EPA-600/2-75-D08
MAY 1975
Environmental Protection Technology Series
•3 I
Federal Machinery Noise Research,
Development and Demonstration:
FY 73 - FY 75
33
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Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, O. C. 20460
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development,
Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into five series.
These five broad categories were established to facilitate further
development and application of environmental technology. Elimination
of traditional grouping was consciously planned to foster technology
transfer and a maximum interface in related fields. The five series
are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to
develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and methodology
to repair or prevent environmental degradation from point and non-
point sources of pollution. This work provides the new or improved
technology required for the control and treatment of pollution sources
to meet environmental quality standards.
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and Development,
Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names, or commercial products constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use.
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Report 600/2-75-008
May 1975
FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RESEARCH,
DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION
PROGRAMS: FY73 - FY 75
Prepared by
Interageticy Machinery Noise Research Panel
ROAP/TASK 21AXV
Program Element No. 1GB090
Project Office:
Noise Technology Staff
Office of Research & Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Prepared'for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research & Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
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ABSTRACT
The Interagency Machinery Noise Research Panel was established
by the Environmental Protection Agency to aid EPA in fulfilling its
responsibility for coordinating the Federal noise research activities.
As its initial task, the Panel prepared this report summarizing the
Federal government's machinery noise research, development, and demon-
stration activities. The Federal agencies which sponsor and/or conduct
the major portion of these activities are represented on the panel.
They are Department of Defense, National Bureau of Standards, National
Science Foundation, Bureau of Mines, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, and EPA. Department of Labor is also represented.
Other agencies which sponsor machinery noise RD&D are the Department
of Agriculture and Consumer Product Safety Commission. The report
contains brief descriptions and fiscal data for the agencies' activities.
Emphasis is on fiscal years 1973 through 1975. Also included are
references and bibliographies of reports and publications which have
resulted from the Federal machinery noise RD&D activities.
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
TABLES
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
4.0
5.0
6.0
INTRODUCTION
Purpose and Scope
Sources of Machinery Noise
Impact of Machinery Noise
Private Sector Efforts in Machinery Noise RD&D
DESCRIPTION OF FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Department of Defense
Department of Commerce/National Bureau of Standards
National Science Foundation
Department of Interior/Bureau of Mines
National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health
Environmental Protection Agency
Consumer Product Safety Commission
Department of Agriculture
Bibliography of Federally Supported Machinery RD&D
ANALYSIS OF FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Source Noise Control Technology
Building and Structural Noise Transmission
and Control
Measurements and Measurement Methodologies
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
LIST OF REFERENCES
APPENDICES
Appendix A Glossary of Agency Acronyms
Appendix B Machinery Noise Panel Members
Appendix C Noise Abatement Research by Trade
Associations
Appendix D Machinery Noise Literature Search
Summary
Appendix E Industrial Machinery Noise Levels
Appendix F References (within Appendices)
Appendix G List of Tables (within Appendices)
Page
iii
vi
1
2
3
6
6
9
9
17
18
24
27
29
30
31
31
37
37
42
44
47
49
51
53
55
57
71
83
109
111
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TABLES
Table No. Title
1.1 Examples of Industrial Machinery Noise Sources 4
1.2 Other Machinery Noise Sources 5
2.1 Machinery Noise RD&D Funding by Agency 10
2.2 USA MERDC Machinery Noise RD&D 14
2.3 NBS Machinery Noise RD&D (In-house) 17
2.4 NSF Sponsored Machinery Noise RD&D 19
2.5 Bureau of Mines Machinery Noise RD&D 25
2.6 Summary of NIOSH Supported Machinery 28
Noise RD&D
2.7 EPA Machinery Noise RD&D 29
2.8 CPSC Machinery Noise RD&D 30
3.1 Summary by Area of Machinery Noise RD&D 38
3.2 Current Agency Involvement in Areas of 38
Machinery Noise RD&D
3.3 Source Noise Control Technology 39
3.4 Building & Structural Noise Transmission 43
and Control
3.5 Machinery Noise Measurements and 45
Measurement Methodologies
vi
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
EPA has established four noise research panels consisting of
representatives from Government departments and agencies to provide
informational exchange, a forum for interagency discussion, and advice
to aid EPA in its role as the coordinator of Federal noise research in
accordance with the Noise Control Act of 1972. The panels and panel
membership reflect the major thrusts of"the Federal noise research
programs as follows:
Noise Research Panel Current Agency Membership*
Aircraft NASA, DOT, DOD, HUD, DOC, EPA
Surface Vehicles DOT, HUD, DOD, DOC (NBS) , EPA
Noise Effects HEW (NINDS, NIOSH, NIEHS), DOT,
NSF, HUD, NASA, DOD, DOL, DOC (NBS) ,
EPA
Machinery** HEW (NIOSH), DOI (Bureau of
Mines), DOT, DOD, DOL, DOC,(NBS),
EPA
These panels provide the formal mechanisms for interagency consid-
eration review and assessment of research in the four technical areas.
The primary functions of the panels in their respective areas are:
Review and assessment of the state of science and technology
relating to noise.
Review and assessment of the status of noise research and
technology development.
Identification of technology gaps and research needs.
Preparation of recommendations concerning ongoing research
activities.
Recommendations of noise research programs and projects and
methods for accomplishments.
For the purposes of this report, the term "machinery" includes all
mechanical devices not classified as aircraft or surface vehicles.
* Glossary of Agency Acronyms in Appendix A.
** List of Machinery Panel Members in Appendix B.
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Machinery then means not only industrial machinery, but also household
appliances, toys, some construction equipment, electronic devices and
equipment, office machines, gardening and power tools, furnaces and air
conditioners. As the panel is concerned with noise reduction in general,
this report will also deal with research on structural transmission of
noise and building acoustics, and the use of noise control materials.
1.1 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
This is the first report prepared by the Machinery Noise Research
Panel, It presents a summary of current Federal programs and projects
which seek to understand and control machinery noise. To view these
Federal efforts from a proper perspective, the report also addresses:
sources of machinery noise
impact of machinery noise
private sector efforts in machinery noise RD&D
This report does not address:
the state of technology for-controlling machinery noise
research needs in machinery noise
adequacy of current Federal RD&D
role of the Federal Government in machinery noise RD&D
This document also will be used by the Environmental Protection
Agency in preparing a report to satisfy Section 4(c)(3) of the Noise
Control Act of 1972. EPA is required to report on the status and prog-
ress of Federal activities relating to noise research and control and
to assess the contribution of such activities to the Federal Government's
overall efforts to control noise.
Activity for fiscal year (FY) 1974 is emphasized, program continua-
tion through FY 1975 is noted where possible, and funding and work
carried out during FY 1973 is reported. The data on which the report is
based came from two sources: Agencies' responses to a 1974 request
from EPA on Federal noise activities and information supplied by the
panel members in 1974. Although the data are current as of the end of
1974 and fairly complete, there are variations in the ways agencies
calculate the costs of overhead for their in-house research. Thus,
comparisons between agencies' reported fiscal data are not exact.
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The fiscal data are also incomplete. First, much of the DOD-
Research Development and Demonstration (RD&D) on machinery noise
is classified for national security reasons. However, general re-'
search areas and the extent of overall funding is reported. Secondly,
NSF carries out research only through unsolicited grants. Thus, it
is impossible for NSF to predict what research proposals may be
received and funded.
Conclusions and recommendations made in this report are the
collective opinions of the panel members and do not necessarily
represent their agencies' policies.
1.2 SOURCES OF MACHINERY NOISE
Considering the definition of machinery used in this report,
there are literally countless sources of machinery noise to which
people are exposed. Machinery is found in almost every human environ-
ment. In general, exposures in the industrial occupational environment
are the most severe in terms of both level and duration. Examples of
some machinery noise levels in the worst industries are shown in Table
1.1. It should be noted that these levels are only representative.
Many parameters, such as manufacturer, working material, size of the
machinery, etc. can affect the noise level. Appendix E, which makes
no attempt to be all-inclusive, identifies 357 machines in 20
industries.
Machinery noise also occurs in the home, in hospitals, in office
and residential buildings, and in the community. Some general
categories of sources include appliances, building equipment, power
tools, and toys. Examples of these sources and their noise levels
are shown in Table 1.2.
As specified in the Section 5 of the Noise Control Act of 1972
(Public Law 92-574, 86 Stat. 1234), the first step toward promulgation
of noise standards for new products is identification of1those products
which are major sources of noise. On June 21, 1974, EPA designated
portable air compressors rated above 2.124 cubic meters (75 cubic feet)
per minute and medium and heavy duty trucks as major sources of noise.
The designation was based on "air compressors as the major source of
sound energy and the most widely used product among pieces of construc-
tion equipment contributing to construction site noise" (after medium
and heavy duty trucks). (Ref. 1)* The designation was based on
environmental noise impact and not occupational noise impact, which
is principally concerned with hearing loss.
* For references, see Section 5.0
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Table 1.1 EXAMPLES OF INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY NOISE SOURCES
INDUSTRY TYPE SOURCE NOISE LEVEL (dBA)*
Construction Equipment
15.2 meters (50 feet)
Metal Working Machinery
(Operator position)
Wood Working Machinery
(Operator position)
Textile Manufacturing
Machinery
(Operator position)
Air Compressor
Jack Hammer
Generator
Pile Driver
Crane-Derrick
Back Hoe
Rock Drill
Pneumatic Tools
Drop Hammers
Punch Presses
Riveting Machines
Chipping Machines
Planers
Saws
Molders
Tenoners
Looms
Combing Machines
Reducing Machines
Bleaching, Dying and
Finishing Machinery
81
88
78
101
88
85
98
85
111
107
117
127
108
111
99
95
102
95
96
100
NOTE: Levels are only representative.
* References and a more comprehensive list are found in Appendices
E and F.
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Table 1.2 OTHER MACHINERY NOISE SOURCES
CATEGORY
Home Appliance
.985 meters
(3 feet)
(Ref. 2)
I.C. Engine Powered
Tools 15.2 meters
(50 feet)
(Ref. 3)
TYPE SOURCE
Vacuum Cleaner
Clothes Drier
Dish Washer
Shop Tools
Sewing Machine
Waste Disposal
Food Blender
Electric Can Opener
Air Conditioner
Lawn Mowers
Chain Saws
Snow Blowers
Lawn Edges
Tillers
Garden Tractors
NOISE LEVEL (dBA)
73
63
65
83
73
78
75
66
58
72
83
85
78
69
75
NOTE: Levels are only representative.
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1.3 IMPACT OF MACHINERY NOISE
General agreement exists that hearing loss is the most severe
health effect of long term exposure to noise. EPA has estimated that
as many as 25 million American workers have been exposed to noise
potentially hazardous to their hearing. Noise from machinery sources
in industry has been shown to affect work performance, cause short term
physiological changes, and interfere with warning signals. (Ref. 4)
Estimates of the costs for reducing occupational noise to levels of
marginal protection against hearing loss run into billions of dollars.
(Ref. 5) However, these estimates are crude at best and little data
exist to adequately define the extent of the machinery noise problem in
the occupational environment and to assess the availability and cost of
technology for industrial noise control. The available data do
indicate that the problem is complex in terms of the vast number of
different machines in use, severe in terms of numbers of people exposed
to hazardous levels of noise, and costly in terms of available control
technology.
Although noise exposures in industrial environments are the most
severe, machinery sources can impact significantly in other environments.
Machinery noise may disturb sleep, annoy, interfere with activities, and
contribute to fatigue and irritation in residential, hospital, office,
or recreational environments. (Ref. 4) EPA has estimated that 13
million people presently reside in areas where noise levels exceed those
potentially hazardous to hearing.
The vast number of machines involved, the large number of people
affected, and the costs involved in control of machinery noise would
suggest the need for a concerted Federal involvement in this area.
1.4 PRIVATE SECTOR EFFORTS IN MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
The sheer magnitude of the noise sources and levels in industrial
machinery alone suggest that much research would be going on in the
private sector to develop more cost effective noise control technology.
The Machinery Noise Research Panel felt than an indication of the RD&D
being carried out by industry was needed to determine the Federal
Government's role in machinery noise RD&D. The panel, however, identi-
fied major problems of data acquisition on private sector work due to
the proprietary nature of most industry RD&D and the large number of
firms. Trade associations were suggested as an initial way of obtaining
an indication of machinery noise research supported by industry.
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Consequently, a number of trade associations were contacted and-
a literature search was conducted for the period 1971-1974. The
details of the results are reported in Appendices C and D. The con-
clusions are as follows:
Noise Abatement Research by Trade Associations - Trade associations are
not considered a source for large amounts of quantitized data on noise
sources, noise levels and noise treatment technology. However, most of
the .associations are aware of the noise problems within their industries
and'are keeping abreast of existing and new noise regulations.
Machinery Noise Literature Search - In a literature search which covered
the period 1971-1974,321 publications were identified as pertinent to
machinery noise. The abstracts provided virtually no technical
information which could be used in assessing noise levels, noise
reduction techniques, or effectiveness of the application of control
technology. A distribution of over 20 industries showed that seven
industries had no publications at all and seven industries had less
than ten each. The majority of the publications were either concentrated
in the other six industries or could not be classified. It can be con-
cluded that for most industries there is not much public reporting of
machinery noise research results.
In summary, it appears that trade associations are not conducting
much research on machinery noise and other industry research will most
likely be proprietary. The literature search showed that for most
industries there were few publications in the period 1971-1974. There-
fore, there is not much ongoing private sector research which will
produce publicly available machinery noise control technology.
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2.0 DESCRIPTION OF FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Table 2.1 shows that eight Federal agencies, including two compo-
nents of DOD, are sponsoring machinery noise research. The Navy by far
has the largest activity, with about a million dollars per year spent
in the machinery noise area. However, the results of this research are
classified and thus are not currently publicly available. The other
agencies' in FY 74 together spent a total of more than 2 million dollars
on machinery noise RD&D. The total Federal effort has been in the range
of 2 to 3 million dollars per^ year and appeared to peak in FY 74. A
brief description of each agency's activities is presented below.
2.1 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
The DOD research effort in machinery noise reduction follows the
traditional methods of establishing criteria, determining the noise
producing mechanisms, and developing techniques to reduce such noise.
This effort is supplemented, when reduction of the source itself is not
possible, by mitigation through use of structural damping, resilient
mounts, and the use of acoustical transmission loss and absorptive
materials.
The major DOD effort is in the Department of the Navy, in particular
Naval Sea Systems Command. This work addresses the quieting of ships
to avoid detection, improve sonar listening, and reduce susceptibility
of ships to acoustically actuated weapons and energy detection systems.
Other DOD efforts are conducted by the Army on various pieces of military
equipment. Various military standards: MIL-STD-740 (Ref. 6), which covers
naval machinery; MIL-STD-1474 (Ref. 7), which covers Army Material Command
equipment; and MIL-D-008806B (Ref. 8), which covers Air Force equipment
aboard aircraft, provide guidance in how to measure noise and standards
of acceptability.
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Table 2.1 MACHINERY NOISE RD&D FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Thousands of Dollars)
FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
AGENCY
DOI/Bureau of Mines 337 528 730
DOC/NBS 138 264 265
HEW/NIOSH 162 226 138
NSF 243 356
EPA 60 230 100
DOD/USN3 - - - ,
DOD/USA 178 490 245
CPSC 0 70 0
USDA 0 20 92
972 2,184 1,570
Projected
2 This figure does not reflect $60.5K funded in FY 72 for work done in
FY 73.
3
Navy funding for specific RD&D activities in Machinery Noise cannot
be reported for security reasons. However, the total effort in this
area is about $1 million each year.
