility of extraction with volatile solvents as a method for treating
typical concentrated petroleum and petrochemical wastewaters on a sustained
basis. - To determine the most suitable type of extraction contactor and to
measure and correlate its extraction efficiency. - To evaluate critically
performance data from the demonstration unit toward an economic optimiza-
tion of design variables. - To make a preliminary design of a full-scale
industrial extraction process and to prepare cost estimates. - To establish,
on the basis of engineering studies, the classes of industrial wastewaters
which can be treated economically by extraction with volatile solvents.
11-55
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> >heel briefly .l.^oribo an R & l> project Section 104 or 10.1 ol" Hi.'
Federal \\atcr Pollution Control Act Amendments of l()72 (PI- W-SOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: 301159
TITLE OF PROJECT: Characterization of Wastewaters from the Pharmaceutical
Indus try
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Assoc.
115 5-15 th Street, N.W.
Washington, D. C.
SitB .' New Orleans, Louisiana
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Herbert S. Skovronek
Edison Water Quality Research
Laboratory
Edison, New Jersey 08817
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: August 1972
Completion Date: June 1973
Summary:
Project Cost: $39,927
Federal Cost: $33,933
The objectives of this project are to collect, summarize and validate the
data necessary to define the sources and character of the industry's
wastewaters, current treatment practices and their effectiveness. In
addition, an attempt to identify areas where treatment technology is lack-
ing and research is needed will be undertaken.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
H-56
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tlii> shecl briefly describes an R. & D project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 801349
TITLE OF PROJECT: The Reclamation of Sulfuric Acid from Waste Streams
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
The New Jersey Zinc Co. Dr. Herbert S. Skovronek
Palmerton, Pennsylvania 18071 Edison Water Quality Research
Laboratory
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Slt6 : Palmerton, Pennsylvania
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February 1972 Project Cost: $372,031
Completion Date: March 1974 Federal Cost: $154,560
Summary:
The New Jersey Zinc Company will carry out a pilot plant study of a new
approach to the recovery of sulfuric acid from the waste acid stream
(20% t^SO/) generated during production of titanium dioxide pigment by
the sulfate process. Specifically, the study will evaluate total evapora-
tion of the waste acid stream and subsequent re con cent ration, in two stages,
of the clean acid back to the 90-95% concentration necessary for reuse in
the digestion process. Simplified isolation of the dissolved sulfate salts
by vapor-solid rather than liquid-solid separation will be an added advan-
tage of the total evaporation approach. - The technical and economic
applicability of the total evaporation approach to spent pickle liquor
from steel mills will also be evaluated. - Based on results of the pilot
plant study, a full scale plant will be designed and an economic evalua-
tion carried out for treatment of waste acid from the sulfate process.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-57
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INFORMATION SHEET
Th, ,he,, k,H'K an R & D projec-l Section 104 or 105 of
Federal \\aler Pollution Control Act Amendment, of I^TL (PL )--
PROJECT NUMBER: 301398
TITLE OF PROJECT: Treatment of Petrochemical Wastewater for Reuse
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Union Carbide Corporation
270 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10017
Project Site: Charleston, West Virginia/
Ponce, Puerto Rico
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 1973
Completion Date: June 1975
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Leon Myers
R. S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Project Cost: $493,755
Federal Cost: $231,773
I. To develop feasibility, design and economic data on petro-
chemical wastewater upgrading and subsequent reuse by testing a pilot-scale
system comprising an integrated sequence of the most promising treatment steps
for upgrading biorrtreated petrochemical effluents for use in pilot-scale heat
transfer systems. Processes comprising the treatment pilot-plant will be
selected after an initial technology review, followed by bench-scale tests to
develop design and feasibility data, where necessary. Need for facilities for
the disposal of sludges and other by-product wastes will be considered in this
study. Processes to remove the following categories of residual contaminants
will be included - suspended solids, soluble organics , and soluble salts. 2. To
compile present quality criteria for cooling water, boiler-feed water, service
water, and process water in typical petrochemical plants and to determine the
effects of using lower quality water, particularly with respect to residual
organic contamination. 3. To evaluate alternative or additional operations/
processes, concurrently, for incorporation in the pilot treatment system if a
need for such alternatives is indicated by pilot-scale operating experience
or by more precise definition of quality criteria for reclaimed water. 4. To
compare the economic and technical feasibility of alternative processes to aid
in proper selection and to develop thorough economics for an integrated treat-
ment system capable of producing reuseable water. 5. To refine analytical tech-
niches for monitoring removals achieved by the various treatment processes to
°f *• Pr°CeSSeS' effectiveness and to identify
11-58
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This slieel briefly
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
Thi. , ..... , Wrfh *-*,, „ R « D project Section
K.-.I.T.I Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments ol I07J (PI. )--
PROJECT NUMBER: 801577
TITLE OF PROIECT: Pollution Control Technology for Pesticide Formulators
' and Packagers
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
National Agricultural Chemical Assoc.
1155 15th Street N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20005
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. David L. Becker
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water Programs
Washington, D. C.
Project Site : Kansas City, Mo./Washington, B.C.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: September 1972 Project Cost: $40.000
Completion Date: August 1974
Summary:
Federal Cost:$33,ooo
The objectives of the proposed project are to: 1) Characterize the pes-
ticide formulation and packaging industry for production and pollution
purposes; 2) Characterize the industry wastewaters - raw waste loads and
other unique problems; 3) Identify or define and assess the best practi
cable treatment technology in terms of operating characteristics and cost;
4) Identify or define and assess the best available treatment technology
in terms of operating characteristics and cost; 5) Identify or define and
assess pretreatment technology for discharge to municipal systems, in
terms of operating characteristics and cost where applicable; 6) Identify
the R&D needed to achieve a "closed loop" wastewater control system or
the elimination of pollutional discharges.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-60
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R. & D project Section 104 or I0f> of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of l()72 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
802684
TITLE OF PROJECT! Integrated Slime and Fluorine Control - Phosphate
Manufacturing Industry
Project Cost:sl.979.3AO
Federal Cost: $506,709
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Florida Dept. of Air and Mr. Edward Lomasney
Water Pollution Control EPA, Region IV
Tallahassee Bank Building 1421 Peachtree Street, NE
Tallahassee, Florida 32301 Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Pr°JeCt $ite: Decatur, Georgia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Juiy 1973 (revised)
Completion Date: june 1977
Summary:
Pilot scale demonstration of an integrated vapor emission control and
closed cycle wastewater system with fluorine recovery in forms other
than fluorosilicic acid; pilot-scale demonstration/evaluation of wet-
process phosphoric acid digestion modifications to eliminate vapor
fluorine emission while producing an insoluble fluoride product suitable
for concentration via selective flotation and ultimate recovery as useful
products (flotation technology feasibility to be investigated at bench
scale); development and demonstration at bench scale of wet-process
modifications which will eliminate the need for wet benefication of phos-
phate rock and therefore eliminate phosphate slime production. Implica-
tions/impact of dry mining/matrix process adoption on fluorine control
and recovery technology as developed in other phases of this project will
also be delineated as will potential for utilization of existing
aged-slimes as phosphate source.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-61
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tl.i> *hrrl IfiefU .lorHlu, an R & D project S.ehon 104 or 105 ,,1' ll.r
Krclrral \\alrr Pollution Control \cl Amrndmcnts of 1972 (PI. W-
PROJECT NUMBER: 302753
TITLE OF PROJECT! Renovation of Industrial Wastewater by Evaporation
With Interface Enhancement
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
University of California
Berkeley, California
Project Site : Berkeley, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1973
Completion Date: November 1974
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Richard B. Tabakin
Edison Water Quality Research
Laboratory
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $29,615
Federal Cost: $25,ooo
Summary:
The objective of this project is to evaluate the increased heat transfer
and other advantages which can be achieved with the use of a small amount
of surfactant in the treatment of wastewaters by upflow vertical tube
evaporation. The study will involve the testing of typical inorganic
wastewaters in a 5,000 gpd vertical tube evaporator. ^organic
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-62
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R. & U project Section 104 or 10.") of (he
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1072 (PL 02-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
802872
TITLE OF PROJECT: State-of-the-Art of the Military Explosives and
Propellants Industry
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
American Defense Preparedness Assoc.
Union Trust Building, Suite 819
740-15th Street
Washington, D. C.
Project Site: Washington, D. C.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: November 1973
Completion Date: February 1975
EPA PROJECT OFFICER.
Mr. Richard B. Tabakin
Edison Water Quality Research
Laboratory
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost:$421776
Federal Cost:$4o,5oo
Summary:
The objective of this project is to define and characterize typical
wastewater effluents and treatment technology at GO-GO and GO-CO
explosives and propellants production and LAP plants.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-63
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describe an R & D project Section 104 or 103 »f U«-
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 302908
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Treatment of Ammonia Plant Process Condensate Effluents
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Louisiana Chemical Association
Taylor Building, Room 300
251 Florida Street
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70801
Project Site : Donaldsonville, La.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: July 1974
Completion Date: December 1975
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Robert R. Swank
Southeast Environmental
Research Laboratory
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Project Cost: $258,320
Federal Cost:$124}ooo
Summary. Objectives - To establish technology to remove the ammonia
organics and carbon dioxide trace contaminants in the process condensate
effluent from large ammonia plants. In looking toward the future effluent
requirements, this program will establish the technology for total process
effluent recycle.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-64
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & I) project Section 104 or !()."> of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 803026
TITLE OF PROJECT: Final Purification of Aerated Lagoon Effluent by
Chemical Coagulation - Mixed Media Filtration
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Leon Myers
R. S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
American Oil Company
910 S. Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60680
Project Site : Yorktown, Virginia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 1971
Completion Date: April 1974
Summary:
The project is for the full-scale (1.5 mgd) treatment of the petroleum
refinery's aerated lagoon effluent. The chemical coagulation mixed
media filter system will perform as a polishing facility for final
clarification and purification to produce a consistent water quality
effluent with the normal expectations of tertiary treatment.
The work encompasses six major efforts summarized as: 1) Design and
construction; 2) Process demonstration; 3) Determination of process
efficiency and phase separation costs; 4) Economic comparison with air
flotation; 5) Establishment of process reliability; and 6) Determination
of capital and operating costs for full-scale treatment.
Project Cost: $257,179
Federal Cost: $ 95,315
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-65
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> shn-l briefly .lo.'nl.o an R & U project Section 104 or lift of llu-
F.-il.-ral \\alt-r Pollution Control Act Amendments o!' W72 (PL 02-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: sososs
TITLE OF PROJECT.' Development of Total Recycle Systems for Petrochemical
Waste Brines Containing Refractory Contaminants
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Dow Chemical Company
Texas Division
Contracts Research Laboratory
Freeport, Texas 75541
Project Site: Freeport, Texas
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 1974
Completion Date: Juiy 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Thomas Short
R. S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Project Cost: $181,179
Federal Cost: $110,023
A system which utilizes a reverse osmosis-electrodialysis dissolved solids
removal process will be developed for application to petrochemical wastes.
Ammonia strippers, chemical oxidation, carbon adsorption, macroreticular
resin adsorption, and ion exchange will also be evaluated for removal of
contaminants from the waste stream.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-66
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI. <)2-.iO())
PROJECT NUMBER: 303159
TITLE OF PROJECT! Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticide Removal from
Wastewater
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Velsicol Chemical Corporation
1199 Warford Street
P. 0. Box 8127
Memphis, Tn. 38108
Project Site: Memphis, Tn.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May 1974
/
Completion Date: May 1976
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Robert R. Swank
Southeast Environmental
Research Laboratory
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Project Cost: $299,971
Federal Cost: $221,800
Two processes for chlorocarbon pesticide wastewater are to be developed,
demonstrated, and evaluated in parallel through miniworks scale. The
demonstration test will involve the heptachlor-endrin wastewater effluent
from Velsicol's Memphis, Tennessee plant. The processes of choice are
resin adsorption removal and in situ metal-bimetal catalytic reduction
(dechlorination) .
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-67
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & 0 project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal \\ater Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 303221
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Refractory Indices for Organic Industrial Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
University of Connecticut
Civil Engineering Department
Storrs, Connecticut
Project Site : Storrs, Connecticut
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Juiy 1974
Completion Date: juiy 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Billy L. DePrater
Robert S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Project Cost: $56.
Federal Cost:$i8.ooo
A study of the oxygen demand parameters of wastewater and the use of
selected parameters to develop Refractory Indices. The Refractory
Indices will help determine whether biological treatment or other
methods of treatment are necessary for a wastewater.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-68
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 303286
TITLE OF PROJECT! Demonstration of Evaporator-Incinerator for
Concentrated Pharmaceutical Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
P. 0. Box 628
Barceloneta, Puerto Rico 00617
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Herbert S. Skovronek
Edison Water Quality
Research Laboratory
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Site :
Barceloneta, Puerto Rico
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Juiy 1974
Completion Date: May 1975
Summary:
Project Cost: $181,395
Federal Cost: $ 70,ooo
A treatment facility for control of wastewaters from batch manufacturing
operations which are relatively high in organics and dissolved salts
will be constructed and operated. The process sequence selected includes
evaporation and incineration of organics, thermal degradation of weak acid
salts, and crystallization and fluid bed drying of ionic salts. Waste
heat will be recovered and reused within the system. Products should be
water vapor, dry salts, and aqueous sodium carbonate from scrubbers.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-69
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This 4.<-cl uriefK n-iL.rs an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal \\aler Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 803357
TITLE OF PROJECT: State-of-the-Art Study on Ozone for Industrial
Water and Wastewater Treatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
International Ozone Institute, Inc.
24 Central Avenue
Waterbury, Connecticut 06702
PrOJBCt Slt6 : K'aterbury, Connecticut
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: August 1974
Completion Date: Juiy 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. L. Frank Mayhue
R. S. Kerr Environmental
Research Laboratory
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Project Cost:$15,002
Federal Cost:$ 8,000
Study will attempt to combine, in one report, all ozone technology
references with respect to industrial wastewater treatment. Field of
search wxll include such areas as Europe, Canada, Japan, etc.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-70
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & U project Section 104 or 105 of (he
Federal Waler Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-300)
PROJECT NUMBER: 303353
TITLE OF PROJECT: Closed-Loop Recycle System for Waste Acid Pickle Liquor
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Crown Chemical Company, Inc.
515 South Harmon Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46225
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Richard B. Tabakin
Edison Water Quality
Research Laboratory
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Site: Alton,
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Juiy 1974
Completion Date: juiy 1976
Summary:
A method for conversion of ferrous sulfate from spent pickle liquor
to iron oxide and reuseable sulfuric acid will be evaluated. A ferric
nitrate intermediate, produced by continuous ion exchange, will be
decomposed to produce the oxide and nitric acid for recycle. A full
scale system will then be installed in a steel mill so that the total
closed- loop system can be studied.
Project Cost:51 ,16
Federal Cost: $65)0oo
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
11-71
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FINAL REPORTS AVAILABLE
CHEMICALS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS, AND PETROLEUM REFINING
Report Number
12020 02/70
12020 DIS 01/72
12020 DJI 06/71
12020 DQC 03/71
Title/Author
Petrochemical Effluents Treatment
Practices - Summary. Engineering-Sciences,
Incorporated/Texas, Austin, Texas.
Anaerobic Treatment of Synthetic Organic
Wastes, Union Carbide Corporation, South
Charleston, West Virginia.
Wastewater Treatment Facilities for a
Polyvinyl Chloride Production Plant,
B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company, Cleveland,
Ohio.
Polymeric Materials for Treatment and
Recovery of Petrochemical Waste, Gulf
South Research Institute, New Or!eans,
LA.
12020 EID 03/71
12020 EJI 07/71
12020 EXG 03/72
12020 FPD 09/71
12020 FYE 01/72
tion of Polyhydric Organics, Dow Chemical
Company, Texas Division, Freeport, Texas
Preliminary Investigational Requirements -
Petrochemical and Refinery Waste,Treatment
Engineering-Science, Incorporated, Austin,
Texas.
Inorganic Chemicals Industry Profile,
Datagrpahics, Incorporated, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania
Effect of Chlorination on Selected
Organic Chemicals, Manufacturing Chemists
Association, Washington, D. C.
Inorganic Fertilizer and Phosphate Mining
Industries - Water Pollution and Control,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Richland,
Washington.
Pesticide Manufacturing Industry - Current
Waste Treatment and Disposal Practices.
university of Austin, Texas.
Source
NTIS ($3.00)
PB 192 310
GPO $1.75
NTIS
PB 211 130
GPO $1.00
NTIS -
PB 211 464
GPO $0.70
NTIS -
PB 201 699
12020 EEQ 10/71 Treatment of Wastewater from the Produc- GPO $1.75
GPO $1.50
NTIS -
PB 212 369
GPO $1.75
NTIS -
PB 206 308
GPO $1.00
NTIS -
PB 211 160
GPO $1.75
NTIS -
PB 206 154
GPO $1.00
NTIS -
PB 211 129
H-72
-------
Report Number Title/Author
Source
12020 GND 07/71
Projected Wastewater Treatment Costs in
the Organic Chemicals Industry,
Datagraphics, Incorporated, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania.
GPO - $1.50
EPA-R2-73-194
Identification and Control of Petrochemical GPO
Pollutants Inhibitory to Anerobic Pro-
cesses, Union Carbide Corporation, South
Charleston, West Virginia.
EPA-600/2-74-006
EPA-670/2-74-044
Study of Feasibility of Herbicide Orange
Chlorinolysis, Diamond Shamrock Corp.,
Painesville, Ohio.
An Ion-Exchange Process for Recovery of
Chromate from Pigment Manufacturing,
Mineral Pigments Corp., Beltsville,
Maryland.
EPA-670/2-74-030 Waterborne Wastes of the Paint and
Inorganic Pigments Industries, Southern
Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama.
EPA-670/2-74-057 Characterization of Wastewaters from the
Ethical Pharmaceutical Industry, Phar-
maceutical Manufacturers Association,
Washington, D. C.
GPO
GPO
NTIS
GPO
EPA-R2-73-200
EPA-12050 DRC
11/71
EPA-12050 DSH
03/71
EPA 12050 EKT
03/71
Recondition and Reuse of Organically Contam- GPO
inated Waste Sodium Chloride Brines, Dow
Chemical U.S.A., Midland, Michigan.
Experimental Evaluation of Fibrous Bed GPO - $1.75
Coalescers for Separating Oil-Water"NTIS -
Emulsions, Illinois Institute of Technology, PB 210 144
Department of Chemical Engineering, Chicago,
Illinois.
Impact of Oily Materials on Activated Sludge GPO - $1.50
Systems, Hydroscience, Incorporated,NTIS -
Westwood, New Jersey. PB 212 422
Fluid Bed Incineration of Petroleum Refinery GPO - $1.50
Wastes, American Oil Company, Mandan, North NTIS -
Dakota. PB 202 570
11-73
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Report Number Title/Author Source,
EPA-R2-72-001 Evaluation of Waste Waters from Petroleum GPO
and Coal Processing, Oklahoma University,
Norman, Oklahoma
EPA-R2-72-110 Oily Waste Disposal by Soil Cultivation GPO
Process, Shell Oil Company, Deer Park,
Texas
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FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS
Activities under this subprogram element encompass those industries
dealing with the processing of products for ultimate human or animal
consumption. It is estimated that the wastes generated by this industry,
comprising some 32,000 related companies, represent 21% of the total
national manufacturing pollutional load. The industry has been broken
down into sub-categories along the guidelines of the Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) Manual. These encompassed categories include:
(1) Meat Products; (2) Dairy Products; (3) Canned and Frozen Foods;
(4) Grain Mill Products; (5) Bakery Products; (6) Sugar; (7) Beverage
Industries; (8) Candy and Related Products: (9) Miscellaneous Foods; and
(10) Leather Tanning.
The diversity of processing operation, volume, and the seasonal
nature of this grouping causes extreme variation in 6005, COD, suspended
and dissolved solids, pH, etc., in the resultant organic waste streams.
The program's goal is to assist the various sub-industries in the develop-
ment of design, operational, and economic technology to create novel or
improved pollution abatement systems. This program mission, of a closed-
loop industrial system, will be met by the proper combination of in-plant
water conservation, pretreatment, and chemical, physical, and biological
wastewater management systems. This would ultimately result tn the total
process water reuse and in-plant recovery of valuable products (or by-
products).
The R&D Program for the food industry initiates research efforts
under the grant, contract, and in-house provisions of PL 92-500, Section
104 and 105. The objectives are met through a R&D planning function
located at EPA Headquarters, Washington, D. C.,and an implementation
program located at the Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory in Corvallis,
Oregon.
MEAT PRODUCTS AND RENDERING INDUSTRY
This research area encompasses three food processing industries with
over 5,000 plants and a raw wastewater flow in excess of 80 billion
gallons per year with a 6005 load of over 700 million pounds per year.
There are three SIC involved, these are: 2011 (Meat Packing Plants),
2013 (Sausages and Other Prepared Meats), 2015 (Poultry Dressing Plants).
Between 50% and 70% of the discharges are to municipal sewer systems.
Red meats and poultry processing both include: receiving facilttes;
killing; removal of the hide, hafr, or feathers; eviscerating and trim-
ming; cooling; and packing. Further processing of the meat is more exten-
sive with swine and beef than poultry. By-product operations include
blood drying; hide, hair, or feather processing; viscera handling: and
rendering.
III-l
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The waste loads in Ibs per 1000 Ibs of live weight killed are s
for packinghouse and broiler processors; average values are shown
table below.
WASTE LOAD PARAMETER BROILERS. -PACKINGH°USE
BOD5 1° 12']
SS 7.8 8-7
Grease 1-7 6'°
TKN 1-2 1'°
p 0.4 °-2
Flow (Gallons) 2200 1050
In terms of reducing waste the extreme variation in waste loads found
between plants is more significant than the average values above.
The large volume of wastewater produced contains vast quantities of
organic process residues. Most of the primary and secondary process waste
streams should be separately handled to recover valuable material and/or
reduce costs in the treatment system. Treatment systems in the meat pack-
ing industry consist of primary units for liquid-sol Ids separation followed
by secondary biological treatment systems to reduce the BOD and suspended
solids.
DAIRY PRODUCTS PROCESSING
Approximately 51 billion kilograms of milk are processed by 5350
plants into: creamery butter (SIC 2021); cheese (natural and processed)
(SIC 2022); condensed and evaporated milk (SIC 2023); ice cream and frozen
desserts (SIC 2024); and fluid milk (SIC 2026).
It is estimated, on an annual basis, that of the 56 billion gallons
of total water intake by this industry, 53 billion gallons are discharged
as waste with 31 billion gallons going to municipal sewers and 20 billion
gallons to surface waters. The total wastewater from this industry
contains about 400 million pounds of BOD and 200 million pounds of
suspended solids.
Another 22 billion gallons of water are recycled in this industry
with fluid milk accounting for about 12 billion gallons. Fluid milk also
discharges 27 billion gallons of waste annually which is 51% of that dis-
charged by the total industry.
Fluid milk processing steps consist of receiving, storage, standard-
ization pasteurization, homogenization, deodorization, and packaging. Fo
For
III-2
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cultured products the process consists of receiving, storage, separation,
pasteurization culturing, packaging. Processing is similar through the
pasteurization step for natural and processed cheese, then following the
manufacturing step the cheese is pressed Into hoops, dried, cured, and
packaged.
Unit operations similar to the above are generally used throughout
the rest of the industry. Sub categories of the dairy industry and average
waste loads are given below:
VOLUME Kg BOD PER
GAL/10J 1b M. E. 1 ,000 kg M. E.
Receiving Station: Cans 100 0.5
Receiving Station: Bulk 65 0.3
Fluid Products 465 1.5
Cultured Products 465 2.0
Butter 100 0.8
Natural and Processed Cheese 925 0.7
Cottage Cheese 100 8.0
Ice Cream 500 3.0
Condensed Milk 475 1.0
Dry Milk 225 1.5
Condensed Whey 125 0.4
Dry Whey 125 0.6
*M. E. = Milk equivalent received
Properly designed and operated biological treatment systems can reduce
waste loads in the range of 90% to over 98% with the exception of cheese
whey treatment. This presents, an additional problem due to the 10 billion
kilograms of whey generated annually, and about 40% of this quantity is
discharged as waste. EPA demonstration grants have partially addressed
this problem in the form of projects involving fermentation, drying,
enzymatic conversion, and regional whey collection to produce useable
by-products in lieu of the wastewater treatment approach.
Projected long term improvements in wastewater technology for the
dairy products industry lie in the areas of conversion of waste wfiey into
IH-3
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CANNED AND PRESERVED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES INDUSTRY
This industrial category is composed of the following 1972 Standard
Industrial Classifications (SIC) codes: SIC 2032 (Canned Spec Cities )
SIC 2033 (Canned Fruits, Vegetables, Preserves, Jams, and Jellies;, Mt
2034 (Dried and Dehydrated Fruits, Vegetables, and Soup Mixes); SIC 2035
(Pickled Fruits, Vegetable Sauces, Seasonings, and ,Sa]adcJ^"ings;;
SIC 2037 (Frozen Fruits, Fruit Juices, and Vegetables); SIC 2099 (Food
Preparation not elsewhere classified (scope limited to establishments
processing potato, corn, and other chips and pectin)).
Basically the canned and preserved fruits and vegetables industry
extends the shelf life of raw commodities through the use of various pre-
servation methods. The most common methods being canning, freezing,
dehydrating, and brining. Preserving of fruits and vegetables in general
include the following unit operations: clean, sort, peel, size, stabilize,
and process. Many specialty products initiate processing with preprocessed
foods .
This industry category is of high economic stature in that it employs
some 250,000 individuals, consists of some 3,000 processing facilities,
and adds some $2 billion to the value of the raw product.
Water use varies from less than 500 gallons per ton (pineapple and
sauerkraut) to over 13,000 gallons per ton (asperagus). BODc loads (Ibs
per ton of raw product processed) range from 4 (apple juice j to 100 (sweet
potato and red beets); SS vary from less than one to over 50 pounds per
ton. This category is a significant industrial waste discharger of BOD5
and SS.
In general, the wastes are biologically degradable with some excep-
tions such as, olive storage and processing brines, cherry brines, and
sauerkraut brines. Limitation in design and operational problems may
result from length of processing seasons, variability in processing, and
lack of inorganic nutrients. Waste treatment and control range from no
treatment to extensive in-plant control with by-product recovery and
complete land retention of all liquid wastes (no discharge to surface
waters).
CANNED AND PRESERVED SEAFOOD INDUSTRY
The fish and seafoods processing industry can be classified into the
following subcategones: farm raised catfish, conventional bluf crab
tuna, and other aquatic and marine spectes. contiguous states,
III-4
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There are about 950 seafood processors. There is great variability
in length of processing season and day to day amounts of material pro-
cessed. The total season may be as short as six weeks (salmon) with 50%
of the production occurring in a two week period.
Available information on water use and wastewater characteristics
was extremely meager until recently. Examples of unit waste loads for
some species of seafoods processing are shown in the following table:
Water Use BOD SS
gpt Ibs/ton Ibs/ton
Farm Raised Catfish 5500 15.8 18.4
Conventional Blue Crab 280 10.4 1.5
Mechanized Blue Crab 8800 44.0 24.0
Alaskan Crab Meat 7800 17.8 11.2
Alaskan Whole Crab and Crab Sections 4000 12.2 7.0
Dungeness and Tanner Crab in 4600 16.2 5.4
the Contiguous States
Alaskan Shrimp 25000 230 380
Northern Shrimp in the 14400 240 108
Contiguous States
Southern Nonbreaded Shrimp in 11300 92 76
the Contiguous States
Breaded Shrimp in the 28000 168 185
Contiguous States
Tuna 4400 26 20
As shown, there is tremendous variability in both the amount of water
used as well as in the BOD and SS loads generated.
Treatment of wastewaters from seafood processing is almost nonexistent.
The tuna processing industry has done considerable work on by-product
recovery. Some of the other segments also screen their wastes for recovery
of solids for use in meal and feeds. A considerable amount of work is
needed on in-plant water use as well as end-of-the-pipe treatment.
In general, the use of biological treatment systems will be limited
unless they are long detention time processes because of the length of
processing and the day to day variability. The most promising approaches
III-5
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compatible with the economics of the industry appear to be chemical/
physical systems such as screeninq, sedimentation, flotation (with or
without chemical additives), additional by-product recovery, and in-
process changes such as a low water use shrimo peeler.
Consideration should be given to the collection of solid wastes from
seafood processors and the transformation of this waste into a useful pro-
duct such as animal feed at a central facility.
GRAIN MILLS
The grain mill products industry is comprised of six categories in
the 1972 census of manufacturers. These are: SIC 2041 (Flour and Other
Grain Mill Products), SIC 2043 (Cereal Breakfast Foods), SIC 2044 (Rice
Milling), SIC 2045 (Blended and Prepared Flour), SIC 2046 (Wet Corn Mill-
ing), SIC 2047 (Dog, Cat, and Other Pet Food), SIC 2048 (Prepared Feeds
and Feed Ingredients for Animals and Fowls - not elsewhere classified.
Approximately 3,000 production plants exist in this industry.
It is estimated, on an annual basis, that of the 75 billion gallons
of total water intake by this industry 67 billion gallons are discharged
as waste with 20 billion gallons going to municipal sewers and 47 billion
gallons going to surface waters. Another 47 billion gallons of water are
recycled in this industry with corn wet milling account for about 45
billion gallons. Corn wet milling also discharged 60 billion gallons of
waste annually which is 90% of that discharged by the total industry.
Primary milling subcategories with their indicated raw waste loads
are as follows:
Corn Wet Milling
Corn Dry Milling
Normal Wheat Flour Milling
Bulgur Wheat Flour Milling
Normal Rice Milling
Parboiled Rice Milling
VOLUME
GALS/MS BU*
50
4
dry process
2
dry process
16**
BOD SS
LBS/MS BU* LBS/MS BU*
400
63
200
90
0.18*** 0.007***
** GAL/CWT
***LB/CWT
Bushe1s of Grain Processed
Clean1"<>'
drying, mi Hi no,
III-6
-------
Treatment technology for these subcategories consists of flow equil-
ization, screening, primary clarification, biological treatment, secon-
dary clarification, chemical flocculation and precipitation, flotation,
and filtration effluent polishing.
Projected long term improvements in wastewater treatment technology
lies in extended in-plant controls, improved biological treatment, and
additional solids removal.
SUGAR PROCESSING
The 1972 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) separates this
industry into: SIC 2061 (Cane Sugar - except refining), SIC 2062 (Cane
Sugar Refining), and SIC 2063 (Beet Sugar).
8005, temperature and pH have been established as the significant
effluent parameters.
The Sugar Processing Industry encompasses those operations that con-
vert raw sugar cane to raw sugar, raw sugar to refined sugar (liquid or
crystal), and raw sugar beets to refined sugar.
Approximately 350 production plants are involved in discharging in
excess of 180 billion gallons of waste water annually to surface waters
containing some 300 million Ibs of 6005 and 2000 million Ibs of suspended
solids.
Beet Sugar Segment
Basically, processing of sugar beets into refined sugar consists of
beet washing, slicing, extraction, purification, concentration, and
crystallization. Specific processing steps are: (1) Harvest, delivery,
and storage of raw beets; (2) Transporting, washing, weighing, and slic-
ing of raw beets; (3) Sugar extraction from sliced beets (cassettes);
(4) Carbonation-clarification of the raw juice (purification); (5) Juice
concentration by evaporation; and (6) Sugar crystallization by evapora-
tion followed by crystal separation (centrifugation).
Existing liquid waste treatment and control systems range from reuse
and partial treatment of the transport - wash water system to extensive
in-plant controls and reuse systems (transport plus condenser water) with
complete land retention of both solid and liquid waste (no discharge to
surface waters). In-plant process controls include reduction of entrain-
ment in condenser water, recirculation of condenser water following cool-
ing tower or ponds, and dry handling of filter mud.
Future EPA research and development studies will be directed toward
developing technology for establishing total environmental control for
this industrial segment. Specific areas that will be investigated are:
(1) Evaluating significance of pending high strength organic wastes on
ground water quality; (2) Developing and demonstrating a "dry" transport
III-7
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and cleaning system; and (3) Develop and demonstrate by-products ^
transport and lime muds. Many of the environmental control technologies
developed for one segment of the sugar industry will have application to
the other segments of the industry.
Cane Sugar Refining
Cane sugar refining takes raw cane sugar (final product from cane
sugar milling) and processes it into ejther refined crystalline or liquid
sugar. The primary difference between crystalline and liquid refineries
is that liquid refineries do not recrystallize their primary product. In
each of these types of refineries the film is then placed into solution
and taken through various purification steps, After purification the two
types of refineries differ. Crystalline refineries recrystallfze the sugar
and liquid refineries filter the purified sugar. Specific processing steps
are:
CRYSTALLINE REFINERY
Affirmation and Melting
Clarification (Defecation)
Decolonization
Concentration (Evaporation)
Crystallization (Evaporation)
Finishing
LIQUID REFINERY
Affirmation and Melting
Clarification (Defecation)
Decolorization
Concentration (Evaporation)
Filtration
Inversion
itr?atment and disP°sa1 ranges from essentially no
- Tplete land ™tenti™ Wl*h no discharge to surface waters.
Barometric condenser water recycle system is being utilized by one refinery
r nery'
cane awgar
cessing'into refined sugar
the extraction of .uiceVom
$ pr°cessed into
"' SUgar ^^n^es for ro
III-8
-------
and finally separation of the crystals from the juice. The specific pro-
cessing steps are cane harvesting, cane washing, juice extraction, juice
clarification, juice concentration (evaporation), crystallization, and
separation Ccentrifugation).
Existing treatment and control systems range from essentially no
treatment to extensive reuse with complete land retention of both solid
and liquid wastes (no discharge to surface waters). In-plant process
controls include reduction of entralnment in condenser water, reclrcula-
tion of condenser water following cooling tower or ponds, dry handling of
filter mud, and recirculation of cane wash water.
Present and future EPA research and development grants will be
directed toward developing Total Environmental Control for this segment
of the Sugar Processing Industry. Specific areas to be investigated are:
(1) Develop and demonstrate cane wash recycle systems using raw juice as
the washing medium (present grant); (2) By-product use of trash: and bag-
asse for base load electrical supply (present study); (3j Develop and
demonstrate barometric condenser recycle system wtth. blowftown treated ami
reused as process water; (4) Develop and demonstrate additional by-products
from trash and bagasse; and (5) Develop and demonstrate additional
by-products from lime mud and wash mud.
MISCELLANEOUS FOODS AND BEVERAGES
This program area encompasses egg processing, six beverage industries,
five edible oils industries and a catch-all classification of four dozen
food preparation processes. Miscellaneous foods consists of four Standard
Industrial Classifications (.SIC), these are: SIC 2095 (Roasted Coffee);
SIC 2097 (Manufactured Ice); SIC 2098 (Macaroni, Spaghetti, Vermacelli, and
Noodles); and SIC 2099 (Food Preparation - not elsewhere classified).
The beverage industries include: SIC 2082 (Malt Beverages); SIC 2083
(Malt); SIC 2084 (Wines, Brandy, and Brandy Spirits); SIC 2085 (Distilled,
Rectified, and Blended Liquors); SIC 2086 (Bottled and Canned Soft Drinks
and Carbonated Waters); and SIC 2087 (Flavoring Extracts and Flavoring
Syrups - not elsewhere classified). Edible Oils consist of SIC 2074
(Cottonseed Oil Mills), SIC 2075 (Soybean Oil Mills), SIC 2076 (Vegetable
Oil Mills), SIC 2077 (Animal and Marine Fats and Oils), and SIC 2079
(Shortening and Cooking Oils). Egg processing Is part of SIC 2017 (Poultry
and Egg Processing).
Half of the plants in the beverage industry and the edible oil indus-
try and three-fourths of the plants in miscellaneous foods have 20 or less
employees. Thus, the majority of establishments in these industries are
small operations. Most of the wastewater is discharged to muntclpal plants.
The wastewater volumes from the beverage industry far exceed that from
miscellaneous foods and edible oils.
III-9
-------
RAW WASTEWATER LOAD BY INDUSTRY
Type Of
Industry
Units of Input
Flow
Gallons
Malt Beverages
Malt Industry
Wine and Brandy
Distilled Liquor
Soft Drinks
Potato Chips
Yeast
Roast Coffee
Edible Oils
Egg Processing
1000 Barrels
1000 Bushels
1000 Lbs Grapes
1000 Bushels
1000 Cases
1000 Lbs Potato
1000 Lbs Molasses
1000 Lbs Beans
1000 Doz. Eggs
1000 Doz. Eggs
260 ,000
42,000
760
31 ,000
4,000
2,000
2,600
250
60
80
3000
240
37
180
7.3
25
46
2
0.2
250
1200
41
180
33
0.5
Malt Beverages
Processing comprises adding hot water to malt and cooked grain,
followed by enzymatic action and then th.e spent grain is removed. Next
hops are added and the mixture is boiled. Following cooling and clarifi-
cation yeast is added and the mixture is fermented. After clarification
the beer is carbonated and packaged.
Annual production of 150 million barrels of beer generated about
40 billion gallons of process wastewater containing about 450 roll If on
pounds of BOD and 180 million pounds of suspended solids per year.
Malt Industry
Manufacturing of malt from barley comprises three steps - steeping,
germinating, and kilning. The purpose of malting is to initiate enzymatfc
reactions that modify the starch and protein in barley to produce fermen-
table sugars and other substances important in the brewing of beer and
similar products. This segment of the beverage industry wtll use about
5 billion gallons of process water and 3 billion gallons of cooling water.
The former will contain about 26 million pounds of BOD and 5 mi 11 ton
pounds of suspended solids.
111-10
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Wine and Brandy
Wine processing includes crushing of the grapes followed by primary
fermentation (before or after removal of the solids), racking (removal
of sediment), secondary fermentation, racking, aging, clarification and
bottling. Brandy is produced by distilling wine and condensing the dis-
tillage to obtain a beverage of high alcoholic content. There are many
variations in the above processing steps and, as a result, large varia-
tions in quantity and quality of wastewaters.
Distilled Liquor
Selected grain (corn, rye and/or malt) is milled, mashed, fermented.
distilled, stored and bottled, with many variations to produce whiskey.
The 40 million bushels of grain processed annually, generate about
1.3 billion gallons of process wastewater with over 7 million pounds of
BOD.
Soft Drinks
Generally soft drinks are manufactured by addina water and concen-
trated flavored base to the container (can or bottle) and carbonatina the
mixture. Some processors may produce their own flavoring materials but
most purchase them from specialists. Most of the waste load is generated
in the preparation of the flavoring materials and in the bottle washing
operation. Annually, wastewater discharges contain over 20 million pounds
of BOD. About 94 percent of the plants discharge into municipal systems.
Flavoring
Raw materials used in producing flavorings, extracts and syrups
include roots, seed, leaves, stems, blossoms, exudates, and bark from
herbs, shrubs, and trees. Unit operations include milling, comminution,
maceration, digestion, fermentation, percolation, extraction, distillation,
concentration by freezing, and evaporation. Because of the wide varia-
bility in raw materials and processing methods "typical" or average water
use and effluent BOD and SS loads, BOD concentrations may average near
500 mg/1 with levels of about 50 mg/1 for suspended solids. Ballpark
figures for BOD and SS loads from this segment are 24 and 2 million pounds
per year, respectively.
Roasted Coffee
In addition to coffee roasting the classification includes coffee
extracts and instant and freeze-dried coffee. There were 80 major instant
coffee plants in 1961 and from this segment of the industry comes the
major wastewater and waste solids discharged. The instant coffee process
III-ll
-------
contains the following equipment: roasters and grinders, peculators,
cyclones, presses, driers and spray driers. Material balances show the
presses to be by far the strongest wastewater source. Other major water
discharges are vapors. The waste solids (grounds) average 30 cu. ft. or
650 pounds (dwb) per 1000 Ibs of roasted and ground beans. The roasted
coffee industry has significant wastewater discharges, nearly all made to
tidewaters.
Manufactured Ice and Macaroni, Spaghetti, Vermicelli, and Noodle Industry
The manufactured ice industry discharge little in the way of organic
pollutants and the macaroni, spaghetti, vermicelli, and noodle industry
discharges are even more restricted to cooling water and boiler blowdown.
Food Preparation - Not Elsewhere Classified
The classification includes establishments primarily engaged in manu-
facturing prepared foods and miscellaneous food specialties such as baking
powder, yeast, and other leavening compounds, chocolate and cocoa products •
except confectionery, peanut butter, packaged tea, ground spices, vinegar
and cider, and potato and corn chips. Of the 48 food preparations listed
the known significant wastewater producers are the potato chip industry and
yeast industry.
Potato Chips
The wastewaters in potato chips processing are from the peeling slic-
ing, washing, and rinsing the potatoes. The wastewaters are Identical to
those produced in the same operation prior to producing french fried pota-
Yeast
e
vpact niZl+ Products in the food preparation category. The typical
product, enher compressed yeast or active dry yeast, is^afniy SSd for
from IlcohPo™Cd?s%illi^lrSrtf^eac^sut P^nt are composed of burnt slop
the washer water from yea™ separation 3 ^J-?^1 fr0ra Cult1™«on,
ing. The wastewaters ^ t 0 % % ft VthTpSTf
111-12
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Egg Processing
The egg processing industry is changing rapidly and is expected to
decrease to 200 large plants with 10% to 25% of these discharging to
navigable waters. In 1967 dried, frozen, and liquid egg products amounted
to 380 million pounds. The wastewater contains broken shells, wasted
eggs, and chemicals used in the processing. Waste flows come from the
breaking machines and clean up. Treatment systems include septic tanks,
trickling filters, and extended aeration. Much of the waste is discharged
to municipal plants.
Edible Oils
Edible oils account for a large percentage of the food energy of the
average diet in the U. S. Products include shortening, cookinq oils,
salad oils, and margarine which are produced from soybeans, cottonseed,
peanuts, corn, animal fats, and several other minor sources (coconuts,
copra, linseed, and flaxseed). Soybeans are the major source of edible
oils. The processing methods include rendering, hydrogenation, deodoriza-
tion, fractional crystallization, interesterification, chilling, and fill-
ing. Other major products from the processing are meal and hulls which can
be further processed into feeds and food. Production of edible soy protein
is the most significant from the viewpoint of wastewater discharge. The
degumming and caustic refining processes involve mixing water with the oil
and then separating the two. Both processes offer special potential for
waste load reduction. The other potential areas are in-plant control and
solid-liquid separation systems prior to discharge to secondary treatment
or a municipal sewer.
Research Strategy
Wastewaters from these industries are biologically treatable. Oil and
water separation prior to biological treatment in the edible of! cateaory
is economically advantageous. The industries jointly use primary and
secondary treatment systems. Because the production process utilizes rela-
tive clean raw products and is carried in highly regulated sanitary facili-
ties, the wastewaters are not as subject to contamination that results in
concern over health effects with closed loop systems. Future research
projects should be building blocks in a closed cycle no-discharge system.
TANNING INDUSTRY
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) classifies leather and
leather products in major group 31. This group is further divided into:
SIC 3111 (Leather Tanning and Finishing); SIC 313 (Boot and Shoe Cut Stock
and Findings); SIC 314 (Footwear - Except Rubber); SIC 315 (Leather Gloves
and Mittens); SIC 316 (Luggage); SIC 317 (Handbags and Other Personal
Leather Goods); and SIC 319 (Leather Goods - Not Elsewhere Classified).
The only segment that is of concern is leather tanning and finishino, all
the rest are essentially "dry" processes of manufacturing and rely on the
leather tanning and finishing division for their starting raw materials.
111-13
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The manufacturing process in the leather tanninj can be sunmanzed
as follows: the conversion of animal skins into leather by ^actina the
skin with trivalent chromium, tannin, or alum, or a combination of these
three chemicals. The hair is usually removed from the skin andthe hide
is then treated to remove unwanted flesh or protein. The skin is then
placed in contact with one or a combination of two tanninq agents sucn as
trivalent chromium, vegetable tannins, or alum. After tanninq the hides
are dried and some of the original oil restored by soaking in oils. The
final step is dying of the leather to-the desired color.
There are a total of 519 establishments in the leather tanning and
finishing industry, including 314 tanneries, 70 converters, and 135 con-
tract tanneries. Forty-one firms or 10.3 percent of the total account for
69 percent of the sales. This includes companies ranging in size from 5
to 50 million dollars in animal sales.
POLLUTION - WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
Wastewater characteristics are shown in Table 1. This is a partial
list of pollutants for only 3 of the steps in the tanning process. More
extensive data are not available at this time concernina the wastewater
characteristics for each subcategory of the tanning industry. However, it
is evident that the wastewater is very high in BODg, total solids, oil,
and grease. In addition, those tanneries using chrome tanning will have
high levels of chrome in the effluent, whereas those employinn vegetable
tanning will have high color.
Table 1
Wastewater Characteristics of Tanning Industry
Parameter MANUFACTURING STEP
(kg/1000 kg hides) Hide Curing Wash and Soak Degrees ing
BOD5 15,610 7-22
COD 29,610
Suspended Solids 10,400 8-43
Total Solids 280,500 143-207
Oil and Grease 40,200 . 10Q
Water Use/kg hides 0.24
PRESENT TREATMENT PRACTICES
syste. also represent
111-14
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industry. Of the 140 wet process tanneries surveyed, 21 had on-site
biological waste treatment plants, 3 employed activated sludge units,
15 employed lagoons (aerobic-anaerobic operations), and 3 used trickling
filters.
Solids handling and disposal at tanneries have received little atten-
tion in the past, usually being disposed of in on-site open dumps. Some
tanneries are beginning now to utilize pressure or vacuum filters or cen-
trifuges for sludge dewatering prior to disposal.
Efforts by the tanneries to conserve water and restrict solids into
the sewers have shown good results. Utilization of newer equipment that
conserves water is also being done.
Ultimately, the tanning industry will face zero discharge require-
ments. Considering the diversity of the pollution parameters contained in
their wastewater an open-cycle system of discharge will most probably be
the method of choice. The use of continuous processing apparatus instead
of batch type of operation should be considered to meet the ultimate goals.
Additionally, the conversion of nitrogen and 6005 to single cell protein
by way of control fermentation process may be feasible for larger tanneries
111-15
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PROJECT INDEX
FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS
DEQ
OFF
DIK
DPE
DQV
DSB
DSG
DSI
DXF
DXL
EAE
ECF
EDK
EDZ
EFM
EGU
EGV
EHS
EHT
EHU
EHV
EIG
EKQ
EOF
(iran tee or mmr-aum —
Dairy Research and Development Corporation
Farmbest, Incorporated
University of Virginia
Corn Products Company
Swift and Company
University of Oklahoma Research Institute
S. B. Foot Tanning Company
Beet Sugar Development Foundation
Crowley's Milk Company, Incorporated
National Canners Association Research Foundation
National Canners Association Research Foundation
Oregon State University
National Canners Association Research Foundation
Green Giant Company
Cardwell Lace Leather Company
Ohio State University Research Foundation
Gold Kist Poultry Division
Melbourne Water Science Institute
North Star Research and Development Institute
National Canners Association Research Foundation
The R. T. French Company
Western Potato Service, Incorporated
Kent Cheese Company
Illinois Packing Company
B
A
A
B
A
A
B
A
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
C
111-16
-------
Grantee or Contractor Project Status
EPC
ESC
ESY
EUB
EUZ
EZP
EZY
FAD
FAK
FDK
FDR
FDS
FJK
FLL
FMF
FQE
FRW
FTC
FUR
GPP
HCW
HFY
HPC
Blues ide Real Estate, Inc.
American Crystal Sugar Company
RAI Research Corporation
John Morrell and Company
Widmer's Wine Cellars, Incorporated
FMC Corporation
Winter Garden Citrus Products Cooperative
Snokist Growers
Beet Sugar Development Foundation
Archer Daniels Midland Company
University of Puerto Rico
Beefland International, Incorporated
Ebinger Baking Company
American Distilling Company
Iowa Beef Packers, Incorporated
National Canners Association
Tabor City Foods, Incorporated
Resource Engineering Associates
Central Soya Company, Incorporated
W. E. Reeves Packinghouse
Anheuser Busch Incorporated
Del Monte Corporation
California Department of Agriculture, Wine
B
B
A
B
B
A
A
A
A
B
C
A
C
A
C
A
B
C
B
B
A
B
B
Advisory Board
HRR Amber Labs Division, Mil brew, Incorporated
111-17
-------
„ x a. - Project Status
Grantee or Contractor -!-^
PAV National Canners Association Research Foundation A
WP 1486 University of Washington
WPD 93 Beet Sugar Development Foundation
WPRD 133 A. C. Lawrence Leather Company
WPD 185 University of Cincinnati
WPRD 38 Minute Maid Company
WPRD 151 National Canners Association Research Foundation
800250 National Canners Association Research Foundation
800746 Oklahoma State University
800747 Mil brew Incorporated
800904 American Shrimp Canners Association
800930 Pacific Egg and Poultry Association
800935 Bacardi Corporation
801007 Oregon State University
801037 Pfister and Vogel Tanning Company
801432 Winter Garden Citrus Products
801484 University of Wisconsin
801684 American Frozen Food Industry
801970 Maryland State Department of Health
802174 Cornell University
802253 Armour Company
802420 Hilo Coast Processing Company
802833 University of Wisconsin
802958 Dulaney Foods
803251 National Canners Association
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
3
A
B
A
B
B
B
A
B
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
111-18
-------
Grantee or Contractor Project Status
803280 Snokist Growers B
803301 Oregon State University B
803307 Snokist Growers B
803312 American Frozen Foods Institute B
803321 Tosi Trading Company B
803325 Maryland State Department of Health B
803338 American Shrimp Canners Association B
Project Status:
A - Completed, Final Report Available
B - Project Ongoing
C - Project Discontinued
111-19
-------
INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shee, briefly d^ibes an R & U project Section 104 or UK ofl he
Federal \\ak-r Pollution Control Acl Amendment, ol 1971 (M. )--™")
PROJECT NUMBER: DEQ
TITIC nt DDniFPT- Elimination of Pollution by and Utilization of
MILL UT riiUitbl. protein concentrates (Dried Whey) from Milk Residues
of Cheese Making
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dairy Research and Development Corporation Mr. Max Cochran
111 Broadway NERC
New York, New York 10006 200 S.W. 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Site : Vernon, New York
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 1968
Completion Date: June 1973
Summary:
A development and full-scale demonstration for a process for the con-
version of dairy whey into saleable food products by evaporation and
spray drying methods will be undertaken in the project. The conversion
of whey to a useable food product in lieu of its disposal as a waste
product from cheese manufacturing is the pollution abatement method to
be developed and demonstrated. Research will be conducted on the use
of dried whey as a supplement to various food, products.
Project Cost: $2,499,033
Federal Cost: $551,350
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-20
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> sheet briefly describes uii R & I) project Section 104 or I0."> of the
Federal \\atcr Pollution Control Act Amendments of I°7l2 (PI. W-i
PROJECT NUMBER:
OFF
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Waste Treatment Facility, Farmbest, Inc.,
Denison, Iowa
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Farmbest, Inc.
Denison, Iowa
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Otmar Olson
Region VII, EPA
911 Walnut Street
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
Project Cost: $755,537
Federal Cost: $239,790
Project Site : Denison, Iowa
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October 1968
Completion Date: June 1970
Summary:
Studies were conducted to demonstrate the efficiency and suitability of
using dissolved air flotation, anaerobic lagoons, plastic media trickling
filters and chlorination as a system for treating 1 mgd of wastewater from
a meat packing plant. The primary objective of the study was to determine
if the plastic media filters could be used to replace the aerobic lagoon
system normally used to treat the anaerobic lagoon effluent. - The over-
all reduction of 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) through the
system averaged 98.5% over the ten month evaluation period leaving a dis-
charge concentration of 61 mg/1. Suspended solids were reduced 95.4%
through the entire system, leaving an effluent concentration of 90 mg/1
after chlorination. The BODr reduction in the anaerobic lagoons averaged
82% and accounted for the majority of 8005 removed in the system. The
BOD5 reduction through the plastic media trickling filters averaged 74%
of the applied loading which was below the 91% efficiency expected during
design. Hydraulic overload, organic overload, and possibly grease con-
centrations, contributed to the lower-than-expected performance.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-21
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This slice) briefly describes ait R & L) project Section 104 or 10.") of lite
Federal \\aler Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
DIK
TITLE OF PROJECT: Anaerobic - Aerobic Lagoon Treatment for Vegetable
Tanning Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
University of Virginia Mr. George Webster
Department of Civil Engineering Industrial Pollution Control
Charlottesville, Virginia 22903 Division (RD-679)
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Site : Luray, Virginia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: January 19 69
Completion Date: May 1970
Summary:
A field demonstration lagoon was operated at Virginia Oak Tannery Inc
llloln IT1:- ^ 6ValUate the effecti— of an anaerobi'Srobic"
lagoon in treating spent vegetable tannins blended with batepool and
soak wastewaters. The anaerobic-aerobic lagoon system was used threat
combmed waste streams with a BOD5 concentration of approximately 100
Aeration jnd volume of the lagoon'were fixed and flow ?o t^sys tern was
varied. The system load varied by increasinc the system was
Project Cost: $68,500
Federal Cost: $17,801
A. completely mixed aeration unit was
biological degradation of spent vlg
approximately 60% of the COD of spe'nt
degradable and the generally accepted
ship required modification L take into
of COD. Yield coefficients, endogenous
growth were computed from the '
tan,
tO StUdy
T
±8
^teractlon
^n-degradable fraction
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-22
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DPE
TITLE OF PROJECT! Treatment of Wastes from the Wet-Milling Industry
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Corn Products Company
Corporate Engineering
P. 0. Box 345
Argo, Illinois 60501
Project Site:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Max Cohran
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Pefcln, Illinois
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 1968
Completion Date: September 1973
Summary:
Project Cost: $2,556,400
Federal Cost: $482,eso
This project entails the design, construction, operation, and an economic
and technical evaluation of a 1-mgd, completely mixed aerobic system for
treatment of corn refining wastes.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-23
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet l.riel'K deseril,e> a.i R & U project Section 104 or 10.1 of ll.e
Federal Water Pollution Control \cl Amendment of l<>72 (PI- «)2-.>0<))
PROJECT NUMBER: DQV
TITLE OF PROJECT: Removal and Recovery of Fatty Materials from Edible
Fat and Oil Refinery Effluents
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Swift and Company
R&D Center
1919 Swift Drive
Oak Brook, Illinois 60521
Project Site : Bradley, Illinois
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 19 68
Completion Date: November 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Clifford Risley
Region V, EPA
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Project Cost: $339,970
Federal Cost: $249.307
New full-scale equipment was added to existing standard waste treatment
equipment at the Swift & Company Edible Oil Refinery at Bradley, Illinois.
Synthetic acrylamide polymer flocculants with alum, and impressed current,,
were evaluated for removal of fatty materials from the plant wastewater.
An in-plant wastewater survey was made. A DeLaval PX-213 bowl opening""^
disc stack centrifuge was successfully tested to concentrate the removed0
fatty material after caustic and sulfuric acid treatment. The 7000
pounds daily of recovered oil (98% ether soluble), worth 4-1/4 to 4-5/8
cents per pound, could offset 60% of the total waste treatment direct
operating costs.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-24
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly (Inscribes an R & U project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1<)72 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DSB
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Demonstration of a Full-Scale Waste Treatment System
for a Cannery
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George Putnicki
Region VI, EPA
1402 Elm Street
Dallas, Texas 75202
Project Cost: $117,so?
Federal Cost: $75,226
Univ. of Oklahoma Research Institute
1808 Newton Drive
Norman, Oklahoma 73069
Project Site : Stillwell, Oklahoma
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: July 1968
Completion Date: August 1970
Summary:
The objective of this study was to determine the removal efficiencies of
a two-stage aerobic biological treatment system while processing high
strength, large volume, nutritionally unbalanced cannery wastes, and to
determine the waste characteristics resulting from the processing of a
wide variety of fruits and vegetables. The system was studied over one
operating Season and data collected on the removal efficiencies of each
unit process in the system. The treatment system performed more efficiently
than expected in the design assumptions. Removal efficiencies of greater
than 95% were obtained for most of the processing season, even though
because of plant expansion the organic and hydraulic load was higher than
expected. It has been demonstrated conclusively that: (1) The Stilwell
canning wastes can be treated successfully by a two-stage activated sludge
process; (2) The two-stage aeration process is very stable and capable of
accepting shock loads without being adversely affected; (3) The two-stage
aeration process is a flexible system allowing adequate capacity for vary-
ing waste loads: that is, the units can be operated individually or in
combination to match the flow and strength variations. This provides high
treatment efficiencies at the lowes^t operational cost; (4) Any one of the
units, such as the minimal solids unit, can be started up readily by recvcl-
itg the mixedADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER iiquor from
one of the operating units. m_25
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 103 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI- 92-oOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: DSG
TITLE OF PROJECT: Aerobic Biological Treatment, Sludge Dewatering, and
" Disposal and Effluent Reuse for a Side Leather Tannery
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
S. B. Foot Tanning Company
Red Wing, Minnesota
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Clarence C. Oster
Minnesota - Wisconsin Field
Office, EPA
7401 Lyndale Avenue South
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55423
Project Cost: $2,045,268
Federal Cost: $475,000
PrOJeCt Site: RedWing, Minnesota
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May 1968
Completion Date: May 1972
Summary:
This project will provide a full-scale demonstration and investigation of
primary sedimentation, biological secondary treatment utilizing aerated
lagoons, and primary and secondary sludge dewatering and disposal by means
of pressure filtration and incineration. The system will treat the total
waste flow of 2.1 mgd from the side leather tannery. In addition, an -to i
evaluation will be conducted to determine the influence of final treatment
plant effluent reuse on hide processing and quality of the finished product
by reusing it in the "llmepaddle" and "wash soak" tanning operations
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-26
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & I) project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1072 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DSI
TITLE OF PROJECT'. State-of-the-Art of Sugarbeet Processing Waste
Treatment
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Kenneth Dostal
Pacific Northwest Environmental
Research Laboratory, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $15,900
Federal Cost: $14,310
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Beet Sugar Development Foundation
156 South College Avenue
P. 0. Box 538
Fort Collins, Colorado 80521
PrOJeCt Site : Fort Collins, Colorado
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: April 1959
Completion Date: June 1970
Summary:
The beet sugar industry in the United States produces annually more than
3 million tons of sugar from about 25 million tons of beets grown in 19
states. This paper reports the waste disposal practices of the 58 beet
sugar factories operating in'1968-69 and provides an estimate of the
amount of pollution of streams attributable to. these factories. It is
shown thafr, although stream pollution has been greatly reduced, the beet
industry still discharges to streams 3.15 pounds BOD per ton of beets
sliced or a total of about 79 million pounds annually. Amounts of water
used are reported and methods of reuse of water described. Estimates of
total settleable solids are made; methods of elimination are described.
