EPA-600/2-75-010 June 1975 Environmental Protection Technology Series An Assessment of the Federal Noise Research, Development, and Demonstration Activities FY 73 - FY 75 Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C 20460 ------- RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into five series. These five broad categories were established to facilitate further development and application of environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields. The five series are: 1. Environmental Health Effects Research 2. Environmental Protection Technology 3. Ecological Research 4. Environmental Monitoring 5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and methodology to repair or prevent environmental degradation from point and non-poi:it sources of pollution. This work provides the nev; or improved technology required for the control and treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards. This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and Development. Approval docs not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of.the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Document is available to the public through the national Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151. ------- EPA-600/2-75-Oin June 1975 AN ASSESSMENT OF THE FEDERAL NOISE RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES: FY73 - FY75 Prepared by Eugene E. Berkau, Stephen R. Cordle, Franklin D. Hart, George R- Simon, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ROAP/TASK 21AXV Program Element No. 1GB090 Project Office: Noise Technology Staff Office of Research & Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 20460 Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research & Development Washington, D.C. 20460 ------- ABSTRACT The Federal noise research, development, and demonstration (KD&D) activities during fiscal years 1973 through 1975 are examined to deter- mine the contribution of these efforts to the control of environmental noise and to the understanding of the effects of noise. An analysis is made of the research activities in the areas of noise effects, aircraft noise, surface vehicle noise, and machinery noise. The principal sources of information used are the EPA interagency noise research panel's reports on the Federal noise RD&D activities during the FY 73-75 time period and the major noise source candidates which have been identified or are under consideration by the EPA. Federal noise RD&D activities are identified which have supported the development and enforcement of existing or pro- posed standards and regulations and/or could support future standards and regulations, particularly for the EPA major noise source candidates. Federal research activities which could identify the limits to noise con- trol technology are also identified. Specific and general conclusions are made concerning the adequacy of the current Federal noise RD&D activi- ties to support EPA regulatory activities. 111 ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO. ABSTRACT iii LIST OF TABLES vii Sections 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Research Authorization in the NCA 1 1.2 Federal Noise Research Coordination 2 1.3 Purpose and Scope 4 2.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 7 2.1 General 7 2.2 Noise Effects 8 2.3 Aircraft Noise RD&D 8 2.4 Federal Surface Vehicle Noise RD&D 9 2.5 Machinery Noise RD&D 10 3.0 BACKGROUND 13 3.1 Effects of Noise 13 3.2 Major Noise Sources 16 3.3 Federal Noise Standards and Regulations 21 3.4 National Health and Welfare Goals for Noise 27 Control 4.0 SUMMARY OF FEDERAL NOISE RD&D ACTIVITIES 31 4.1 Overview 31 4.2 Noise Effects Research 35 4.3 Aircraft Noise RD&D 38 4.4 Surface Vehicle Noise RD&D 42 4.5 Machinery Noise RD&D 44 5.0 FEDERAL NOISE RD&D SUPPORTING STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS 49 DEVELOPMENT AND ENFORCEMENT 5.1 Noise Effects Criteria 49 5.2 Aircraft Noise 55 5.3 Surface Vehicle Noise 61 5.4 Machinery Noise 79 5.5 Noise Measurements RD&D 85 ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS (Concluded) PAGE NO. 6.0 APPENDICES 93 Appendix A - Glossary of Acronyms and Terms 95 Appendix B - EPA Plan to Coordinate the Federal Noise 101 Research as Required by the Noise Control Act of 1972 Appendix C - Federal Noise Research Panel Members 109 Appendix D - Information Requested by EPA on the 117 Federal Noise RD&D Programs and Projects Appendix E - Federally Sponsored Noise Measurements 127 Related RD&D List of Tables 127 ADDENDUM Special Auxilliary Truck Equipment 135 vi ------- LIST OF TABLES NO. PAGE NO. 1.0 Structure of EPA Research Panels 3 3.1 Categories of Noise Effects 13 3.2 Major Noise Source Candidates in Air Transportation 16 3.3 Estimated Exposure to Various yearly Average Day-Night 17 Sound Levels Resulting from Aircraft Operations 3.4 Major Surface Vehicle Sources of Noise 18 3.5 Major Machinery Sources of Environmental Noise 19 3.6 Examples of Industrial Machinery Noise Sources 22 3.7 Federal Standards, Regulations and Advisory Circulars 23 Relating to Aircraft Noise 3.8 Federal Standards and Regulations Relating to Surface 25 Vehicles 3.9 Summary of Noise Levels Identified as Requisite to 28 Protect Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate Margin of Safety 3.10 Yearly Average Equivalent Sound Levels Identified as 29 Requisite to Protect the Public Health and Welfare With an Adequate Margin of Safety 4.1 Summary of Federal Agencies' Current Involvement 32 in Noise Research 4.2 Summary of Federal Agency Expenditures for Noise Research 33 4.3 Summary of Federal Expenditures for Noise Research 34 Categories 4.4 Noise Effects Research Funding by Agency 36 4.5 Current Agency Involvement in Noise Effects Research 37 Categories 4.6 Noise Effects Research Funding by Category 39 vii ------- NO. LIST OF TABLES (Continued) PAGE NO. 4.7 Summary of Federal Aircraft Noise RD&D Activities 40 and Resource Allocations 4.8 Summary of Federal Agencies' Resource Allocations for 41 Aircraft Noise RD&D 4.9 Summary of the Federal Surface Vehicle Noise 43 RD&D Programs 4.10 Machinery Noise RD&D Funding by Agency 45 4.11 Summary by Areas of Machinery Noise RD&D 46 4.12 Current Agency Involvement in Areas of Machinery 47 Noise RD&D 5.1 Noise Effects Research Funding by Category 49 5.2 Federal Research Funding for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss 50 5.3 Federal Research Funding for Non-Auditory Health Effects 51 of Noise 5.4 Federal Research Funding for Individual Behavior Effects 52 of Noise 5.5 Federal Research Funding for Noise Effects on Sleep 53 5.6 Federal Research Funding for Communications Interference 53 of Noise 5.7 Federal Research Funding for Community or Collective 54 Response to Noise 5.8 Federal Research Funding for Noise Measurement 55 Methodology and Calibration 5.9 Federal RD&D Supporting Existing and Future Aircraft 56 Noise Standards and Regulations 5.10 Federal RD&D Supporting Existing Aircraft Noise 58 Standards and Regulations viii ------- LIST OF TABLES (Concluded) NO. PAGE NO. 5.11 Federal Noise Control Demonstration Programs Supporting 59 Future Aircraft Noise Standards and Regulations 5.12 Federal Research Programs to Support Future Aircraft 62 Noise Standards and Regulations 5.13 Federal Noise RD&D Supporting the Development and 64 Enforcement of Existing Surface Vehicle Standards and Regulations 5.14 Federal Noise RD&D Providing Support for Future Sur- 66 face Vehicle Noise Standards and Regulations 5.15 Summary of Federal Surface Vehicle Noise RD&D Support 67 of Federal Surface Vehicle Standards and Regulations 5.16 Federal RD&D Supporting Development of Existing Sur- 68 face Vehicle Noise Standards and Regulations 5.17 Federal Research Programs Supporting Regulations 71 Enforcement 5.18 Federal Noise Control Demonstration Programs Supporting 72 Future Standards and Regulations 5.19 Federal Research Programs to Support Future Surface 77 Vehicle Noise Standards and Regulations 5.20 Summary of Federal Machinery Noise RD&D Proposed 80 and Future Standards and Regulations 5.21 Summary of Federal Machinery Noise RD&D on Major 81 Noise Source Candidates 5.22 Federal RD&D Supporting Development of the EPA Pro- 82 posed Regulation on Portable Air Compressors 5.23 Federal Research to Support Future Noise Standards 83 and Regulations 5.24 Federal Machinery Noise Control Demonstration Acti- 86 vities Supporting Future Standards and Regulations 5.25 Summary of Federal Noise Measurements RD&D by Agency 90 5.26 Summary of Federal Noise Measurements RD&D by 91 Research Category ix ------- 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 RESEARCH AUTHORIZATIONS IN THE NCA The Noise Control Act (NCA) of 1972 (PL 92-574) charges EPA with the principal responsibility for implementing the policy of the Act. Section 2 states the policy intended by Congress and identifies co- ordination of Federal noise research as a primary means for imple- mentation: "The Congress declares that it is the policy of the United States to promote an environment for all Americans free from noise that jeopardizes their health or welfare. To that end, it is the pur- pose of this Act to establish a means for effective coordination of Federal research and activities in noise control . . ." The specific authorization for EPA to establish interagency noise research coordination is in Section 4(c)(1) of the Noise Control Act which reads: "The Administrator shall coordinate the programs of all Federal agencies relating to noise research and noise control. Each Federal agency shall upon re- quest, furnish to the Administrator such information as he may reasonably require to determine the nature, scope, and results of the noise-research and noise- control programs of the agency.'1 The EPA envisions that such research coordination can provide a mechanism to aid in fulfilling its responsibilities under Section 4(c)(3) of the Act, which reads: "On the basis of regular consultation with appropriate Federal agencies, the Administrator shall compile and publish, from time to time, a report on the status and progress of Federal activities relating to noise-research and noise-control. This report shall describe the noise control programs of each Federal agency and assess the contributions of those programs to the Federal Government's overall efforts to control noise." Research coordination is also the basis upon which EPA will establish the need for conducting its own research programs. These programs ------- should fulfill needs that are not being met through ongoing or planned programs in other Federal agencies. Section 14 reads, in part: "In furtherance of his responsibilities under this Act and to complement, as necessary, the noise- research programs of other Federal agencies, the Administrator is authorized to: (1) Conduct research, and finance research by contract with any person, on the effects, measurements, and control of noise, including but not limited to . . ." 1.2 FEDERAL NOISE RESEARCH COORDINATION It is clear from^Section 14, the legislative history of the NCA, and the limited funds assigned for implementing the Act that Congress intends for EPA to utilize much of the research and technology generated by other Federal agencies to fulfill the provisions of the Act. There- fore, Federal noise research coordination is viewed as a major resource whereby EPA will achieve much of its research, development and demon- stration requirements to support the regulatory and enforcement activ- ities of the Agency. Accordingly, EPA/ORD has developed a plan to coordinate Federally sponsored noise research, development, and demonstration activities. This plan is described in a December 14, 1973 Action Memo to the EPA Administrator and was approved for implementation on February 19, 1974. The plan (Appendix B) utilizes three interacting bodies to affect inter- agency coordination. These are (1) an ad hoc interagency noise research committee composed of high-level representatives of agencies with major programs in noise research; (2) four noise research panels for air- craft, surface vehicles, stationary machinery, and noise health effects; and (3) ad hoc working groups to address specific problem areas. These tools were selected to assure that EPA has continuing access to and interchange with the agencies' noise RD&D programs and projects, tech- nology and scientific level expertise, and middle management and policy making officials. Early in 1974 the EPA/ORD initiated Federal noise research coordi- nation by holding a meeting of the Interagency Noise Research Committee to review and discuss the proposed coordination plan and to invite the agencies to designate representatives of their scientific and technical *FY 73 -$ 3,000,000 FY 74 -$ 6,000,000 FY 75 -$12,000,000 ------- management staff concerned with noise pollution RD&D to serve as members on four noise research panels (i.e., aircraft, surface vehicles, mach- inery and health effects). The agencies respresented on the panels are shown in Table 1.0. Table 1.0 STRUCTURE OF EPA RESEARCH PANELS Noise Research Panel Aircraft 2 Surface Vehicles Noise Effects Machinery Current Agency Membership NASA, DOT, DOD, HUD, DOC, EPA DOT, HUD, DOD, DOC/NBS, EPA • HEW, (NINDS, NIOSH, NIEHS) , DOT, NSF, HUD, NASA, DOD, DOL, DOC/NBS, EPA HEW/NIOSH, DOI/BuMines, DOD, DOC/NBS, DOL, EPA 1 2 A glossary of Acronyms is contained in Appendix A. This panel was also charged with the responsibility for the Federal research supporting land use policies. In addition to exchange of information the general functions adopted by the panels in their respective areas were: • Review and assessment of the current state of technology. • Review and assessment of the status of research and techno- logy development. • Preparation of recommendations concerning ongoing research activities. • Recommendation of noise research programs and projects, and methods for their accomplishments. • Preparation of reports on the status and/or progress of ongoing noise research activities. ------- • Receipt and review of pertinent scientific and programmatic advice from communicating with other standing bodies. The names and addresses of the Federal noise research panel members are listed in Appendix C. 1.3 PURPOSE AND SCOPE Each