2.1.1 U.S. Navy
In addition to the various military standards mentioned above, noise
level requirements are frequently stated in the individual shipbuilding
specifications for items of special interest. While the Navy effort is
primarily concerned with radiated and sonar self-noise, such effort re-
sults in quieter machinery. The principal noise offenders are those
associated with propulsion plants. These include internal combustion
engines, gears, valves, and auxiliaries such as pumps, motors, generators,
etc.
Diesel Engines - The most serious noise producing machinery item is the
diesel engine. Noise levels in the vicinity of unquieted diesels as high
as 125 dBA are not uncommon. These noises are caused by the exhaust,
piston impact, valves and other moving parts. Significant reductions
have been obtained as a result of research in muffler design, use of
heavier engine parts, lining of intake ducting, acoustical cladding and
enclosures. Because noise levels generally increase primarily with speed
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and to a lesser extent with increase in bore, stroke, and number of
cylinders, slower engines are used where feasible.
Hydraulic Systems - Extensive research is being conducted on hydraulic
system noise reduction. In addition to the work on specific components
such as pumps and valves, studies are being conducted on acoustical
filters, flexible pipe connections, pipe hangers, and pipe damping.
Handbooks are under development to (a) summarize all physical, acoustical
and usage data on flexible pipes and hose connections, and (b) depict the
design of noise reducing pipe hangers.
Pneumatic Machinery - Pneumatic machinery is quieted by a combination of
damping and careful machining of components.
Rotating Electrical Machinery - Rotating electrical machinery produces
noise of three types: mechanical, airflow and magnetic. The mechanical
noise can be reduced by careful balancing of the rotors, control of
clearances, and lubrication. Brush noise is controlled by using holders
of damped material, proper tightening, bearing brushes, polishing of
commutators, and correction of eccentricity of slip rings or commutators.
Balancing rings are used to facilitate balancing. Air flow noise is
essentially fan noise and is discussed in a following paragraph. Magnetic
noise, which is caused by variations in the magnetic path, can also be
reduced by careful balancing.
Electronic Equipment - Generally noise from electronic equipment is air-
flow related. The air flow causes vibration of internal components such
as elements on circuit boards as well as the items discussed under fan
noise. Electronic cabinets, because of their light weight, are quick
to resonate. Research is underway to determine the proper applications
of air intake and exhaust mufflers, quiet fans, and damping to reduce
this noise source.
Sound Path Isolators - Ideally, noise should be reduced by controlling
the source, the component itself. If this cannot be done adequately,
there is the problem of transmission by a structureborne path and sub-
sequent reradiation. Structureborne transmission of noise can be reduced
by the proper use of resilient mounts and mounting material. Mounts
have been developed from various types of distributed isolation materials
(DIM) and with capacities up to 4,536 kilograms (10,000 pounds). These
are commercially available. Research on mounts is in process to improve
the resistance of the material to deterioration from ozone and oil and
from very high ambient temperatures. Reduction in structureborne paths
is also achieved through the use of structural damping. Damping reduces
the amplitude of vibration at the resonant frequency of the structure.
Damping materials developed under Navy sponsorship are also widely used
in non-Navy applications and are commercially available. Research is
continuing to develop damping materials suitable for higher temperatures
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and heavier plate. A design handbook is being prepared for damped
foundations.
Gas Turbines - Turbine noise results from many sources including
unbalance of the rotor, motion of the rotor blades past the stator
blades, and flow through the exhaust and intake ducts. Silencing has
been achieved through the use of microbalancing of the rotor, damping
of the turbine blades, damping of the reduction gear casing, lining of
air intake, and use of splitters and septa in the air intake. In
addition, acoustical enclosures have been developed to silence the
entire turbine. Reductions of 40 to 50 dB have been obtained in the
speech interference bands (500, 1,000, 2,000 Hz octave bands).
Compressors - Research is underway to investigate the noise sources
associated with compressors and the application of available noise
reduction techniques. These include investigation of pulsation dampers,
blowdown silencers, and optimum mounting methods.
Fans - Fans used in ventilation systems and other equipment are
principal noise producers. Fan noise is generally tonal at the blade
passage frequency or one of its harmonics, it is caused by the blades
passing close to the machine structure. It can become particularly
serious if the housing or the ventilation ductwork is excited to
resonance. Research is being conducted in fan blades, and knowledge
obtained from pump impeller design is being applied to quiet fan noise.
Gears - Gear noise is characterized by broadband noise with a number of
discrete tones. These are the various harmonics of the gear speed,
with those corresponding to multiples of the pinion speed frequency and
the tooth contact frequency most prominent. Factors which affect the
generation of gear noise include unbalance and eccentricity, improper
tooth shape and spacing, helix error, improper alignment, deflection
under load, lubricant pumping, tooth friction, bearing reaction, etc.
Gear noise has been significantly reduced by more precise machining
(removal of burrs, grooves, high spots, etc.), care in alignment, and
assuring the removal of any foreign material from the lubricant.
Research continues through the use of computer analysis. Further
reductions in airborne noise levels are anticipated through use of
improved damping, case hardening, and the application of transmission
loss treatments to the housing.
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Valves - Valves are noise sources because abrupt changes in flow contours
cause increased turbulence levels. Valve types have been rated in order
of increasing noise generation as follows: plug, gate, check, globe, and
diaphragm. The use of frictional reactive elements has greatly reduced
valve noise. Research continues through use of mathematical modeling
to further decrease valve noise.
Pumps - A pump accelerates a mass of fluid from a region of low pressure
to higher pressure. This acceleration is accompanied by an opposing
force on the housing. If the acceleration is smooth and uninterrupted,
what little noise is produced is due primarily to flow interaction. An
axial flow pump most closely approaches such conditions but its internal
components generate noise. A centrifugal pump is also an inherently
quiet design but noise is generated at blade frequencies. Piston pumps
add noise because of the gears themselves. All mechanical pumps are
subject to noise from leaks at some shaft seals. Noise control has been
achieved by selecting the quietest usuable type pump. Research is being
conducted to determine more accurately the characteristics of the pump
noise and to develop quiet new components. In particular, impeller
design modifications for centrifugal pumps are being studied.
Noise Criteria - Naval research is also underway to develop improved
measuring techniques to simplify procedures and to permit measurement of
equipment noise in any space configuration in manufacturing plants. The
measurement technique will permit noise levels at the operator's position
to be determined regardless of the environment and proximity of other
machines.
2.1.2 DOD/U.S. Army/MERDC
The Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center (MERDC)
at Ft. Belvoir, Va., has several noise reduction projects which are
listed in Table 2.2. These are briefly described below.
Portable Equipment - A 17 cubic meter per minute (CMM) (600 CFM) portable
air compressor and three mobile electric generators (1.5W, 30 KW, and
60 KW) are being addressed in current programs. The compressor project.
cost $98K in FY 73. The two larger generators were funded at $80K in
FY 73 with a supplement of $50K in FY 74. Because the smaller generator
project has just begun, the funding has not been determined. The goal
for the larger portable electric generators was to obtain a reduction
from the present 93-94 dBA at 7.6 meters (25 feet) to the middle of the
70-80 dBA range. So far, the program has accomplished a reduction to
76-77 dBA at 7.6 meters (25 feet). The smaller (1.5KW) generator
project has already achieved a prototype with a noise level of 60-64
dBA at 3.05 meters (10 feet). It is said to be practically inaudible
at 30.5 meters (100 feet).
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Table 2.2 USA MERDC MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
FY Funding ($K)
Investigator FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
Portable Equipment
Compressor Noise Control Martin-Marietta 98
Laboratories and
Lord Corporation
Electric Generator Noise Control 80 50
1 1
Air Conditioner Noise Control In-house 400 200
Equipment Noise Survey & In-house
Evaluation 2
Military Standard Engines,
Manifold
Muffler 4
Rock Drill, Crawler Mounted
22BM Crane-Shovel4
4.536 metric ton (5 ton) crane, wheeled
Compressor 17 cmm (600 cfm) 2/6V-71N engine4
1.7 cmm (60 cfm), .46 kg/cm (6.5 psi) compressor
21.2 cmm (750 cfm) compressor
Mixer, Rototiller5
Radial arm saw 4 5
211 kg/cm (3000 psi),.425 cmm (15 cfm) compressor4
Concrete Saw
Map Printing Van
Hydraulic Noise
TOTALS 178 450 200'
Funding approved for future years
2
Nominal in-house funding, not dedicated to noise
Work carried out relative to surface vehicles but applicable to
machinery noise. Covered in surface vehicle report. (Ref. 9)
4 Prior to FY 73
Operator position only
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Air Conditioners - A program has been initiated to reduce the noise
level of military standard air conditioners below the speech inter-
ference levels of MIL-STD-1474. (Ref. 7) Work will include redesign of
components, evaluation of mounting techniques, and other installation
and application methods. The goal of the program is to reduce the
noise levels of the units to approximately 55 dBA, 57 dB PSIL-4, or
NC-60 (approximately equivalent levels).
Equipment Noise Survey and Evaluation - MERDC has also surveyed and
partially evaluated the noise levels of a variety of other machinery
including military standard engines, rockdrill, crane-shovel, 4.536
metric ton (5 ton) crane, compressor, rototiller mixer, radial arm saw,
concrete saw, ditcher, and map printing press. The work has been
performed with nominal in-house funding, not dedicated to noise. The
survey was concerned with both operator noise exposure and noise levels
measured at 15.2 meters (50 feet).
Hydraulic Equipment - MERDC has had two projects on hydraulic pumps and
systems in vehicles. These projects are covered in the surface vehicle
panel report (Ref. 9) but the hydraulic equipment is identical to that
used in many industrial applications. Major efforts involved isolating
mounts and covering up components, but further basic work was needed.
The initial approach was to try to select a "quiet" pump, but it was
determined that there were no satisfactory standards for measuring
pump noise. Work was done in conjunction with Oklahoma State University
(OSU) and the National Fluid Power Association (NFPA) to develop a
procedure which has subsequently been submitted to the International
Organization of Standardization (ISO). As the vehicle studies progress-
ed, it became apparent that although most pumps are rated by their air-
borne noise levels, the real problem is the "noise" that is fluidborne and
released downstream at the hoses, valves, and reservoirs. Levels reached
the equivalent of over 200 dBA. It is interesting to note that in
either case the noise is more adversely dependent upon the shaft speed
than system pressure, but this is more true for fluidborne noise. In
this study, no attempt was made to develop a "quiet" pump but rather
to give an effective means to tradeoff performance parameters in order
to reduce noise. Present work generally has been to study the phenomenon
of noise in hydraulic systems. This will continue in the future along
with the development of practical means to reduce noise.
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2.1.3 DOD/U.S. Army/CERL
The U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL)
has a single project dealing with measurement methodology for construc-
tion sites. Funding was $40K in FY 74 and $45K in FY 75.
Construction Noise: Specification and Control
a. Background information and data will be compiled into a manual for
a number of different task areas, which include the noise to be
expected from construction sites as a function of the various phases
and types of construction, known specifications and regulations
dealing with construction site noise, methods to measure the noise
of construction sites, background information indicating the need
for attention to noise emitted from construction sites, information
dealing with the means to lessen the noise impact, and information
and data relating to the cost effectiveness of these noise attenua-
tion means. Specifications will be prepared which will be appro-
priate for different types of construction or localities.
Various measurement methods will be investigated for their appro-
priateness ir. testing for compliance with standards and establishing
the noise rrcr. construction sites. Existing methods to attenuate
noise e-xtted fro- construction sites, specifically alternate equip-
ment, aitemats methods, and physical attenuation will be reviewed.
b. New methods will be developed to mitigate the noise impact of con-
structic- sites vith particular emphasis on the current and near
•iT? PfZl^ °f nilitai? construction. The cost effectiveness
will be deter-zned for the various alternative means to attenuate
the noise impact of construction sites.
16
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2.2 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
NBS has research activities both in building acoustics and in
development of measurement methodologies for sources of machinery
noise. A summary of the funding for these activities is shown in
Table 2.3. '
Table 2.3
NBS MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
(In-house)
FY Funding ($K)
73 74 75
Activity
Building Acoustics 97 144 145
Machinery Noise Measurement Methods 41 120 120
TOTALS 138 264 265
Building Acoustics - This activity's objectives are: 1) Improve
present methodologies for measuring noise isolation provided by
barriers, terrain, vegetation, and building shells. 2) Provide tech-
niques for predicting sound propagation from exterior noise sources
into occupied spaces. 3) Evaluate engineering data and information
to assist designers in providing protection against noise of exterior
origin. 4) Improve present measurement methodologies for measuring
and controlling noise generation and propagation between rooms as
well as building equipment noise, in order to provide essential,
technically reliable noise control measurement procedures to industry
and government.
The specific approaches will be to: 1) Develop new or improved
measurement methodology for assessing noise generation and propaga-
tion within rooms, buildings, and building equipment noise. 2) Charac-
terize the force spectra of "typical" sources of impact excitation,
such as footsteps and characterize the vibratory and acoustic response
of structural elements for specified excitations. Combine to yield
predictions of the response and radiation of floor-ceiling models
for "typical" impact excitation. Subject results to experimental
verification. 3) Study human response to transient intrusive noises
with the objective of correlating physical measures of noise with
17
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related subjective measures of acceptability or annoyance. 4) De-
velop new and earlier measurement methodologies for field measurement
of airborne noise propagation between adjacent rooms and compare and
extend by analysis and experiment.
Machinery Noise Measurement Methods - This activity will determine the
adequacy of present measurement standards for the determination of
sound power emitted by noise sources, and develop measurement methods
and improvements of these standards in order to reduce measurement
errors. A critical review of present American and international
measurement standards is being conducted in order to assess the ade-
quacy of these standards for the determination of sound power emitted
by noise sources. The technical community and governmental regula-
tory agencies will be advised of the consequences of this critical
review, and changes in the measurement procedures will be suggested
as indicated. In order to gain direct familiarity with these pro-
cedures, they are being tried using the NBS reverberation room and
anechoic chamber facilities. It is intended that by these means
both industry and government will be provided a sound technical basis
for the regulation and labeling of noise emissions from a variety
of products.
2.3 NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
NSF supports fourteen grants in various areas of machinery noise
research. Sources addressed include heat exchangers, pipelines, in-
dustrial processes, ducts, nozzles, combustion noise, diesel engines,
appliances, and machine tools. Control of the noise path is addressed
in several grants on noise propagation, transmission, and absorption.
Finally, NSF has funded a grant for computer prediction of noise
levels in manufacturing areas. Titles and funding for each project
are found in Table 2.4.
Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise in Heat Exchangers - The friction
loss, performance, vortex shedding, plate vibration and noise genera-
tion in a tubular heat exchanger surface with slotted fins (such as
in dry cooling towers) installed in a low turbulence, subsonic wind
tunnel will be studied. The loss across the test core and the ampli-
tudes and frequencies of the vortex shedding from perforated holes,
plate vibrations and noise generated will be measured and correlated
with a theoretical model as functions of the governing parameters.
These results will be used to determine the mechanisms which cause
flow-induced plate vibration and noise generation; the relationship
between the friction coefficient and the flow-induced oscillations;
the influence of perforated hole arrangements, in-line and staggered
patterns; and the effects of physical parameters, such as the surface
and frontal porosities and the flow length to hydraulic diameter ratio,
on the flow-induced oscillations.