Effectiveness of some biological treatments are estimated. Needed research
is briefly outlined. Costs of waste disposal facilities and annual operat-
ing costs are shown for many of the plants. A brief description of the
beet sugar process is furnished. Current practices employed by a selected
group of sugarbeet processing plants in several Western European countries
are also described.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-27
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> -hret briefly ,lon il,«> an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of Ui«'
Federal Wafer Pollution Control Ac I Amendments of 1072 (PI.
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed liriH'ly describes an R & D projeet Section 104 or 10.1 of llie
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DXL
TITLE OF PROJECT: Reduction of Salt Content of Food Processing Liquid
Waste Effluent
Project Cost: $94,208
Federal Cost: $64,382
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
National Canners Association Mr. Kenneth Dostal
Research Foundation PNERL, EPA
1133 20th Street 200 Southwest 35th Street
Washington, D. C. 20036 Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Site : Berkeley, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 1969
Completion Date: May 1971
Summary:
Olive processing brines containing 0.05 to 0.7 percent sodium chloride were
passed through a mixed bed of cation and anion exchange resins. The effect
of influent composition on the composition of effluent from the ion exchange
unit was investigated, using a range of influent pH, salt content, and COD
levels. The unit was operated at sodium chloride levels of 500 to 7,000 ppm
with random pH and COD levels. The highest removal of sodium chloride
(94%) was obtained at a level of 2,700 ppm sodium chloride in the influent.
With pH and COD held constant the salt content of the influent was varied
between 600 and 6,000 ppm. The effluent sodium chloride content was approxi-
mately 150 ppm at 600, 1,000, and 2,700 ppm and was 790 ppm at 6,000 ppm
influent concentration. - The resins were regenerated using a solution of
calcium hydroxide. To establish the maximum salt concentration attainable
in the regenerant effluent, the regenerant was repeatedly recycled through
the resin bed. The sodium chloride content of recycled regenerant solutions
was increased 40 percent over the influent brine level, and evidence was
obtained that at least a ten-fold increase was possible. - The cost of
desalination of dilute food processing brines by this ion-exchange treatment
was estimated at $0.26 per 1,000 gallons of influent.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-29
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This -heel liriel'K dcM-ribe.- an R & D project Section 104 or 10." of Ihe
Federal \\ater Pollution Control \cl Amendments of 1<)72 (PI. ^2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: EAE
TITLE OF PROJECT: Evaluation of Controlled Temperature and Forced
Aeration in Trickling Filter Treatment of Food
Canning Wastewaters
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
National Canners Association
Research Foundation
1133 20th Street, N.W.
Washington, D. c. 20036
Project Site: San Jose, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 1969
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. William Pierce
Region IX, EPA
760 Market Street
San Francisco, California 94102
Project Cost: $28,7i2
Completion Date: May 1970
Summary:
$18,350
*"
treated waste and for forced aerato
was operated at ambient temperatures
Packed with a high void ratio plastL md
cannery waste improved the removal of BOD
added nitrogen a thick fungal slime
of anaerobic microbial action. More oten
declined with increasing organic loading %**
unit volume increased wit *
canning
f°r heatin* th* §
5 feet dee^ ***
aeratio^ both were
* tO the
In the absence of
°d°rS ch^acteristic
P6rcent renmvals
°f BOD removed per
filter
ADDRESS INQU...ES TO ,„ PROJtCT
HI-30
did t
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describe;- an R & U project Section 104 or 105 ol' the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI. «)2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: ECF
TITLE OF PROJECT: Current Practice in Seafoods Processing Waste
Treatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Food Science and Technology
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
PrOJeCt Site : Corvallis, Oregon
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: July 1969
Completion Date: January 1971
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Kenneth Dostal
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $is,652
Federal Cost: $17,595
Summary:
The final report on this project contains discussions of the processing
of the major United States seafood species, the resultant wastewater
strengths and flows, solid wastes magnitudes, current treatment and
by-product recovery methods, and current and recommended research in
water pollution abatement. The geographic distribution of fish and
shellfish landings and products is described. The report is based on
a comprehensive literature review and extensive on-site investigations
of current research, processing, and treatment activities in the major
seafoods centers of the United States.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-31
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INFORMATION SHEET
Th-,sh.r. l.n,i'K .IrM-rilK, an R & D pr»jerik,n .04 or J03 of lh-
K,,,ral XV.,rr Pollution Control Act Amendment, of ,072 A
760 Market Street
San Francisco, California 94102
Project Site : NCA, Berkeley, California
~ Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Project Cost: $22,542
Federal Cost: $20,025
Award Date: May 19 69
i
Completion Date: September 1970
Summary:
This study estimates that the 1800 plants in the U. S. canned and frozen
fruits and vegetables industry annually utilize 26 million tons of raw
product, discharge 83 billion gallons of water, and generate 800 million
pounds of biochemical oxygen demand, 392 million pounds of suspended
solids, and 8 million tons of solid residuals. Increased mechanical
harvesting is increasing problems in product damage, soil, and loss in
yields. Water is extensively recirculated in food processing plants but
additional water savings by reconditioning and reuse are needed. High
pollutional loads are generated in blanching and peeling operations and
large amounts of relatively clean water are discharged from cooling and
condensing operations. Solids are commonly removed from wastewater by
screening. The solid residuals from some commodities are used in large
quantities for animal feed. Biological processes are widely used to
treat food processing wastewater. Anaerobic, aerobic, and aerated lagoons,
activated sludge, trickling filter, and other treatment systems are dis-
cussed. Roughly half of the canning and freezing plants discharge their
wastewaters to city treatment systems and about one-fifth use spray irri-
gation for liquid waste disposal.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-32
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> slice! liriel'K describe.- an R & U project Section 104 or 105 of (he
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI. 02-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: EDZ
TITLE OF PROJECT: Pilot-Plant Installation for Use of Fungi Imperfect!
on Vegetable Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Green Giant Company Mr. Kenneth Dostal
LeSueur, Minnesota 56058 PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
PrOjeCt SiUi: North Star Research and Development
Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Juiy ig69 Project Cost: $72,86o
Completion Date: December 1970 Federal Cost: $49,742
Summary:
The use of the imperfect fungus, Trichoderma viride, to treat corn and
pea wastes has been tested in continuous fermentation at the 10,000
gallon scale. Both.a pool unit and an oxidation ditch were tested. The
pH was 3.7, and ammonium ion and phosphate were added. The average
residence time was 20 hours. An aerated lagoon was also operated to
compare with the two fungal systems. - In the fungal systems, about
96% removal of BOD5, 88% removal of COD, and 93% removal of TOC was
achieved on corn canning wastes. Performance on pea canning wastes was
somewhat less. Essentially zero levels of ammonia nitrogen and inorganic
phosphate could be attained in the effluent stream. - Fungal yields, on
a dry-weight basis, were about 50% of the BODc of the feed, and the pro-
tein content of the dry mycelium was about 50%. - Costs are estimated
at 4.9 cents per pound of BOD5. Sale of mycelium as feed could decrease
this to 3.1 cents. Operation on a year-around basis with sale of the myce-
lium would decrease costs to about 1.1 cents per pound of BOD5. Direct
feeding of the mycelium without drying could further reduce the net cost
to about 0.8 cent per pound of BODr.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-33
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet brie.1'1) describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
EFM
TITLE OF PROJECT: Complete Treatment of Tannery Industrial Waste for
Chrome Tanning, Alum Tanning, and Vegetable Tanning
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Caldwell Lace Leather Company
Auburn, Kentucky 42206
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. James Westrick
NERC, EPA
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Site." Auburn, Kentucky
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Pate: December 1966
Completion Date:
Summary:
March 1972
demonstration grant ± 1967 om
methods of treating tannery washes oo h
research contract with VanderSlt Universlf
previously been reported and are revSed 2
mixed activated sludge plant was constuct ed *
handle specific problem wastes. Mter
team conducted a study which showed
dieted by the research phase, excep
ti? 1 %r\fler due t0 me^anical Sob
the plant began producing an effl££t
removing 97% of the suspended
less aSUS the
Project Cost: $68>20o
Federal Cost: $46,34o
. f—ky, a small tannery using
-f^le tanning, received I
Castigate and demonstrate
* 8"a11 Stream- A
flndingS wh±ch
~, A m°dlfled comp
Wlth faci]-ities to
f°r & year' m *** survey
WaS Perf°rming as pre-
^ f^ the secon-
ProtlemS were corrected
***
**' °* tO
ADDRESS ,NQU,R,ES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-34
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IN FORM A TION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or UK) of lh<-
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: ECU
TITLE OF PROJECT: State-of-the-Art of Dairy Plant Wastes and
Waste-Treatment Systems
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Ohio State University Research Foundation Mr. Eugene Harris
1314 Kinnear Road National Environmental Research
Columbus, Ohio 43212 Center, EPA
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Project Site: coiumbus, OMO
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 1959 Project Cost: $18,505
Completion Date: May 1971 Federal Cost: $12,954
Summary:
This paper reports a comprehensive study of the state-of-the-art of
dairy wastes, their control and treatment, both from the point of view
of past literature and current industrial knowledge and practice. Research
needs are reviewed in light of on-going research and the priority of the
needs.
The dairy industry has only limited knowledge of the Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD) of its wastewaters. Even less information is available con-
cerning Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and refractory organic and inorganic
components of these wastes.
BOD-COD relationships are reviewed together with available knowledge on all
aspects of waste composition. Sources and control of in-plant wastes are
presented. Detergents and sanitizers contribute to the BOD load, to
refractory COD and to the toxicity of some dairy food plant wastes. Waste
treatment methods are critically reviewed. The basic information needed
for intelligent design of dairy food plant waste treatment facilities and
for their optimal operation are not generally available. Most dairy waste
treatment systems fail at least once a year and generally are less than
75% efficient about 25% of the time. Problems of shock loading, whey,
cottage cheese wash water and the presence of surfactants appear to contri-
bute to the ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER difficulty
of continuing efficient dairy food plant waste treatment.
111-35
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briel'K dcM/ribes an R & 1) project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal \\aler Pollution Control Act Amendments ol' 197:2 (PI. <>2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: EGV
TITLE OF PROJECT: Water and Waste Management in Poultry Processing
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Gold Kist Poultry Division
Cotton Producers Association
P. 0. Box 2210
Atlanta, Georgia 30301
Project Site : Durham, North Carolina
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 1969
Completion Date: December 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Harold Snyder
Oil and Hazardous Materials
Program, Water Quality Research, EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: $233,381
Federal Cost: $193,366
resT
duction at the plat was throh
mately 70,000 broilers per day"
of 12.28 gallons per bird received
gallons per bird received.
of 3970 Ibs BOD5 which was
-ade are detailed and .con
the plant with an average annual net ll • H
Processed. An initial fnvestmSt of III nil ** $4
costs were $31,023 with annual net favings o
management program is detailed. MicroSSn
deterioration in product quality as a resuU o
Waste
tOtaled ^pproxi-
indicated a water use
32 PeTCent to 7'81
waste load
°8
a
Pr°fitaSle for
10°° broilers
A wate^
waste
ADDRISS INOUItllS TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
HI-36
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi;-* sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI. 'J2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: EHS
TITLE OF PROJECT! Cannery Waste Treatment by Lagoons
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Melbourne Water Science Institute
Water Science Laboratories
15-21 Earl Street
Carlton, Victoria, Australia
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Kenneth Dostal
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Site : Shepparton, Victoria, Australia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May 1969
Completion Date: January 1972
Summary:
Project Cost: $ei,8io
Federal Cost: $11,920
Various mixtures of fruit and vegetable cannery wastes, and domestic
sewage were treated by anaerobic lagoons followed by an oxidation ditch
for a two-year period. The anerobic lagoons consistently achieved BOD
reductions of 75 to 85 percent at loadings up to 400 Ibs BOD per day
per acre provided adequate inorganic nutrients were present. The oxida-
tion ditch reduced the BOD to low levels and was shown to be very stable
against overload. Power requirements were less than 0.5 kw hr/lb of
BOD removed and the oxygenation capacity of the rotor was about 30 Ibs
of BOD per foot of length.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-37
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sluTl briefly describes an R St D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: m
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Use of Fungi Imperfect! in Waste Control
6RANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
North Star Research and
Development Institute
3100 38th Avenue South
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55406
Site: Minneapolis, Minnesota
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Kenneth Dostal
Pacific Northwest Environmental
Research Laboratory, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Coryallis, Oregon 97330
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Dlte: September 1967
Completion Date: juiy 1970
Summary:
Project Cost$ii8,585
Federal Cosy 76,585
In this project, 45 species of 12 genera of the Fungi Imperfecti were
screened for those fungal candidates best able to rapidly convert soluble
and suspended organic material (as measured by BOD) from corn- and soy
food-processing waste streams to mycelial protein. Rapidly growing fun-
gal strains were selected which were readily removed from the digested
waste effluents by coarse filtration. Trichoderma viride, Gliocladium
deliquescens, and either Aspergillus oryzae or G_. deliquescens gave the
best results on corn, soy, and S02-containing soy wheys, respectively.
Optimal growth conditions included pH of 3.2 to 3.5, and a temperature
of 30°C. Oxygen requirements were relatively low (1 Ib 02/6-7 Ib COD
removed) . Nitrogen and phosphate additions were required for the corn
digestion system, and additions of sulfuric acid were necessary to adjust
the pH.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO IPA PROJECT OFFICER
IH-38
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.' of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: EHIJ
TITLE OF PROJECT! Reconditioning of Food Processing Brines
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
National Canners Association Research
Foundation
1133 20th Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
Site : Central Valley, California
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. William Pierce
Region IX, EPA
760 Market Street
San Francisco, California 94102
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award
February 1968
Completion Date: March 1971
Summary:
Project Cost:$45.ooo
Federal Cost: $31.500
In this project, storage brines and processing waters from the production
of canned ripe olives and glass packed green olives were treated with
activated carbon. The reuse potential of reconditioned brines was
evaluated. Reconditioned storage brines can be used to store freshly
harvested olives for commercially significant periods. Canned samples
prepared from olives stored in reconditioned brine were of good quality.
Reconditioned brines of lower salt content were reused with no detectable
effect on the quality of the final product.
Estimates for commercial application of activated carbon treatment of
storage brines show a cost per ton of olives stored of $3.64 when capital
costs are amortized over 10 years for a cannery storing 5,000 tons of
olives annually. This value can also be expressed as a cost of $36.40
for each 1,000 gallons of reconditioned brine produced. Ten olive can-
neries reconditioning brine and sending spent carbon to a centrally
located reactivation facility would have a cost of $1.28 per ton of olives
stored or $12.80 for each 1,000 gallons of reconditioned brine produced.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-39
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi, ,,,,, l,ri
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sbeel briefly describes an R & U project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet hrid'h doorilio an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of (he
Federal \\aler Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1()72 (Pi. 92-.100)
PROJECT NUMBER: EKQ
TITLE OF PROJECT: Kent Cheese Company - Waste Treatment Facility
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Kent Cheese Company
1931 North 15th Avenue
Melrose Park, Illinois 60160
Project Site: Kent, Illinois
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Date: September 1969
Completion Date: January 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Dennis W. Taylor
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $55,722.30
Federal Cost: $45,006.00
In this project the effectiveness of aerated lagoons for the treatment of
cheese whey process rinse water, in addition to the effluent from a reverse
osmosis unit was demonstrated. The treatment system utilizes two aerobic
lagoons in series with submerged mechanical aeration equipment producing an
extended aeration process. Data was collected to evaluate the extended
aeration process on the aforementioned cheese whey wastewater streams.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: EOF
TITLE OF PROJECT: A Method of Manure Disposal for a Beef Packing
Operation
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Illinois Packing Company
911 West 37th Place
Chicago, Illinois 60609
Project Site:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Jack L. Witherow
RSKERL, EPA
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Packing GO.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October 1969
Completion Date: June 1971
Summary:
Project Cost: $156,000
Federal Cost: $93,400
In this 20-month project, demonstration of the feasibility of the incin-
eration of cattle paunch and ground manure was to be undertaken. The
project objectives were to include the following:
1. Segregation of existing process waste streams for concentration of
waste solids.
2. Development of physical parameters for process waste streams.
3. Design and construction of a fluidized bed incineration unit.
4. Investigation and documentation of the treatment system performance,
the economics, optimal operating characteristics and the significance
of the system in terms of application of other segments of the animal
production industry.
NOTE; This project was discontinued.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi- sheet Uriei'ly cril)e> an R & 1) project Section 104 or 103 of llie
Federal \\ater Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1()7:2 (PI, <)2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: EPC
TITLE OF PROJECT: Removal and Recovery of Sulfide from Tannery Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Blueside Real Estate, Inc.
800 N. Atlantic Avenue
Kansas City, Missouri 64116
Project Site : St. Joseph, Missouri
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: April 1970
Completion Date: April 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. William Banks
Region VII, EPA
911 Walnut Street
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
Project Cost: $388,900
Federal Cost: $110,950
The basic objectives of the project are to translate pilot-plant results
intc _Ae development and demonstration on a plant scale of a process for
rem- i .g sulfide from the effluent of a chrome tannery and recovering the
sul^ii e in a form reuseable in the tannery. The project will demonstrate
the technical feasibility of the sulfide removal method and will deter-
mine the economics of the process on a full-scale plant.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describe* an R & D project Section 104 or 10.' of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
ESC
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Separation, Dewatering, and Disposal of Sugarbeet
Transport Water Solids
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
American Crystal . Sugar Co.
Boston Bldg. , P. 0. Box 419
Denver, Colorado 80201
Site :
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Harold Thompson
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Crookston, Minnesota
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October 1970
Completion Date: September 1975
Summary:
Project Cost:
Federal Cost:
$179,840
This development .and demonstration project is divided into two phases
and will be conducted over a 31-month perioa. *>hase I is a laboratory
and pilot-scale development activity during whi^ ' --_ the optimum solids-
clarification environment will be determined. A p-> -scale vacuum
filtration unit will be evaluated for iL- <>f>ilitv '-^ - ^er trie settle-
able sugarbeet water solids. At the conclu -- --C t-Lr«=e I, a judgment
will be made as to whether the proposed dewateri.^ system it, the best
method for handling the solids from the transport water v. Tes. - Phase
II is a 12-month activity which will consist of the design, construction,
and operation of a full-scale solids handling system (vacuum filtration).
The full-scale facility will be operated and studied for one - -ocessing
season so as to establish a good data base for industrywide recommenda-
tions .
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi, >h,,. l,riHK dm-rilH'., an R X D project Section 104 orJ05 of ll.r
Federal \\atrr Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL W-oOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: ESY
TITLE OF PROJECT: Improvement of Treatment of Food Industry Waste
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROIECT OFFICER:
RAI Research Corporation Mr. Allyn Richardson
36-40 37th Street Region I, EPA
Long Island City, New York 11101 John F. Kennedy Federal Bldg.
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
PrOJeCt Site : Long Island City, New York
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: January 1968 Project Cost: $57,250
Completion Date: July 1959 Federal Cost: $40,075
Summary:
Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the feasibility of reduc-
ing the COD demand of cheese whey waste generated from dairy processing
plants. Three primary processing variables were studied; these were
agitation, temperature, and current density. Results indicate electro-
lytic oxidation efficiency was best at 70°C, agitation at 9.6 feet per
second and a current density of 9.5 amperes per square foot (equivalent
to 6 amperes in the test cell investigated) . Concentration of 60% of
the whey protein was also possible by collection of the froth produced
during electrolysis. This mechanism of COD reduction could afford
recoverable protein from the whey. Carbon adsorption of the electro-
lyzed whey was also shown to be extremely effective in reducing the COD.
The carbohydrates after oxidation to carboxylic acids are very readily
adsorbed, the carbon loading being in excess of that expected for secon-
dary effluents. The feasibility of combining the electrolytic oxidation
with froth collection and carbon adsorption is proposed as a possible
attractive procedure for recovery of values from the whey.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-46
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This slurl briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
EUB
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Construction and Study of a Demonstration Plant Utilizing
the Aerobic Channel Method for Treating Packinghouse
Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
John Morrell and Company
Ottumwa,. Iowa 52501
Project Site: ottumwa, iowa
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Dite: December, 1966
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Jack L. Witherow
RSKERL, EPA
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Completion Date:
February, 1973
Project Cost:
Federal Cost:
$815,000
$489,000
Summary:
Four oxidation channels will be constructed to handle an equivalent load of
20,000 Ibs of BOD/day from a packinghouse on a 7-day basis with estimated flow
of 3.5 mgd. The objective is to find an efficient, effective, and economical
method of treating raw packinghouse wastes so they can be discharged directly
into streams. - Each channel will be 460 ft x 60 ft with a capacity of 150,000
cu.ft. Channels 1 and 2 will receive raw wastewater from existing primary
treatment systems. The overflow will be directed into Channels 3 and 4 which
will be operated intermittently as aerator and settling basins. Channel 4 will
allow the sludge to be returned to Channels 1 and 2 or removed for harvesting.
The solids removed will be centrifuged or evaporated and dried. - The most
feasible way of handling solids will be determined. Tests will be conducted to
determine if the dried solids can be used on an animal-food supplement. - The
process will be designed to give variable rates of aeration and flow to obtain
maximum biochemical oxygen demand and nitrogen removal. The flow will be
sampled and analyzed for total nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, suspended
solids, total solids, and grease; weekly samples will be tested for total
volatile solids, total fixed solids, phosphate, total bacterial content, and
coliform count.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
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INFORMATION SHEET
MO^CTION
MSHHCH. DEmOPMNT OK 'MONSTKATION PMJiCT
Tim slH-ft briefly describe an R & D project Section 104 or J05 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI. H-*W)
PROJECT NUMBER: EUZ
TITLE OF PROJECT) Winery Wastewater-Characterization and Treatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Widmer's Wine Cellars, Inc.
Naples, New York 14512
Site : Naples, New York
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Dennis W. Taylor
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Date: December 1969
Completion Date: August 1973
Summary:
Project Cost: $234,000
Federal Cost: $143,900
This project includes design, construction, and operation of an extended
aeration waste treatment plant to treat the process wastewaters from a
winery.
The activities of the project are the following:
1. Characterization of the winery wasteflow.
2. Design, construction, and operation of an extended aeration
waste treatment system.
3. Study and -documentation of the treatment system.
4. Optimization of the system.
5. Determination of the effectiveness of nutrient addition to the
operation of the system.
The facility will be designed for a 120,000-gpd flow.
ADDtiSS INQUIRIES TO IPA MOJICT OFMCIt
111-48
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi.- shed briefly describes an R, & I) project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: EZP
TITLE OF PROJECT: Cannery Waste Treatment Kehr Activated Sludge
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
FMC Corporation
Central Engineering Laboratories
Box 580
Santa Clara, California 95052
Project Site : Santa Clara, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 1966
Completion Date: January 1969
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Kenneth Dostal
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $43,200
Federal Cost: $29,300
The Kehr Activated Sludge Process (KASP) uses a completely mixed aeration
tank with no intentional sludge wasting. The concentration of mixed
liquor suspended solids was allowed to stabilize at some value as a
result of cellular synthesis, endogenous loss, and washout in the effluent.
The concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids ranged from 4,000 to
12,000 mg/liter. The BODrj of domestic sewage and cannery wastes varied
from 200 to 2000 mg/liter. - Removals obtained were 80% reduction in the
concentration of total organic carbon and 90% reduction in the concentra-
tion of BOD^. - The process was able to undergo a 48-hr period of no
organic loading with no loss of treatment efficiency when the organic
load was returned. The KASP appears to have an application for pretreat-
ment of industrial wastes prior to discharge to a municipal sewer. The
KASP, when used in this manner, would handle intermittent waste discharge,
produce 90% BOD^ removal, and provide aerobic digestion within the aera-
tion tank. - Exclusive of any primary treatment, the cost of treating 10 mgd
of a waste containing 250 mg/liter of BOD5 using this high solids activated
sludge process is about 70/1000 gallons using gravity settling and about
29C/1000 gallons using electroflotation. The cost of pretreating 1 mgd of
si waste containing 2,000 mg/liter BOD is about 280/1000 gallons exclusive
of primary ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER treatment.
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INFORMATION SHEET
Acl
ol
Th, ^
Feclrral \Yatcr Pollution Co
PROJECT NUMBER. EZY
TITIf nP PDniFPT' Lime Treatment and Inplant Reuse of an Activated
TITU IU rKUJtU. Effluent in the cltrus processing Industry
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. David Hill
SERL, EPA
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Winter Garden Citrus Products Cooperative
P. 0. Box 399
Winter Garden, Florida
PrOJeCt Site: Winter Garden, Florida
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 1967
Completion Date: August 1971
Summary:
Project Cost: $397,300
Federal Cost:$155,000
A full-scale complete mixed activate sludge treatment system effec-
tively treats concentrated wastewater from the Winter Garden Citrus
Products Cooperative. This process has a BOD reduction capability of
99%; but it produces 0.5 to 0.6 Ibs of waste sludge per pound of influent
BOD. The efficiency was reduced by periodic foaming and solids carry-
over in the effluent caused by the unscheduled discharge of orgnge oil
and peel press liquor to the treatment plant.
Controlling the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus to the influent
of the nutrient deficient wastewater effectively controlled effluent
nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations.
Waste sludge was mixed with citrus peel and processed as a cattle
feed additive in the existing facilities. The waste activated sludge
represented approximately 1.5 percent of the total cattle feed produc-
tion on a dry weight basis. Treatment plant effluent was reused for
barometric leg and cooling water and was then discharged.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IT.I-50
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R. & I) project Section 104 or 105 of tlic
Kederal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of I "72 (PI. °2-oOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: FAD
TITLE OF PROJECT: Aerobic Treatment of Fruit Processing Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Snokist Growers
Yakima, Washington
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. James Boydston
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallls, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $572,262
Federal Cost: $347,669
Project Site: Yakima, Washington
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: August 1967
Completion Date: March 1970
Summary:
In 1966 it was determined that the Snokist Growers cannery in Yakima,
Washington, was in need of further treatment facilities for the cannery
waste Before the waste could be discharged into the Yakima River. A
system of aeration was proposed and a grant sought to aid in construction
of facilities and to study the results of the treatment facility follow-
ing construction. Facility construction proceeded in two stages with
the addition of an aerated lagoon in 1967 and the addition of additional
aeration and clarification facilities in 1968 to complete the treatment
system. The treatment system performed more efficiently than initially
expected in the original design assumptions, and nearly 99% of BOD and
COD from the waste stream was accomplished during a major portion of the
1968 processing season. - The treatment systems were studied over the two
operating seasons, and operated as an aerated lagoon, as an activated
sludge treatment system, and as activated sludge system but including
sludge reaeration. Data was collected on biological substrate assimila-
tion, sludge growth, oxygen uptake and sludge settleability. Constants
were obtained from this data. Success of the treatment system is described
in the final report on the project and the costs of treatment computed. It
is recommended that aerated lagoon treatment be used where 70£ removal of
BOD is desired and suspended solids are permissible in the effluent. Acti-
vated sludge treatment ^s recommended for greater than 90% BOD removal and
where effluent suspended solids must be minimized.
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Th, shee, l-riefh ,ie.,il,e> an R & D projerl Seet.on 104 or 103 of l|-
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of W,l> (PL J--'««)
PROJECT NUMBER: FAK
TITLE OF PROJECT: Concentration of Sugar Beet Wastes for Economic
•—' Treatment with Biological Systems
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Beet Sugar Development Foundation
156 South. College Avenue
P. 0. Box 538
Fort Collins, Colorado 80521
Project Site: Longmont, Colorado
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 1966
Completion Date: May 1970
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost:$372,500
Federal Cost:$io2,ooo
A study of the variables influencing a closed loop recirculating'flume
water system for conveying sugarbeets for processing was conducted.
The results show that high volume, high total solids transport (flume)
waters can be recirculated with little or no discharge to receiving
waters. Rapid removal of suspended solids was accomplished by screening,
followed by continuous addition of lime prior to sedimentation. The
build-up of total dissolved solids was no major problem, provided the pH
was 10 or greater and that water temperature did not exceed 20°C.
The system was designed for primary settling in two alternately used
ponds. Settled mud was removed from one pond by clamshell while the other
one was in service. The first settling pond effluent was subjected to
secondary settling before returning to the fluming and washing operations.
These segments of treatment essentially operated without odor. - Biologi-
cal and nutritional data were collected. Results indicate that the end
product water meets discharge standards, however wastes were retained for
reuse in the system. Further work is needed on mud handling and odor
abatement.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMTN3TRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & U project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1072 (PI. 92-.">00)
PROJECT NUMBER:
FDK
TITLE OF PROJECT! ADM Company tfastewater Ai.eatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Archer Daniels Midland Company
4666 Faries Parkway
Decatur, Illinois 62525
PrOJeCt Site: Decatur, Illinois
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March 1970
Completion Date: September 1971
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Jack Witherow
PNERL, EPA
Corvallis, Oregon
Project Cost: $245,254
Federal Cost: $106,677
A full-scale (M3-5 mgd) development-demonstration project for emulsion
breaking of the effluent wastewaters resulting from soybean processing for
oil will be undertaken. The project will develop and install the required
additional facilities to break tight emulsions currently being discharged
to a municipal sewer system. The existing system contains an oil separator-
skimmer and 1-day retention lagoon. To be explored will be primarily a two-
stage chemical system, with other physical and biological alternatives also
to be evaluated. Also to be demonstrated is an ion exchange system for
sodium removal and wash water recovery, as researched by the USDA.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-53
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & U project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal \\aler Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1<)72 (PI. "-2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: FDR
TITLE OF PROJECT! Disposal of Rum Distillery Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Agricultural Experiment Station
University of Puerto Rico
Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
Project Site : Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: July 19es
Completion Date: July 1971
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edmond Lomasney
Region IV, EPA
1421 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Project Cost: $35,400
Federal Cost: $46,252
The objective of this project was to develop the best method for the
disposal of rum distillery waste. The waste was then to be subjected
to detailed analysis and then was to undergo pilot treatment by means
of anaerobic digestion, activated sludge, and lagooning. These pro-
cesses were then to be evaluated in terms of efficiency and economics,
NOTE: THIS PROJECT WAS DISCONTINUED.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-54
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describe.* an R & D project Section 104 or 10.1 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1()7:2 (PI. 02-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: FDS
TITLE OF PROJECT: Elimination of Water Pollution by Packing House
Animal Paunch and Blood
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Beefland International, Inc.
Council Bluffs, Iowa 51501
Project Site: council Bluffs, iowa
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: November 1959
Completion Date: November 1971
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Otmar Olson
Hetgion VII, EPA
911 Walnut Street
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
Project Cost: $367,370
Federal Cost: $161,393
The operation of two dehydrating machines, for the drying of cattle whole
blood as well as paunch contents (rumen), at the Beefland International,
Inc., slaughtering plant at Council Bluffs, Iowa, was studied.
The BOD5 and COD of the blood and rumen were established. The mean 8005
of the whole blood and rumen was determined as 156,500 ppm and 50,200 ppm,
respectively. The mean COD of the blood and rumen was established as
218,300 ppm and 177,300 ppm, respectively.
The economics of the drying process in costs per ton of dried product per
1000 Ibs live kill weight (LWK), and per animal were determined. The
dehydrating costs per ton of dehydrated product were found to be $43.75/
ton for blood and $38.46/ton for rumen. The average cost (blood and rumen)
was $40.93/ton.
Laboratory studies were carried out on the dried whole blood and rumen
with a view toward their actual and potential use as legally accepted feeds
or feed additives. Percent moisture, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and other
analyses of the dried products are reported.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-55
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
ThU she,, briefly AWA** an R & D project Section 104 or HKi of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendment, of 1«72 (PI- W-
PROJECT NUMBER: FJK
TITLE OF PROJECT: Acid Emulsion Breaking-Activated Sludge for Bakery
' Waste"
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Ebinger Baking Co.
2290 Bedford Avenue
Brooklyn, New York 11226
Project Site : Melville, New York
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1970
Completion Date: April 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Charles H. Ris
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: $454,860
Federal Cost: $129,729
A waste treatment system was to be designed, constructed, operated, and
evaluated for a 80,000-gpd effluent from a sweet-goods bakery. Acid emul-
sion breaking was to be used as a pretreatment step to destabilize the
fats and oils in the waste, and activated sludge was to be used as the
secondary treatment process. A multimedia filtration system was then to
be used to render the effluent suitable for subsurface leeching.
NOTE: THIS PROJECT WAS DISCONTINUED.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-56
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IN FORM A TION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R. & I) project Section 104 or 10.1 ol the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendment!, of 1072 (PI, ()1>-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: FLL
TITLE OF PROJECT: Activated Sludge - Bio Disc Treatment of Distillery
Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
American Distilling Co. Mr. Dennis W. Taylor
South Front Street PNERL, EPA
Pekin, Illinois 61554 200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Site: Pekin, niinois
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 1970
Completion Date: April 1973
Summary:
Plant scale evaluation of activated sludge and Bio-Disc treatment of dis-
tillery wastewater has been conducted over a period of more than one year
at Pekin, Illinois. The activated sludge process consistently provided
in excess of 90% removal of BOD^, even at loadings greater than the treat-
ment plant design levels. The Bio-Disc process had to be down-rated from
the original design basis in order to approach a comparable removal
efficiency. Of the two systems evaluated, the activated sludge process
was the more desirable from standpoints of economics, treatment perfor-
mance, and ability to handle shock loads.
Project Cost: $1,073,000
Federal Cost: $384,588
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-57
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tim slirrt l>rie.n> ,lrM-ril.f> an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of U)72 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: FMF
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Evaluation of the Rotating Biological Surface
System on Meat Packing Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Iowa Beef Packers, Inc.
Dakota City, Nebraska 68731
Project Site '. Dakota City, Nebraska
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 1970
Completion Date: May 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. William Garner
Region VII, EPA
911 Walnut Street
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
Project Cost: $559,230
Federal Cost: $195,751
This project was to consist of building and evaluating a 3-mgd anaerobic-
aerobic system where the aerobic treatment was to be achieved by the use
of ti^SS^f «I°tatln8 biol°8ical ™f*** "its with a total surface area
NOTE: THIS PROJECT WAS DISCONTINUED.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-58
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or lOo of tin-
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: FQE
TITLE OF PROJECT: Dry Caustic Peeling of Tree Fruit to Reduce Liquid
Waste Volume and Strength
Project Cost: $19,539
Federal Cost: $17,533
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
National Canners Association Mr. Kenneth Dostal
1950 Sixth Street PNERL, EPA
Berkeley, California 94710 200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Site: Berkeley, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March 1970
Completion Date: December 1970
Summary:
The peeling of apricots, peaches, and pears was studied with a peel removal
unit consisting of a series of spindles holding rotating rubber disks.
The peel was removed by a wiping action of the flexible rubber disks on
fruit wetted with hot sodium hydroxide solutions. The quality of fruit
peeled with the experimental unit was comparable to fruit peeled by conven-
tional chemical peeling; peeling losses were about the same for the experi-
mental unit and the commercial units. The most striking difference between
the experimental unit and the commercial units was in fresh water require-
ments and wastewater volume and strength. The peeling of cling peach
halves required one-fifteenth of the fresh rinse water volume of a conven-
tional commercial peeler. The wastewater generated by the experimental
peeling of peaches had about one-third of the chemical oxygen demand and
suspended solid content of the wastewater from the commercial peeler. The
experimental peel removal unit accomplishes a diversion of potentially
water polluting organic material from the wastewater to a peel sludge. The
peel sludge has properties which allow it to be handled readily and dis-
posed of as solid residual.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-59
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INFORMATION SHEET
Th» rf*,t briefly describes an R A D project Section 104 or I W «fl[--
F,d,ral Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-oQO)
PROJECT NUMBER: FRW
TITLE OF PROJECT: Water and Waste Management in Sweet Potato Processing
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Tabor City Foods, Inc.
P. 0. Box 398
Tabor City, North Carolina 28463
Site : Tabor City, North Carolina
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Harold Thompson
PNEKL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: April 1971
Completion Date: January 1973
Summary:
Project Cost: $305,886
Federal Cost:$133.833
The purpose of this project was to make changes in plant equipment and
operations for demonstrating effective in-plant control of both water
use and waste discharge and to demonstrate effective pretreatment of
wastes from sweet potato processing. The project encompasses waste
abatement and water use throughout the plant from water intake through
pretreatment. -The specific objectives were:
1. Installation and/or modification of a dry caustic peeling process
and demonstrate its operation for water and waste reduction.
2. Installation and demonstration pretreatment and conditioning of
wastewaters in the reduction of waste loads.
3. Determination of the economic implications of the water and waste
reduction techniques demonstrated.
4. Formulation of guides for the management of water and waterborne
wastes and the pretreatment of liquid wastes.
NOTE: THIS PROJECT WAS DISCONTINUED.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-60
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & I) project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
FTC
TITLE OF PROJECT: State-of-the-Art Study for Pollution Control
in the Beverage Industry
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Resource Engineering Associates
Division of Environmental Research
and Applications, Inc.
24 Daribury Road
WiJ.ton, Connecticut 06897
Project Site : Wilton, Connecticut
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: September 1970
Completion Date: September 1971
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Harold G. Keeler
EPA, Industrial Pollution
Control Division (RD-679)
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: $53,664
Federal Cost: $53,664
The objective of this study was to be the development of a state-of-the-
art document on water pollution abatement technology and research for the
beverage industry.
NOTE: THIS PROJECT WAS DISCONTINUED.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-61
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Th.sh,,, l,n,.h .l-"lH>anRKD^
K,.,lrral *al.-r Pollution Control Ad Amendment* ol I9,:> (PI. 92-
PROJECT NUMBER: FUR
TITLE OF PROJECT. Membrane Separation of Soybean Whey for Product
~ ~~ Recovery and Waste Treatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Central Soya Company, Inc.
1825 North Laramie Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60639
PrOJeCt Site : Chicago, Illinois
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date.' September 1970
Completion Date: juiy 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Clifford Risley
Region V, EPA
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Project Cost: $143.750
Federal Cost: $35,825
During this 16-month project, the applicant will design, 'construct, and
operate a pilot-scale membrane separation process for the treatment and
product recovery from a soybean whey waste discharge. The pilot-scale
facility will process 700 gallons per day of soybean whey and the opera-
tional data from the project will be used to establish the design scale-
up factors and economic feasibility of a commercial size facility. The
treatment and recovery system will consist of a two-stage membrane separa-
tion unit followed by an evaporation process. The system will be designed
™and:le a soybean "tey discharge which in its diluted condition has a
I ,
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This slieel briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.' of llie
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: GPP
TITLE OF PROJECT! Small Meatpacker Waste Treatment Systems
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
W. E. Reeves Packinghouse
P. 0. Box 477
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Site: Ada, Oklahoma
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Jack L. Witherow
RSKEEL, EPA
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date:
November 1970
Completion Date: March 1975
Summary:
Project Cost: $51,185
Federal Cost: $35,829
The objectives of this project are to evaluate various biological systems
for the treatment of small meat packing house waste flows. The specific
objectives will include: (1) Demonstration to small meatpackers of the
suitability of the anaerobic-aerobic lagoon system with high BOD removal,
simplicity of operation, and minimum capital and maintenance costs; (2)
Evaluation of the need for sludge recirculation in anaerobic lagoon-and
for aeration and sludge retention in the first-stage aerobic lagoon; (3)
Determination of the economic and technical advantages of an aerated-
aerobic lagoon system versus the anaerobic-aerobic lagoon system; (4)
Demonstration to the meatpacking industry of the capability of the spray-
runoff soil treatment system to meet future requirements for nitrogen
and phosphorus removal in addition to high BOD reduction using the raw
wastewaters, the anaerobic lagoon effluent, and the aerobic lagoon
effluent. The project data and evaluations of the waste treatment systems
will provide the basis for the development of a manual for small meat-
packing house wastewater treatment.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFMCIR
111-63
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INFORMATION SHEET
T,,, - ...... , !.riHl> *»*, a,, R *
K,,|,T.,| \\al.-r Poll,.li..n <:..nlr»l Ad
PROJECT NUMBER: HCW
,
.- (PI- '- •
TITLE OF PROJECT: Submerged Combustion Evaporation System for
-- Concentration of Brewery Spent Grain Liquors
GRAHTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Anheuser-Busch, Inc.
721 Pestalozzi Street
St. Louis, Missouri 63118
Project Site: Houston, Texas
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: September 1971
Completion Date: August 1972
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Robert Killer
South Central Regional Office
1402 Elm Street
Dallas, Texas 75202
Project Cost: $493,817
Federal Cost: $73,630
Summary:
One of the major waste streams in many breweries is the liquor resulting
from the dewatering of spent grains prior to drying. This liquor may account
for a third or more of the BOD^ and suspended solids generated by a typical
brewery. Several methods for treating this liquor or reclaiming the organic
solids in it were investigated. Initial studies indicated that reclamation
was the more desirable approach. A number of evaporators were evaluated
to determine which design was most satisfactory for concentrating spent grain
liquor. A submerged combustion evaporator appeared to have several distinct
advantages, and pilot scale tests bore this out. - A full-scale unit was
installed at the Houston Brewery of Anheuser-Busch, Inc., in 1970. This
evaporator was modified several times in an effort to overcome failures of
the burner downcomers brought about by high temperatures. Before a final
solution to these problems could be demonstrated, the project was terminated
due to changed conditions regarding fuel supplies and prices. Increased
costs for oil and gas, coupled with the poor thermal efficiency of the sub-
merged combustion evaporator, indicated that conventional methods of evapor-
ation would be more economical.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-64
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI. U-2-.iOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: HFY
TITLE OF PROJECT: Dry Caustic Peeling of Clingstone Peaches on
a Commercial Scale
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Del Monte Corporation
215 Fremont Street
San Francisco, California 94119
PrOJeCt Site : San Jose, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: April 1971
Completion Date: March 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Harold Thompson
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $71,293
Federal Cost: $49,900
During the 9-month project period Del Monte Corporation will design,
construct, install, and operate a 15 ton per hour "dry caustic" unit on a
clingstone peach line at Plant No. 3. Evaluation of this unit will provide
a full-scale comparison with conventional peeling operations and substan-
tiate earlier results obtained under Project 12060 FQE. Previous data
indicates water reduction from 530 to 35 gallons per ton of peaches processed
is possible, as well as reducing COD and suspended solids in the liquid waste
from 60 to 18 Ibs/ton and 10 to 3 Ibs/ton respectively.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-65
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shn-l l.rH-fh ,lm-rilH> an R & D project Section 104 or 10.1 «f llir
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1<)72 (PI- «>2-.i()»)
PROJECT NUMBER. HPC
TITLE OF PROJECT: Pilot-Plant Treatment of Wine Stlllage
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
California Dept. of Agriculture
Wine Advisory Board
717 Market Street
San Francisco, California 94103
Project Site: Davis, California (Build Unit)
Fresno, California (Run Unit)
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Mr. Robert Burm
PNERL, EPA
Corvallis, Oregon
Award Date:
July 1971
Project Cost: $77,332
Federal Cost: $49,820
Completion Date: August 1973
Summary:
This project will investigate, on a small pilot-plant scale, the aerobic
and anaerobic treatment of California brandy stillage. In addition, direct
fermentation of the pomace stream will be investigated to look for the most
utilitarian method of removing this wastewater stream. Various grape
varieties and their resulting compositional wastewater differences will be
investigated theoretically and experimentally. - This project phase has,
as its ultimate goal, the development of design criteria and standard
treatment costs for anaerobic and aerobic wastewater treatment of brandy
stillage.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-66
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shccl briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1072 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: HER
TITLE OF PROJECT) Protein Production from Acid Whey Via Fermentation
Project Cost:$251,549
Federal Cost: $95,490
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Amber Laboratories Division Mr. Kenneth Dostal
Milbrew, Incorporated PNERL, EPA
Juneau, Wisconsin 53030 Corvallis, Oregon
PrOJeCt Site : Juneau, Wisconsin
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: September 1971
Completion Date: juiy 1972
Summary:
From the operation of a demonstration pilot plant over extended periods of
time, it has been shown that yeast may be grown on an acid whey or sweet
whey medium in a continuous, deep tank aerated fermentor. Variations in
fermentation conditions, strain selection, and medium composition produced
cell concentrations of several billion cells per ailliliter. By a process
of evaporation and spray drying the whole fermented whey mass and the
utilization of the evaporator condensate to dilute incoming condensed whey,
a high grade, non-toxic, protein feed material may be produced without any
effluent streams. Amino acid analyses and protein efficiency ratios are
presented for this feed material. - Economic estimates show that while a
large capital investment and low cost raw material are required for the
commercial feasibility of this fermentation process, it will be competitive
with other methods for the manufacture of single cell protein. This whey
fermentation is one means of converting large quantities of a potential en-
vironmental pollutant into a useful and needed product.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-67
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INFORMATIO SHEET
This she,, briefly describe. .„ R A D project Section 104 or p"»
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92o
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
PAY
Low Water Volume Enzyme Deactivation of
Vegetables Before Preservation
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
National Canners Association
Research Foundation
1133 20th Street, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
PrOJeCt Site: Berkeley, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
t
Award Date: April 1971
Completion Date: March 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Harold Thompson
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $137,505
Federal Cost: $86,ios
Four pilot-plant units were operated with asparagus, peas, corn, beans,
beets, pumpkin, and spinach to establish the potential for new blanching
systems with low wastewater generation. The systems investigated were
microwave, hot-gas, steam, arid hot-water. Single runs of about one hour
duration were made for each commodity with each blanching system. Waste-
water volume was measured and samples were analyzed for COD, SS, and pH.
The most striking result obtained was the small volume of steam condensate
formed hot-gas blanching. Canned samples of vegetable material from each
blancher were prepared for quality evaluation after storage. Taste panels
showed no significant flavor preference for samples from any individual
blanching system. The system used had no significant effect on the vitamin
and mineral retention of blanched or canned samples. The oxygen content of
canned samples was lowest for hot-gas blanching compared to the other three
systems Estimates of the cost of blanching using commercial-scale units
gave (dollars/ton blanched): microwave, 18.47; hot-gas, 3.39: steam, 2.21;
and hot-water, 2.36.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-68
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.1 of (lie
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of \<)72 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: wp-oi486-oi
TITLE OF PROJECT: Current Practice in Potato Processing Waste Treatment
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. James Boydston
Pacific Northwest Env.
Laboratory, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Res
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington 98105
Project Site : Seattle, Washington
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1953
Completion Date: June 1970
Summary:
The continued rapid growth of the potato processing industry represents
a corresponding increase in wastewater volume. The final report to this
project discusses potato processing, waste treatment, and current and
needed research in water quality control in this production field. A
brief description is given in the report of general characteristics of
the potato and the effects and importance of cultural and environmental
conditions on potato processing. General descriptions of the production
processes have been included and the literature has been extensively
reviewed to present current and proposed waste treatment technology. The
most urgent research needs are discussed together with suggested methods
for meeting these needs.
Project Cost: $19,331
Federal Cost: $is,364
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-69
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sltrrl brirfh doriibo an R & I) project Section 104 or 10.1 uf lh<%
Kcdt-ral \VahT Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1()72 (PI. ()2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: WPD 93-04-68
TITLE OF PROJECT". Anaerobic-Aerobic Sugar Beet Waste Treatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Beet Sugar Development Foundation
156 South College Avenue
P. 0. Box 538
Fort Collins, Colorado 80521
Project Site : Tracy, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 1968
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph Scott
Pacific Northwest Environmental
Research Laboratory, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $34,550 (4th yr)
Federal Cost: $25,300 (4th yr>
Completion Date: July 1959
Summary:
Sugarbeet factory transport (flume) water wastes were treated in pilot-sized
anaerobic, facultative and aerobic ponds to remove BOD. Physical, chemi-
cal, and mechanical data were collected on the performance of each pond
which showed cause for abandoning the facultative phase of treating. BOD
removal in the anaerobic pond was a linear function of the BOD loading
and up to a loading of 2,000 pounds of BOD per acre per day, BQ% removal
was accomplished with the assistance of mechanical aeration. The algae
(aerobic), pond was mixed by means of four 12,000 gpm propeller pumps.
Some unseparated algae pond effluent was recycled to the anaerobic pond
providing organic nitrogen, phosphorus and "seed" for the microbial trans-
formations. Additional nutrients were required for maximum performance.
The system was effective in converting soluble BOD to insoluble BOD. The
report contains 42 figures and 11 tables which show potential commercial
application of certain segments of the processes investigated.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-70
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of \<)7~2 (PL 02-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: WPRD 133-01-68
TITLE OF PROJECT! Activated Sludge Treatment of Chrome Tannery Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
A. C. Lawrence Leather Company
Division of Swift & Company
10-18 Sawyer Street
Peabody, Massachusetts
PrOJeCt Site : South Paris, Maine
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: August 1957
Completion Date: September 1971
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George Webster
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: $124,593
Federal Cost: $ 37,215
A waste treatment process was developed and tested, in pilot-plant scale,
for the treatment of the tannery wastes in combination with municipal
sewage. The process consisted of the following steps in the order
employed; equalizing and mixing of the alkaline and acid wastes; primary
sedimentation; carbonation followed by upflow sedimentation: addition of
screened municipal sewage: activated sludge treatment and secondary sedi-
mentation of the mixed wastes: and chlorination. The sludges resulting
from the treatment of the wastes and sewage were dewatered by centrifuge
and were found to be suitable for burial. Design factors for the various
steps of the process were developed and are presented in the attached
report. Studies were made of the fundamental systems and reactions which
form the basis for the processes employed in the pilot plant.
The results of the pilot-plant investigation indicate that by use of the
methods recommended, which are basically conventional sewage treatment
unit processes, mixtures of chrome tannery wastes and municipal sewage can
be treated successfully.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-71
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INFORMATION SHEET
-r. 1-nHK .i^
Knlrral \Val.-r Pollution Control Ac-l \mrndmcnfa o! !<),- (PI- J- •>»")
PROJECT NUMBER: WPD 135-02-68
TITLE OF PROJECT: Treatment of Sole Leather Vegetable Tannery Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Dept. of Environmental Health Engineering
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio
Project Site: Marlinton, West Virginia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May 1968
Completion Date: September 1970
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George Webster
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: $70,325
~~~~ (2nd yr)
Federal Cost: $29,325
(2nd yr)
Summary:
Four major studies, two pilot-scale and two full-scale, were carried out
during the period of this investigation. The basic objective of the
studies was to find a technically feasible and economical procedure for
treating the wastes from a sole leather vegetable tannery. A detailed
identification of the sources of all wastes as well as a comprehensive
characterization of each waste fraction was made for the International
Shoe Company Tannery located at Marlinton, West Virginia.
The lime bearing wastes from the beamhouse were screened, treated with
polyelectrolytes, and then clarified. The lime sludge was used for land-
fill. The system was designed to treat one million gallons of waste per
week. BOD was reduced 85-95% and the suspended cost of the total system
was approximately $40,000 and it is estimated that the operating cost will
be about $15,000 per year or 7 cents per hide processed.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-72
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sbeel briel'h describes an R & 1) project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-.i()()>
PROJECT NUMBER: WPRD 38-01-67
TITLE OF PROJECT: Treatment of Citrus Processing Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Minute Maid Company
Orlando, Florida
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. David Hill
SERL, EPA
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Project Site." Leesburg, Florida and Auburndale, Florida
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 1966
Completion Date: December 1969
Project Cost: $550,000
Federal Cost: $350,000
Summary:
Plant-scale studies were performed in this project to determine opera-
tional and treatment parameters for citrus processing wastewaters. Part I
of the final report discusses treatment of concentrated citrus processing
wastewaters combined with domestic sewage using a modified activated sludge
process; namely, extended aeration. Part II discusses treatment of weak
processing wastewaters using a system which functioned as an aerated lagoon.
- Extended aeration yielded 94 to 95 percent BOD removal; however, diffi-
culties concerning positive control of the treatment process were encoun-
tered. Variations in mixed liquor suspended solids concentrations, sludge
volume indices, sludge recirculation rates, and hydraulic loading were con-
sidered principal causes adversely affecting the treatment process. Excess
sludge buildup amounted to approximately 0.5 pounds per pound of influent
BOD and sludge wastage accounted for the greater portion of overall nutrient
removal from the system. The aerated lagoon process afforded 91t BOD
removal from daily average hydraulic and organic loadings were controlled
at 6.4 mgd and 6770 Ibs, respectively (detention time 7.9 days).
Ecological studies indicated that BOD:N:P ratios of the order of 150:5:1
were adequate for supporting the population of organisms required for effec-
tive bio-oxidation. Organic nutrient removal studies using hyacinths indi-
cated a minimum of 5 days detention would be required to afford substantial
nutrient reduction.
111-73
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This ,he«-t briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or I OS of lh«'
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI.
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet liriei'ly describe^ an R & I) project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of l<)72 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 800250
TITLE OF PROJECT! Continuous Hot Air Blanching of Vegetables
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
National Canners Association
Research Foundation
1133 20th Street N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
0116 . Stockton, California and Salem, Oregon
Mr. Kenneth Dostal
PNERL, EPA
200 S. W. 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $71,424
Federal Cost: $49,392
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1972
Completion Date: September 1973
Summary:
The primary objective of this project is to demonstrate the technical and
economic feasibility of the hot air blanching process in the vegetable
preserving industry for substantially reducing a major source of pollution
and as a means of water conservation. Conventional hot water blanching
is employed to inactivate enzymes prior to canning but generates large
volumes of wastewater with high BOD and solids content. The hot air
blanching process which does not use water, inactivates enzymes by heat
treatment with combusted gas in a plenum chamber producing only small
volumes of steam condensate. - Pilot scale hot air blanching equipment
will be modified to provide continuous operation at two processing facili-
ties on five major volume commodities.(spinach, green peas, corn, green
beans, and beets). Optimum operating conditions and costs will be deter-
mined from consecutive 8-hour runs. Product quality evaluations will be
conducted and compared with conventional blanched products. In addition
the volume of condensate will be measured and wastewater characteristics
(COD, pH, SS) determined.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-75
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INFORMATION SHEET
h,,-. bri.TI> dc7,riU, an R 4 U project Section .04,, JOS of Ih
K,,l,ral Wa.,r Pollution Control Ad Amrndmcnb ol 19.2 (PI- W-
PROJECT NUMBER: 800746 (HVQ)
TITLE OF PROJECT' Utilization of Paunch Manure, as a By-Product Feed
' - ' for Channel Catfish, and Its Effects on Water Quality
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. John Witherow
SERL, EPA
Ada, Oklahoma
Project Cost: $30,497
Federal Cost: $26,600
Project Site : Stillwater, Oklahoma
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October 1971
Completion Date: June 1973
Summary:
Part A of this report examines the feasibility of using dried paunch at
10, 20, and 30% levels in feed for pond-rearing yearling channel catfish
to market-size, and at a 10% level for cage-culture of yearling catfish.
Part B describes the effects of fish ponds. In all, one physical, one
bacteriological, and fifteen chemical parameters were measured. - Regard-
less of feed type, pond-reared fish grew faster than the cage-reared fish.
There was no significant difference in final weights attained by fish given
standard, and 10 and 20% paunch feeds but fish given 30% paunch were signi-
ficantly smaller. Feed costs per kg of catfish produced using the standard
commercial sinking feed and sinking feed containing 10% paunch were essen-
tially equal, but feed costs for making sinking feed with 10 and 20% paunch
were greater than the standard. The costs of making a floating feed con-
taining 10% paunch for raceway or cage culture of channel catfish were
uneconomical. Neither the pond culture nor the cage culture caused deter-
ioration in water quality in any of the ponds to any appreciable degree in
one growing season of 24 weeks, and there was no significant difference in
water quality in general between the ponds in which commercial feeds were
used and those in which paunch-containing feeds were used—this was true in
both pond and cage cultures.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-76
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Ac I Amendments of 1
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> slu'd briel'K docribo an R & U project Section 104 or l()."i of ihe
Federal \\ater Pollution Control At I \im-ndment.-. ol' 1072 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 800904
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Shrimp Canning Waste Treatment Study
Project Cost: $51,943
Federal Cost: $43,714
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER
American Shrimp Canners Assoc. Mr. Robert L. Hiller
P. 0. Box 50774 Region XI, EPA
New Orleans, Louisiana 70150 Dallas, Texas
PrOJBCt Site : Westwego, Louisiana
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May 1972
Completion Date: November 1973
Summary:
Wastewater surveys were performed at several Gulf shrimp canneries over a
period of three canning seasons. Water used for each process within the
plant was metered and the wastewater was tested for biological, chemical,
and physical characteristics. Pilot screening tests were made over two
canning seasons. Tangential, rotary , and vibrating screens were evaluated.
A 272 cu m/day (50 gpm) dissolved air flotation pilot plant with chemical
addition and pH control was tested at the study plant over two canning
seasons. A pilot basket centrifuge was evaluated for sludge dewatering.