of the panels agreed to generate a report on the Federal noise research, development and demonstration (RD&D) activities in the spec- ific area of consideration by the panel. To prepare the report the EPA requested each of the panel members to provide information on their agency's noise RD&D activities. With the request EPA offered an example of the type of information desired but indicated that the information could be provided in a form most convenient to the agency (i.e., their agency's project and program information forms or overviews). Appendix D contains a copy of the EPA example and the program and project information desired. From the information provided by the Federal representatives, each of the panels has prepared a report describing the status and pro- gress of the Federal noise RD&D activities within the panel's purview. These reports are available from EPA under the titles of: Federal Aircraft Noise Research Development and Demonstration Programs: FY 73 - FY 75. Federal Surface Vehicle Noise Research, Development, and Demonstration Programs: FY 73 - FY 75. Federal Noise Effects Research: FY 73 - FY 75. Federal Machinery Noise Research, Development, and Demonstration: FY 73 - FY 75. In reporting the Federal noise research activities emphasis was placed on the RD&D activities in FY 73 through FY 75. Previous efforts and future projections for major programs were also presented where such information was available. Fiscal data reported was accurate as of July, 1974, but did not necessarily reflect the complete resources avail- able for each program or project. This was principally because resources allocated to salaries, equipment, and other services for in-house studies had not been reported by all of the agencies. Because of FY 74 carryover money, the FY 74 resource allocations were best estimates in most cases, For FY 75 not only were the resources identified as estimates in most cases, but some detailed program and project planning was not complete. Therefore, the FY 75 resource estimates were also incomplete. Although it is probably unavoidable to omit some related Federal activities, it is the consensus of the panel members that no major Federal noise RD&D activities had been overlooked. 4 ------- EPA has identified limits to noise exposure necessary to protect health and welfare in various environments (i.e., home, workplace, rec- reation, etc.) in the "Levels Document." These health and welfare goals for environmental noise control provide a basis for establishing the noise emission levels to which specific major sources of noise must be controlled. Having established the goals for source control, a basis exists for assessing the Federal RD&D programs not only with respect to the major noise sources being addressed, but also for technical approach and progress toward achievement of the goals. However, the contribution of specific major noise sources to the total noise level in the various environments and the degree of control for these major noise sources necessary to achieve the environmental goals in the "Levels Document" have not been determined. In addition, only a few of the major envir- onmental noise sources have actually been identified by EPA as prescribed by Section 5(b) of the NCA. Therefore, the assessment of the Federal noise RD&D programs at this time is limited to a determination of the major noise source candidates and noise effects being addressed and the potential for these Federal activities to support regulatory actions. This EPA/ORD report contains a digest and analysis of the panel re- ports, the planning documents and project descriptions provided by the agencies, and other pertinent information and publications to ascertain the potential contributions of the Federal noise RD&D activities to con- trol noise that jeapordizes public health and welfare. Accordingly, Section 3 identifies the harmful effects of noise, the major stationary and mobile noise source candidates being considered by EPA, current and proposed Federal noise standards and regulations, and the goals for noise control determined by EPA as necessary to protect the public health and welfare. The report provides a summary in Section 4 of the Federal noise RD&D activities described in the panel reports. Section 5 is an analysis of the Federal noise RD&D efforts; (1) to identify major sources of noise and noise effects presently being considered in the Federal RD&D programs, (2) to identify RD&D programs which have sup- ported the development and enforcement of existing or proposed noise standards and regulations, and (3) to identify RD&D activities which can support future standards and regulations. The analysis of the Fed- eral RD&D programs has been carried out within the areas of noise effects, aircraft, surface vehicles, machinery, and noise measurements and mea- surements methodology. Because of differences in funding levels, the nature of the research, and the available information bases (principally the panel reports), the degree of detail treated in the analysis varies within each category. The summary and conclusions from the analysis are presented in Section 2. ------- 2.0 SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS 2.1 GENERAL The contribution of the Federal noise RD&D programs in providing con- trol technology to support EPA regulatory activities varies between noise source categories. • There is a large amount of Federal noise RD&D on transportation systems, particularly aircraft, trucks, buses, and future mass transit. While the current level of RD&D effort in this area appears to be adequate, a more complete and in-depth analysis of these programs is needed. • The current Federal RD&D activities on non-transportation noise sources, particularly stationary machinery used by industry and in construction, are inadequate. They address only a few of the hundreds of serious noise sources to which workers and the public are exposed. Furthermore, these activities are not coordinated. There is need for a concerted Federal noise control RD&D effort for those sources which are most associated with the principal noise health effect; e.g., noise-induced hearing loss. • The recent disbanding of the joint DOT/NASA office for coordina- ting the Federal aircraft noise RD&D activities will place an additional burden on EPA's interagency coordination program. Most of the known effects of noise are being addressed by current Federal research. However, several critical areas are receiving in- adequate attention. These include non-auditory health effects and community response. Similarly, while there is a great deal of emphasis on noise mea- surement and measurement methodologies, the current efforts are frag- mented and will require effective coordination to provide adequate support for EPA regulatory and enforcement activities. In general, the available noise control technology and techniques and the current Federal RD&D efforts would appear to be adequate to support the initial regulations being proposed and considered by EPA for major transportation and related noise sources (except motorcycles). For the major non-transportation sources being considered by EPA for regulation, there is inadequate Federal RD&D to demonstrate and establish available noise control technology. Beyond the current regulations and state-of-the art in noise control, Federally sponsored noise control RD&D currently underway is inadequate for support of future noise standards except, possi- bly, for aircraft. ------- 2.2 NOISE EFFECTS Although hearing loss and several extra-auditory physiological and psychological effects of noise have been identified or are suspected, quantitative cause-effect relationships have been provisionally defined by the Federal Government only for hearing loss, annoyance and speech interference. Limitations in information exist for each of the major cate- gories of noise effects which limit the development of the quantitative cause-effect relationships necessary for establishing standards and regu- lations protective of public health and welfare. No in-depth analysis or assessment of the current Federal noise effects research programs has been made. The current research efforts have been categorized by the Interagency Noise Effects Research Panel into seven noise effects categories and noise effects measurement and measurement methodologies research areas. These categories are all important to the characterization of noise effects. Research categories which will require additional emphasis to defend and/or revise existing criteria and to develop improved criteria for noise effects are the areas of communication interference, individual behavior effects, non-auditory physiological effects, and noise-induced hearing loss. 2.3 AIRCRAFT NOISE RD&D There is a considerable decrease in the Federal resource allocations for aircraft noise RD&D from $58,894,000 in FY 73 to $31,054,000 in FY 75. The principal reason for this decrease is the scheduled completion during the period of two expensive technology development and demonstration pro- grams, the DOT/FAA Sound Absorbent Material (SAM) Nacelle program and NASA's JT8D REFAN program, which were directed toward noise control of the existing commercial jet fleet. Although the funding of noise control technology development and demonstration directly associated with noise from commercial jets decreases, Federal allocations' for similar noise con- trol technology demonstration programs for the other major aircraft noise source candidates, including advanced CTOL aircraft (See Table 3.2, page increases from $3,886,000 in FY 74 to $8,020,000 in FY 76. These programs will provide the bases for aircraft noise regulations in the near future. Federal funding of aircraft noise research and development which can define the ultimate limits to aircraft noise control and can support the development of future aircraft noise control strategies, standards and regulations designed to meet health and welfare goals for source control has remained essentially constant ($18,848,000 to $20,298,000 per FY) during the FY 74 through FY 76 time period. Generally the results of these Federal research programs w^ll have applications to all of the major aircraft noise sources candidates. 8 ------- A large percentage of the Federally sponsored aircraft noise RD&D programs consider noise as only one aspect of the total program. In many cases, considerations for noise are only a minor portion of the over- all effort. In other programs the noise relevance has varied sharply from year to year. Further, each agency appears to handle the determination of noise relevance uniquely. An in-depth analysis of the technical aspects of the Federal aircraft noise RD&D programs must be carried out not only to ascertain the adequacy of these programs to satisfy health and welfare needs in a timely manner, but also to determine the actual Federal re- sources commitments to noise. In addition, there is a major independent research and development effort in the private sector (with support by the Federal Government) which must be considered in conjunction with the Federal programs before a complete assessment of the Federal efforts can be made and a comprehensive national aircraft noise RD&D program plan developed. 2.4 FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D For the major surface vehicle sources of noise identified in Table 3.4, page 18 and for highways, for which standards and/or regula- tions exist, are being promulgated, or will be considered in the near term, there are supporting Federal noise control demonstration programs except for highway motorcycle noise. For the other Eiajor surface vehicle noise sources, for which regulations are expected to be promulgated in the near future, supporting Federal demonstration programs have been iden- tified for all except automobiles, light trucks, off-road motorcycles, and motorboats. The majority of the current Federal RD&D activities are considered to be demonstration programs designed to establish the state-of-the-art in noise control and not to develop advanced technology. Should the levels of noise control provided by available technology be inadequate to pro- tect health and welfare, it is important to identify the Federal surface vehicle research programs which are designed to provide advanced technol- ogy. Currently the Federal government is sponsoring noise research on medium- and heavy-duty truck noise (i.e., diesel engine and truck tires), rapid rail transit system noise (i.e., wheel/rail interaction), and high- way and railway noise (i.e., the effects of buildings and boundaries on the transmission of noise). There is also the possibility that certain classified DOD programs, to silence military combat vehicles, may provide advanced technology. Generally, however, there is inadequate Federal surface vehicle noise research to provide advanced noise control technology and to iden- tify the limits to noise control techniques. Additional research on sur- face vehicle noise sources will be required to support the development and implementation of future surface vehicle noise control strategies and regulations designed to achieve noise control goals necessary to protect health and welfare. ------- Although there are current Federal efforts addressing most of the major surface vehicle noise sources and candidates, the EPA information base on these programs is mostly superficial. In addition, it should be noted that the Federal funding reported for these programs peaked at $3,374,000 in FY 74 and appeared to decrease rapidly to $1,334,000 in FY 75 and that many of the noise RD&D activities associated with mass transportation systems are not specific to noise. Consequently, con- clusions concerning the adequacy of the Federal surface vehicle programs to support the development of regulations for the surface vehicle sources being addressed will require more in-depth analysis and understanding of the current programs and an update of the present information base. 2.5 MACHINERY NOISE RD&D The Federally sponsored machinery noise RD&D addresses machines which generate noise impacting on the outdoor environment, the home, and the workplace. EPA has developed a list of candidates for identification as major