18
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Table 2.4 NSF SPONSORED MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Project Title
Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise
in Heat Exchangers
Cavitation Damage Scale Effects
for Sudden Enlargements in Pipelines
Recipient
Institut ion
University of Michigan
FY Funding ($K)'
73
Colorado State University
Research Initiation Impact Mechanics Pennsylvania State
and the Generation of Impulsive Sound University
74.5
17 3
Basic and Applied Studies of Noise
Attenuation of High-Intensity Sound
in a Condensing Vapor
Combustion Generated Noise
Controlling the Noise Radiated from
Diesel Engines 4
Noise and Vibration from Transporta-
tion Vehicles and Other Machinery
Acoustic Propagation in Branched
Solids
Sound Transmission in Buildings
Research on Noise Propagation
Acoustically Absorbent Materials
Optimum Design of Partitions for
Minimum Sound Transmission
Prediction of Noise Levels in
Manufacturing Areas
TOTALS
Stanford University
Syracuse University
Georgia Institute of
Technology
Purdue University
Purdue University
University of Texas
at Austin
87
0
3 5
49.5
Massachusetts Institute 15
of Technology
Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
Pennsylvania State
University
Carnegie Mellon
University
Virginia Polytechnical 0
Institute
243.0
74
65.4
26
272'
74
152'
39.
356.4
1 NSF Funding cannot be predicted for FY 75
'Funding for 24 month period
3 Funding for 18 month period
-------
With these theoretical and experimental results, some guidelines
will be recommended for practical design considerations to reduce both
plate vibrations and noise. Important new applications will then
become feasible for automotive and marine power propulsion systems,
commercial and domestic air conditioning and heating systems and the
dry cooling tower for electric power plants.
Cavitation Damage Scale Effects for Sudden Enlargements in Pipelines -
The purpose of this research project is to determine the incipient
cavitation damage index for sudden enlargements of various dimensions
and the evaluation of the scale effects from the data taken. Further-
more, studies will be carried out on>the vibration and noise levels
for cavitation index values between the incipient and incipient damage
conditions.
Research Initiation - Impact Mechanics and the Generation of Impulsive
Noise - The phenomenon of high speed impact between solid bodies in a
fluid medium will be examined in reference to numerous industrial
machining processes which produce dangerously high levels of repetitive,
impulsive noise. The investigation is three-pronged: 1) Noise tape
samples obtained from numerous industrial concerns using forging,
blanking, and impact extrusion processes will be examined with respect
to spectral content, intensity levels, 'rise times, and pressure dura-
tions to classify and describe impulsive sound characteristics. 2) An
impact simulation mechanism will be designed and built to evaluate
the degree to which geometric and material modifications of existing
impulsive-type machinery could reduce noise levels. 3) An analytical
treatment will model and predict characteristics of the impact phenome-
non.
Basic and Applied Studies of Noise - Specific work supported under
this grant will be basic research on the mechanics of tire noise,
sound generation and propagation in internal flows, and practical
applications of pitch sequencing.
The sound transmission characteristics of high-speed internal flows
(piping, orifices, etc.) and the sound generation characteristics of
blockage elements (orifices, diffusers, etc.) will be studies using
techniques extended from work on turbulent shear flows in similar de-
vices. The initial work will consist mainly of rig design, construction,
and technique development.
A study of applications of the pitch sequencing concept (piecewise
frequency modulation as used in tire tread designs) will be made in a
variety of systems (sawblades, blowers, etc.).
Attenuation of High-Intensity Sound in Condensing Vapor Recent experi-
mental evidence suggests that aerodynamic noise in ducts and nozzles is
20
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significantly reduced in the presence of small water droplets. It is
difficult to account for the observed reduction on the basis of exist-
ing theories of sound attenuation in condensing vapors. The proposed
research suggests an additional mechanism for attenuation of high-
intensity sound in a condensing vapor. This mechanism is enhanced
heat and mass transfer between the vapor liquid phases due to acoustic
streaming about the droplets at high levels. Other possible phenomena
that may account for large sound reduction in duct and nozzle flows
containing a condensing vapor will also be considered. It is hoped
to provide both an explanation for high sound attenuation in condensing
vapors and a means to predict the attenuation. Such a goal, if realized,
will have important implications for the evaluation of methods to
reduce internal noise in ductss pipelines, and turbomachinery.
Combustion Generated Noise " A combined experimental-theoretical program
will be undertaken to isolate the origin of combustion generated noise
and to discover appropriate scaling rules associated with this noise.
Primary attention will be on premixed turbulent flames, although several
aspects of diffusion flame noise will also be investigated.
The data obtained on free flames will be analyzed and compared
with theory. Correlations will be obtained for sound power output,
directionality, and spectral content. The relation between the re-
action rate fluctuations and the sound power output will be determined.
An analysis will be made for the radiation of noise from a flame-con-
taining enclosure to the surroundings. The modification to sound
power output, spectral content and directionality will be compared with
free flame generated noise.
Controlling the Noise Radiated from Diesel Engines - There are two main
sources ofnoise in diesel engines: combustion noise due to burning of
fuel and mechanical noise due to operation of the engine. Aspects of
both sources of noise will be examined. The combustion noise will be
studied by a simulation method. Here a pressure pulse will be, supplied
to one cylinder from a pressure source. Both cylinder pressure-time
history and the pressure-time history external to the engine will be
measured. From these measurements the noise attenuation of the engine
will be determined at different frequencies using Fourier analysis.
It is also hoped that, this attenuation will be checked with the engine
running and driving a dynamometer. In the combustion noise simulation
study, the effects that structural changes in the engine have on noise
attenuation can be examined without masking from mechanical noise. The
mechanical noise will be measured by driving the engine with an electric
motor. Using this method, certain aspects of the mechanical noise can
be examined without masking from combustion noise.
Noise and. Vibration from Transportation Vehicles and Other Machinery -
To complement the ongoing research at the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories
21
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of Purdue University, a broad range of research projects in noise
control and acoustics will be undertaken. These include: enclosure
design, automobile engine noise source identification and reduction;
noise attenuation measurements in mufflers; tire noise generation;
appliance noise reduction; machine tool noise reduction; barrier
design; community noise from rapid transit vehicles; and other pro-
jects. A new addition, a semi-anechoic facility with overall di-
mensions 9.75 X 20.12 meters, (32 X 66 feet), will be built to accomo-
date many of the new projects.
Acoustics Propagation in Branched Solids - Experimental and analytical
research will be performed on the propagation of sound through branched
and interconnected solids. The experimental research will be performed
by propagating pulses of acoustical energy at several frequencies along
solid waveguides onto which branches will be attached at various angles
by various means. The solid waveguides will be made long enough to
be investigated and measured without the interference from reflections.
As the work progresses, materials with several values of dilatational
and shear sound velocities and densities will be used as branches, and
several shapes, machined or formed of such materials, will be inserted
as diffraction elements in the main waveguides and in the branches.
As part of the work, effort will be applied to measuring acoustic beam
patterns in solids in order to better define the relationship between
the distribution of acoustical energy within a driven solid and the
mechanical properties, shape, and size of both the driving and driven
solids and the orientation of the former to the latter. Also, the
experimental work will include an investigation of various acoustical
resistance devices to discover which are most suitable for use as
impedance matching terminations for acoustical waveguides. The analyti-
cal research will be performed using the results of the experimental
work and will extend the theory of acoustic propagation in solids.
Sound Transmission in Buildings - This research is relatively broad --
it is expected to cover the more "conventional" aspects of sound trans-
mission through walls, ceilings, floors, etc., and also sound propagation
through corridors, doorways, and "open plan" landscaped areas which
are more frequently being used in office buildings.
Research into noise transmission between rooms in buildings has
concentrated largely on the acoustic transmission properties of walls
and wall building materials. However, with-the advent of open plan
designs in both living and office spaces the problem of acoustical
rather than structural transmission becomes important. Even in the
traditional design of building interiors noise transmission from room
to room through openings can be an important consideration. Recently
there has been an impetus for a better theoretical understanding of
transmission loss through walls. This is because of the advent of
lightweight construction and emphasis on better acoustical design.
22
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One of the major purposes of this research is to apply newly de-
veloped procedures from aerospace studies to the problems of obtaining
better acoustical performance of wall structures.
A multiple purpose, semi-anechoic room will be constructed and
used for the following experiments: 1) Open plan office psychoacousti-
cal and acoustical measurements. 2) Measurements of acoustical absorp-
tion coefficient by reflection-correlation method. 3) Measurements
of footfall noise on carpet-like materials.
Research on Noise Propagation - The distribution of sound within build-
ings and the exterior acoustical environment of buildings will be de-
termined. In the former category, it is proposed to study sound trans-
mission through composite structures which are of interest in newer
forms of modular housing and are also used as enclosures for machines
and other noise sources in industrial plants. In the latter category,
it is proposed to study sound transmission in corridor-like channels
which relate to the corridors in buildings and to sound transmission
in city streets. An important parameter of corridor propagation is
the sound absorption and scattering of the bounding surfaces at par-
ticular angles of incidence. A correlation technique for measuring
these reflection coefficients will be-developed. Finally, research
will be performed on a "cellular" model of propagation in complex
spaces that applies to sound distributions in open plan offices, cer-
tain kinds of industrial plants, and to urban noise systems.
Acoustically Absorbent Materials - The goal of this proposed study is
to obtain a deeper understanding of the behavior of sound absorbing
materials through a theoretical and experimental program so that opti-
mum use can be made of these materials as duct liners to control noise
from larger air moving systems. To meet this goal, a study will be
undertaken of the behavior of acoustically absorbent material when
subjected to high intensity noise and as a function of flow over the
surface. The effectiveness of the material as a function of the angle
of incidence at which the sound strikes the material will also be de-
termined. Another important aspect of the proposed work is the deter-
mination of the behavior of high intensity complex acoustic modes in
ducts in the presence of the cited conditions.
The results of this program will provide new knowledge to design
acoustically absorbent materials in optimum geometric configurations
for duct liners, and signficantly better acoustic and aerodynamic per-
formance.
Optimum Design of Partitions for Minimum Sound Transmission - The aim
of this program is to integrate recent advances in optimal structural
23
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design with modern approaches to theoretical architectural acoustics.
The specific objective is to develop approaches to optimal design of
partitions to minimize the transmission of sound. The acoustical
theory techniques considered will include variational methods as well
as computer oriented techniques.
Prediction of Noise Levels in Manufacturing Areas - A computer-based
acoustical model of typical industrial manufacturing facilities will
be developed to enable the prediction of noise levels at specified
points in manufacturing areas. The program will be written such that
only a limited acoustics background will be required of a user. Basic
information on physical plant arrangements and equipment installations
are envisioned as input data. The computer will carry out the acoustic
computations and give predicted noise levels using superposition, room
acoustics, and geometric acoustics concepts. Results will be conveyed
to the user in a number of different ways, depending upon the need,
computer, or computer terminal capability. The reliability of the pro-
gram to model industrial noise environments will be field-tested in the
plants of a number of firms which have agreed to cooperate in this re-
search effort.
2.4 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR/BUREAU OF MINES
The Bureau of Mines conducts machinery noise RD&D to support its
mission of providing a healthful mine environment. It supports research
on several pieces of mine machinery and is attempting to characterize
the noise in mines from other machines. Table 2.5 gives titles and
funding of these projects.
Alternate Conveyor Designs for Mine Machinery - The purpose of this pro-
ject is to design and develop a new conveyor system which can be adapted
to existing machinery to reduce the noise from the conveyor to 90 dBA.
A prototype of a quieter conveyor for a specific machine used in under-
ground coal mining will be developed.
Noise Control in Surface Mining Facilities -- Problem Definition - This
project is intended to develop economical noise control of chutes, dem-
onstrate utility, survivability, and repairability of such measures in
the field and to develop screens that are quieter and no harder to main-
tain than existing systems. Development of the successful methods would
quiet two of the principal sources of noise in surface facilities asso-
ciated with coal mines.
Abatement of Noise from Pneumatic Rock Drills - This study will examine
the use of ferrous and nonferrous damping alloys for reduction of
noise by methods suitable for application in the mining environment and
will advance toward the goal of a pneumatic percussive drill with a
24
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Table 2.5 BUREAU OF MINES MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
N>
Ul
Project Title
Alternate Conveyor Designs for
Mine Machinery
Noise Control in Surface Mining
Facilities--Problem Definition
Noise Control in Surface Mining
Facilities—Chutes and Screens
Abatement of Noise from
Pneumatic Rock Drills
Muffler for Pneumatic Drill:
1. Analysis & Design
2. Analysis of Mechanical Noise
3. Abatement of Mechanical Noise
4. Larger Class Drill
Problem of Coal Mine Noise
Generation and Correction
Project
Number
H0144078
H0133027
H0144079
07009
HO 2 2048
Investigator (s)
Foster-Miller
Assoc. , Inc.
Bolt, Beranek,&
Newman , Inc .
Bolt, Beranek,6c
Newman , Inc .
In-house
United States
FY
73
0
79.4
0
90.1
56.6
Funding ($K)
74
148.8
16.7
112.4
0
15.1
75_
-
0
0
0
0
03009
Noise Abatement in Mining Machinery HOI22054
Noise Control of Underground
Diesel-Powered Equipment--
Problem Definition
H0346046
Steel Corp.
In-house
100.2
Apt, Bratner, 10.4
Conrad,&Assoc.Inc.
Bolt, Beranek,&
Newman, Inc.
0
TOTALS
336.7
137.3
39.5
58.7
528.5
100
0
0
730 *
* Projected.
-------
noise level no greater than 90 dBA. The principal accomplishments to
date have been a prototype drill with muffler-jacket, alloy rotational
chuck and constricted layer on 25 percent of the drill rod. The proto-
type had a noise level of 104 dBA with a reduction of about 9 percent
in efficiency.
Muffler for Pneumatic Drill: 1. Analysis and Design. 2. Analysis of
Mechanical Noise. 3. Abatement of Mechanical Noise. 4. Larger Class
Drill - This project is intended to design and deliver a prototype
muffler to attenuate the air-exhaust noise of a 34-kg.-class (75-pound-
class') pneumatic stoper drill to 90 dBA with insignificant back pressure
and no icing problems; develop a 'kinematic model simulating the moving
parts of a pneumatic drill; use this model to optimize noise abatement
designs of a drill and drill rod; and design and construct prototype
mufflers for a large drill (7.1 cmm) (250 cfm) class. To date, the pro-
ject has resulted in four prototype mufflers which were designed and
fabricated for a pneumatic percussive drill of the 34-kg. (75-pound)
class and reduced the exhaust noise below 90 dBA with no icing or back
pressure problems.
Problems of Coal Mine Noise Generation and Correction - This project
will attempt to define the noise prpblems in various types of mining
operations; to develop and evaluate monitoring instrumentation and per-
sonal ear protective devices; and to reduce the noise levels of pneu-
matic drills. So far, this project has produced: a personal, pocket-
size audiodosimeter that records the miner's exposure to intermittent
noise levels encountered and an earmuff incorporating a special inter-
com system that allows the wearer to perceive low-level sounds (up to
83 dBA) at full volume but progressively attenuates louder noises to be-
low 90 dBA. It also has demonstrated feasibility of fabricating a
noise control system durable enough for the mine environment and capable
of reducing the noise level of a pneumatic percussive drill from 115 to
101 dBA at the operator's position.
Noise Abatement in Mining Machinery - This project will define the noise
sources from bolters, loaders, and continuous miners and will assess in-
mine corrective measures to reduce operating exposure to noise levels of
90 dBA. The proposed measures will be then be experimentally evaluated for
effectiveness on a loader, continuous miner, and a rotary roof bolter.