The study demonstrated that: (1) The waste poundage discharged per pound
of raw shrimp processed is similar in most Gulf shrimp canning plants; (2)
Screening removal of heads and shells can be performed efficiently and with
few operational problems: and (3) Air flotation showed promise as a waste-
^0^^ metlUt *"* Performi^ Properly, treaLent efficiencies
till fan h.h°WeVer> the «P«at*m «» sensitive and treatment efficiencies
that can be expected on a plant scale remain to be demonstrated.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-78
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed hriH'K describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of \V72 (PL ul>-5()0)
PROJECT NUMBER: 800930
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Recycling of Water in Poultry Processing Plants
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Pacific Egg and Poultry Assoc.
5420 Jefferson Boulevard
Los Angeles, California 90016
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Vern Tenney
Region IX, EPA
San Francisco, California
Project Site : Livingston and Menlo Park, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1972
Completion Date: june 1973
Summary:
Project Cost: $150,550
Federal Cost: $99,206
The primary'objective of this project is to conduct pilot scale studies
to recycle chiller wastewater at a rate of 500 gallons per minute follow-
ing filtration and sterilization steps. The recycling system consists of
a travelling screen to remove coarse solids, a cyclonic desludger for
solids removal of particle sizes 100 Mu or larger, and an ultraviolet
unit for sterilization. The latters irradiation will impart a minimum
dosage of 30,000 micro watts/sq cm to the chiller water stream, well
above the minimum to eliminate a major portion of viable pathogens and
viruses. An analysis of BOD, total solids, oil and grease, iron, chlorides,
total plate count, coliform count, salmonella incidence, poultry virus
incidence, temperature, and adsorption at 253.7 nm, will be conducted at
appropriate time intervals and locations in the continuous chiller system.
The principal site of the study will be at Foster Farms Inc., located in
Livingston, California. This plant processes 180,000 birds per day in a
two-shift, 15 hours, operation.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-79
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This ?heel briefly describe an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal \\ater Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1()72 (PI. <)2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 800935
TITLE OF PROJECT: Rum Distillery Waste Treatment by Anaerobic Digestion
6RANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Bacardi Corporation
GPO Box 3549
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936
Site : San Juan, Puerto Rico
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George Keeler
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: April 1972
Completion Date: May 1974
Summary:
Project Cost: $128,725
Federal Cost: $39,758
An investigation was made of the feasibility of rum distillery slops
treatment by the anaerobic contact process. Both bench and pilot-scale
experimental studies were conducted to permit determination of the Monod
kinetic constants for the anaerobic treatment of neutralized, phosphorus-
amended rum slops. The settling characteristics of mixed liquor suspended
solids from the anaerobic contact unit were determined using a moderately
cationic high molecular weight polymer as a coagulant aid. The experimen-
tal results developed with the bench and pilot units, were used to define
a process flow sheet, detailed design criteria, and an economic analysis
analvS'f^ f *Pplic?tio»8 °f rum dlstillery slops treatment, at design
analysis for full-scale applications of rum distillery slops treatment^
ct 1 *~ ™ ™ ^ ~ ^day) to 1,140
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-80
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheel briefly describes an R Si D project Section 104 or 103 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
801007
TITLE OF PROJECT! Seafoods Processing Waste Water Characterization
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Oregon State University
Dept. of Food Science and
Technology
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Slt6 I
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Kenneth Dostal
Pacific Northwest Environmental
Research Lab, EPA
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Corvallis, Oregon
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date:
September, 1971
Completion Date:
Jvne, 1973
Project Cost:
Federal Cost:
$81,343
$54,817
Summary:
The Oregon State University Seafoods Laboratory proposes to employ a mobile
wastewater analytical laboratory on its premises in Astoria, Oregon, to
monitor the wastes produced by six different seafoods processing plants.
The study will include categorization of tuna, bottom fish, crab, clams,
shrimp, salmon, and by-products. - Using methods proven in previous
laboratory work and utilizing equipment already on hand, they will (with
flow-proportioned composite samples whenever possible) monitor on site:
1) flow, 2) temperature, 3) dissolved oxygen, and 4) pH. After passage
through a 20 mesh screen, the composite samples would be analyzed in the
mobile facility for the following constituents: 5) total solids, 6) dis-
solved solids, 7) volatile solids, 8) settleable solids, 9) suspended
solids, 10) chemical oxygen demand, 11) 5-day biochemical oxygen demand
(at intervals), 12) ultimate biochemical oxygen demand (at intervals), and
13) oil and grease. In addition, a portion of each composite sample would
be preserved and shipped to the O.S.U. Department of Food Science Waste
Management Laboratory in Corvallis, Oregon, for complete nitrogen and
phosphorus analysis. - Solid waste magnitudes will also be monitored.
All results will be expressed in terms of production volume (e.g. Ibs
BOD5/ton raw product).
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
III-8 I
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This >hee, briefly describe, an R & D project Section 104 orJ05 «f the
Frdrral Wal,-r Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1072 (PI, 92-,00)
PROJECT NUMBER: 801037
TITLE OF PROJECT: Leather Tannery Waste Management Through Process
~~ Change, Reuse and Pretreatment
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. William Banks
Region VII, EPA
1735 Baltimore, Room 249
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
Project Cost: $275,905
Federal Cost: $99,342
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Pfister & Vogel Tanning Co., Inc.
1531 No. Water Street
P. 0. Box 745
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
Project Site : Milwaukee, Wisconsin
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March 1972
Completion Date: March 1974
Summary:
This project will demonstrate that it is technically and economically
feasible to achieve major reductions in the pollution load discharge from
a large side leather tannery through process changes, reuse, and recovery
techniques and pretreatment methods. Conventional batch type tanning
operations will be replaced by newly developed hide processing machines
in which the hide is not removed from the unit until the tanning step has
been completed. This process change will permit a waste volume reduction
of approximately 50%. Additional major waste reductions will result from
the recovery of processing chemicals and the reuse and pretreatment of
individual waste streams. Recovery of soluble proteins extracted from the
hides will be investigated. Adequate sampling will be performed to achieve
parameter weight balances throughout multiple process cycles to character-
ize the tannery effluent.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-82
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 8oi432
TITLE OF PROJECT! Treat Wastewater from Citrus Processing Industry
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Winter Garden Citrus Products Co-Op
Gainesville, Florida
Project Site : Gainesville, Florida
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February 1973
Completion Date: August 1974
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. H. W. Thompson
PNERL, EPA,
Corvallis, Oregon
Project Cost: $49,500
Federal Cost: $45,500
Waste activated sludge will be gravity thickened, concentrated in a cen-
trifuge, dried in a kiln and tested as an animal feed supplement in a
series of chicken feeding tests.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-83
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet brief!) describes a.i R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal \\alrr Pollution C«»ntrol Act Amendment, of 1072 (PI. 02-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 801484
TITLE OF PROJECT: Evaluation of a New Blanching Process (IQB) for
- - -•- Waste Water Abatement in Canning Vegetables
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
University of Wisconsin
Department of Food Science
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
Project Site: Madison, Wisconsin
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: September 1972
Completion Date: December 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Harold W. Thompson
PNERL, EPA
Corvallis, Oregon
Project Cost: $16,324
Federal Cost: $15,324
A study on the efficacy of a new blanching system, Individual Quick
Blanch (IQB), as applied to vegetables prior to canning was conducted.
Peas, corn, lima beans, green beans, potatoes, carrots, and beets were
adequately blanched by IQB. Compared to deep bed steam blanching or
pipe blanching, IQB generally resulted in a significant reduction in
effluent. Slight drying of the vegetables before IQB reduced effluent
even more; however, product quality was adversely affected in most cases.
It was demonstrated that the IQB process can significantly reduce effluent
volume and BOD generation in the blanching operation while adequately ful-
filling the objectives of blanching. Recommendations for commercial
development of IQB are given.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-84
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & U project Section 104 or !()."> of th
Kederal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 197:2 (PL W-
PROJECT NUMBER:
801684
TITLE OF PROJECT: Effluent Guidelines for Specialty Food Industry
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
American Frozen Foods Industry
Washington, D. C. 20006
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Harold W. Thompson
PNERL, EPA
Corvallis, Oregon
Project Cost: $4ij391
Federal Cost: $28,391
Project Site : Washington, D. C.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March 1973
Completion Date: February 1974
Summary:
AFFI with the full cooperation of its member firms and the National Canners
Association wishes to perform a study to accomplish the following objectives:
a) Inventory and categorize the Specialty Foods Industry: b) Investigate
typical raw waste loads generated per unit of production by major categories
of the Specialty Foods Industry; c) Evaluate effectiveness and cost by avail-
able liquid waste control technology, both in-house prevention and waste
treatment techniques, available to reduce waste loads generated by the
Specialty Foods Industry. To accomplish these objectives, a summary of the
plan of operation follows: a) From existing data develop an inventory of
plants; b) Categorize plants by preparation of ingredients, type of major
ingredient, and pack size; all as related to waste generation; c) Make pre-
liminary plant contacts and select 25 diverse plants for field investigation;
d) Make field investigations of 25 plants located in the East, Middle West,
and West. Investigation is to include sampling and analysis of effluents
(approximately 300 samples) plus information required to relate waste gen-
eration to production volume and techniques, e) Waste treatment methods
and costs will be evaluated for applicability to the wastes identified
from this industry; and f) A report suitable for use by the industry and EPA
will be prepared.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-85
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INFORMATION SHEET
TO, ^ l>riefly toerita. « R * D project Section ,04 _,,r IOWU*
Federal Waler Pollution Control Acl Amendment, of 1972 (PI. 92-aOU)
PROJECT NUMBER: 301970 PROJECT OFFICER:
Maryland State Department of Health Mr. Kon Barrow
301 W. Preston Street SEKL, EPA
Baltimore, Maryland 21201 College Station Road
Athens, Georgia
PrOJBCt Sit6 : Sterling Processing Co., Oakland, Maryland
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: January 1971 Project Cost: $211,274
Completion Date: Juiy 1973 Federal Cost: $135,879
Summary:
The feasibility of reclaiming poultry processing wastewater for reuse
where potable water is presently required was studied at the Sterling
Processing Corporation plant in Oakland, Maryland, by the Maryland State
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. In addition, extensive study was
made of poultry processing raw waste characteristics and proportions of
wastes generated during processing and plant cleanup. Effluent charac-
teristics from a two-stage aerated lagoon are reported. - The reclaim-
ing process consisted of a two-stage aerated lagoon wastewater treatment
system followed by an advanced water treatment system of micros training,
flocculation, sedimentation, and sand filtration. - The bacteriological,
chemical, and physical drinking water standards of the U. S. Public Health
Service were consistently met. Samples were composited at random -and
examined for human enteric virus organisms. All were found to be nega-
tive. - The micros training, flocculation, sedimentation, and sand fil-
tration system had an annual capital and operating cost of $0.71/1000 liters
($0.27/1000 gallons).
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
ni-86
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of llic
Keileral Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of l()72 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
802174
TITLE OF PROJECT! Egg Breaking and Processing Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Cornell University Mr. J. L. Witherow
N.Y. State College of Agriculture PNERL, EPA
and Life Sciences Corvallis, Oregon
Ithaca, New York 14850
Project Site : Ithaca, New York
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February 1973
Completion Date: june 1974
Summary:
This project intends to determine the magnitude of the shell egg and egg
breaking and processing waste problem on a national and regional basis
and to indicate waste management methods that are applicable to these
wastes. The objectives of the project are: 1) Define the size of the
industries and future growth trends; 2) Characterize typical wastes:
3) Identify opportunities for in-plant waste reduction and water reuse;
and 4) Through treatability studies develop feasible treatment alterna-
tives for separate waste treatment as well as joint municipal treatment.
Project Cost: $66,732
Federal Cost:$43,990
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-87
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> an R .S. D project Section 104 or 105 of llie
Federal \\alrr Pollution Control Ael Amendments of 1()72 (PI. «>2-5()0)
PROJECT NUMBER. 802253
TITLE OF PROJECT: Protein Recovery from Meat Packing Effluent
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Armour and Co. Mr. J. L. Witherow
Armour Food Co., Fresh Meats Division PNERL, EPA
Phoenix, Arizona 85077 Corvallis, Oregon
Project Site: Nampa, Idaho
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March 1973
Completion Date: November 1975
Summary:
This project will demonstrate both the technical and economic feasibility
of operating a plant scale process (thereafter called the LSA Process) to
precipitate and recover proteinaceous nitrogen from meat packing plant
wastewater in a manner that.results in significant pollution reduction and
in recovery of a salable by-product that presents no ultimate disposal
problems. Dissolved-air flotation will be used in conjunction with addi-
tion of lignosulfonic acid to recover the proteinaceous matter.
Project Cost: $444,898
Fi_deral_Co$|: $140,000
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-88
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet l»riei'l> dcboribo an R & D project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI, U2-3
PROJECT NUMBER: 802420
TITLE OF PROJECT! Ecostatic Cane Processing System
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
C. Brewer and Co., Lmt. Mr. Harold W. Thompson
Hilo Coast Processing Co. NERC, EPA
Pepeekeo, Hawaii 96783 Corvallis, Oregon
Project Site : Pepeekeo, Hawaii
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 1973
Completion Date: January 1976
Summary:
Full-scale demonstration of sugar cane harvesting and processing with water
reuse and solid waste recovery which will result in major reductions in
wastes discharged, provide more efficient recovery of raw sugar, and pro-
vide an electrical power supply. Soil entrainment in the cane will he
reduced by modified methods of harvesting and partial cleaning in the field
followed by dry cleaning at the plant. Final washing will utilize sugar
juice which will be fully recovered. Bagasse and cleaned trash (recycled
water) will be Irurned for power generation.
Project Cost: $7,337,883
Federal Cost: $479,000
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-89
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sluvl l.riHK de.MTibo an R & D project Section 104 or 10.1 of Hie
Federal \\alcr Pollution Control Acl Amendments of \<)7'> (PI 'J2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 802333
TITLE OF PROJECT: Characterization and Reduction of Specific Waste-
waters from In-Plant Hog Processing Units of the
Meat Industry
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Jack L. Witherow
PNERL, EPA
Corvallls, Oregon
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
University of Wisconsin
750 University Avenue
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
Project SltB . Madison, Wisconsin
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March 1974
Completion Date: August 1975
Summary:
The project is to characterize wastewater from critical unit operations
in hog slaughtering and associated cleaning, processes, and to develop
and demonstrate methods and equipment for reduction of the flow and waste
load from these unit operations.
Four processes which are known major contributors to the waste load are to
be studied. These are 1) Removal and recovery of blood: 2) Removal, process-
ing, and disposal of hair; 3) Processing of the hog carcass; and 4) Process-
ing of the intestinal tract.
Project Cost: $111,962
Federal Cost: $76,ioe
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-90
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AOENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 802953
TITLE OF PROJECT: Minimization of Water Use in Leafy Vegetable Washers
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dulaney Foods Inc. Mr. James A. Santroch
Eymore, Virginia 23350 PNERL, EPA
Corvallis , Oregon
Site: Eymore, Virginia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May 1974 Project Cost: $75,545
Completion Date: February 1976 Federal Cost: $52,882
Summary:
A full-scale experimental leafy green vegetable washer will be installed
in a commercial processing line. The wastewater from each unit process
in this line and from each unit process in a line with conventional washers
will be characterized and compared. The quality of experimentally and
conventionally washed leafy greens will be monitored and compared. Eighty
hours of spinach processing, eighty hours of broccoli processing, and
eighty hours of processing of other leafy greens will be monitored.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO IM MOJICT OPHCIt
111-91
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shtvl l.nel'h «le>cnl>e., an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal \\ater Pollution Control A.I Amendments of 1972 (PI. U2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 303251
TITLE OF PROJECT: Tomato Cleaning and Water Recycle
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
National Canners Association
1133 20th Street N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
Project Site : Berkeley, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Harold W. Thompson
PNEKL, EPA
Corvallis, Oregon
Award Date:
July 1974
Completion Date: March 1975
Summary:
Project Cost: $124,455
Federal Cost: $93,295
This study will demonstrate low water use cleaning of tomatoes and recycle
of the dump tank (tomato unloading water cushion) water. Cleaning will be
by flexible spinning rubber disc and a small amount of water. Water use
for cleaning should be reduced from the present 700 gal/ton to 6 gal/ton.
In combination with the recycle system the water use for receiving and clean-
ing should be reduced from 930 gal/ton to 120 gal/ton.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-92
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describe:* an R & U project Section 104 or !()."> of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments ol' 1972 (PI, W-oOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: 803230
TITLE OF PROJECT: Reuse of Treated Fruit Processing Wastewater
Within a Cannery
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Snokist Growers
2506 Terrace Heights Road
Yakima, Washington 98901
PrOJeCt Site : Yakima, Washington
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 1974
Completion Date: July 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Harold Thompson
PNERL, EPA
Corvallis, Oregon
Project Cost: $553,000
Federal Cost:$249,5oo
This study will evaluate the feasibility of reclaiming end-of-pipe process
wastewater for reuse within a fruit cannery. Reuse of the reclaimed water
will be evaluated for: equipment and floor cleanup, initial product clean-
ing and conveying, steam production for use in cooking, blanching, exhaust-
ing, retorting and cleaning, and direct contact can cooling. Product quality
will be monitored throughout the study.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-93
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tim shed briefly (h-M-ribr* an R & U project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of \l)72 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 803301
TITLE OF PROJECT: utilization of Cheese Whey for Wine Production
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Project Site : Corvallis, Oregon
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 1974
Completion Date: October 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Max W. Cochrane
PNERL, EPA
Corvallis, Oregon
Project Cost: $33,995
Federal Cost:$37,045
This project will provide evaluation of technical and economical feasi-
bility of producing alcoholic beverages for human consumption from fermen-
tation of cheese whey. Low energy requirements and almost total utll™-
tial tf Si iiqU"and S°lld fractions of whe? 1-d high economic po ten-
tial to this by-product recovery process.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-94
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or I0f> of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
803307
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Cannery Wastewater Biological Solids Cattle
Feeding Project
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Snokist Growers Mr. James A. Santroch
2506 Terrace Heights Road PNERL, EPA
Yakima, Washington Corvallis, Oregon
PrOJeCt Site : Yakima, Washington
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 1974
Completion Date: July 1975
Summary:
Waste activated sludge from a fruit cannery wastewater treatment plant will
be dewatered by float thickening and centrifuging. To evaluate the sludge
as a feedstuff, four feed rations each with a different proportion of sludge,
will be fed to 8 steers, in a 68 day metabolism trial and to 24 steers in a
130-160 day finishing trial.
Project Cost: $88,soo
Federal Cost:$25,000
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-95
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> shod briHh .Imribo an R & D project Section 104 or 10.1 of tl.r
Federal \\alcr Pollution Control Ac I Aim-ndmenb of 1<)72 (PI-
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V
INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briel'l) describes an R & U project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Waler Pollution Control Acl Amendments of l<>72 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 803321
TITLE OF PROJECT! Tomato Steam Peeling and Caustic Peeling Comparison
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Tosi Trading Company
1499 Boxshore Highway
Burlingame, California 94010
PrOJeCt Site : Burlingame, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: August 1974
Completion Date: April 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. James A. Santroch
PNERL, EPA
Corvallis, Oregon
Project Cost: $32,125
Federal Cost: $12,375
A Vettori-Manghi pressure steam tomato peeler and a FMC Hi-TON peeler
installed in parallel at Stanislaus Canners, Modesto CA will be monitored
for 10 days to evaluate differences in yield, effect on tomato quality,
energy requirements, the quality and quantity of wastewater and solid wastes
generated and possible value of the solid wastes.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-97
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECT/0111 AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tliis sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.1 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1()72 (PI. 92-300)
PROJECT NUMBER:
803325
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Poultry Processing Wastewater Reuse Effects
''on Product and Water Safety,
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Maryland State Dept. of Health
610 North Howard Street
Baltimore, Maryland 21201
Project Site : Oakland, Maryland
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Juiy 1974
Completion Date: March 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Jack L. Witherow
PNERL, EPA
Corvallis, Oregon
Project Cost: $128,878
Federal Cost: $79,900
This project is to evaluate the safety for human consumption of poultry
processed in a plant utilizing reclaimed wastewater in a closed loop
water system. The poultry plant will recycle about 50% of their own
processing wastewater. Safety will be determined by relative amounts of
contaminants before and after recycling begins.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-98
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tl)i> shrcl briefly docribcs an R & D project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Kederal \\aler Pollution Control Acl Amendments of WT1 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 803333
TITLE OF PROJECT! Shrimp Cannery Wastewater Treatment Demonstration
Project
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
American Shrimp Canners Association
P. 0. Box 50774
New Orleans, Louisiana 70150
PrOJeCt Site: New Orleans, Louisiana
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: July 1974
Completion Date: July 1977
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Max Cochrane
PNERL, EPA
Corvallis, Oregon
Project Cost: $319,oeo
Federal Cost: $239,295
An in-plant water conservation and management program will be instituted
along with several possible process modifications. The resulting effluent
will be treated (plant scale) by screening and dissolved-air flotation
with chemical addition. Screening and sludge will be processed for ulti-
mate disposal.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
111-99
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FINAL REPORTS AVAILABLE
FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS
Report Number
12060 - 03/68
12060 07/69
12060 10/69
12060 FAD 10/69
Title/Author
Aerated Lagoon Treatment of Food
Processing Wastes, Kenneth A. Postal,
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research
Laboratory, EPA, Corvallis, Oregon
Secondary Treatment of Potato Processing
Wastes, Kenneth A. Postal, Pacific North-
west Environmental Research Laboratory,
EPA, Con/all is, Oregon
Current Practice in Potato Processing
Waste Treatment, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington.
Aerobic Treatment of Fruit Processing
Wastes, Snokist Growers, Yakima,
Washington.
12060 DXL 01/71 Reduction of^Salt Content of Food
Processing Liquid Waste Effluent,
National Canners Association, Berkeley,
California.
12060 04/70
12060 ECF 04/70
12060 EHT 07/70
12060 08/70
12060 EZP 09/70
Source
GPO $0.55
GPO $0.65
GPO $1.00
NTIS
PB 188 506
GPO $0.55
Proceedings:_First National Symposium on
Food Processing Wastes, FWQA, USDA,
National Canners Association, and North-
west Food Processors Association.
Current Practice in Seafoods Processing
Waste Treatment. Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon.
Use of Fungi Imperfect! in Waste Control,
North Star Research and Development
Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Waste Reduction in Food Canning Operations,
National Canners Association, Berkeley, "
California.
Cannery Waste Treatment Kehr Activated
"'"—- FMO corporation, Santa Clara,
GPO $3.00
NTIS
PB 202 232
GPO $1.00
GPO $1.00
GPO $0.70
California.
Hl-100
-------
Report Number
12060 10/70
12060 EHV 12/70
12060 FQE 12/70
12060 03/71
12060 EHU 03/71
12060 DSI 07/71
12060 DXF 07/71
12060 EDK 08/71
12060 EDZ 08/71
12060 EZY 08/71
12060 EAE 09/71
Title/Author Source
Treatment of Citrus Processing Wastes, GPO $2.75
The Coca-Cola Company - Foods Division,
Orlando, Florida.
Aerobic Secondary Treatment of Potato GPO $1.50
Processing Wastes, R. T. French Company,
Shelly, Idaho.
Dry Caustic Peeling^of Tree Fruit for GPO $0.60
Liquid Waste Reduction, National
Canners Association, Berkeley, California
Proceedings: Second National Symposium GPO $4.50
on Food Processing Wastes, EPA, Pacific ,
Northwest Environmental Research Labora-
tory and National Canners Association.
Reconditioning of Food Processing Brines, GPO $0.75
National Canners Association, Berkeley,
California.
State-of-the-Art, Sugarbeet Processing GPO $1.25
Treatment: bv Beet Sugar Development
Foundation, Ft. Collins, Colorado.
Membrane Processing of Cottage Cheese GPO $1.25
Whey for Pollution Abatement, Crowley's
Milk Company, Binghamton, New York.
Liquid Wastes from Canning and Freezing GPO $1.50
Fruits and Vegetables; by National Canners
Association, Berkeley, California.
Pilot Plant Installation for Fungal Treat- GPO $1.00
ment of Vegetable Canning Wastes, by the
Green Giant Co., Le Suer, Minnesota.
Complete Mix Activated Sludge Treatment GPO $1.25
of Citrus Process Wastes, Winter Garden
Citrus Products Cooperative, Winter Garden,
Florida.
Trickling Filter Treatment of Frutt Pro- GPO $0.50
sessing Waste Waters, National Canners
Association, Berkeley, California.
m-ioi
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Report Number
12060 DSB 09/71
12060 EAE 09/71
12060 FDS 12/70
12120 09/69
12120 09/70
12120 DTK 12/70
EPA R2 73 209
EPA 660/2 73 012
EPA 660/2 74 025
EPA 660/2 74 031
EPA 660/2 74 027
Title/Author
Demonstration of a Full-Scale Waste Treat-
ment System for a Cannery, L. E. StreebTn,
B. W. Reid and A. C. H. Hu, School of
Civil Engineering and Environmental
Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman,
Oklahoma.
Trickling Filter Treatment of Fruit Pro-
cessing Waste Waters, National Canners
Association, Berkeley, California.
Elimination of Water Pollution by Packing-
house Animal Paunch and Blood, Beef land
International Inc., Council Bluffs, Iowa.
Activated Sludge Treatment of Chrome
Tannery Wastes, A. C. Lawrence Leather
Company, Peabody, Massachusetts.
Treatment of Sole Leather Vegetable
Tannery Wastes, University of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Anaerobic-Aerobic Lagoon Treatment for
Vegetable Tanning Wastes, University of
Virginia, Charlottesvilie, Virginia.
Secondary Waste Treatment for a Small
Diversified Tannery, Caldwell Lace Leather
Company, Anburn, Kentucky.
Kent Cheese Company Waste Treatment
Facility, Kent Cheese Company, Kent,
Illinois.
Protein Production from Acid Whey Via
Fermentation. Amber LabnratnrW' .iMnoa.,
Wisconsin.
Source
GPO $1.50
Water and Waste Management in Poultry Pro-
cessingGold KTst Poultry, Durham, North
Carolina.
Treatment of Packinghouse Wastes by
Anaerobic Lagoons and Plastic Medfa
Filters, Farmbest Inc.
GPO $0.50
GPO $0.50
GPO $2.00
GPO $1.25
GPO $1.00
GPO $1.25
GPO
GPO $1.25
GPO $2.50
GPO $1.20
Hl-102
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Report Number Title/Author Source
EPA 660/2 74 046 Paunch Manure as a Feed Supplement in GPO $1.60
Channel^Catfish Farming, Oklahoma State
University, Stillwater, Oklahoma.
EPA R2 73 025 Anaerobic - Aerobic Ponds for Beet Sugar GPO $2.10
Waste Treatment - Beet Sugar Development
Foundation, Fort Collins, Colorado.
EPA R2 73 017 Cannery Waste Treatment by Anaerobic GPO $2.10
Lagoons and Oxidation Ditch, Melbourne
Water Science Institute, Victoria,
Australia.
EPA R2 73 198 Low Water Volume Enzyme Deactivation of GPO $1.25
Vegetables Before Preservation, National
Canners Association, Berkeley, California.
12060 EGU 03/71 Dairy Food Plant Wastes and Waste Treatment GPO $4.00
Practices, Ohio State University, Columbus,
Ohio.
EPA 660/2 73 015 Recovery of Fatty Materials from Edible GPO $1.60
Oil Refinery Effluents, Swift and Company,
Bradley, Illinois.
EPA 660/2 74 006 Wastewater Abatement in Canning Vegetables GPO $1.25
by IQB Blanching, University of Wisconsin,
Madison, Wisconsin.
EPA 660/2 74 014 Activated Sludge - Bio-Disc Treatment of GPO $1.40
Distillery Wastewater, Ann
Company, Pekin, Illinois.
Distillery Wastewater, American Distilling
, P€
EPA 660/2 74 074 Rum Distillery Slops Treatment by Anaerobic GPO
Contact Process, Bacardi Corporation,
San Juan, Puerto Rico.
EPA 660/2 74 035 Improvement of Treatment of Food Industry GPO $1.25
Waste, RAI Research Corporation,
Long Island City, New York.
EPA R2 73 024 Cannery Wastewater Treatment with Rotating GPO $0.65
Biological Contactor and Extended Aeration,
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research
Laboratory, EPA, Corvallis, Oregon.
Ill-, 103
-------
Report Number Title/Author Source
EPA R2 73 178 National Meat Packing Waste Management GPO $0.50
Research and Development Program, EPA,
R. S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory, Ada, Oklahoma.
EPA R2 72 018 Proceedings: Third National Symposium GPO $5.25
on Food Processing Wastes, EPA, Pacific
Northwest Water Laboratory and National
Canners Association.
EPA 660/2 73 031 Proceedings: Fourth National Symposium on GPO $4.50
Food Processing Wastes, EPA, Pacific North-
west Environmental Research Laboratory and
National Canners Association.
EPA 660/2 74 050 Proceedings: Fifth National Symposium on GPO
Food Processing Wastes, EPA, Pacific
Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory
and National Canners Association.
EPA 660/2 74 060 Poultry Processing Wastewater Treatment GPO
and Reuse, Maryland State Department of
Health, Oakland, Maryland.
EPA 660/2 74 059 Submerged Combustion Evaporation for GPO
Concentration of Brewery Spent Gratn'
Liquor, Anheuser-Busch Inc., Houston,
Texas
EPA 660/2 74 074 Shrimp Canning Waste Treatment Study. GPO
American Shrimp Canners Association, New
Orleans, Louisiana.
EPA 660/2 74 028 Biological Treatment of Concentrated Sugar GPO
Beet Wastes, Beet Sugar Development Foun-
dation, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Ill-104
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JOINT INDUSTRIAL-MUNICIPAL POINT SOURCES
The "Joint".program area is defined as the TR oriented to supplying
POTW's (Public Owned Treatment Works) and PTA's (Public Treatment Author-
ities) with the technology needed for meeting effluent standards for
mixed industrial, mixed industrial and municipal, and water supply point
sources of discharge. The qualifying conditions for relevancy to these
point sources includes the involvement or sponsorship of a public treat-
ment authority and the condition that the industrial portion of the
wastewater be the controlling wastewater management factor.
In terms of point source standards impact, the Joint systems have
direct bearing on the following standards and related technology achieve-
ment levels: (1) Toxic Standards, (2) Industrial BPT, BAT, and NSPS (New
Source Performance Standards), and (3) POTW's Standards for Pretreatment,
Secondary, and BPWTT.
The identification of sub-categories (program areas) is relatt-d to
the characteristics of the point sources rather than the applicable
sections of the numerous standards. The sub-areas are Area-Wide T&C
(treatment and control), Joint Indus trial-Municipal T&C, Residual and
Refractory T&C, and Pretreatment.
The wastewater characteristics and related complexities of control
vary as the type of industry input changes. Given the Phase I industrial
guideline, the purview of this joint program area covers approximately 29
industry segments and 165 industrial technological sub categories. With
Phase II guidelines providing 18 additional segments and an unknown
number of subcategories.
The technology for 1977 implementation is best referenced to the 30
Phase I guidelines for industrial and municipal sources. Generally speak-
ing, biodegradable organics and related suspended solids are controllable
using biooxidation and clarification processes. The availability of
viable controls for incompatible pollutants such as inorganic, toxic and
residual-refractory pollutants varies from un demonstrated to inadequate
effectiveness.
The prime objective of the TR program is to demonstrate adequate,
practicable and economically achievable technology for the elimination
of the discharge of pollutants (closed cycle) for 3 of the 4 problem
areas - Area Wide, Joint, Residual and Refractory. Secondary and interim
milestones also exist in the total environmental and open cycle waste
management alternatives. The pretreatment segment of the program is con-
cerned with improving the compatibility of industrial wastewaters for
discharge to municipal systems.
The Area Wide T&C problem area includes those situations in which
wastewaters are collected, combined, and treated for a broad geographical
area. This subcategory includes: wastes from several industries combined
with domestic wastes, wastes from an industrial complex, and wastes from
a metro-area, or even from an entire river basin.
IY-1
-------
The Joint Indus trial/Municipal problem area includes those situations
where only one type of industry discharges their wastes into a municipal
treatment plant. Water discharge figures for 1968 shows that of the total
wastewaters discharged by manufacturing industries, 14276 bg (billion
gallons), 7% or 1022 bg was discharged to public sewers. This represents
about 20% of the domestic wastewater flow in 1968. Research plans call
for the investigation of selected industries which have a problem with
incompatible or excessive pollutants.
The residual and refractory problem area includes those industrial
and municipal wastes which are in concentrated form and are either toxic
or incompatible with existing biological treatment systems. Because of
these factors the wastes can be most effectively managed by a common
collection and treatment system which must achieve BAT or Closed Cycle
effectiveness. These wastes include: liquid concentrated (paints, pigment
dyes, solvents, oils, acids, alkalies), sludges (inorganic salts, organic,
metallic oxides), and water treatment sludges. By providing alternate
disposal techniques for these materials, they can be removed from municipal
systems and land fills where they receive inadequate stabilization.
The pretreatment problem area is concerned with the treatment given
an industrial wastewater prior to its discharge to a municipal sewer.
Technology research will be carried out to evaluate the economic and
technology impact of pretreatment guidelines at the industrial-municipal
interface and to define the criteria for industrial compatibility and
incompatibility relative to municipal treatment practice.
IV-2
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PROJECT INDEX
JOINT INDUSTRIAL/MUNICIPAL POINT SOURCES
Grantee or Contractor
EDX Green Bay, Wisconsin
EGK Jacksonville, Arkansas
EJD Hagerstown, Maryland
EKK South St. Paul, Minnesota
EOC Erie, Pennsylvania
EZR Dallas, Oregon
DBF Harriman, Tennessee
DJB Grand Forks, North Dakota
DLF Tualatin, Oregon
DPD Macon, Georgia
DRO Delaware River Basin Commission
DRT Stockton, California
DUJ Walton, New York
FAE Onondaga County, New York
FAY Brooksville, Florida
FJQ Kodiak, Alaska
FYF Ohio Dept. Natural Resources
GER Miami Conservancy District
HRA City of Gainesville
801221 County of Hawaii
803005 Buffalo Sewer Authority
Project Status:
A - Completed, Final Report Available
B - Project Ongoing
C - Project Discontinued
IV-3
Project Status
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
A.
A
A
A
C
A
A
B
B
B
B
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INFORMATION SHEET
Mrral »al,T Pollution Control A.-
PROJECT MUHBER: EDX
TITLE OF PROJECT: Joint Treatment of Municipal Sewage and Pulp Hill
- ~ " Effluents
OFFICER:
Mr. George R. Webster
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: $335,000
Federal Cost: $251,250
Green Bay Metropolitan
Sewerage District
Green Bay, Wisconsin
Project Site: Green Bay, Wisconsin
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December wee
Completion Date: September 1971
Summary:
This project determined the technical and economic feasibility of jointly
treating the influent to the present treatment facilities of the Green
Bay Metropolitan Sewerage District in combination with the weak effluents
from the pulping sections of four local paper mills, specifically American
Can Company, Charmin Paper Products Company, Fort Howard Paper Company, ,nj
and Green Bay Packaging, Inc. - Four activated sludge processes (con- ^T
ventional, step aeration, contact stabilization, and Kraus) were studied
in parallel using 1-gpm pilot plants. At the end of the 12 months, the
conventional and step aeration processes were eliminated from further con-
sideration. The contact stabilization and Kraus processes were studied
for an additional four and one-half months. Contact stabilization was
selected as the most promising process and units were operated for an
additional five months to obtain refined design and operating parameters
for a full-scale treatment plant. - Shortly after initial start-up, the
pilot plants became infested with filamentous organisms identified as a
bacterial species of the genus Thiothrix. a sulfur-storing organism. Of
various procedures implemented, chlorination of the return activated
sludge successfully controlled the growth of filamentous organisms which
caused sludge bulking. It was also necessary to add nutrients to achieve
the desired BOD:N:P ratios. Extensive solids-handling unit process studies
were conducted at the pilot-plant site and in the cooperating manf. lab.
IV-4
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> shrel briefly describes an R, & U project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendment of 1972 (PI. «)2-5()0)
PROJECT NUMBER: EGK
TITLE OF PROJECT: Biological Treatment of Cfilorophenolic Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
City of Jacksonville, Arkansas
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George Putnicki
Region VI, EPA
1402 Elm Street
Dallas, Texas 75202
Project Cost: $243,313
Federal Cost: $153,559
Project Site : Jacksonville, Arkansas
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: July 1968
Completion Date: October 1970
Summary:
In this project, installation of a completely stirred aeration lagoon
between an existing conventional sewage treatment plant and existing
stabilization ponds avoided hydraulic overloading of the former and
reduced BOD loading of the latter. Joint treatment of domestic sewage
and an industrial waste having high BOD and chlorophenols was facili-
tated. This study confirmed earlier findings that the organisms present
in domestic sewage readily destroy complex chlorophenols and related
materials. Glycolates and acetates contributing to the high BOD of the
industrial waste were also readily oxidized biologically. High sodium
chloride levels in the treated mixed waste did not adversely effect
biological activity. Joint treatment of the complex chlorophenolic
wastes combined with normal sewage gave rise to biological data which
did not differ in any significant manner from that to be expected in a
similar system receiving only normal sewage. - An historical background
of the problem at Jacksonville, Arkansas; design and construction infor-
mation, and the chemical and biological data resulting from the system
study are presented in the final report.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-5
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1<)72 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: KJD
TITLE OF PROJECT: A Pretreatment Study on Combined Industrial-
Municipal Wastewaters
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
City of Hagerstown, Maryland
Project Site : Hagerstown, Maryland
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March 1968
Completion Date: juiy 1971
Summary:
sludge system. The pretreatment tP
by diffused aeration! c^lorinaSon
nitrate and potassium permanganate'
project will be for two yearf and
detailed baseline analyst c
and full-scale paralleling of
pretreatment technics.
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Harold Snyder
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
Cost:
$427>853
Federal Cost: $320,390
dyeing
**
«*
rth
in an activated
Pr°Vlde in±tial oxidation
^ additions of sodium
W±U alflo Be
P^treatment facilities
system, and evaluation of the
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-6
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Th!> sliccl hricl'K describo an R & D project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal \\alcr Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI. (>2-.iOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: EKK
TITLE OF PROJECT! Efficiency and Economy of Polymeric Sewage Clarifi-
cation
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
City of South St. Paul, Minnesota Mr. Clarence C. Oster
Minnesota - Wisconsin Field
Office, EPA
7401 Lyndale Avenue South
Project Site: South St. Paul, Minnesota m™**V°1±s> Minnesota 55423
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 196? Project Cost: $345,159
Completion Date: January 1971 Federal Cost: $450,000
Summary:
This demonstration project included: 1. Construction of new grit chambers
(four units: two for industrial wastes, one for sanitary sewage, and one
for either industrial or sanitary wastes), which will allow sewage to be
treated individually or in combination of the two basic sewages in the
treatment process following grit removal. 2. Construction of mechanical
flash mix-facilities, laboratory and utility building improvements, and
the necessary piping and other appurtenant construction.
The city of South St. Paul will also construct an interceptor sewer, sludge
ejector, and pumping station in conjunction with the demonstration project
which are not part of this demonstration grant request. The project objec-
tives are to determine the increased purification attainable by treating
industrial wastes (packing house), sanitary sewage, combined sanitary
sewage, and stormwaters or combinations of such wastes with polyelectro-
lytes and floe "weighting agents."
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-7
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INFORMATION SHEET
TO. , ..... ., i,,r.> „ ,i,,> » *
K,,l,.r..l*al,-r Pollution C..nln>l
PROJECT NUMBER: EOC
TITLE OF PROJECT: Joint Municipal and Semichemlcal Pulping Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
City of Erie
Erie, Pennsylvania
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George R. Webster
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: $333,674
Federal Cost: $88,230
Project Site : Erie, Pennsylvania
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 19es
Completion Date: juiy 1969
Summary:
The City of Erie, Pennsylvania and Hammermill Paper Company made a study
of the joint treatment of domestic sewage and pulp and papermaking wastes.
A pilot plant was constructed and operated in a series of controlled
experiments. Supplemental studies were conducted in the Hammermill
laboratories including the operation of a bench-scale activated sludge
plant. - It was demonstrated that a joint treatment plant could
effectively treat a mixture of domestic sewage and pulp and paper mill
wastes from Hammermill1s Erie Division. A full-scale joint treatment
plant should obtain a BOD removal of approximately 90% in summer months
and 80%-85% in winter months. Primary treatment should achieve a 25%
reduction in BOD and a 60% reduction in suspended solids. Treatment of
mixed wastes by the activated sludge process will require a long solids
aeration period and a relatively low BOD to volatile solids loading to
avoid high sludge volume indicies. The activated sludge process does
not reduce the color of the mixed wastes and the final effluent will have
about 40 mg/1 of suspended solids. The chlorine demand of the final
effluent averaged over 60 mg/1. A NH3-C12 mixture added at a level of
2.61 ppm NH3 and 15-17 ppm C12 showed promise as a disinfectant with
coliform counts generally below 1,000/100 ml.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-8
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describe an R & D project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI, 02-o
PROJECT NUMBER: EZR
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Combined Treatment of Domestic and Industrial
Wastes by Activated Sludge
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
City of Dallas, Oregon
PrOJeCt Site : Dallas, Oregon
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 1967
Completion Date: May 1971
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Kenneth Dostal
Pacific Northwest Environ-
mental Research Lab., EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $453,472
Federal Cost: $325,104
Summary:
The operation of a completely aerobic secondary treatment facility for
treatment of combined domestic and industrial wastewater from the City
of Dallas, Oregon, was studied for a period of 15 months. The system was
designed for an average daily flow of 2.0 mgd and a BOD load of 7000 Ibs
per day. The results of this study indicate the flexibility and economy
of the completely aerobic system, consisting of activated sludge with
aerobic digestion, for a small community with proportionately high indus-
trial wastewater loads. The effluent BOD concentration averaged 8 mg/1
and the effluent total suspended solids concentration averaged 13 mg/1 for
the 15-month study period. The biological solids yield averaged about
0.7 Ibs of solids per Ib of BOD removed and the net accumulation of bio-
logical volatile solids was about 0.42 Ibs of volatile solids per Ib of
BOD removed. These values were obtained with a MLSS concentration range
of 700 to 3000 mg/1, an average sludge age of 19 days and an organic load-
ing range of 0.05 to 0.40 pounds of BOD per Ib of MLSS per day. Total
capital cost of the system was about 66% of that for a conventional acti-
vated sludge plant and operation and maintenance costs were only about 33%
of those for a conventional system.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-9
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shirt briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 103 of Ihr
Knlrral Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DBF
TITLE OF PROJECT.
Treatment of Combined Sewage and Neutral Sulfite
Semlchemieal (NSSC) Pulp and Paper Mill Wastes
by High-Rate Biological Filtration and Extended
Aeration
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Harriman Utility Board
P. 0. Box 434
Harriman, Tennessee 37748
Project Site : Harriman, Tennessee
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: January 1969
Completion Date: January 1972
Summary:
Mr. Edmond Lomasney
Region IV, EPA
1421 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Project Cost: $322,540
Federal Cost: $238,905
The Harriman Utility Board and the Mead Corporation made a study of the
joint treatment of primary clarified domestic waste and neutral sulfite
semichemical (NSSC) pulp and paper mill wastes. A pilot plant was con-
structed and operated from April, 1971 through March, 1972.
The most effective treatment scheme consisted of a biofilter (used as a
roughing filter) and an extended aeration system. Color reduction was
accomplished by massive lime and chlorine additions due to the color's
dependency on PH. Disinfection was optimum when ammonia was mixed with
the combined wastes prior to chlorination.
The biofliter's BOD removal efficiency ranged from 3 to 45%
aeration's BOD removal efficiency ranged from 24% to 98%.
Extended
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-10
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This short briefly describes an R & U project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DJB
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Controlled Treatment of Combined Potato Processing
Municipal Wastes by Anerobic Fermentation, Aerobic
Stabilization Process
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
City of Grand Forks, North Dakota
P. 0. Box 1518
Grand Forks, North Dakota
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Christopher Timm
Region VIII, EPA
1860 Lincoln Street
Denver, Colorado 80203
Project Cost: $795,904
Federal Cost: $339,478
Project Site : Grand Forks, North Dakota
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 1968
Completion Date: August 1973
Summary:
A full-scale, 4.5-mgd demonstration and evaluation of the joint treat-
ment of municipal sewage in conjunction with potato processing wastes
using several pretreatment methods prior to final treatment in existing
stabilizations ponds will be undertaken in this project. The pretreat-
ment methods include anerobic and aerated treatment (in series, anerobic
treatment alone, and aeration alone) under varying seasonal waste load
conditions.
In addition to determining the most efficient operation of the pretreat-
ment methods, the effects of these methods on the conventional stabili-
zation ponds will be extensively determined.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-11
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briel'h describes an R & D projed Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DLF
TITLE OF PROJECT: Tertiary Treatment of Combined Domestic/Industrial
Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
City of Tualatin, Oregon
Project Site : Tualatin, Oregon
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March 19 68
Completion Date: August 1971
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Dennis Taylor
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $323,6oo
Federal Cost: $230,300
A secondary and tertiary sewage treatment plant will be constructed for
treatment of combined municipal and industrial wastes. The industrial
waste is generated by the manufacture of dog food and will comprise 25%
of the BOD load on the treatment plant. The plant will be operated and
studied for a period of one year. The tertiary plant (consisting of
flocculation, settling, and filtration) will be operated with the addi-
tion of slum for phosphate removal during the critical six months of
low stream flow. During the remainder of the year, the secondary effluent
will receive plain filtration to maintain a very high quality effluent.
The feasibility of alternate methods of chemical sludge disposal and the
economics of tertiary treatment with phosphate removal will be studied.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-12
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briel'h describe an R & U project Section 104 or !()."> of Ilic
Federal Water Pollution Control Ad Amendment^ of 1972 (PI. (>2-
PROJECT NUMBER:
DPD
TITLE OF PROJECT: Combined Treatment of Municipal Kraft Linerbo'ard
and Fiberboard Manufacturing Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The City of Macon
City Hall
Macon, Georgia 31201
PrOJeCt Site : Macon, Georgia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February 1969
Completion Date: May 1971
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edmond Lomasney
Region IV, EPA
1421 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Project Cost: $m,845
Federal Cost: $123,883.75
Summary:
The successful treatment of domestic waste from one drainage basin of the
City of Macon, Georgia, along with wastewater from an 850 ton-per-day
Kraft linerboard mill and a 600 ton-per-day groundwood-cold caustic struc-
tural insulation board mill, was obtained in a 120 gallon-per-minute capa-
city plant. A pro-rated quantity of the total flow of each waste was
treated. - The pilot plant consisted of combined and/or separate primary
sedimentation units, followed by two parallel secondary treatment systems.
Each secondary system received half of the plant influent. One secondary
system consisted of 24-30 hours of extended aeration, while the other con-
sisted of a high rate plastic media bio-filter followed by 12-15 hours of
aeration. Both systems had secondary sedimentation and sludge return.
- The secondary systems averaged approximately 92% BOD removal with an
effluent concentration in the range of 50 mg/1 BOD. Auxiliary studies
indicated that supplemental nutrients are not required. Chlorine proved
to be the best disinfecting agent, but large amounts were required. An
organism in the ground wood-cold caustic operation interfered with the
fecal coliform test, making disinfection studies inconclusive. Settled
secondary sludge was bulky, containing one to three percent solids,
and was difficult to dewater.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-13
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OB OEMOMSTHATIOM PROJfCT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-oOU)
PROJECT NUMBER:
DRO
TITI F OF PROJECT* Deepwater - Pilot-Plant - Engineering and Intercep-
IMlt ur rnvjfcvi. Feasibility Study
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Delaware River Basin Commission
25 Scotch Road - P.O. Box 360
Trenton, New Jersey 08603
Slt6 .'
Salem County, New Jersey
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date:
April, 1969
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Gilbert Horowitz
Region III, EPA
Curtis Building
Sixth and Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
Project Cost: $995,650
Completion Date:
Summary:
April, 1972
Federal Cost:
$646,700
A pilot-plant and engineering study to develop a chemical-biological
treatment process for joint industrial-municipal wastes, capable of
attaining at least 88% to 93% removal of major pollutants will be com-
pleted in the project. Design, operating, and cost information is to
be obtained for an 80-mgd regional treatment complex. The basic objec-
tives of this project are:
1.
2.
3.
Testing and evaluation of advanced waste treatment processes for
final effluent polishing.
Development of suitable cost apportionment formulations for the
treatment of various industrial wastes by a joint regional complex
operated by an interstate agency.
Development and demonstration of the requirements for organizing,
operating, and administering a regional facility by an interstate
agency.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & U project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI. U2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DRT
TITLE OF PROJECT! Upstream Packing House Waste Treatment Demonstration,
City of Stockton
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
City Council
City of Stockton
Stockton, California
Project Site : Stockton, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February, 1969
Completion Date: juiy, 1970
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Harold G. Keeler
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: $1,035,970
Federal Cost: $331,078
A full-scale (2 mgd) development and demonstration of upstream treatment
of packinghouse waste By use of aerobic treatment in a combination use of
high rate activated sludge and in-sewer treatment will be undertaken in
this project. The complex is anticipated to result in the reduction of
BOD load to the municipal system of 80% and demonstration of the utility
value of the conveying sewer line to further treat sewage and to reduce
capitol expenditures over a typical activated sludge plant otherwise
required. It is intended to consider the use of the Kehr process for
partial upstream treatment during pilot studies.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-15
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shn-l briH-K a^mbr* a.i R >!v b proj.vl Action 104 or 1(15 of (in-
Federal \\aler Pollution Control -\ct Amendments of 1()72 (PI. <)2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DTJJ
TITLE OF PROJECT: Dynamic Process Development for Biological Treatment
of Whey Bearing Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Village of Walton Mr. Allyn Richardson
Village Hall Region I, EPA
21 North Street John F. Kennedy Federal Bldg.
Walton, New York 13856 Boston, Massachusetts 02203
Project Site: Walton, New York
———————— Hastings on the Hudson, New York
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February, 1969 Project Cost: $80,047
Completion Date: August, 1970 Federal Cost: $52,730
Summary:
Efforts of this one-year bench and pilot study will be concentrated in
resolving problems associated with biological treatment of wastes from
the manufacture of cheese and associated dairy products. Frequency
response techniques will be employed in the development of activated
sludge systems with stable culture separation characteristics. Odor
control techniques will be evaluated in packed tower trickling filter
studies. A selected process will be employed in an on-site pilot plant.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-16
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly de.srribes an R & I) project Section 104 or UKi of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: FAE
TITLE OF PROJECT.' A Demonstration of Joint Municipal-Industrial Waste
Treatment in the Onondaga Lake Watershed
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Public Works
Onondaga County, New York
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Robert Flint
Rochester Field Office, EPA
P. 0. Box 4748
Rochester, New York 14612
Project Site : Onondaga County, New York
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: September 1957
Completion Date: September 1970
Summary:
Onondaga Lake has been a receptor of domestic and industrial wastes to
such an extent that it is now in an advanced stage of eutrophication.
This project is part of a $20 million program to restore Onondaga Lake.
The objectives of this project are:
Project Cost: $507)70o
Federal Cost: $357,150
i.
2.
3.
4.
Demonstration of county-industry cooperative wastewater manage-
ment of municipal-industrial wastes based on an entire watershed.
Illustration of the feasibility of treatment of mixtures of
industrial and domestic wastes.
Demonstration of the treatment of an industrial waste stream
with the waste effluent from another industry.
Evaluation of the effects of proposed management and treatment
methods on the economics of the treatment processes and on the
restoration of the lake.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-17
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet brirfK a,, R & D project Section 104 or UK, of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of W72 (PL <)2-o<)0)
PROJECT NUMBER:
FAY
TITLE OF PROJECT: Aerobic-Anaerobic Pretreatment of Citrus Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
City Commission
City Hall
Brooksville, Florida 33512
Project Site : Brooksville, Florida
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June, 1970
Completion Date: March, 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. David Hill
SERL, EPA
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Project Cost: $132,531
Federal Cost: $88,161
During the grant period, the grantee will verify the design parameters
for and determine the feasibility of operating an aerobic-anaerobic
pretreatment system for a citrus fruit processing plant. The treatment
facility will be located on city property and will be operated by the
City of Brooksville. The pretreatment system consists of two aerobic
basins with mechanical aerators and two anaerobic basins. These basins
will be operated in sequences and combinations and under various biolog-
ical conditions to determine the optimum system. The hydraulic capacity
of the system is 144,000 gpd with effluent requirements of 250 mg/1 BOD,
100 mg/1 suspended solids, and pH of 6.5-8.5.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-18
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> sheet bricl'K dcM-ribes an R & U project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
FJQ
TITLE OF PROJECT! Pollution Abatement and By-Product Recovery in
Shellfish and Fisheries Processing - Phase I
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
City of Kodiak
Box 685
Kodiak, Alaska 99615
Project Site: Kodiak, Alaska
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Aprii, 1970
Completion Date: June, 1971
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Kenneth Dostal
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $101,soo
Federal Cost: $49,952
This research and development project involves the evaluation of the
various parameters involved in demonstrating the feasibility of construct-
ing and operating a by-product recovery system for shellfish and fishery
processing plants.
Objectives include:
1. Conduction of an engineering survey of industrial waste quantities
2. Conduction of pilot-plant experiments on by-product operations.
3. Preparation of a pre-construction summary report.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-19
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tin, sheet L.riefh .IrM-rilu^ an R & U project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal \\ater Pollution Control Acl Amendments of l')72 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: FYF
TITLE OF PROJECT: Fluidized-Bed Incineration of Selected Carbonaceous
Industrial Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Ohio Department of Natural Resources Mr. Eugene Harris
Ohio Departments Building NERC, EPA
Columbus, Ohio 43215 Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Project Site: coiumbus, OMO
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June, 1970 Project Cost: $140,818
Completion Date: September, 1971 Federal Cost: $98,573
Summary:
The program consisted of an initial phase in which wastes from the paint,
plastics, rubber, and textile industries in Ohio were characterized. In
the second phase, samples of various wastes were obtained and analyzed,
and based on their characteristics, selected wastes were experimentally
incinerated in a 10-inch-diameter fluidized-bed system.
Results of the program indicate that sludges from solvent recovery opera-
tions in the paint industry, sludges from primary treatment of process
wastes from plastic manufacturing, flotation sludges from primary treat-
ment of synthetic rubber manufacture, and the waste from the viscose
process of the textile industry can be incinerated in a fluidized-bed
system without the production of noxious or toxic exhaust gases. The pro-
gram also indicates that incineration of the various wastes significantly
reduces their potential impact on stream pollution. It is recommended
that a demonstration plant be constructed and operated at a site close
to the source of several types of industrial wastes.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-20
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheel briefh drx-ribcs an R. & L) project Section 104 or 105 of llie
Federal \\alcr Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 197J (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
GER
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Optimization of Combined Industrial-Municipal Waste
Treatment Through Automation and Reuse
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Miami Conservancy District
38 East Monument Avenue
Dayton, Ohio 45402
Project Site : Franklin, Ohio
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October, 1971
Completion Date: June, 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. James Phillips
Region V, EPA
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Project Cost: $1,240,700
Federal Cost: $606,900
The project plan is to construct and operate a regional type waste treat-
ment facility which will serve all industrial and municipal users within
the service area. The plant will result in the abandonment of the exist-
ing City of Franklin sewage treatment plant and four industrial treatment
facilities, all of which are grossly inadequate. The project will stress
high reliability and performance, flexibility, economy, recovery, and
recycle of pollutants and treated wastewater, and automation of waste
treatment systems.
The project plant includes the evaluation and economic analysis of:
1. Separate industrial collection, primary treatment, and solids disposal
facilities. 2. Recovery and reuse of industrial by-products. 3. Reuse
of treated wastewater for industrial process. 4. Waste solids disposal
by soil stabilization. 5. Secondary treatment of combined industrial waste
by: (a) plug flow, hybrid flow, and completely mixed aerated stabilization,
(b) activated sludge, and (c) contact stabilization. 6. Process control
computer.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-21
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This slurl briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of U»'
Friiwal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
HRA
Tertiary Treatment of Municipal and Industrial
Waste Waters with Recycled MgCOg and Lime
6RANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Public Utilities
City of Gainesville
Gainesville, Florida 32601
PrOJBCt Site : Gainesville, Florida
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edmond Lomasney
Region IV, EPA
1421 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Award Date:
July, 1971
Completion Date:
June, 1973
Project Cost:
Federal Cost:
$141,280
$64,280
Summary:
During this 24-month project laboratory investigations will be initiated
to develop the technology for using MgC03 and lime in a tertiary clarifi-
cation process for the treatment of selected industrial and municipal
waste waters. The techniques for the recovery and reuse of MgCOo and lime
will be optimized for the waste waters under evaluation. Data obtained
ac\ivities wil1 be utilized to design and operate a
on
ADDtESS IMQUIRIIS TO IM MOJICT OPPICIR
17-22
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This slit-el briel'K describes an R. & U project Section 104 or 105 of tin-
Federal \\aler Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 801221
TITLE OF PROJECT; Ecostatic Cane Processing System - Pilot Phase
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, Hawaii 96783
Project Site : Pepeekeo, Hawaii
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: April, 1972
Completion Date: March, 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Kenneth Dostal
NERC, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $979,390
Federal Cost: $109,000
The applicant proposes.to pilot plant several systems on a large scale
which, if successful, would result in the processing of raw cane sugar
with no discharge of liquid wastes to the environment and provide proper
handling techniques for the various forms of solid waste. Systems to
be evaluated include: a field harvester-cleaner, a dry cane cleaner, a
juice wet cane cleaner (with juice added back to the process stream) , a
trash dry cleaner, a trash wet cleaner with silt removal and complete
recycle of water on a stabilized slope disposal system for thickened
muds.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IV-23
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This Shr«-( briefly Xenix's an R & U project Srclion 104 or 105 »f llu-
FtMlrral \\ah-r Pollution Control Acl Amendments ol l<>,2
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FINAL REPORTS AVAILABLE
JOINT INDUSTRIAL/MUNICIPAL POINT SOURCES
REPORT NUMBER
TITLE/AUTHOR
11060 EOC 07/69 Joint Municipal and Semi chemical
11060 FAE 11/69
11060 FAE 04/71
11060 DPD 02/71
12130 EDX 07/70
Pulping Wastes, City of Erie, Pennsylvania
and Hammermill Paper Company.