noise sources which includes 47 machines. These are listed in Table 3.5, page 19 and are sources which impact principally on the home and outdoor environment. Of the 47, EPA currently plans to iden- tify 10 as major noise sources in the near term. These are three con- struction tools (chain saws, pile drivers, and pneumatic and hydraulic tools) and seven lawn care tools (edgers, hedge clippers, lawn mowers, snow blowers, leaf blowers, trimmers, and tillers). The current Federal machinery noise RD&D addresses 2 of the 10 major environmental noise sources to be identified. They are lawn mowers and pneumatic and hydraulic tools. In the case of lawn mowers, only measurement methodology is being considered. No Federally sponsored machinery noise RD&D has been identified relating to the other eight major environmental machinery noise sources. Of the other 37 candidates, Federally sponsored RD&D addresses only 5. They are generators, pumps, rockdrills, saws, and air conditioners. One research project was identified which intends to study noise from household appliances (consisting of 26 individual source candidates including air conditioners). No specific sources, however, were identified. There were no Federal RD&D activities identified for the following seven major construction noise source candidates: concrete mixers, concrete pumps, concrete vibrators, derrick cranes, mobile cranes, pavement breakers, and rollers. Over 300 major machinery noise sources have been identified which impact on the industrial workplace (outside of the mining environment). Although these have not yet been considered by EPA as major noise source candidates, these sources are the ones most clearly responsible for noise-induced 10 ------- hearing loss. Only 11 of these sources are specifically identified in the current Federally sponsored RD&D on machinery noise control: pneu- matic and hydraulic tools, punch presses, wood planers, machine tools, heat exchangers, ducts, nozzles, diesel engines, pumps, sawblades and blowers. An in-depth analysis of the Federal machinery noise RD&D activi- ties has not been made. However, the available information (including that on the Navy's classified program) indicates that most of the efforts are directed toward the development and demonstration of available noise control technology and the measurement of noise emitted by machinery sources. The results from a few of these programs can be used to sup- port the development of near-term regulations. Only a minor portion of the Federal effort (—15 percent of the total resourses) is research which can define the limits to noise control technology and support fu- ture regulations. Generally, the current Federal machinery noise RD&D activities have been undertaken by agencies to support their individual needs. Consequently, the current effort is fragmented and does not adequately address the major noise source candidates identified by EPA nor the machinery noise sources impacting the work environment. 11 ------- 3.0 BACKGROUND 3.1 EFFECTS OF NOISE There are currently two Federal documents relating to criteria on the health effects from noise exposure. One is entitled "Criteria for a Recommended Standard . . . Occupational Exposure to Noise" and was pub- lished in 1972 by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (Niosh), Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency published the other report in 1973. The title is, "Public Health and Welfare Criteria for Noise." The NIOSH document is specific to the occupational environment and provides information to support the recommended occupational standard in the area of noise-induced hearing loss, i.e., the effective noise level permitted during a normal 8-hour work period should not exceed 90 dBA for the time being and should be reduced to 85 dBA when technologically feasible. Protection of the worker from non-auditory effects of noise exposure is not addressed. The EPA criteria document addresses the effects of noise exposure on physical and mental well-being of human populations. It includes noise-induced hearing loss, other possible health effects, and the indirect effects such as annoyance and com- munication interference. Additionally, the EPA document addresses noise effects on wildlife and domestic animals. Table 3.1 is a listing of the categories of noise effects. Table 3.1 CATEGORIES OF NOISE EFFECTS I. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss II. Non-Auditory Health Effects III. Individual Behavior Effects IV. Noise Effects on Sleep V. Communication Interference VI. Community or Collective Response VII. Effects on Domestic Animals and Wildlife 3.1.1 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss It has been well established that noise exposure of sufficient intensity and duration can produce hearing damage. Hearing loss re- sulting from intense noise exposure can either be temporary or per- manent. In general, it is believed that brief exposure to noise that 13 ------- can produce a significant temporary hearing loss or threshold shift is capable of producing permanent hearing loss if the noise exposure is extended in duration or recurrence. That is, daily exposure to a noise which produces a temporary hearing loss presents a risk of permanent hearing loss because the ear may not be able to fully recover to its original threshold from recurrent exposures. The exact relationship between temporary and permanent hearing loss, however, is not yet clearly defined. Hearing loss which is caused by noise occurs first in the high- frequency ranges. This impacts seriously on speech understanding. Good hearing in the higher frequencies is necessary for discriminating the information carrying, consonant sounds of human speech. Hearing loss is known to result from exposures to continuous noise in industrial settings, to impulsive sound, from gunfire and loud music for extended periods, especially among young people. The effect from fluctuating, intermittent or shorter-term exposures is incompletely understood. 3.1.2 Non-Auditory Health Effects The only well-established effect upon health from noise exposure is noise-induced hearing loss. However, there is evidence, although incom- plete, to indicate other effects can result from exposure of sufficient intensity and duration. Noise can alter the function of the endocrine, cardiovascular and neurologic systems. It may affect equilibrium and produce changes such as: construction of blood vessels in the body and vessel dilation in the brain, rise in blood pressure and changes in heart rhythm, and change in stomach rate of acid secretions. Noise also has been shown to produce the same physiological reactions as other stressors, such as emotional stress and pain. There is not clear evidence, however, to indicate that continued activation of any of these responses leads to irreversible changes and permanent health effects. 3.1.3 Individual Behavior Effects When a task requires the use of auditory signals, noise that masks these signals can interfere with the performance of the task. High-level, continuous noise exposures appear to have potentially detrimental effects on human performance, particularly in the performance of vigilance tasks, information gathering and analytical processes. Noise may also increase the variability of work rate and affect the accuracy of work requiring mental concentration. Additionally, noise may be disruptive of perform- ance if the noise is high frequency, intermittent, or unexpected. Noise throughout the audible range can, under various circumstances, be annoy- ing and disruptive of activity. However, prediction of individual annoy- ance due to noise is difficult, probably due to the many psychological and social factors that contribute to individual sensitivity. 14 ------- 3.1.4 Noise Effects on Sleep Noise can interfere with sleep by preventing sleep, by awakening, and by changing the level or pattern of sleep. Any of these kinds of interference may have effects on behavior and performance during waking hours as well as long-term health effects if repetitive. Survey data indicate that sleep disturbance is often the principal reason given for annoyance, and some experts believe that sleep disturbance is one of the most severe effects of noise on health. 3.1.5 Community Interference In addition to the reduced understanding of speech resulting from noise-induced hearing loss, noise can interfere directly with speech communication. Verbal communication in terms of noise level and vocal effort is extremely difficult in backgrounds of high-level noise and can adversely affect the accuracy, frequency and quality of verbal exchange. This can be important in formal education in schools, occupational effi- ciency, family life patterns, and quality of relaxation. 3.1.6 Community or Collective Response The preceding effects of noise all deal with various effects on individuals, although statistical descriptors must be used to average out individual differences in reaction or response. However, when a community of individuals is exposed, a different kind of reaction may take place. This reaction may take several forms such as complaints to authorities, political action against noisy activities, reduction in land values or socio-economic level, high property turnover rates, or changes in family recreational patterns. Thus the consequences of community response to noise can be social, political, and economic, as well as the collective individual responses noted above. To date, only community annoyance responses to aircraft noise have been studied extensively, and have been shown to correlate well with noise exposure. The number of complaints due to noise in a community, however, is small in comparison to the number of people annoyed. 3.1.7 Effects on Domestic Animals and Wildlife In general, noise has the same types of effects on animals as it does on humans. Hearing loss and physiologic changes have been noted in laboratory animals. Possible effects on farm animals include changes in size, weight, reproductivity, and behavior. Changes in mating behavior, predator-prey relationships, and territorial behavior have been observed in some wildlife species exposed to noise. 15 ------- 3.2 MAJOR NOISE SOURCES Section 5(b)(l) of the Noise Control Act of 1972 requires that EPA identify products which are major sources of noise. The regulatory process of identifying major noise sources is in progress. The noise sources discussed in the following sections are all major noise candi- dates and have been grouped into the source categories of aircraft, sur- face vehicles, and stationary machinery. At this time, only portable air compressors and new medium- and heavy-duty trucks have been officially identified by EPA as major noise sources. 3.2.1 Aircraft Under the Noise Control Act of 1972, the Federal Aviation Administra- tion maintains responsibility for promulgation of regulations to control aircraft noise. EPA responsibilities under Section 5(b)(l) to identify major noise sources do, however, include noise sources in air transporta- tion. Accordingly, Table 3.2 lists aircraft categories which will be iden- tified by EPA as major noise sources. Table 3.2 MAJOR NOISE SOURCE CANDIDATES IN AIR TRANSPORTATION Business jet aircraft Commercial sub-sonic jet aircraft Commercial supersonic jet aircraft Helicopters Propeller-driven small airplanes Short-haul aircraft In developing a list of major noise source candidates, EPA employed exposure criteria as specified in the "Levels Document." Those candi- dates whose cumulative noise level in normal use contributes to environ- mental noise levels in excess of the "Levels Document" criteria are con- sidered major noise source candidates. Table 3.3 illustrates the noise impact from aircraft operations of the source categories listed in Table 3.2, 16 ------- Table 3.3 ESTIMATED EXPOSURE TO VARIOUS YEARLY AVERAGE DAY-NIGHT SOUND LEVELS RESULTING FROM AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS (*) Day-Night Sound in dB, Re: 20 micropascals Cumulative Numbers of People in Millions 80 0.2 75 1.5 70 3.4 65 7.5 60 16 55 24.5 * Source of data: "Comparison of Alternative Strategies is for Identifica- tion and Regulation of Major Sources of Noise," printed as Appendix I of EPA/ONAC Action Memo (Draft, February 14, 1975). 3.2.2 Surface Vehicles The surface vehicles which EPA presently considers to be major sources of noise and the approximate average noise levels measured at 15.24 meters (50 ft.) are listed in Table 3.4. Those sources which have been identified or are expected to be proposed in the near term are medium- and heavy-duty trucks, highway motorcycles, buses, wheel and track loaders, and wheel and track dozers. 3.2.3 Machinery EPA has identified portable air compressors as the only major machin- ery noise source. However, there are several candidates for identifica- tion whose cumulative noise levels in normal use contribute to environ- mental noise levels in excess of "Levels Document" criteria. These sources and their approximate average noise levels are shown in Table 3.5. Using a fractional impact analysis, candidates which are major contributors to environmental noise have also been determined. They are indicated by an asterisk in Table 3.5. EPA intends to identify these as major sources of noise in the near future. It should be noted that these designations are based on environmental noise impact rather than occupational noise impact, which is principally concerned with hearing loss. Sources of machinery noise in the occupational environment are vir- tually countless. In general, exposures in the industrial occupational 1 39 FR2297, 6-21-74. 17 ------- Table 3.4 MAJOR SURFACE VEHICLE SOURCES OF NOISE Average Noise Level Category/Source (dBA Measured at 15.24m(50 ft.) Highway Vehicles: Medium- and Heavy-Duty Trucks2 84 Truck Tires3 95 Motorcycles 82 Automobiles 73 Light Trucks 72 Buses c 82 Special Truck Auxiliary Equipment Rail Vehicles: Locomotives 94 Rapid Transit 87 Construction: Dozers (Wheel & Track) 87 Loaders (Wheel & Track) 79 Graders 88 Recreation: Snowmobiles 85 Motorboats 80 Motorcycles (including minicycles) 85 Values obtained from unpublished EPA report "Rational for Identification of Major Noise Sources," September 14, 1973. 