The output of the project will be a report describing in detail the
three machines selected, the noise sources, the corrective measures
applied, and the results from testing the modified machines in a mine
for one month.
Noise Control of Underground Diesel-Powered Equipment -- Problem Defin-
ition - The project's objectives are to define the magnitude of the
noise problem from diesel-powered mining equipment and to evaluate
26
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available noise control techniques for effectiveness in reducing noise
levels to 90dBA. Hopefully, the project will validate a method to pre-
dict anticipated underground noise levels from sound power data obtained
on the ground surface. This project is a first step toward reducing
noise from diesel-powered mining equipment.
2.5 NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
The NIOSH effort in machinery noise control RD&D is intended to
foster the development of improved control technology for reducing major
sources of industrial noise and to formulate and promote procedures for
minimizing noise problems in the work environment. This objective is in
accordance with the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Public
Law 91-596) and the Federal Coal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1969
(Public Law 91-173) which charge NIOSH with undertaking research and re-
lated activities basic to assuring safe and healthful workplace condi-
tions. In addition to assembling and preparing information on noise
control techniques and materials in manuals and easy-to-use guides for
coping with occupational noise problems, NIOSH also supports several
grants dealing with the development and demonstration of engineering
control measures for reducing major sources of machinery noise in the
textiles, wood-products and metal fabricating industries. The NIOSH
projects are summarized in Table 2.6.
Noise Control Research in Wood Planers - These experimental studies are
aimed at reducing noise from woodworking machinery, particularly wood
planers.
Coordinated Textile Industry Noise Reduction Program - This project will
collect and develop information on noise control methods in the textile
industry. Noise levels associated with typical operations will be
identified.
Punch Press Noise Reduction - Consideration will be given to all stand-
ard noise control techniques, including reduction of noise from vibra-
ting machine parts, gears, clutch and brake operations, air valve ex-
hausts, and punching operations. Force reduction through tool design,
use of damping material mufflers, isolation, enclosures, barriers, and
absorption as well as innovative concepts will be evaluated. The re-
sults will be prepared for utilization by smaller companies which do
not have extensive engineering capability.
Industrial Noise Control Manual - This activity will develop a guide-
book for reducing occupational noise exposure, using case-history ex-
amples of industrial noise control efforts.
27
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NJ
00
Project Title
Punch Press Noise Reduction
Noise Control Research in
Wood Planers
Coordinated Textile Industry
Noise Reduction Program
Industrial Noise Control
Manual
Compendium of Noise
Control Materials *
Impulse Noise Recording
Systems **
TOTALS
Table 2.6 SUMMARY OF NIOSH SUPPORTED MACHINERY NOISE RDScD
Funding ($K)
Investigator (s) FY 73 FY 74
N.C. State University 0 53.8
N.C. State University 0 51.8
N.C. State University
0
Industrial Noise Services 16
Inc.
IIT Research Institute
In-house
120
0
16
225.6
FY 75
38.8
99.5
0
138.3
* Funding in FY 72
** Nominal in-house funding
-------
Compendium of Noise Control Materials - This activity will result in a
cross-referenced publication of published noise attenuation data for
all known building and noise control materials.
Impulse Noise Recording System - Instrumentation was developed to facili-
tate recording of impulse waveforms in industrial environments, using
digital recording techniques.
2.6 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
EPA has sponsored several studies to support regulatory needs in
machinery noise. The studies have been for defining measurement method-
ologies, available technology, and cost for compliance specifically for
various pieces of construction equipment. Similar studies on pneumatic
and hydraulic drills and pavement breakers are expected to begin in
FY 75. Table 2.7 lists the studies and funding levels.
Table 2.7 EPA MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Funding ($K)
Project Description Investigator FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
Portable Air Compressor Noise Technology Bolt, Beranek 0 91 0
and Cost & Newman Inc.
Construction Noise Study Bolt,Beranek, 0 25 0
& Newman Inc.
Economic Impact of Portable Air- A. T. Kearney 0 50 0
Compressor Noise Emission Standards Inc.
Development of Noise Measurement Methodo- N.B.S. 60 64 0
logy for Portable Air Compressors
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Drills and Pave- 0 0 100
ment Breakers - Technology, Costs, and
Economic Impact
TOTALS 60230100
Portable Air Compressor Noise Technology and Costs - This study exam-
ined the technology currently available for portable air compressors
and the attendant costs to achieve various study levels.
Construction Noise Study - This study examined a series of regulatory
approaches aimed at quieting construction sites to various study levels.
The study considered resource costs to the nation as well as the antici-
pated effectiveness of the approach.
29
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Development of Noise Measurement Methodology for Portable Air Compressors-
This study examined the correlation between, far field sound measurements
and those taken in the near field. It also provides a recommended sound
power measurement procedure for determining the near field noise levels
of portable air compressors.
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Drills and Pavement Breakers-Technology, Costs,
and Economic Impact - This study will examine the technology available,
attendant costs for reducing the noise output to various noise levels
and the corresponding economic impact of regulating these products to
those levels.
2.7 CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY COMMISSION
CPSC has the primary responsibility for establishing mandatory prod-
uct safety standards, where appropriate, to reduce the unreasonable risk
of injury to consumers from consumer products. The CPSC in FY 74 sup-
ported research to develop a consistent set of product noise regulations,
a test protocol for lawn mowers, and test methods for toys. A summary
of the project funding is shown in Table 2.8.
Table 2.8 CPSC MACHINERY NOISE RDScD
Project Title FY 74 Funding ($K) *
Developing a Consistent Set of Product 20
Noise Regulations
Test Protocol for Lawnmower Noise 15
Noise Measurement Techniques for Toys
TOTAL
* Projects supported only in FY 74.
Developing a Consistent Set of Product Noise Regulations - This project
will assess current knowledge and recommend additional research to de-
termine patterns of noise exposure due to usage of select products, de-
fine practical sound level measurement procedures, define hearing loss
from product use, and define potential for product noise to mask audi-
tory warnings.
Test Protocol for Lawnmower Noise - The hazard caused by noise from lawn-
mowers will be investigated. A maximum sound level will be suggested
with methods for measurement at the operator's ear position.
30
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Noise Measurement Techniques for Toys - This project will identify
noise-producing toys which are potentially hazardous to children's
hearing and/or safety, develop generic test methods by which the noise
exposure due to such toys can be determined and acquire data on selec-
ted toys. Simple screening procedures will be developed for rapid de-
termination as to whether toys require detailed laboratory testing.
2.8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
USDA is funding a research project on agricultural processes
noise. It began in FY 74 and is currently in a problem definition
phase. The work is being conducted at Richard B. Russell Agricultural
Research Center, ARS, USDA, P.O. Box 5677, Athens, Georgia 30604. The
funding is $20,000 in FY 74 and $92,470 in FY 75.
Abatement and Control of Noise Associated with Agricultural Processes-
The objectives are to determine the degree of noise pollution occurring
in various types of agricultural processing plants under normal oper-
ating conditions, determine primary vibration sources contributing to
high power level noise within processing plants, and develop and imple-
ment methods and equipment to abate and control noise levels.
2.9 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF FEDERALLY SUPPORTED MACHINERY RD&D
DOD/USN
1. General Motors Corporation, AC Electronics-Defense Research Lab-
oratories Report #TR70-72, "Technical Report on a Solid State
Power System Program," August 1970.
2. Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc., Report, "Recent Experimental
Studies of Mechanical Noise in Diesel Engines" of 10 July
1964.
3. Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc., Report, "Piston-Slap Noise in
Reciprocating Machinery" of 15 April 1964 (Revised) •
4. Conesco Report, "Study of Fluidborne Noise and the Development
of Fluid Acoustic Filter Test Specifications and Design Rules,"
May 1964-
5. U.S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station Letter Report,
"Effect of Ball Bearings on Machine Noise" of 22 March 1962 •
6. U.S. Marine Engineering Laboratory Report, "Development of Test
Procedures for Noise Level and Temperature Rise in Ball Bear-
ings," 1964-
31
-------
7. U.S. Marine Engineering Laboratory Report, "Exploratory
Investigation of Noise Levels of Quiet Type Shipboard
Transformers Developed by Westinghouse Electric Corpora-
tion," November 1964-
8. U.S. Marine Engineering Laboratory Report, "Investigation of
the Relationship Between Tooth Design and Gear Noise,"
September 1964 •
9. Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory Report No. B-420, "Main
Forced Draft Blower for CVA63/64," 3 April 1961-
10. Naval Ship Research and Development Center Technical Note,
"Investigation of Noise Generation in Helical Gears - The
Effect of Speed Load, Gearing Characteristics and Tooth
Errors" November 1967 •
11. Southwest Research Institute Final Technical Report on
"Study of Airborne Noise from Shipboard Machinery" of
19 June 1964.
12. General Electric Report No. R61MSD337, "Low Noise Transmission
Gear Rotors", 2 January 1962.
DOD/USA
13. Hopler, Paul D. and Wehr, Samuel E., "Noise Reduction Program
for Army Construction Equipment, "SAE Number 740714, National
Combined Farm, Construction, Industrial Machinery and Power
Plant Meetings, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, September 9-12, 1974.
NBS
14. Quindry, T. L., and Flynn, D. R., "On a Simplified Field Measure-
ment of Noise Reduction between Spaces," Proceedings of Inter-
Noise 73, Copenhagen, Denmark, 199-207 pp., August 22-24, 1973.
15. Sabine, H. J., and Quindry, J, L., "Acoustical, Thermal and Air
Infiltration Properties of Exterior Walls, Doors and Window,"
NBS Building Science Series, July 1974.
16. Flynn, D. R., and Leasure, W. A., Jr., "Machinery Noise, Measure-
ment Standards and Test Codes," Proceedings of Noise-Con 73,
Washington, D., pp. 257-260, October 15-17, 1973.
32
-------
17. Lubman, D., "Review of Reverberant Sound Power Measurement Stan-
dard and Recommendations for Further Research," NBS Technical
Note 841, July 1974.
DOI/BuMines
18. Murphy, J. N., Sacks, H. K., Durkin, J., and Summers, C. R.,
Progress in Nois-e Abatement, Mining Congress Journal, J. 58,
September 1972, pp. 59-63.
19. Manning, Robert E.,Muffler for Pneumatic Drill, pp. 81 NTIS
Number PB 220-372, January 24, 1973.
20. Gatley, W. S. and Earth, M. G., A Practical Approach to the
Exhaust Silencing of the Pneumatic Rock Drill, Proc. Inter-
Noise 72,. pp. 288-293.
21. Jensen, James W., and Visnapuu, Aarne, Progress in Suppressing
the Noise of the Pneumatic Rock Drill, Proc. Inter-Noise 72,
pp. 222-287.
22. Visnapuu, Aarne, and Jensen, James W., Noise Control for the
Pneumatic Rock Drill>AIME Society of Mining Engineers Reprint
Number 73-AU-62, pp. 17, February 25, 1973.
EPA
23. Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc., Report 2795a, Portable Air
Compressor Noise, Environmental Protection Agency, March 29,
1974.
24. Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc., Report Number 2566c, Portable
Air Compressors: The Costs, Benefits and Penalties of
Reducing Their Noise, Environmental Protection Agency,
March 1, 1974.
25. A.T. Kearney, Inc., A Study to Determine the Economic Impact
of Noise Emission Standards in the Construction Equipment
Industry - Portable Air Compressor Report, Environmental
Protection Agency, June, 1974.
26. Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc., Report 2795b, Portable Air
Compressor Noise: Diagnosis and Control, Environmental
Protection Agency, March 29, 1974.
33
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NSF
27. Tullis, J. Paul, Hogan, Raymond A., and Whittington, N.C.,
"Predicting Cavitation in Valves" presented at IAHR Symposium,
Stockholm, Sweden, August 1970, pp. g511-5/10.
28. Yang, W. J., and Liang, C. Y., "Flow-Induced Vibration and Noise
in Perforated Heat Exchangers," presented at the Tenth Anniversary
Meeting of the Society of Engineering Science, Raleigh, North
Carolina, November 5-7, 1973, and published in the Proceedings.
29. Yang, W. J., "Flow-Induced Noise in Heat Exchangers," presented
at the First AIChE Southeastern Ohio Conference on Energy and
the Environment, Oxford, Ohio, October 21 - 26, 1973, and
published in the Proceedings.
30. Liang, C. Y., and Yang, W. J., "Slotted-Fin Tubular Heat Exchang-
ers for Dry Cooling Towers," presented at the 1974 AIAA-ASME
Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference held in Boston,
Massachusetts, July 15-17, 1974.
31. Liang, C. Y., and Yang, W. J., "Modified Single-Blow Technique
for Performance Evaluation of Heat Transfer Surfaces," published
in the Journal of Heat Transfer, Transactions of ASME, Series
1974.
32. Yang, W. J., "Perspective of Dry Cooling Towers for Electric
Power Plants," prepared at the AIChE Section National Conference
on Energy and the Environment, Hueston Woods State Park Lodge,
College Corner, Ohio, November 13-15, 1974.
33. Strahle, Warren C., "Refraction, Convection and Diffusion Flame
Effects in Combustion-Generated Noise," Proceedings of the
Fourteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion held at the
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania,
August 20-25, 1972, pp. 527-535.
34. Hillery, Herbert V., "Investigation of Acoustic Propagation in
Branched Solids." presented at the Interagency Symposium on
University Research in Transportation Noise, held at Stanford
University, Stanford, California, March 28-30, 1973, and
published in the Proceedings,
35. Tree, D. R., Crocker, M. J., Jones, S. R., and Towers, D. A.,
"Diesel Truck Engine Enclosure," Noise-Con 73 Proceedings,
Washington, D. C., October 15-17, 1973.
34
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36. Crocker, M. J., Cohen, R., Tree, D. R., Jones, S. R., and
Towers, D. A., "Acoustic Enclosure for Diesel Engines on
Trucks," Inter-Noise 73 Proceedings, Copenhagen, Denmark,
August 1973.
37. Tree, D. R., Uffman, W. D., and Cohen, R., "Household Vacuum
Cleaner Noise." Inter-Noise 73 Proceedings, Copenhagen, Denmark,
August 1973.
38. Crocker, M. J., Tree, D. R., Jones, S. R., and Towers, D. A.,
"Acoustic Enclosures for Diesel Engines in Trucks," Proceed-
ings of the Interagency Symposium of University Research in
Transportation Noise, Stanford University, Stanford, Cali-
fornia, March 28-30, A 73, Vol. II, pp. 648-663.
39c Crocker, M. J., Tree, D. R., Jones, S. R., and Towers, D. A.,
"A Comparison Between Laboratory Measurements and Truck Drive-
By Measurements of a Diesel Engine Enclosure," presented at
the 86th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America,
October/November 1973.
40. Chung, J., and Crocker, M. J., "Noise Source Identification on
a V-6 Diesel Engine by Means of the Conference Function Method"
presented at the 86th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of
America, October/November 1973.
41. Chung, J., and Crocker, M. J., "Measurements on a V-6 Diesel
Engine," presented at Noise-Con 73, Washington, D. C.,
October 1973.
42. Crocker, M. J., and Viebrock, W. M., "Noise Reduction of a
Consumer Electric Clock," presented at Inter-Noise 73, Copenhagen,
Denmark, August 1973.
43. Crocker, M. J. and Anderkay, G., "Sources of Noise on a Cummins
V-378, V-6 Diesel Engine," presented at the 85th Annual Meeting
of the Acoustical Society of America, Boston, Massachusetts,
April 10-13, 1973.
44. Crocker, M. J., Anderkay, G., and Chung, J. Y., "Controlling the
Noise Generated from Diesel Engines," presented at the Symposium
on Transportation Noise Research at Stanford University, Stan-
ford, California, March 28-30, 1973.