Feasibility of Joint treatment in a Lake
Watershed, Onondaga County, New York.
Onondaga Lake Study, Onondaga County,
Syracuse, New York.
Combined Treatment of Municipal Kraft
Linerboard and Fiberboard Manufacturing
Wastes; by Board of Water Commissioners,
City of Macon, Georgia, Georgia Kraft
Co., and Armstrong Cork Co.
Joint Treatment of Municipal Sewage and
Pulp Mill Effluents, the Green Bay Metro
Sewage District, Green Bay, Wisconsin
SOURCE
GPO - $1.50
NTIS PR 201 698
GPO - $4.50
GPO - $1.25
GPO $6.00
12130 EZR 05/71 Combined Treatment of Domestic and Indus- GPO - $1.25
12130 EGK 06/71
12130 FJQ 06/71
12130 DUJ 09/71
EPA 660/2-73-038
3/74
trial Wastes by Activated Sludge, City of
Dallas, Oregon.
Biological Treatment of Chlorophenolic
Wastes, City of Jacksonville, Arkansas.
Pollution Abatement and By-Product
Recovery in Shellfish and Fisheries Pro-
cessing, Food Chemical and Research Labs.,
Inc., Seattle, Washington, and Engineering
Science of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska.
s
Whey Effluent Packed Tower Trickling
Filtration, by Ouirk, Lawler & Matusky
Engineers, Tappan, New York.
Deepwater Pilot Plant Feasibility Study,
Delaware River Basin Commission, Trenton,
New Jersey, 08603.
GPO
GPO
$1.50
$1.00
12120 FYF 03/72 Fluidized-Bed Incineration of Selected
Carbonaceous Industrial Wastes, State of
Ohio, Dept. of Natural Resources, Columbus,
Ohio.
GPO - $1.50
GPO - $4.10
GPO - $1.00
IV-25
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REPORT NUMBER TITLE/AUTHOR
12010 DTQ 02/72 Combined Steel Mill and Municipal
Wastewater Treatment, Weirton Steel
Division, National Steel Corp., Weirton,
West Virginia, 26062
EPA 660/2-73-010
12/73
EPA R2-73-236
11060 DLF
EPA 660/2 74020
Tertiary Treatment of Combined Domestic
and Industrial Wastes, by J. W.
CH2M/HILL, Corvallis, Oregon.
Lee,
SOURCE
GPO - $1.50
Treatment of Domestic Wastewater and NSSC GPO - $1.40
Pulp and Paper Mill Wastes, Harriman
Utility Board, Harriman, New York.
Evaluation of Polymeric Clarification of
Meat-Packing and Domestic Wastewater. by
K. D. Larsen and D. A. Maulwauf,
Metropolitan Sewer Board, South St. Paul,
Minnesota.
GPO - $2.60
GPO -
IV-26
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METAL AND METAL PRODUCTS
This program is classified into four broad categories. They are the
ferrous metals industries, the non-ferrous metals industries, the metal
fabrication and finishing operations, and the machinery and transporta-
tion equipment manufacturing industries.
The basic objective of the industrial wastewater management treat-
ment research program is to achieve closed-loop type of control due to
the passage of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972,
designated as PL 92-500.
In general, the following programmed steps are necessary to accom-
plish the most economical pollution abatement of these significant indus-
trial sectors both from the short and long range standards.
1. Define the problem by identifying all waste sources including
the characteristics, volumes, and pollutant loads.
2. Implement process changes and in-plant control techniques for
eliminating unnecessary wastes and conserving water.
3. Evaluate closed-loop technology and apply such systems to
achieve maximum recovery of chemicals and reuse of water.
4. Carefully assess the alternative technology for treating the
remaining waste discharges to meet the Federal effluent require-
ments with a minimum of capital, energy, operating, and solid
disposal costs.
The steel, machinery, transportation equipment, and metal finishing
(excluding electroplating) industries are defined by the following
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) Numbers: 331, 332, 34 (except
3471), 35, and 37. The non-ferrous metals and electroplating industries
are defined by the following SIC Numbers: 333, 334, 335, 336, and 3471.
IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING: COKING. IRON MAKING, STEEL MAKING SEGMENT
The steel industry uses about 18 billion gallons of water per day or
10 percent of the total industry usage. This industry is a 20 billion
dollar a year business which ranks third behind the automotive and
petroleum industries in the value of its shipments. Approximately
92 percent of the total U.S. steel production is produced by 15 major
steel corporations with approximately 70 percent being produced by seven
of the major corporations in 47 plants. These seven corporations are:
U. S. Steel Corporation in Pittsburgh, PA; Bethlehem Stial Corporation
in Bethlehem, PA; Republic Steel Corporation in Cleveland, Ohio; National
Steel Corporation in Pittsburgh, PA; Armco Steel Corporation in Middletown,
Ohio; Jones and Laugh!in Steel Corporation in Pittsburgh, PA; and Inland
Steel Company in Chicago, Illinois.
V-l
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The steel industry is composed of some 102 companies operatinn 420
plants. Of these, 63 are integrated plants, 96 are non-integrated and
260 are hot and cold working plants. These plants are located in almost
every state, but the principal concentration is in the northwest quadrant
of the country in the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana,
and Illinois.
Generalizations about steelmaking operations are difficult because
exceptions can be found in every mill. Steel mills in operation today
range from older marginal mills built early in this century to new modern
facilities built in the last several years.
Significant waterborn wastewaters result from all steel mill manu-
facturing operations. These wastes are principally suspended solids, oils,
waste acids, ammonia, cyanides, phenols, chlorides, fluorides, sulfides,
heavy metals, and heated discharges.
Basic processing operations include: by-product coke manufacturing;
blast furnaces; steel making (electric furnaces, basic oxygen furnaces,
and open hearth furnaces); vacuum degassing operations; continuous cast-
ing; sintering operations; rolling mill operations: and finishing opera-
tions.
Each of.these basic operations contains a large complexity of pollu-
tant discharges into the environment. For the coking operation, wastes
are emitted from the waste ammonia liquor, still wastes, final cooler
wastes, and light oil recovery wastes. The blast furnace, with similar
pollutants to the coking operation, has its main aqueous waste resultinn
from gas cleaning with wet washers. The actual steel making operation
generates liquid wastes from the air pollution control equipment, such
as: sparking boxes, spray chambers, and venturi scrubbers. The degassing
operation has liquid wastes from the barometric condenser cooling water.
Cooling water discharge results from the casting operations, whereas dust
control equipment creates the sintering operations wastewater. The
rolling mill operation has was tewater from the scale, lubricating oils,
spent pickling operations, and pickling rinse waters.
Treatment technology differs for each of the respective unit oper-
ations. The coking operation employs, for the waste ammonia liquor,
anhydrous recovery, bio-oxidation of cyanides and phenols, ammonia
denitrification, and possibly total incineration, 'dosed loop is
achievable for the final cooler water and a minimum blowdown with tight
recycle is available for the light oil recovery wastes. The blast
furnace available treatment includes suspended solids removal by sedi-
mentation and a tight recycle system similar to the coking operation.
Besides sedimentation and tight recycle, the actual steelmaking
operation employs, for new sources, several dry collection methods
including electrostatic precipitators or bag houses. The vacuum degass-
ing operation treats its cooling water wastes by sedimentation, filtra-
tion, cooling, and recycle. The continuous casting mode recycles spray
cooling waters with scale pit sedimentation followed by filtration or
cooling. The sintering phase employs dry dust collection and gas cleaning
V-2
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equipment for new plants whereas the wet systems incorporate a complete
recycle consisting of a thickener (polyelectrolyte addition), vacuum
filter and clarifier. The recycle blowdown consists of, aeration for oil
removal, lime precipitation, fluoride neutralization, and addition of
final thickeners.
The rolling mill operation employs crude settling chambers for scale
and oil recovery, lime neutralization and deep well disposal for strono
pickling operations, recovery of oily wastewaters by primary belt skimmina,
chemical coagulation, magnetic agglomeration, and deep filtration. The
main treatment operations employed in the finishino operations include
chrome reduction, cyanide oxidation, sedimentation, and metal sludge
filtration.
Technoloaical gaps exist in the iron and steel treatment technoloay.
These areas will be covered essentially by wastewater constituents and
their removal.
Cyanides have been proven to be quite troublesome and toxic. The
oxidation to cyanates (CNO~) or carbon dioxides (C02) by various oxidizers
(alkaline chlorination or hypochlorite) has been accomplished for the
electroplating wastes but has not been proven effective in polishina
operations for activated sludae reaction effluents. Bioxidation is effec-
tive but generally susceptible to shock loads and requires a lona
residence time. Cyanide removal by ion exchange columns is effective but
expensive.
The phenolic wastes can be removed by either liquid extraction or
vapor recirculation but these methods are not economical". The same
applies to bio-oxTd"ation of phenols.
Effective methods of ammonia recovery and removal require the use
of an ammonia still and gas liquid adsorption. These processes are not
popular with the industry and include indirect and semi-direct recovery
as well as the keystone process. Biological nitrification-
denitrification of ammonia is not feasible currently because of inherent
system instabilities. The ion exchange removal approach looks promisina
but little has been done.
Another problem area is the treatment or disposal of spent picklino
solutions. The simplest method is, of course, neutralization but
unfortunately leaves a qreat deal of dissolved solids.Ion exchange
removal has been demonstrated for sulfuric and hydrochloric acid.Direct
crystallization of FeS04 from either sulfuric or hydrochloric liquors.
The acid is regenerated in the process and the entire procedure looks
promising. Finally spent pickling solution separation by reverse osmosis
is now only a matter of speculation.
In general, the future development and demonstration projects in
this industry will focus upon meeting the mandates of PL 92-500 and
minimizing energy usage, fuel consumption, and pollutant output.
V-3
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Some technologies to be implemented in the near future include:
open cycle on slaa and sludqe dewaterinq and disposal; (best available
treatment) technology development for a closed loon in an intearated steel
mill (closed cycle); open cycle for reducing phosphates and heavy metals
by the employment of iron pellets without any additional chemical addition
to sludges; employment of electromembranes in the f^SC^ oickling operation
to achieve a step towards closed cycle; and finally a new technology is
emerging using- direct reduction of low grade taconite ore effectively
eliminating the blast furnace and cokina operation to achieve total
environmental control.
All of these aforementioned technologies will be attempted in the
near future to improve the steelmaking industries' technology and to
"preserve the integrity of our nation's waterways."
NON-FERROUS METALS
The non-ferrous metals industry in the United States is larqe and
diversified. The major non-ferrous metals from the standpoint of tonnaqes
produced are aluminum, copper, zinc, and lead. These metals constitute
over 70 percent of the total production of non-ferrous metals. Some of
the other important non-ferrous metals are manqanese, chromium, nickel,
sodium, tin, magnesium, molybdenum, uranium, antimony, titanium, tungsten,
silver, cadmium, cobalt, vanadium, mercury, tantalum, gold, and the rare
earths.
The major processing operations that are carried out in the non-
ferrous metals industry are: mining and milling; leachino of metal
compounds; smelting; refining; and the fabrication of the metals into
sheets,^wire, tubing, and other shapes. Smelters and refiners are
categorized as primary or secondary, depending upon whether ore or scran
are used as the principle source of the metal.
There are approximately 100 primary non-ferrous metal plants and at
least several hundred secondary plants in the United States. The averaae
employment for primary and secondary olants is about 500 and 100 people,
respectively. The four major non-ferrous metals were produced in the
following quantities in 1971.
TYPE OF OPERATION METAL PRODUCTION (SHORT TONS)
Primary Aluminum 3 935 223
Secondary Aluminum '813*741
Primary Copper -j 470*350
Secondary Copper *445J57
Primary Lead 650 000
Secondary Lead KQC -ja-i
Primary Zinc 347*356
Secondary Zinc 35g;2oo
V-4
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Besides these primary and secondary facilities, there are over 2,000
fabricating plants that make tubes, wires, sheets, plates, castings, etc.,
from non-ferrous metals.
The non-ferrous metals industry uses large quantities of water for
cooling and processing purposes. It is estimated that the total industry
uses approximately 1.5 billion gallons of water per day.
The major wastewaters arising in the industry are mud slurries, flo-
tation plant tailings, gas scrubber waters from smelting and refining,
discarded leach liquors, spent electrolyte solutions, clean-up water, slaa
and ore storage runoff, direct contact cooling water, and oil-bearing
lubricating wastes, process bath dumps, leaks and spills, and rinsewaters
from fabricating facilities.
The most significant pollutants discharged by the industry are
inorganic solid particles, a wide variety of toxic heavy metals, acids
and alkalies, fluoride, cyanide, lubricating oils, and sludges. Among the
minor contaminants are dissolved salts, BOD, and COD.
The present waste treatment practices used in the milling, concen-
trating, smelting, and refining segments of the non-ferrous metals
industry consist primarily of neutralization and settling. Relatively
little attention has been given to the removal of .heavy metals and other
toxic contaminants which are usually diluted in the overall plant waste
discharge. However, substantial progress has been made in water recycl-
ing and reuse.
Primary aluminum plants have proceeded much further than other seg-
ments of the industry in attacking the pollution problem at the source.
There is a continuing trend in these plants toward implementing dry fume
scrubbers and the recycle of water to the wet scrubbers after precipita-
tion of the fluorides.
The fabricating segment is more advanced than the remainder of the
non-ferrous metal industry in the implementation of wastewater abatement
technology. The major water pollution problems occur in copper and brass
mills where sulfurfc acid and chromic acid are used for pickling and
bright dipping, respectively. In addition to chemical treatment, waste
abatement techniques include process changes (replacement of chromic acid
with hydrogen peroxide for bright dipping), electrolytic recovery and
purification of process baths, cementation for the removal of copper and
reduction of chromium in rinsewaters, and integrated chemical treatment
of rinsewaters. A new approach is the use of reverse osmosis/evanoration
for treating the overall wastes from the plant. The only other significant
waste problems occur in the aluminum fabricating plants where the metal
finishing operations are performed in the mill. Treatment methods include
neutralization and precipitation, ion exchange, and evaporation.
The projected long term direction of development is toward recyclinn,
recovery, and closed loop type of waste treatment technology. In milling,
V-5
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smelting, and refining operations, the approach will be to abate the
problems at the source where feasible by process chances, dry treatment
systems and advanced waste treatment/recovery techno!oqy. Among the
treatment methods with potential are: ion exchange, ion flotation,
electrolytic techniques, cementation, membrane systems, evaporation,
freezing, extraction, high temperature-pressure crystallization, and the
recovery of metals from sludges. Some of the more potentially attractive
methods for treating wastes produced at fabricating plants are reverse
osmosis for concentrating oil or chemicals, ion exchange, electrolytic
techniques, electrodialysis, evaporation, and cementation.
METAL FINISHING
There are about 20,000 metal finishing facilities in the United States.
The metal finishing industry consists of several thousand job shops, some
larger independent shops, and the remainder are capitive facilities asso-
ciated with the automotive, aircraft, electronics, appliance, jewelry,
and other industries. The largest volume of metals used in plating oper-
ations are nickel, copper, chromium, and zinc. Other important, but lesser
used, plating metals are cadmium, brass, silver, gold, and lead. Tin is
the highest volume metal employed in plating, but the process is used in
steel mills and the effluents produced are associated with steel manufac-
turing wastes.
The processes used in the industry are: (1) Cleaning for the removal
of surface oils, grease, dirt, buffing compounds, etc.; (2) Removing
undesirable surfaces such as rust and scale by pickling, defective metal
surfaces by stripping, and portions of metal surfaces by etching, and
(3) Electrochemical and chemical processing for surface coating a basis
metal.
Metal surface preparation and cleaning are accomplished by mechanical
finishing activities, organic solvents and alkaline cleaners, and pickling
solutions. Most pickling operations simply involve solubilizing the oxide
scale in acids such as sulfuric, hydrochloric, phosphoric, nitric, and
hydrofluoric, but some pickling is also carried out with alkaline solutions.
Electroplating solutions are basically either acid or alkaline baths.
Acid plating solutions contain free acid and heavy metals (usually chromium,
nickel, copper, and zinc). Alkaline plating baths are mainly in the form
of complex cyanide solutions of metals such as copper, zinc, and cadmium.
Other finishing operations include chromate conversion coating,
anodizing, phosphate coating, stripping, etching, bright dfpptnq. electro
and chemical polishing, plating on plastics, and the application of
organic coatings on metals.
Hnc ^J W3SteS P™duced in n**31 finishing facilities are from spent baths,
p^ntc * -aCClde?ta1 dischar^s, Plant and equipment cleanup, and regen-
erants from ion exchange systems.
V-6
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The primary environmental concern of the industry is water pollu-
tion. Waterborne wastes contain toxic pollutants such as cyanide and
heavy metals, corrosive substances, otl and grease, surface active agents,
organic solvents, nutrients and settleable solids.
The methods used for the abatement of pollution involve inolant
control techniques and the installation of treatment or recovery processes
to destroy or remove objectionable substances in the wastewater.
Inplant abatement practices involves techniques for reducing draqout
from process tanks into the rinsewater, effective rinsinq, water reuse,
and preventing spills, leaks, and other accidental losses.
The method generally used to treat metal finishina wastes involves
reduction of chromates, neutralization, separation of precipitated metal
hydroxides, and disposal of the sludge.
Other techniques that have achieved significant application for treat-
inq metal finishing wastewaters are ion exchange, evaporation, and the
integrated or chemical rinse system for treatinq draqout prior to water
rinsing.
In addition, there are a number of metal finishino waste treatment
methods that have had limited application or are stages of development or
demonstration such as electrolytic destruction of cyanide in strong baths,
the Kastone process (hydrogen peroxide destruction of cyanide), reverse
osmosis, electrodialysis, ozone destruction of cyanide, carbon bed cataly-
tic rinsewaters, and sulfide precipitation of heavy metals. A number of
methods are in the early development stage. These include ion flotation,
freezing, a waste-pi us-waste process, activated carbon removal of chro-
mates from rinsewaters, and fluidized bed electrolytic processes using
conductive and nonconductive particles for treating dilute wastes.
The projected long term research planned for abating pollution in the
metal finish!nq industry is outlined as follows:
a. Open Cycle Technology - Develop and demonstrate best available
treatment economically achievable. Examoles of specific studies planned
are sulfide precipitation, and a three bed ion exchange system for treat-
ing cyanide bearing rinsewaters.
b. Closed Cycle Technology - Develop and demonstrate technology with
high chemical recovery and water reuse potential such as reverse osmosis,
electrodialysis, freezing, electrolytic processes for use on the various
wastes qenerated tn the metal finishing industry^ and a new rtstng film
evaporator for treating rtnsewaters.
c. Develop and demonstrate techniques and procedures for recovering
the metal values from individual and mixed sludges produced by the various
chemical treatment techniques. Bench scale investigations have already
been completed on techniques for recovering metals from the widely produced
V-7
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mixed metal hydroxide precipitates. Investigations in full-scale systems
have also been conducted on recover!nq certain metals from sludges pro-
duced in the inteqrated system and Kastone process. The stabilization
of unrecoverable residues for disposal to landfills, etc., are necessary.
d. Further research will be conducted to inteqrate the aforementioned
technologies with the lowest energy intensive modes possible.
MACHINERY AND TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURING
Industrial activities in the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
Groups 35 (Machinery), 36 (Electrical Machinery), and 37 (Transportation
Equipment) are included in this subnroqram element. Combined water usane
is approximately 4.4 billion gallons per day or 4.5 per cent of industrial
water use. Approximately 0.38 billion qallons per day is used in process-
ing operations. Oil, particulate matter, and cleaners constitute the
principal contaminants in wastewaters that arise in processes other than
finishing operations. The physical process of sedimentation, flotation,
and chemical neutralization are the most frequently emoloyed treatment
methods. Metal finishing operations, waste characteristics, and treat-
ment methods and objectives are similar to those described in the previous
section.
The program objectives are met throuqh a research and development
planning function located at EPA Headquarters, Washington, D. C., and
an implementation proqram located for metal finishing and the non-ferrous
industries, at the Industrial Waste Treatment Research Laboratory in
Edison, New Jersey, and for iron and steel, transportation, and machinery
at the EPA installation at Grosse lie, Michiqan.
V-8
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DPS
DHP
DIM
DMF
DNF
DOT
DPF
ORE
DRH
DSA
DTQ
DUL
EDY
EIE
EQF
EZV
FNM
FPK
FXD
GCS
GUG.
GVV
HGH
PROJECT INDEX
METAL AND METAL PRODUCTS
Grantee or Contractor
RAI Research Corporation
Clarkson College of Technology
University of Utah
The Beaton and Corbin Manufacturing Company
CF&I Steel Corporation
University of Waterloo
Volco Brass and Copper Company
Inter!ake Steel Corporation
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
S. K. Williams Company
Weirton Steel Corporation
Armco Steel Corporation
American Iron and Steel Institute
Metal Finishers' Foundation
Alabama Water Improvement Commission
Armco Steel Corporation
The Fitzsimons Steel Company, Inc.
Battelle Memorial Institute
Metal Finishers' Foundation
Aerodex, Inc.
New England Plating Company, Inc.
Michigan Plating and Stamping Company
i \
Grumman Aerospace Corp. ,
Project Status
A
C
A
A
C
B
A
C
A
A
A
A
C
A
A
A
B
A
B
B
B
C
A
V-9
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HOW
HQJ
PPB
WPRD 41
800625
800680
800772
801989
802113
802142
802254
802335
802390
802637-01
802637-02
802924
803064
803073
803177
803226
803261
803264
803265
803304
Grantee or Contractor
Alan Wood Steel Company
American Electroplaters' Society, Inc.
The John Hopkins University
Chemical Separations Corporation
Attorney General of Illinois
Grumman Aerospace Corporation
Alan Wood Steel Company
National Steel Corporation
Metal Finishers' Foundation
Toledo Pickling and Steel Service
Anaconda American Brass Company
Sealectro Corporation
University of Arizona
Douglas & Lomason Corporation
Douglas & Lomason Corporation
Metal Finishers' Foundation
The Boeing Company
The Boeing Company
The Singer Company
Anaconda American Brass Company
Aluminum Company of America
American Electroplaters' Society Inc.
Metal Plating Corporation
Keystone Lamp Manufacturing Corporation
Project Status
B
B
A
C
B
A
B
B
B
B
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
V-10
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Grantee or Contractor Project Status
803332 Texas Southern University B
803342 Metal Finishers' Foundation B
803467 Dr. George E. F. Brewer B
Project Status:
A - Completed, Final Report Available
B - Project Ongoing
C - Project Discontinued
Y-ll
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INFORMATION SHEET
Th» slu-el briefly describe* an R & D project Action 104 or 105 of llu-
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL JZ
PROJECT NUMBER:
DPS
TITLE OF PROJECT*. Treatment of Cyanide Rinse Waters by Electrodialysis
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
RAI Research Corp.
36-40 37th Street
Long Island City, New York 11101
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Lloyd Kahh
Edison Water Research Division
Edison, New Jersey 08817
SitB.'
Long Island City, New York
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date:
November 1968
Date:
December 1969
Project Cost: $83 835
Federal Cost: $58>685
Summary:
In a typical metal plating operation, electroplated work is removed from the
plating bath and rinsed. The rinsewater discharged from the operation contains
components of the plating bath. When cyanide baths are used the waste is highly
deleterious and toxic. - A system is developed in this study whereby the dis-
charge of rinsewater is eliminated. The work, according to this method, is
rinsed in a sequence of two rinses; the final rinse contains a concentration of
cyanide of 1/10,000 of that of the plating bath. - These concentrations are
maintained by the use of electrodialysis to transport cyanides from the second
rinse solution to the first rinse solution and also from the first rinse to the
plating bath. In this way, all cyanide is recovered and returned to the bath.
Design parameters are determined from the experiments of this study and costs
are estimated. - The experimental system used in this study was a prototype
of a commercial-size electrodialysis unit operated continuously under conditions
which simulated those of the projected two-stage commercial system using a
cyanide copper plating bath.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet liriefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
. *,<•• Wrfly *"•*» » R * D project Motion 104 _o, ^.05 oMbr-
rVdwal Walor Pollution Control Acl Amendmcnto of 1972 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DM
TITLE Of PROJECT: Pyrlte Depression by Reduction of Solution
" Oxidation Potential
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Dept. of Mineral Engineering
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah
PrOJBCt SJt6 : Salt Lake City, Utah
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. James V. Rouse
Division of Field Investigations
Denver Center, EPA
Denver Federal Center, Bldg. 22
Denver, Colorado 80225
Date:
January, 1969
Project Cost: $13,559
Federal Cost: $12,663
Completion Date: July, 1970
Summary:
In this study of pyrite depression by reducing agents with potassium
ethylxanthate as collector, it has been shown that pyrite may be depressed
effectively in the flotation of both lead and copper sulf ide ores without
the use of poisonous cyanide salts. More specifically, the use of sodium
sulfite as the depressant may result in metallurgical, economical, environ-
mental, and safety advantages over the use of cyanide, a poison. For example,
in the case of the copper ore, the best results with cyanide as th.e depres-
sant were a rougher concentrate recovery of 90.2% and a grade of 4.3% Cu.
However, when sulfite was used as the depressant for the same recovery a
grade of 7.3% Cu was obtained. - Experimental results support the theory
that dixanthogen is the collector species responsible for pyrite flotation.
The study shows that pyrite depression is possible by maintaining a
reduced solution oxidation potential thus preventing dixanthogen formation.
Depression was effected with the following reducing agents: sulfite, sulf ide,
thiosulfate, hypophosphite, and oxalate. In all cases the results were
similar. The proposed mechanism of depression involves the adsorption of
the reductant on surface active sites, thus preventing the adsorption and
dissociation of molecular oxygen to nascent oxygen.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
DMF
TITLE OF PROJECT: Chemical Treatment of Plating Waste for Elimination
of Chromium, Nickel and Metal Ions
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Beaton and Corbin Mfg. Co.
Southington, Connecticut
PrOJBCt Site '. Southington, Connecticut
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June, iges
Completion Date: April, 1971
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. John Ciancia
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Lab, EPA
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost:
Federal Cost:
$58,220
$37,250
Chemical rinses for electroplating dragout contamination and batch chemical
treatment for spent processing solution are demonstrated as a practical
method of removal of chromium, nickel, zinc, and copper ions to a level
where substantial quantities of water may be reused.
The toxic metal ions are precipitated by chemical meams in an easily
settled sludge and subsequently further compacted in simple outdoor
earthen sludge beds for ultimate disposal as landfill.
ADDtISS INQUItllS TO IPA PROJICT OPPICIR
V-15
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
DNF
Research Study of Coal Preparation Plant and By-Product
Coke Plant Effluents
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
CF&I Steel Corporation
P. 0. Box 1920
Denver, Colorado 80201
Project Site: puebio, Colorado
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March, 1959
Completion Date: August, 1970
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Fred Pfeffer
R. S. Kerr Environmental
Research Lab, EPA
P. 0. Box 1198
Ada, Oklahoma 74820
Project Cost: $205,
000
Federal Cost: $86,5oo
This project will provide for: (a) a study of waste sources, volumes, and
characteristics; (b) laboratory and bench-scale studies of alternate treat-
ment processes; and (c) a study of additions to planned coal washery fil-
tration facilities to develop reuse possibilities of non-coking solids
and solids waste disposal. Development of methods for wastewater treat-
ment to produce effluents suitable for reuse or discharge in accordance
with state stream standards will be a major objective.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO IFA MOJICT OFFICI1
V-16
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describe.* an R & D project Section 104 or 10.' of lh<-
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
DOT
TITLE OF PROJECT.' Detoxication of Cyanide Wastes by- Electroxidation
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Site : Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Clifford Risley
Region V, EPA
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Project Cost: $i0j6oo (2nd yr)
Federal Cost: $10,065 (2nd yr)
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May, 1970
Completion Date: October, 1971
Summary:
An experimental study was carried out to determine the feasibility of detoxi-
cating dilute cyanide plating wastes by electrooxidation. Because of the
high toxicity of cyanide in the free or complexed form to aquatic and animal
life and its detrimental effect on the operation of sewage treatment plants,
in-plant purifcation of dilute cyanide wastes is essential. Although success-
ful processes have been developed for destroying cyanide in concentrated
plating wastes, the economic feasibility of electrolytic technique for
treating dilute wastes has not been established. - An electrochemical
demonstration unit has been developed for the treatment of dilute cyanide
plating wastes. 'The cyanide and plating metal concentrations can be
reduced to less than 1 ppm. Energy requirements vary according to the duty
and mode of operation ranging from 40 KWhr to 140 KWhr/lb CN.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-17
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shod briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of U><>
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
DPF
Treatment Recovery, and Reuse of Copper Wire Mill
Pickling Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Volco Brass and Copper Co.
Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
PrOJBCt Sit6.' Kenilworth, New Jersey
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Pile: June, 19es
Completion Date: December, 1970
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. John Ciancia
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Lab, EPA
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $177jl59
Federal Cost:
$124,000
The final report to the project describes process changes and waste treat-
ment, recovery, arid reuse facilities installed by Volco Brass and Copper
Company, located in Kenilworth, New Jersey. The plant produces 75 tons of
wire per day.
An electrolytic system was installed to recover copper from the spent
primary pickle solution and to regenerate the sulfuric acid for reuse. A
hydrogen peroxide bright pickle replaced the chromate and fluoride bright
pickles previously used. Copper from the bright pickle is also recovered
in the electrolytic system. The electrolytic copper is reused on location
in casting. An integrated copper treatment system was installed to treat
bright pickle drag-out. Sludge from the integrated system is recovered
tor sale. Rinse water consuption was reduced from 150 gpm to 10 gpm.
Former discharges of chromium, ammonium, and fluoride ions have been
eliminated. Cost and operating data and effluent analyses are presented.
ADDtESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-18
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed brief 1) describes an R, & D project Section 104 or 10." of lli<'
Kcdcral Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1()72 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DRE
TITLE OF PROJECT) Pollution Control of Blast-Furnace Gas Washer
Through Recirculation
Project Cost: $525,6oo
Federal Cost: $175,200
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Interlake Steel Corporation Mr. Clifford Risley
310 South Michigan Avenue Region V, EPA
Chicago, Illinois 60604 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Project Site : Chicago, Illinois
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: January, 1969
Completion Date: January, 1971
Summary:
A system was developed and facilities were installed at Interlake, Inc.,
Chicago Plant, to treat, clarify, cool, and recirculate blast furnace and
sinter plant wet scrubber effluents in one unified system, in order to
effectively reuse these waters and eliminate their discharge into the
Calumet River. Prior to recirculation of scrubber waters, the concentra-
tion of contaminants in effluents consistently exceeded Illinois code
limitations with gross contaminant discharges totaling about 4,100 tons
per year. The contaminant intake from the river was about 2,900 tons per
year, so net contaminant discharge to the river was 1,200 tons per year.
After the recycle system started operating, gross contaminant discharge
decreased to 1?900 tons per year, and net discharge became a negative
quantity. The construction cost of the unified recirculating system was
$1,109,400 for this plant producing about 3,200 tons of hot metal and
3,300 tons of sinter per day. Operating costs are about $285,000 per year
higher than the costs of operating the old "once-through" water system.
Elimination of dredging costs, and increased iron recovery produce savings
of about $10,000 per year, so the net increase in plant operating costs is
about $275,000 per year, or $.0001 per gallon of throughput.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-19
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECT/0111 AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet ItriH'ly dcsorilto an R & D project Section 104 or 10.1 of the
Federal \\ater Pollution Control Ael Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
DRH
TITLE OF PROJECT: New Membranes for Reverse Osmosis Treatment of Metal
Finishing Effluents
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Hugh B. Durham
Grosse lie Laboratory
9311 Groh Road
Grosse lie, Michigan 48138
Project Cost: $i06,ioo (2nd yr)
Federal Cost: $75,86o (2nd yr)
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
717 Delaware Street, S.E.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55440
Project Site.' Minneapolis, Minnesota
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May, 1971
Completion Date: April, 1972
Summary:
An important new membrane was developed for the reverse osmosis treatment of
both highly alkaline and acidic (non-oxidizing) metal finishing rinse waters.
This membrane, designated NS-1, and originally developed for seawater desal-
ination, consists of the following: a microporous support film (polysulfone)
coated with polyethylenimine which is cross-linked with tolylene 2,4-diiso-
cyanate. - Simulated alkaline copper and zinc cyanide plating rinses at pH's
of 11.8 and 12.9 were treated by NS-1 membranes during 500- and 340-hour
tests without deterioration of reverse osmosis properties. Water fluxes above
10 gallons per square foot (of membrane) per day (gfd) were observed with
cyanide rejections between 95% and 99%. The NS-1 membrane also treated
simulated copper sulfate rinse waters effectively at pH 0.5 during 550-hour
tests without deterioration of reverse osmosis properties (fluxes above 10 gfd
with 99.8% rejection of copper). The NS-1 membrane is the only known membrane
that can perform well using both acidic and alkaline feed solutions. Pre-
liminary engineering considerations indicated the feasibility of applying
the NS-1 membrane to reverse osmosis treatment and recycle of nickel and
zinc cyanide electroplating rinse waters.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-20
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 4972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DSA
TITLE OF PROJECT! Electroplating Waste Treatment and Water Reuse
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
S. K. Williams Company
2370 N. 32nd Street
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53210
Site : Milwaukee, Wisconsin
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Clifford Ms ley
Region V, EPA
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Project Cost:
Federal Cost:
$157,306.80
$87,750.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Juiy, 1968
Completion Date: May, 1971
Summary:
The S. K. Williams Company has installed a complete waste treatment system
to make the wastewater effluent suitable for discharge. Included in the
new plant are most of the metal finishing processes common to the industry.
Despite the wide range of toxic materials used in these processes and the
severely limited availability of water at the new plant, the company is now
able to discharge an effluent exceeding the quality established by the USPHS
for drinking water supplies. - Five integrated waste treatment systems,
each designed for a specific type of waste compound, are used to protect
the rinse waters from contamination by process solution dragout. A
batch-type treatment system handles miscellaneous and intermittent dis-
charges. The entire design aims for a minimum volume of sludge produc-
tion, and a unique and economical sludge dewatering technique is included.
Improved rinsing efficiency is achieved through the use of integrated
chemical rinses, thus permitting the plant to operate on a minimum water
supply. Chemical reaction efficiency was considered in the design of each
phase of the treatment system to insure reduced chemical consumption and
maximum economy of operation. Data listing the operating and capital costs
for the entire system is presented in the final report for the project.
Operating experiences are also described in the final report.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-21
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INFORMATION SHEET
This ,.*,! briefly de-rib* an R A D project Section .04 «r 105 oMhr
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-nOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: DTQ
TITLE OF PROJECT: Combined Steel Mill and Municipal Wastewaters Treatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Weirton Steel Division
National Steel Corporation
P. 0. Box 431
Weirton, West Virginia 26062
PrOJBCt Site : Weirton, West Virginia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy, 1969
Completion Date: January, 1971
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. William L. West
Wheeling Field Station, EPA
llth and Chapline Street
Wheeling, West Virginia 26063
Project Cost:
$163,963
Federal Cost: $95,9i8
Summary:
A systems evaluation was made to determine the feasibility and economics
of treating selected steel mill and sanitary wastewaters in a municipal
sewage treatment plant. The project was Phase I of a three-phase program
to demonstrate that industry and municipalities through cooperative action
can combine their wastewaters and attain their individual treatment goals
in an efficient and economical manner. - Detailed field work was carried
out at the steel plant and the total sewage plant treatment system. Selected
steel plant wastes were combined with municipal wastes and evaluated in both
batch and continuous treatability bench-scale studies. - The Investiga-
tion revealed that it is technically and economically feasible to co-treat
selected steel plant wastes with municipal wastewaters, A demonstration
plant would further develop the specific operating procedures such as
sludge concentration control, PH control, and rates of waste additions so
that the process scheme could be routinely implemented in similar situations.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO IFA MOJICT OFFICIR
V-22
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OK DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.' of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
DUL
TITLE OF PROJECT! Limestone Treatment of Rinse Waters from Hydrochloric
Acid Pickling of Steel
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Armco Steel Corporation
Middietown, Ohio
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edward Dulaney
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost:
Federal Cost:
$1,784,800
$547,500
Project Site: Middietown, Ohio
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: November, 1957
Completion Date: November, 1970
Summary:
Two hydrochloric acid picklers for cleaning steel strip at Armco Steel
Corporation's Middietown, Ohio Works produce up to 1,500 gpm of acid rinse
waters which contain up to 0.5 g/1 free hydrochloric acid and up to 0.87 g/1
ferrous chloride. A facility for disposal of these rinse waters was designed
based on a process developed at bench-scale by Armco research scientists.
This process utilizes limestone for neutralization plus aeration and- sludge
recirculation to oxidize ferrous iron and form soluble calcium chloride.
The final report on this project describes the investigation of process
variables at pilot-scale and the optimization and demonstration of the
process at full-scale. - The full-scale facility provided 100% neutrali-
zation of free acid and over 99% removal of iron using a 50% excess of
limestone. A very dense, easily filtered sludge was produced. Although
influent temperatures as low as 59°F were encountered, game fish popula-
tions were maintained in the treated water. Capital costs for a facility
to treat 1,500 gpm acid rinse water were $1,360,000. Operating costs
were 24.0e/l,000 gal. or 4.38c/ton of steel pickled.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-23
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheel briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10!> of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: EIE
TITLE OF PROJECT:
An Investigation of Techniques for the Removal of
Chromium and Cyanides from Electroplating Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Metal Finishers' Foundation
Upper Montclair, New Jersey
Project Site: coiumbus,
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. John Ciancia
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Lab, EPA
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Award Date:
March, 1968
Project Cost:
$173,141
Federal Cost: $117,699
Completion Date: April> 1971
Summary:
This report describes work which was conducted on the removal of cyanide and
hexavalent chromium from plating rinse waters employing various treatment
processes. The study consisted of an initial phase in which information
was sought by questionnaire and by wastewater analyses on the type of waste
produced by smaller electroplating plants. Laboratory studies were con-
ducted on several nonconventional methods for treatment of these waste-
waters, including ion flotation, adsorption on activated carbon, acidifi-
cation volatilization, and solvent extraction. A demonstration pilot-
plant study also was conducted on the activated carbon process employing
actual rinse waters from a zinc cyanide plating operation. - The results
of the various phases of the study indicated that activated carbon adsorp-
tion for cyanide removal may have practical application in many small
plating plants. When combined with pretreatment stages for solids removal,
effective elimination of heavy metals also can be expected. Further develop-
ment of the process was recommended in actual plating plant installations.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-25
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of lh«-
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-oOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: EQF
TITLE OF PROJECT: Electromembrane Process
" Spent Pickle Liquor
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Alabama Water Improvement Commission
State Office Building
Montgomery, Alabama 36104
for Regenerating Acid from
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edmorid Lomasney
Region IV, EPA
1421 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
PrOJBCt Sit6 .' Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Dlte: September, 1969
Completion Date: November, 1970
Summary:
Project Cost: $32jooo
Federal Cost: $20,000
Studies of an electromembrane process for regenerating acid from.spent
sulfuric acid pickle liquor have indicated that the process is technically
feasible. The studies have shown that the iron ions in spent pickle
liquor can be removed and replaced by hydrogen ions to regenerate H2SO^
in electromembrane cells. - A method of removing iron from spent liquor
that involves the formation of insoluble iron hydroxides is preferable
to plating iron metal onto cathodes. - Estimated treatment costs were
$0.045 +0.002 per gallon, whereas the combined costs of purchasing acid
and disposing of. spent liquor by existing methods were in the range of
$0.015 to $0.06 per gallon of spent liquor. - A determination of th.e
long-term performance of the ion exchange membranes when treating actual
pickle liquors that contain organic pickling aids is needed.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-26
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10." of ihr
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
EZV
TITLE OF PROJECT! Treatment of Wastewater - Waste Oil Mixtures
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Armco Steel Corporation
Middletown, Ohio
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edward Dulaney
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Site:
Ashland, Kentucky
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Dlte:
November, 1967
Project Cost: $1,541,720
Federal Cost:
$209,000
Completion Date: june, 1970
Summary:
Cold reduction of steel strip results in the production of large quantities
of wastewater containing variable amounts of oil. A five-stand tandem cold
mill located at Armco Steel Corporation's Ashland, Kentucky Works produces
200 to 500 gpm of wastewater containing 400 to 4,000 ppm of oil. The COD
of the waste varies from 400 to 20,000 ppm. - A treatment process and
facility was developed, constructed, and demonstrated, on full scale, for
the treatment of cold mill wastes. The treatment process utilized chemi-
cal coagulation to break the emulsions. The chemicals employed included
alum, lime, clay, and organic polyelectrolyte. The process consisted of
the following treatment steps: equilization, chemical addition and rapid
mixing, flocculation, and dissolved air flotation. A number of treatment
variables were studied in the laboratory and in the field in order to
establish process kinetics and optimum treatment efficiency. - Oil, COD,
and turbidity were used in field studies to establish the effect of the
following variables on treatment efficiency: chemical concentration, order
of chemical addition, chemical mixing time, flocculation mixing time and
speed, and air flotation time and recirculation rate. Based on these
studies, design criteria and operating costs for this process were presented.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO !FA PROJECT OFFICER
V-27
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL MOTfCTlON AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tim sluvt briefly dcbcrilx* an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of Ihr
Kedrral Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
FNM
TITLE OF PROJECT: Recovery of Sulfuric Acid and Ferrous Sulfate From
'~~Waste Pickle Liquor
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Fitzsimons Steel Co., Inc.
P. 0. Box 1469
1623 Wilson Ave.
Youngstown, Ohio 44501
Project Site: Youngstown,
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. James H. Phillips
Region V, EPA
1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Award Date:
May, 1970
Project Cost: $143,993.
$39,056.50
Completion Date: November, 1971
Summary:
This grant provides for the engineering plans, installation, operation,
testing, evaluation, and reporting on a full-scale facility for the elimina-
tion of 55,000 gallons per month of spent sulfuric acid pickle liquor
discharge. A vacuum cooling-crystallization system will remove ferrous
sulfate and concentrate the remaining acid solution for recycle to the
pickling tanks. Processes for recycle or treatment of the acid rinse waters
and for conversion of ferrous sulfate to other more marketable products
will be evaluated. John N. Cernica and Associates, Consulting Engineers,
will direct the studies and evaluations and prepare reports.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-28
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tim sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10." of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
FP/K
TITLE OF PROJECT: Water Poiiution
Control in the Primary Nonferrous-
Metals Industry - Vol I (Copper, Zinc, and Lead Indus-
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
Project Site : coiumbus,
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Dite: June, 1970
Completion Date: June, 1971
Summary:
and Vo1 IJ (Aluminum, Mercury, Gold, Silver, Molybdenum
and Tungsten).
Mr. John Ciancia
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Lab, EPA
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $72 500
Federal Cost:$68.o6o
This study deals with the processes and water practices in the aluminum,
mercury, gold, silver, molybdenum, and tungsten industries. Data obtained
from the producers of these metals showed the patterns and amounts of water
usage for different purposes within these types of plants and the degrees
and types of wastewater either controlled, treated, or discharged to various
receiving waters. Water usage and recirculation were found to be highly
variable among the individual plants, with some practices being associated
with climate and water costs. This study is also concerned with the pro-
cesses and water'practices in the copper, lead, and zinc industries. Data
supplied by 50 copper, lead, and zinc producing plants showed that waste-
water control practices are influenced by climate and production processes.
No wastewater is discharged from many operations in the Southwestern desert
area. About two-thirds of the wastewaters discharged by the balance of
the plants were from ponds and exhibited neutral to alkaline pH. In some
cases, these wastewaters contained "trace" amounts of heavy metals.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO IPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-29
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IN FORM A TION SHEET
PROJECT NUMBER: FXD
TITLE OF PROJECT: Reclamation of Metal Values from Metal Finishing
~~ Waste Treatment Sludges
SMMTEt OH CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Metal Finishers' Foundation Mr. Eugene Harris
248 Lorraine Avenue NERC, EPA
Upper Montclair, New Jersey Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Project Site: coiumbus, Ohio
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October, 1970 Project Cost: $99
Completion Date: October, 1972 Federal Cost: $90,o69
Summary:
The efforts of this program have included the determination of the worth
of recovering metal values from metal finisher's wastewater treatment
sludges, the definition and research of processes for such recovery, and
the selection, design, and costing of a recommended process. - The
study included a survey of the literature to determine the state-of-the-
art regarding the generation, disposal, and recovery treatment practices
relevant to metal-finishers' sludges, and to identify metal recovery
processes possibly applicable to those sludges. This information was
supplemented with a survey by questionnaire to determine the current
status of relevant practices and conditions. - Field investigations pro-
vided detailed examples of plant practices, sludge storage conditions,
and sludge characteristics such as water content and chemical composition.
Further, a detailed study was performed to determine, for one lagoon, the
degree of leaching of metals from the sludge into the underlying soil
structure. Samples of sludge were obtained from operating plants for use
in the experimental program. On the basis of the information developed in
the prior portions of the program, a portable pilot process for the treatment
of waste sludges and recovery of metal values was selected and equipment and
operating costs developed.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
Yr3Q
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D projeet Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
GCS
TITLE OF PROJECT! Destruction of Cyanide Wastes by an Electrochemical
Redox Process
6RANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Aerodex, Inc.
P. 0. Box 123 MIAD
Miami, Florida 33148
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edmond Lomasney
Region IV, EPA
1421 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Site:
Miami, Florida
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February, 1971
Completion Date: juiy, 1973
Summary:
Project Cost:
Federal Cost:
$183,841
$85,072
This project is planned to culminate in .a. full-scale (250 gpm) demonstration
facility for the electrochemical destruction of cyanide in wastes from
electroplating operations. Phase I provides for optimization of parameters
in a 600-gallon batch system. Phase II will consist of the design of a
continuous system based on the data and conclusion from Phase I. Phase III
will consist of construction, operation, testing, evaluation, and reporting
on the effectiveness and economics of the continuous flow demonstration
facility.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-31
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shrcl briefK describes a.. R & D project Section 104 or 105 »f the
Fnlrral Water Pollution Control Ad Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-.>00)
PROJECT NUMBER: GUG
TITLE OF PROJECT' Electrolytic Treatment of Job Shop Metal Finishing
— " Wastewaters
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
New England Plating Co., Inc.
31 Garden Street
Worcester, Massachusetts 01605
Project Sit6 .' Worcester, Massachusetts
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: April, 1971
Completion Date: December, 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. John Ciancia
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Lab, EPA
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $392,252
Federal Cost: $119,424
Production studies demonstrated the reliability and economics of electrolytic
cells containing beds of conductive particles between cathodes and anodes
for reduction of hexavalent chromium and oxidation of cyanide in plating
rinse water. - Seventy-five liter/min (20 GPM) sized cells were employed
for chromium and cyanide rinses. Chromium'concentrations to 250 mg/liter
and cyanide concentrations to 150 mg/liter were processed. Data were
obtained with parallel equipment using chemical treatment for cost compari-
son. - At low chromium concentrations (less than 25 mg/liter) , chemical
reduction was more economical. At higher concentrations (150 mg/liter) ,
electrolytic reduction became the mare economical process. In cyanide
oxidation, the electrochemical process reduced direct costs associated with
chlorination. - Waste treatment costs, capital and operating, for the job
shop are provided with an assessment of total costs on the price of services
provided. Water conservation techniques are described. Experiences with
tube settling equipment for removal of suspended solids and centrifuge for
sludge concentration is provided.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-32
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OK DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shod briefly describes an R, & D project Section 104 or 105 of tin-
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of-1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
GW
TITLE OF PROJECT.' Recovery of Chromic Acid and Nickel From Plating Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Michigan Plating & Stamping Co.
740 Ann Avenue, N.tf.
Grand Rapids, Michigan 49502
Project SJt6 : Grand Rapids, Michigan
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Dite: Marchj 1971
Completion Date: November, 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Hugh B. Durham
Grosse lie Field Station
9311 Groh Road
Grosse lie, Michigan 48138
Project Cost:
Federal Cost:
$1,038,198
$170,061
This bumper plating plant is installing integrated waste treatment systems
to treat nickel and chromium plating bath dragout. This grant provides for
the installation, operation, testing, evaluation, and reporting on the
heavy metals recovery and water reuse systems to be installed. The elec-
trolytic nickel recovery system is expected to recover 250 pounds of nickel
per day from the integrated treatment system sludges and plating bath puri-
fication system carbons. The chromate system is expected to recover 350
pounds of chromic acid per day by the continuous flow of concentrated rinse
waters from a saye-rinse tank through an induced draft evaporative tower.
Chromium dragout from the save-rinse tank will be reduced and precipitated
in the integrated chrome treatment system. This combination system allows
appreciable acid recovery, sufficient acid dragout to maintain plating bath
purity, and a very low chromium concentration in the plant effluent. The
evaporative tower will also receive, concentrate, and recover acid from the
chrome-plating line fume scrubbing system waters. The installation is
expected to demonstrate the capability of the tower to simultaneously serve
as a fume scrubber and as an acid concentrating and recovering system.
\
ADDRESS INQUIRUft TO IPA FROJICT OPPICIt
V-33
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INFORMATION SHEET
This ,,»,. Mrfly ucscriks a,, R * D project Section '«* «• '°
M.T.I Water Pollution Control Act Amendments ol 1972 (PI.
PROJECT NUMBER:
HGH
TITLE OF PROJECT: Treatment and Recovery of Fluoride Industrial Wastes
8RANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Grumman Aerospace Corp.
Bethpage, New York 11714
PrOJBCt SJtB : Bethpage, New York
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
December, 1971
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. John Ciancla
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Lab, EPA
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $55>
978
Completion Date: November, 1972
Summary:
Federal Cost: $34,922
This report presents the development and successful demonstration of labora-
tory and pilot-scale fluoride treatment techniques for selected aerospace
and metal^working industry chemical processing solutions and rinse waters.
It includes lab oratory-scale, lime treatment parameters for chemical pro-
cessing solutions such as temperature, retention time, pH, slurry concen-
tration, and fluoride influent and effluent levels, and ion-exchange treat-
ment techniques to reduce the fluoride concentration of rinse waters to
levels less than three parts per million. - Pilot studies of centrifugal
techniques to separate lime-precipitated sludges from titanium chemical
milling, titanium descaling and aluminum deoxidizing solutions show that
lime precipitation can give final effluents having fluoride concentrations
less than three parts per million. Aluminum conversion coating solutions,
however, require secondary treatment with aluminum sulfate to give final
effluents having fluoride concentrations less than three parts per million.
Chemical and mechanical property tests show that it is potentially feasible
to use calcium fluoride sludge as a strength-maintaining additive for
concrete. The reuse of treated rinse waters, the economics of precipita-
tion, and production plans for chemical processing solutions and rinse waters
are also presented.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-34
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OH DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tim sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10." of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
HOW
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Treatment of Coke Plant Waste Liquor
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Alan Wood Steel Company
Conshohocken, Pa. 19428
Sit6 .' Conshohocken, Pa.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date:
December 1971
Completion Date: September 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Hugh B. Durham
Industrial Waste Research Program
Environmental Protection Agency
Grosse He, Michigan 48138
Project Cost: $2,105,050
Federal Cost:
$352,652
This project will demonstrate, in a full-scale (180,000 gpd) system, complete
treatment of by-product coke plant wastes. The treatment consists of steam
stripping of ammonia and phenol, multi-stage flash evaporation, and polishing
the condensed effluent with activated carbon. The treated effluent will be a high
quality water which can be used for boiler feedwater or cooling water make-up.
An incinerator will receive all the vapors and the final concentrate -from the
evaporator system, producing a scrubbed gas suitable for discharge to the
atmosphere and an ash to be disposed of by landfill.
ADDRISS INQUIRIIS TO IPA MOJICT OFMCIR
V-35
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
ThN *hrrl l.riefh ,l«smU* an R & U project Section 104 or UK of
K,,l.-ral \Val.-r Pollution Control Acl Amrndmcnb of 1072 (PI. <
PROJECT NUMBER: HQJ
TITLE OF PROJECT: Membrane Processes for Treating Metal Finishing
Was tes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
American Electroplaters' Society Inc.
56 Melmore Gardens
East Orange, New Jersey 07017
Project Site .' Cambridge, Massachusetts
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October, 1971
Completion Date: January> 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. John Ciancia
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, IPCB
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $120,406
Federal Cost:
$114,386
Reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration are new approaches that show promise as
attractive alternatives to existing -methods for treating metal finishing
wastes. The overall objective of this project is to develop and then demon-
strate a reverse osmosis/ultrafiltration system in a metal finishing plant.
The study will evaluate the technical feasibility and economics of the new
process for treating rinse water from a metal finishing operation by recovery
of the chemicals in a concentrated solution for return to the bath while
simultaneously purifying the water for reuse in rinsing. Where necessary,
the investigation will also include the removal of impurity build-up in the
concentrated solution returned to the bath.
The development phase of the project will involve testing commercially avail-
able membranes and equipment configurations in modular pilot plant facilities
using various types of rinse waters. On the basis of this investigation, a
system will be selected for treating a specific type of rinse water and will
be demonstrated in a commercial shop.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-36
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of llir
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
PPB
TIlLfc Vr rKUJttl. Management of Recycled Waste-Process Water Ponds
6RANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Dr. Charles E. Renn
Dept. of Environmental
Engineering Science
The Johns -Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland 21218
PrOjeCt Site.' Ramps tead, Maryland
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Herbert Skovronek
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Lab, EPA
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Dlte
December, 1967
Project Cost: $180,921 (3rd yr>
Completion Dat6: November, 1968
Summary:
Federal Cost:
$39,627 (3rd yr)
This study describes the successful operation of a storage pond used to
collect treated wastewaters and runoff for recycle to manufacturing
operations under conditions of drought and severe water shortages. Treated
sewage and cafeteria wastes are stored in an air sparger mixed pond and
are returned to the manufacturing plant to provide water for evaporative
cooling and a variety of production processes. By applying long term
storage, air sparger agitation, and controlled stratification during the
summer, it has been possible to increase the effectiveness of limited well
supplies from six to fifteen times. - The efficiency of the pond depends
in large part upon biological processes that go on in the comparatively
shallow areas of the system. These act to capture phosphorus and to stabilize
algal organics generated in the pond itself.
ADDtESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-37
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet hneflN describe, an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of ihe
Federal \\aler Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
WPRD 41
TITLE OF PROJECT: Acid Pickle Liquor Wastes Treatment Utilizing Advanced
Ion Exchange Techniques
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Chemical Separations Corporation
Bus Terminal Road
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
PrOJeCt Site : Oak Ridge, Tennessee
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December, 1967
Completion Date: March, 1959
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Hugh B. Durham
Grosse lie Lab
Environmental Protection Agency
Grosse He, Michigan 48138
Project Cost: $72>000
Federal Cost: $50,4oo
The purpose of this grant was to determine the feasibility of using continuous
ion exchange to strip Fe from pickling wastes and regenerate the acid for
reuse.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-38
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 800525
TITLE OF PROJECT) Water Pollution Control Practices in the Carbon
and Alloy Steel Industries
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Attorney General of Illinois
160 N. LaSalle Street
Chicago, Illinois 60601
Project Site: Pittsburgh, pa.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Aprii, 1972
Completion Date: November, 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Hugh Durham
Grosse lie Field Station
9311 Groh Road
Grosse lie, Michigan 48138
Project Cost:
$45,000
Federal Cost: $42,750
The objectives of this project were to refine, complete, and extend the
data and coverage developed by C. W. Rice Division of NUS Corporation
under Contract 68-01-0006 and contained in the report entitled "Industrial
Profile Study on Blast Furnace and Basic Steel Products" and to prepare
a similar report on the alloy steel industry.
The Attorney General of Illinois proposes to engage Datagraphics, Inc. to
carry out this task.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-39
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> slu-cl brifl'K don ibcs an R & I) project Section 104 or 105 ol' the
Kcdrral \\at<-r Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
800680
TITLE OF PROJECT.' Treatment and Recovery of Fluoride and Nitrate
Industrial Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Grumman Aerospace Corp.
Bethpage, New York 11714
Project Site : Bethpage, New York
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December, 1971
Completion Date: September, 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Hugh Durham
Grosse He Laboratory, EPA
9311 Groh Road
Grosse lie, Michigan 48138
Project Cost: $134,896
Federal Cost: $96,12?
Industry
T *t-at «•*«**". of laboratory
selected aerospace and metal working
Ion
strength
and mechanical test -
project has strengthened
nificantly
u°re Slud8e M a
concrete was established by chemical
te<*nol°gy developed in Phase I of this
"^^ that further Studles wo^d sig-
f TCeSSeS °f r±nse Waters
treatment technoloy for h development of comprehensive
effluents and the eSnfmLf /T^1 °f nitrates from lime treat-
Action scale-up. SLrSSS wilfbe^ 'TI' ***** *"****•«« P—
for using ion exchange as a ^L^ Carr±ed °Ut tO determine parameters
-etal treatment 8
V-40
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or !()."> of tin
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1(>72 (PL <)2-oOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: 300772
TITLE OF PROJECT: Treatment of Coke Plant Waste Liquor
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Alan Wood Steel Company
Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Hugh Durham
Grosse lie Laboratory
9311 Groh Road
Grosse lie, Michigan 48138
Site :
Conshohocken, Pennsylvania
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December, 1971
Completion Date: June, 1975
Summary:
Project Cost: $2,010,100.
Federal Cost:
The objective of the project is to demonstrate the technical and economic
feasibility of a chemical, thermal, physical waste treatment process to
treat the coke plant waste liquor stream. - The coke plant waste liquor
stream from the Alan Wood Steel Company's Conshohocken, Pennsylvania
plant contains a variety of waste contaminants including suspended solids,
dissolved organics, cyanide, ammonia, phenols, etc. The treatment pro-
cesses to be employed to remove the waste contaminants and prepare the
125 gpm of waste water to meet stream objectives will include stripping
of ammonia, concentration by six effect multistage evaporator, stripping
of phenols, biological treatment of phenols, disposal by incineration.