2 Below 56.31 kilometers/hr. (35 mph). 3 Above 56.31 kilometers/hr. (35 mph). Includes sports cars, compacts, and standard passenger cars. See Addendum, Page 135. 18 ------- Table 3.5 MAJOR MACHINERY SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE Category/Source Construction: Chain saws* Concrete mixers Concrete pumps Concrete vibrators Cranes, derrick Cranes, mobile Generators Pavement breakers Pile drivers* Pneumatic and hydraulic tools* Pumps Rock drills Rollers Saws Lawn Care;* Edgers Hedge clippers Lawn mowers Snow blowers Leaf blowers Trimmers *• Tillers Average Sound Level (dBA measured at 15.24m (50 ft)) 83 85 82 76 88 83 78 88 101 85 76 98 74 78 78 72 85 76 69 * Identified as major contributors to environmental noise. EPA intends to identify these as major noise sources in the near future. Values obtained from unpublished EPA report, "Rationale for identification of Major Noise Sources," September 14, 1973. f\ Noise levels unavailable. 19 ------- Table 3.5 MAJOR MACHINERY SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE (Concluded) Household Applicances: Air conditioners Clothes dryers Clothes washers Dehumidifiers Dishwashers Electric can openers Electric heaters 2 Electric knives Electric knife sharpeners2 Electric shavers Electric toothbrushs2 Exhaust fans^ Floor fans2 Food blenders Food disposals (grinders)2 Food mixers Freezers o Hair clippers Hair dryers2 Home shop tools Humidifiers Refrigerators Sewing machines o Slide/Movie Projectors Vacuum cleaners Window fans 2 Average Sound Level (dBA measured at .914m (3ft)) 58 58 63 57 65 66 72 60 75 66 42 83 53 43 73 73 Values obtained from unpublished EPA report, "Rationale for Identification of Major Noise Sources," September 14, 1973. Noise levels unavailable. 20 ------- environment are the most severe in terms of both level and duration. Estimates of the costs for reducing occupational noise to levels of mar- ginal protection against hearing loss run into billions of dollars.2 However, these estimates are crude at best and little data exist to ade- quately define the extent of the machinery noise problem in the occupa- tional environment and to assess the availability and cost of technology for industrial noise control. The available data do indicate that the problem is complex in terms of the vast number of different machines in use, severe in terms of numbers of people exposed to hazardous levels of noise, and costly in terms of available control technology. Examples of sources found in some of the worst cases of noise in industry and the approximate levels are shown in Table 3.6. A more detailed listing of these sources can be found in the panel report on Federal machinery noise RD&D, FY 73 FY 75 . 3.3 FEDERAL NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS 3.3.1 Federal Aircraft Noise Standards, Regulations, and Advisor.Circulars The Federal Aviation Administration has the responsibility for pro- mulgating aircraft noise regulations. To date, the FAA has issued five regulations dealing with aircraft noise and sonic boom, seven Advanced Notices or Notices of Proposed Rule Making dealing with aircraft noise and five FAA Orders and Advisory Circulars (which inform the aviation public of nonregulatory material of interest and are not binding as regu- lations) dealing with aircraft noise. These regulations are summarized in Table 3.7 by title and source category regulated. A comparison of the major noise source candidates in air transporta- tion which were identified by EPA, with the sources addressed by FAA regulatory actions, shows that the FAA has issued one or more regulations, Notice (s) or Advanced Notice(s) of Proposal Rule Making which are appli- cable to each major source candidates except helicopters. 3.3.2 Surface Vehicles The five Federal standards and regulations which exist or are being proposed by DOT and EPA for surface vehicle noise control are listed in 2 Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc., "Impact of Noise Control at the Workplace," Report #2671, submitted to U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Standards, January 1974. 21 ------- Table 3.6 EXAMPLES OF INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY NOISE SOURCES Industry Metal Working Wood Working Textile Manufacturing Type Source Drop Hammers Punch Presses Riveting Machines Chipping Machines Planers Saws Molders Tenoners Looms Draw/Twisters Drafters Spinning Typical Noise Levels (dBA)* (Operator Position) 111 110 114 127 110 106 105 100 102 95 92 93 * Values obtained from Karplus, H., and Bonvallet, G.L., "A Noise Survey of Manufacturing Industries," American Industrial Hygiene Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 4, Dec. 1953. Note: Levels are only representative. 22 ------- Table 3.7 FEDERAL STANDARDS, REGULATIONS AND ADVISORY CIRCULARS RELATING TO AIRCRAFT NOISE (Agency DOT/FAA) LO Title Noise Standards: Aircraft Type Certification, FAR Part 36, 12-1-69. Noise Type Certification and Acoustic Change Approvals, NPRM 71-26, 9-13-71, Amendment to FAR Part 36, promulgated on 12-12-74. Noise Standards for Newly Produced Airplanes of Older Type Designs, NPM 72-19, 7-7-72, Amendments to FAR Parts 36 and 21 on 10-26-73. Civil Supersonic Aircraft Noise Type Certification Standards, ANPRM 70-33, 8-4-70. Civil Airplane Noise Reduction Retrofit Requirements, ANPRM 70-44, 10-30-70. Civil Airplane Fleet Noise Level (FNL) Requirements, ANPRM 73-3, 1-24-73. Civil Aircraft Fleet Noise Requirements, NPRM 74-14, 3-27-74. Propeller-Driven Small Airplanes: Noise Standards for Type Certification, NPRM 73-26, 10-10-73. Amendment to FAR Part 21 & 36 issued on 1-6-75. Sources Subsonic turbojet transport aircraft designed and built after 12-1-69 Subsonic turbojet transport aircraft Subsonic turbojet transport aircraft weighing more than 75,000 Ibs. Supersonic civil aircraft Subsonic turbojet transport aircraft of older design not previously included in FAR Part 36 All civil transport aircraft All subsonic turbojet transport aircraft weighing more than 75,000 Ibs. Propeller driven aircraft weighing less than 12,500 Ibs. ------- Table 3.7 FEDERAL STANDARDS, REGULATIONS AND ADVISORY CIRCULARS RELATING TO AIRCRAFT NOISE (Concluded) NJ Title Noise Standards for Propeller-Driven Small Air- planes - Applicable to New Type Designs, Newly Produced Airplanes of Older Type Designs, NPRM 74-39, 1-6-75. Noise Standards: Short Haul Aircraft, ANPRM 73-32, 12-14-73. Sources Propeller-driven aircraft weighing less than 12,500 Ibs. Short, reduced and vertical take off and landing aircraft Recommended Noise Abatement Take Off Procedures for Commercial aircraft Civil Turbojet Powered Airplanes, AC-91-39, 1-18-74. Two Segment ILS Noise Abatement Approach, ANPRM 74-12, Commercial aircraft 3-26-74. Arrival and Departure Handling of High Performance Aircraft, AC 90-59 and FAA Order 7110.22A, 2-28-72. (AEO Minimum Attitudes: NPRM 74-40). VFR Flight Near Noise-Sensitive Areas, AC 91-36, 7-8-72. General Operating and Flight Rules Covering Civil Aircraft Sonic Boom, NPRM 70-16, 4-10-70; Amendment to FAR Part 91, issued on 4-27-73. Turbojet transport aircraft Turbojet transport aircraft Civil aircraft ------- Table 3.8. DOT has issued two regulations: one limits interior noise levels (at the driver's seating position) of new and in-service trucks and buses to 90 dBA and the other specifies design noise levels for high- ways as a function of different land uses. DOT is also required to pro- mulgate enforcement regulations for all EPA surface vehicle noise emission standards and regulations. The EPA has issued a regulation for motor carriers (trucks) used in interstate commerce. The noise emission standards require that the truck noise levels measured at 15.24 meters (50 ft.) not exceed 86 dBA at 56.31km/hr. (35 mph) and 88 dBA in the stationary run-up test. EPA has also proposed regulations for rail carriers (locomotives and rail cars) used in interstate commerce and newly manufactured medium- and heavy-duty trucks. The proposed railway regulations limit stationary locomotive noise levels measured at 30 meters (100 ft.) to 93 dBA at any throttle setting and 73 dBA at idle. The standard for all locomotives or combina- tion of locomotives when moving is 96 dBA when measured at 30 meters (100 ft.). Four years after promulgation, the corresponding standards will be lowered to 87, 67, and 90 dBA respectively. For railroad cars, the standard noise levels when measured at 30 meters (100 ft.) are 68 dBA for speed up to and including 72 km/hr (45 mph) and 93 dBA at speeds above 72 km/hr (45 mph). For new medium- and heavy-duty trucks the pro- posed regulation will limit the noise levels when measured at low speeds (EPA test procedures 'similar to SAE J3666) to 83 dBA for 1977-80 models, 80 dBA for 1981-82 models and 75 dBA for 1983 and subsequent models. The high speed standard (EPA test procedure similar to SAE J57) will be 86 dBA for 1977 and subsequent models. 3.3.3 Machinery There are two Federal regulations being proposed for machinery sources of noise and one already in existence. EPA has proposed Noise Emission Standards for Construction Equipment - New Portable Air Com- pressors NPRM, 39FR 38186, 10-29-74. The proposed standard limits the average sound level of new portable air compressors with a rated output of 75cfm or more to 76 dBA when measured at a distance of 7 meters (23 ft.) from the surfaces of the compressor. The Consumer Product Safety Commission has proposed that a regula- tion for lawnmower noise be set in a notice of proceeding, 39FR 26662, 7/17/74. However, the only RD&D identified relating to this proposal has been the development of a measurement methodology. For the purpose of this report, lawnmowers will be treated as a candidate for identification as a major source of environmental noise. The Consumer Product Safety Commission also has a standard for toy guns and caps, 16CFR Chapter II, Subchapter C, part 1500, 9/27/73. This bans the sale of toy guns and caps in violation of noise emission stan- dards. No RD&D in fiscal years 1973 1975 has been associated with this regulation. 25 ------- Table 3.8 FEDERAL STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS RELATING TO SURFACE VEHICLES ho Agency DOT/FHWA/BMCS DOT/FHWA EPA/ONAC EPA/ONAC EPA/ONAC Title Vehicle Interior Noise Levels, Title 49, Part 393.94, 11-8-73. Noise Control Standards and Procedures, Title 23, Part 772, 6-19-73, amended 2-2-74. Noise Emission Standards (for) Motor Carriers Engaged in Interstate Commerce, Title 40, Part 202, 10-29-74. Proposed Emission Standards For Interstate Rail Carrier Noise, NPRM, 39 FR 24580, 7-3-74. Transportation Equipment Noise Emission Controls: Proposed Standards for Medium and Heavy- Duty Trucks, NPRM, 39 FR 38338, 10-15-74. Sources Trucks & Buses - New and in- service Highways (noise levels as a function of land uses) Trucks Locomotives, rail cars New trucks Formerly this was the DOT/FHWA Policy and Procedures Memorandum -- PPM 90-2. ------- 3.4 NATIONAL HEALTH AND WELFARE GOALS FOR NOISE CONTROL In 1974, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency published a docu- ment entitled, "Information of Levels of Environmental Noise Requisite to Protect the Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate Margin of Safety." The document serves to identify environmental noise levels in various areas and conditions necessary to ensure no adverse health or welfare effects. At the present time, this is the only document published by a Federal agency which identifies such goals. The document provides a basis for an overall assessment of the national impact of noise and the relative contribution from various product types to this impact. Such an assess- ment has not been done at this time. Therefore, goals for control of the major noise sources have not yet been established. Table 3.9 is a summary of the identified levels; Table 3.10 illus- trates this information in more detail. Tables 3.9 and 3.10 identify levels for both activity interference and hearing loss. It is seen that these levels or goals can be related to the source categories of noise. The purposes of identifying these noise levels are to provide a basis for establishing noise level goals for control of specific noise sources and for the assessment of noise source emission regulations, human exposure standards, land use planning, and zoning and building codes as to their effectiveness in the protection of public health and welfare from environmental noise. The levels of noise which have been identified are not to be con- sidered as standards, nor as discrete numbers since they are in terms of energy equivalents. The EPA believes that environmental noise levels, when maintained at or below those identified, will protect the public from adverse health and welfare effects. That is, a person may move through several different noise environments throughout the day without suffering hearing impairment as long as the daily equivalent sound energy does not exceed 70 dB. Similarly, activity interference will not be undue if outdoor levels are maintained at an energy equivalent of 55 dB and indoor levels at 45 dB. 27 ------- Table 3.9 SUMMARY OF XOISE LEVELS IDENTIFIED AS REQUISITE TO PROTECT PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE WITH AX ADEQUATE MARGIN OF SAFETY inect Level Area >: ear ing Loss All Areas Outdoor activity interference and annoyance L, ^ ar. Outdoors in residential areas and farms and other outdoor . areas where people spend widely; varying amounts of time and j other places in which quiet : is a basis for use. , ; L Outdoor areas where people spend limited amounts of time, such as school yards, play- grounds, etc. Indoor activit , dn Indoor residential areas. -LiiLeriertinct; and annoyance i L ... .^ 45dB eq(24 - - i i i Other indoor areas activities such as etc. with human \ schools, j - - J Explanation of Table 3.9: Leq (24)represents the sound energy averaged over a 24-hour period while Ld represents the L with a lOdB nighttime weighting. o The hearing loss level identified here represents annual averages of the daily level over a period of 40 years. (These are energy averages, not to be confused with arithmetic averages.) • Relationship of an L of,\ °^ ~OdB to higher exposure levels. 