45. Crocker, M. J. and Chung, J. Y., "Study of Diesel Engine Noise
Using the Coherence Function Method," presented at the Eighth
International Congress on Acoustics, London, England 1974.
35
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46. Lyon, R. H., "Propagation of Environmental Noise, "Science,
16 March 1973, Volume 179, pp. 1083-1090.
47. Davies, H. W., and Lyon, R. H., "Noise Propagation in Urban
Areas," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1973/1974.
48. Reethof, G., and McDaniel, 0. H., "Acoustically Absorbent
Materials for Complex Incidence at High Sound Intensities with
Flow," presented at the InteragencySymposium on University
Research in Transportation Noise, Stanford University, Stanford,
California, March 28-30, 1973.
49. Reethof, G., Oslas, M. J., and Harrington, W., "The Active Control
of Higher Order Modes in Cylindrical Ducts," presented at the
85th Annual Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America,
April 12, 1973.
50. Reethof, G., "Research in Aircraft Propulsion Noise and its
Reduction," presented at the Interagency Symposium on University
Research in Transportation Noise, Stanford University, Stanford,
California, March 28-30, 1973.
51. Dym, C. L., "Effects of Prestress on the Acoustic Behavior of
Panels," J.A.S.A., Vol. 55, No. 5, May 1974.
52. Krokosky, M., and Dym, C. L., "Noise Control and Civil Engineer-
ing," Civil Engineering, A.S.C.E., May 1974.
53. Dym, C. L. and Lang, M. A., "Transmission of Sound Through
Sandwich Panels," published in JASA 1974.
36
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3.0 ANALYSIS OF FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
The current Federal research, development and demonstration
activities address a number of specific sources of machinery noise,
undertake work in building and structural transmission ot noise,
and work towards better definition of the machinery noise problem
through measurements and development of more accurate and standard-
ized measurement methodology. The general funding in these areas
is presented in Table 3.1. It can be noted that the majority of
funds are spent on control technology. This observation is further
supported by the Navy's million dollar a year program, most of which
goes for source control technology. In contrast, the funds in the
building and structural category are small. It also appears that
the funds for machinery noise RD&D peaked in FY 1974. This apparent
peaking may not be actual, however, due to the uncertainty of the
FY 1975 data.
Agencies' current involvements in the three categories of
machinery noise RD&D activities are shown in Table 3.2. USDA and
CPSC currently are involved only in measurement or measurement
methodology. NSF, DOD and NIOSH are supporting research in all
three areas, while BuMines, NBS, and EPA are involved in two cate-
gories. The following discussions summarize the current effort of
the Federal Government in addressing these categories of machinery
noise.
3.1 SOURCE NOISE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Five agencies have RD&D activities addressing noise control
technology for machines. Table 3.3 summarizes the specific sources
addressed by each agency and the funding data (if available). NIOSH
is currently funding noise control work on machines that have a
significant impact on the occupational environment. The machines
presently studied are punch presses, wood planers, and various
textile industry machines. NIOSH has also funded the development
of an industrial noise control manual. Bureau of Mines supports
work on various machines that affect the mine work place. Sources
addressed include conveyors, chutes and screens used in coal clean-
ing, pneumatic drills, diesel powered equipment, continuous miners,
loading machines, and roof bolters. The Navy supports work on
shipboard machinery because of the need for quiet ships. Although
specific activities cannot be reported for security reasons, in
general the sources addressed are diesel engines, hydraulic systems,
pneumatic machinery, rotating electrical machinery, electronic
equipment, gas turbines, compressors, fans, gear valves, and pumps.
37
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Table 3.1 SUMMARY BY AREA OF MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
RD&D Area
Funding (thousand dollars)
FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
Source Noise Control Technology
Building and Structural Noise
Transmission and Control
Measurements and Measurement
Methodologies
TOTALS
529
162
280
971
1,307
370
507
2,184
1,168
145
257
1,570
Table 3.2 CURRENT AGENCY INVOLVEMENT IN AREAS OF
MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Research Area
Source Noise
Control Technology
Building and
Structural Noise
Transmission and
Control
Measurements and
Measurement
Methodologies
BUMines NIOSH NSF DOD NBS EPA CPSC USDA
X
XXX
XXX
X X X X X X X
38
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Table 3.3 SOURCE NOISE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Agency Source
NIOSH Punch Press
Wood Planers
Textile Industry General
Industrial Noise Control Manual
TOTAL
BuMines Mining Machinery Conveyors
Surface Facilities Chutes
and Screens
Pneumatic Drills
Underground Diesel-Powered
Equipment
Continuous Miner, Loading
Machine, Rotary Roof Bolter
TOTAL
NSF Heat Exchangers
Pipelines
Impact Noise-Industrial
Machinery Processes
Basic & Applied Studies of Noise
(Tires, Internal Plows, Pitch
Sequencing)
Ducts and Nozzles
Combustion Noise *
Diesel Engines 4
Appliances, Machine tools,
Barrier design 6
TOTAL
FY 73
Funding (thousand dollars)
FY 74 FY 75
0
0
0
16
16
0
0
146:7
0
10.4
157.1
0
74.5 2
17 3
54
52
120
0
226
148.8
112.4
15.1
58.7
39.5
374.5
65 •'
38
100
0
138
0
0
0
0
0
730 '
87
3>5
0
26
272
178.5
91
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Table 3.3 SOURCE NOISE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY (continued)
Agency Source
USN Diesel Engines
Hydraulic Systems
Pneumatic Machinery
Rotating Electrical Machinery
Electronic Equipment
Gas Turbines
Compressors
Fans
Gears
Valves
Pumps
U.S. Air Conditioners
Army 17cmm (600 CFM) Air Compressor
Electric Generators
Various other military
equipment 7
Hydraulic Equipment8
TOTALS
FY 73
Funding (thousand dollars)
FY 74
FY 75
0
98
80
178
400
0
50
200
0
450
200
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Table 3.3 SOURCE NOISE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY (concluded)
Funding (thousand dollars)
Agency Source FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
EPA Construction Noise 0 25 0
Portable Air Compressors 0 141 0
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Equipment 0 0 1QQ
TOTAL 0 166 100
GRAND TOTALS 529.6 1,307.5 1,168
Projected
2
Funding for two year period
3
Funding for 18 month period
4
Funding in FY 72 for 24 month period
Includes some minor Surface Vehicle related work
Majority of work is Surface Vehicle and funding is included in that report. (Ref. 9)
Normal in-house funding, not dedicated to noise
a
Work covered in Surface Vehicles but directly applicable to machinery noise.
Covered in surface vehicle report. (Ref. 9)
-------
The Army has several projects which address an air compressor, three
portable electric generators, air conditioners, and various other
pieces of military equipment (see Table 2.2). EPA in its effort to
regulate major sources of noise has developed information on available
technology and cost of compliance for portable air compressors. Simi-
lar efforts on pneumatic and hydraulic equipment are projected. NSF
supports research in a variety of areas. Current work in machinery
noise will have application to several sources: heat exchangers,
pipelines, ducts and nozzles, industrial machining processes, diesel
engines, combustion sources, and appliances.
3.2 BUILDING AND STRUCTURAL NOISE TRANSMISSION AND CONTROL
Four agencies are currently involved in different kinds of
activities in this area. The various projects and funding are
detailed in Table 3.4. NBS has had a program for many years in
building acoustics. The thrust of the current activity is to
improve both measurements and design guidelines for noise control
in buildings. The Navy effort is directed toward the need for
quiet ships. The Navy source noise control activity is supple-
mented by use of structural damping, resilient mounts, and
acoustical transmission loss and absorptive materials. NSF sup-
ports several research projects in this category to extend the
theory of propagation of sound. These include studies of air-
borne and structural noise propagation in buildings and corri-
dors, behavior of acoustically absorbent materials, design of
partitions, and transmission through branched solids. NIOSH has
supported a project to compile information on the acoustic and
other properties of building materials and acoustical absorption
materials.
42
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Table 3.4 BUILDING & STRUCTURAL NOISE TRANSMISSION & CONTROL
Agency Description
DOC/NBS Building Acoustics
Program
USN Radiated and Platform
Noise Sound Path
Isolators
NSF Acoustic Propagation
in Branched Solids
Sound Transmission in
Buildings
Research on Noise
Propagation
Acoustically Absorbent
Materials 2
Optimimum Design of
Partitions for
Minimum Sound
Transmission
NIOSH Compendium of Noise
Control Materials 3
TOTALS
Funding (thousand dollars)
FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
97
50
15
0
144
74
0
152
145
0
162
370
145
Funding for two year period
I
Funding in FY 72 for two year period
'Funding in FY 72
43
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3.3 MEASUREMENTS AND MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGIES
All eight agencies which fund machinery noise research have
activities either to define the problems in machinery noise or
to develop or improve measurement techniques for assessing the noise.
NSF has funded the development of a computer-based acoustical model
of typical industrial manufacturing facilities which will enable the
prediction of noise levels at specified points in manufacturing areas
by-users with limited acoustics backgrounds. Bureau of Mines has
efforts in characterizing noise and identifying problems in both
underground and surface mining, facilities. NBS is developing and
improving methodologies for measuring sound power. EPA has supported
efforts to develop measurement methodologies for various noise
sources, specifically air compressors. Similarly, CPSC is support-
ing the development of consistent measurement methodologies for con-
sumer products in general and specifically, lawnmowers and toys.
USDA is beginning a noise control RD&D program which currently
involves measurement and problem definition. The Navy is develop-
ing improved techniques for measuring equipment noise at operators'
positions. The U. S. Army is working on measurement and control of
construction site noise. NIOSH is developing a system for recording
impulse noise. The Federal activities and projects in this category
of machinery RD&D are listed in Table 3.5.
44
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Table 3.5 MACHINERY NOTSE MEASUREMENTS AND MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGIES
Funding (Thousand dollars)
Agency Project Title FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
NSF Prediction of Noise Levels 0 39 0
in Manufacturing Areas
BUMines Definition and Correction 100 137 0
of Noise in Coal Mines
Noise Control in Surface 79 17 0
Mining Facilities-
Problem Definition
EPA Development of Noise 60 64 0
Measurement Methodolo-
gies for Portable Air
Compressors
NBS Assessment of Measurement 41 120 120
Standards for Deter-
mination of Sound Power
CPSC Developing a Consistent 0 20 0
Set of Product Noise
Regulations
Noise Measurement Tech- 0 35 0
niques for Toys
Test Protocol for 0 15 0
Lawnmower Noise
USDA Abatement and Control of 0 20 92
Noise Associated with
Agricultural Processes
NIOSH Impulse Noise Recording
System *
USN Noise Criteria
45
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Table 3.5 MACHINERY NOISE MEASUREMENTS AND MEASUREMENT
METHODOLOGIES (continued)
Funding (thousands dollars)
Agency Project Title FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
USA Construction Equipment: 40 45
Specification and
Control
TOTALS 280 507 257
* Nominal In-House Funding
46
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4.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
There are literally countless sources of machinery noise. Machinery
noise occurs in the home, hospitals, offices, and the community.
Generally, however, exposure to machinery noise in the occupational
environment is the most severe. Machinery noise, along with noise
from other sources, may produce hearing loss, cause annoyance,
affect job performance, and interfere with warning signals. Other
deleterious effects may also occur, but hearing loss is generally
considered the most severe. Estimates for reducing industrial noise
to levels of marginal protection against hearing loss run into
billions of dollars. (Ref. 5)
To get a preliminary indication of the private sector efforts
in industrial machinery noise RD&D, a number of trade associations
were contacted and a literature search was conducted. Conclusions
were that trade associations were not a good source of machinery
noise reduction technology, and that most industries have little
or no on-going machinery noise control RD&D whose results will be
generally available to the public.
The Federal effort on machinery noise RD&D is being conducted
by eight agencies: DOD, DOC/NBS, NSF, DOI/BuMines, NIOSH, EPA,
CPSC, and USDA. The Federal effort has ranged from two to three
million dollars over the FY 1973 to 1975 time period and appeared
to peak in FY 1974. About a million of this was allocated by the
Navy to quiet ships. Much of that work is classified and is not
currently available to the public.
Noise control for sources is being addressed in the mine envi-
ronment, the industrial environment, the military environment and
others. Some research also is directed toward building and struc-
tural noise transmission and control, and other work is going on to
characterize noise environments and sources.
Although an in-depth analysis has not been done, a significant
part of these Federal expenditures is directed toward establishing
applications of currently available technology for future use.
While the Federal Government has machinery noise RD&D activities
there is not a national policy toward Federal involvement in
machinery noise RD&D. Consequently, each agency conducts research
to support its own mission.
47
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5.0 LIST OF REFERENCES
1. Federal Register, Vol. 39, No. 121, Friday, June 21, 1974.
pp. 22297-22299
2. NTID 300.1 Noise from Construction Equipment and Operations,
Building Equipment, and Home Appliances. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. December 31, 1971.
3. NTID 300.13 Transportation Noise and Noise from Equipment
Powered by Internal Combustion. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. December 31, 1971.
4. Public Health and Welfare Criteria for Noise. EPA 550/9-73-002
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. July 27, 1973.
5. Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc. "Impact of Noise Control at the
Workplace," Report #2671, submitted to U.S. Department of Labor,
Office of Standards. January 1974.
6. Military Standard 740, "Airborne and Structure Borne Noise Measure-
ments and Acceptance Criteria of Shipboard Equipment," January 13,
1965, Notice 1. June 22, 1965.
7. Military Standard 1474, "Noise Limits for Army Material," U.S.
Government Printing Office: 1973-714-917/1266. March 1, 1973.
8. Military Specification 8806, "General Specification for Sound
Pressure Levels in Aircraft." September 21, 1970.
9. Federal Surface Vehicle Noise Research, Development and Demonstra-
tion Programs: FY 73-FY 75, EPA-600/2-75-002. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. March, 1975.
49
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6.0 APPENDICES
CONTENTS: PAGE NO.
Appendix A - Glossary of Agency Acronyms 53
Appendix B - Federal Machinery Noise Research Panel 55
Appendix C - Noise Abatement Research by Trade 57
Associations
Appendix D - Machinery Noise Literature Search 71
Summary
Appendix E - Industrial Machinery Noise Levels 83
Appendix F - References (within Appendices) 109
Appendix G - List of Tables (within Appendices) HI
51
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APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY OF AGENCY ACRONYMS
Symbols
CPSC
DOC
DOC (NBS)
DOD
DOD/USN
DOD/USA
DOI
DOI/BUMines
DOL
DOT
EPA
HEW
HEW (NIEHS)
HEW (NINDS)
HEW (NIOSH)
HUD
NASA
NSF
USDA
Agencies
Consumer Product Safety Commission
Department of Commerce
National Bureau of Standards
Department of Defense
Department of the Navy
Department of the Army
Department of the Interior
Bureau of Mines
Department of Labor
Department of Transportation
Environmental Protection Agency
Department of Health, Education and Welfare
National Institute of Environmental Health
i
Sciences
National Institute of Neurological Diseases
and Stroke
National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health
Department of Housing and Urban Development
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Science Foundation
Department of Agriculture
53
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APPENDIX B
FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RESEARCH PANEL
Mr. Stephen R. Cordle, Chairman 202/755-0448
Noise Technology Staff (RD-681)
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
Captain Lester H. Beck, USN 202/692-0872
Naval Sea Systems Command (037)
Department of the Navy
Washington, D. C. 20362
Mr. Curtis Holmer 301/921-3381
Applied Acoustics Section
National Bureau of Standards
Room A149 Sound Building
Washington, D. C. 20234
Mr. Paul Hopler, Chief 703/664-6713
Systems and Components Branch -1836
U. S. Army Mobility Equipment Research
And Development Center (MERDC)
Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060
Attention: AMXFB-HM
Dr. Morris Ojalvo 202/632-5787
Division of Engineering
National Science Foundation
1800 G Street, N. W., Room 340
Washington, D. C. 20550
Mr. Milford Skow 202/634-1240
Department of the Interior
Bureau of Mines
Room 9035 Columbia Plaza
Washington, D. C. 20240
55
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Dr. Floyd A. Van Atta 202/961-5005
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
U. S. Department of Labor
Washington, D. C. 20210
Mr. Robert Willson 513/684-3416
Physical Agents Branch
National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health
1014 Broadway
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
Mr. Eugene Wyszpolski 703/557-8292
Office of Noise Control Programs (AW-571)
Environmental Protection Agency
Crystal Mall Building 2
1921 Jefferson Davis Highway
Arlington, Virginia 20460
56
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APPENDIX C
NOISE ABATEMENT RESEARCH BY TRADE ASSOCIATIONS
Trade associations were contacted to:
• Indicate the level of active interest by trade associations
in noise abatement research.