The product water is to be reused in a closed cooling tower system to
alleviate thermal pollution from cooling waters in the coke plant.
Laboratory evaluations and pilot plant tests will be conducted to obtain
basic design parameters for the entire treatment sequence. A treatment
system will be constructed to treat 180,000 gallons/day of waste water.
Post-construction studies will be conducted to verify the treatment plant
design parameters and to establish an accurate estimate of the economics
involved with the treatment process and the treatment effectiveness.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-41
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tl,i< <|M,.. Lrirl-K d.-srribr» a,. R & U projrrl Section 104 or 1
KnU-rat \VaU-r Pollution Control Ad Amendment* of Wl (PI.
»f
PROJECT NUMBER: 801989
TITLE OF PROJECT: Demonstration and Evaluation of Countercurrent Rinsing
~~ ~ for Reducing Pollution from a Halogen Tinplating Line
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Weirton Steel Division
Division of National Steel Corp.
Weirton, West Virginia 26062
Project Site : Weirton, West Virgin:
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March, 1973
Completion Date: May, 1976
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Hugh Durham
Grosse lie Laboratory
9311 Groh Road
Grosse He, Michigan 48138
Project Cost: $318>454
Federal Cost: $165,686
Summary:
The primary objective of this project is to upgrade the state-of-the-art
of pollution control of a halogen tinplating line dragout rinse. Hopefully,
this project will result in a process which will have a zero discharge from
the halogen dragout rinse. The project involves the use of countercurrent-0
rinsing on the primary dragout rinse tank of a high speed Halogen tinplafc~J-
ing line. In the current operation the strip is submersed in a tank Of' vd
water and the strip moves countercurrent to the movement of water. The
resulting discharge is large in volume and low in concentration of plat-
ing solution. The proposed system is a multi-state counter-current rinse
tank. The strip is not submersed but travels over the tanks. Fresh water
is fed into the exit end of the tank. As the strip passes from stage to
stage it sees a less concentrated rinse water. The resulting discharge
will then be reused as makeup in the plating cells. The project objec-
tives include: 1) To demonstrate on a full-scale production line that
countercurrent rinsing in the primary dragout tank with subsequent reuse
of the blowdown as makeup in the plating is applicable through the use of
AA-W additive to minimize sludge buildup. 2) Complete recycle of dis-
charge to realize a zero discharge or to minimize discharge.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-42
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly cril>es an R & L) project Section 104 or 10.") of llic
Federal \\ater Pollution Control \cl Amendments of I072 (PL (J2-.i
PROJECT NUMBER: 802113
TITLE OF PROJECT: Chromium Removal
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Metal Finishers' Foundation
248 Lorraine Avenue
Upper Montclair, New Jersey 07043
Project Site : coiumbus,
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February 7, 1973
Completion Date: August, 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. John Ciancia
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, IPCB
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $31,853
Federal Cost: $22,000
The objectives of this project are to optimize the regeneration of a recently
developed carbon bed chromate removal process and then evaluate the practical
and economic feasibility of the technique including reuse of the treated water.
The relative effectiveness of alternate regeneration procedures will be deter-
mined by conducting bench-scale experiments in the laboratory. The optimum
regeneration procedure will be used in a pilot plant demonstration in a plating
shop to establish the effectiveness and economic feasibility of the process, as
well as investigate the extent the treated water can be reused for rinsing.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-43
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
)o of the
This sheel briefly dorribrs an R & D project Section 104 or l(
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI-
PROJECT NUMBER: 802142
TITLE OF PROJECT: Regeneration of Hydrochloric Acid Waste Pickle
Liquor
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Toledo Pickling and Steel
Service, Inc.
1149 Campbell Street
Toledo, Ohio 43607
Project Site: Toledo,
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March, 1973
Completion Date: juiy, 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Hugh Durham
Grosse He Field Station
9311 Groh Road
Grosse lie, Michigan 48138
Project Cost: $333,
Federal Cost: $222,088.
The principal objective of this project is to demonstrate in a plant
scale continuous operation the technical and economic feasibility of
using the Environmental Technology, Inc., process and equipment for the
recovery and regeneration of waste hydrochloric acid pickle liquor in a
closed-loop system in which no noxious pollutants escape into the environ-
ment. The process employs thermal degradation of ferrous chloride to
hydrogen chloride gas and ferric oxide. The waste pickle liquor consist-
ing primarily of aqueous ferrous chloride, with some unreacted hydrochloric
acid, is sprayed onto a vibrating fixed bed of ferric oxide, in an oxidiz-
ing atmosphere. The process is expected to yield 18-20% hydrochloric acid
for recycling and ferric oxide of any desired particle size.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-44
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tlii> sheet l>rit'l'l\ describe an R &. 1) project Section 104 or 10.~> of the
Federal Wafer Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1072 (PL 'J2-300)
PROJECT NUMBER: 802254
TITLE OF PROJECT: Metallic Recovery from Wastewaters Utilizing
Cementation
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Anaconda American Brass Company
Engineer Environments Division
Waterbury, Connecticut 06720
Sit e: Waterbury, Connecticut
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Richard B. Tabakin
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, IPCB
Edison, New Jersey 08817
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March, 1973
Completion Date: September, 1973
Summary:
Project Cost: $20,765
Federal Cost:$14,535
The purpose is to investigate on a bench-scale the simultaneous reduction
of Cr+6 and the precipitation reduction of Cu+2 in acid solution by contact
with sacrificial metals such as, but not limited to, iron. Scale-up to
full size of previous brief bench scale flow experiments was disappointing
(poor copper recovery from brass mill waste streams). The aim of the pro-
posed work is to identify those factors such as mass transport and chemical
mechanisms which govern effectiveness and to describe their operation, with
the view of making rational improvements in full scale application.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-45
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> -lieet l»riel'h dcM-rilio an R & I) project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal \\aler Pollution Control Ad Amendments of 197:2 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 802335
TITLE OF PROJECT! Ozone Treatment of Plating Wastewaters Containing
Cyanide
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Sealectro Corporation
Mamaroneck, New York 10543
Project Site : Mamaroneck, New York
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March, 1973
Completion Date: December, 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Herbert S. Skovronek
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, IPCB
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $77,900
Federal Cost: $37,000
The principal objective is to demonstrate in a full-scale system the
effectiveness of the ozonation process for the treatment of plating wastes
containing cyanide. Further objectives are to optimize the key process
parameters, establish operating and capital costs and explore the possi-
bility of producing treated effluent that would meet Federal standards.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-46
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of l<)72 (PI. <)2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
802390
TITLE OF PROJECT! Precipitation of Iron from Acidic Process Liquors
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona 85721
PrOJeCt Site : Tucson, Arizona
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: April, 1973
Completion Date: March, 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mary K. Stinson
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, IPCB
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $39,175
Federal Cost: $30,000
The purpose of this study is to investigate on a bench scale the hydrolysis-
crystallization kinetics of solid ferric oxide compounds from acidic solu-
tions of ferrous sulfate containing other metallic ions. The rates are
known to be temperature dependent; a major goal is to determine whether
special crystallization techniques can be employed to attain industrially
useful rates with temperatures at or below 100°C. Solutions of the type
proposed for study are generated in large quantities by acid leaching of
copper ores. Successful precipitation of the iron can contribute to
regeneration of acid and greater recycle potential.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-47
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> Jin-l l.riefh .Irsmbrs an R & U project Section 104 or \(K »f the
Federal \\atcr Pollution Control Ad Amrndmcnts of 1072 (PI. 02-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 802637-01
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Phosphoric Acid Recovery System—Phase I
Process Optimization and Feasibility Study
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Douglas & Lomason Corporation
5800 Lincoln Avenue
Detroit, Michigan 48208
Project Site : Detroit, Michigan
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June, 1973
Completion Date: October, 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. John Ciancia
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, IPCB
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $66,5oo
Federal Cost: $45,000
The objective of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness and
economics of a novel process for recovering phosphoric acid from bright
finishing solutions used in the preparation of aluminum. The process
will remove aluminum contamination from the waste phosphoric acid,
thereby permitting reuse of the acid in the bright dipping operation.
A pilot plant investigation will be conducted to optimize the operating
variables of the process. An economic projection based on an engineered
system will then be made to permit a. detailed evaluation of the process
prior to construction of the full-scale facility. The new approach will
also be compared with presently available alternative waste treatment
methods.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-48
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shecl briefly describes an R & L) project Section 104 or l()."i of the
Kcderal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of l°72 (PI. <)2-5()0)
PROJECT NUMBER: 802637-02
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Phosphoric Acid Recovery System - Phase II
Installation and Operation of Prototype System
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mary K. Stinson
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, IPCB
Edison, New Jersey 08817
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Douglas & Lomason Company
5800 Lincoln Avenue
Detroit, Michigan 48208
PrOJeCt Site : Cleveland, Mississippi
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June, 1974
Completion Date: juiy, 1975
Summary:
This project is the second phase of a study to develop and demonstrate
novel technology for recovering spent phosphoric acid from bright finish-
ing solutions used in the preparation of aluminum. The proposed system
uses an anion exchange resin as an acid adsorption medium in a continuous
countercurrent contractor. The anion exchange resin accomplishes the
separation by retarding the phosphoric acid as the processing solution
flows through the bed. The aluminum remains in the solution and passes
out the column in the effluent. The phosphoric acid is eluted from the
resin by water, thus eliminating the need for chemicals to regenerate the
resin.
Project Cost: $288,382
Federal Cost: $55,000
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-49
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet l.rirlU do^-rihcs an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of llu-
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI. «)2-300)
PROJECT NUMBER: 302924
TITLE OF PROJECT.' Treatment of Metal Finishing Wastes by Sulfide
Precipitation
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Metal Finishers' Foundation
248 Lorraine Avenue
Upper Montclair, New Jersey 07043
Mr. John Ciancia
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, IPCB
Edison, New Jersey 08817
PrOJCCt SltC: South Brunswick Township, New Jersey
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: April, 1974
Completion Date: January) i975
Summary:
Project Cost: $33)6oo
Federal Cost: $30>000
A pilot plant investigation will be carried out to optimize and evaluate
the economic feasibility of a recently developed sulfide precipitation
process for removing heavy metals from metal finishing wastes. This unique
sulfide precipitation technique is a highly effective process which can
reduce the heavy metal content of wastes down to extremely low levels with
essentially no excess of sulfide in the effluent.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-50
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes un R & D project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Kcdcral \Valer Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI. ()2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
803064
TITLE OF PROJECT! Regeneration of Chromated Aluminum Deoxidizers
Phase II - Improved Diaphragms
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
The Boeing Commercial Airplane Co. Dr. Hugh Durham
P. 0. Box 3707 Grosse He T?ield Station
Seattle, Washington 98124 9311 Groh Road
Grosse He, Michigan 48138
Project Site : Seattle, Washington
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: August) 1971
Completion Date: April, 1975
Summary:
In the regeneration process for chromated aluminum deoxidizers as con-
ducted in the original work of Project HER, it is necessary to use a
chemically inert, electrically conductive diaphragm separating positive
and negative electrodes. Such a diaphragm was developed during the
program.
The fabrication method for these early diaphragms is costlv and life
expectancy is short. This continuation contract proposes to improve
cost and performance of the diaphragms in order to make them commer-
cially attractive for general job shop use.
Results of Phase I is published under EPA Report EPA-660/2-73-023.
Project Cost: $89)853
Federal Cost: $37,203.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-51
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
ThN shrrl l.riH'K d^iTil.r* an R & U project Section 104 or 10.', of Hi.-
Federal \\alrr Pollution Control Ad Amendments of 1972 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 303073
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Aircraft Factory Waste Water Recycling-Pilot
Scale Demonstration
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Boeing Commercial Airplane Co.
P. 0. Box 3707
Seattle, Washington 98124
PrOJeCt Site : Seattle, Washington
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Juiy, 1974
Completion Date: juiy, 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Hugh Durham
Grosse He Field Station
9311 Groh Road
Grosse He, Michigan 48138
Project Cost:
Federal Cost:
The objective of this project is a pilot scale demonstration of treatment
and recycle of four dilute wastewater streams resulting from aircraft
manufacture. The streams involved are: 1) Chemical process rinses, for
which both in-exchange and reverse osmosis are to be tried; 2) Dye
penetrant rinse water, to be treated by activated carbon adsorption;
3) Cyanide-containing rinses, to be treated by electrolytic destruction,
and 4) Cutting oil emulsion waste, for which ultrafiltration is to be
demonstrated.
After installation, there will be a six-month optimization period, at
the end of which a decision will be made between in-exchange and reverse
osmosis for treatment of chemical process rinses. There will then be a
9 month period of continuous operation to demonstrate operation under
actual plant conditions, and to determine if there would be any buildup
of undesirable contaminants. Both recurring and non-recurring costs of
a full-scale recycling plant will be determined.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-52
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or !()."} of Hie
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1(J72 (PI. (J2-.i
PROJECT NUMBER:
803177
TITLE OF PROJECT! Recycling of Industrial Wastewater Containing
Cyanide, Chromium, and Other Toxic Material
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Singer Company
321 First Street
Elizabeth, New Jersey 07207
Project Site : Elizabeth, New Jersey
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june, 1974
Completion Date: juiy, 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mary K. Stinson
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, IPCB
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $324,030
Federal Cost: $29,
000
This project will demonstrate a full scale closed-loop system for the
treatment of wastewaters arising from deburring, burnishing, stripping,
and electroplating operations at a metal finishing plant. The treatment
consists of ultrafiltration for the removal of oil, a three BOD ion
exchange system (strongly acidic, weakly basic and strongly basic) for
the removal of cyanide and heavy metals from rinse water, and chemical
treatment of the ion exchange regenerant solutions and concentrated
process wastes.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-53
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
TM> sheel briel'l) an R & U project Seelion 104 or 10.1 of (lie
Knlrrai \\aler Pollution Control Ael Amendment* of l<)72 (PI. «)2-/>00)
PROJECT NUMBER: 303226
TITLE OF PROJECT! 'Study of Copper Recovery from Brass Mill Discharge
by Cementation with Scrap Iron in Full Scale
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Anaconda American Brass Company
P. 0. Box 830
Waterbury, Connecticut 06720
Project Site : Waterbury, Connecticut
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June, 1974
Completion Date: January, 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Richard B. Tabakin
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, IPCB
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $29,234
Federal Cost: $20,000
This project will demonstrate simultaneous reduction of Cr (VI) and the
precipitation-reduction of Cu (II) in acid solution by cementation onto
sacrificial scrap iron. The mass transport and chemical mechanisms
governing the effectiveness of the cementation reaction which were iden-
tified in a bench scale study, EPA Project 802254, will be verified in i
this full scale inplant demonstration at a brass mill.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-54
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & 1) project Section 104 or 105 of the
Kedcral Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of \()72 (PI, 9:2-000)
PROJECT NUMBER: 303251
TITLE OF PROJECT:
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Aluminum Company of America
1200 Ring Building
Washington, D. C. 20036
Project Site : Newburgh, Indiana
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June, 1974
Completion Date: juiy, 1975
Summary:
In-Plant Pilot Program for Treatment, Concentration
and Recovery of Phosphate Cleaning Wastes from
Aluminum Finishing Operations
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mary K. S tins on
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, IPCB
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $134)22o
Federal Cost: $36}0oo
This project will demonstrate a pilot plant scale treatment of dilute,
phosphates bearing rinsewaters, which result from aluminum cleaning
operations. The process will utilize a recently developed unique
evaporative system to produce high quality water and concentrate the
phosphate in the rinsewater by effecting a 97-99% reduction in the
initial wastewater volume. Low pressure steam, produced by the plant
waste heat, will be used as the heat source for the evaporation process,
and about 80% of the steam heat can be recovered for further utilization.
A closed loop type system is possible.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-55
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IN FORM A TION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shrrl briefly describe* an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Kedcral Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 803264
TITLE OF PROJECT:
New Membrane for Treatment of Metal Finishing
Effluents by Reverse Osmosis
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:.
American Electroplaters' Society, Inc.
56 Melmore Gardens
East Orange, New Jersey
Project Site:
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Donald L. Wilson
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, NERC, EPA
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Award Date:
June, 1974
Completion Date: April, 1975
Summary:
Project Cost:,9fi ,1S
£ederal_C£il:$25,ooo
The objective of this project is to complete the development of a new and
improved reverse osmosis membrane by optimizing the fabrication procedure
and establishing the sustained performance capabilities of the advanced
membrane for treating metal finishing wastewaters. The new membrane was1
shown to provide effective treatment of highly acidic and alkaline metal ^
finishing wastes beyond the range of presently available reverse osmosis
membranes in short term testing during a previous grant.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-56
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-.iOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: 303265
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Zinc Sludge Recycling from Kastone Treatment Process
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Metal Plating Corporation
1740 Georgia Avenue
Connersville, Indiana 47331
Project Site : Connersville, Indiana
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June, 1974
Completion Date: juiy, 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Donald L. Wilson
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, MERC, EPA
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Project Cost: $3i,258
Federal Cost: $15,
000
The projectxinvolves an in-plant demonstration of zinc sludge recycling
from the Kastone vaste treatment process. DuPont's Kastone process uses
a specially formulated grade of hydrogen peroxide to oxidize cyanide to
cyanate and precipitate the heavy metals in metal finishing rinsewaters.
This study Twill apply sludge recycling to return the zinc precipitated in
the Kastone process back into the plating operation.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-57
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> t> an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal \\aler Pollution Control Acl Amendments of W72 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 803304
TITLE OF PROJECT: Evaluation Under Plant Conditions of Electrodialysis
of Cyanide Rinsewaters—Zero Discharge
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Keystone Lamp Manufacturing Corporation
Route 873
Slatington, Pennsylvania 18080
Project Site : Slatington, Pennsylvania
«
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June, 1974
Completion Date: January, 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. John Ciancia
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, IPCB
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $44,898
Federal Cost: $15,000
This study involves a full scale inplant demonstration of the use of
electrodialysis to purify a brass cyanide rinse water for reuse while
concentrating the chemicals for return to the processing bath. The
purpose of this study is to establish the effectiveness and economics
of using electrodialysis for closing the loop on cyanide rinse wastes
under actual plant conditions.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-58
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R, & L) project Section 104 or 10.1 of the
Federal \\ater Pollution Control Act Amendments of l<,'7:2 (PL ()2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
803332
TITLE OF PROJECT: Removal of Toxic Metal Ions from Metal Finishing
Wastewater by Solvent Extraction
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Texas Southern University
Department of Chemistry
3201 Wheeler Avenue
Houston, Texas 77004
Project Site: Houston, Texas
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: August, 1974
Completion Date: December, 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Richard B. Tabakin
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, IPCB
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $84,i86
Federal Cost: $79,974
The primary objective of this project is to develop solvent extraction
processes in the laboratory which show promise of being scaled up for
utilization by small metal plating shops to remove and recover toxic
metals ions from wastewaters. The methods will be developed for removal
of copper, cadmium, chromium, nickel, and zinc using high molecular
weight amines including Primene JM-T, Amberlite LA-I, Alamine 336-S.
Attempts will be made at selective removal of metals and application of
the approach to sludges. Emphasis will be placed on developing simple,
economical methods. A cost analysis will be included.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-59
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> sheet briefly deseril.es an R & U project Section 104 »r I OS of the
Kederal \\aler Pollution Control Ac I Amendment* of \<)7'2 (PI. W-SOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: 303342
TITLE OF PROJECT: Heavy Metals Removal Process
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Metal Finishers' Foundation
248 Lorraine Avenue
Upper Montclair, New Jersey 07043
Project Site : Bell Gardens, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june, 1974.
Completion Date: May> i975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Fred Ellerbusch
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, IPCB
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $50,ooo
Federal Cost: $30,000
Ihe project is a pilot scale demonstration of an electrolytic technique
for removing heavy metals and cyanide from metal finishing wastes. The
removal system uses a bed of conductive particles between the electrodes
through which the waste to be treated flows. A low voltage direct current
is applied resulting in the plating out of the heavy metals on the conduc-
tive particles. The metal removed can be recovered either chemically or
electrochemically.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-60
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shccl briefly describes an R, & U project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI, U2-300)
PROJECT NUMBER: 803467
TiTLE OF PROJECT: Metal Finishing: Painting Waste Load Study
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Dr. George E. F. Brewer
Brighton, Michigan
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Hugh Durham
Grosse lie Field Station
9311 Groh Road
Grosse lie, Michigan 48138
Project Cost: $17}349
Federal Cost: $i6,48i
Project Site : Brighton, Michigan
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: November, 1974
Completion Date: December, 1975
Summary:
A state-of-the-art survey will be conducted on the liquid, solid, and
gaseous waste loads generated during industrial painting processing.
Four available classes of paints (organic solvent-borne, water-borne,
powder paints, and radiation cured paints), applied by one or more of
six painting techniques (spray, dip and flow, roller and brush, electro-
deposition, powder technology, and radiation curing) are being surveyed.
Data are being obtained from the literature, trade and scientific organ-
izations, paint and equipment manufacturers, and industrial users.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
V-61
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FINAL REPORTS AVAILABLE
METAL AND METAL PRODUCTS
Report Number Title/Author
Source
12010 EIE 11/68
12010 EIE 03/71
12010 EZV 02/70
12010 DIM 08/70
A State-of-the-Art Review of Metal Finish-
ing Waste Treatment, Battelle Memorial
Institute, Columbus, Ohio.
GPO $1.00
An Investigation of Techniques for Removal GPO $1.00
of Chromimum from Electroplating Wastes~
Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio.
Treatment of Waste Water - Waste Oil
Mixtures, Armco Steel Corporation,
Middletown, Ohio.
Pyrite Depression by Reduction of Solution
Oxidation Potential, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, Utah.
GPO $2.50
GPO $0.70
NTIS/PB-200-257
12010 DRH 11/71
12010 DUL 02/71 Limestone Treatment^ Rinse Waters from GPO $1.50
Hydrochloric Acid Pickling of Steel, Armco
Steel Corporation, Middletown, Ohio.
12010 EQF 03/71 An Electromembrane Process for Reoenerat- GPO $1.00
ing Acid from Spent Pickle Liquor, Southern
Research Institute, Birminqhani, Alabama.
Ultrathin Membranes for Treating Metal GPO $1.00
Finishing Effluents by Reverse Osmosis; by
North Star Research & Develooment Institute
(through Minnesota Pollution Control Aqency),
Minneapolis, Minn.
Combined Steel Mill and Municipal Waste- GPO $1.50
waters Treatment, Weirton Steel Div.,
National Steel Corporation, Weirton, West
Virginia.
Brass Wire Mill Process Changes and Waste GPO $0.55
Abatement, Recovery and Reuse, Volco Brass
and Copper Company, Kenilworth, New Jersey.
Chemical Treatment of Plating Waste for GPO $0.75
Kanovai of Heavy Metals Beaton & Cnrbin
Manufacturing Co., Southinaton, Conn.
12010 DTQ 02/72
12010 DPF 11/71
EPA-R2-73-044
V-62
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Report Number Title/Author Source
12010 EDY 12/73 Biological Removal of Carbon and Nitrogen GPO $2.00
Compounds from Coke Plant Wastes, American
Iron and Steel Institute, New York, New York
12010 DPS 12/73 Investigation of Treating Electroplaters GPO $0.90
Cyanide Waste by Electrolysis, RAI Research
Corporation, Long Island City, New York.
12070 HEK 12/73 Regeneration of Chromated Aluminum GPO $1.95
Deoxidizers, Beoina Co., Seattle, Washington.
12010 DSA 7/74 Waste Water Treatment and Reuse in a Metal GPO $0.90
Finishing Job Shop, S. K. Williams Company,
EPA-660/2-73-033 New Membranes for Reverse Osmosis Treatment GPO $1.40
Of Metal Finishing Effluents', Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency, Minneapolis, Minn.
EPA-R2-73-247a Water Pollution Control in the Primary GPO $1.90
Nonferrous Metals Industry - Vol. I
Copper, Line, and Lead IndustriesT"Batte11 e
Memorial Institute , Columbus, Ohio.
EPA-R2-73-247b Water Pollution Control in the Primary Non- GPO $1.45
ferrous Metals Industry - Vpl II, Aluminum,
Mercury, Gold, Silver, Molybdenum, and
Tungsten, Battelle Memorial Institute,
Columbus, Ohio.
EPA-670/2-74-008 Metallic Recovery from Wastewaters Utiliz- GPO
ing Cementation, Anaconda American Brass,
Waterbury, Connecticut.
V-63
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MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL POINT SOURCES
The Miscellaneous Program Area is defined as that technology research
oriented to providing the below listed industries with economically viable
technology to meet the effluent standards for point source discharge.
Photographic Processing
Flat Glass
Glass and Glassware Pressed or Blown
Purchased Glass Fabrication
Hydraulic Cement
Structural Clay Products
Pottery Products
Concrete, Gypsum, and Plaster
Cut Stone and Stone Products
Abrasi-ve, Asbestos, and Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Mineral Products
Instrument Manufacturing
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries
Water Supply
Commercial Laundries
Tank Truck, Terminals
Drum Barrel Cleaning
VI-1
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PROJECT INDEX
MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL POINT SOURCES
Grantee or Contractor Project Status
DOD
ERC
ERF
ESW
EUR
EZF
FRM
FYV
GCH
GLE
HBM
800936
801872
802044
802196
802800
803142
803196
803239
Project
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
American Water Works Association
Research Foundation
Berkey Film Processing
Gainesville, Florida
American Water Works Association
Research Foundation
Johns - Manville Products Corporation
Albany, New York
IIL/LSAA Technical Liaison Committee
Vermont Department of Water Resources
Culligan International Company
Oregon Concrete and Aggregate Producers Assoc.
American Water Works Association
Southern Research Institute
Franklin Institute
Portland Cement Association
Montgomery, Alabama
Franklin Institute
Johnson County, Water District #1, Kansas
Stanford Research Institute
Status :
A
A
B
A
A
A
B
A
A
B
B
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
- Completed, Final Report Available
B - Project Ongoing
C - Project Discontinued
VI-2
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or !()."> of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1^72 (PI, 02-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
DOD
TITLE OF PROJECT! Removal of Syndets and Reclamation of Laundry Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Research Division
Troy, New York 12181
Project Site : Troy, New York
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 1, 1968
Completion Date: November i, 1971
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Richard Keppler
Region I, EPA, John F.
Kennedy Federal Building
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
Project Cost: $53,090
Federal Cost: $25,055
objective of this project is to optimize and evaluate the best
process or combination of processes attainable for the treatment and recovery
of laundromat wastewaters. Two commercially available treatment systems for
laundromat wastewaters are to be used in the optimization and evaluation
project. - Laboratory and field studies were conducted to evaluate the capa-
bilities of two commercially available laundromat waste treatment systems to
treat laundromat wastes with the possibility of recycling the treated effluent,
The Winfair Water Reclamation System (WWRS) involves the addition of alum
to a pH of 4, sedimentation, sand filtration, carbon adsorption, and passage
through ion exchange resins. The American Laundry Machinery Industries
system employs chemical precipitation prior to filtration through Diatomaceous
Earth. - The WWRS achieved a 56% BOD reduction, 62% COD reduction, and 94%
ABS reduction, but suffered from a buildup of total solids in the effluent.
The system produced an effluent suitable for discharge into many streams.
For effluent recycling, a functioning demineralizer would be required. - The
ALMI system achieved a 63% BOD reduction, 69% COD reduction, 87% ABS reduc-
tion, 94% PO^ reduction, and complete coliform removal. The increase in
effluent alkalinity and hardness render very questionable the suitability of
the effluent for reuse without softening and pH adjustment. The use of the
system would cost about 10 £ per wash.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-3
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INFORMATION SHEET
MOTfCTIO* ^n
MSEAKCH. DMLOPMMT OH DEMON5TMTIOH PROJECT
ThU slurl briefly describes a, R & D project Section, 104 or 105 of Ihc
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-aQO)
PROJECT NUMBER:
ERG
TITLE OF PROJECT: Disposal of Wastes from Water Treatment Plants
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
American Water Works Association
Research. Foundation
2 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10016
Site.' New York, New York
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George Webster
EPA, Water Quality Research
Washington, D. C. 20460
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 25, 195 s
Completion Date: juiy 25, 1959
Project Cost: $53,250
Federal Cost: $46,305
Summary:
The final report to this project presents an intensive study of the disposal
of wastes from water treatment plants. The wastes include filter washwater;
sludge resulting from coagulation, softening, iron and manganese removal
processes; diatomaceous earth filtration; and ion exchange brines. - A series
of four status reports describe in detail what is known of the research,
engineering, plant operation, and regulatory aspects of the problem. A
special report reviews current technology and analyzes costs of disposal
methods, based on data collected from 15 operating plants. - Final reports
were prepared by committees of conference participants to identify future
needs for information in each aspect of the waste disposal problem. These
reports recommend substantially expanded programs of research and demonstra-
tion. They include extensive lists of specific problems which must be
investigated to develop effective and economical technology. Committee reports
also recommend establishment of a central service to promote the planning of
research and development, and to implement effective programs of new or improved
technology. The service would collect, coordinate, and disseminate data on all
aspects of water treatment plant waste disposal problems.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFMC1R
yi-4
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes uu R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 197:2 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
ERF
TITLE OF PROJECT. Treatment of Complex Cyanide Compounds for Reuse
and Disposal
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Thomas Devine
New England Basins Office, EPA
240 Highland Avenue
Needlam Heights, Massachusetts
02194
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Berkey Film Processing
260 Lunenburg Street
Fitchburg, Massachusetts 01420
PrOJeCt Site : Rochester, New York
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: April 23, 1970
Completion Date: April 23, 1971
Summary:
The basic objective in this project is to research and develop methods for
the treatment of ferrocyanide waters from film processing for recovery and
disposal. Recovery methods to be explored are ozonation and electrolytic
oxidation to ferricyanide. Treatment for disposal includes ozonation for
destruction, precipitation of complex cyanides, and chlorination.
Project Cost: $153,576
Federal Cost:$114,415
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-5
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> shrrt LrieflN (l^cnbo an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
rV.lrral \\atcr Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
ESW
TITLE OF PROJECT: Magnesium Carbonate, a Recycled Coagulant for Water
Treatment
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edmond Lomasney
Region IV, EPA
1421 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Project Cost:$2?,554
Federal Cost: $16,390
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
City of Gainesville, Florida
Project Site .' Gainesville, Florida
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: November 12, 1969
Completion Date: June n, 1971
Summary:
The principal investigator has a modified process for the recovery of MgO
from brucite or dolomite to the separation and essentially quantitative
recovery of the Mg (OH)2 present in lime-soda softening sludges as very
pure (99.7 percent) MgC03. This new process has been successfully tested
on a pilot-plant scale at Dayton, Ohio. Another improvement of the process
makes it possible for each of the several cities and industrial plants
softening hard surface waters containing clay turbidity to employ both lime
recalcination and magnesium recovery. This will substantially reduce treat-
ment costs and also substantially eliminate a major water pollution problem.
Applications of MgC03 as a coagulant to be studied include the following:
1. Use in the removal of turbidity and organic color from soft surface
waters; 2. Use in the removal of turbidity and organic color from hard or
alkaline surface or well waters; 3. Use in flocculation or sewage and for
many types of industrial wastes; 4. Use with synthetic organic anionic and
cationic polymers in the three applications listed above.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-6
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> sheet briet'l) describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Kederal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-5
PROJECT NUMBER:
EUR
TITLE OF PROJECT! Information Resource for Water Pollution Control in
the Water Utility Industry
Project Cost: $42,720
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
American Water Works Association Mr. George Webster
Research Foundation Industrial Pollution Control
2 Park Avenue Division (RD-679)
New York, New York 10016 Environmental Protection Agency
PrOJeCt Site: New York, New York Washington, D. C. 20460
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 28, 1970
Completion Date: December 31§ 1971
Summary:
The objective of this project is to establish a research and development
oriented information resource for the water utility industry. The infor-
mation center will provide efficient collection, synthesis, and dissemin-
ation of information pertaining to the development and demonstration of
water pollution control technology within the water utility industry.
The available literature concerning the water pollution control technology
of the water industry will be abstracted and indexed for the Water Resources
Scientific Information Center.
Federal Cost:
$24,990
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-7
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IN FORM A TION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This slird liriH'h dr.-uibrs an R & D project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal \\ater Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: EZF
TITLE OF PROJECT. Phenolic Wastewater Reuse by Diatomite Filtration
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Johns-Manville Products Corp.
Manville, New Jersey
Project Site: Defiance, Ohio
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: September 1, 1967
Completion Date: September i, 1970
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Charles H. Ris
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (KD-679), ORD
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: $i64,7oo
federal Cost:$ 32,350
- r -^.ji in disposing of wastewater
fiberglass manufacturing process, air-
the mii^M ' 3 Phenolic resin as the fiber blanket
on the conveyor ch^n^r1JTT°r; "T*** * dep°Sit °f resin to form
to permit Continuous fo ^ Cleanin^ before the deposit sets is needed
originates rrS the%£™ ?-°f ^ ^^ fiber mat' "** wastewater
wash or high "1^ sho^er^ ^ °peration which ™s either a caustic
project a Sain Canine wat ^^ ** ^ deposits' Under the demo
of low-volume, hS^re!Sur!ar/eU?e S7Stem W&S installed w^ch consists
of eight gallons Sr'mSutratSSo^r1^ Un±tS ""^ Water ~»—PtloB
to remove large particle^ Ld flK P ^ ° StageS °f primary filiation
remove fine PLticS.te^a£er ^ «?/ Sr°ndary ^iatomite filter to
in the binder batch overlnr* Altered water is suitable for reuse
water reuse system has reducel th ' ^ *" ^^ ^"^^ ^^^ ^
cleaning, win use water 1 ^t^ K^"7 °f Wat6r requlred f°r Aaln
system, requires 1 lb Of diato™^ beforenevaP°^ati°n removes it from the
filtered, and provides water T PSr 5°° gall°ns °f ^sin-bearing water
1000 gaiions for Sty wlter! & Uet C°St °f $'37/10°0 gallons-vs: $.75/
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-8
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 02-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: FRM
TITLE OF PROJECT: Treatment of Waste Alum Sludge
Project Cost^45 43Q
(Phase I Only)
Federal Cost:$31,s?i
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
City of Albany, New York Dr. J. B. Farrell
Dept. of Water and Water Supply National Environmental
City HaU, Albany, New York 12207 Research Center, EPA
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Project Site .* Feura Bush, New York
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 27, 1971
Completion Date: August, 1972
Summary:
The purpose is to conduct a detailed pilot-plant alum sludge filtration
study at the Feura Bush Water Treatment Plant of the City of Albany.
The objectives being to optimize operating parameters, demonstrate process
reproducibility, and develop information necessary for full-scale plant
design.
Rotary vacuum precoat filtration of alum sludge will be conducted, and
technical and economic feasibility will be determined.
A comparison of the performance of various filter aid grades and other
operating variables and cost effectiveness of the sludge treatment will be
made. Design criteria for a full-scale facility will be sought.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-9
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATE PROJECT
Tim slur, briefly describes a,, R & D project Section 104 or 105 oHhr
Fnlt-ral Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92oOU)
PROJECT NUMBER:
FYV
TITLE OF PROJECT! Modular Laundry Wastewater Treatment System for
•—• the Textile Maintenance Industry
6RANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
IIL/LSAA Technical Liaison Committee
P. 0. Box 2427
Miami Beach, Florida 33140
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Arthur H. Mallon, P.E.
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), ORD
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: $135,277
Federal Cost:
$122,613
Project Site: The Roscoe co., 3517 w.
' Harrison, Chicago, 111. 60624
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Dite: February 1, 1971
Completion Date: August i, 1972
Summary:
A wastewater treatment system consisting of chemical treatment and floccu-
lation facilities, dissolved-air flotation for solids-liquids separation,
diatomaceous earth filtration for polishing the flotation effluent, and
vacuum filtration dewatering of flotation scum was installed at a commer-
cial laundry. Data was obtained on effluent quality, sludge volume, chemi-
cal costs and other operating costs for industrial laundry wastewater, linen
laundry wastewater, and uniform laundry wastewater. The final effluent of
the linen and uniform laundry wastewater treatment met municipal sewer
ordinance requirements for grease and heavy metals. Wastewater suspended
solids and BOD were also significantly reduced, so that high municipal sewer
surcharges would not be imposed. The effluent from the industrial laundry
wastewater treatment did not consistently meet municipal sewer ordinance
standards. Complete wastewater treatment operating costs were on the order
of $0 80/cu m ($3.00/1000 gal.) for industrial laundry wastewater, $0.66/
cu m ($2.50/1000 gal.) for uniform laundry wastewater and $0.40/cu m ($1.52/
1000 gal.) for linen laundry wastewater. It was concluded that the treat-
ment system had applicability in treating laundry wastewater.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-1Q
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> slieel hriel'K dc-M-ribo an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1<)72 (PI- °2-.iOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: GCH
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Granite Industry Wastewater Treatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Vermont Department of Water Resources
Montpelier, Vermont 05602
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Allyn Richardson
Region I, EPA
John F. Kennedy Federal Bldg.
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
Project Site : Univ. of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05401
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Project Cost:$8?,868
Federal Cost: $61,503
Award Date: September i, 1970
Completion Date: November 30, 1971
*
Summary:
The purpose is to develop and demonstrate a system capable of abating the
water pollution generated in granite processing. Included are studies to
optimize industry operations, determine process water demands, and verify
wastewater characteristics. The project included a study of overall water
use in a granite plant, water optimization studies, and water reduction
studies. Laboratory testing was conducted for waste characterization and
liquid solids separation techniques. A pilot plant was designed, constructed
and operated to test the efficiency of plant scale separation procedures. A
prototype plant was designed and constructed to test the possibility of com-
plete water reuse in the granite industry. Successful operation of both
plants indicates that a practical method of treating granite waste effluent
has been developed and that complete recycle of treated effluent is possible
and economically feasible. Studies were performed to determine the possibil-
ity of by-product use of waste granite sludge. Two uses were found for the
sludge, but an economic evaluation indicated that there was insufficient raw
material to establish a by-product industry. A survey of sludge disposal
methods in the industry showed that some modification of waste disposal
facilities, and more cooperation by the industry, would improve the sludge
disposal procedures. A modified type of settling lagoon was recommended.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-11
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AQENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shri-l briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of Uir
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
GLE
TITLE OF PROJECT.' Industrial Water Softener Waste Brine Reclamation
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Culligan International Co.
One Culligan Parkway
Northforook, Illinois 60062
Site : Riverside, California
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Vern Tenney
Region IX, EPA
760 Market Street
San Francisco, California 94102
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: April 15, 1971
Completion Date: February 1974
Summary:
Project Cost: $121,212
Federal Cost: .$69,797
There are two alternatives for discharge of water softener regenerant brines
to receiving streams: 1. Truck to approved dumping site; 2. Reclaim for
reuse. Brine reuse has been studied at a central regeneration facility for
portable water softeners. Reclamation used modified lime-soda softening for
the waste brine to produce an acceptable regenerant brine. Regenerant wastes
were reduced by 89% to produce an environmentally acceptable sludge. 'The
process is feasible technically, marginal economically. The added costs for
lime and soda ash are less than is the value of salt and water reclaimed by
their use. That is, the process is cheaper chemically; however, equipment
and labor costs negate this savings. Depreciation and operating costs were
high at the test location: total costs favor trucking wastes to an approved
dumping site.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VEL2
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tliis shed brief!) describes an R. & U project Section 104 or 10.1 of (lie
Federal \\ater Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI.
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi- shed l.rirl'U (Ic-MTilirs an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Knlrral \\aler Pollution Control Acl Amendments of I()7l2 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
800936
TITLE OF PROJECT: Information Resource for Water Pollution Control
in the Water Utility Industry
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
American Water Works Association
Research Foundation
2 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10016
Project Site : New York, New York
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George Webster
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), ORD, EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Date:
February 1, 1972
January 31, 1973
Project Cost: $46,953
Federal Cost: $26,147
Completion Date:
Summary:
The objective of this project is to establish a research and development
oriented information resource for the water utility industry. The informa-
tion center will provide efficient collection, synthesis, and dissemination
of information pertaining to the development and demonstration of water
pollution control technology within the water utility industry.
The available literature concerning the water pollution control technology
of the water industry will be abstracted and indexed for the Water Resources
Scientific Information Center.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-14
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describe.* an R & D project Section 104 or l()r> of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1<)72 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
801872
TITLE OF PROJECT: study of the State-of-the-Art of Disposal and
Utilization of Waste Kiln Dust from the Cement
Indus try
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edmond Lomasney
EPA, Region IV
1421 Peachtree Street
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Project Cost: $2s,496
Federal Cost: $25,000
Southern Research Institute
2000 Ninth Avenue South
Birmingham, Alabama 35205
PrOJeCt Site : Birmingham, Alabama
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Juiy 6, 1972
Completion Date: January 1975
Summary:
The rotary kilns used in the manufacture of Portland Cement emit large amounts
of dust. To prevent air pollution, this dust is collected in cyclones, bag
filters, and electrostatic precipitators. The dust from many cement plants
is high in alkali content, and much of it cannot be returned to the cement
making process. Therefore, it presents a solid waste disposal problem. The
solid waste disposal problem can be solved by leaching the alkalies out of
dust and returning the dust to the kiln, but leaching poses water pollution
problems unless the alkalies can be removed from the water. The proposed
state-of-the-art study will determine the extent of the problem of dust dis-
posal, the present practices used by various cement manufacturers for solving
the problem, and prospects for solving the problem on an industry-wide basis.
We plan to contact all cement manufacturers in the United States and to visit
plants that have well-defined approaches or solutions to the dust disposal
problem. The results of the study will be presented in the form of a report
that will include estimates of the amount of dust discarded, descriptions of
present utilization processes, a bibliography of pertinent literature, and
discussion of processes that are of potential value in dust utilization.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-15
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Th,, shed l.riH'lv dcM-ribo a.. R £ U project Section 104 or UK, of llir
Federal \\ater Pollution Control At I Amendment* of 1972 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 302044
TITLE OF PROJECT: Development of a Monthly Industrial Technology Bulletin
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
The Franklin Institute Research Mr. Charles H. Ris
Laboratories Industrial Pollution Control
20th Street and the Parkway Division (RD-679), ORD, EPA
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 Washington, D. C. 20460
Project SlI6 .' Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: August i, 1974
Completion Date: juiy 1973
Summary:
A current-awareness bulletin emphasizing advancements in the field of indus-
trial technology as related to water quality and water pollution control
will be provided to key technical and administrative personnel, both govern-
ment and non-government, as directed by the EPA Project Officer. A monthly
publication containing approximately 30 abstracts of articles pertinent to
industrial pollution control technology will be prepared for and distributed
to the aforementioned recipients. Annual subject and author indexes as well
as a list of all journals from which articles were summarized in the bulletin
will also be provided under this grant.
Project Cost: $2e,462
Federal Cost: $23,815
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-16
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi* sliecl briefly describes an R & U project Section 104 or 10.1 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1072 (PI, 'J2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 302195
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Elimination of Water Pollution by Recycling Cement
Plant Dusts
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Portland Cement Association
Old Orchard Road
Skokie, Illinois 60076
Site : Skokie, Illinois
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March i, 1973
Completion Date: August, 1976
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Donald Wilson
EPA - IWTRL
Edison, New Jersey
Project Cost: $450,000
Federal Cost: $ 49,242
Overall objectives: Elimination of problems associated with disposal of
kiln dust from cement plants. Specifically by (a) Formation of clinker
with concomitant volatilization of alkalies, (b) Leaching of water-soluble
alkalies and return of leachate to system, Cc) Other uses of dust, ferti-
lizer, soil stabilizer, or agricultural limestone and, (d) Use of dust as
admixture to modify cement or cement products.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-17
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi.s sheet briH'K ilcsrribo an R & D project Section 104 or 103 of the
Federal \\ater Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-300)
PROJECT NUMBER:
802800
TITLE OF PROJECT: MgC03 Coagulation in Treatment of Potable Water
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Water Works and Sanitary Sewer Board
City of Montgomery
P. 0. Box 1631
Montgomery, Alabama 36102
PrOJeCt Site : Montgomery, Alabama
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edmond Lomasney
Region IV, EPA
1421 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Award Date:
June 1, 1971
May 31, 1973
Project Cost: $214,520
Federal Cost: $99,500
Completion Date:
Summary:
The City of Montgomery under the direction of the consultant will operate
a pilot-scale facility to demonstrate the use of MgC03 as a coagulant for
the treatment of municipal water. The pilot system (50 gpm) will be
operated to verify the scale-up and operating parameters for a subsequent
10-mgd demonstration and evaluation of the MgC03 system.
The concept of using MgC03 as a coagulant stems from the search for a
solution to the ever increasing problem of disposing of the alum sludges
from municipal water treatment. The concept to be piloted and demonstrated
will use MgC03 as the flocculant with MgOH precipitated with the addition
of lime. A scheme for recycling the magnesium by carbonation with COo will
produce a sludge which is easily dewatered and at the same time recover at
least 90 percent of the magnesium for reuse. The project activities will
make operational, technical, and cost comparisons between the MgCOo and
conventional alum coagulation systems.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-18
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi.- sheet briefly dchcribes an R & U project Section 104 or I Of) of Hie
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of \()7'2 (PI, <)2-.")00)
PROJECT NUMBER: 803142
TITLE OF PROJECT! Preparation of the Industrial Technology Bulletin
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Franklin Institute Research
Laboratories
20th and Race Streets
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
Project Site:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Charles H. Ris
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), ORB, EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June is, 1974
Completion Date: July 1975
Summary:
Project Cost: $31,553
Federal Cost: $28,403
The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, Science Information Services
Department, will provide key technical and administrative personnel, both
government and non-government, with a current-awareness bulletin of abstracts
emphasizing advancements in the field of industrial technology as related
to water quality and water pollution control. This will be in the form of
a monthly publication containing approximately 30 abstracts of articles
pertinent to industrial technology which will be distributed to the afore-
mentioned recipients. Annual subject and author indexes, a journal list,
and a compilation of each of the monthly bulletins will be included in the
final report, along with camera-ready copy of the entire final report.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-19
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sh«-cl l>ri.'H> .IfM-i-iU-s an R & U project Section 104 or 105 of ihr
Kt-d.-ral \\atrr Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PU 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 803196
TITLE OF PROJECT: Recovery, Recycle, and Reuse of C02, Lime, and
Magnesium in Potable Water Treatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Water District #1 of Johnson County
5030 Beverly Street
Mission, Kansas
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Alden Christiansen
EPA, PNERL
Corvallis, Oregon
Project Cost: $267,735
Federal Cost: $130,000
Project Site: Mission, Kansas
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 15, 1974
Completion Date: January, 1975
Summary:
The objectives are: 1) Determine the technical and economic feasibility of
calcium carbonate beneficiation by froth flotation; 2) Determine the tech-
nical and economic feasibility of producing magnesium compounds from highly
turbid surface waters; 3) Develop design information for all unit operations
and processes involved; 4) Provide overall economic analysis and process
evaluation in comparison with the existing process and alternate methods of
sludge treatment. A two MGD pilot scale study of the various operations will
be conducted over a one year period. Various water qualities will be obtained
by mixing desired quantities of well and surface waters.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-20
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & U project Section 104 or 10."> of llie
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI, 02-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 303239
Tilth Ur rKUJtUl. Review of Industrial Technologies-Research and
Development Needs for Meeting the Requirements of
PL 92-500
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Marshall Dick
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), ORD, EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Stanford Research Institute
333 Ravenswood Avenue
Menlo Park, California 94025
PrOJeCt Site : Menlo Park, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June, 1974
Completion Date: june, 1975
Summary:
The objective of the study is to provide the Industrial Pollution Control
Division with an assessment of the adequacy of the current industrial water
pollution control research program for those industrial point sources speci-
fied in PL 92-500. SRI will assess the rationale and the methodology set
forth by the Industrial Pollution Control Division for the program goals or
milestones listed. The evaluation of an on-going process development and
demonstration program requires a logical approach to problem identification
or situation analysis. This will be followed by detailed problem definition
and specification. Finally, a decision analysis study will be conducted to
select the most desirable program for satisfying the research goals.
Project Cost:$75,275
Federal Cost:$71,500
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VI-21
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FINAL REPORTS AVAILABLE
MISCELLANEOUS INDUSTRIAL SOURCES
Report Number
12120 ERC 08/69
12120 ESW 06/71
Title/Author
Disposal of Wastes from Water Treatment
Plants, American Water Works Association
Research Foundation, New York, New York
Magnesium Carbonate, A Recycled Coagulant
for Water Treatment, by Dept. of Public
Utilities, City of Gainesville, Florida
12120 EUR 11/71 Information Resource: Water Pollution
Control in the Water Utility Industry,
by American Water Works Assoc. Research
Foundation, New York, New York
12080 EZF 09/70
Phenolic Water Reuse by Diatomite Filtra-
tion, Johns-Manville Products Corporation,
Manville, New Jersey
Source
NTIS/PB 186 157
GPO - $1.00
GPO - $1.50
GPO - $1.25
VI-22
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RUBBER PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
SYNTHETIC RUBBER AND TIRE SEGMENT
The program area is defined as the TR oriented to providing those
establishments engaged in manufacturing - rubber by polymerization and
manufacturing pneumatic casings, inner tubes, solid and cushion tires
with economically viable technology needed to meet effluent standards
for point source discharge.
The program area is initially divided into two categories - Synthetic
Rubber (SIC 2822) and Tire and Inner Tube (SIC 3011), although all manu-
factured products in 2822 are not covered. Water use figures for 1968
(in billion gallons) reveal the following trends for SIC~2822 and 3011
respectively: water intake - 236.2, 233.2 of which 57.2, 32.2 is process;
0.4, 55.6 is for power generation, 155.2, 116.6 is for cooling and con-
densing: 23.5, 28.4 is for boiler and sanitary use; water use - 1279.7,
542.8 and water discharged - 219.2, 225.2.
SYNTHETIC RUBBER
Although Styrene-butadiene rubbers dominate the production of
synthetic rubber there are 10 other significant production types. These
are produced in 23 plants across the U. S., 12 of which have 1972 produc-
tion greater than 60,960 metric tons/year.
1972 U.S. Production
Polymerization
Principal Synthetic Rubber
Styrene-Butadiene (SBR)
Polybutadiene (PBR)
Polyisoprene
Polyisobutylene-Isoprene (butyl )
Ethyl ene-Propylene Co-polymer (EPR)
Acryl oni tri 1 e- Butadi ene ( Ni tri 1 e )
Polychloroprene (Neoprene)
Butadiene
Epichlorohydrin
Acryl i c
Polyisobutylene
Sill cone'
Polyurethanel
Fluorocarbon derivative1
Chlorosulfonated Polyethylenes'
Pol ysul fide2
Synthetic Rubber Total
(1 ,000 kkg/year)
1,678
139
368
139
163
169
159
177
64
9
2
4
(10)
(14)
(1)
(15)
10
3,081 (40)
Process
Emulsion
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Emulsion
Emulsion
Emulsion
Solution
Emulsion
Solution
Condensation
Condensation
Emulsion
Backbone Mod.
Condensation
jAre considered part of Plastics and Synthetics Industry by EPA.
z°olysulfide rubber production is not covered by this document.
VII-1
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With the exception of 4 types, synthetic rubbers are manufactured
by polymerization of unsaturated monomers, in solvent or emulsion systems.
Various additives give desired properties and resistance to degradation.
While the bulk of these products are produced in solid or crumb form, a
portion is also produced in the intermediate latex form. The two types
of polymerization and the intermediate product constitutes the technolog-
ical basis for sub-categorizing the industry.
The wastes generated by the synthetic rubber industry are those of
a chemical processing plant: biodegradable and refractory organics
(monomers, solvents, emulsifiers, additives) plus suspended solids
(largely rubber particles and carbon black) and dissolved ions (catalysts,
coagulants, acids and salts). Some heavy metal ions may also be present,
if boiler or cooling system blowdown has not been segregated. All three
subcategories generate contact wastewaters which contain the same general
constituents. The significant water quality parameters are COD, BOD,
suspended solids, dissolved solids, and oil and grease.
TIRE AND INNER TUBE
In 1971 approximately 181 million tires were manufactured in the U.S.,
while 55.1 million inner tubes were manufactured and 276,250 kkg of
retreading rubber was handled. This was accomplished in 56 plants of
which 19 have capacities greater than 20,000 units/day. Although the
nature of the product has changed markedly over the recent years, the
basic manufacturing process has remained quite similar.
The typical tire manufacturing process consists of the following:
1. Preparation or compounding of the raw materials.
2. Transformation of these compounded materials into five tire
components tire bead coating, tire threads, tire side wall,
inner liner stock and coated cord fabric.
3. The building, milding, and curing of the final product.
A wide variety of synthetic rubbers are used and of the compounding
materials used, the fillers, extenders and reinforcers are the most
important with, carbon black and oil the most common. A typical rubber
compound might be described as follows: 100 parts rubber; 50 parts
fillers, extenders, and reinforcers; 3.5 parts curing and accelerator
agents; 8.0 parts antioxidants and pigments.
The tire and tube industry essentially has no contact or process
waste water but, in fact, there is contaminated discharge due to normal
plant spills and leaks of oil and grease from blending and rolling mills,
suspended solids from grinding operations (rubber fines) and from"the
compounding area (soapstone).
For research purposes the industry is categorized into 2 segments:
7Vlan*S C?re 1959) and new Plants (PO^ 1959). The technolog-
c !i0!S 1nvolved ™ this subcategorization center upon wastewater
. 3 ! economics of retrofitting control systems. The older
Jh n°* ve the benef1t of modern (post 1959) design criteria in
the waste management and plant maintenance fields. "
VII-2
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While the wastes generated by the tire industry would appear to be
amenable to containment and use of closed loop systems, it appears that
the industry has not progressed to this level of implementation. There
are instances where different segments of the wastewater have been
isolated and either the oil or the soapstone recovered and reused or
disposed of as a concentrate.
VII-3
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PLASTIC AND SYNTHETIC MATERIALS MANUFACTURING
SYNTHETIC RESINS SEGMENT
Plastics and synthetics manufacturing are highly dynamic and compe-
titive industries serving most, if not all, segments of the world-wide
economy, with emphasis on the buildings, packaging and automotive indus-
tries. As society's requirements change, the industry has, of necessity,
also changed its products to meet these needs. It has been able to do
this thanks to its very strong technological orientation. The industry
is composed of some 400 plants, most of which are relatively new (10-15
years) by industrial standards and produce products which were not in
commercial use 25 years, or less, ago. This industry produces over
24 billion pounds of product worth approximately $5 billion annually.
The industry is, to a high degree, married to the petrochemical industry
for its raw materials. For 1972 the 10 major types of products were:
1972 Consumption Figures, M Metric Tons
Polyethylene (LD, HD) 3398
Poly vinyl Choride (& copm) 1975
Polystyrene 1196
Polyester (fiber & resin) 1070
Nylon (fiber & resin) 1006
Polypropylene 767
Phenol ics 652
Acrylics (& SAN, ABS) 639
Rayon & Cellophane 575
Urea & Mel amines 411
Very definite trends exist in the industry for a number of the
products; for example, PVC is growing rapidly while cellulosics are con-
tinuing to lose ground to newer synthetics such as polyester. Over the
last decade (1962-1972), the overall annual growth rate for the industry
was 13%, while some individual materials, e.g., polyvinyl chloride, are
now increasing at 20% annually. Phenolics, after a decline of several
years, may now be experiencing a rejuvenation.
The industry's products are derived from two basic polymerization
procedures: condensation (or step growth) and addition (or chain growth).
Another group of products, the cellulosics are derived from a natural
product, wood pulp and converted to the desired form by chemical reaction
and dissolution without grossly altering the original polymer structure.
Manufacture by the industry uses both continuous and batch operations
depending on the nature of the product and the volume. Polymerization
may be carried out in bulk form (vapor or liquid), solution, emulsion
or suspension. Plants vary from the very large producing more than 500
million pounds annually to small producing small batches of "customized"
products for specific end-users.
Barring a few unusual and low volume inorganic materials, the
industry may be classified as organic chemical manufacturing. In
addition to wastes common to almost all industry such as cooling, broiler
and sanitary waters which generally are not segregated, this industry can
broadly be expected to generate organic wastes such as solvents, unreacted
VII-4
-------
monomers, oligomers, emu!sifters, and waste polymers, oils and greases,
metallic catalysts, acids, bases and salts. The result of these waste
sources .is that the industry's raw waste can be expected to contain
significant levels of COD, suspended solids and possibly dissolved solids
and metallic ions. The portion of the COD which may be biodeoradable
will depend on the product and manufacturing process, the presence of
toxic constituents and their concentrations. Although, in some cases,
alternate manufacturing processes which are less polluting have been
devised; in other cases, the inherent character of the system, e.g.,
phenols from phenolic resins, nitrogenous wastes from ureas and melamines,
and acrylonitrile from acrylics manufacture, may not be so readily avoid-
able.
Many of the larger plants are part of industrial complexes and con-
tribute to a single treatment facility; others, particularly smaller
plants, discharge to municipal treatment systems. In every case, however,
treatment has been oriented to removal of suspended solids and BOD by
sedimentation, chemical coagulation and biological treatment, usually by
aerated lagoons or activated sludge systems. Where such industrial
systems are in use, exceedingly long detention times are often necessary
to oxidize the bio-refractories usually present. Because of the toxicity
of some of the industry's wastes, careful equalization is usually
necessary if upsets of the biological system are to be prevented. Lagoons
for further sedimentation and biodegradation may be found as polishing
units where land availability permits.
The solid wastes generated by the industry usually would consist of
biological sludge, process tars and waste polymers. Current practice is
to dispose of this material as landfill, even though the dearadation
resistance of many of the polymers and the possible accumulation of
catalyst metals suggest that this route may be less than desirable.