28 ------- Ta-le 3.10 YEARLY AYEP.AGE* E'A'TVALE:- s:^:: LEVELS ::EV: REQUISITE TO PROTECT '':'•' PUrLi: -EAL7H ANT '.-.'El AN ADEQUATE XAH^I!.' OF 'SAFETY Residential -'i:r C"_i side Space and Earn Residences Resicential vith No Outside Space Co:.-rr.ercial Inside Transportati Industrial Hospitals Institutional Recreational Areas Farm Land and Coastal Unpopulated Land Code; a. Since different H c" Ldn Lee Incccr .3 Prctect •*r^i.-i--" '-'e.aT-'-'- T «--i^-- * .- j ference tion fects (b): ferer.ce tion :e:ts fs) ^5- j w5 | 5f I (24'. . 70 , Ldn -5 | j 45 Leq(24, | 70 : j • 55 70 ! i I i Leq(24) (a) ; 70 • 70 (c) i (a) 70 70(c) c- Leq (24) (a) . ' 70 j (a) | Leq(24)(d) ^) 70 70 (c) (a) Ldr. : 45 ; 45 55 Leq(24) ' i 70 } Lec Leq Leq (24) « ' 45 55 i i ' ! f24) : (a) 70 ; 70(c) i' (a) • t Leq(24) ;' : | (a) : \ I ! i i : 1 ! 70 ; 70(c) : 55 ! 70 ! ! 55 70 ' | ! 1 70 | T0(c) 70 i 70(c) i i i tyr>es of activities arcear to be associated vith differpnr IPT-^IC •: ^^.-^, ^,-_- d. An , e tion of a. maximunj level for activity i-iterferenc.? riay be difficult except in those cir stances where sr-eech ccrrr.unica tic/ Lz a critical activity. Based on lowest level. Based only on hearing loss cura- of 75 c2 p_ay be identified in these situations so lor.g as the exposure over 16 hours per c'ay is low enough to result in a negligible contribution 'o -e i ' e average; i.e., no greater than an eq of 60 dr.. tr.e 24-hour NOTE: Explanation of identified level for ,-rarinc loss. The exposure seriod which resul hearing loss at the identified level is a period of 40 years. ' ' re»ul. ^Refers to energy rather than arithmetic averages. 29 ------- 4.0 FEDERAL NOISE RD&D ACTIVITIES 4.1 OVERVIEW Eleven Federal agencies or departments sponsor noise RD&D. These are NASA, DOT, HEW, DOD, NSF, DOI, DOC/NBS, USDA, CPSC, HUD, and EPA. Their noise RD&D activities can be classified into four areas which correspond to the four interagency panels: (1) noise effects, (2) air- craft noise, (3) surface vehicle noise, and (4) stationary machinery noise. Table 4.1 summarizes the RD&D currently being addressed by each Federal agency. Most of the agencies sponsor research in more than one category. However, only DOD and EPA have activities in all four noise RD&D areas. Noise effects research is being sponsored by nine Federal agencies and is the category having the greatest number of Federal par- ticipants. Stationary machinery noise RD&D is next, being considered by eight Federal agencies. Aircraft noise RD&D is currently being sponsored by NASA, DOT, DOD, and EFA while DOT, DOD, EPA, NSF, and USDA all support surface vehicle noise RD&D. The total resources allocated to noise RD&D by the Federal agencies are summarized in Table 4.2 for FY 73, FY 74, and FY 75. NASA, DOT, and DOD allocated the major portion of the Federal resources for noise RD&D but their allocations have steadily decreased since FY 73. As a result total Federal resources for noise RD&D have also steadily decreased since FY 73, with the major decrease taking place from FY 74 to FY 75. The latter is primarily due to the decrease in the NASA noise RD&D allo- cations. HEW, DOI, DOC/NBS, and USDA show sceady increases in resource allocations for noise RD&D during the FY 73 through FY 75 time period. Of the noise research categories shown in Table 4.3 only Federal expenditures for noise effects research increased steadily during the FY 73 to FY 75 time period. Federal allocations for RD&D to control aircraft noise decreased rapidly from $58,894.00 in FY 73 to $31,054,000 in FY 75 and related directly to the decrease in aircraft noise control RD&D sponsored by NASA, DOT, and DOD. The. major element in this re- duction is the scheduled completion during this period of two expensive technology development and demonstration programs for retrofit to existing aircraft -- FAA's Sound Absorbent Material (SAM) Nacelle program and NASA's JT8D REFAN program. However, Federal allocations for aircraft noise control RD&D still account for 80 to 90 percent of the total Federal noise RD&D allocations during the FY 73 - 75 time period. Federal resources for both surface vehicle and stationary machinery noise RD&D peak in FY 74. Although a number of Federal agencies sponsor work in these categories, they receive the least emphasis based on resource allocations. 31 ------- Table 4.1 SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES' CURRENT INVOLVEMENT IN NOISE RESEARCH Area of Involvement Agency NASA DOT HEW DOD NSF DOI DOC/NBS US DA CPSC HUD EPA Noise Surface Effects Aircraft Vehicles X X XXX X XXX X X X X X X XXv Stationary Machinery X X X X X X X y 32 ------- Table 4.2 SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AGENCY EXPENDITURES FOR NOISE RESEARCH Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) Agency NASA DOT HEW DOD NSF DOI DOC/NBS US DA CPSC HUD EPA Totals 1973 46,407 13,767 1,090 3,897 263 409 236 4 -- 117 453 66,643 1974 47,232 5,269 1,613 4,621 658 551 381 93 70 638 1,189 62,315 1975 28,504 3,467 2,015 3,063 -- 730 407 131 -- 460 409 39,186 33 ------- Table 4.3 SUMMARY OF FEDERAL EXPENDITURES FOR NOISE RESEARCH CATEGORIES Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) Category Noise Effects Aircraft Surface Vehicle Machinery Totals 1973 3,566 58,894 3,211 972 66,643 1974 5,006 51,751 3,374 2,184 62,315 1975 5,228 31,054 1,334 1,570 39,186 34 ------- The Federal programs are briefly described in the following sections. The information will be presented by the noise research categories of noise effects, aircraft noise, surface vehicle noise and stationary machinery noise. In addition, the Federally sponsored noise measure- ments RD&D will be separately reviewed in Section 5.5. More complete information on the Federal RD&D can be obtained by referring to the panel reports mentioned in Section 1.3. 4.2 NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH There are nine Federal agencies conducting research on noise effects. Table 4.4 is a summary of the funding by agency for the fiscal years 1973- 1975. The total funding over this period has increased by 68 percent. This is principally due to the large increase of expenditures by HEW/ NINDS and the steadily increasing resource allocations by the DOD and NASA. Table 4.5 identifies the research categories that are currently being addressed by each of the participating Federal agencies. This table reflects several major points regarding the various agency pro- grams. Within HEW, three separate institutions are involved in the con- duct of noise effects research; NINDS, NIEHS, and NIOSH. The NINDS has major research efforts ongoing in the areas of noise-induced hearing loss and communication interference. The NIEHS research is conducted mostly on animals. The major part (83 percent) is directed toward noise-induced hearing loss and the remainder is allocated to the support of non-auditory health effects research. NIOSH has a major research effort in noise- induced hearing loss which includes both epidemiological and experimental activities. In addition, NIOSH is supporting research on non-auditory health effects and in the area of measurement methodology and calibration. The DOD, like the EPA, pursues a broad research effort which in- cludes each of the following categories: noise-induced hearing loss, non- auditory health effects, individual behavior effects, communication interference, and measurement methodology and calibration. In addition, DOD sponsors research on community and collective response effects while EPA conducts research on sleep effects. NASA has a major research effort in the area of community or col- lective response and, in addition to the EPA, is the only agency in- volved in research on the effects of noise on sleep. HUD has a major effort in community or collective response and devotes nearly 90 percent of its funds to this area. The DOT currently has the smallest active research program in noise effects, but directs all of its support toward community or collective response. NBS directs all its noise effects research to individual behavior. 35 ------- Table 4.4 NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) Agency HEW/NINDS HEW/NIEHS HEW/NIOSH DOD NASA DOT NSF DOC/NBS HUD EPA DOI/BuMines Totals 1973 526 153 395 984 1,127 50 20 98 117 24 7_2 3,566 1974 622 258 507 1,180 1,154 130 -- 117 638 377 23 5,006 1975 1,157 239 481 1,190 1,200 50 -- 142 460 309 -- 5.228 36 ------- Table 4.5 CURRENT AGENCY INVOLVEMENT IN NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH CATEGORIES Research Category Noise- Induced Non-Auditory Hearing Health Agency Loss Effects HEW/NINDS HEW/NIEHS HEW/NIOSH DOD w *"" NASA DOT DOC/NBS HUD EPA NSF DOI/BuMines X X X X X X X X X X Individual Noise Communica- Community or Domestic Measurement Behavior Effects on tion Inter- Collective Animals & Methodology Effects Sleep ference Response Wildlife & Calibration X X X X XX X XXX X X X X X XXX X X X ------- At this time, no agency has any ongoing research activity on the effects of noise on domestic animals and wildlife. Table 4.6 is a summary of the funding as a function of research category for the fiscal years 1973-1975. There has been a steady in- crease in the funding for noise-induced hearing loss which in FY 75 received 38 percent of the total effects research resources. A sig- nificant increase in funding for the community or collective response category is shown for FY 75. Except for the non-auditory health effects category, which shows a decrease in effort for FY 75, the funding has remained fairly constant for remaining categories. 4.3 AIRCRAFT NOISE RD&D Federally sponsored aircraft noise RD&D is classified by noise source categories and by categories that have broad applications. Air- craft noise sources being considered in the Federal RD&D include the following: subsonic conventional take-off and landing aircraft (CTOL), powered lift aircraft including short take-off and landing aircraft, (STOL) and reduced take-off and landing (RTOL) aircraft, rotorcraft and vertical take-off and landing aircraft (VTOL), supersonic cruise aircraft, and general aviation aircraft. Table 4.7 summarizes" the Federal agency resource allocations for fiscal years 1973-1976 for all aircraft noise RD&D categories. Funding for basic research and technology programs shows only minor fluctuations in this period. Programs in this category have broad application and apply to all aircraft noise source types. Funds for noise portions of systems studies to define air transportation needs are relatively low. There is a significant increase in funding for general aviation aircraft noise. The projected FY 76 funding for gen- eral aviation is over 10 times the amount of FY 73. Noise related pro- grams applied to supersonic cruise aircraft are about the same in FY 73 and FY 74 and FY 75 and FY 76. Funding for noise related to powered lift and rotorcraft/VTOL levels out in FY 74 and is fairly constant through FY 76. Noise programs in the CTOL category apply mostly to the existing commercial aircraft fleet. Funding in this category shows significant decreases in FY 74, FY 75, and FY 76. A major factor in the decreases is the completion during this period of two demonstration programs leading to certifiable hardware suitable for retrofit to existing aircraft -- the FAA's Sound Absorbent Material (SAM) nacelle program and NASA's JT8D REFAN program. Table 4.8 shows funding by agency for all RD&D categories for the fiscal years 1973-1976. NASA plays the dominant role in all categories of aircraft noise RD&D, especially as total funding levels out in FY 75 and FY 76 with the completion of the REFAN and the retrofit feasibility program of DOT/FAA. The decrease in DOT funding is 38 t ------- Table 4.6 NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH FUNDING BY CATEGORY Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) Category Noise- Induced Hearing Loss Non-Auditory Health Effects Individual Behavior Effects Noise Effects on Sleep Communication Interference Community or Collective Response Domestic Animals and Wildlife Measurement Methodology and Calibration Totals 1973 1,084 126 381 217 275 410 -- 1,073 3,566 1974 1,366 294 361 254 316 821 -- 1,594 5,006 1975 1,979 61 443 159 296 1,114 __ 1,176 5,288 39 ------- Table 4.7 SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AIRCRAFT NOISE RD&D ACTIVITIES AND RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) Technical Area Subsonic Conven- tional Aircraft Powered Lift Aircraft Rotorcraft/VTOL Supersonic Cruise Aircraft General Aviation Air Transportation Systems Basic Research and Technology GRAND Sponsoring Agency NASA DOT Subtotal NASA DOT Subtotal NASA DOD Subtotal NASA DOT Subtotal NASA Subtotal NASA EPA Subtotal NASA DOT DOD Subtotal TOTAL 1973 27,7041/5 8,176 35,880 4,4061 241 4,647 __2 267 267 2,0701/3 316 2,386 801 80 2L5* 255 10,76s1 2,830 1,784 15,379 58^894 1974 25,204 1,899 27,103 2,082 2,082 1,774 534 2,308 2,086 299 2,385 355 355 428 404 832 14,149 785 1,752 16^686 51,751 1975 6,017 900 6,917 2,977 2,977 2,284 675 2,959 1,490 100 1,590 448 448 248 248 13,840 1,282 793 15,915 31^054 1976 2,703 2,703 2,952 2,952 2,294 275 2,569 1,730 1,730 996 996 227 227 14,269 1,760 1,112 17^ 141 28,318 1 The NASA funding data included in this table for FY 73 are based on information supplied to EPA by NASA in December, 1973. The content of the breakouts by research area is not exactly the same as those for other fiscal years listed. FY 73 funding included in Powered Lift Aircraft Noise Technology. Some program activity included here that is listed under Basic Research and Technology for other fiscal years. EPA FY 74 total includes some funds committed in FY 73. For FY 73, $1090K of the funds listed were for subsonic engine and nacelle technology — Quiet Engine I. 40 ------- Table 4.8 SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES' RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS FOR AIRCRAFT NOISE RD&D Fiscal Year Resources (Thousands of Dollars) Agency NASA DOT DOD EPA 1973 45,280 11,563 2,051 1 1974 46,078 2,983 2,286 404 1975 27,304 2,282 1,468 -- 1976 25,171 1,760 1,387 -- Total 58,894 51,751 31,054 28,318 EPA FY 74 total includes some funds committed in FY 73. 