• Indicate the type of noise abatement research being conducted
by trade associations.
• Ascertain the availability of the results of the research.
Accordingly, a list of 58 trade associations, distributed
over 20 industries, was compiled from Reference 2. "Small"
associations, with annual budgets of less than $250,000, were not
included. Telephone contacts were made to identify the availability
of published results of noise research. These results are com-
piled in Table C-l. Some of the comments are summarized below.
• Thirty-six of the associations have not done and do not
plan to do noise research.
• The research activities of 16 of the remaining 22 associa-
tions have been principally noise surveys of machinery.
• Only six of the remaining 22 associations indicated
activities in noise reduction. Research included
Burner noise reduction by American Gas Association
Quiet room application by American Newspaper
Publishers Association
Appliance quieting by Association of Home Appliance
Manufacturers
Forging noise reduction by Forging Industry Assn.
Vehicle noise reduction by Motor Vehicle Mfr. Assn.
Machinery noise reduction by Western Wood Products Assn.
• Four of the six associations indicated that noise research
results are considered proprietary and expressed concern
about releasing the information to a Government agency.
• The American Trucking Association data is- primarily a
survey of truck noise levels. Similar, but more extensive,
information is available from the Motor Vehicle
Manufacturers Association.
57
-------
Table C-l SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY
Ul
00
Industry/Associations
16 CONSTRUCTION
o Associated Equipment Distributors
615 West 22nd Street
Oak Brook, Illinois 60521
(312)654-0650
• Associated General Contractors
of America
1957 East Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)393-2040
• Construction Specifications Inst.
1717 Massachusetts Avenue. N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)833-2160
e Construction Industry Manufacturers
Associations
Suite 1700, Marine Plaza
111 East Wisconsin Avenue
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202
(414)272-0943
Research Activity Publications Available
None
None
Research Conducted
through State
Chapters
None
None
None
Conducted a Joint
Program with Farm
and Industrial
Equipment Insti-
tute
TR-SAE-R4 A Study
of Noise Induced Hear-
ing Damage for Opera-
tors of Farm and
Construction Equipment,
1969.
-------
Ul
vO
SIC
Code
Table C-l SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATION/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
Industry/Associations Research Activity Publications Available
20 FOOD AND KINDRED PRODUCTS
• Can Manufacturers Institute
1625 Massachusetts, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)232-4677
• National Canners Association
1133 20th Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)311-5900
• Packaging Machinery Manufacturers
Association
2000 K Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)331-8181
21 TOBACCO MANUFACTURERS
• Tobacco Institute, Inc.
1776 K Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)296-8434
22 TEXTILE MILL PRODUCTS
• American Textile Manufacturers
Institute, Inc.
1501 Johnston Building
Charlotte, N. C. 28281
(704)334-4734
Plan to start
project on in-
plant noise
reduction in the
near future.
None
None
None
Survey of Equip-
ment Noise
Levels
None
None
None
None
None, data will be used
for OSHA Hearings
-------
Table C-l SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATION/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Code
Industry/Associations
22 (continued)
o Carpet and Rug Institute
310 Holiday Drive, Box 2048
Dalton, Georgia 30720
(404)278-3176
23 APPAREL AND RELATED PRODUCTS
e American Apparel Manufacturers
Association
1611 North Kent Street
Arlington, Virginia 22209
(703)524-1864
• American Footwear Industries Assc.
1611 North Kent Street
Arlington, Virgina 22209
(703)522-8070
24 LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS
• American Forest Institute
1619 Massachusetts Avenue
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)667-7807
• American Plywood Association
119 A Street
Tacoma, Washington 98401
(206)272-2233
Research Activity Publication Available
Survey of Equip-
ment Noise
Report Available
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
-------
TABLE Ol SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Code
Industry/Associations
24 (continued)
o National Forest Products Assoc.
1619 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)332-1050
0 Western Wood Products Assoc.
1500 Yeon Building
Portland, Oregon 97204
(503)224-3930
• National Hardware Lumber Assoc.
59 East Van Buren
Chicago, Illinois 60605
(312)427-2811
25 FURNITURE AND FIXTURES
9 National Housewares Manufacturers
Association
1130 Merchandise Mart
Chicago, Illinois 60654
(312)644-3333
26 PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
Research Activity Publications Available
None
Program on
Machinery
Noise
'None
None
None
None, Reports not yet
Published (1976)
None
None
o American Paper Institute
260 Madison Avenue
New York, New York 10016
(212)883-8000
None
None
-------
Table C-l SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
Industry/Associations Research Activity Publications Available
26 (continued)
e Fiber Box Association
224 No. Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60604
(312)663-0250
27 PRINTING, PUBLISHING AND
ALLIED PRODUCTS
• American Newspapers Publishers
Association
Post Office Box 598
Easton, Pennsylvania 18042
(215)253-6155
• Printing Industries of America, Inc.
1730 North Lynn Street
Arlington, Virginia 22209
(703)527-6000
28 CHEMICAL AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
• Chemical -Specialties Manufacturers
Association, Inc.
1001 Connecticut Avenue, N. W.
Washington, D.C. 20036
(202)872-8100
• Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers
Union International
1636 Champa Street
Denver, Colorado 80201
(303)266-0811
Conducted Noise
Survey
None
Survey of Ma-
chine Noise
and Potential
Treatment
None
No, information is
considered
proprietory
None
None
None
Survey of Mach-
inery Noise and
Hearing Damage
No, considered
proprietary
-------
ON
U>
Table C-l SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Code Industry/Associations Research Activity Publication Available
29 PETROLEUM AND COAL PRODUCTS
» American Gas Association
1515 Wilson Boulevard
Arlington, Virginia 22209
(703)524-2000
o American Petroleum Institute
1801 K Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)833-5600
e Bituminous Coal Research, Inc.
350 Hochberg Road
Monroeville, Pennsylvania 15146
(412)327-1600
30 RUBBER AND MISCELLANEOUS PLASTIC
PRODUCTS
o Rubber Manufacturers Association
1901 Pennsylvania Avenue
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)785-2602
31 LEATHER AND LEATHER GOODS
Program to
Reduce Burner
Noise
None
None
None
No, program
Just Started
None
None
None
e No Associations Identified
-------
Table C-l SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Code
Industry/Associations
32 STONE, CLAY AND GLASS PRODUCTS
• National Concrete Masonry
Association
1800 N. Kent Street
Arlington, Virginia 22209
(703)524-0813
• Glass Container Manufacturers
Institute
1800 K Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)872-1280
e Portland Cement Association
Old Orchard Road
Skokie, Illinois 60076
(312)966-6200
33 PRIMARY METAL INDUSTRIES
Research Activity Publication Available
Machinery Noise
Data
If cleared for release
by association
None
None
Noise Surveys for Reports considered
Member Companies proprietary
• Aluminum Association
750 Third Avenue
New York, New York 10017
(212)972-1800
• American Iron and Steel Institute
1000 16th Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)223-9040
None
Survey of Noise
None
No survey, just
beginning
-------
Table C-l SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Code
Industry/Associations
33 (continued)
• American Foundrymen's Society
Golf and Wolf Roads
DesPlaines, Illinois 60016
(312)824-0181
• Forging Industry Association
1211 Illuminating Building
55 Public Square
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
(216)781-6260
• Gray and Ductile Iron
Founders Society
Cast Metals Federation Building
Rocky River, Ohio 44116
(216)333-9600
• Steel Founders Society of
America
Cast Metals Federation Building
Rocky River, Ohio 44116
(216)333-9600
34 FABRICATED METAL PRODUCTS
e Air Conditioning and
Refrigeration Institute
1815 North Fort Myer Drive
Arlington, Virginia 22209
(703)524-8800
Research Activity Publication Available
Participating on
Hearing Damage
Survey
Program on
Machinery Noise
Reduction
Survey of
Machinery Noise
None
Yes - At $50. per
copy. Six (6) volumes
ready and six (6) not
ready. No reproduction
rights.
No, just started
None
None
None
None
-------
Table C-l SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ ASSOCIATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Code
Industry/Associations
34 (continued)
American Automobile Association
1712 G Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)222-6000
Association of Home
Appliance Manufacturers
20 North Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
(312)236-2921
Fanrt and Industrial Equip-
ment Institute
410 North Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60611
(312)321-1470
Industrial Research Institute
100 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10017
(212)683-7626
International Snowmobile
Association
5205 Leesburg Pike
Falls Church, Virginia 22041
(703)379-9100
Research Activity Publication Available
None
Equipment
Noise Survey
Survey of Hear-
ing Damage for
Operators
None
None
None
None
Yes, See CIMA (SIC 16)
None
None
-------
Table C-l SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Code
Industry/Associations
34 (continued)
• National Association of Engine
and Boat Manufacturers, Inc.
537 Steamboat Road
Greenwich, Connecticut 06830
(203)661-4800
o National Association of
Manufacturers
1776 F Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)331-3700
35 MACHINERY EXCEPT ELECTRICAL
• Machinery and Allied Products
Institute
1200 18th Street, N, W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)331-8430
• National Machine Tool Builders
Association
7901 Westpark Drive
McLean, Virginia 22101
(703)893-2900
o National Tool, Die and Precision
Machining Association
9300 Livingston Road
Oxon Hill, Maryland 20022
(301)248-6200
Research Activity Publication Available
None
None
None
None
Noise Survey
None
None
None
None
Yes
-------
00
Table C-l SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (continued)
SIC
Industry/Association
Code
35 (continued)
o National Screw Machine Products
Association
2860 Eas't 120th Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44120
(216)751-0909
36 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MACHINERY
• Electronic Industries Association
2001 Eye Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006
(202)659-2200
o National Electrical Manufacturers
Association
155 East 44th Street
New York, New York 10017
(212)682-1500
37 TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
• American Trucking Association
1616 P Street, N. -W.
Washington, D, C. 20036
(202)797-4000
o Association of American Railroads
1920 L Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)293-4000
Research Activity Publication Available
Unknown
Unknown
None
None
None
None
Truck Noise
Research
Railroad Noise
Survey
Yes
Yes
-------
Table C-l SUMMARY OF INDUSTRY/ASSOCIATIONS/NOISE RESEARCH ACTIVITY SURVEY (concluded)
SIC
Code
Industry/Association
37 (continued)
Transportation Association of
America
1101 17th Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)296-2470
Motor Vehicle Manufacturers
Association
320 New Center Building
Detroit, Michigan 48202
(313)872-4311
49 UTILITIES
American Public Power Association
2600 Virginia Avenue, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20037
(202)333-9200
Edison Electric Institute
90 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10016
(212)986-4100
National Association of
Electric Companies
1140 Connecticut Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20036
(202)223-3460
Research Activity Publication Available
None
None
Survey of Motor
Vehicle Noise
Yes
None
None
None
None
None
None
-------
APPENDIX D
MACHINERY NOISE LITERATURE SEARCH SUMMARY
Abstracts from "Engineering Abstracts" and "Pollution Abstracts"
covering the period of 1971-1974 relating to machinery noise were
reviewed and their areas of activity distributed over the 20 industries
shown in Table E-l. Abstracts which indicate apparent application
to several industries were distributed into a "mixed category." A
summary of the publication distribution is given in Table D-l and the
distribution of the publications over the 21 categories is presented
in Table D-2. Briefly, the following comments are given:
o Three hundred twenty-one publications are identified as
pertinent to machinery noise research; 161 primarily
single industry oriented and 160 are in the mixed
category. The majority (223) are U.S. publications.
Ninety-eight foreign publications from 19 countries
are identified.
o United States publications are distributed into 13 of
the 20 industrial categories. No publications were
identified in:
Tobacco manufacturing
- Apparel manufacturing
Furniture and fixtures
Printing and publishing
- Leather and leather goods
Electrical machinery
- Transportation equipment
• The industry with the most publications is chemical and
allied products with 42 publications. Petroleum and
coal products has 26 publications, utilities has 18 and
construction 18. Of the 11 publications in primary metals,
only two are from the U.S.
e Foreign publications are primarily from Germany (28) and
England (23). Both of these countries' publications are
broadly scattered throughout the categories but pockets
of concentration appear in primary metals and fabricated
metal products industries and in the mixed category.
71
-------
The review of the abstracts resulted in virtually no
quantitative technical information which could be used
in either assessing machine noise levels, noise reduction
techniques, or the effectiveness of the application of
technology. The reports must be gathered and reviewed
before any assessment of this type can be made.
Generic noise problems seem to be treated by several
industries. For instance:
- Valve Noise - Reduction activity is evident
in the utilities, chemical and allied products
and in the mixed category.
- Pump Noise is treated by chemical and allied
products and in the mixed category.
- Piping System Noise reduction techniques are
used by utilities, chemical and allied pro-
ducts, petroleum and coal products and in
the mixed category.
- Combustion Noise has literature in construction,
paper and allied products, chemical and allied
products and in the mixed category.
For the generic noise problems, it would appear that transfer
of technology could be effective and research activities
could be defined which have relatively broad applicability
to several industries.
72
-------
Table D-l
SUMMARY OF PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
321 Publications on Machinery Noise.
161 Publications which are primarily single industry oriented.
160 Publications in mixed category applicable to several
industries.
223 U.S. publications broadly scattered except weak in primary
metals.
28 German publications broadly scattered throughout.
23 English publications broadly scattered throughout.
6 Russian publications in utility and machine noise, noise
measurement, combustion noise, health effects and'
standards.
7 Japanese publications on fans, turbines, gears, grills
and analytical techniques.
6 Swedish publications in construction, primary metals and
fabricated metal products.
5 French publications in construction, industrial noise
sources, noise measurement and circulation pumps.
5 Polish publications on analysis techniques, pumps and
gear noise.
3 Canadian publications on refinery noise and plant noise
standards.
3 Netherlands publications -on refinery and power plant noise.
2 Australian publications on valve and fan noise.
2 Indian publications on industrial noise sources.
1 Austrian publication on noise standards.
73
-------
Table D-l SUMMARY OF PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION (Continued)
1 Belgian publication on plant noise control.
1 Hungarian publication on pump noise.
1 Iranian publication on oil cushions.
1 Norwegian publication on construction equipment.
1 Swiss publication on heat exchanger noise.
1 Tasmanian publication on water turbines.
1 Yugoslavian publication on milling and grinding.
74
-------
Table D-2
MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
SIC/
Industry
Number of
Publications
Area of Publications
16
Construction
Equipment
18
e Construction site noise (5-U.S.)