VII-5
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PROJECT INDEX
RUBBER AND PLASTICS PRODUCTS
Grantee or Contractor Project Status
DJI B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company A
EUX Fiber Industries, Inc. A
ES6 American Enka, Corporation A
GLP Firestone Tire and Rubber Company A
GUT General Tire and Rubber Company B
PCO Beaunit B
801173 Owens - Corning Fiberglas, Corp. B
801200 University of Massachusetts B
Project Status:
A - Completed, Final Report Available
B - Project Ongoing
C - Project Discontinued
VII-6
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thih sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
DJI
TITLE OF PROJECT: Waste Treatment Facilities for Polyvinyl Chloride Manu-
facturing Plant
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company
3135 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44115
Site : Salem County, New Jersey
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: July 2, 1968
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Gilbert Horowitz
Region III, EPA
Curtis Building
Sixth and Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
Project Cost: $823,100
Completion Date: „. F. Goodrich chemical Federal Cost: $364,900
Company has completed construction and has begun operation of a new polyvinyl
Chloride ^(PVC) production plant that includes emulsion, suspension, & bulk
OU Him dry. polymerization processes.
This project involved the development, demonstration, and evaluation of the
bio-chemical treatment of wastewaters from a typical polyvinyl chloride manu-
facturing plant at a 0.85-mgd scale of operation.
The treatment system is to produce effluent to meet the receiving water stan-
dards (Delaware River) of BOD removal of greater than 85 percent, turbidity of
not greater than 30 units above river water, and absence of taste- and odor-
producing substances.
The process will consist of chemical pretreatment with primary sedimentation,
followed by activated sludge secondary treatment and a final polishing pond.
Tertiary treatment studies with activated carbon are also contemplated to de-
termine the extent to which the secondary effluent will lend itself to ter-
tiary treatment.
Operating data of the system is included and supplemented by discussion of indi-
vidual unit operations and unit process performance. Evaluation of a full-scale
wastewater recycle and reuse system is included.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VII-7
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> >lierl I'Hel'K (Ic.MTil.o an R & U project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendment* of 1972 (HI- 92-300)
PROJECT NUMBER: EUX
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Reuse of Chemical Fiber Plant Wastewater and
Cooling Water Blowdown
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Fiber Industries, Inc.
Box 10038
Charlotte, North Carolina 28201
Project Site : Shelby, North Carolina
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Aprii 1968
Completion Date: September 1970
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. R. Thacker
Pollution Control Analysis
Branch
Water Quality Research
Washington, D. C. 20242
Project Cost: $500,000
Federal Cost: $350,000
Summary:
Demonstration studies were conducted to determine the feasibility of reusing
industrial and domestic wastewaters from a FORTREL Polyester manufacturing
plant. The wastewaters consisted of organic chemical process wastes, cool-
ing system blowdown, and domestic wastewaters from the plant. Selected unit
processes and operations were superimposed on an existing activated sludge
system in an effort to improve the quality of the treated discharge. The
cooling system blowdown was pretreated with sulfur dioxide in an acidic
environment to remove the chromium. The cooling water biocides which passed
through the chromium reduction unit were observed for their possible effect
on the biological treatment system. A plastic media trickling filter was
evaluated for its effectiveness as a roughing filter ahead of an activated
sludge unit. The effluent from the secondary treatment system was filtered
through a microscreen and treated with polymers and/or carbon to remove
color, COD, dissolved and suspended solids.
The results of these studies indicate that chromium can be removed from the
cooling tower blowdown for 21
-------
INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This slice! briefly describes au R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: ESG
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Zinc Precipitation and Recovery from Viscose Rayon
Wastewater
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
American Enka Corporation
Enka, North Carolina
Site:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edmond Lomasney
Region IV, EPA
1421 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Enka, North Carolina
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May 24,
Project Cost: $930,41?
Completion Date: January, 1971
Federal Cost: $232,
700
in May, 1968, the Industrial Pollution Control Branch of the Water
Quality Of f ice of EPA initiated a R&D grant with American Enka Company to perfect
an improved process for the precipitation and recovery of soluble zinc in rayon
manufacturing wastewaters. - In the production of viscose rayon, zinc sulfate
is used as a component of the acid spinning bath. Zinc is lost in a dilute form
at points where the acid spun yarns are washed with water and at various points
in the spinning bath system. The novel zinc recovery system involves .initial
neutralization of the waste stream to pH 6.0, sedimentation of insolubles,
crystallization of zinc hydroxide in a high pH environment, sedimentation of zinc
hydroxide, and solubilizatlon of the zinc with sulfuric acid. - This novel
recovery system was' operated at a 600-1000 gpm rate with 70-120 mg/1 of Zn in
the feedwater. The system can maintain an effluent concentration of Zn less than
1 mg/1, which corresponds to 98-99% removal efficiency. The unique zinc hydro-
xide sludge is easily concentrated to 5-7% solids by sedimentation and to 10%
solids by centrifugation. The sludge particles obtained by this process are
spheroids of 4-8 microns average diameter, while normally precipitated sludge
particles resemble curved platelets about 2 microns in diameter. - A daily
recovery of 2,000 pounds of zinc assures recovery of the 12.5 to 14.0£/lb of Zn
operating and maintenance costs. The cost of zinc oxide purchased by Enka
•Amounts to 15.6c/lb of equivalent Zn.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO 1FA PROJICT OFFICER
VII-9
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of tin*
Federal Waler Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: GLP
TITLE OF PROJECT: Air Flotation - Biological Oxidation of Synthetic Rubber
and Latex Wastewater
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. George Putnicki
Synthetic Rubber and Latex Div. Region VI, EPA
381 W. Wilbeth Road 1402 Elm Street
Akron, Ohio 44317 Dallas, Texas 75202
Project Site : Lake Charles, Louisiana
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February i, 1971 Project Cost: $1,372,501
Completion Date: August 31, 1972 Federal Cost: $392,288
The operation of a secondary wastewater treatment system at Firestone's
Lake Charles, Louisiana Synthetic Rubber Plant was studied for a nine-month
period. The system was designed to reduce the five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD5) by 90 percent to a 7 mg/1 level and reduce Suspended Solids by 95 percent
to a 10 mg/1 level. An average BOD5 reduction of 84.2 percent and Suspended
Solids reduction of 85.2 percent was accomplished during the demonstration period.
The raw wastewater flow is 3.55 million gallons per day, and consists primarily
of salt brine, dilute acid wastes, boiler water blowdown, dilute latex, and
coagulated rubber solids. The average raw waste concentrations are: BODs, 72 mg/1;
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), 447 mg/1; Suspended Solids, 197 mg/1.
The wastewater treatment system includes neutralization, coagulation and floccula-
tion, primary clarification, biological treatment, final clarification and sludge
impoundment. Primary and secondary clarification is accomplished by dissolved air
flotation. A completely mixed aerated, lagoon provides the necessary biological
treatment. or j &
C°St W3S ?1'473»000- The total project cost was approximately
since it was necessary to separate process wastewater from storm water.
mis separation was necessary to avoid treating large quantities of rain water
contaminated with process wastewater. The average operational, maintenance, and
depreciation costs were $0.499 per 1,000 gallons of wastewater treated.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VII-10
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IN FORM A TION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheel briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10." of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
GUT
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Industrial Wastewater Renovation Plant, The General
Tire and Rubber Company, Odessa, Texas
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The General Tire & Rubber Co.
Odessa, Texas
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George Putnicki
Region VI, EPA
1402 Elm Street
Dallas, Texas 75202
Project Cost: $933,680
Federal Cost: $451,390
Project Site : Odessa, Texas
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 30, 1970
Completion Date: June, 1973
Summary:
The proposed project is to demonstrate the applicability of a vertical tube
evaporator (VTE) distillation plant for the renovation of organics containing
industrial wastewater.
The chemical waste effluent emanating from the General Tire and Rubber Company
Synthetic Rubber Plant, Odessa, Texas, at rates up to 750,000 gpd, contains
dissolved solids, mostly sulphates and chlorides in concentrations up to
7,000 ppm in addition to organics in excess of 100 ppm. The proposed VTE
plant will be used to obtain high quality water for,reuse. The residual con-
centrated brine will be disposed of by means of the existing 90-acre pvc-lined
evaporation ponds.
This grant is intended to demonstrate the applicability of VTE to the renovation
of organics containing industrial waste effluents providing high quality recycle
water and the substantial reduction of the waste for ultimate disposal to a
practical volume. This system will have applicability to a wide spectrum of
Industrial plant effluents, including those where reduction of effluent to
complete dryness is desired.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VII-11
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 oflhc
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
PCO
TITLE OF PROJECT: Activated Sludge Treatment of Nylon Wastewaters
"~~~ Using Enriched Air
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Beaunit Fibers
Etowah, Tennessee 37331
Site : Etowah, Tennessee
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Thomas N. Sargent
Southeast Environmental Research Lab,
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February 25, 1972
Completion Date: June, 1973
Project Cost: $333,807
Federal Cost: $135,927
Summary, ^g grantee w±n design, construct and operate an activated sludge
system for the treatment of Nylon 6.6 wastewaters. The activated sludge will
be aerated using off gases from the manufacturing process containing 40%
available oxygen. The system will be designed for a 150,000 gpd flow with a
biochemical oxygen demand of 1124 pounds per day. Water Quality Standards
require that the,system operate with removal efficiencies in excess of 92%.
The treatment system will be operated for a 12 month period during
which time raw waste characteristics, treatment process parameters and cost of
treatment will be monitored and evaluated.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VII-12
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi.s sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10." of llir
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1<)72 (PI. 92-5
PROJECT NUMBER:
801173
TITLE OF PROJECT'. A Demonstration of a Closed Loop Reuse System for the
Fiberglas Textile Industry
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.
Fiberglas Tower
Toledo, Ohio 43659
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Sam H. Thomas
Director, Environmental Services
Project Slt6 : Owens Corning Fiberglas Corporation, Staff Road, Anderson, S.C.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May 15, 1973
Completion Date: May IA, 1975
Project Cost: $935,000
Federal Cost: $245,540
The project objective is to completely recirculate a complex indus-
trial wastewater, into non-process uses such as washdown, chain scrubbing, and
cooling. To accomplish this objective of total wastewater recirculation, it
is necessary to:
a. Establish the level of water quality required for various water uses
in the plant;
b. Provide additional local water conditioning and recycle facilities for
cooling, scrubbing, and chainwashing;
c. Improve wastewater treatment such that the remaining wastewater may be
reused for floor washing, quenching, and cooling.
Preliminary studies have been underway since 1969 on various aspects of the total
project.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VII-13
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> shrrl briefly describe an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 301200
TITLE OF PROJECT: Waste Water Profile of Plastics, Synthetic Resins,
and Fiber Manufacturing Industry
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
University of Massachusetts
Chemical Engineering Department
Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
Project Slt6 : Amherst,, Massachusetts
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 29, 1972
Completion Date: September 1974
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Paul E. des Rosiers
EPA, Headquarters
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: $31.405
Federal Cost:
$29,835
Summary:
The goal of this project is to prepare a detailed profile of the
waste water effluents of the plastics, synthetic resins, and fiber manufac-
turing industries. In addition to the chemical profile of the liquid waste
streams, information will be developed on the treatment facilities currently
used or in some cases planned, and an estimate, if available, of the waste
reductions currently achieved by existing technology.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VII-14
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FINAL REPORTS AVAILABLE
RUBBER AMD PLASTIC PRODUCTS
REPORT NUMBER
TITLE/AUTHOR
SOURCE
12090 EUX 10/70 Reuse of Chemical Fiber Plant Waste Water GPO $0.70
and Cooling Water Slowdown, Fiber
Industries, Inc., Charlotte, North Carolina
and Davis and Floyd Enqineers, Inc.,
Greenwood, South Carolina
12090 ESG 01/71
Zinc Precipitation and Recovery From
Viscose Rayon Wastewater, American Enka
r~ Enka, North Carolina
Co.
12020 DJI 06/71 Wastewater Treatment Facilities For a
Polyvinyl Chloride Production Plant,
B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company,
Cleveland, Ohio 44115
EPA 660/2-73-018 Air Flotation - Biological Oxidation of
Synthetic Rubber and Latex Wastewater,
GPO - $1.00
GPO -
GPO - $1.60
Firestone Tire & Rubber Company,
Charles, Louisiana.
Lake
VII-15
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TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS
The textile program area is defined as the TR (technology research)
oriented to providing those establishments engaged in - preparation of
fiber and manufacture of yarn, thread, braids, twine, cordage, felt,
lace, nonwoven fabrics, miscellaneous textiles woven and knit fabric,
carpet and rugs; dyeing and finishing of fabric, yarn, knit and fibers;
treating fabrics; the integrated manufacture of knits and other articles
from yarn - with economically viable technology to meet the effluent
standards for point source discharge.
The industry is delineated by SIC Major Group 22 and as of 1967,
had nearly 7100 plants, of which 684 account for 95% of the water use,
employ about 414,000 people and had a value added by manufacturing of
3.73 billion dollars.
For research purposes the industry can be sub-categorized accord-
ing to type of product and manufacturing operations. Such a rationale
gives the following sub categorization: Wool Scouring (2297); Wool
Finishing (2231, 2283); Greige Goods C2211 , 2221, 2241); Woven Fabric
Finishing (2261, 2262); Knit Fabric Finishing C225); Carpet Mills (227);
Stock and Yarn Finishing (2269, 2281, 2282, 2284).
An initial second order breakdown shows that two subcategories -
Wool Scouring and Greige Goods do not dye and finish textiles while the
remaining five subcategories do.
The Wool Scouring sub category is significantly distinguished from
other subcategories because of the unique wet cleaning process employed
to remove grease and other impurities from the wool fiber prior to fiber
finishing. The wool grease constitutes a water quality problem since it
is not readily compatible with bioboxidation and adsorption technologies.
The Greige Goods subcategory is distinguished from other subcate-
gories because of the absence of any dyeing or finishing operations. A
greige goods mill processes fiber into woven or knit fabric and basic
yarn into either spun or texturized yarn. All of the products are
unbleached, "grey" in color (greige) and must subsequently be dyed and
finished to suit the customer. There is an exception to these typical
operations because the industry has the majority of the knitting mills
integrated with the latter discussed - Knit Fabric Finishing subcategory.
The spinning and texturizing of yarns is a dry operation but because of
the normal spills and maintenance activities it is possible to have a
lubricating oil, similar to mineral oil present in wastewaters. The
weaving of fiber or yarn into a fabric requires the use of a wet process
known as slashing (sizing) while on the other hand, slashing is not
necessary for the knitting of fabrics. The application of a size adds
stiffness to the yarn so as to resist the mechanical abrasion of the
weaving operation. Again, because of process clean-ups blowdown and
VIII-1
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spills, wastewaters from the sizing operation are present. The waste-
waters contain quantities of SS, IDS, and dissolved organics.
The remaining subcategories - Wool Finishing, Woven Fabric Finish-
ing, Knit Fabric Finishing, Carpet and Rugs, and Stock and Yarn Finish-
ing - are related in that they take greige goods and/or scoured wool and
dye-finish the fabric or yarn. In preparation for dyeing the materials
are subjected to combinations of the following wastewater producing
operations: desizing, bleaching, scouring, mercerizing for cellulosics,
and carbonizing and separate rinsing following fulling for wool. Unique
to the finishing of woven fabrics is the desize and related rinsing^
operations needed to strip the sizing agent. Each of these pre-dyeing
operations has a wastewater discharge and characteristic water quality
constituents.
The most significant pre-dyeing operation in terms of wastewater
volume and organic loading is the desizing of woven goods. The sizes
are degraded and/or solubilized so as to permit their removal from the
fabric through washing and rinsing. The normally high volume discharge
of rinse waters, and small quantities of blowdown from batch solubiliz-
ing operations constitutes the wastewater source.
Carbonizing is a chemical process for eliminating impurities
(cellulosic matter) from wool by degrading the cellulosic material with
acid and subjecting the now friable impurities to heat. A hydrochloric
acid gas (dry process) or sulfuric acid solution (wet process) is used.
The wet process acid bath dump is the source of wastewater. Water
quality constituents of concern are acidity, SS, TDS, and dissolved
organi cs.
Fulling is a dry pre-dyeing operation for woolen knit or woven
fabric. However, it is followed by a high volume rinsing sequence
which is utilized to prevent rancidity and spoilage of the wool. This
rinse wastewater can be a significant portion (50%) of the hydraulic
flow from a wool finishing plant.
In scouring, the textile is treated in aqueous or solvent
solutions in order to remove impurities such as fats, waxes, proteins,
dirt, oil, etc. The aqueous scouring operation may be batch or con-
tinuous in nature with wastewaters originating from liquor dumps, blow-
down and the high volume rinses. The water quality constituents ofLj0r
concern are dissolved organics, SS, TDS, phosphates and heat. ,,9^.30
Mercerizing is a fiber conditioning process for cellulosic yarn,
fabric, and blends whereby the fibers are swollen, the strength and dye
affinity of the materials are increased and their handle is modified.
The process involves both swelling in caustic soda baths, stretching,
subsequent neutralization with acid and rinsing. The process is
normally continuous with blowdown and rinsewaters the potential source
of w.astewater. Water quality constituents of concern are the SS, TDS,
and alkalinity.
VIII-2
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In bleaching, a chemical reagent, capable of partly or completely
destroying the natural coloring of textile fibers and rendering them
white or otherwise lighter in color, is employed. The dumping of batch
bleach liquors, blowdown from continuous units and subsequent rinses
are the source of wastewaters. The use of reducing agents for bleach-
ing mainly woolens has in recent years fallen out of use. Wastewaters
from the bleaching operation contain quantities of SS, TDS, and alka-
linity.
The dyeing operations, which have been preceded by combinations
of the referenced preparation processes, can be classified based on the
application technology. This yields 9 ma.ior classes each one having
characteristic process-application factors and hence wastewater features
In addition, these dyes may be mechanically applied using any one of
several types of dyeing machines each one having potentially different
water requirements. Some machines are pressurized - the others are
atmospheric in nature with the pressurized systems having lower water
needs. Dyeing systems are either batch or continuous operations with
continuously using less water and no concentrated dumps. All aqueous
dyeing is done at elevated temperatures and is followed by dryinn.
Printing, which is also a significant type, uses an aqueous or solvent
based paste which ultimately is the source of concentrated but lower
volume wastewater. As implied, the qualitative and quantitative
characteristics of dye wastewaters is most difficult to define because
of the many variables. Generally speaking, dissolved organics, SS,
TDS, alkalinity/acidity, color, metals, phenols, toxics, and heat are
the potential water quality characteristics of concern. The dumping
of batch dye liquors, the blowdown from continuous dye baths and the
discharge of rinse waters are the wastewaters sources.
The R&D program for the textile industry initiates research efforts
under the grant, contract, and in-house provisions of PL 92-500,
Section 104 and 105.
The objective of the program is to develop and demonstrate tech-
nology which will result in the elimination of the discharge of pollu-
tants .
The objectives are met through a R&D planning function located at
EPA Headquarters, Washington, D. C. and an implementation program
located at the Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory in Athens,
Georgia.
VIII-3
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PROJECT INDEX
TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS
ECU
ECS
EOX
EOE
FWD
FZB
DWM
EQO
EGW
HLO
HFK
800294
800852
800929
801192
801211
SFCP 05-
532-3
802586
802973
803174
Grantee or Contractor P
North Carolina State University
Clems on University
Clemson University
North Carolina State University
American Association of Textile Chemists and
Colorists
Georgia Institute of Technology
C. H. Masland and Sons
Palisades Industries, Incorporated
Hoi listen Mills, Incorporated
Cone Mills Corporation
State of Massachusetts
North Carolina State University
Canton Textile Mills
La France Industries
Blue Ridge Winkler Textiles
J. P. Stevens and Company Incorporated
Institute for Meterology and Water Management
Bennett College
S. C. Textile Manufacturers Association
American Dye Manufacturing Institute
reject b tat us
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
Project Status:
A - Completed, Final Report Available
B Project Ongoing
C - Project Discontinued
VIII-4
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-1500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
ECU
TITLE OF PROJECT: Textile Based Water Pollution-Information Study
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Textile Chemistry
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
Project Site : Raleigh, North Carolina
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May 9, 1959
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Harold Snyder
Water Quality Research, EPA
Washington, D. C. 20242
Project Cost: $i2,638
Federal Cost: $10,410
Completion Date: June 1971
Summary:
This project involves the collection, abstracting and indexing of all
available literature dealing with water pollution from textile based
sources and the preparation and storage of this information into the
Water Resources Scientific Information System. Information will also
be correlated between the Water Resources Scientific Information
Center, USDI, the M.I.T. Textile Center, and the Shirley Institute
thesauri.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-5
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shrrl l.riel'K describes an R & I) project Section 104 or 105 »f llu-
K.-dcral \\alcr Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1U72 (PI. «)2-oOO)
PROJECT NUMBER:
ECS
TITLE OF PROJECT: Survey of the State-of-the-Art of Textile Waste
Treatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Textiles
School of IM & TS
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina 29631
Project Site .' Clemson, South Carolina
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 24, 1959
Completion Date: March 30, 1971
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Thomas N. Sargent
Southeast Environmental Research
Laboratory, EPA
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Project Cost: $31,675
Federal Cost: $30,007
The study will include characterization of the liquid wastes from the
major manufacturing processes with respect to composition and quantity
per unit of production, identification of successful and unsuccessful
treatment processes and disposal practices presently in use, and sugges-
tion of alternatives for least satisfactory practices. The study will
be directed towards identifying areas most in need of research and those
areas where research effort is most likely to yield beneficial results.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-6
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 103 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
EOX
A Study of the Photochemical Degradation of
Commercial Dyes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Textiles
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. A. W. Garrison
Southeast Environmental Res.
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Lab,
Project Site : Clemson, South Carolina
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: August 20, 1959
Completion Date: May 31, 1971
Summary:
The objectives of this 12 month research project are to define and charac-
terize the products of decomposition resulting from ultraviolet radiation
of selected commercial textile dyes. The characterization will include
distinguishing between photochemical and hydrolytically produced decom-
position products.
Project Cost: $34,040
Federal Cost: $31,539
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-7
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> sheet briei'h describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 oHl.e
Federal Waler Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
EOE
TITLE OF PROJECT: Water Pollution Reduction Through Recovery of Desizing
Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Textile Chemistry
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina 27606
Site : Raleigh, North Carolina
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Harold Snyder
Water Quality Research, EPA
Washington, D. C. 20242
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October 6, 1969
Completion Date: AuguSt 5, 1971
Summary:
Project Cost: $39,688
Federal Cost: $35,333
The objectives of this 12 month research project are to investigate
processes for the recovery of desizing wastes in solid or concentrated
form suitable for disposal and to investigate processes for the recovery
of desizing wastes in a reusable form. The wastes studies will be those
from fabrics sized with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), polyvinyl alcohol
(PVA) , and starch. In addition, data will be collected concerning the
biodegradability of the synthetic sizes.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-8
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shoe! briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: FWD
TITLE OF PROJECT! A Study of Gamma Induced Oxidation of Textile Effluents
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
American Assoc. of Textile Mr. Edmond Lomasney
Chemists and Colorists Region IV, EPA
P. 0. Box 12215 1421 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Atlanta, Georgia 30309
PrOJeCt Site : Oak Ridge, Tennessee
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May 13, 1970 Project Cost: $50,000
Completion Date: September 12, 1971 Federal Cost: $47,500
Summary:
During the project period, work will be initiated to further develop and
optimize a high-pressure, radiolytic oxidation system. The oxidation
system is of laboratory-scale size and has initially been involved in
joint PWQA/ORNL (Oak Ridge National Laboratory) experiments. Textile mill
wastes, such as dyes, special finishing compounds, and other refractory
wastes, will be subjected to the treatment system. Information from the
pilot-scale demonstration will be collected concerning optimum operating
conditions, radiation dose, temperature, pressure, and cost of treatment
for various types and concentrations of waste.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-9
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed l.rielh describe* at. R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal \\aler Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
FZB
Dyestuff Color Removal by Ionizing Radiation and
Chemical Oxidation
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Engineering Experiment Station
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia 30332
Project Site: Atlanta, Georgia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October ie, 1970
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edmond Lomasney
Region IV, EPA
1421 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Completion Date:
October 15, 1971
Project Cost: $37,535
Federal Cost: $35,301
Summary:
This 12 month project will investigate the feasibility, of a method of
treatment dependent on the effects of a combination of ionizing radiation
and variety of chemical oxidants on textile dye wastes. The degraded
products will be examined with regard to BOD, COD, TOC, color removal,
biodegradability, and toxicity to treatment plant biota. A conceptual
engineering design will be proposed and a preliminary estimate of treat-
ment costs for a typical dye waste will be made.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-10
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI, U2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
DWM
TITLE OF PROJECTiBio-Regenerated Activated Carbon Treatment of Textile
Dye Wastewater
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
C. H. Masland & Sons
Wakefield, Rhode Island
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Donald R. Smith
New England Basins Office, EPA
240 Highland Avenue
Needham Heights, Massachusetts 02194
Project Cost:$39.45o
Federal Cost:$27,6is
Project Site: Wakefield. Rhode Island
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
AwajjMJatej April 15, 1959
Completion Date: January u, 1971
Summary:
In the final report to this project a novel approach to treating a highly
colored textile dyeing waste effluent is described. It comprises the
removal by sorption of color bodies and other organic matter on activated
carbon granules. Spent carbon granules are then subjected to a virule
aerobic biological culture which desorbs and bio-oxidizes the desorbed
matter, thereby regenerating the carbon for subsequent new sorption steps.
- Laboratory confirmation of the phenomenon is presented in the final
report. Field testing of the treatment process concept in a 50,000 gpd
plant installed at a yarn spinning mill (C.H. Masland & Sons, Wakefield,
Rhode Island) is also reviewed. - Color removal was virtually complete at
two flow rates evaluated: 8.5 gpm/sq. ft. and 15.6 gpm/sq. ft. carbon
column bed flow. TOG removal was 85 percent or higher at 8.5 gpm/sq. ft.
and only 48 percent at 15.6 gpm/sq. ft. - It was demonstrated that acti-
vated carbon had an adsorption capacity in excess of 3/4 pound TOC per
pound of carbon when the carbon was reactivated only by biological means.
The estimated operating cost for decolorizing 1,000,000 gpd is 8.3 cents/
1000 gallons. \
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-ll
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheel briefly drsmbrs an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal \\ater Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1()72 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
EQO
TITLE OF PROJECT) Demonstration of a New Process for the Treatment of
High Pollutant Concentration Textile and Finishing
Was tes
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Donald R. Smith
New England Basins Office,
240 Highland Avenue
Needham Heights, Mass. 02194
EPA
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Palisades Industries, Inc.
2 Columbia Street
Peace Dale, Rhode Island 02883
Project Site : Peace Dale, Rhode Island
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: October 3, 1959
Completion Date: September 2, 1971
Summary:
The project will demonstrate the effectiveness of a pilot-scale treatment
system which would adequately treat a 50,000 gpd waste flow from a textile
dye mill. The system consists of an aerated equalization basin, an anaerobic
activated carbon unit, an aerobic activated carbon unit and an activated
sludge regeneration unit.
Project Cost: $143,750
Federal Cost: $ 64,687
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-12
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-5
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
EGW
Treatment of Cotton Textile Waste by Enzymes and High
Rate Trickling Filter System
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Holliston Mills, Inc.
Ill Lenox Street
Norwood, Mass. 02060
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edmond Lomasney
Region IV, EPA
1421 Peachtree Street, N.E,
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Site :
New Canton, Tennessee 37662
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 12, 1969
Completion Date: December 31, 1972
Project Cost: $235,372
Federal Cost: $144,741
Summary:
The industry concerned purchases cotton greige goods and produces high-grade
book bindings. The manufacturing processes which produce a waste flow are
desizing, caustic extraction, bleaching, dyeing, and sizing. The applicant
proposes to substitute an enzyme desizing chemical in the desizing process
which will reduce the pH and BOD load of the waste stream. A treatment
system employing a primary clarifier, high-rate trickling filter with
plastic media, and a secondary clarifier will be used to treat the waste
flow. The sludge from the treatment system will then be subjected to an
enzyme reaction which will render it amenable to further biological oxida-
tion.
The effectiveness of the manufacturing process change and the operating
characteristics and efficiency of the trickling filter and sludge handling
system will be evaluated.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-13
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IN FORM A TION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet l.rie.l'U describes an R. & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
HLO
TITLE OF PROJECT! Catalyzed Bio-oxidation and Clarification of Integrated
Textile Wastes for Process Water Reuse
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Cone Mills Corporation
Greensboro, North Carolina 27405
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Thomas Sargent
Southeast Environmental Res. Lab.
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Project Cost: $115,250
Federal Cost: $ 79,415
Project Site .* Greensboro, North Carolina
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: August 17, 1971
Completion Date: September 17, 1972
Summary:
In an effort to satisfy stream water quality standards of 99% BOD5 reduc-
tion, a 99+% nitrogen and phosphate reduction, and a 98% and 96% reduction
in COD and suspended solids respectively, the grantee will design, operate
and evaluate a pilot scale system to achieve these tertiary levels of
treatment. During this 13 month project, three variations of an activated
carbon catalyzed bio-oxidation process will be evaluated. The variations
involve the use of various coagulant acids.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-14
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & U project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
HFK
TITLE OF PROJECT: Grease Removal and Pilot-Scale Biological Oxidation of
Wool Scouring Wastewaters
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Division of Water Pollution Control
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
100 Cambridge Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02202
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Thomas Sargent
Southeast Environmental Res.
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Lab,
Site :
south Barre, Massachusetts
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 30, 1971
July 30, 1972
Project Cost: $152,000
Federal Cost: $ 98,482
Completion Date:
Summary:
Elevated temperature acid-cracking combined with pilot activated sludge
and lagoon treatment were utilized to treat effluent wastewater from a
woolen processing plant. Effluent from woolen "top" (raw wool scouring)
making is very high in BOD, COD, and suspended solids (18,880 ppm, 60,600
ppm, 37,600 ppm, respectively). The chemical/physical system consisted
of a hot acid-cracking process to reduce the grease content in the
influent to the biological system. Average grease reductions were from
13,400 ppm to 120 ppm or 99 percent with a BOD reduction of 70 percent
and COD reduction of 80 percent. The biological system consisted of a
pilot extended aeration activated sludge unit with clarification and
retention in a., pilot facultative lagoon (53 days retention). Typical BOD
and COD reductions in the activated sludge/clarification unit were 83 per-
cent and 54 percent, respectively, and in the lagoon 56 percent and 54
percent, respectively.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-15
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheel briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or \(K of tin-
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-300)
PROJECT NUMBER: 800294
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Recovery and Reuse of Synthetic Size from Textile
Finishing Wastewaters
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Thomas N. Sargent
Southeast Env. Research Lab,
EPA, College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Textile Chemistry
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
PrOJeCt Site: Raleigh, North Carolina
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February 23, 1972
Completion Date: February 22, 1973
Summary:
The objective of this 12 month project is to demonstrate In pilot scale,
a process for the removal and recovery of carboxymethyl cellulose size
from textile finishing wastewaters. Previous studies under EPA Grant
Project 12090 EOE have identified the technical and economic feasibility
of removing, recovering, and reusing the CMC size. The size will be
removed from dilute concentrations by chemical precipitation using alum.'
Reuse tests will be conducted to further evaluate and demonstrate the
reuse potential of the recovered material. A final report will be pre-
pared concerning all aspects of the project.
Project Cost: $72,771
Federal Cost: $48,043
a
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-16
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheel briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 800352
TITLE OF PROJECT! Optimum Treatment of Textile Finishing Wastes
Neutralization and Color Reduction
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Canton Textile Mills
Canton, Georgia 30114
PrOJeCt Site: Canton, Georgia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Aprii 3, 1972
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Thomas N. Sargent
.Southeast Env. Res. Lab, EPA
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
October 2, 1973
Project Cost: $354,511
Federal Cost: $209,811
Completion Date:
Summary:
Canton Textile Mills will demonstrate a system whereby the biological
oxidation of textile finishing wastes will be supplemented with flue gas
neutralization of the waste stream for control of pH, and fly ash adsorp-
tion for the control of color. The pretreatment and tertiary treatment
processes will augment an optimized biological oxidation system capable
of producing an effluent of 30 mg/1 BOD & SS. The entire waste treatment
system will be designed to treat a 550,000 gallon per day waste flow and
will be operated for a 12 month period during which time operating char-
acteristics will be documented and evaluated.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-17
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes au R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the-
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 300929
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Treatment and Reuse of Textile Dye House Wastewaters
Using Reverse Osmosis
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
LaFrance Industries
LaFrance, South Carolina 29631
Site:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Thomas N. Sargent
Southeast Env. Research Lab., EPA
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
LaFrance, South Carolina
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date:
June 12, 1972
Completion Date: February, 1974
Summary:
Project Cost: $293,350
Federal Cost: $198,812
This 12 month project will demonstrate in pilot scale the technical feasi-
bility of employing membrane technology for the treatment and control of
textile dyehouse wastewaters. Pilot scale reverse osmosis units will 1 -
evaluate the use of cellulose acetate and dynamic membrane systems for the
separation of dissolved solids and color concentrates. The resulting
retentate and permeate from the membrane units will be evaluated for recycle
and reuse potential in the dyeing processes.
ADDRISS INQUIRIES TO IFA MOJICT OFFICIR
viii-18
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 801192
TITLE OF PROJECT! Activated Sludge and Alum Precipitation of Textile Dye
and Finishing Wastewaters
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Blue Ridge-Winkler Textiles
Bangor, Pennsylvania 18013
PrOJBCt Site .' Bangor, Pennsylvania
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Thomas Sargent
Southeast Env. Res. Lab
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
EPA
Award Date:
June 22, 1972
September 21, 1973
Project Cost: $254,615
Federal Cost: $ 96,156
Completion Date:
Summary:
This 15 month project will demonstrate in full scale the operation of a
newly constructed 750,000 gpd wastewater treatment facility for the treat-
ment of textile dyeing and finishing wastewaters. The wastewaters origin-
ate from the dyeing and finishing of synthetic and blend yarns and exhibit
high organic color content. The treatment system includes the following
processes: equalization; nutrient and pH control; activated sludge includ-
ing secondary sedimentation; alum coagulation consisting of rapid mixing,
flocculation and final clarification; chlorination; and sludge dewatering.
Preliminary plant operating data shows a potential for 95% reduction in
BOD and a 90% reduction in color contaminants. The data collected will be
sufficient to characterize the raw wastewater, to determine the operating
characteristics of the unit processes (especially with respect to extent
of color removal), to fully establish the system treatment capabilities,
and to determine the cost of treatment under a variety of conditions.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-19
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PK 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 801211
TITLE OF PROJECT: Pollution Control Facilities, Phase II and Phase III
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
J. P. Stevens & Co., Inc.
Greensboro, North Carolina 27420
Project Site .' Basile, Louisiana
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Aprii i, 1973
Completion Date: November 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Thomas Sargent
Southeast Environmental
Research Laboratory, EPA
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Project Cost: $886,355
Federal Cost: $179,347
One objective of the project is to produce an effluent from a synthetic
fabric finishing plant which will have a 5-day BOD and suspended solids
of 5 mg/1 or less and a minimum dissolved oxygen of 5 mg/1 using multi-
media filtration. A second objective of the project is to determine the
feasibility of wastewater reuse in the manufacturing plant process. A
pilot plant scale system consisting of an activated carbon tower and
cation and anion exchange units will be evaluated. The activated carbon
tower is to be designed so that the carbon can be replaced by organic
scavenging ion exchange material if this is desirable.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-20
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> sheet briel'h descril>c> an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of llic
Federal \\alcr Pollution Control Acl Amendments of \l)72 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:sFCp 05-532-3
TITLE OF PROJECT! Studies on Removal of Color, Detergents, and Other
Refractory Substances from the Textile Wastewater
Project Cost: $352,210
Federal Cost: $352,210
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Institute for Meteorology and Mr. Thomas N. Sargent
Water Economy Southeast Env. Res. Lab., EPA
Krakow, Poland College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
PrOJeCt Site: Krakow, Poland
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February 5, 1973
Completion Date: February, 1975
Summary:
To evaluate the effectiveness and economics of treatment afforded by several
tertiary treatment processes operations as applied to biologically treated
municipal textile wastewaters. This project will generate information use-
ful to the U. S. and the international textile community. Many of the pro-
posed treatment schemes have not been previously applied to textile wastes,
especially in different combinations. This project, therefore, offers
unique advantages. This project will evaluate the effectiveness and economics
of treatment afforded by several tertiary treatment processes/operations as
applied to biologically treated municipal/textile wastewaters. Seven unit
processes are to be investigated*separately and in various combinations includ-
ing reverse osmosis, carbon adsorption, coagulation, media filtration, ion
exchange, catalyzed chlorine oxidation, and ozone treatment. The information
being generated will be useful for pollution abatement not only in the U. S.,
but also in the international community.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-21
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sherl l.ridh an R & D project Section 104 or 105 ,,f ll.r
Kcdn-al \\al.-r Pollution Control Acl Amendments, of ll)72 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 302586
TITLE OF PROJECT: The Application of Cation and Anion Exchange Resins To
Remove Textile Industrial Waste Azo Dyes and Permit
the Reuse of Resulting Effluent
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Bennett College
Chemistry Department
Greensboro, North Carolina 27420
Project Site: Greensboro, North Carolina
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Juiy 29, 1973
Completion Date: July 1974
Summary:
Mr. Thomas N. Sargent
Southeast Environmental
Research Laboratory, EPA
College Station Road
AthenS ' Ge°rgia 3°6°1
Project Cost: $21,903
Federal Cost: $22,993
The objective of this study is to investigate the use of cation and anion
exchange resins to remove azo pollutants from industrial waste before such
waste is introduced into rivers and streams. - The elution column chroma-
tographic technique will be used in this investigation. Standard azo solu-
tions representing the broad spectrum of textile azo dyes will be used.
These dye solutions will be tested with anion, cation and polar exchange
resins and their tandum combinations to see which resins and types give
the best removal of mixtures of azo dyes. Concurrently these resins will
be judged for the practicality of regeneration, the elutant reuse potential,
and the economics elutant disposed. - Actual dye waste samples from textile
mills will replace the synthetic standard azo-dyes (except for control
purposes) as soon as possible.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-22
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IN FOR MA TION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
ib shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of tin-
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 802973
TITLE OF PROJECT: Mobile Hyperfiltration Demonstration Laboratory
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Thomas N. Sargent
Southeast Env. Res. Lab., EPA
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
S.C. Textile Manufacturers Assoc.
1122 Lady Street
Columbia, South Carolina 29201
Project Site : Spartanburg, South Carolina
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May i, 1974
Compietion Date: April, 1975
Summary:
It is the objective of this project to demonstrate the technical feasi-
bility of the application of hyperfiltration technology to the renovation
of textile industrial wastewaters. The technical feasibility and economic
potential for direct reuse of both the purified product and the concentrated
residue will be evaluated. Engineering data necessary for scale-up system
design will be obtained. A mobile hyperfiltration laboratory, developed at
the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for on-site tests with sewage effluent,
will be used in this program. Samples of effluents from 14 selected mills
will beorocessed, at Clemson University. Seven (7) industrial plants will
then her selected for site visits by the mobile facility. The on-site test-
ing will facilitate the direct involvement of industrialists in the evalua-
tion of the direct recycle of the renovated wastewater.
Project Cost: $188,825
Federal Cost: $120,000
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-23
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shod briefly describe an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of Ihr
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
803174
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Textile Dye Waste Characterization and Treatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
American Dye Manufacturers Institute
74 Trinity Place
New York, New York 10006
Site :
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Thomas N. Sargent
SEKL - EPA
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Raleigh, North Carolina
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date; June so, 1974
Completion Date: June 29, 1975
Summary:
Project Cost: $108,000
Federal Cost: $ 55,000
The objective of the project is three-fold: to characterize the waste from
textile dyeing operations (as distinct from preparation or finishing); to
evaluate biological oxidation, carbon adsorption, chemical oxidation and
chemical coagulation as treatment methods for selected textile dye wastes;
and to examine several combination methods of treatment as a first step in
the development of treatment methods for textile dye wastes. - A compendium
will be prepared describing the significant dye methods in use. From this
a tabulation of important dye bath additives will be prepared and will include
available information concerning the chemical characteristics of these mater-
ials. This compilation will provide a reference resource that will facili-
tate the study and characterization of dye waste as a waste separate and
distinct from textile mill waste. - A selection of twenty important combina-
tions of dye class, fiber, fiber form and application method will be made.
Dyeings will be prepared using typical recipes for these selections and the
waste from these dyeings will be studied for treatability by biological
oxidation. These systems will be further studied for treatability by
physical/chemical means, including carbon adsorption, chemical oxidation
and chemical precipitation.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
VIII-24
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FINAL REPORTS AVAILABLE
TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS
Report Number
12090 DWM 01/71
Title/Author
Bio-Re gene rated Activated Carbon
Treatment of Textile Dye Waste
Water, C. H. Mas land and
Wakefield, Rhode Island.
Sons
12090 ECS 02/71 State-of-the-Art of Textile Waste
Treatment, Clemson University,
Clemson, South Carolina.
12090 EOE 01/72 Water Pollution Reduction Through
Recovery of Desi'zing Wastes; by
Dept. of Textile Chemistry, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh,
North Carolina
12090 FZB 07/71 Dyes tuff Color Removal by Ionizing
Radiation and Chemical Oxidation;
T. F. Craft, Engineering Experiment
Station, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30337
Source
GPO - $1.00
GPO - $2.50
GPO - $0.60
GPO - $1.75
EPA-R2-73-260
May 1973
(12090 FWD)
EPA-660/2-73-036
January 1974
EPA-R2-73-248
May 1973
EPA-R2-73-058
Study of Gamma Induced Low Temperature
GPO - $0.65
Oxidation of Textile Effluents
E. Ketch en, Oak
Oak ridge, Tn.
Ridge National
F. Case,
Lab,
Chemical/Physical
Treatment of Wool
and Biological
Processing Wastes,
GPO - $1.05
L. Hatch, R.
Boston, Mass
Sharpin, Metcalf & Eddy,
Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of Textile
Wastes with Activated Carbon, C. Poon,
P. Virgadamo, Fram Corporation,
East Providence, Rhode Island.
A Study of the Photodegradation of
Commercial Dyes, J. Porter, Clemson
University, Clemson, South Carolina
GPO - $2.50
GPO - $1.00
VIII-25
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THERMAL POLLUTION
Of the four categories of water users in 1965, (1) Municipal,
12) Industrial, (3) Steam Electric Power, and (4) Agriculture-livestock; the
steam-electric power water user was second largest with 85,000 mgd usage.
Only agriculture was a larger user. In 1980 steam - electric power will
be the largest user (193,000 mqd vs 138,000 mgd for agriculture - live-
stock) .
While a number of public utility power producing and industrial power
producing plants make use of cooling towers in order to reduce the amount
of heat rejected into water, the majority of the existing plants make use
of once-through cooling water and have no provision for water reuse.
While some existing power plants are adding cooling towers, ponds, and
canals, all new plants are making provisions for water -reuse as part of
the original installation. Each existing power producina facility and
its associated ecosystem must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis in
order to determine whether such devices as cool inn towers need to be
added in order to comply with regulations beina promulaated.
The projects listed here cover technology areas suitable for once-
through or reuse of cooling waters:, they investigate the effects of water
plumes in bodies of water, they determine the amount of drift coming from
cooling towers, they evaluate beneficial uses of heated water in aaricul-
ture, or they assess other treatment methods related to power generation.
If all the remaining power plants expressed a willingness to install
equipment to reduce or eliminate thermal discharaes, the optimum techno-
logy for each facility would still have to be evaluated on an individual
basis. The underlying motivation for the R&D portion of the thermal
pollution program is therefore to develop an array of technoloaies which
can be used in the overall determination of the best pollution abatement
methods for any given facility or plant.
The R&D program for the power industry receives support under the
EPA grant and contract monies from PL 92-500. The objectives of the
program are to:
1. Define the water pollution problem as it pertains to all of
the aspects of power production including thermal.
2. Research, develop, and demonstrate the required technology
to achieve, at minimum cost, the equivalent of best practicable
and best available treatment, preferably with closed loop
systems.
The project objectives are met through the awardina of grants and
contracts to universities, industries, and municipalities and throuah
in-house research activities carried out by the Pacific Northwest
Environmental Research Laboratory.
The wastewater flows may be identified with the followinn power gen-
erating operations: boiler and cooling system blowdown, disposal of air
pollution control system wastes, and disposal of water treatment waste-
v/aters and sludges.
IX-1
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PROJECT INDEX
THERMAL POLLUTION
Grantee or Contractor Project Status
EIK Eugene Water and Electric Board A
EMQ Purdue Research Foundation A
FLM Washington State University A
FOK Oregon State University * A
FSU University of Minnesota A
GNK Environmental Systems Corporation A
6SD Environmental Systems Laboratory A
HKK Hittman Associates A
800613 Vanderbilt University A
801004 Vanderbilt University A
801433 Maryland Department of Natural Resources B
802044 Franklin Institute B
802753 University of California Berkeley B
802853 Aerospace Corporation B
803142 Franklin Institute B
803196 Johnson County, Kansas B
803207 R. W. Beck B
803239 Stanford Research Institute B
803257 University of California - Berkeley B
803336 Novato CMarin County), California B
IX-2
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Grantee or Contractor Project Status
68-03-0233 WAPORA, Inc. A
68-03-0430 University of Iowa • B
68-03-2053 Acres American, Inc. B
Project Status:
A - Completed, Final Report Available
B - Project On-qoinq
C Project Discontinued
IX-3
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describe.- an R & U project Section 104 or 105 ol' the
Federal \\alcr Pollution Control \cl Amendments of I()7l2 (PI. <)2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
EIK
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Thermal Water Demonstration Project
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Eugene Water and Electric Board
500 E. 4th Avenue, P. 0. Box 1112
Eugene, Oregon 97401
Project Site : Eugene, Oregon
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May, 1972
Completion Date: APrii, 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Frank Rainwater
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $i6o,58o
Federal Cost: $99,900
The objective of this project is to demonstrate beneficial uses to
agriculture of water having sufficient heat to result in thermal pollu-
tion. The project will encompass the following areas: (1) Soil heating
with thermal water, (2) Groundwater drain collection, (3) Water blending
system (4) Plant cooling, (5) Irrigation, (6) Environmental effects,
and (7) Frost warning systems.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-4
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shod briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.' of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: EMQ
TITLE OF PROJECT: Turbulent Bed Cooling Tower
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Purdue Research foundation
Lafayette, Indiana
Site : Lafayette, Indiana
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Shirazi
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
February, 1972
Completion Date: December, 1972
Summary:
Project Cost: $19,033
Federal Cost: $i8,osi
This is a continuation grant to complete the development of a turbulent
bed cooling tower for cooling power-plant condenser cooling water.
The turbulent bed is a cylindrical bed of low density spheres fluidized
by ambient air and sprayed from the top with hot water.
In this portion of the project the pressure drop and cooling data will
be checked and correlated. The turbulent bed will be equipped with an
overhead fan so that cooling performance can be measured.
All information will be combined into a design of the tower and an
economic analysis will be performed to indicate optimum design
ADDtESS INQUItlES TO IPA MOJICT OFFICE!
IX-5
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> sheet briel'K describes an R. & U project Section 104 or \i)7-> of the
Federal \\ater Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: FLM
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Analysis of Engineering Alterantives for Environ-
mental Protection from Thermal Discharges
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Washington State University
Project Site : Seattle, Washingt
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Juiy, 1971
Completion Date: June, 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Frank Rainwater
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
on
Project Cost: $33,582
Federal Cost: $30,041
The objective of this project was to analyze and evaluate current and
proposed engineering practices used in the protection of the water
environment from the impact of thermal power systems.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-6
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shod briefly describes un R & D project Section 104 or 10.1 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendment of 1972 (PI. <)2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
FOK
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Controlling Thermal Pollution on Small Streams
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
School of Forestry
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Project Site : Corvallis, Oregon
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy, 1970
Completion Date: juiy, 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. F. Rainwater
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $17.074
Federal Cost:$n,744
Buffer strips have been proposed as a method for controlling temperature
changes in streams adjacent to clear-cuttings. Nine small mountain
streams in Oregon's Coast Range and Cascade Mountains were studied to
determine the influence of buffer strips on water temperature. Timber
volume in the strip, strip width, and canopy density perpendicular to
the sun's rays were compared to the effectiveness of the strip in con-
trolling temperature change. This effectiveness was not well correlated
with timber volume or strip width. The density of the canopy in the
path of the sun is the most important buffer strip characteristic for
water temperature control.
A method for measuring the density of the canopy in the path of the sun
is described. The use of this method in the design of buffer strips will
provide protection for the stream and maximum harvesting of the timber
resource.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-7
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IN FORM A TION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
FSU
TITLE OF PROJECT: Mixing and Dispersion at a Warm Water Outlet
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.
Mississippi River at 3rd Avenue, S.E.
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Mostafa A. Shirazi
Project Site .* St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Project Cost: $45,231
Award Date: November, 1971
Completion Date: October, 1972
Summary:
Federal Cost: $43)o66
It is the objective of this research to continue an ongoing program to
acquire information and develop methods for temperature and flow pre-
dictions in heated water effluents. In particular, efforts will be
concentrated on solutions of the following problems.
a. To determine scale effects on flow and turbulent mixing in heated
water surface plumes by acquisition of velocity and temperature data
with laboratory results having identical densimetric outlet Froude
numbers and downstream flow conditions.
b. To develop a temperature and velocity prediction method for heated
water surface plumes which do not behave like buoyant surface jets.
c. To evaluate time-effects on dissipation of heat from thermal dis-
charges. Temporary heat storage in natural bodies of water and
resultant effects on "ambient" temperature surrounding plumes will
be examined using one- and two-dimensional models.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-8
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.") ol' the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
GNK
TITLE OF PROJECT: Explicit Calibration of the PILLS System
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Environmental Systems Corporation Mr. Frank Rainwater
Suite 101, Parkway Building PNERL, EPA
1212 Pierce Parkway 200 Southwest 35th Street
Knoxville, Tennessee Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Site: Knoxville, Tennessee
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March, 1972
Completion Date:
Summary:
Environmental Systems Corporation proposes to refine, field test, and
demonstrate instrumentation for monitoring and measuring particle size
distribution and density of water droplets in drift from cooling towers,
Project Cost: $11,400
Federal Cost:$10,soo
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-9
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> >heel brief' ilocribo an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Walcr Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: GSD
TITLE OF PROJECT! Proposed Stochastic Calculation of Water Equilibrium
Temperature
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Environmental Systems Lab
PrOJeCt Site : Sunnyvale, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December, 1971
Completion Date: juiy, 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Frank Rainwater
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $39,100
Federal Cost: $39,100
1. Formulate a mathematical model for heat exchange at the surface
of the earth.
2. Examine the sensitivity of this model with respect to meteorological
data.
3. Calculate the probability distribution of the equilibrium temperature
for at least 4 separate time windows.
4. Provide a software program for calculation of equilibrium temperature.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-10
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet brief!) describe an R
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi, shrrt LriH'U d<(> an R & I) project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal \\atcr Pollution Control Acl Amendment, of 1072 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: sooeia aeiso FDQ)
TITLE OF PROJECT: Project for Concentrated Research and Training in
" the Hydrologic and Hydraulic Aspects of Water Pollu-
tion Control
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Vanderbilt University
Nashville, Tennessee 37203
Project Site : Nashville, Tennessee
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: January, 1972
Completion Date: December, 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Frank Rainwater
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $121,000
Federal Cost: $ios,ooo
The major research effort will be on the hydraulic and hydrologic
aspects of thermal pollution control. The field data on the discharge
of heated waters into rivers will be analyzed and a topical completion
report issued. A topical report on the warming of cold, hypolimnetic
water discharged to streams will be completed. Optimal hydraulic design
of cooling ponds will be investigated. The critical analysis of computer
codes for computation of temperature distributions in reservoirs will be
finished. A common format will be developed and a topical report issued.
The bulk movement of heat and pollutants vertically in a stratified
reservoir will be investigated in the field to provide transport coeffi-
cients for the various theoretical models now in use. The effects of
shape, spacing, roughness, etc., of the fill of cooling towers will be
studied. An analysis of evaporation formulas will be carried out and
mechanisms of unifying them into a consistent whole will be attempted.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-12
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
i> sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 oV the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1()72 (PI, °-2-.~>00)
PROJECT NUMBER:
SOIOOA
TITLE OF PROJECT! Abstract Preparation for the Water Resources
Scientific Information Center
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Vanderbilt University
PrOJeCt Site: Nashville, Term.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June, 1971
Completion Date: June, 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Frank Rainwater
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $55,370
Federal Cost: $35,354
To serve the scientific and technical needs of scientists, engineers,
and others interested in the field of Thermal Pollution with respect to
available literature; (2) To establish Vanderbilt University as an
information retrieval center for the area of Thermal Pollution; (3) To
make this information available to the scientific community through the
SELECTED WATER RESOURCES ABSTRACTS publication of the Water Resources
Scientific Information Center, U. S. Department of the Interior; (4) To
supply copies of requested abstracted articles at a nominal cost, when
possible.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-13
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed ltrie.1'1) de.M-rilio an R & U project Section 104 or lO.l of the
Federal \\ater Pollution Control Ad Amendments of I()7l2 (PI. ()2-/>()0)
PROJECT NUMBER: 801433
TITLE OF PROJECT: Power Plant Thermal Discharge Studies
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Power Plant Siting Program
State of Maryland
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Frank Rainwater
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
PrOJeCt Site : Annapolis, Maryland
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date:
Completion Date:
Summary:
A program is proposed to carry out a comprehensive review of the state-
of-the-art of various control measures for power plant thermal discharges,
Control techniques will be assessed by applying them to specific situa-
tions within the State of Maryland; however, the conclusions of the pro-
posed study will be quite general and will be applicable elsewhere.
Project Cost: $eo,ooo
Federal Cost: $51,500
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-14
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tliis shed briel'h describes an R. & U project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of |<>72 (PI. °-l>-.~>00)
PROJECT NUMBER:
802044
TITLE OF PROJECT: Development of a Monthly Industrial Technical
Bulletin
Project Cost: $23,791
Federal Cost: $21,412
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Franklin Institute Research Mr. Charles Ris
Laboratories Industrial Pollution Control
20th and Race Street Division (KD-679)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103 Washington, D. C. 20460
PrOJeCt Site : Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May, 1973
Completion Date: June, 1974
Summary:
Monthly Technology Bulletin Specifications:
1. Twelve monthly abstracts, first to be delivered 8 weeks after
grant effective date.
2. Grant period 13 months.
3. Six executive summaries.
4. Final report consisting of a bound volume of all monthly abstracts
and executive summaries plus index.
5. Distribution mailing list to include up to 500 addressees each
month to be supplied prior to first monthly mailing.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-15
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> shed l.rirfh describe*, an R & U project Section 104 or 103 of the
Federal \\ater Pollution Control Ac I Amendments of 1<)72 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 302753
TITLE OF PROJECT! Renovation of Industrial Wastewater by Evaporation
with Interface Enhancement
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
University of California
Berkeley, California
PrOJeCt Site: Berkeley, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June> 1973
Completion Date: August, 1974
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Richard B. Tabakin
Industrial Waste Treatment
Research Laboratory, EPA
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Project Cost: $29.
Federal Cost: $25,000
The objective of this project was to evaluate the increased heat transfer
and other advantages which can be achieved with the use of a small amount
of surfactant in the treatment of wastewaters by upflow vertical tube
evaporation. The study involved the testing of typical inorganic waste-
waters in a 5,000 gpd vertical tube evaporator.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-16
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Waler Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI, °2-.iOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: 802353
TITLE OF PROJECT: Study of Power Plant Desulfurization Waste
Waters for Reuse and Discharge
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Aerospace Corporation
P. 0. Box 92957
Los Angeles, California 90009
Project Site : Los Angeles, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February, 1974
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. A. Christiansen
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Completion Date:
Summary:
February, 1975
Project Cost:
Federal Cost: $59,000
The Aerospace Corporation will conduct a program of experimentation and
data analysis to determine the technical and economic potential for an
allowable discharge of power plant desulfurization system water effluent
°r for its recycle/reuse in scrubbing and non-scrubbing applications.
This program addresses one phase of a total consideration by the Environ-
mental Protection Agency and the power industry for meeting the national
geil of zero water pollution discharge by 1985. As an interim solution to
this goal and in the absence of suitable technology, this program will
consider the consequence of effluent water discharge to navigable waters
as may be required. As assessment of water treatment technology will be
made to determine the technical and economic basis for water reuse or
discharge requirements. - The purpose of this program is to generate
the technical and economic data from which EPA may respond to the require-
ments of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 call-
ing for interim effluent limitations. Additionally, the results of this
Program are expected to provide the basis for guidelines for the deter-
mination of the appropriate demonstration program necessary to verify the
capabilities of control technologies available to effect the reuse or
discharge of •JH^^flffifc^ro EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-17
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed hriel'h describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal \\ater Pollution Control Acl Amendments, of 1972 (PI, 92-300)
PROJECT NUMBER: 803142
TITLE OF PROJECT: Preparation of the Industrial Technology Bulletin
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Franklin Institute Research
Laboratories
20th and Race Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103
Project Site:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Charles H. Ris
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June, 1974
Completion Date: June, 1975
Summary:
Project Cost: $3i}563
Federal Cost: $23,403
The Franklin Institute Research Laboratories, Science Information Services
Department, will provide key technical and administrative personnel, both
government and non-government, with a cur rent-awareness bulletin emphasiz-
ing advancements in the field of industrial technology as related to water
quality and water pollution control. A monthly publication containing
approximately 30 abstracts of articles pertinent to industrial technology
will be prepared for and distributed to 750 recipients. Annual subject
and author indexes, a journal list, and a compilation of each of the monthly
bulletins will be included in the final report, along with camera-ready
copy of the entire final report.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-18
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
iis sheet briefly describes an R & I) project Section 104 or !().") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Ac I Amendments of 1972 (PI,
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 803207
TITLE OF PROJECT: Economic Feasibility of a Direct, Air-Cooled
Condenser System in a Coastal Environment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
K. W. Beck and Associates
400 Prudential Plaza
Denver, Colorado 80202
Project Site: Braintree, Mass
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June, 1974
Completion Date: June, 1975
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. A. Christiansen
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon
Project Cost: $40.000
FederalCost:$38,ooo
Summary:
Objectives are:
1.