41 ------- consistent with the decision by FAA to recommend the SAM retrofit alter- native which limits the necessity for major funding to be applied to existing commercial fleet noise reduction. Most of the DOT funds in FY 75 and FY 76 are in the category of basic research and technology and are applicable to technology needs for future aircraft noise regulations. DOD's program shows a steady decrease in resource allocations during the FY 73-76 time period. However, most of DOD's resources are committed to basic research and technology and will also be applicable to support of future aircraft noise regulations. 4.4 SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D The Federal agencies known to sponsor surface vehicle noise RD&D activities are DOT, DOD, EPA, USDA, and NSF. Table 4.9 is a summary of the major surface vehicle noise RD&D programs being sponsored by these agencies. The total noise dedicated resources allocated by the Federal Government peaked at $3,374,000 in FY 74. The DOT is the principal Federal agency sponsoring surface vehicle noise RD&D. These activities are primarily concerned with transportation systems and are associated with three major programs. They are the Highway Noise Reduction Program, Urban Transportation System Noise Re- duction Program, and Conventional Railroad and Intercity High Speed Systems Program. With emphasis on control of highway noise, the major efforts have concentrated on the control of heavy-duty truck and bus noise. Future research efforts emphasize truck tire and engine mech- anical and combustion noise. Although the DOT resource allocations to reduce noise from urban transportation and conventional and high speed railway transportation systems are not specifically identifiable from within total development funding, significant noise RD&D efforts are underway in these non-noise dedicated programs. The emphasis is in the development of future mass transportation systems. As such, noise is only one of many factors being considered and is often addressed as a design specification. The DOD/Army has three RD&D programs concerned with surface vehicle noise control. They are entitled, "The Conformance with Regulatory Requirements," "Vehicle Signature Reduction Program," and "The Noise Reduction Program for U.S. Army Construction Equipment." These programs are funded by the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Command (TACOM) and the U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center (MERDC) and address highway and off-highway military vehicles. The TACOM Conformance with Regulatory Requirements Program is directed toward reducing interior and exterior noise levels of all tactical type military vehicles to meet military and commercial noise standards. The MERDC Noise Reduction Program for U.S. Army Construction Equipment was initiated as a result of the low noise exposure level requirements established by the Army 42 ------- Table 4.9 SUMMARY OF THE FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D PROGRAMS Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) OplSUOWJ. J-LI& Agency DOT DOD/ARMY EPA USDA NSF Descriptive Title of Program Prior to 1973 Highway Noise Reduction 2,066 Urban Transportation System Noise Reduction Program* Conventional Railroad & Intercity High Speed Systems Total DOT 2,066 Conformance with Regulatory Requirements Vehicle Signature Reduction 100 Noise Reduction Program for U.S. Army Construction Vehicles Total DOD/ARMY 100 Interstate Motor Carriers Interstate Rail Carriers New Medium- & Heavy-Duty Trucks -- Total EPA Reduction of Vehicle (snowmobile) & Equipment Noise Levels Use of Trees & Shrubs in Noise Abatement Noise & Vibration of Off-Road Equipment -- Total USDA Effects of Building & Other Boundaries on Motor Vehicle Noise Noise & Vibration from Transportation Vehicles & Other Machinery Total NSF Total FEDERAL EFFORT 2,166 1973 1,798 356 -- 2,154 215 100 369 684 170 199 ***- 369 -- -- 4 4 -- -- -- 3 . 211 1974(est) 1,429 577 150 2,156 270 95 300 665 -- 178 _*"*. 178 25 20 2_8 73 30 272 302 3,374 19752 935 -- 200 1,135 _. -- 160 160 _- -- "" -- 39 -- " "" 39 -- -- -- jj_334 1 Resources for in-house research and noise portions of advanced transportation systems development are not included. ^ FY 75 estimates are known to be incomplete. ------- Surgeon General and is concerned with the control of noise from both stationary and vehicular construction equipment. The TACOM Vehicle Signature Reduction program is concerned \ith reducing the noise signature detectability of military vehicles for combat purposes. Portions of this program are classified. Although no other DOD surface vehicle research programs were identified, there is evidence that other pertinent noise reduction programs are being sponsored by DOD, particularly by the Navy on watercraft. DOD plans to continue a similar effort during the FY 75 through FY 78 period. The EPA identified three surface transportation research programs which were sponsored in FY 73 and FY 74 to support the Interstate Motor Carrier, Interstate Rail Carrier, and New Medium- and Heavy-Duty Truck Regulations. These studies generally involved the determination of the population impacted by the noise source to be regulated, best available noise control technology, costs for compliance with the proposed regula- tions, and measurement methods.for enforcing the regulation. The USDA sponsors surface vehicle noise research through the Forest Service and the Cooperative State Research Service. These programs are concerned with control of off-road vehicle noise and the use of trees and shrubs to abate noise. Only the off-road vehicle noise control re- search activities of the Forest Service are planned to continue into the future. The Cooperative State Research Service will continue to support noise research proposed by individual scientists and engineers. The NSF sponsors noise research based upon the merits of unsolicited proposals. Currently, there are two NSF research grants specific to sur- face vehicle noise. They are entitled, "The Effects of Building and Other Boundaries on Motor Vehicle Noise" and "Noise and Vibration from Trans- portation Vehicles and Other Machinery." A third grant entitled, "Basic and Applied Studies of Noise," has a minor portion of the study addressing sound generation by automotive tire designs. 4.5 MACHINERY NOISE RD&D Table 4.10 shows the Federal agencies' allocations for machinery noise RD&D during the FY 73 through FY 75 time period. A total of eight Federal agencies, including two components of DOD, are sponsoring machinery noise RD&D. The Navy's program is the largest, committing about 1 million dollars per year. However, the output of this effort is classified and is not currently available to the public. The other agencies together spent in FY 74 a total of more than 2 million dollars on machinery noise RD&D. The total Federal effort has been in the range of 2 or 3 million dollars per year for the FY 73 through FY 75 time period and appeared to peak in FY 74. 44 ------- Table 4.10 MACHINERY NOISE RD&D FUNDING BY AGENCY (Thousands of Dollars) 1973 1974 1975 DOI/BuMines 337 528 73Q1 DOC/NBS 138 264 265 HEW/NIOSH 162 226 138 NSF 243 356 EPA 60 230 100 DOD/USN3 DOD/USA 178 490 2451 CPSC -- 70 USDA ^ 20 92 Total 972 2,184 1,570 Projected. 2 This figure does not reflect $60.5K funded in FY 72 for work done in FY 73. Navy funding for specific RD&D activities in Machinery Noise can- not be reported for security reasons. However, the total effort in this area is about $1 million each year. 45 ------- The current Federal machinery noise RD&D programs address a number of specific sources of machinery noise, undertake work in building and structural transmission of noise, and work toward better definition of the machinery noise problem through development of more accurate and standardized measurement methodology. The general funding in these areas is presented in Table 4.11. The majority of funds are spent on control technology. This observation is further supported by the Navy's million dollar a year program, most of which goes for source control technology. It also appears that the funds for machinery noise RD&D peaked in FY 74. This may not be actual, however, due to the uncertainity of the FY 75 data. The agencies' current involvement in the three categories of machinery noise RD&D is shown in Table 4.12. USDA and CPSC are involved only in measurement or measurement methodology; NSF, DOD and NTOSH are supporting research in all three areas, while BuMines, NBS, and EPA are involved in two categories. Table 4.11 SUMMARY BY AREA OF MACHINERY NOISE RD&D Funding (Thousands of Dollars) RD&D Area Source Noise Control Technology Building and Structural Noise Transmission and Control Measurements and Measurement Methodologies Totals 1973 529 162 280 971 1974 1,307 370 507 2,184 1975 1,168 145 257 1,570 ------- Table 4.12 CURRENT AGENCY INVOLVEMENT IN AREAS OF MACHINERY NOISE RD&D Area of Involvement Agency BuMines NIOSH NSF DOD NBS EPA CPSC US DA Source Noise Building and Structural Measurements and Control Noise Transmission and Measurement Technology Control Methodologies X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 47 ------- 5.0 FEDERAL NOISE RDSD SUPPORTING STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS DEVELOPMENT AND ENFORCEMENT 5.1 NOISE EFFECTS CRITERIA A summary of the Federal noise effects research funding according to area of activity is shown in Table 5.1. Except for the allocation of funds for the support of measurement methodology and calibration, the current expenditures support the development of criteria for the noise effects defined in Table 3.1 (p. 13). Table 5.1 NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH FUNDING BY CATEGORY (Thousands of Dollars) Category FY 73 FY 74 FY 75 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Non-Auditory Health Effects Individual Behavior Effects Noise Effects on Sleep Communication Interference Community or Collective Response Domestic Animals and Wildlife Measurement Methodology and Calibration Totals 3,566 5,006 5,228 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss - Research on noise-induced hearing loss con- tinues to be of high importance relative to the development of criteria because it is the one established adverse health effect from noise expo- sure. To strengthen and/or support existing criteria, nearly 40 percent of the total Federal expenditures for effects research is being spent on noise-induced hearing loss during FY 75 by five agencies. Table 5.2 summarizes these expenditures. 49 ------- Table 5.2 FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS (Thousands of Dollars) Agency FY 73 FY 74 FY 75 HEW (NINDS) 447 482 1,057 HEW (NIEHS) 224 341 352 HEW (NIOSH) 145 192 199 DOD 248 301 301* NSF 20 0 0 EPA 0 5J) 70 Totals 1,084 1,366 1,979 * DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74. Current research in this area addresses the following: • Cross-sectional studies in various environments (occupational, military, recreational, etc.). • Relationships between permanent and temporary threshold shifts. • Susceptibility to hearing loss. • Combination of noise and other stressors (work, heat, vibration, etc.). • Combination with ototoxic drugs, other ototoxic agents, and abnormal physiology. • Effects on children. • Impulse noise, intermittent noise, and high-intensity noise. • Permanent effects of occupational and longer environmental exposures. • Mechanisms of hearing loss (biochemical, physiological, etc.). • Hearing protection. 50 ------- Non-Auditory Health Effects - Results of existing studies indicate noise contributes to numerous non-auditory health effects which adversely influ- ence physical or mental health. Despite many questions which remain unanswered at the present time regarding the non-auditory health effects from noise exposure, Federal expenditures in support of this area of cri- teria are currently little more than 1 percent of the total effects fund- ing. Current research in this area is being conducted by three different agencies which are addressing the following: • Worker safety and health. • Susceptibility to mental and physical illness. • Cardiovascular and other physiologic changes . • Effects on the vestibular (sense of balance), cardiovascular (heart and circulatory), endocrine (internally-secreting glands), and neutral systems. • Effects on drug uptake. • Non-auditory physiological system adaptation. Table 5.3 is a summary of current funding for this area. Table 5.3 FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NON-AUDITORY HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOISE (Thousands of Dollars) Agency FY 73 FY 74 HEW (NINDS) 8 66 40 HEW (NIOSH) 108 42 2 DOD 10 0 0 EPA _ P_ 186Z _ 0 Totals 126 294 61 DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74. 2 2-year project. 51 ------- Individual Behavior Effects - Individual behavior effects are of interest in a variety of environments where adverse reflex actions or behavior may result in accidents or unfavorable performance. Effects of noise on per- formance, which is considered a highly significant area of study, have been studied in the laboratory and work environment. However, well-con- trolled field studies present a real problem in the evaluation of the effects of noise on human performance. Of the current fiscal year support, only 9 percent of these funds are directed toward individual behavior effects. Table 5.4 is a summary of the expenditures by agency in this area. Current research in this area is conducted by five agencies addressing the following: • Annoyance factors. • Performance capability. • Startle effects on performance. • Adaptation to noise. • Measures of aversiveness and annoyance. Table 5.4 FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR EFFECTS OF NOISE (Thousands of Dollars) Agency FY 73 FY 74 FY 75 HEW (NIOSH) 0 28 DOD 233 166 DOT 50 0 EPA 0 50 DOC (NBS) 98 H7 Totals 381 361 443 * DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74. 