9 Pneumatic rock drill (3 - 2-U.S., 1-Norway)
« Pile drivers (2 - 1-Germany, 1 - Sweden)
e General discourse (1 - U.S.)
• Construction equipment in general (2 - U.S.)
o Cooling systems (2 - 1-France, 1 - England)
o Compressors (1 -U.S.)
o Pneumatic equipment (2 -1-England, 1 -U.S.)
Ul
20
Food and
Kindred
Products
o Agricultural machinery(3- U.S.)
• Bottle cap plant noise (1 -U.S.")
« Brewery noise (1 -U.S.)
e Agricultural noise (1 -U.S.)
21
Tobacco
Manufacturers
None
22
Textile
Mill
Products
e Rotating textile spindles (1 -U.S.)
• Textile machinery noise (1 -U.S.)
• Textile manufacturers noise sources (1 -U.S.)
• Guidelines for noise control (2 -U.S.)
-------
Table D-2 MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION (Continued)
SIC/
Industry
Number of
Publications
Area of Publications
23
Apparel
None
24
Lumber and
Wood Products
9 Saws (chain) (1 -U.S.)
o Planer (2 -U.S.)
25
Furniture and
Fixtures
None
26
Paper and
Allied Products
• Medical aspects of noise (1 -U.S.)
o Stock preparation machinery (1 -U.S.)
• Compressors (1 -U.S.)
e Gears (3 -U.S.)
27
Printing,
Publishing
None
-------
SIC/
Industry
Table D-2 MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION (Continued)
Number of
Publications Areas of Publication
28
Chemical and
Allied
Products
42
• Valve noise (20 -17 -U.S., 2 - Germany, 1 - Australia)
e Piping noise (3 - U.S.)
o Combustion noise (2 -U.S.)
o Centrifugal compressor (1 -U.S.)
• Pumps (3 -2 -U.S., 1 -England)
o Heat exchangers (1 -Switzerland)
o Exhaust vent (1 -U.S.)
• Acoustic insulation (1 -U.S.)
e Process noise (10 -U.S.)
29
Petroleum and
Coal Products
26
* Process machinery noise (2 -U.S.)
o Fan noise (2-1 -U.S., 1 -Australia)
e Furnace and heater noise (2 -U.S.)
e Steam pipeline noise (1 -U.S.)
• Stack noise (1 -U.S.)
e Flare noise (1 -U.S.)
• Refinery noise (10 -7 -U.S., 1 -Netherlands,
1 -Canada, 1 -England)
• Rock noise location (1 -U.S.)
o Noise in coal preparation plants (2 -U.S.)
o Noise in underground operations (3 -2 -U.S.,
1 -England)
e Coal car unloading (1 -U.S.)
30
Rubber and
Plastic
Products
e
e
Plant noise sources (2 -U.S.)
Processing plant noise (1 -U.S.)
Materials handling (1 -U.S.)
Combustion (1 -England)
Health aspects (1 -U.S.S.R.)
-------
SIC/
Industry
Table D-2 MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION (Continued)
Number of
Publications Areas of Publication
31
Leather and
Leather Goods
None
32
Stone, Clay
and Glass
Products
e Ball-mill noise (1 -U.S.)
e Cement plant noise (1 -Germany)
« Quarrying noise (3 -U.S.)
00
33
Primary
Metals
11
e
e
o
t>
Electric-arc steelplant (1 -England)
Steel plant noise (1 -Germany)
Forging (3 -1 -U.S., 1 -Germany, 1-England)
Air conditioning (1 -Germany)
Foundry noise sources (5-2 -Sweden, 1 -Germany,
1 -England, 1 -U.S.)
34 12
Fabricated
Metal
Products
e
e
t>
0
e
Impact machines (2 -U.S.)
Metal forming (1 -Germany)
Riveting machines (2 -U.S.)
Cable making machines (2 -Germany)
Punch presses (5 -3 -U.S., 2 -Sweden)
35
Machinery
Except Electrical
e Milling and grinding (1 -Yugoslavia)
e Spherical tool against vibrating rod (1 -U.S.)
« Scale models of turbomachinery facility (1 -U.S.)
-------
SIC/
Industry
Table D-2 MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION (Continued)
Number of
Publications Areas of Publication
36
Electrical
Machinery
None
37
Transportation
Equipment
None
49
Utilities
18
• Fans for utility boilers (1 -Japan)
o Switching room (1 -U.S.S.R.)
» Power plant noise (4 -U.S.)
o Valves for steam plants (1-U.S.)
• Machinery noise sources (1 -U.S.)
• Gas turbines (2 -U.S.)
• New plant noise considerations (5 -1 -U.S.,
2 -Netherlands, 2 -Germany)
• Steam piping systems (3 -2 -U.S., 1 -England)
Mixed
Category
27
Industrial Noise Sources
• Identification and surveys (8-2 -Germany,
2 -England, 2 -India, 2 -U.S.)
o Noise criteria (2 -U.S.)
e Plant noise control approaches (17 -13 -U.S.,
1 -Canada, 1 -Germany, 1 -Belgium, 1 -France.)
-------
SIC/
Industry
Table D-2 MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION (Continued)
Number of
Publications Areas of Publication
Mixed
Category
(continued)
18 Noise Measurement Techniques
o Machines in reverberation rooms (2 -U.S.)
• Principles of preception and measurement (1 -France)
• Plant noise measurement techniques (2 -U.S.)
• Machine noise measurement techniques (12 -9 -U.S.,
1 -U.S.S.R., 1 -Germany, 1 -France)
« Errors in measurement of machine noise (1 -Germany)
00
o
11 Noise Criteria and Standards
• Community impact (4 -U.S.)
• Standards (7 -1 -Canada, 1 -U.S.S.R., 1 -Austria,
1 -Sweden, 3 -U.S.)
Analysis Techniques
• Nomograms (1 -Germany)
• Empirical (1 -Japan)
• Dynamic analysis (3 -2 -U.S., 1 -Poland)
15
Equipment, Mechanical
Conveyors (1 -Germany)
Compressors (7 -6 -U.S., 1 -Germany)
Gas turbines (3 -1 -U.S., 1 -Japan, 1 -England)
Lift truck (1 -U.S.)
Power tools (1 -U.S.)
Prime mover (1 -U.S.)
Dust collectors (1 -England)
-------
Table D-2 MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION (Continued)
SIC/
Industry
Number of
Publications
Areas of Publication
Mixed
Category
(continued)
24 Equ ipmen t * ' 'Pneuma tic"
o Fan Noise (8 - 5-U.S., 2-Japan, 1-Germany)
• Combustion Noise (13 - 4-U.S., 1-U.S.S.R., 2-Germany,
6-England)
o Noise from airflow through a grill (1-Japan)
o Exhaust noise (2-U.S.)
00
15
10
8
Equipment, Hydraulic
Pumps (5 - 3-Poland, 1-Hungary, 1-U.S.)
Valves (1-U.S.)
Piping systems (1-U.S.)
Water turbines (1-Tasmania)
Oil Cushion (1-Iran)
"Hydraulic equipment" (6 - 5-U.S., 1-England)
Components
• Gears (6 - 4-U.S., 1-Poland, 1-Japan)
« Rotor (1-England)
o Bearings (2-U.S.)
• Clutch (1-U.S.)
Vibration Isolation
o Correlation of machine vibration and radiated noise
(1-England)
o Structural damping (1-U.S.)
• Machinery foundations (1-U.S.)
o Machine noise reduction (5 - 4-U.S., 1-U.S.S.R.)
-------
SIC/
Industry
Table D-2 MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION (Concluded)
Number of
Publications Areas of Publication
Mixed
Category
(continued)
16 Acoustical Treatment
Barriers and enclosures ( 6 - 5-U.S., 1-Germany)
Ducts and pipes (3-U.S.)
Fluid and electrical components (1-U.S.)
Laminated metal composites (1-U.S.)
Machines (5-U.S.)
00
11
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
Air handling system (1-U.S.)
Residential air conditioner (1-U.S.)
Air conditioner cabinet (1-Germany)
Chiller (2-U.S.)
Cooling tower (1-Germany)
Circulating pump (1-France)
Unducted HVAC equipment (1-U.S.)
Duct systems (2-U.S.)
Fans (1-Germany)
-------
APPENDIX E
INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY NOISE LEVELS
Machine types and noise levels were compiled by industry in order
to identify:
• Machine types within each industry.
o Noise levels associated with each machine type.
Accordingly 357 machines, distributed over 20 industries, were
identified. Bases for the identification were:
« Department of Commerce reports of the 1972 Census of Manufac-
turers, Reference 5. These documents formed the primary basis
of the machinery and industry distributions.
9 References on machine noise (References 1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12, 13) yielded both noise level data and information on
machines used by industry. Machine types of the construction
and utility industries were primarily gathered from these re-
ports.
No attempt was made to be all inclusive in identifying machinery
because much more data were readily available in some industries, such
as the fabricated metal products industry, than in others, such as the
tobacco manufacturers industry. Also, there are many species of some
generic machine types which are of various manufacture and in various
stages of useful life, with varying associated noise levels. The noise
levels may also depend on the type of workpiece being handled. There-
fore, a rigorous structure of the machine-noise level-industry matrix is
very large and beyond the scope of this effort. The machinery noise
level presented is an indicator rather than as an absolute value.
A search for machinery noise data indicated that most of the
available data is in the form of A-weighted sound pressure levels (SPL).
Little noise spectra data was found, with the exception of that in
Reference 4.
Table E-l is a summary of the machinery noise by industry. The
complete machine-industry-noise level matrix is given in Tables E-2 to
E-18. Table E-l is a compilation of the SIC code for each industry, the
industry, the number of machines identified with each industry, the num-
ber of machines for which SPL's were available, and the mean SPL for the
83
-------
machines identified. The mean SPL is intended to serve as a gross
indicator of the noise level of the machines in the industry and should
not be taken as an indicator of the noise level of the industry (which
must be related to the number of machines of each type within the in-
dustry and the typical plant acoustics).
Noise levels were identified for approximately 67 percent of
the machines. This is a relatively high value primarily because
many of the machines within the industries could not be readily
identified during this effort and many of those machines which were
identified were drawn from the noise measurement data base.
Mean SPL's for the machines range from 85 dBA for the leather
and leather goods industry machines to 109 dBA for the construction
industry machines. Most of the high mean SPL values (above 95 dBA)
are associated with industries in which metal forming and cutting are
the predominant operations. Noise levels of the petroleum and coal
products industry machines are primarily the noise of the machines
associated with mining operations.
84
-------
Table E-l
SUMMARY OF MACHINE NOISE BY INDUSTRY
Mean SPL for
00
SIC
Code
16
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Industry
Construction
Food and Kindred Products
Tobacco Manufacturers
Textile Mill Products
Apparel and Related Products
Lumber and Wood Products
Furniture and Fixtures
Paper and Allied Products
Printing, Publishing, & Allied Products
Chemical and Allied Products
Petroleum and Coal Products
Rubber and Misc. Plastic Products
Leather and Leather Goods
Stone, Clay and Glass Products
Primary Metal Industries
Number of
Machines
Identified
36
42
6
15
15
21
22
15
29
10
12
38
Number of Machines , dBA
Machines (2 - 5 ft.)
With SPL Data (.61-1.52 mtrs.)
19
18
0
10
Included in SIC 22
11
Included in SIC 24
9
11
15
7
Included in SIC 28
10
12
38
(85)*
94
N.A.
93
96
91
90
88
99
85
91
98
* 15.2 meters (50 feet)
-------
00
SIC
Code
34
35
36
37
49
Table E-l SUMMARY OF MACHINE NOISE BY INDUSTRY (Concluded)
Industry
Fabricated Metal Products
Machinery Except Electric
Electrical & Electronic Machinery
Transportation Equipment
Utilities
TOTALS
Mean SPL for
Number of
Machines
Identified
41
21
13
13
8
357
Number of
Machines
With SPL Data
27
17
12
12
8
236
Machines , dB
(2 - 5 ft)
(.61-1.52 mt
99
101
99
99
95
_
-------
Table E-2 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 16)
Industry
Construction Other Than
Building Construction
Machine
Bulldozers
Scrapers
Trucks
(Construction)
Pavers Self-
Propelled
Backhoes
Compacters
Graders
Frontloaders
Overall
Level dBA
80*
88*
91*
89*
85*
85*
79*
Ref.
No.
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Shiploaders
Concrete Mixers
85*
Conveyors
Vibrators
Concrete Pumps
Rock Crushers
Cranes
Pile Drivers
76*
82*
83*
101*
8
8
8
8
Drop Hammers
Pneumatic Tools 85*
Off-Highway
Tractors 80*
8
8
87
-------
Table E-2 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (Concluded)
(SIC Code 16)
Overall Ref,
Industry Machine Level dBA No,
Construction Other Than
Building Construction
Draglines
Shovels
Street Sweeper
Rock Drill 98*
Derrick 88*
Clamshell
Ripper
Pipe Layer
Roller
Trencher
Fork Lift
Travel Lift
Compressor 81*
Generator 78*
Jack Hammer 88*
Stripping Pump
Well-Point Pump
8
8
8
8
8
* SPL Measured at 15.2 meters (50 feet) from machine,
88
-------
Table E-3 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 20)
Industry
Food and Kindred Products
Machine
Bottling & Packaging
Machinery
Washing & Sterilizing
Equipment
Pasteurizers
Homogenizers
Ice Cream Freezers
Butter & Cheese Pro-
cessing Machinery
Dry Milk Processing
Machinery
Slicers
Choppers
Grinders
Dicers
Mixers
Tenderizers
Ovens
Continuous Bread-
Making Equipment
Wrapping Machines
Bottling Equipment
Meat & Poultry Pro-
cessing Equipment
Overall Ref.
Level dBA No.
93 9
93**
92*
89
-------
Table E-3 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (Cont'd)
(SIC Code 20)
Industry
Food and Kindred Products
Machine
Fruit & Vegetable
Canning Machinery
Flour & Grainmill
Machinery
Sugar Plant Mach-
inery
Oilseed Crushing &
Extract. Machinery
Bottle Washers &
Sterilizers
Uncasers & Casers
Capping Machines
Packing & Packaging
Machines
Carbonators
Filling & Labeling
Machines
Molding Machine
Peanut Blanching
Machine
Bottle Fillers
Lift Truck
Peanut Sizing
Machine
Salt Pulverizer
Overall
Level dBA
Ref.
No.
93**
86*
85*
96**
91**
95**
95*
4
9
9
9
9
90
-------
Table E-3 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (Concluded)
(SIC Code 20)
Industry
Food and Kindred Products
Machine
Vibrating
Conveyor
Metal Conveyor
for Bottles
Pecan Shell Cracker
Paper Container
Shear
Candy Cane Twister
Wash Tank
Refrigeration
Compressor
Candy Print
Machine
Overall Ref,
Level dBA No.
91**
101**
100**
95**
100**
100**
99**
9
9
9
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2-5 feet) from machine.
** SPL measurement distance not specified.
Table E-4 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 21)
Industry
Tobacco Manufacturers
Machine
Conveyors
Driers
Fans
Cutting Equipment
Washing Equipment
Packaging Equipment
Overall
Level dBA
91
-------
Table E-5 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 22)
Industry
Tevtile Mill Products
(Includes apparel and other
finished products, SIC 23)-
Overall Ref.
Level dBA No.