2.
3.
Demonstrate the economic feasibility of a direct,
air-cooled condensation system in a coastal
environment.
Discuss design considerations for a direct, air-cooled
condensation system in a coastal environment.
Evaluate turbine generator/dry tower performance,
bus-bar power costs, and alternative hardware avail-
ability.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-20
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> sheet briefly describe.- an R & U project Section 104 or I0."> of the
Federal Water Pollution Control \cl Amendments of l<)72 (PI. 92-300)
PROJECT NUMBER: 803239
TITLE OF PROJECT! Review of Industrial Technologies - Research and
Development Needs for Meeting the Requirements of
PL 92-500
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Stanford Research Institute
333 Ravenswood Avenue
Menlo Park, California 94025
PrOJeCt Site : Menlo Park, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: August, 1974
Completion Date: June, 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Marshall Dick
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: $75,275
Federal Cost:
The objective of this study is to provide the Industrial Pollution Control
Division with, an assessment of the adequacy of the current industrial
water pollution control research program for those industrial point sources
specified in PL 92-500.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-21
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed l.rieCK describe, an R & D project Section 104 or 103 of the
Kedrrul \\aler Pollution Control Acl Amendments of I()72 (HI- W-S
PROJECT NUMBER: 803257
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Renovation of Power Plant Cooling Tower Slowdown
—' " for Recycle by Evaporation-Crystallization with
Interface Enhancement
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
University of California
Seawater Conversion Laboratory
1301 South 46th Street
Richmond, California 9480A
Project Site : Richmond, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: August, 1974
Completion Date: juiy, 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Alden Christiansen
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $41,740
Federal Cost:$39.467
This work is directed toward developing and demonstrating the feasibility
of renovating cooling tower blowdown for its total recycle, and to pro-
ducing a solid or slurried blowdown with evaporators of substantially
reduced capital and operation-maintenance costs as compared to the best &
present practice. Specifically, the objectives are first to obtain test -
data on the concentration of real cooling tower blowdown with our exist-
ing 5,000 gpd VTE pilot plant, both without and after the addition of about
10 ppm of a selected surfactant, to the point of incipient crystallization
of solutes. Secondly, the concentrated VTE blowdown will be foam frac-
tionated to remove surfactant for recycle and particulate matter such as
dust, and the concentrate will then be evaporated further in a forced-
circulation, crystallizing evaporator. The overall objective is to define
the problems inherent in this procedure for the renovation of cooling tower
blowdown and to determine the best operating conditions and methods of
process control. These data should also contribute toward an evaluation of
the feasibility and cost of this procedure, and facilitate the later opera-
tion of the proposed mobile test and demonstration facility.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-22
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 103 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI, 92-300)
PROJECT NUMBER: 303336
TITLE OF PROJECT: Beneficial Disposal of Water Purification Plant
Sludges in Wastewater Treatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
NMCWD Mr. G. Nelson
P. 0. Box 146 PNERL, EPA
Novato, California 94947 200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Site : Northern Marin County, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: August, 1974 Project Cost:
Completion Date: August, 1975 Federal Cost: $39,300
Summary:
1. Objective - To study the effects of discharging alum sludge from a
water filtration plant to an operating activated sludge plant.
2. Approach - The operation of the wastewater treatment plant would be
observed, monitored, and recorded under normal conditions as a baseline,
and subsequently under addition of alum sludge wastes from a water puri-
fication plant.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-23
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R. & D project Section 104 or 105 of ihc
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of I°72 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: contract 68-03-0233
TITLE OF PROJECT: A Technical and Economic Evaluation of Slowdown
Control Techniques
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
WAPORA, Inc.
6900 Wisconsin Avenue, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20015
Project Site: Washington, D. c.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March, 1973
August, 1973
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. G. R. Nelson
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $21,453
Federal Cost: $21,453
Completion Date:
Summary:
The objectives were:
a. The objective of this report was to detail the techniques associated
with the control of blowdown from cooling devices (particularly cooling
towers) which have a circulation rate of 500 ft3/sec or greater. The
cooling devices emphasized were those which had been on-line for five
years or less, or were on the drawing boards for the future.
b. Information was presented in a manner which enabled representatives
of regulatory agencies or industry to readily compare the technical aspects,
economic considerations, and environmental implications of the various
approaches to cooling water and waste water treatment.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-24
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describe!- an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: contract 68=03-0430
TITLE OF PROJECT! Engineering and Economic Assessment of Backfitting
Power Plants with Closed-Cycle Cooling Systems
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa 52242
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. J, Chasse
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $32,000
Federal Cost: $32,000
Project Site: iowa city, iowa
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: April, 1974
Completion Date: November, 1974
Summary:
The proposed research would investigate the engineering and economic
(including environmental) consequences of backfitting a steam-electric
power plant Cboth fossil fueled and nuclear based) operating on an open-
cycle cooling system with each of the following closed-cycle cooling
systems; a) Mechanical draft evaporative towers, b) Natural draft evapora-
tive towers, c) Cooling ponds and lakes, and d) Spray cooling ponds and
canals. The purpose of this investigation is to quantify the comprehen-
sive technical and economic information necessary to facilitate evalua- •
tion of cooling system modifications (from the open-cycle or once-through
system) . The major objective of the research is to determine and to
present techniques for evaluating the engineering and economic implica-
tions of backfitting a power-plant unit and to provide estimates of the
additional cost of power generation. The approach to be utilized would
provide for economic evaluation through consideration of the components
of the individual cooling systems, of consequent loss of production and
°f all relevant operating expenditures. The evaluation and design tech-
niques are to be illustrated using information and quantitative data on
specific power generating units which have been backfitted or are under-
going such modifications.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-25
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: contract 68-03-2053
TITLE OF PROJECT! Engineering and Economic Assessment of Once-Through
Cooling Systems Modifications for Adverse Impact
Control
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Acres American Incorporated
Liberty Bank Building, 9th Floor
Main at Court
Buffalo, New York 14202
Site : Buffalo, New York
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. J. Chasse
PNEKL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $58>80o
Federal_Cosi:$58,8oo
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy, 1974
Completion Date: April, 1975
Summary:
A methodology is to be developed for evaluating the engineering and economic
implications of modifying the once-through cooling water discharge systems
of thermal-electric generating plants for adverse impact control. The study
includes investigation of modifying existing surface and subsurface j
discharge systems and an identification and description of operational
characteristics and specific engineering and cost data important to system
selection. - The study is to be conducted thus: a) Through a literature
survey and personal communications with the appropriate expertise, a bib-
liography of cost and engineering data for generating plants will be
developed, b) Resolution of the data into viable alternatives representing
"typical" situations categorized by the type of discharge system (surface or
submerged), the nature of the receiving water, bathymetry and plant size,
c) Relating engineering and cost implications to the probability of meeting
effluent limitations promulgated by EPA under PL 92-500, and d) Develop
the methodology with which costs (Capital and Operational) can be estimated
based on plant and site information and the applicable effluent standards.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
IX-26
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FINAL REPORTS AVAILABLE
THERMAL POLLUTION
REPORT NUMBER
16130 09/68
16130 12/68
16130 09/69
16130 04/70
16130 10/70
16130 DFX
05/70
16130 DHS
07/69
16130 DHS
08/70
16130 DHS
11/70
TITLE/AUTHOR
Industrial Waste Guide on Thermal
Pollution, by Pacific Northwest Water
Lab., FWPCA, Con/all is, Oregon
Experimental Study of Warm Water Flow
Into Impoundments - Part I
Part II;
SOURCE
NTIS/PB 197 262
Part III;
by St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Mn,
NTIS/PB 188 512
NTIS/PB 188 513
NTIS/PB 188 514
Working Paper No. 67: Economic Aspects of NTIS/PB 208 434
ipj
)11
Thermal Pollution Control in the Electric
Power Industry,
by A. 6. Christiansen and
Pacific Northwest Water
B. A. Tichenor,
Lab., FWPCA, Corvallis, Oregon
Guidelines: Biological Survey at Proposed
Heat Discharge Sites, by R. R. Garton,
Pacific Northwest Water Lab., FWQA,
Corvallis, Oregon and R. D. Harkins,
Robert S. Kerr Water Research Center, FWQA,
Ada, Oklahoma
Thermoelectric Generators Powered by
Thermal Waste From Electric PowerTTants;
by M. A. Shirazi, Pacific Northwest Water
Lab., FWQA, Corvallis, Oregon
An Engineering-Economic Study of Cooling
Pond Performance, by Littleton Research
and Engr., Littleton, MA.
A Survey of Alternate Methods for Cooling
Condenser Discharge Water - Large Scale
Heat Rejection Equipment, by Dynatech R/D
Company, Camb ri dge, MA.
A Survey of Alternate Methods for Cooling
Condenser Discharge Water - Operating
Characteristics and Design Criteria, by
Dynatech R/D Company, Cambridge, MA.
A Survey of Alternate Methods for Cooling
Condenser Discharge Water - Total Community
Considerations in the Utilization of
Rejected Heat, by Dynatech R/D Company,
Cambridge, MA.
GPO - $1.00
NTIS/PB 206 815
GPO - $0.45
NTIS/PB 207 870
GPO - $1.50
NTIS/PB 206 817
GPO - $1.25
NTIS/PB 208 036
GPO - $1 .00
NTIS/PB 208 035
GPO - $0.65
NTIS/PB 206 816
IX-27
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REPORT NUMBER TITLE/AUTHOR
16130 DHS
01/71
16130 DJH
01/71
16130 DJH
04/71
16130 DJU
02/71
16130 ONE
03/71
16130 DNH
01/71
16130 DPU
02/71
16130 DWO
10/70
16130 EES
11/70
16130 ENT
12/69
16130 EXT
12/69
16130 FDQ
03/71
A Survey of Alternate Methods for Cooling
Condenser Discharge Water - System
Selection, Design and Optimization, by
Dynatech R/D Company, Cambridge, MA.
A Predictive Model for Thermal Stratifi-
cation and Mater Quality in Reservoirs,
by Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, MA.
Temperature Prediction in Stratified
Water: Mathematical Model - User's Manual
by Ralph M. Parsons Lab., Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA.
An Analytical and Experimental Investiga-
tion of Surface Discharge of Heated Water,
by Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, MA.
Advanced Nonthermally Polluting Gas
Turbines in Utility Application, by United
Aircraft Corp., East Hartford, CT.
Potential Environmental Modifications
Produced by Large Evaporative Cooling
Towers, by E G & G, Inc., Boulder, CO.
Research on the Physical Aspects of Thermal
Pollution, by Cornell Aeronautical Lab.,
Inc., Buffalo, New York.
Mathematical Models for the Prediction of
Temperature Distributions Resulting from
the Discharge of Heated Water into Large
Bodies of Water, by Tetra Tech. Inc.,
Pasadena, CA.
Research on Dry-Type Cooling Towers for
Thermal Electric Generation, Part I:
Part II:
by R. W. Beck & Associates, Denver, CO.
Thermal Pollution: Status of the Art, by
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
Mathematical Models for the Prediction
of Thermal Energy Change in Impoundments,
by Water Resources Engineers Inc., Walnut
Creek, CA.
Effect of Geographical Location on Cooling
Pond Requirements and Performance, by
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
IX-28
SOURCE
GPO - $1.00
NTIS/PB 212 392
GPO - $2.00
NTIS/PB 211 621
GPO - $1.25
NTIS/PB 210 701
GPO - $1.75
NTIS/PB 210 134
GPO - $2.00
NTIS/PB 211 283
GPO - $0.75
NTIS/PB 210 702
GPO - $1.75
NTIS/PB 210 124
GPO - $1.75
NTIS/PB 208 034
GPO - $2.50
NTIS/PB 206 954
GPO - $1.00
NTIS/PB 210 778
(Vanderbilt - $4)
GPO - $1.50
NTIS/PB 210 126
GPO - $2.00
NTIS/PB 208 031
-------
REPORT NUMBER
TITLE/AUTHOR
SOURCE
16130 FDQ
03/71
16130 FHJ
09/70
16130 FSU
12/71
16130 GFI
06/71
16130 GKF
12/70
16130 GNK
10/71
EPA-R2-72-074a
(16130 ERN)
EPA-R2-72-0745
(16130 ERN)
EPA-R2-72-083
(16130 FOK)
EPA-R2-73-259
(16130 DIP)
Heated Surface Jet Discharged into a
Fl owi ng Ambi ent Stream, by L. H. Motz
and B. A. Benedict, Vanderbilt Univer-
sity, Nashville, TN.
Beneficial Uses of Waste Heat - An
Evaluation, by Northwest Water Research
Lab., FWQA, Corvallis, Oregon
Surface Discharge of Heated Water, by
H. Stefan, N. Hayakawa, and F. Schiebe,
St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab., Univ.
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Potential Environmental Effects of an
Offshore Submerged Nuclear Power Plant,
Vol. I:
Vol. II:
by General Dynamics, Electric Boat Div.,
Groton, CT.
A Method for Predicting the Performance
of Natural Draft Cooling Towers, by
Pacific Northwest Water Lab., EPA,
Corvallis, Oregon
Development and Demonstration of Low-Level
Drift Instrumentation, by Environmental
Systerns Corp., Knoxvilie, TN.
A Procedure and Case Study Demonstration
for Evaluating the Cost of Thermal Effluent
Control for Proposed Steam-Electric Gen-
erating Units (Final Report), by F. A. Smith
and L. Ortolano, The Center for the Environ-
ment and Man, Inc., Hartford, Ct.
A Procedure for Estimating Costs of Thermal NTIS/PB 214 123
Effluent Modifications for Existing Steam-
Electric Generating Stations (Study Paper
No. 2), by L. Ortolano and F. A. Smith,
The Center for the Environment and Man, Inc.
Hartford, CT.
GPO - $1.75
NTIS/PB 211 284
NTIS/PB 201 724
GPO - $2.00
NTIS/PB 211 285
GPO - $2.50
NTIS/PB 208 281
GPO $2.25
NTIS/PB 208 282
GPO - $0.75
NTIS/PB 210 125
GPO - $0.65
NTIS/PB 210 759
NTIS/PB 214 207
Controlling Thermal Pollution in Smal 1
Streams, by G. W. Brown and J.
Oregon State Univ., Corvallis,
R. Brazier,
Oregon
Heat and Water Vapor Exchange Between
Water Surface and Atmosphere, by W. H.
Brutsaert, Cornell Umv., Ithaca, NY
GPO - $1.25
EP 1.23/2:72-083
NTIS/PB 213 901
GPO - $0.90
EP 1.23/2:73-259
IX-29
-------
REPORT NUMBER TITLE/AUTHOR
SOURCE
EPA-R2-73-273
(16130 )
EPA-R2-73-161
(16130 FLM)
EPA-R2-73-162
(16130 DGM)
EPA-R2-72-005a
(16130 FHH)
EPA-660/2-74-011
(16130 EIK)
EPA-660/2-73-004
(16130 HKK)
16130 GSD
16130 GNK
EPA-660/2-73-011
16130 EMQ
Predicting and Controlling Residual
Chlorine in Cooling Tower Slowdown,
by G. R.
Research
Oregon
(Pending)
Nelson, PNW Environmental
Lab., EPA, NERC, Corvallis,
Analysis of Engineering Alternatives for
Environmental Protection from Thermal
Discharges, by State of Washington Water
Research Center, Univ. of Washington/
Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA.
Numerical Thermal Plume Model for Vertical
Outfalls in Shallow Waters, by D. S. Trent,
Welty, Oregon State Univ.,
and J. R.
Corvallis
Pendi ng
GPO - $2.60
EP 1.23/2:73-161
NTIS/PB 221 498
GPO - $4.80
EP 1.23/2:73-162
NTIS/PB 221 488
Oregon
A Demonstration of Thermal Water Utiliza- GPO - $2.i
tion in Agriculture, by Eugene Water and
Electric Board
Nomographs for Thermal Pollution Control
Systems by Hittman Associates
Study for the Stochastic Calculation of
Water Equilibrium Temperature by Environ-
mental Systems Laboratory
Explicit Calibration of the PILLS II
System, by the Environmental Systems Corp
Turbulent Bed Cooling Towers, by Purdue
Research Foundation
GPO - $1.1
GPO - $0.65
IX-30
-------
WOOD PULPING, PAPER AND PAPERBOARD MANUFACTURING,
AND LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS
The all-inclusive title "Forest Products" would certainly encompass
the industrial program area addressed here, but that title would not be
sufficiently definitive. The more lengthy title is preferred since it
categorizes three broad areas in which wood is the basic ingredient for
the manufacture or production of a vast array of consumables.
The two major industry groups of concern are identified in the
Standard Industrial Classification Manual (SIC). Under Major Group 26,
"Paper and Allied Products," and under Major Group 24, "Lumber and Wood
Products, Except Furniture," are various sub-categories. The program
area herein defined in relation to them is one in technology research
(TR) intended to provide an economically viable technology to satisfy
point source effluent discharge standards addressed to various
sub-categories of these two major groups of industries.
Sub-categories within SIC Group 26 include pulp mills whose primary
activity is the making of pulp from wood or other material such as rags,
linters, waste paper, and straw. Paper mills primarily engaged in the
manufacture of paper from wood pulp and other fibers as well as
integrated mills (those who manufacture pulp and paper) are included.
Also included are establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing
paperboard from wood pulp and other fibers. Building paper and building
board mills using wood pulp and other fibrous pulps are also included.
Within the SIC Group 24, sub-categories which this program is
addressed to are mills primarily engaged in plywood, veneer and laminated
wood production, as well as particleboard producers and wood preserving
establishments.
For the pulp and paper making industries it has been estimated that
the total waste load developed from their processes represents 27 percent
of the total pollutional load attributed to all manufacturing. Wastes
from these industries may show extreme pH variations; extremely high
biochemical oxygen demand loads (dependent on the pulping process); high
color due to lignin compounds released in pulping and bleaching as well
as loss of pigments and dyes in paper making; and may have a toxic effect
on aquatic life at various levels of the food chain. In addition these
wastes can contain significant amounts of settleable and suspended solids
in the form of fiber, dirt, and debris.
Environmental problems generated by the lumber and wood production
include water quality degradation due to log rafting, transport, and
log pond operations. The leaching of soluble materials and the accumu-
lation of color and bank debris follows.
X-l
-------
Lumber production creates wastes resulting in both air and water
pollution, however in large mill operations, chips and sawdust residue
can be used as feed for pulp, hardboard, chipboard, and insulation board
manufacture. Plywood mills, wet process hardboard. and insulation board
mills contribute water carried wastes containing water soluble wood
extractives, urea-formaldehyde and phenolic glue residues, fire retar-
dants, pesticides, and wood fiber as the product may require. Wood
preservation utilizes a number of heavy metals, pentachlorophenol,
creosote, and oil in processing lumber, poles and piling. Water carried
wastes are derived from these operations.
The R&D program for the above industry areas initiates research
efforts under the grant, contract, and in-house provisions of PL 92-500,
Section 104 and 105. Objectives are to develop and demonstrate
technology which will result in the elimination of the discharge of pollu-
tants .
The objectives are met through a R&D planning function located at
EPA Headquarters, Washington, D. C., and an implementation program
located at the Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory at
Corvallis, Oregon.
X-2
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PROJECT INDEX
DBD
DEH
DKD
DLQ
DRY
DYD
EBG
EBY
EEK
EEL
EFC
EJU
ELW
EMY
ENC
ESV
EUG
EXQ
EZU
EZZ
FDE
FES
PULP, PAPER, PAPERB6ARD, LUMBER
AND WOOD PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES
Grantee or Contractor
Montana State University
University of Washington
Institute of Paper Chemistry
Oreqon State University
Continental Can Company, Inc.
Interstate Paper Corporation
Oreqon State University
Oreqon State University
Georqia Kraft Company
Pulp Manufacturers Research Leaaue
University of Washinqton
St. Reqis Paper Company
Crown Zellerbach Corporation
The Mead Corporation
International Paper Company
Crown Zellerfaach Corporation
Georqia Kraft Company
University of Washinaton
Klamath Plywood Corporation
University of North Caroltna
Esleeck Manufacturina Company and Strathmore
Paper Company
S. D. Warren Company
Project Status
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
X-3
-------
Grantee or Contractor
FKS Weyerhaeuser Company
FUB Green Bay Packaging, Inc.
GLV WAPORA, Inc.
GQD Crown Zellerbach Corporation
HAR WAPORA, Inc.
HDD Georgia - Pacific Corporation
HIG Koppers Company, Inc.
HPK University of Washington
14-12-162 Electro-Optical Systems, Inc.
800261 Champion Paper Division, U. S. Plywood Corp.
800520 Green Bay Packaging Company
800740 The Chesapeake Corporation of Virginia
800853 Institute of Paper Chemistry
801202 Garrett Research and Development Corp.
801206 Big Chief Roofing Company
801876 University of Arkansas
801207 Institute of Paper Chemistry
803119 Institute of Paper Chemistry
803270 St. Regis Paper Company
803302 Flambeau Paper Company
803347 National Council for Stream and Air Improvement
803348 National Council for Air and Stream Improvement
Project Status:
A - Completed, Final Report Available
B - Project Ongoing
C - Project Discontinued
Project Status
C
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
C
A
B
B
A
B
B
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
X-4
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10!> of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
DBD
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Ion Exchange Color and Mineral Removal
from Kraft Bleach Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Civil Engineering
and Engineering Mechanics
Montana State University
Bozeman, Montana 59715
Project Site: Bozeman> Montana
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. H. K. Willard
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Award Date:
Completion Date:
Summary:
June 1971
May 1973
Project Cost: $110,000
Federal Cost:
$91,300
Laboratory evaluations of twenty resins and seven carbons for removing
color and minerals from a four-stage kraft bleach plant showed resins
were equal to carbon for decoloring the combined waste. With few excep-
tions, resins were unsuited for decoloring wastes from each stage separately.
Except for success in the use of weak wash to regenerate Amberlite XAD-8
resin, utilization of mill liquors for regeneration was unsuccessful.
Sulfuric acid, caustic, and ammonia were good regenerants, but lime was
poor. - Single stage ion exchange and two-stage desalination produced
water adequate for unbleached and bleached pulping respectively. Any of
the continuous counter-current ion exchange processes are probably adequate
for producing water for bleached pulping. - The estimated cost for desal-
ination including amortization over a 10 year period at 9% interest, labor,
chemicals, maintenance, and repairs are estimated to vary from $1.38/1000
gal (for the non-optimized process used in the laboratory) to $0.42/1000 gal
(with estimated 90% cation regeneration efficiency, 85% anion regeneration
efficiency, and 87% product recovery).
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-5
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi* sheet l.riclk describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of Ihr
Federal \\alcr Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PI- 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DEH
TITLE OF PROJECT: Studies of Low Molecular Weight Lignin Sulfonates
Project Cost: $32,049
Federal Cost: $28,844
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Department of Chemical Engineering Dr. H. K. Willard
University of Washington PNEKL, EPA
Seattle, Washington 98105 200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
PrOJeCt Site : Seattle, Washington
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: September 1970
Completion Date: October 1971
Summary:
Low molecular weight lignin sulfonates have been separated in purified
form and characterized by physicochemical and chemical methods. Their
structure and reactions have been evaluated.
Lignin sulfonates from the spent sulfite liquor of a mild acid bisulfite
cook of Western Hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) were purified and fractionated
in Sephadex G-25 column chromatography. Samples were analyzed using ace-
tylation of hydroxyl-groups and esterification of sulfonate-groups which
aided the elimination of the polydisperse nature of the material under
investigation.
Complete elemental and functional group compositions were established for
lignin sulfonates from a spent sulfite liquor and compared to those from
milled wood lignin preparation. This allowed an estimate of the degree of
sulfonation, condensation and demethylation as well.
The feasibility of large scale separations was determined using. 1) th.e extrac-
tion and precipitation of the dry matter in a spent sulfite liquor with
alcohol, and 2) the fractionation of the -material By ion exclusion in a
column arrange^DDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER merit.
X-6
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or I Of) of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1°72 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DKD
TITLE OF PROJECT: Kraft Effluent Color Characterization Before
and After Stoichiometric Lime Treatment
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Institute of Paper Chemistry
Appleton, Wisconsin
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George Webster
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: $170,721
Federal Cost: $119,505
Project Site : Appleton, Wisconsin
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 1968
Completion Date: February 1973
Summary:
The lime-treatment process was found to remove on an average about 86% of
the color, 57% of the total organic carbon, and 17% of total sugars from
the waste effluent during the period of approximately 15 months over which
the samples were collected. No appreciable change in chloride content
was noticed. - The "weight average" molecular weights (M^,) of the untreated
acid-insoluble fractions varied from<400 to 30,000 and of the untreated
acid-soluble, lime-treated acid-insoluble, and lime-treated acid-soluble
fractions from 400 to 5000. - The study shows that color bodies having
an apparent ^ of 400 are not removed by lime treatment and those having
M^j of 5000 and above are completely removed. The intermediate range of
MW 400 to 5000 apparently undergoes partial removal. - The color bodies
which are not removed by lime treatment have low M^ high nonconjugated
carboxyl groups, some lignin like character, and seem to be associated
with colorless carbon compounds.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-7
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> shed briefly de.MTibe.s an R. & D project Section 104 or H)."i of the
Federal \\alcr Pollution Control Act Amendment* of l<)72 (PI- 92-.i()0)
PROJECT NUMBER:
DLO
TITLE OF PROJECT: Slime Growth Evaluation of Treated Pulp Mill Wastes
Project Cost: $31,259
Federal Cost: $28,325
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Department of Microbiology Mr. Donald May
Oregon State University PNERL, EPA
Corvallis, Oregon 97331 200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
PrOJeCt Site : Cprvallis, Oregon
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May 1959
Completion Date: August 1971
Summary:
The main objectives were to evaluate the slime growth potential of pulp
mill wastes treated by various methods of biodegradation. Wastes were
tested both before and after secondary treatment in order to determine
the type of biodegradable material present in the influent, determine ,
the extent of fermentation during treatment, and the amount of biodegrade4
fermentables discharged in the effluent. The intent was to define total
carbon, readily fermentable carbon, and to design a reasonably accurate
and sensitive method for predicting adequate water quality presently
measured by BOD. - Gas chromatographic analysis of monosaccharides,
total carbon, and continuous culture proved to be effective analytical
procedures. These techniques showed that Sphaerotilus natans would grow
in treated effluent, that residual sugars in the treated effluent could
be detected easily by GC, that total solids and sugar concentrations
parallel influent flow rate, that during influent surges, effluent sugar
concentrations are high enough to support slime growth, that weekly
variations were evident, and that differences between the two treatment
ponds could be observed.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-8
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Waler Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: DRY
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Color Removal and Sludge Disposal Process
for Kraft Mill Effluents
Project Cost:$2.865.970
Federal Cost: $750,
000
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Continental Can Company, Inc. Dr. H. K. Willard
Mill Operations Division PNERL, EPA
Hodge, Louisiana 71247 Corvallis, Oregon 97330
PrOJeCt Site : Hodge, Louisiana
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 196 s
Completion Date: February 1973
Summary:
A treatment plant, removing color by lime addition and recovering sludges,
treated over 80% of the effluent of an unbleached kraft mill for one year.
Using up to 1,100 mg/1 of CaO, with normal mill fiber loss as a precipita-
tion aid, average color reduction was 80% for all-kraft effluent. At upper
range of lime dosage, when residual dissolved Ca was above 400 mg/1 as
CaO, color removal was 85-93%. When mill production included 33-40% NSSC
hardwood pulp, color reduction averaged only 65%. - About 12% 8005 reduc-
tion was observed, and average TOC reduction was nearly 40%. The chief
negative factor is need for emergency protection against alkaline impact
on secondary treatment and receiving stream. - Following centrifuge
dewatering, sludge incineration had minimal impact on kiln operation;
there were some adverse effects on lime quality. Lime recovery was 93%.
- Primary clarification and sludge disposal are included in the process.
Operating costs, exclusive of capital factors, are estimated at $0.50-$0.80
per ton of paper, or 5.5
-------
INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi.- sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1()72 (PL ()2-.>00)
PROJECT NUMBER:
DYD
TITLE OF PROJECT' Evaluation and Demonstration of the Massive Lime
' Process for the Removal of Color from Kraft Pulp
Mill Wastes
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George Putnicki
Region VI, EPA
1402 Elm Street
Dallas, Texas 75202
Project Cost: $350,000
Federal Cost: $595,000
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
International Paper Company
220 East 42nd Street
New York, New York 10017
Project Site : Sprlnghlll, Louisana 71075
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1968
Completion Date: December 1972
Summary:
A demonstration plant was installed and operated to determine effective-
ness and feasibility of using massive lime treatment (that is, 20,000 ppm
lime) to decolor kraft pulp mill effluents. The two most highly colored
effluents and mixtures of these treated in the demonstration plant were:
1) The almost black effluent from the caustic extraction stage of pulp '
bleaching, and 2) The light reddish-brown effluent from the final unbleached
pulp washing stage. Objectives of the project were to determine: Effec-
tiveness of color removal, design, and performance of massive lime system
equipment, effects on normal pulp mill operations, effects on pulp quality,
operating costs. Impact of the massive lime system on a hypothetical
1000 tons-per-day bleached kraft pulp and paper mill is described. Using
all the lime normally available in such a mill would allow massive lime
treatment of four million of the mill's twenty-nine million gallons of
effluent. Such treatment would remove 72% of the total mill effluent's
color, reducing final effluent color to approximately 740 APHA units at
an estimated operating cost of $1.80 per ton of pulp (depreciation,
insurance, and taxes included).
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-1Q
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shrcl briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10." of llic
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
EBG
The Influence of Log Handling on Water Quality
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 9733'i
Project Site:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. H. K. Willard
PNEKL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Corvallis, Oregon
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date:
Completion Date:
Summary:
June 1970
February 1973
Project Cost:
Federal Cost:
$21,740
$20,633
The objective was to determine the effect of log storage on water quality.
Soluble organic matter and some inorganics leach from logs floating in
water and from logs held in sprinkled land decks. The character and
quantity of leachate from Doublas fir, ponderosa pine, and hemlock logs
were examined. Measurements including BOD, COD, PBI, solids, and toxicity
(no kill to 20% TLm 96) have shown that in most situations the contribution
of soluble leachates to holding water is not a significant water pollution
problem. - The most significant problem associated with water storage
appears to be the loss of bark from logs during dumping, raft transport
and raft storage. Dislodged bark can float until it becomes water logged
and sinks, forming benthic deposits. Floating bark is aesthetically dis-
pleasing and could interfere with other beneficial uses of a lake, stream
or estuary. Benthic deposits exert a small, but measurable oxygen demand
and may influence the biology of the benthic zone. Implementation of
corrective measures by the timber industry to reduce bark losses could
make the water storage of logs a practice which is compatible with a high
quality environment.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
x-n
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed l.rid'K dc^-rilu's an R. & U project Section 104 or l()."> ol' Ihr
Federal \\atrr Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1()72 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
EBY
TITLE OF PROJECT: Aerial Photographic Tracing of Pulp Mill
Effluent in Marine Waters
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Civil Engineering
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Project Site:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Newport and Gardiner, Oregon
Samoa, California
Project Cost: $2o,78i
Federal Cost: $19,237
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 1969
Completion Date: August 1970
Summary:
Aerial photography taken of waste plumes from Kraft pulp mill ocean out-
falls was shown to be an effective tool in the study of waste disposal
sites. Photography taken at one instant provides comprehensive informa-
tion throughout the waste field. Manpower requirements and costs for this
method are considerably less than for conventional boat sampling surveys.
- Waste concentrations were measured by conventional boat sampling
techniques while aerial photography was taken of the outfall area from
altitudes ranging from 3,000 to 11,000 ft. Computerized procedures were
used to compute water currents, waste concentrations, toxicity zones,
and diffusion coefficients from the photography. - Surface water current
was ^found to be the dominant factor in the resulting plume pattern. During
periods of low current velocities in the receiving water, the hydraulic
head created by the effluent source was a significant factor in the result-
ing plume shape. Temperature was found not to be an effective tracer for
tracking the plume or for estimating waste concentrations since the result-
ing plume temperature may exceed, equal to, or be less than the surrounding
ocean temperature.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-12
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10." of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
EEK
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Treatment of Selected Internal Kraft Mill Wastes
in a Cooling Tower
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Georgia-Kraft Co.
Rome, Georgia
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Site:
Macon, Georgia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date:
Completion Date:
Summary:
October 1967
Project Cost: $m,ooo
August 1971
Federal Cost:
$287,000
Pulp mill condensates, decker filtrate, and turpentine decanter underflow
from an 850 ton/day Kraft linerboard mill were successfully treated in a
conventional cooling tower. These waste streams, in combination with the
condenser waters from a barometric type evaporator condenser, were cooled
in the tower and reused. The overall accomplishments of this process were
the removal of about 10,000 Ibs of BOD per day and the reduction in overall
mill water needs of about 8-10 mgd. Theoretical, laboratory, and pilot
studies investigated the BOD removal mechanisms involved and proved that
the predominant mechanism is stripping of volatile components. The primary
factors controlling BOD removal in this system are blowdown rate, liquid-
gas ratio, and average temperature. For a blowdown rate of 15-20 percent
of the tower influent, average treatment efficiencies for the waste streams
considered are 55-65% for sixth effect condensate, 45-55% for combined
condensate and turpentine decanter underflow, and 25-35 percent for decker
filtrate. - The reduction in BOD of these waste streams is believed due
primarily to the stripping of methanol. Some biological activity is
evident in the tower, however, and the addition of nutrients results in
an improvement of 5-10% in BOD removal. The system has several advantages
°?orsthe conventional surface condenser system used with Kraft mill evapor-
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-13
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tim sheet hrid'ly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 10.' of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
EEL
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Development of Reverse Osmosis for In-Plant
Treatment of Dilute Pulping Industry Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Pulp Manufacturers Research League
Appleton, Wisconsin
PrOJBCt Site : Appleton, Wisconsin
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Award Date:
August 1967
Completion Date:
Summary:
February 1972
Project Cost:
Federal Cost:
$690,530
$483,371
Adaptation of reverse osmosis as a method of concentration for dilute
effluents of pulping, bleaching, and paper manufacture was conducted in
laboratory, pilot scale, and in large 50,000 gallon per day field demon-
strations at pulp mills. Most dilute wastes at 1% solids contained sus-
pended particles, colloidal suspensoids, large molecular-weight wood
derived organics, and/or scale-forming inorganic chemical residues. Tubu-
lar membrane systems capable of being operated at self-cleaning velocities
increasing beyond 2.0 feet per second, as concentration advanced to 10%
solids, were apparently best adapted to processing these effluents at sus-
tained high flux rates. Tubular systems studied were subject to excessive
failure rates in terms of life of membrane support structures or to leakage
of internal connections based on the support structure. Feasibility of
employing RO for concentration of dilute pulping and bleaching effluents
depends on developing routes to substantial improvement in life expectancy
of RO equipment to maintain high flux rates and rejections at much lower
membrane maintenance and replacement costs than prevailed with equipment
available for these studies conducted from 1967 through 1971.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X- 14
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 103 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendment* of 1972 (PI. ^2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
EFC
TITLE OF PROJECT! Pollution Abatement by Fiber Modification
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
College of Forest Resources
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington 98105
Project Site: Seattle, Washingt
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 1959
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
on
Project Cost: $41,603
Federal Cost: $37,350
Completion Date: January 1971
Summary:
Laboratory studies led to the discovery of two new methods for the collec-
tion of pollutants by fibers based on oxidative grafting. Further, physical
entrapment by hydrodynamic volume changes were also discovered and a pro-
cedure for the characterization of copolymer compositions by surface tension
was established. - Cellulosic or lignocellulosic fibers can be reacted
with di- or tri-halogeno-s-triazines in simple aqueous conditions so that
about 10% of weight of reactive sites can be built into the fiber. The
modified fibers can be regarded as polychloro-£-triazinylated fibers in
which each £-triazine ring contains approximately one or two reactive
chlorine atoms. Chloro-s-triazines are capable of reacting in aqueous
solutions with amines, mercaptans and phenols, typical of those present in
pulping wastes and bleach plant effluent. The efficiency of this system
is increased as the size of the pollutant removed per reactive fiber size
is increased. Methods to increase the size of lignosulfonates by conden-
sation have been developed.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-15
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AOENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tliis shrcl briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of tin-
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
EJU
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Kraft Pulping Effluent Treatment and Reuse
State-of-the-Art Portion - Part I
6RANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
St. Regis Paper Company
150 E. 42nd Street
New York, New York 10017
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George R. Webster
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
PrOJBCt Site .' Jacksonville and Pensacola, Florida
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date:
June 1969
Project Cost: $48,ooo*
Date:
February 1973 (Part I)
Federal Cost: $26,soo*
Summary:
This report presents a survey of the literature and other sources on
present practices and advanced methods of handling and treatment of pulp
and paper mill effluents, with particular emphasis on the kraft process,
and the use of activated carbon and lime treatment as advanced methods
of treatment. The survey was made as a first step in a three part
development program aimed at maximum water reuse in kraft pulp and -paper
mills based on effluent treatment using activated carbon.
The results of the survey include information on activated carbon and its
applications in treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents as well as in
treatment of municipal water supplies and effluents. Information is pre-
sented on lime treatment of kraft mill effluent and on other advanced
treatment methods. It also covers the subjects of in-plant water reuse,
effluent collection systems, solids removal, and biological oxidation.
*Approximate, pending apportionment of costs after completion of Parts II
and III.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-16
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi* shed brie.t'l\ describe.- an Ft & U project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Ad Amendment* ol l<)72 (PI. ()l2-.~>00)
PROJECT NUMBER:
ELW
TITLE OF PROJECT.' Aerated Lagoon Treatment of Sulfite Pulping Effluents
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Crown Zellerbach Corporation
Camas, Washington
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $302,000
Federal Cost: $503,739
Project Site : Lebanon, Oregon
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 1967
Completion Date: August 1971
Summary:
Secondary treatment of sulfite pulp and paper mill effluents in aerated
stabilization basins was tested on a full-scale basis over a 17-month
period of continuous operation. The secondary treatment plant consisted
of two aeration basins. One basin was equipped with two 75-hp surface
aerators and the other basin of equal volume was equipped with six 25-hp
aeration units. Piping was designed to permit series and parallel
operation of the two basins and provisions were made to recycle treated
waste. The waste treated was a mixture of weak wash water from the pulp
mill, evaporator condensate from the spent liquor recovery system, and
paper machine white water. - Results showed that series operation was
more efficient than parallel operation and that the 75-hp surface aerators
were much more efficient mixing and aeration devices than the 25-hp units
of equivalent capacity. An 80% BOD reduction in the combined secondary
system was achieved at a BOD load of 3.53 Ibs/1,000 cu ft of aeration
capacity or 2.2 Ibs/hp-hr. This was equivalent to a daily BOD load of
16:000 Ibs. Biological treatment of the mill waste to a BOD reduction of
80?; to 85% produced a waste which did not readily support slime growth
when added to simulated experimental streams. Total operating cost includ-
ing interest on investment and depreciation was $169,500 per year or $4.79/
ton of produc-ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER tion.
X-17
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of ihe
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
EMY
Multi-System Biological Treatment of Bleached
Kraft Effluents
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Mead Corporation
Chillicothe, Ohio
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph Scott
PNEKL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Site:
Chillicothe, Ohio
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date:
Completion Date:
Summary:
December 1966
December 1970
Project Cost: $428,500
Federal Cost: $299,950
A multi-unit pilot plant was used to study the biological treatment of
integrated Kraft pulp and paper wastewaters after conventional primary
clarification. The biological units included two high-rate trickling
filters packed with PVC media, an oxidation ditch with brush-type aera-
tion, and an earthen lagoon with mechanical surface aeration. Because
the main feed could be excluded from one or more biological units and,
in its place, any of the pilot-unit effluents, except the aerated lagoon,
could be pumped back to the main weir box for feed, simultaneous series
and parallel operation of the four biological systems was possible. The
combinations using normal strength wastewater included: (a) Trickling
filters in series, (h) Trickling filter to aerated lagoon, C.c) Oxidation
ditch to aerated lagoon, and Cd). Oxidation ditch, to trickling filtex.
- Best efficiencies at normal effluent strength were obtained on the
pilot oxidation ditch when run with clarification and sludge return as
the extended aeration process. BODr removals as high as 94£ were possible.
The trickling filter with sludge recycle performed slightly better than the
conventional trickling filter. BOD5 removals of 60% to 70% were possible.
The conventional aerated lagoon at short detention times was improved by
clarification of the treated effluent. BOD5 removals of 80% were possible.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICE*
X-18
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed briefly describes an R, & D project Section 104 or 10.") ol' the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 197:2 (HI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
ENC
TITLE OF PROJECT) Color Removal from Kraft Pulping Effluent
by Lime Addition
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edmond Lomasney
Region IV, EPA
1421 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Project Cost: $741>i60
Federal Cost: $466,895
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Interstate Paper Corporation
300 East 42nd Street
New York, New York 10017
Project Site: Riceboro, Georgia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1968
Completion Date: December 1972
Summary:
A prototype color removal system was designed, constructed and operated as
an integral part of a tertiary treatment system for total process effluent
from a kraft linerboard mill. The basic system included a lime precipi-
tation process for the removal of color combined with primary clarifica-
tion followed by natural biochemical lake stabilization and mechanical
aeration.
Results show that the color removal system can operate successfully under
widely varying conditions to give a relatively constant effluent color in
the range of 125 ppm APHA color units at treatment levels of 1000 (+ 50)
ppm of calcium hydroxide with untreated effluent colors in the range of
1200 (+ 200) ppm. Treatment at this level reduces lime cost to $53.73 per
million gallons with lime at $15.35/ton (90% CaO). Performance is directly
related to control of lime feed. Equipment evaluation indicates substan-
tial savings in capital cost for future installations.
Overall BOD5 reduction for the tertiary treatment system is 98% with a
final discharge average BOD^ of 6 ppm.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-19
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tills sheet hriel'h deMTil>e> an R & U project Section 104 or 10.1 of the
Federal \\aler Pollution Control \cl \mendment> of 1972 (PI. <)2-.~>00)
PR.OJECT NUMBER:
ESV
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Methods for Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge Utilization
and Disposal
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Crown Zellerbach Corporation
Environmental Services Division
Camas , Washington
Site :
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Camas, Washington
Project Cost: $8*8,320
Federal Cost:$350,000
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Aprii 1968
Completion Date: May 1973
Summary:
The disposal of pulp and paper mill sludge in a manner which has minimal
effect on the environment has become a serious problem. This project was
carried out to evaluate four methods of disposal, namely: (1) Incinera-
tion in an air entrained dryer-incinerator, (2) burning in hog fuel
boilers, (3) incorporation into soil as an amendment, and (4) hydro-
mulching for soil stabilization. Other possible uses are discussed.
Burning sludge in incinerators costs between $11 and $13/dry ton, includ-
ing all prior dewatering steps. Sludge can be made available at various
degrees of dewatering at costs of from $7 to $20/dry ton. Incorporation
into farm soil offers the possiblity for disposal of large quantities of
sludge. At low levels (100-200 tons/acre) crop yields are satisfactory,
provided adequate nitrogen is added. A high level incorporation (600
tons/acre) requires a year of fallow preceding crop planting. Sludge
alone or in combination with bark can be used as a hydromulch in establish-
ing grass stands on steep embankments.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-20
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tl)i> -licet liriH'K dociiho an R & L) project Section 104 or 10." of (lie
Kcilcral \\alcr Pollution Control Ad \mcmlmcnt.- of l','7J (PI. OJ-.'OO)
PROJECT NUMBER: EUG
TITLE OF PROJECT: Foam Separation of Kraft Pulping Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Georgia-Kraft Co.
Rome, Georgia
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $68,83o
Federal Cost: $48,isi
Project Site : Rome, Georgia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: August 1957
Completion Date: October 1959
Summary:
Laboratory studies of foam separation were conducted to determine the
feasibility of this process for reducing BOD, solids content, and foaming
tendency of clarified Kraft mill effluent. Since Kraft pulping wastes
have a natural tendency to foam, it was expected that the foaming process,
which has been found to be useful in treating domestic wastes, might have
applications in treatment of these effluents. - Both continuous flow
and batch experiments were conducted, and liquid and foam heights, liquid
feed rates, air sparging rates, and temperature were varied over wide
ranges. - The BOD reduction in the treated liquid was disappointingly
small, averaging less than 5%, and the BOD enrichment in the foam phase
was in most cases less than 1.5 times that of the feed. Solids removal
was correspondingly low. - The cost of using a foam process on kraft
mill wastes is estimated to be four to five cents per 1000 gallons of feed:
this cost is exclusive of further processing of the concentrated foamate.
Based on control of foaming tendency alone, the process would be unattrac-
tive, from a cost standpoint.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-21
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
i-* -heel briet'h docriht-v an R \ D project Section 104 or H)o of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act A mend month of l()72 (PI- <^-.iOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: EXQ
TITLE OF PROJECT! Steam Stripping Odorous Substances From
Kraft Effluent Streams (SEKOR)
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington 98105
Project Site: Seattle, Washingt
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. H. K. Willard
PNEKL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 9733Q
on
Award Date:
September 1970
Completion Date: April 1973
Project Cost: $32,100
Federal Cost: $28,899
Summary:
Laboratory and design studies have been completed relating to volatile
constituents which appear in Kraft black liquor and condensate streams,
and how these can best be removed and recovered. In order of decreasing
concentration, the volatile constituents are alcohols, terpenes, ketones,
sulfur bearing compounds, and phenolic compounds. Methanol, the major
alcohol contaminant, is found in from 280 to 8400 ppm in condensate
streams, amounting to 11 to 16 pounds per ton of pulp produced. Terpenes
are found to range from a few ppm to about 4500 ppm in condensates, 4 to
9 pounds per ton of pulp. Acetone is present at concentrations of 2 to
200 ppm, corresponding to 0.07 to 0.4 pounds per ton of pulp. In all,
some 40 compounds were found to be present in condensate streams. The
feasibility of combining steam stripping of Kraft liquor with steam strip-
ping of condensates was explored, and the conditions under which this may
be warranted are reported. Under most present mill situations, steam
stripping of black liquor and the last stages of evaporator condensates
does not appear to be warranted except in unusual cases. Exploratory
type studies were made and are reported concerning improved methods of pre-
dicting vapor-liquid equilibria in such systems, and separation of the
resulting volatile oils.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-22
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IN FORM A TION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tl)i> sheet hriel'K de>ci ibe.x an R .\ U project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control \cl Amendment.- of |J-5
PROJECT NUMBER:
EZU
TITLE OF PROJECT! Aerobic Secondary Treatment of Plywood Glue Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Klamath Plywood Corp.
Klamath Falls, Oregon 97601
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. H. K. Willard
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $55,040
Federal Cost: $42,028
Project Site : Klamath Falls, Oregon
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: April 1968
Completion Date: April 1973
Summary:
An activated sludge treatment system, consisting of an aeration tank, a
tube-settler clarification module and a waste solids lagoon, was constructed
at Klamath Plywood Corporation to treat urea-formaldehyde glue and steam
vat condensate wastewater. The system was studied over a period of 18
months. Prior to operation the flow to the treatment system was reduced
from about 40,000 gallons per day to about 8,000 gallons per day and BOD
from 500-1,000 pounds per day to 100-400 pounds per day. During the
period of greatest efficiency, the flow averaged 6,700 gallons per day
and the BOD averaged 182 pounds per day. The results indicate that acti-
vated sludge treatment of urea-formaldehyde glue waste alone is not
feasible. The combined wastewater is amenable to treatment by activated
sludge, but requires the addition of phosphorus. Without nutrient addition,
the average BOD removal was 38%. During the period when phosphorus was
added to the system, the BOD removal averaged 78%. The flow averaged
9,800 gallons per day during the latter period. Treatment efficiency was
adversely affected by cold weather during part of the study period.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-23
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheel lirict'ly describes an R & L) project Section 104 or !()."> of the
Federal \\alcr Pollution Control Acl \mendments of l«)72 (PI, <>2-."K)0)
PROJECT NUMBER: Ezz
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Dilute Spent Kraft Liquor Filtration Through Wood Chips
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
School of Forest Resources
University of North Carolina
Raleigh, North Carolina
Site :
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Raleigh, North Carolina
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date:
August 1967
Completion Date: April 1970
Summary:
Project Cost: $25,920
Federal Cost: $i8,i44
The principal objective of this project was to determine if contact between
effluent from a Kraft pulp mill and pine chips would reduce the water pollu-
tion characteristics of the waste liquor. - The experimental work was
divided into two phases: 1) a small scale laboratory investigation of con-
tacting dilute waste liquor with chips; and 2) a pilot-scale investigation
of filtering waste liquor through a column and a pile of chips. - It was
found chat contact of alkaline waste liquor, or even distilled water, with
pine chips extracted organic matter from the chips which had a considerable
BOD5. This extract corresponded to a pollution load of about 3-11 Ibs.
BOD5 per ton of dry wood. Alkalinity, pH, and intensity of color of the
waste liquor were somewhat reduced by the contact. These reductions are,
however,^too small to have any practical application in effluent treatment.
It can, in general, be concluded that contact of alkaline waste liquor, or
water, with wood chips extracts soluble organics and adds pollutional
materials to the effluent stream.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-24
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tlii> sheet briefly dcMTibe.x an R & D project Section 104 or 10.1 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Ac I Amendments of 1972 (PL ()2-."iOO)
PROJECT NUMBER: FDE
TITLE OF PROJECT! Treatment Plant for Flocculation and Micros creening
of Whitewater
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Esleeck Manufacturing Company Mr. Edward J. Conley
and Strathmore Paper Company Region I, EPA
Turner Falls, Massachusetts John F. Kennedy Federal Building
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
Slt6 : Turners Falls, Massachusetts
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1970 Project Cost: $505,400
Completion Date: Federal Cost: $252,345
Summary:
The objective of this grant is to investigate the applicability of micro-
screening of paper mill wastes from two paper mills that manufacture
business, technical, and other papers made from either rag or chemical
wood pulps to determine the removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ,
suspended solids, color, and turbidity. Tests will be run utilizing a
coagulant or coagulant aid, such as a polyelectrolyte, for the further
removal of turbidity from the mocroscreener effluent. Evaluations to
determine the possibility of reclaiming fibers from the micros creener
sludge will be done. Appropriate treatment processes, such as centri-
fugation or sedimentation, may enable the mills to economically recover
lost fibers.
Data will be obtained to determine design factors and estimates of the
cost of construction and operation of such a facility. The cost of
operation will be correlated with the retail market value of the product.
Also, the study will conduct tests on a ultra-filter supplied free of
charge by the EPA.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-25
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> shecl l.riei'h de,seril>e> an R & D project Section 104 or 10r> of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of l<)72 (PI. (^-o()0)
PROJECT NUMBER: FES
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Sludge Disposal and Material Recovery System for
Manufacturers of Coated and/or Filled Papers
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
S. D. Warren Co.
89 Cumberland Street
Westbrook, Maine 04092
Project Site : Westbrook, Maine
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May 1970
Completion Date: July 1971
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Hend Gorchev
Region I, EPA
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
Project Cost: $65>875
Federal Cost: $45,053
A process was developed and tested in a full-scale trial wherein the
pigment present in waste sludge was reclaimed. Sludge resulting from
the primary treatment of white waters was diluted to less than 0.75%
solids, centricleaned, dewatered to 30% solids, shredded, dried, and
burned in a rotary kiln. The ash that resulted - the pigment - was then
pulverized and used as filler pigment in the papermaking process.
A pigment of acceptable abrasiveness and a GE brightness of 84%-85% could
be produced provided that the sludge was centricleaned and the temperature
in the kiln kept below 1600°F.
A system capable of processing 40 dry tons per day primary treatment
sludge would produce reusable filler pigment at a net cost of $50 per ton.
Compared to the delivered cost of virgin filler clay ($38 per ton) it can
be seen that full scale pigment recovery utilizing this sytem is not
economically justifiable at this time.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-26
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
.s sheet briefly describes an R & I) project Section 104 or 105 of llic
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI. 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
FKS
TITLE OF PROJECT: Steam Stripping and Rectification of Kraft Pulp
Mill Condensates and Black Liquors
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Weyerhaeuser Company
Longview, Washington 98632
Project SitB : Longview, Washington
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: April 1970
Completion Date: March 1972
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. H. K. Willard
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $133,905
Federal Cost: $123,733
A pilot-plant stripping unit will be designed and built. This will be
installed along with auxilliary equipment for rectification and storage.
Runs will be made using decanter underflow, blow condensate, evaporator
condensate, and black liquor. The stripping bottoms water will be tested
and then sewered. The overhead, which forms two immiscible liquids when
condensed, will be decanted, forming a crude turpentine product and a
water soluble organic layer. This will be further rectified and processed
to evaluate the worth of the products therein. The main objective is to
determine on a large pilot-plant scale (50 gal/min. stripping unit) the
efficiency and effectiveness of a steam stripping-rectification unit in
reducing the volatile organic chemicals in Kraft process condensate
streams. This reduction is directly proportional to the biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) reduction that can be achieved by this process. The
mass transfer data provided by this stripping and rectification equipment,
along with the economics of any by-products derived, is necessary for
further decisions regarding full-scale units.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-27
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi* >lieel tiriel'K (le>eril>e> an R X D project Section 104 or 105 of (lie
Federal Water Pollution Control Ac I \inendmcnLx of I()7l2 (PI. ()2-."5()0)
PROJECT NUMBER: FUB
TITLE OF PROJECT: Closure of Water Use Loop in NSSC Pulp and Paperboard
Mill Utilizing R-0 as a Unit Operation
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Green Bay Packaging, Inc.
P. 0. Box 1107
Green Bay, Wisconsin 54305
Project Site : Green Bay, Wisconsin
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1970
Completion Date: January 1972
Summary:
This project involved a pilot phase in which vendors operated proprietary
equipment simultaneously and continuously on the same feed on a program
in progress involving the closure of a pulp and paperboard mill. Recycle
and reuse of weak waste waters containing dissolved organics was carried
out to permit the development of operating techniques applicable to this
particular feed.
Reverse osmosis was investigated as a unit operation, criteria determined
for the design of a full-scale production facility, and equipment designs
of the participating vendors were assessed.
Project Cost: $42,830
Federal Cost: $17,665
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-28
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi- -heel hriel'K de-rrihc.- an R & !) project Section 104 or 10.") ol the
Federal Water Pollution Control \cl Amendment.- of \')72 (\>\ nJ-.~>00;
PROJECT NUMBER:
GLV
TITLE OF PROJECT: Delineation of Pulp and Paper Mill Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
WAPORA, Inc.
1725 DeSales Street, N.W.
Washington, D. C.
Project Site : Washington, D. C,
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 1970
Completion Date: April 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Kirk Willard
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $70,
940
Federal Cost: $70,940
The results of this contractual effort set forth the state-of-the-art
in the treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater as it stands in 1971.
In order to lay a background for the sections on treatment, a review of
both the general economic position of the industry as a whole and the
major production processes is included. Such a background is needed
since a considerable degree of loss control is practiced within the
processes and water recycling is an almost universal practice in this
industry. Included also is a review of the water quality problems which
the applied treatment processes are designed to rectify. Performance
data for treatment processes and systems are presented together with a
review of the applicability of common analytical methods to the measure-
ment of waste characteristics and treatment effectiveness. The techniques
used to monitor waste flowages for control purposes and as means of
recording treatment efficiency are included. Finally, the remaining
problems relative to control and treatment of pulp and paper mill spent
process waters are pointed out. Research and development needs directed
toward solving these problems are defined.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-29
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi< -licet briel'K docrihcs an R & U project Section 104 or 10r> of tin-
Federal \\ater Pollution Control \el Amendments of 1072 (PI, »)2-5()0)
PROJECT NUMBER: GQD
TITLE OF PROJECT: Coliform Bacteria Growth and Control in
Aerated Stabilization Basins
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Crown Zellerbach Corporation
Environmental Services Division
Camas, Washington 98607
Project Site: Lebanon, Oregon
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Juiy i971
Completion Date: December 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $201,377
Federal Cost: $95,568
efflU6f f™m an *-*»** base sulfite mill in Lebanon, Oregon,
concentrations of coliforms (total coliform bacteria) in
receiving waters to more than 1000 per 100 ml, the State standard.
SsinfLMonT^^ f°r ^gh COUf0rm P°Pulati°- -re determined and a
'
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-30
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tliis shed briefly describe:- an R. & L) project Section 104 or \()7) of the
Federal \\atcr Pollution Control \cl Amendments of 1<)72 (PI. ()2-.~>()0)
PROJECT NUMBER: HAR
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Delineation of Paperboard, Building Paper, and
Board Mill Industry Wastes
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
WAPORA, Inc.
1725 DeSales St., N.W.
Washington, D. C.
Project Site: Washington, D. C.
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: December 1970
Completion Date: April 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Kirk Willard
PNERL, EPA
200 S. W. 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $45,322
Federal Cost: $45,322
This report sets forth the state-of-the-art in the treatment of the
industry wastes associated with the paperboard, building paper, and
board mill industries. Included also is a review of the water quality
problems which the applied treatment processes are designed to rectify.
Performance data for treatment processes and systems are presented
together with a review of the applicability of common analytical methods
to the measurement of waste characteristics and treatment effectiveness.