52 ------- Noise Effects on Sleep - Sleep disturbance is often considered the princi- pal reason given for noise annoyance. Most of the existing data in this area are based on laboratory experiments that involve few subjects and responses are evaluated in terms of physiological measurements. Only about 3 percent of FY 75 funding is being devoted to this critical area by two agencies as shown in Table 5.5. Table 5.5 FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NOISE EFFECTS ON SLEEP (Thousands of Dollars) Agency NASA EPA Totals FY 73 217 0 217 FY 74 254 0 254 FY 75 142 17 159 Communication Interference - Noise can interfere with speech by changing its perceived quality, shifting its apparent location or loudness, or by making it partially or completely inaudible. Speech is considered a major activity of importance in identifying levels of noise necessary to pro- tect public health and welfare. The available knowledge in this area is still rather limited. The current Federal research in communication inter- ference by noise is conducted by four agencies (Table 5.6). The expendi- tures make up 6 percent of the effects funding. Table 5.6 FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR COMMUNICATIONS INTERFERENCE OF NOISE (Thousands of Dollars) Agency FY 73 HEW (NINDS) 79 DOD 124 EPA 0 DOI (BuMines) 72 Totals 275 FY 74 140 109 59 8 316 FY 75 100 109* 87 0 296 * DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74. 53 ------- Community or Collective Response The second largest portion (22 percent) of the current Federal noise effects research expenditures is in support of community or collective response research. Although much has been done to relate noise and annoyance, most of the work has been related to conventional aircraft operations. Four agencies conduct research in this area (Table 5.7). Table 5.7 FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR COMMUNITY OR COLLECTIVE RESPONSE TO NOISE (Thousands of Dollars) Agency FY 73 FY 74 FY 75 DOD 32 0 NASA 378 491 DOT 0 130 HUD 0 200 Totals 410 821 1,114 * DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74. Measurement Methodology and Calibration - Over 18 percent of the cur- rent expenditures for noise effects research is applied to this cate- gory. This research is conducted to support noise health effects research, support implementation of noise control legislation, and maintain a defensible posture regarding measurement technology. Six agencies conduct research in this important area as shown in Table 5.8 54 ------- Table 5.8 FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NOISE MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY AND CALIBRATION (Thousands of Dollars) Agency FY 73 FY 74 FY 75 HEW (NIOSH) DOD HUD EPA DOI (BuMines) NASA Totals 1,073 1,594 1,176 * Estimated. 5.2 AIRCRAFT NOISE Federal aircraft noise RD&D can be associated with support of and modification to existing standards and regulations and development and demonstration of technology for future regulations. Table 3.2 (p. 16) gave the major noise source categories for aircraft and Table 3.7 (p. 24) provided a summary of the status of existing aircraft noise standards and regulations and those in the process of being promulgated. Table 5.9 illustrates the distribution of Federal RD&D that supports (1) existing regulations, (2) technology demonstration for future regulation, and (3) research to develop technology for future regulations. When the noise source categories covered in these programs are considered, a comparison of Tables 3.2 (p. 16), 3.3 (p. 17), and 5.9 provides a prelim- inary understanding of how Federal aircraft noise RD&D relates to major aircraft noise source categories, existing standards and regulations, and development of technology for future standards and regulations. The Federal RD&D supporting existing and future aircraft noise stan- dards and regulations is summarized in Table 5.9 for fiscal years 1973 through 1976. Major activity supporting existing regulations has been conducted by DOT/FAA and NASA. Programs in this category are primarily concerned with the question of retrofitting older aircraft of the current commercial fleet which were not initially included in provisions of FAR Part 36 (See Table 3.7, p. 24). These questions are being resolved and, as a result, funding for these activities terminates in FY 75. 55 ------- Table 5.9 FEDERAL RD&D SUPPORTING EXISTING AND FUTURE AIRCRAFT NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS Ln Federal RD&D Support Supporting Existing Regulations Demonstrations Supporting Future Regulations Research Supporting Future Regulations Sponsoring Agency NASA DOT/FAA EPA Total NASA DOD NASA DOD DOT/ONA Total Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) Total 1973 28,170 8,492 (36,662) - (-) - (-) 1974 25,209 2,198 404 (27,811) 3,386 500 (3,886) 17,483 1,786 785 (20,054) 1975 5,905 1,000 (6,905) 4,626 675 (5,301) 16,773 1,282 793 (18,848) 1976 -- (--) 7,745 275 (8,020) 17,426 1,112 1,760 (20,298) ------- The table also shows the level of Federal funding for demonstrations which support development of future standards and regulations for various aircraft noise source categories. These programs are sponsored mainly by NASA and DOD. It can be observed that while funding for support of exist- ing regulation decreases, funding for demonstrations to support future regulations is increasing and reaches about $8 million in FY 76. The third section of Table 5.9 summarizes the Federal funding for basic research and technology development that is applicable to develop- ment of new standards and regulations. This includes modification to existing standards and regulations by lowering permissible noise levels and inclusion of additional major source categories. Total funding by NASA, DOT and DOD is relatively constant through fiscal,years 1974, 1975, and 1976. The data for FY 76 are based on the agencies' projections and are subject to change in the process of refining program plans. 5.2.1 Support of Existing Standards and Regulations The status of existing standard-s and regulations is summarized in Table 3.7 (p. 24). The Federal programs that support these standards are summarized in Table 5.10. In the first part of the table, those programs associated with aircraft type certification are listed and in the second part of the table, the activities related to aircraft operational proce- dures are given. The REFAN program conducted by NASA accounts for a great percentage of total funds supporting type certification. This program was initiated to develop and demonstrate retrofit kits for older, in- service turbojet aircraft and is scheduled for completion in FY 75. The retrofit feasibility for commercial jet aircraft conducted by the FAA under their Source Noise Reduction Program is being completed in FY 75. The FAA has recommended implementation of the Sound Absorbing Materials (SAM) retrofit alternative. The major program that relates to flight procedures, Noise'Reduc- tion Flight Experiments, is being conducted by NASA and is scheduled for completion in FY 75. These activities are related to the flight pro- cedures rules and regulations tabulated in Table 3.7 (p. 24). 5.2.2 Demonstrations Supporting Future Regulations Federal programs which will provide demonstrated technology to sup- port the regulatory process for various aircraft source types are listed in Table 5.11. The aircraft source types included in these programs are: wide body turbojets, STOL, VTOL, powered-lift and rotorcraft, including helicopters. A program to demonstrate a quiet, clean, general aviation turbofan engine is scheduled to be initiated in FY 76. Total funding for demonstration programs supporting future regulations is expected to 57 ------- Ul oo Regulation/Standard Aircraft Type Certi- fication Including FAR Part 36, NPRM 74-14, NPRM 73-26, ANPRM 73-32 Table 5.10 FEDERAL RD&D SUPPORTING EXISTING AIRCRAFT NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS Aircraft Flight Procedures Includ- ing AC 91-39, ANPRM 74-12, AC 90-59, AC-91-36, FAR Part 91 Description Title of Program REFAN PROGRAM Source-Noise Reduction Short Haul Transportation Systems Analysis Aircraft Noise Systems Studies Aerodynamics and Crash Worthiness General Aviation Technology Source and Operational Sonic Boom Reduction Noise Reduction Flight Experiments Terminal Configured Vehicle Operating Systems Experiments Total Sponsoring Agency NASA DOT/FAA NASA EPA NASA NASA DOT/FAA NASA NASA Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) 1973 T975 : W?5 T976 24,463* 20,803 2,514 8,176 1,899 900 180 404 95 316 302 260 4,618 299 100 3,405 3,600 1,380 271 1,563 36,392 27,811 6,905 This figure includes funding prior to and including FY 73. ------- Table 5.11 FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS SUPPORTING FUTURE AIRCRAFT NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS Sponsoring Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) Aircraft Type Source Wide Body Turbojet STOL STOL STOL (Powered lift) Descriptive Title of Program Advanced Acoustic Composite Nacelle Program Advanced Powered Lift Aircraft Augmentor Wing Flight Experiment Quiet Clean Short Haul Agency NASA NASA NASA NASA 1974 530 310 160 167 1975 560 1,480 - 840 1976 1,090 1,470 - 825 STOL (Powered lift) STOL VTOL VTOL Rotorcraft Rotorcraft General Aviation Aircraft Experimental Engine (QCSEE) Quiet Propulsive Lift NASA Technology STOL Operating Systems Experi- NASA ments VTOL Operating Systems Experi- NASA ments Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft NASA Rotor Systems Research Aircraft NASA DOD Rotor Systems for RSRA NASA Quiet, Clean, General Aviation NASA Turbofan (QCGAT) 1,310 135 657 624 657 624 274 500 500 675 465 275 470 536 ------- Table 5.11 FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS SUPPORTING FUTURE AIRCRAFT NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS (Concluded) Aircraft Type Source General Aviation Aircraft CTOL Descriptive Title of Program General Aviation Technology Terminal Configured Vehicle Operating Systems Experiments Sponsoring Agency 1974 NASA NASA Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) 1975 1976 460 1,613 Totals 3,886 5,301 8,020 ------- double in FY 76 compared to FY 74. Except for DOD involvement in one rotorcraft program, all programs are being conducted by NASA. 5.2.3 Research Supporting Future Standards and Regulations The Federal aircraft noise research programs which can be associated with development of technology to support future regulations, including the lowering of permissible noise levels within existing regulations,are summarized in Table 5.12. These programs deal with the fundamental mechanisms of noise generation and prediction in propulsion, airflow- surface interaction including airframe aerodynamic noise, and rotors and propellers. Other programs involve structural response, sound propaga- tion and systems studies for future subsonic, transonic and supersonic aircraft. The outcome of these programs governs the future level of noise control. For example, control of aircraft approach noise below FAR 36 minus 10 dB depends on reducing airframe aerodynamic noise. Note that NASA has a program addressing this problem. While DOT and DOD have specific-research programs, NASA has the most comprehensive coverage of all major noise source categories. About 90 percent of all research to support future regulations is being con- ducted by NASA. 5.3 SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE The Federal surface vehicle RD*/D activities can be related to sup- port of existing or future regulations. Specifically, the Federal pro- grams can be identified with the development and/or enforcement of exist- ing or proposed surface vehicle noise regulations and with research and/ or demonstration of surface vehicle noise control which could provide the basis for future regulations. Such an analysis allows a comparison of major surface vehicle noise source candidates identified in Table 3.4 (p. 18) with those sources which have been or/are being addressed in the Federal surface vehicle noise RD&D activities. This comparison will pro- vide the basis upon which conclusions and recommendations can be made concerning the current Federal surface vehicle noise RD&D activities. The Federal surface vehicle RDf.D resource allocations supporting the development and/or enforcement of existing or proposed standards and regulations (listed in Table 3.8, p. 26) are summarized in Table 5.13. Through FY 75 the Federal Government has committed an estimated $4,788,000 for RD&D supporting surface vehicle noise standards and regulations. Of this almost 70 percent was allocated to RD-iD supporting standards and regula- tions development. The peak in the Federal commitments for RD&D support of both regulations development and enforcement was in FY 73 when over 40 percent of the total resources during the FY 73 through FY 75 was alloca- ted. The two agencies sponsoring this research were DOT and EPA. ------- Table 5.12 FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT FUTURE AIRCRAFT NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS VTOL Supersonic Supersonic Fiscal Year Funding Sponsoring (Thousands of Dollars) Aircraft Type Source All Aircraft Types All Aircraft Types CTOL All Aircraft Types CTOL CTOL CTOL CTOL Rotorcraft Descriptive Title of Program Basic Noise Research Noise Technology and Prediction Airframe Aerodynamic Noise Acceptance of Aircraft Operations Jet Noise Research Program Propulsion Noise Reduction Airflow Surface Interaction Structural Response and Sound Propagation Programs Advanced Rotorcraft Aerodynamic Technology Agency NASA NASA NASA NASA DOT/ONA DOD DOD DOD NASA DOD 1974 3,994 9,354 801 (1,154) 785 563 272 917 920 34 1975 3,461 8,733 1,646 (1,200) 1,282 271 75 447 1,045 1976 3,700 8,790 1,779 (1,458) 1,760 400 125 587 1,040 Advanced VTOL Aircraft Aerodynamic Technology Propulsion Technology Aerodynamic Performance NASA 80 NASA 1,422 NASA 664 150 1,233 257 160 1,360 370 ------- Table 5.12 FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT FUTURE AIRCRAFT NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS (Concluded) U) Aircraft Type Source CTOL CTOL C/KTOL Supersonic & CTOL Descriptive Title of Program Analysis of Future Civil Trans- portation Systems and Concepts Sponsoring Agency NASA High Transonic Speed Transport NASA System Study Subsonic/Transonic/C/RTOL Trans- NASA port Technology Systems & Design Studies Subsonic/Sonic Transportation NASA Technology Propulsion Studies Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) 