Machine
Cleaning & Opening
Machinery
Carding & Combing
Machines
Drawing & Roving Frames
Spinning Frames 82*
Twisting Frames 83*
Yarn Preparing
Machines 97*
Power Looms 102*
Knitting Machines
Bleaching, Dyeing &
Finishing Machinery 100**
Drying Machinery
Reducing Machines 96*
Reducer Transfer
Machines 89*
Combing Machines 95*
Pin Drafters 92*
Preparers 90*
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2-5 feet) from machine.
** SPL measurement distance not specified.
4
4
4
4
4
4
92
-------
Table E-6 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 24)
Industry
Lumber and Wood Products
(Includes furniture &
Fixtures, SIC 25)
Machine
Veneer & Plywood-
Making Machinery
Saws
Jointers
Matchers
Molders
Mortisers
Shapers
Tenoners
Lathes
Planing Machines
Surfacing Machines
Drills
Barkers
Slashers
Sanders
Overall Ref.
Level dBA No.
Ill*
88*
99*
89*
95*
98*
108*
98*
4
4
4
4
4
91* 4
97* 4
85* 4
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2-5 feet) from machine.
93
-------
Table E-7 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 26)
Industry
Paper and Allied Products
Machine
Barkers
Chippers
Knotters
Splitters
Chipscreens
Grinders
Deckers
Digesters
Beaters
Jordans
Calenders
Fourdriniers
Bagmaking Machines
Corrugated Box Making
Machines
Box, Carton & Shipping
Container Making Mach.
Toilet Roll and Napkin
Making Machines
Slashers
Pulp Preparation Machine
Mixers
Paper Machines
Pumps
Overall
Level dBA
91*
93*
97*
85*
Ref.
No.
4
4
97*
82*
94*
88*
92*
4
4
4
4
4
SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2-5 feet) from machine.
94
-------
Table E-8 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 27)
Industry
Printing, Publishing &
Allied Products
Machine
Lithographic Printing
Presses
Overall
Level dBA
Newspaper Presses
Business Form Presses
Commercial Presses
Gravure
Flexographic
Typesetting Machinery
Saddle Binding Equipment
Perfect & Hard Case
Binding Equipment
Electrotyping Machines
Stereotyping Machines
Paper Cutting Machines
Collating Machines
Gathering Machines
Printer-Slotters
Stitchers
Folders
Shears
Ink Mills
Cleaning Tanks
Newsprint Rewinders
Air Ejectors
92*
81*
90*
Ref.
No.
98*
85*
94*
103*
91*
87*
85*
83*
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2-5 feet) from machine.
95
-------
Table E-9 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 28)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No.
Chemical and Allied Products Ink Mills 93* 4
(Includes rubber & misc. plastic
products, SIC 30) Pigment Mills 91* 4
Pebble Mills 80* 4
Mixers 80* 4
Drum Cleaners 78* 4
Five-Roll Mills 97* 4
Hammer Mills 98* 4
Compounding Rolls 92* 4
Ball Mills 99* 4
Fabric Coaters 81* 4
Rewind, Fabric Beaming 80* 4
Rotary Kilns 82* 4
Rubber Mills 86* 4
Tread Tubers 90* 4
Curing Presses 94* 4
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2-5 feet) from machine.
96
-------
Table E-10 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 29)
Industry
Petroleum and Coal Product
Machine _
Rotary Drilling Sur-
face Equipment
Rotary Drilling Subsur-
face Equipment
Cable Tool Drilling
Machinery
Flowing Well Equipment
Rod Lifting Machinery
Pumping Units
Oil & Gas Separating,
Metering & Treating
Equipment
Well Surveying
Machinery
Crushing, Pulverizing
& Screening Machinery
Drills
Cutting Machines
Longwall Mining
Machines
Gathering Arm Loading
Machines
Slusher Hoists Loading
Machines
Continuous Mining
Machines
Borers
Rippers
Overall
Level dBA
Ref.
No.
86**
110**
96*
10
10
12
99*
12
97*
12
97
-------
Table E-10 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (Concluded)
Industry
Petroleum and Coal Product
Machine
Shuttle Cars
Mine Cars.
Flotation Machines
Wet Cyclones
Centrifugal Driers
Scrubbers
Thermal Driers
Feeders
Grinding Mills
Screens
Shakers
Roof Bolter
Overall Ref.
Level dBA No.
93* 12
(Loading)
112*
11
* SPL measured within .914 meters (3 feet).
** SPL measurement distance not specified.
98
-------
Table E-ll INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 31)
Overall Ref.
Industry Machine Level dBA No.
Leather & Leather Products Fleshing Machines 89* 4
Hair Driers 88* 4
Lime Mixing Tubs 77* 4
Setting Out Machines 103* 4
Splitting Machines 85* 4
Coloring Drums 90* 4
Plating 81* 4
Seasoning Machines 80* 4
Spraying Machines 78* 4
Measuring Machines 77* 4
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2-5 feet) from machine.
99
-------
Table E-12 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 32)
Industry
Stone, Clay & Glass Products
Machine
Clay Crushers
Clay Till Extrusion
Machines
Packing Machines
Bottle Forming
Machines
Mixers
Pneumatic Chippers
Cut Off Saws
Stone Planers
Cranes
Stone Saws
Concrete Aggregate
Clay Tile Kiln
(Unloading)
Overall Ref.
Level dBA No.
92* 4
82*
86*
98*
93*
84*
89*
98*
84*
99*
89*
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
97*
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2-5 feet) from machine.
100
-------
Table E-13 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 33)
Industry
Primary Metal Industries
Overall
Machine Level dBA
Grinders
Pneumatic Chippers
Furnaces (Ingot Heating)
Furnaces (Oil Heating)
Wood Planers
Friction Saws
Shake Outs
Pneumatic Rams
Tumblers
Push Up Machines
Core Blowers
Core Draw Vibrators
Air Hoists
Electric Furnaces
Sand Slingers
Jolt Squeeze
Machines
Crucible Heaters
Roughing Mills
Level ers
Decoilers
Anealing Furnaces
Lectromelt Furnaces
Open Hearth Furnaces
90*
117*
93*
93*
107*
107*
103*
84*
99*
99*
116*
108*
108*
96*
96*
97*
81*
102*
90*
116*
93*
95*
80*
Ref.
No.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
101
-------
Table E-13 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (Concluded)
(SIC Code 33)
Overall Ref,
Level dBA No,
Industry
Primary Metal Industries
Machine
Scarfing Equipment
Bloomer Mills
Strip Mills
Conveyors
Forging Hammers
Coke Ovens
Sinter Plants
Blast Furnaces
Basic Oxygen Furnaces
Soaking Pits
Rolling Mills
Continuous Picklers
Pipe Mills
Wire Drawing
Nail Mills
36*
90*
97*
98*
109*
93**
100**
93**
; 95**
98**
95**
95**
96**
95**
98**
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2-5 feet) from machine.
** SPL measurement distance not identified.
102
-------
Table E-14 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 34)
Industry
Fabricated Metals Product
Machine
Boring Machines
Drilling Machines
Gear-Cutting Machines
Grinding Machines
Polishing Machines
Lathes
Milling Machines
Saws
Broaching Machines
Planers
Shapers
Cut Off Machines
Tapping Machines
Threading Machines
Automatic Chucking Lathes
Screw Machines 90*
Station & Transfer
Machines
Electric Discharge
Machines
Electrochemical
Machines
Overall
Level dBA
97*
98*
i 88*
106*
95*
107*
89*
107*
Ref.
No.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
93*
103*
94*
Honing & Lapping
Machines
Welding Machines
4
4
4
82*
103
-------
Table E-14 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (Concluded)
Industry
Fabricated Metals Product
Overall
Level dBA
98*
93*
92*
108*
107*
Ref,
No
4
4
4
4
4
(SIC Code 34)
Machine
Punches
Shears
Bending Machines
Forming Machines
Mechanical Presses
Hydraulic Presses
Pneumatic Presses 101*
Extrusion Presses
Headers & Upsetters 106*
Swaging Machines
Gear & Spline Rolling
Machines 89*
Thread Rolling Machines 89*
Marking Machines
Riveting Machines 117*
Die Casting Machines
Impact Wrenches
Power Driven Hand
Tools 95**
Drop Hammers 111*
Sand Blast Machines 121*
Vibrators 104*
4
4
4
4
4
4
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2-5 feet) from machine.
** SPL measurement distance not specified.
104
-------
Table E-15 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 35)
Industry
Machinery, Except Electric
Overall
Machine Level dBA
Milling Machines
Boring Machines
Pneumatic Presses
Hob Grinders
Multiple Drills
Turret Lathes
Welders
Riveting Machines
Chippers
Grinders
Shears
Punch Press
Drilling Machines
Gear-Cutting
Machines
Lapping, Polishing &
Buffing Machines
Broaching Machines
Planers
Shapers
Tapping Machines
Saws
Thread Machines
89*
97*
101*
89*
96*
107*
112*
125*
127*
95*
94*
99**
98*
89*
93*
94*
107*
Ref.
No.
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
* SPL measure .61 - 1.52 meters (2-5 feet) from machine.
** SPL measurement distance not specified.
105
-------
Table E-16 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 36)
Industry
Electrical and Electronic
Machinery
Machine
Drilling Machines
Grinding Machines
Polishing Machines
Saws
Tapping Machines
Threading. Machines
Welding Machines
Punches
Shears
Bending Machines
Forming Machines
Riveting Machines
Power Driven Hand
Tools
Overall Ref.
Level dBA No.
98*
106*
95*
107*
94*
4
4
4
4
82*
98*
93*
92*
108*
117*
4
4
4
4
4
4
102**
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2-5 feet) from machine.
** SPL measurement distance not specified.
106
-------
Table E-17 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL. DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 37)
Industry
Transportation Equipment
Machine
Riveting Machines
Drills
Saws
Routers
Welding Machines
Punches
Shears
Bending Machines
Forming Machines
Mechanical Presses
Hydraulic Presses
Pneumatic Presses
Impact Wrenches
Power Driven Hand
Tools
Overall Ref.
Level dBA No.
133*
88*
107*
86*
82*
98*
93*
92*
108*
101*
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
101*
95**
13
* SPL measured .61 - 1.52 meters (2-5 feet) from machine.
** SPL measurement distance not specified.
107
-------
Table E-18 INDUSTRY-MACHINE-NOISE LEVEL DISTRIBUTION (SIC Code 49)
Industry
Utilities
Machine
Fans
Gas Turbines
Oil Burners
Diesel Engines
Rotary Blowers
Turbo-Alternators
Feed Pumps
Transformers
Overall Ref.
Level dBA No.
110**
90**
85**
100**
120**
85**
90**
60-100**
(size dgr
pendent)
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
** Noise measurement distance not specified.
108
-------
APPENDIX F
REFERENCES (within Appendices)
1. Report No. 2671, Impact on Noise -Control at the Workplace,
Bolt, Beranek and Newman, 29 Oct. 1973.
2. Vol. I, Encyclopedia of Associations, M. Fisk Editor, Gale
Research Co., Book Tower, Detroit, Michigan.
3. Noise from Power Plant Equipment, The Institute of Mechanical
Engineers, Proceedings 1966-67, Vol. 181, Part 3C, 21-23
September 1966. (British Publication).
4. H. Karplus and G.L. Bonvallet, A Noise Survey of Manufacturing
Industries, American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly,
Vol. 14, No. 4, Dec. 1953.
5. Preliminary Report, 1972 Census of Manufacturers, Industry Series,
U.S. Department of Commerce, Social and Economic Statistics
Administration, Bureau of Census, Reports No. MC 72 (P) - 35B-2,
MC 72 (P)-35B-3, MC 72 (P)-35C-1, MC 72 (P)-35C-2, MC 72 ,(P) -
35C-5, MC 12 (P)-35D-1, MC 72 (P)-35D-2, MC 72 (P)-35D-3, MC 72
(P) - 35D-4, MC 72 (P)-35D-5, MC 72 (P)-35E-9, MC 72 (P)-l.
6. Annual Survey of Manufacturers, 1970-1971. Surveys also for
years 1968-1969, 1967 and 1966, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Social and Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of Census.
7. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1973, 94th Annual
Edition, U.S. Department of Commerce, Social and Economic
Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census.
8. NTID300. 1, Noise From Construction Equipment and Operations,
Building Equipment, and Home Appliances, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, December 31, 1971.
9. Miller, R.K.; You Can Reduce Plant Noise, Food Engineering,
March 1973.
10. Cannon, R.M., Noise Reduction for Equipment Operations Under-
ground, Mining Congress Journal, March 1972.
11. Zatek, J.E., Underground Noise Control: The New Challenge
Coal Age, December 1971.
109
-------
12. Lamonica, J.A., et al, Noise in Underground Coal Mines, RI 7550,
USDI, Bureau of Mines, August 1971.
13. Willoughby, R.A., and E. Parker, Reducing Pneumatic Tool Noise,
Plant Engineering, September 6, 1973.
110
-------
APPENDIX G
LIST OF TABLES (within Appendices)
Table No. Titles Page
C-l Summary of Industry/Association/Noise Research 58
Activity Survey
D-l Summary of Publication Distribution 73
D-2 Machinery Noise Publication Distribution 75
E-l Summary of Machine Noise by Industry 85
E-2 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 87
(SIC Code 16)
E-3 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 89
(SIC Code 20)
E-4 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 91
(SIC Code 21)
E-5 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 92
(SIC Code 22)
E-6 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 93
(SIC Code 24)
E-7 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 94
(SIC Code 26)
E-8 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 95
(SIC Code 27)
E-9 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 96
(SIC Code 28)
E-10 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 97
(SIC Code 29)
E-ll Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 99
(SIC Code 31)
E-12 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 100
(SIC Code 32)
111
-------
APPENDIX G
LIST OF TABLES (within Appendices) (Cont'd.)
Table No. Titles Page
E-13 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 101
(SIC Code 33)
E-14 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 103
(SIC Code 34)
E-15 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 105
(SIC Code 35)
E-16 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 106
(SIC Code 36)
E-17 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 107
(SIC Code 37)
E-18 Industry-Machine-Noise Level Distribution 108
(SIC Code 49)
112
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(r lease read Instructions on the reverse before completing/
. REPORT NO.
600/2-75-008
2.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Federal Machinery Noise Research, Development, and
Demonstration: FY 73 - FY 75
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION" NO.
5. REPORT DATE
May 1975
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
Interagency Machinery Noise Research Panel
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Interagency Machinery Noise Research Panel (RD-681)
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1GB090
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Contacts: Stephen R. Cordle
Eugene E. Berkau
202-755-0448
16. ABSTRACT The Interagency Machinery Noise Research Panel was established by the Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency to aid EPA in fulfilling its responsibility for coordinatin
the Federal noise research activities. As its initial task, the Panel prepared this
report summarizing the Federal government's machinery noise research, development, and
demonstration activities. The Federal agencies which sponsor and/or conduct the major
portion of these activities are represented on the panel. They are Department of
Defense, National Bureau of Standards, National Science Foundation, Bureau of Mines,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, and EPA. Department of Labor
is also represented. Other agencies which sponsor machinery noise RD&D are the
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Product Safety Commission. The report contains
brief descriptions and fiscal data for the agencies' activities. Emphasis is on
fiscal years 1973 through 1975. Also included are references and bibliographies of
reports and publications which have resulted from the Federal machinery noise RD&D
activities.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Acoustics
Noise (sound)
Noise reduction
Engine noise
Research
Research projects
Federal budgets
Compressor noise
Gear noise
Machinery
Construction
Industrial equipment
Federal noise RD&D
Federal noise coordinati
Research coordination
2001
1406
1309
1303
1301
1313
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
113
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