The techniques used to monitor waste flowages for control purposes and
as means of recording treatment efficiency are included. Finally, the
remaining problems relative to control and treatment of spent process
waters are pointed out. Research and development needs directed toward
solving these problems are defined.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-31
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R. & D project Section 104 or 10.' of lite
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of lc)72 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
HDU
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Mercury Recovery from Contaminated Wastewater
and Sludges
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Georgia-Pacific Corp.
P. 0. Box 1236
Bellingham, Washington 98225
Site .'
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph H. Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 S. W. 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Bellingham, Washington
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date:
June 1971
Completion Date: October 1974
Project Cost:
Federal Cost:
$506,800
$227,620
Summary:
Operations were conducted to remove mercury from wastewater and sludge
produced by a mercury cell chlor-alkali plant. Mercury content of the
wastewater ranged from 300 - 18,000 ppb mercury while content of the brine
sludge ranged from 150 to 1500 ppm Hg. Other sludges processed included
sludges from a waterway near the plant outfall with a Hg content of 10-25 ppm.
The removal methods selected were sulfide precipitation for the water treat-
ment ^ and high temperature roasting for the sludge treatment. The sulfide
precipitation consisted of collecting the various water streams, adjusting
the pH from 5-8 with spent sulfuric acid, settling the large solid particles,
in a surge tank, adding sodium sulfide to a 1-3 ppm excess and adding
diatomaceous earth at the rate of 0.07 gpl in an R. P. Adams pressure filter.
The effluent Hg levels ranged from 10-125 ppb with an average of 50 ppb Hg
for an 87%-99% removal, averaging 96.8%. - The sludge system included a
collection system, thickener, rotary vacuum filter, multiple hearth furnace,
and 3 stainless steel condensers. Processing rate for th.e sludge was 140-
320 kg/hr, dry basis. Operating temperatures ranged from 540 C - 760 C,
feed Hg content ranged from 290 to 440 ppm Hg (dry basis) , and clinker Hg
content after treatment contained 0.5-7.2 ppm Hg, for a removal rate of
C
were asted at 730
rQ ted at
TT^ -ii*/ cnn . for an 87-92% removal. Capital costs
were $364,500 and oneratin? costs ,>ere $32 per n ton o* AT? sludge treated.
X-32
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi.» sheet hriei'K de.sci ihes an R & b project Section 104 or 10.1 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act \mendmcnts of 1072 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: HIG
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Treatment of Wood Preserving Wastewater by Chemical
and Biological Methods
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Koppers Company, Inc. Mr. James Phillips
P. 0. Box 270 Region V, EPA
Carbondale, Illinois 62901 1 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
Project Site : Carbondale, Illinois
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: june 1971
Completion Date:
Summary:
The project consists of the design, construction, and operation of treat-
ment facilities for wood preserving wastewaters. The 25,000-gpd waste
flow is characterized by high BOD and COD, moderate concentrations of
phenols, and low pH. The proposed treatment system will utilize pre-
skimming and sedimentation, pre- and post-chlorination, and activated
sludge secondary treatment. The treatment system will be operated for
a 12-month period in which performance and cost of treatment will be
documented.
Project Cost: $179,000
Federal Cost: $99,500
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-33
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INFORMATION^ SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tills short briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of llir
Federal Water Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: HPK
TITLE OF PROJECT) Organic Compounds in Pulp Mill Lagoon Discharge
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington 98105
PrOJBCt Site : Seattle, Washington 98105
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Larry Keith
SERL, EPA
College Station Road
Athens, Georgia 30601
Dlte:
September 1971
Completion Date:
Summary:
Project Cost: $35,302
Federal Cost: $31,772
This project will qualitatively identify and quantitatively measure the
organic compounds entering and leaving Kraft pulp mill aerated lagoons.
Wastewater samples will be collected from both Kraft bleached and
unbleached processes and analyzed by a gas chromatographmass spectro-
meter, thin layer chromatography, carbon adsorption, IR, TJV, NMR, and
total organic carbon analysis. The effect of wood species and biological
treatment on chemical compounds will be studied to determine which com-
pounds are destroyed and which are either produced or unchanged in the
treatment process. The origin of unchanged components in the process
will be determined with the aim of defining possible control points
within the process.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-34
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet brief!) describes an R & U project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1071' (PI. 92-.">00)
PROJECT NUMBER: 14-12-162
TITLE OF PROJECT! Plasma Arc Processing of Spent Sulfite Liq
'uors
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Electro-Optical Systems, Inc.
300 North Halstead Street
Pasadena, California 91107
Project Site: Pasadena, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May 1968
Completion Date: February 1969
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. George Webster
Industrial Pollution Control
Division (RD-679), EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: $49,945
Federal Cost: $49,945
The basic objective of this project is to determine the technical and
economic feasibility of plasma arc treatment of sulfite waste liquors.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-35
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> "IwH liriel'l) an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control \cl Amendment of I()7l2 (PI. ()2-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 300261
TITLE OF PROJECT: Color Removal from Kraft Mill Effluents by Ultra-
filtration
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Champion International Corp.
Knightsbridge
Hamilton, Ohio 45020
Project Site : Canton, North Carolina
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: February 1972
Completion Date: May 1973
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Edward P. Lomasney
Region IV, EPA
1421 Peachtree Street N.E,
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
Project Cost: $152,155
Federal Cost: $99,096
The purpose of this program was to examine ultrafiltration as a means of
reducing color in kraft mill effluents more efficiently and/or more
economically than the presently available method. The scope of the program
included the six month operation of a 10,000 gpd pilot plant at the
Champion Papers' Canton, North Carolina, pulp and paper mill.
The major experimental effort dealt with treatment of pine bleaching
caustic extraction filtrate with lesser emphasis on unbleached pine and
hardwood pulp washing Decker effluents. Four experimental aspects of the
process were evaluated: feed pretreatment, ultrafiltration, concentrate
disposal and water reuse potential.
The process color removal efficiency was satisfactory. For all influent
studied typical results were 90% color removal with 98.5%-99% water
recovery.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-36
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tlii.- ^heel briefly de.-cribe.s an R & t) project Section 104 or 10." of (lie
Federal \\aler Pollution Control \d Amendment:- of 1972 (PI. ():2-.~00)
PROJECT NUMBER:
800520
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Closed Process Water-Loop in NSSC Pulp Production
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Green Bay Packaging Inc.
P. 0. Box 1107
Green Bay, Wisconsin 54305
Project Site : Green Bay, Wisconsin
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Marcn 1972
Completion Date: December 1974
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph H. Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $626,
820
Federal Cost: $300,430
The primary objective of this project is to achieve the maximum closure
of the process water-loop in an integrated neutral sulfide semichemical
(NSSC) pulp and paperboard mill. Contaminated process water will be
recycled for direct reuse. Excess surge volumes occurring during process
upsets will be processed in a reverse osmosis plant to separate dissolved
constituents from the process water. This permeate will be recycled and
the separated solids will be destroyed in the fluid bed combustion system.
Another objective of the project is to demonstrate the techniques required
to stabilize operations and control ambient conditions in a tightly closed
NSSC system.
The result of this project will be the first detailed description of activi-
ties required to accomplish a closed process water-loop in a NSSC pulp and
paperboard mill.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
'\\\\- sli.-t-l l.riet'U (U-M-ril)t-> an R & U project Section 104 or l
Kcd.-ral \\aler Pollution Control Acl Amendments of 1<)72 (PI.
PROJECT NUMBER: 300740
a of the
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Minimizing the Pollutional Impact of Kraft Pulping
Through Oxygen Bleaching
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. James D. Gallup
Paper & Food Products
Industries Section, EPA
Washington, D. C. 20460
Project Cost: §12fl6o,
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Chesapeake Corporation
of Virginia
West Point, Virginia 23181
Project Site : West Point, Virginia
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: March 1972
Completion Date: February 1975
Summary:
This project will demonstrate the practicality of operating a 300 ton per
day three or four stage oxygen bleaching system for producing hardwood
kraft pulp. The application of molecular oxygen to other unit processes
including oxygen oxidation of black liquor will be investigated throughout
the mill. In addition to being the first demonstration of oxygen bleach-
ing in North America, the project will also be the first application of
oxygen technology to be integrated into an entire mill system. The over-
all result of the project will be a bleached Kraft effluent with signifi-
cant reductions in organics, both BOD and color, and inorganics, particu-
larly chlorides.
000
Federal Cost: $433,938
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-38
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tlii> sheet briefly describes an R & U project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal Waler Pollution Control \cl Amendments of 197J (PI. W-.VM))
PROJECT NUMBER: 800353
TITLE OF PROJECT! Color Characterization Before and After Lime Treatment
Project Cost: $U2,i77
Federal Cost: $99,524
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
The Institute of Paper Chemistry Mr. Ralph H. Scott
P. 0. Box 1048 PNERL, EPA
Appleton, Wisconsin 54911 200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
PrOJeCt Site : Appleton, Wisconsin
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: January 1972
Completion Date: April 1974
Summary:
In general, the lime treatment removed maximum color from the caustic
extract and minimum from the neutral sulfite semichemical (NSSC) effluent.
~ The massive lime treatment was found to remove 73% color and 53% total
organic carbon (TOC) from kraft decker effluent, and 96% color and 80%
TOC from kraft bleach caustic extract. The analysis of the solids from
the decker and caustic effluents showed respective reductions of 73% and
59% phenolic hydroxyls, 63% and 26% sugars, and 51% and 16% methoxyls by
lime treatment. - The stoichiometric lime treatment was found to
remove 79% color and 50% TOC from kraft decker effluent, and 64% color and
30% TOC from NSSC effluent. The analysis of the solids from the decker
and NSSC effluents showed respective reductions of 76% and 25% phenolic
hydroxyls, 31% and "negligible" percent sugars, and 42% and 9.7% methoxyls
by lime treatment. - In the metal ion-lime system the addition of 150-
300 ppm FeCl3 with only 300-500 ppm lime removed about 98% color from
bleach caustic extract. Over 50% of the color left by conventional lime
treatment process could also be removed by incorporating polyvalent metal
ions with lime. However, below 1000 ppm of lime, the sludge obtained
settled slowly. More color could be removed by metal ion-lime system than
when each was used individually indicating that a "synergistic" effect exists,
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> sheel hriet'K describes an R & U project Section 104 or 105 of llie
Federal \\ater Pollution Control Acl Amendments of l()72 (PI, ()2-5()0)
PROJECT NUMBER:
801202
TITLE OF PROJECT: Pyrolysis of Industrial Waste for Oil and
Activated Carbon Recovery
6RANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Garrett Research and
Development Co., Inc.
1855 Carrion Road
LaVerne, California 91750
Project Site : LaVerne, California
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: May 1972
Completion Date:
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Kirk Willard
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $440,745
Federal Cost: $292,556
The objective of this research project is to demonstrate-the economic and
technical effectiveness of the flash pyrolysis process to dispose of
industrial wastes, principally bark, with the production of activated
carbon and heating oil as by-products. A modified four ton/day pilot
plant will be operated utilizing bark, rice hulls, and cattle feedlot
wastes to provide process engineering data for the design of commercial
scale demonstration plants.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-40
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This shed hriel'U describe:- an R & U projcd Section 104 or !(•."> of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Ad Amendments of 1072 (PI, <)2-.~>0<))
PROJECT NUMBER: 801206
TITLE OF PROJECT: Water Reuse' in a Paper Reprocessing Plant
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Big Chief Roofing Company
P. 0. Box 908
Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401
PrOJeCt Site : Admore, Oklahoma
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: June 1972
Completion Date: February 1975
Summary:
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. John Ruppersberger
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $120,709
Federal Cost: $45,053
This project is concerned with the treatment of paper reprocessing waste
water in a facility designed for water reuse. Economic reasibility of
waste water recycle and various treatment alternatives are determined
from laboratory and full-scale tests. Studies will determine the
effect of recycle on product quality; predict increases in operating
costs resulting from increased corrosion rates, scale formation, slime
growths and deposits; determine savings from decreased waste treatment
costs; fiber losses, and water use; and determine increases in chemical
costs for slime control and corrosion inhibition.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-41
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> -heel briefN dcscnl.o an R & D project Section 104 or 10,1 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control \cl \mendments of I<)7l2 (PI. ()2-oOO)
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
A Test Method for Volatile Component Stripping
of Waste Water
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
College of Engineering
University of Arkansas
Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
PrOJeCt Site : Fayetteville, Arkansas
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. John S. Ruppersberger
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Award Date:
October 1972
Completion Date: May 1974
Summary:
Project Cost: $33,954
Federal Cost: $24,705
This work is concerned with the air-strippable volatile organic fraction
of industrial wastewaters. The primary purpose was to develop laboratory
apparatus and procedures that may be employed to assess the desirability
of air-stripping in cooling towers as a treatment operation for removal
of a portion of the organics from industrial wastewater. The apparatus
developed consists of a short packed (Intalox Saddle) section with liquid
recirculation and single pass countercurrent air flow. Desorption is
performed in the apparatus at 25 °C and ambient pressure conditions.
Desorption experiments were performed on single pure components in water,
simulated wastewater preparations and actual industrial wastewater samples.
Industrial wastewater samples were representative of: poultry, metal,
oil-field, canning, pharmaceutical, paper, food, fibers, petroleum refinery
and petrochemical industries. BOD, COD, TOC, and gas chromatographic analy-
sis were employed with the experiments.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-42
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This sheet briefly describes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendment* of 1972 (PL 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER:
801207
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Treatment of Sulphite Evaporator Condensates
for Recovery of Volatile Compounds
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Institute of Paper Chemistry
P. 0. Box 1048
Appleton, Wisconsin 54911
PrOJBCt SJt6 .' Appleton, Wisconsin
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph H. Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Award Date:
May 1972
Completion Date: December 1973
Project Cost: $150,000
Federal Cost: $40,000
Summary:
Pilot studies were conducted on two routes for recovery of volatile com-
ponents in condensates from evaporation of spent liquors from acid sulfite
pulping. The condensates were steam stripped prior to adsorption on
activated carbon. The first route utilized fractional distillation and
solvent extraction from the carbon, while the second route used low-
temperature thermal regeneration. Relatively pure S02, methanol, furfural,
and ethyl acetate were recovered. Estimated process economy, based upon
recovery of saleable volatiles, favorable mass and heat balances, and
credits for BOD removal, indicates the first route may provide a favorable
method for the removal of pollutants from condensates. Low temperature
regeneration studies failed due to mechanical design problems but this
second route continues to be considered as technically feasible. This
report concludes that steam stripping of condensates from a sulfxte pulp-
ing process will yield reusable and saleable material of value exceeding
the cost of steam stripping associated with attaining a reduction in BOD5
up to 90% in the condensate.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-43
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This -heel briefly deMTibes an R & D project Section 104 or 105 ol' the
Federal \\atcr Pollution Control Act \mendments of 1072 (PI, 92-500)
PROJECT NUMBER: 303119
TITLE OF PROJECT; Mechanisms for Removal of Soluble BOD5 in
Clarification Systems
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
The Institute of Paper Chemistry
Appleton, Wisconsin
Project Site : Appleton, Wisconsin
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: Juiy i974
Completion Date: juiy 1975
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph H. Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Cost: $151,130
Federal Cost: $50,000
Summary:
The objective is to develop and apply a greater understanding of the
mechanisms for removal of soluble BOD in clarifiers, to new and more
practical in-plant treatment of process water for increased recycle,
and to improve existing clarification systems efficiencies.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-44
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tlii* sbcel briefly describe* ;in R & U project Section 104 or 10.1 of (b
Federal \Valer Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PI. U2-.
PROJECT NUMBER:
TITLE OF PROJECT:
803270
Activated Carbon Treatment of Kraft Pulp
Bleaching Effluents
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR
St. Regis Paper Company
Cantonement, Florida
PrOJeCt Site : Cantonement, Florida
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. John S. Ruppersbereer
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Award Date:
July 1974
Completion Date: April 1975
Summary:
Project Cost: $106,990
Federal Cost: $69,594
The principle objective is to demonstrate activated carbon treatment of
highly colored chlorination and caustic extraction stage effluents. This
project will use the pilot plant from a related study, EJU, in which kraft
pulp mill effluents were treated for general reuse in the mill. However,
chlorides remaining in the activated carbon treated bleach plant effluents
prevent general reuse. In this project activated carbon treatment of
bleach plant wastewater will be principally for color removal prior to
discharge, or for general mill reuse after chlorides are removed by
another process.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-45
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
This cnl>r> an R & U project Section 104 or 10.") of the
Federal \\atcr Pollution Control \rl \mendment* of 1(>7:2 (PL °:2-oOO)
PROJECT NUMBER:
803302
TITLE OF PROJECT! Treatment of Sulfite Evaporator Condensate for
Recovery of Volatile Components
6RANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
Flambeau Paper Co.
Park Falls, Wisconsin
Project Site : Park Falls, Wisconsin
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Ralph H. Scott
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Award Date:
July 1974
Project Cost: $3,407,521
Completion Date: November 1976
Summary:
Federal Cost: $50o,
000
This project involves the operation of a mill scale plant to demonstrate
the treatment of evaporator condensate. The aim is to show that soluble
products and separate clean water, for reuse in the sulfite washing
system, can be produced.
The system proposes to recover methanol, furfural and ethyl acetate of
industrial purity, as well as the recovery of sulfur dioxide for use in
the making of cooking acid.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-46
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Tlii> sheet liriel'h dcscriho an R & D project Section 104 or 105 ol' (lie
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of l°7_' (PI, 92-.~>00)
PROJECT NUMBER: 803347
TITLE OF PROJECT'. Heat Treatment for Paper Mill Sludge Conditioning
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
National Council of the Paper
Industry for Mr and Stream
Improvement
260 Madison Avenue
New,York. New York 10016
Project Site : Western Michigan Univ., Kalamazoo, Michigan
Mr, Victor J. Dallons
PNEKL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 1974
Completion Date: juiy 1975
Summary:
Project Cost: $59,095
Federal Cost: $29,545
Various sludges from paper mills will be heat treated to assist in dewater-
ing. Wet oxidation will be employed for deinfcing waste sludge to determine
if it will enable the reuse of the paper fillers on new products. The
papers produced will be tested for marketable characteristics. Acid hydro-
lysis will also be investigated for its beneficial aid in heat treatments.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-47
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INFORMATION SHEET
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT OR DEMONSTRATION PROJECT
Thi> shrrl briefly describes an R & U project Section 104 or \(
Federal \\aler Pollution Control \cl Amendments of I()7l2 (PI-
PROJECT NUMBER: 803348
K of lite
TITLE OF PROJECT:
Investigation of Reuse Potential of
Ash from Paper Mill Sludges
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR:
National Council of the Paper Industry
for Air and Stream Improvements, Inc.
260 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10016
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Mr. Victor J. Dallons
PNERL, EPA
200 Southwest 35th Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
Project Site : Western Mich. Univ., Kalamazoo, Michigan
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
Award Date: juiy 1974
Completion Date: Juiy 1975
Summary:
Project Cost: $47,120
Federal Cost: $23,545
The sludge produced from primary treatment of white water from paper
making where inert filler and coatings are used, will be separated by
vibratory screens and the ash content used back on paper making. Tests
will determine the feasibility of this reuse process and the new paper
quality.
ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO EPA PROJECT OFFICER
X-48
-------
FINAL PROJECT REPORTS
PULP, PAPER, PAPERBOARD, LUMBER
AND WOOD PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES
REPORT NUMBER
TITLE/AUTHOR
SOURCE
12040 EUG 10/69
12040 EZZ 04/70
12040 EBY 08/70
12040 ELW 12/70
12040 EMY 12/70
12040 EFC 01/71
12040 EEK 08/71
12040 DLQ 08/71
12040 FUB 01/72
12040 FES 07/71
Foam Separation of Kraft Pulping Hastes, NTIS
Georgia Kraft Company, Rome, Georgia PB 189 160
Dilute Spent Kraft Liquor Filtration NTIS
Through Wood Chips, School of Forest PB 191 873
Resources, University of North Carolina,
Raleigh, North Carolina.
Aerial Photographic Tracing of Pulp Mill GPO $1.25
Effluent in Marine Waters, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon.
Aerated Lagoon Treatment of Sulfite Pulping GPO $1.25
Effluents, The Crown Zellerbach Corporation,
Lebanon, Oregon.
Multi-System Biological Treatment of
Bleached Kraft Effluents, The Mead Corpora-
tion, Chillicothe, Ohio.
Pollution Abatement by Fiber-Modification,
College of Forest Resources, Inst. of
Forest Products, University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington.
GPO $2.00
GPO $0.65
GPO $1.25
GPO $1 . 50
GPO $1 .00
Treatment of Selected Internal Kraft Mill
Wastes in a Cooling Tower, Georgia Kraft
Company, Rome, Georgia.
Slime Growth Evaluation of Treated Pulp
Mill Waste, Dept. of Microbiology, Oregon
State University, Con/all is, Oregon.
Recycle of Papermill Waste Waters and
Application of Reverse Osmosis, by D. C.
Morris, W. R. Nelson, and G. 0. Wai raven,
Green Bay Packaging Inc., Green Bay,
Wisconsin.
Sludge Material Recovery System for Manu- GPO $1 .00
facturers of Pigmented Papers, by S. Pi
Warren Co., A Div. of Scott Paper Company,
Environmental Improvement Dept., Westbrook,
Mai rte .
X-49
-------
REPORT NUMBER TITLE/AUTHOR
SOURCE
EPA 660/2-73-019
Color Removal From Kraft Mill Effluents
by Ultrafiltration, by H. A. Fremont,
D. C. Tate, and R. L. Goldsmith, Chamnion
International Corn., Hamilton, Ohio.
GPO $2.40
EPA 660/2-74-029 Color Characterization Before and After
Lime Treatment by H. S. Duaal, R. M.
Leekley, and J. W. Swanson, The Institute
of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, Wisconsin.
EPA 660/2-73-030 Treatment of Sulphite Evaporator Conden-
sates for Recovery of Volatile Compounds by
K. W. Boierl, N. L. Ghana, B. F. Lueck,
A. J. Wiley, and R. A. Holm, The Institute
of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, Wisconsin.
EPA 660/2-74-044 A Test^Method for Volatile Component
Stripping of Waste Water.Louis J.
Thibodeaux, University or Arkansas,
Fayetteville, Arkansas. May 1974.
GPO $2.15
GPO $2.10
GPO $1.70
12040 ENC 12/71. Color Removal ^from Kraft Pulping Effluent GPO $1.25
by Lime Addition, by C. L. Davis Jr.,
Interstate Paner Corporation, Riceboro,
Georqia.
12040 EEL 02/72 Reverse Osmosis Concentration of Dilute
Pulp and Paper Effluents, by A. J. Wiley,
G. A. Dubey, and I. K. Bansal, Pulp Manu-
facturing Research Leaaue and Institute of
Paper Chemistry, Appleton, Wisconsin
GPO $2.75
EPA-R2-73-255
EPA-R2-73-195
Ion Exchange Color and Mineral Removal
from Kraft Bleach Wastes, Robert L. Sanks,
Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
GPO $2.35
EPA-R2-73-164
Aerobic Secondary Treatment of Plywood Glue GPO $0.90
Wastes, J. L. Graham, CH2M/HILL, Corvallis,
Oregon, and Columbia Plywood Corporation,
Portland, Oregon
Kraft Pulping Effluent Treatment and Refuse GPO $1.25
State-of-the-Art, by W. G. Timpe, E. Lang,
and R. L. Miller, St. Regis Paper Company
R&D Center, Pensacola, Florida
EPA-R2-73-196
Steam Stripping Odorous Substances from
Kraft Effluent Streams (SEKOR), Dept. of
Chemical Engineering, University of
Washington, Seattle, Washington, by B. F.
Hrutfiord, L. J. Johanson and J. L. McCarthy
GPO $1.25
X-50
-------
REPORT NUMBER TITLE/AUTHOR SOURCE
EPA-R2-73-232 Methods for Pulp and Paper Mill Sludge GPO $2.10
Utilization and Disposal, by T. A. Asm'tante,
A. S. Rosenfield, B. C. Smale, and H. R.
Arnberq of Environmental Services Division,
Crown-Zellerbach Corp., Caroas, Washington.
EPA-R2-73-086 Color Removal from Kraft Pulp Mill GPO $2.00
Effluents by Massive Lime Treatment by
J. L. Oswalt and J. G. Land, Jr., Inter-
national Paper Company, Springhill, La.
EPA-R2-73-085 The Influence of Log Handling on Water GPO $2.00
Quality, by F. D. Schaumbero, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oreaon 97331.
EPA-R2-73-141 Kraft Effluent Color Characterization Before GPO $1.00
and After Stoichiometric Lime Treatment, by
J. W. Swanson, H. S. Dugal, M. A. Buchanan,
and E. A. Dickey.
EPA-660/2-73-028 Coliform Bacteria Growth and Control in GPO $2.75
Aerated Stabilization Basins, by S. H.
Watkins, Crown-Zellerbach, Camas, Washington.
EPA-660/2-74-067 Studies of Low Molecular Weight Lignin GPO $1.55
Sulfonates, Dept. of Chemical Engineerina,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
EPA-R2-73-184 State-of-the-Art of Pulp and Paper Waste GPO $2.50
Treatment, by Dr. Harry Gehin, WAPORA. Inc.
Washington, D. C.
EPA-660/2-74-008 Color Removal and Sludge Disposal Process GPO $1.65
for Kraft Mill Effluents, by E. L. Spruill,
Jr., Continental Can Company, Hodge, LA.
X-51
-------
APPENDIX A
-------
PROJECT INDEX
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR
PROJECT NUMBER
PAGE
Acres American Incorporated
Aerodex Incorporated
The Aerospace Corporation
Alabama, City of Montgomery
Alabama, State of
Alabama Water Improvement Commission
Alaska, City of Kodiak
Aluminum Company of America
Amber Laboratories Division
American Assoc. of Textile Chemists
and Colorists
American Crystal Sugar Co.
American Defense Preparedness Assoc.
American Distilling Co.
American Dye Manufacturers Institute
American Electroplaters1 Society, Inc.
American Electroplaters' Society, Inc.
American Enka Corporation
American Frozen Foods Industry
American Frozen Foods Industry
American Iron & Steel Institute
American Oil Company
American Oil Company
American Oil Company
American Petroleum Institute
American Shrimp Canners Association
American Shrimp Canners Association
American Water Works Association
American Water Works Association
American Water Works Association
Anaconda American Brass Company
Anaconda American Brass Company
Anheuser-Busch, Inc.
Archer Daniels Midland Company
Arizona, University of
Arkansas, City of Jacksonville
Arkansas, University of
Armco Steel Corporation
Armco Steel Corporation
Armour Industrial Chemical Co.
Armour Industrial Chemical Co.
Atlantic Richfield Company
Bacardi Corporation
Battelle Memorial Institute
Battelle-Northwest
The Beaton and Corbin Mfg., Co.
Beaunit Fibers
68-03-2053
GCS
802853
802800
EGC
EQF
FJQ
803261
HRR
FWD
ESC
802872
FLL
803174
HQJ
803264
ESG
801684
803312
EDY
DML
EKT
803026
DSH
803338
800904
ERC
EUR
800936
802254
803226
HCW
FDK
802390
EGK
801876
DUL
EZV
EFW
802253
GTR
800935
FPQ
FPD
DMF
PCO
IX-26
V-31
IX-17
VI-18
11-23
V-26
IV-19
V-55
111-67
VIII-9
111-45
11-63
111-57
VIII-24
V-36
V-56
VII-9
111-85
111-96
V-24
11-13
11-27
11-65
11-17
111-99
111-78
VI-4
VI-7
VI-14
V-45
V-54
111-64
111-53
V-47
IV-5
X-42
V-23
V-27
11-22
111-88
11-39
111-80
V-29
11-35
V-15
VII-12
A-l
-------
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR
PROJECT NUMBER
PARE
K. W. Beck and Associationes
Beefland International, Inc.
Beet Sugar Development Foundation
Beet Sugar Development Foundation
Beet Sugar Development Foundation
Bennett College
Berkey Film Processing
Big Chief Roofing Company
Blue Ridge-Wink!er Textiles
Blueside Real Estate, Inc.
Boeing Commercial Airplane Co.
Boeing Commercial Airplane Co.
B. P. Oil Corporation
Dr. George E. F. Brewer
Buffalo Sewer Authority
California
California,
California,
California,
Caldwell Lace Leather Company
California Dept. of Agriculture
City of Stockton
University of
University of
University of
Canton Textile Mills
Celanese Corporation of America
Central Soya Company, Inc.
CF&I Steel Corporation
Champion International Corp.
The Chesapeake Corporation
CIBA-Geigy Corporation
Cincinnati, University of
Clarkson College of Technology
Clemson University
Clemson University
Cone Mills Corporation
Connecticut, University of
Continental Can Company, Inc.
Corn Products Company
Cornell University
Crowley's Milk Company, Inc.
Crown Chemical Company, Inc.
Crown Zellerbach Corporation
Crown Zellerbach Corporation
Crown Zellerbach Corporation
Culligan International Co.
Dairy Research and Development Corporation
Datagraphi cs, Incorporated
Datagraphics, Incorporated
Del Monte Corporation
Delaware River Basin Commission
Diamond Shamrock Corporation
A-2
803207
FDS
DSI
FAK
WPD 93-04-68
802586
ERF
801206
801192
EPC
803064
803073
GXF
803467
803005
EFM
HPC
DRT
801030
802753
803257
800852
EPH
FUR
DNF
800261
800740
FOH
WPD 185-02-68
DHP
ECS
EOX
HLO
803231
DRY
DPE
802174
DXF
803358
ELW
FSV
GOD
GLE
DEQ
EJI
GND
HFY
DRO
68-01-0457
IX-20
111-55
111-27
111-52
111-70
VIII-22
VI-5
X-41
VIII-19
II1-44
V-51
V-52
II-40
V-61
IV-24
111-34
111-66
IV-15
11-55
11-62, IX-16
IX-22
VIII-17
II-29
111-62
V-16
X-36
X-38
II-34
111-72
V-13
VIII-6
VIII-7
VIII-14
II-68
X-9
111-23
111-87
111-28
11-71
X-17
X-20
X-30
VI-12
111-20
11-26
11-38
111-65
IV-14
11-44
-------
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR
PROJECT NUMBER
PARE
Douglas & Lomason Corporation
Douglas & Lomason Corporation
The Dow Chemical Company
The Dow Chemical Company
The Dow Chemical Company
The Dow Chemical Company
The Dow Chemical Company
Dulaney Foods Inc.
E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company
Ebinger Baking Co.
Electro-Optical Systems, Inc.
Engineering Science, Inc.
Engineering Science, Inc.
Environmental Systems Corporation
Environmental Systems Lab
Envirogenics Systems
Esleeck Manufacturing Company
Eugene Water and Electric Board
Farmbest, Inc.
Farmers Chemical Association, Inc.
Fiber Industries, Inc.
Firestone Tire and Rubber Co.
Fitzsimons Steel Company Incorporated
Flambeau Paper Co.
Florida, Brooksvilie City Commission
Florida Dept. of Air and Water
Pollution Control
Florida, City of Gainesville
Florida, City of Gainesville
FMC Corporation
S. B. Foot Tanning Company
Franklin Institute Research
Franklin Institute Research
R. T. French Company
Garrett Research and Development Co.,Inc.
General Tire & Rubber Co.
Georgia, City of Macon
Georgia Institute of Technology
Georgia Institute of Technology
Georgia-Kraft Co.
Georgia-Kraft Co.
Georgia-Pacific Corp.
Gold Kist Poultry Division
B- F. Goodrich Chemical Company
Green Bay Packaging, Inc.
Green Bay Packaging, Inc.
Green Giant Company
Grumman Aerospace Corp.
A-3
802637-01
802637-02
EAS
EEQ
800300
803085
800766
802958
EAW
FJK
14-12-162
DMT
EID
RNK
RSD
68-01-0083
FDE
EIK
DFF
ERM
EUX
RLP
FNM
803302
FAY
802684
ESW
HRA
EZP
DSG
802044
803142
EHV
801202
GUT
DPD
FZB
800312
EEK
EUG
HDU
EGV
DJI
FUB
800520
EDZ
HRH
V-48
V-49
11-19
11-21
11-47
11-66
11-51
111-91
II-20
111-56
X-35
11-14
11-25
IX-9
IX-10
11-43
X-25
IX-4
111-21
II-24
VII-8
VII-10
V-28
X-46
IV-18
11-61
VI-6
IV-22
111-49
111-26
VI-16, IX-15
VI-19, IX-18
111-40
X-40
VII-11
IV-13
VIII-10
II-48
X-13
X-21
X-32
111-36
VI-7
X-28
X-37
111-33
V-34
-------
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR
PROJECT NUMBER
PARE
Grumman Aerospace Corp.
Harriman Utility Board, Tennessee
Harvard College, President & Fellows of
Hawaii, County of
Hercules, Incorporated
Hilo Coast Processing Co.
Hittman Associates, Inc.
Hoechst-Uhde Corporation
Holliston Mills, Inc.
IIL/LSAA Technical Liaison Committee
Illinois, Attorney General of
Illinois Institute of Technology
Illinois Institute of Technology
Illinois Packing Company
Institute for Meteorology and
Water Economy
The Institute of Paper Chemistry
The Institute of Paper Chemistry
The Institute of Paper Chemistry
The Institute of Paper Chemistry
Inter!ake Steel Corporation
International Ozone Institute, Inc.
International Paper Company
Interstate Paper Corporation
Iowa Beef Packers, Inc.
Iowa, University of
Johns Hopkins University
Johns-Manville Products Corp.
Kent Cheese Company
Keystone Lamp Manufacturing Corp.
Klamatu Plywood Corp.
Koppers Company, Inc.
LaFrance Industries
A. C. Lawrence Leather Company
Louisiana Chemical Association
Louisiana, State of
Louisiana, State of
Louisiana, State of
Manufacturing Chemists Assoc., Inc.
Maryland, City of Hagerstown
Maryland, State of
Maryland State Department of Health
Maryland State Department of Health
C. H. Masland & Sons
800680
DBF
DXR
801221
801431
802420
HKK
68-03-2133
EGW
FYV
800625
DRC
800857
EOF
SFCP 05-532-3
DKD
801207
803119
800853
DRE
803357
DYD
ENC
FMF
68-03-0430
PPB
EZF
EKO
803304
EZU
HIR
800929
WPRD 133-01-68
802908
DOC
EMI
800773
EXG
EJD
801433
801970
803325
DWM
V-40
IV-10
11-18
IV-23
11-59
111-89
IX-11
II-46
VIII-13
VI-10
V-39
11-16
11-53
111-43
VIII-21
X-7
X-43
X-44
X-39
V-19
II-70
X-10
X-19
111-58
IX-25
V-37
VI-8
111-42
V-58
X-23
X-33
VIII-18
111-71
11-64
11-15
11-28
11-52
11-31
IV-6
IX-14
111-86
111-98
VIII-11
A-4
-------
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR
PROJECT NUMBER
PAGE
Massachusetts, Div. of Water Pol. Con.
Massachusetts, University of
The Mead Corporation
Melbourne Water Science Institute
Metal Finishers' Foundation
Metal Finishers' Foundation
Metal Finishers' Foundation
Metal Finishers' Foundation
Metal Finishers' Foundation
Metal Plating Corporation
Miami Conservancy District
Michigan Plating & Stamping Company
Mil brew, Inc.
Mineral Pigments Corporation
Minnesota, City of South St. Paul
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Minute Maid Company
Missouri, Univ. of at Columbia
Montana State University
John Morrell & Company
National Agricultural Chemical Assoc.
National Canners Association
National Canners Association
National Canners Association
National Canners Association
National Canners Association
National Canners Association
National Canners Association
National Canners Association
National Canners Association
National Council of the Paper Industry
National Council of the Paper Industry
National Steel Corporation
New England Plating Co., Inc.
New Jersey Zinc Co.
New York, City of Albany
New York, Onondaga County
New York, Village of Walton
NMCWD
North Carolina, University of
North Carolina State University
North Carolina State University
North Carolina State University
North Dakota, City of Grand Forks
North Star Research and Development Inst.
Ohio Department of Natural Resources
Ohio State University Research Foundation
HFK
801200
EMY
EHS
EIE
FXD
802113
802924
803342
803265
GER
GVV
800747
ERM
EKK
DRH
WPRD 38-01-67
800554
DBD
EUB
801577
DXL
EAE
EDK
EHU
FOE
PAV
800250
803251
WPRD 151-01-68
803347
803348
DTO
GUG
801349
FRM
FAE
DUJ
803336
EZZ
ECU
EOE
800294
DJB
EHT
FYF
EGU
VIII-15
VII-14
X-18
111-37
V-25
V-30
V-43
V-50
V-60
V-57
IV-21
V-33
111-77
II-30
IV-7
V-20
111-73
11-49
X-5
111-47
11-60
111-29
111-30
111-32
111-39
111-59
111-68
111-75
111-92
111-74
X-47
X-48
V-22
V-32
11-57
VI-9
IV-17
IV-16
IX-23
X-24
VIII-5
VIII-8
VIII-16
IV-11
111-38
IV-20
111-35
A-5
-------
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR
PROJECT NUMBER
PAGE
University of Oklahoma Research Institute
University of Oklahoma Research Institute
Oklahoma State University
Oregon, City of Dallas
Oregon, City of Tualatin
Oregon Concrete and Aggregate
Producers Association
Oregon State University
Oregon State University
Oregon State University
Oregon State University
Oregon State University
Oregon State University
Oregon State University
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.
Pacific Egg and Poultry Assoc.
Palisades Industries, Inc.
Pennsylvania, City of Erie
Pfister & Vogel Tanning Co., Inc.
Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers' Assoc.
Portland Cement Association
Puerto Rico, University of
Pulp Manufacturers Research League
Purdue Research Foundation
RAI Research Corporation
W. E. Reeves Packinghouse
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
REPRO Chemical Corporation
Resource Engineering Associates
C. W. Rice and Company
S. C. Textile Manufacturers Assoc.
Sealectro Corporation
Shell Oil Company
The Singer Company
Snokist Growers
Snokist Growers
Snokist Growers
Southern Dyestuff Company
Southern Research Institute
Stanford Research Institute
St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.
J. P. Stevens & Co., Inc.
St. Regis Paper Company
DKF
DSB
800746
EZR
DLF
HBM
EBG
EBY
ECF
DLQ
FOK
801007
803301
801173
800930
EQO
EOC
801037
803286
801159
802196
FDR
EEL
EMQ
ESY
GPP
DOD
68-03-0456
FTC
14-12-435
802973
802335
EZG
803177
FAD
803280
803307
GIZ
800602
803239
FSU
801211
EJU
11-12
111-25
111-76
IV-9
IV-12
VI-13
X-ll
X-12
111-31
X-8
IX-7
111-81
111-94
VII-13
111-79
VIII-12
IV-8
111-82
11-69
11-56
VI-17
111-54
X-14
IX-5
111-46
111-63
VI-3
11-45
111-61
11-41
11-32.-^
V-53: *-
111-51
I I 1-93
111-95
11-37
11-50
VI-21, IX-21
IX-8
VIII-20
X-16
A-6
-------
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR
PROJECT NUMBER
PAGE
St. Regis Paper Company
Swift and Company
Tabor City Foods, Inc.
Texas A&M Research Foundation
Texas A&M Research Foundation
Texas Southern University
Texas, University of
Toledo Pickling & Steel Service Inc.
Tosi Trading Company
Union Carbide Corporation
Union Carbide Corporation
Union Carbide Corporation
Utah, University of
Vanderbilt University
Vanderbilt University
Velsicol Chemical Corporation
Vermont Dept. of Water Resources
Virginia, University of
Volco Brass & Copper Company
WAPORA, Inc.
WAPORA, Inc.
WAPORA, Inc.
S. D. Warren Co.
Washington State University
Washington, University of
Washington, University of
Washington, University of
Washington, University of
Washington, University of
Water District #1 of Johnson County
Water Economy Research Institute
Waterloo, University of
Western°Potato Service, Inc.
Weyerhaeuser Company
Widmer's Wine Cellars, Inc.
S. K. Williams Company
Winter Garden Citrus Products Co-Op
Winter Garden Citrus Products Co-Op
Wisconsin, Green Bay Metropolitan
Sewerage District
Wisconsin, University of
Wisconsin, University of
803270
DQV
FRW
DIT
800947
803332
FYE
802142
803321
DIS
FER
801398
DIM
800613
801004
803159
GCH
DIK
DPF
GLV
HAR
68-03-0233
FES
FLM
DEH
EFC
EXQ
HPK
01486-01
803196
5-532-1
DOT
EIG
FKS
EUZ
DSA
EZY .
801432
EDX
801484
802833
X-45
111-24
111-60
11-11
11-54
V-59
11-36
V-44
111-97
11-10
11-33
11-58
V-14
IX-12
IX-13
11-67
VI-11
11-22
V-18
X-29
X-31
IX-24
X-26
IX-6
X-6
X-15
X-22
X-34
111-69
VI-20, IX-19
II-42
V-17
111-41
X-27
111-48
V-21
111-50
111-83
IV-4
111-84
111-90
A-7
-------
APPENDIX B
-------
PROJECT INDEX
PROJECT NUMBER GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR PAGE
DBD Montana State University X-5
DBF Harriman, Tennessee IV-10
DEH University of Washington X-6
DEQ Dairy Research and Development Corp. 111-20
OFF Farmbest, Inc. ' 111-21
DHP Clarkson College of Technology V-13
DIK University of Virginia 111-22
DIM University of Utah V-14
DIS Union Carbide Corporation 11-10
DIT Texas A&M Research Foundation 11-11
DJB Grand Forks, North Dakota IV-11
DJI B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company VI-7
DKD The Institute of Paper Chemistry X-7
DKF University of Oklahoma Research Institute 11-12
DLF Tualatin, Oregon IV-12
DLQ Oregon State University X-8
DMF The Beaton and Corbin Mfg. Co. V-15
DML American Oil Company 11-13
DMT Engineering Science, Inc. 11-14
DNF CF&I Steel Corporation V-16
DOD Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute VI-3
DOT University of Waterloo V-17
DPD Macon, Georgia IV-13
DPE Corn Products Company 111-23
DPF Volco Brass and Copper Co. V-18
DQC State of Louisiana (Commerce Department) 11-15
DQV Swift and Company 111-24
DRC Illinois Institute of Technology 11-16
ORE Interlake Steel Corporation V-19
DRH Minnesota Pollution Control Agency V-20
DRO Delaware River Basin Commission IV-14
DRT Stockton, California IV-15
DRY Continental Can Company, Inc. X-9
DSA S. K. Williams Company V-21
DSB University of Oklahoma Research Institute 111-25
DSG S. B. Foot Tanning Company 111-26
DSH American Petroleum Institute 11-17
DSI Beet Sugar Development Foundation 111-27
DTQ National Steel Corporation V-22
DUG Walton, New York I V-16
DUL Armco Steel Corporation V-23
DWM C. H. Masland & Sons VIII-11
DXF Crowley's Milk Company, Inc. III-28
DXL National Canners Association 111-29
B-l
-------
PROJECT NUMBER GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR PARE
DXR Harvard College 11-18
DYD International Paper Company X-10
EAE National Canners Association II1-30
EAS The Dow Chemical Company 11-19
EAW E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company 11-20
EBG Oregon State University X-ll
EBY Oregon State University X-12
ECF Oregon State University II1-31
ECS Clemson University ' VIII-6
ECU North Carolina State University VIII-5
EDK National Canners Association II1-32
EDX Green Bay, Wisconsin IV-4
EDY American Iron and Steel Institute V-24
EDZ Green Giant Company III-33
EEK Georgia-Kraft Co. X-13
EEL Pulp Manufacturing Research League X-14
EEQ The Dow Chemical Company ' 11-21
EFC University of Washington X-15
EFM Caldwell Lace Leather Company II1-34
EFW Armour Industrial Chemical Co. 11-22
EGC State of Alabama 11-23
EGK Jacksonville, Arkansas IV-5
EGM Farmers Chemical Association, Inc. 11-24
EGU Ohio State University Research Foundation III-35
EGV Gold Kist Poultry Division 111-36
EGW Holliston Mills, Inc. VIII-13
EHS Melbourne Water Science Institute 111-37
EHT North Star Research and Development Institute III-38
EHU National Canners Association Research 111-39
EHV The R. T. French Company II1-40
EID Engineering Science, Inc. 11-25
EIE Metal Finishers' Foundation V-25
EIG Western Potato Service, Inc. 111-41
EIK Eugene Water and Electric Board IX-4
EJD Hagerstown, Maryland IV-6
EJI Datagraphics, Incorporated 11-26
EJU St. Regis Paper Company X-16
EKK South St. Paul, Minnesota IV-7
EKQ Kent Cheese Company III-42
EKT American Oil Company 11-27
ELW Crown Zellerbach Corporation X-17
EMI State of Louisiana (Commerce Department) 11-28
EMQ Purdue Research Foundation IX-5
EMY The Mead Corporation X-18
ENC Interstate Paper Corporation X-19
EOC Erie, Pennsylvania IV-8
B-2
-------
PROJECT NUMBER GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR PAGE
EOE North Carolina State University VI11-8
EOF Illinois Packing Company II1-43
EOX Clemson University VIII-7
EPC Blueside Real Estate, Inc. 111-44
EPH Celanese Corporation of America 11-29
EQF Alabama Water Improvement Commission V-26
EQO Palisades Industries, Inc. VIII-12
ERC American Water Works Association VI-4
ERF Berkey Film Processing VI-5
ERM Mineral Pigments Corporation 11-30
ESC American Crystal Sugar Co. III-45
ESG American Enka Corporation VII-9
ESV Crown Zellerbach Corporation X-20
ESW Gainesville, Florida VI-6
ESY RAI Research Corporation II1-46
EUB John Morrell and Company II1-47
EUG Georgia-Kraft Co. X-21
EUR American Water Works Association VI-7
EUX Fiber Industries, Inc. VII-8
EUZ Widmer's Wine Cellars, Inc. Ill-48
EXG Manufacturing Chemists Assoc., Inc. 11-31
EXQ University of Washington X-22
EZF Johns-Manville Products Corp. VI-8
EZG Shell Oil Company 11-32
EZP FMC Corporation II1-49
EZR Dallas, Oregon IV-9
EZU Klamatu Plywood Corp. X-23
EZV Armco Steel Corporation V-27
EZY Winter Garden Citrus Products Cooperative I11-50
EZZ University of North Carolina X-24
FAD Snokist Growers II1-51
FAE Onondaga County, New York IV-17
FAK Beet Sugar Development Foundation II1-52
FAY Brooksville, Florida IV-18
FDE Esleeck Manufacturing Company X-25
FDK Archer Daniels Midland Company II1-53
FDR University of Puerto Rico III-54
FDS Beefland International, Inc. 111-55
FER Union Carbide Corporation 11-33
FES S. D. Warren Co. X-26
FJK Ebinger Baking Co. 111-56
FJQ Kodiak, Alaska IV-19
FKS Weyerhaeuser Company X-27
FLL American Distilling Co. 111-57
FLM Washington State University IX-6
FMF Iowa Beef Packers, Inc. II1-58
B-3
-------
PROJECT NUMBER GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR PAGE
FNM The Fitzsimons Steel Co., Inc. V-28
FOH CIBA-Geigy Corporation 11-34
FOK Oregon State University IX-7
FPD Battelle-Northwest 11-35
FPK Batten e Memorial Institute V-29
FOE National Canners Association 111-59
FRM Albany, New York' VI-9
FRW Tabor City Foods, Inc. 111-60
FSU St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. IX-8
FTC Resource Engineering Associates 111-61
FUB Green Bay Packaging, Inc. X-28
FUR Central Soya Company, Inc. II1-62
FWD American Assoc. of Textile Chemists VIII-9
and Colorists
FXD Metal Finishers' Foundation V-30
FYE University of Texas 11-36
FYF Ohio Department of Natural Resources IV-20
FYV IIL/LSAA Technical Liaison Committee VI-10
FZB Georgia Institute of Technology VIII-10
GCH Vermont Department of Water Resources VI-11
GCS Aerodex, Inc. V-31
GER The Miami Conservancy District IV-21
GIZ Southern Dyes tuff Company 11-37
GLE Culligan International Co. VI-12
GLP Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. VII-10
GLV WAPORA, Inc. X-29
GND Datagraphics, Incorporated 11-38
GNK Environmental Systems Corporation IX-9
GPP W. E. Reeves Packinghouse 111-63
GQD Crown Zellerbach Corporation X-30
GSD Environmental Systems Lab IX-10
GTR Atlantic Richfield Company 11-39
GUG New England Plating Co., Inc. V-32
GUT The General Tire & Rubber Co. VII-11
GVV Michigan Plating and Stamping Co. V-33
GXF B. P. Oil Corporation 11-40
HAR WAPORA, Inc. X-31
HBM Oregon Concrete and Aggregate Producers VI-13
Association
HCW Anheuser-Busch, Inc. 111-64
HDU Georgia-Pacific, Corp. X-32
HFK Commonwealth of Massachusetts VII1-15
HFY Del Monte Corporation III-65
HGH Grumman Aerospace Corp. V-34
HIG Koppers Company, Inc. X-33
B-4
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PROJECT NUMBER
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR
PAGE
HKK
HLO
HPC
HPK
HQJ
HRA
HRR
PAV
PCO
PPB
800250
800261
800294
800300
800312
800520
800554
800602
800613
800625
800680
800740
800746
800747
800766
800773
800852
800853
800857
800904
800929
800930
800935
800936
800947
801004
801007
801030
801037
801159
801173
801192
801200
801202
801206
801207
Inc.
Hittman Associates, Inc.
Cone Mills Corporation
California Dept. of Agriculture
University of Washington
American Electroplaters' Society,
Gainesville, Florida
Amber Laboratories Division
National Canners Association
Beaunit Fibers
The Johns Hopkins University
National Canners Association
Champion International Corp.
North Carolina State University
The Dow Chemical Co.
Georgia Institute of Technology
Green Bay Packaging Inc.
University of Missouri - Columbia
Southern Research Institute
Vanderbilt University
Attorney General of Illinois
Grumman Aerospace Corp.
The Chesapeake Corporation
Oklahoma State University
Mil brew, Inc.
The Dow Chemical Company
State of Louisiana
Canton Textile Mills
The Institute of Paper Chemistry
Illinois Institute of Technology
American Shrimp Canners Assoc.
LaFrance Industries
Pacific Egg and Poultry Assoc.
Bacardi Corporation
American Water Works Association
Texas A&M Research Foundation
Vanderbilt University
Oregon State University
University of California
Pfister & Vogel Tanning Co.,
Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.
Blue Ridge-Wink!er textiles
University of Massachusetts
Garrett Research and Development Co., Inc.
Big Chief Roofing Company
The Institute of Paper Chemistry
Inc.
Assoc.
IX-11
VIII-14
111-66
X-34
V-36
IV-22
111-67
111-68
VII-12
V-37
111-75
X-36
VIII-16
11-47
11-48
X-37
11-49
11-50
IX-12
V-39
V-40
X-38
111-76
111-77
11-51
11-52
VIII-17
X-39
11-53
111-78
VIII-18
111-79
II1-80
VI-14
11-54
IX-13
111-81
11-55
111-82
11-56
VII-13
VIII-19
VII-14
X-40
X-41
X-43
B-5
-------
PROJECT NUMBER
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR
PARE
801211
801221
801349
801398
801431
801432
801433
801484
801577
801684
801872
801876
801970
802044
802113
802142
802174
802196
802253
802254
802335
802390
802420
802586
802637-01
802637-02
802684
802753
802800
802833
802853
802872
802908
802924
802958
802973
803005
803026
803064
803073
803085
803119
803142
803159
803174
803177
J. P. Stevens & Co., Inc.
County of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii
The New Jersey Zinc. Co.
Union Carbide Corporation
Hercules, Incorporated
Winter Garden Citrus Products Co-Op
State of Maryland
University of Wisconsin
National Aqricultural Chemical Assoc.
American Frozen Foods Industry
Southern Research Institute
University of Arkansas
Maryland State Department of Health
Franklin Institute Research
Metal Finishers' Foundation
Toledo Picklinq and Steel Service, Inc.
Cornell University
Portland Cement Association
Armour and Co.
Anaconda American Brass Company
Sealectro Corporation
University of Arizona
Hilo Coast Processing Company
Bennett Colleqe
Douglas & Lomason Corporation
Douqlas & Lomason Corporation
Florida Dept. of Air and Water
Pollution Control
University of California
Montgomery, Alabama
University of Wisconsin
The Aerospace Corporation
American Defense Preparedness Assoc.
Louisiana Chemical Association
Metal Finishers' Foundation
Dulaney Foods Inc.
S. C. Textile Manufacturers Assoc.
Buffalo Sewer Authority
American Oil Company
The Boeinq Commercial Airplane Co.
The Boeing Commercial Airplane Co.
The Dow Chemical Company
The Institute of Paper Chemistry
The Franklin Institute Research
Velsicol Chemical Corporation
American Dye Manufacturers Institute
The Singer Company
VIII-20
IV-23
11-57
11-58
11-59
111-83
IX-14
111-84
II-60
111-85
VI-15
X-42
111-86
VI-16, IX-15
V-43
V-44
111-87
VI-17
111-88
V-45
V-46
V-47
111-89
VIII-22
V-48
V-49
11-61
11-62, IX-16
VI-18
111-90
IX-17
II-63
11-64
V-50
111-91
VIII-23
IV-24
11-65
V-51
V-52
11-66
X-44
VI-19, IX-18
11-67
VIII-24
V-53
B-6
-------
PROJECT NUMBER
GRANTEE OR CONTRACTOR
PAGE
803196
803207
803231
803226
803239
803251
803257
803261
803264
803265
803270
803280
803286
803301
803302
803304
803307
803312
803321
803325
803332
803336
803338
803342
803347
803348
803357
803358
803467
5-532-1
14-12-162
14-12-435
68-03-0456
68-01-0457
68-03-0233
68-03-0430
68-01-0083
68-03-2053
68-03-2133
05-532-3
WP-01486-01
WPD 93-04-68
WPRD 38-01-67
WPRD 133-01-68
WPRD 151-01-68
WPD 185-02-68
Water District #1 of Johnson County, Kansas
K. W. Beck and Associates
University of Connecticut
Anaconda American Brass Company
Stanford Research Institute
National Canners Association
University of California
Aluminum Company of America
American Electroplaters' Society, Inc.
Metal Plating Corporation
St. Regis Paper Company
Snokist Growers
Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Oregon State University
Flambeau Paper Company
Keystone Lamp Manufacturing Corporation
Snokist Growers
American Frozen Food Institute
Tosi Trading Company
Maryland State Dept. of Health
Texas Southern University
NMCWD
American Shrimp Canners Association
Metal Finishers' Foundation
National Council of the Paper Industry
National Council of the Paper Industry
International Ozone Institute, Inc.
Crown Chemical Company, Inc.
Dr. George E. F. Brewer
Ministry of Land Resources
Electro-Optical Systems, Inc.
C. W. Rice and Company
Repro Chemical Company
Diamond Shamrock Corporation
WAPORA, Inc.
The University of Iowa
Envirogenics Systems
Acres American Incorporated
Hoechst-Uhde Corporation
Institute for Meteorology and Water Economy
University of Washington
Beet Sugar Development Foundation
Minute Maid Company
A. C. Lawrence Leather Company
National Canners Association
University of Cincinnati
VI-20, IX-19
IX-20
11-68
V-54
VI-21, IX-21
111-92
IX-22
V-55
V-56
V-57
X-45
111-93
II-69
111-94
X-46
V-58
111-95
111-96
111-97
II1-98
V-59
IX-23
111-99
V-60
X-47
X-48
11-70
11-71
V-61
11-42
X-35
11-41
11-45
II-44
IX-24
IX-25
11-43
IX-26
11-46
VIII-21
111-69
111-70
111-73
111-71
111-74
111-72
B-7
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-T3-001
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION* NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Projects in the Industrial Pollution Control
Division - December 1974
5. REPORT DATE
December 1974
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency, Industrial Pollution
Control Division (RD-679), 401 M Street S. W.,
Washington, D. C. 20460
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1BB036 PEMP Task 003
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street S.W.
Washington, D. C. 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Projects of the Industrial Pollution Control Program - December 1974 is a compila-
tion of information sheets from projects initiated since fiscal year 1967 through
fiscal year 1974. Each sheet contains the objectives, statistical information, and
a brief description of the project.
General introductory information on the Federal Industrial Pollution Control Program
is also presented to provide perspective on the magnitude of industrial pollution
and the research directions that must be pursued in order to develop the technology
to adequately control this largest point source of pollution in the United States.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Research & Development
Industrial Pollution Control
13B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report/
21. NO. OF PAGES
439
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-------
INSTRUCTIONS
1. REPORT NUMBER
Insert the EPA report number as it appears on the cover of the publication.
2. LEAVE BLANK
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4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
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type or otherwise subordinate it to main title. When a report is prepared in more than one volume, repeat the primary title, add volume
number and include subtitle for the specific title.
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6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
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zation.
8. PERFpRMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER
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10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER
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Insert contract or grant number under which report was prepared.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
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14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
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15. SUPPLEMENTARY NpTES
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To be published in, Supersedes, Supplements, etc.
16. ABSTRACT
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significant bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
(a) DESCRIPTORS - Select from the Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms the proper authorized terms that identify the major
concept of the research and are sufficiently specific and precise to be used as index entries for cataloging.
(b) IDFNTIFIERS AND OPEN-ENDED TERMS - Use identifiers for project names, code names, equipment designators, etc. Use open-
ended terms written in descriptor form for those subjects for which no descriptor exists.
(c) COSATI FIELD GROUP - Field and group assignments are to be taken from the 1965 COSATI Subject Category List. Since the ma-
jority of documents are multidisciplinary in nature, the Primary Field/Group assignment(s) will be specific discipline, area of human
endeavor, or type of physical object. The application(s) will be cross-referenced with secondary Field/Group assignments that will follow
the primary posting(s).
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the public, with address and price.
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EPA Form 2220-1 (9 73) (Reverse)
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