1974 88 16 110 34 1975 168 80 1976 147 80 Totals 20,054 18,848 20,298 ------- Table 5.13 FEDERAL NOISE RD&D SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT AND ENFORCEMENT OF EXISTING SURFACE VEHICLE STANDARDS AND REGU1ATIONS Fiscal Year Funding ON Federal RD&D Support Development of Standards and Regulations Enforcement of Standards and Regulations Sponsoring Agency DOT EPA (Totals) DOT (Totals) AND TOTAL {"Thousands ol Doll, Prior to 1973 1 ,589 (1,589) ( 199) 1,788 1 9 7 3 892 170 (1,062) (868) 1,930 1974 O 292 178 (470) (350) 820 nrs) si-) 1975* 200 (200) (')()) 250 Total 2,973 348 (3,321) (1,467) 4,788 ------- However, DOT was the only agency providing research and technology sup- porting both development and enforcement of standards and regulations. DOT's commitments were $4,440,000, almost 93 percent of the total Federal allocations. TV" Federal resource allocations which are considered to be appli- cable to future standards and regulations are shown in Table 5.14. The total amount allocated through FY 75 was $5,297,000, the same order of magnitude as that for RD&D supporting existing standards. Of this, approximately 60 percent is for KD&D programs which are designed to yield demonstrated noise control technology or techniques, and the remain- ing 40 percent for research into the fundamentals of noise generation, measurement, and control. The total RDScD supporting future regulations is shown to peak in FY 74 at $2,554,000, accounting for just over 48 percent of the estimated total through FY 75. The agencies sponsoring RDScD applicable to future surface vehicle standards and regulations are DOT, DOD, NSF, and USDA. DOT is the major contributor, allocating an estimated $3,270,000 or almost 62 percent of the total Federal RD&D resources for future surface vehicle regulations. Based on the distribution of resources, DOT places almost equal emphasis on research and demonstration programs. DOD places most of its emphasis on demonstration programs. DOD's total allocation to RD&D supporting future regulations is $1,609,000, or just over 30 percent of the total. USDA and NSF together contribute $418,000 to the total with USDA alloca- ting all of its resources to demonstration programs and NSF assigning all its resources to research. Through FY 75 the Federal Government has allocated at least $10,085,000 for RDSD to support surface vehicle (principally transportation) standards and regulations. Of the total, $4,788,000 or about 48 percent has been devoted to support of the development and enforcement of existing stan- dards and regulations. The remaining $5,297,000 (52 percent) can be assigned to Federal RD&D to support the development of future standards and regulations. Of the four agencies sponsoring surface vehicle RD&D, DOT is the principal agency, allocating $7,710,000 or over 76 percent of the total. DOD sponsors the second largest amount of surface vehicle noise RD&D, having committed a total of $1,609,000 through FY 75. Together, DOT and DOD account for almost 98 percent of the total Federal allocations. Table 5.15 identifies the manner in which the major sources of surface vehicle noise is being addressed by the current Federal RD&D programs. 5.3.1 Development of Existing Regulations The Federal RD&D programs which have supported tie development of existing or proposed surface vehicle-related noise standards and regulations are identified in Table 5.16. The majority of this Federal 65 ------- Table 5.14 FEDERAL NOISE RD&D PROVIDING SUPPORT FOR FUTURE SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS ON ON Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) Federal RD&D Support Noise Control Demonstration for Future Standards and Regulations Research for Future Standards and Regulations Sponsoring Agency DOT DOD USDA (Totals) DOT DOD NSF (Totals) Prior to 1973 159 - (159 119 100 - (219) 1973 183 584 4 (771) 410 100 510 (510) 1974 (est) 1,079 570 73 (1,722) 435 95 302 (832) 1975 390 160 39 (589) 495 - - (495) Totals 1,811 1,314 116 (3,241) 1,459 295 302 (2,056) GRAND TOTALS 378 1,281 2,554 1,084 5,297 ------- Table 5.15 SUMMARY OF FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D SUPPORT OF FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS * Regulations Sources ExistingProposed Highways2 X 2 Railways Highway Vehicles: Medium- & Heavy-Duty X Trucks Truck Tires Motorcycles X Buses X Automobiles Automobile Tires2 Light Trucks Construction Vehicles: Dozers (Tracked & Wheeled) X Loaders (Tracked & Wheeled) X Graders Recreational Vehicles: Snowmobiles Motorcycles (off road) Motor Boats Railway Vehicles: Railroad Locomotives X Railroad Cars X Rapid Rail Transit Federal RD&D Programs Demonstration X X X X X X X X X X Research X X X X X X Some of the DOD research is classified. Not identified by EPA as a major noise source candidate. 67 ------- Table 5.16 FEDERAL RD&D SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT OF EXISTING SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE STANDARDS & REGULATIONS Regulation/Standard All Surface Transportation Trucks (exterior) ON 00 Trucks (interior) Highways Sponsoring Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands ot Dollars) Descriptive Title of Program Magnitude of Transportation Noise General & Potential Abatement Quiet Truck Program Truck/Bus Retrofit Exhaust/Intake Mufflers Truck Noise Handbook Truck Tire Noise Study Interstate Motor Carrier Regulation New Medium-& Heavy-Duty Truck Regulation (Total) In-Cab Noise Tests Development of Highway Noise Standards PPM 90-2 Agency DOT DOT DOT DOT DOT DOT EPA Prior to 1973 1973 -H- 1,046 100 450 75 28 15 468 100 170 1974 (est) -- 100 72 -- 20 100 + 1975' -- -_ -- -- -- 200 + EPA DOT DOT (1,589) 178 (863) (470) (200) ------- Table 5.16 FEDERAL RD&D SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT OF EXISTING SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE STANDARDS & REGULATIONS (Concluded) vo Regulation/Standard Railway Carrier Descriptive Title of Program Measurement of Railroad Noise Interstate Rail Carrier Regulation Sponsoring Agency Prior to 1973 DOT ++ EPA Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) 1973 1974 (est) 19751 199 GRAND TOTAL 1,589 1,062 470 200 1 FY estimates known to be incomplete. + Primarily an in-house effort. ++ Program not dedicated to surface vehicle noise, resource allocations not available. ------- effort has been to establish demonstrated control methods for noise emitted externally and at low speeds from existing and new medium- and heavy-duty trucks used in interstate commerce. These trucks are considered to be the major environmental surface vehicle noise source. In addition to external truck noise, there has been RDM) to support the motor carrier safety regu- lations limiting operator exposure to interior noise levels. DOT in-house research provided information that was incorporated in the highway noise control standards and procedures regulation which pro- vides guidelines for planning and design of highways. Other Federal RD&D programs provided support for the interstate rail carrier regulations which placed noise limitations principally on the locomotive. It should be noted that some of this work was not dedicated to railway carrier noise. 5.3.2 Enforcement of Existing Regulations The Federal research programs supporting the enforcement of existing regulations are listed in Table 5.17. By far the emphasis in the Federal effort has been in training and development of measurement and prediction tools and techniques for enforcing the highway and motor carrier truck noise regulations. Portions of Federally sponsored research has been identified with the enforcement of the interstate rail carrier regulation. 5.3.3 Demonstration Programs for Future Regulations There are a number of Federal RD5cD programs which are designed to provide demonstrated noise control technology and/or techniques and thereby have potential for providing a basis for future surface vehicle noise- source standards and regulations. These studies encompass a broad range of surface vehicle sources of noise, including highways, railways, high- way and off-highway vehicles, and railway vehicles.. Table 5.18 identi- fies the current Federal demonstration programs in each of these source categories. The programs addressing highway noise are principally concerned with the demonstration of the effectiveness of noise control through the use of various barriers and highway design tools and techniques. For railway noise, the principal efforts in the Federal programs have been to deter- mine the noise climate of existing rail transit systems. However, one program is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of retarder barriers to control noise from railroad yards. For support of future highway vehicle regulations, the interior and exterior noise levels of many military fleet vehicles have been measured. Included in this work have been measurements of the component noise sources of a cargo truck and noise levels of non-directional cross country and new military tires. Other related programs have involved the measurement 70 ------- Table 5.17 FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS SUPPORTING REGULATIONS ENFORCEMENT Regulation/Standard Trucks & Highway Railway Descriptive Title of Program Highway Noise Enforcement Training and Equipment Sponsoring Agency Fiscal Yea4 Funding - (Thousands of Dollars) Prior to 1973 1973 1974(est)1975' DOT Roadside Enforcement Sites DOT BMCS Training/Equipping DOT PPM 90-2 Training Manual & Course DOT NCHRP Project III DOT Scale Modelling Highway Noise DOT DOT Scale Modelling Urban Traffic Noise FHWA Highway Design Manual Joint DOT/AAR Noise Research DOT DOT Total 1 FY 75 estimates known to be incomplete. + Primarily an in-house effort. 450 70 100 50 120 79 199 132 120 112 54 868 180 35C 50 ------- Table 5.18 Surface Vehicle Noise Source Highways: NJ Railways; Rapid Rail Transit FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) Sponsoring Descriptive Title of Program Agency Prior to 1973 1973 1974 (est) Barrier Parametrics DOT Highway Barrier Effectiveness DOT Acoustic Materials Applications DOT Community Noise Study DOT Traffic Noise Study DOT The Use of Trees & Shrubs in USDA Noise Abatement (Total) In-Service Noise Abatement DOT Test Evaluation2 Rapid Transit System Noise DOT Environment New York City Transit System DOT Study Chicago Transit Authority DOT Studies Other Transit Authority DOT Studies 43 (102 See below 75 1975- 50 __ 16 43 __ — 20 37 -- 115 20 37 20 (242) 125 60 120 110 (110) ------- Table 5.18 Surface Vehicle Noise Source FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS (continued) Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) Sponsoring Descriptive Title of Program Agency Prior to 1973 1973 1974 (est) 1975J Joint DOT/AAR Noise Research^ (Total) DOT See below (305) Highway Vehicles: Military Truck Tires Passenger Car Tires Buses Conformance with Regulatory Requirements Truck Tire Noise Study Passenger Car Tire Noise Purchase Specifications - Transit Coaches Transit Bus Noise Reduction Potential Truck/Bus Retrofit Transbus Program (Total) DOD DOT DOT DOT DOT DOT DOT 215 270 22 26 (244) (292) (4+) ------- Table 5.18 FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS (continued) Surface Vehicle Noise Source Off-Highway Vehicles: Sponsoring Descriptive Title of Program Agency Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) Construction & Construction Equipment Highway Mainten- Mufflers ance Construction Equipment Standards Noise Reduction Program for U.S. Army Construction Vehicles Farm Equipment Snowmobiles Noise Vibration of Off-Road Equipment Reduction of Vehicle & Equipment Noise Levels DOT DOT DOD US DA US DA Prior to 1973 1973 1974 (est) 1975 50 57 90 369 80 300 28 25 80 160 39 (Total) (57) (463) (483) (279) ------- Table 5.18 FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS (concluded) Ln Surface Vehicle Noise Source Railway Vehicles: Locomotives Rapid Rail Transit Sponsoring Descriptive Title of Program Agency Joint DOT/AAR Noise Research2 DOT In Service Noise Abatement DOT n Test and EvaluationL State-of-the-Art Car DOT New System Specifications- DOT Capital Grants (Total) GRAND TOTAL Fiscal Year Funding _ (Thousands of Dollars) Prior "to 1973 1973 1974 (est) 150 250 1975 200 (-H-) (-K-) (400) (200) 159 771 1,722 589 1 FY 75 estimates known to be incomplete. 2 This program is multifaceted and has potential applications to many areas. + Primarily an in-house effort. -hf- Not dedicated to surface vehicles noise, resource allocations not available. ------- of the noise levels of truck a.id passenger car tires. Although not all programs are specific to noise, there is a major Federal effort which is designed to provide demonstrated noise control technology for highway buses. Off-highway surface vehicle noise sources are currently receiving the greatest noise dedicated emphasis in the Federal demonstration pro- grams. Off-highway vehicles receiving the most attention are those used in construction. Specifically, low-noise mufflers and cooling system technology for medium- and heavy-duty trucks are being examined for applications to diesel-powered construction equipment. In addition, a number of military construction vehicles, including wheeled and crawler tractors, graders, loaders, rough terrain fork lifts, and a warehouse fork lift have been studied to demonstrate control technology to reduce the driver noise exposure and external noise emissions. Other Federal programs are addressing the control of noise from snowmobiles and farm equipment. For railway vehicles there are major Federal efforts directed toward the demonstration of noise control techniques; e.g., resilient wheels and fastners, and other control technology for transit system noise through in-service testing and new system specifications. Another multifaceted Federal program includes the identification and characteri- zation of locomotive noise and component noise sources under various operating modes. 5.3.4 Research Programs for Future Regulations The Federal surface vehicle noise research programs which have been identified for support of future standards and regulations are listed in Table 5.19. These programs are distinguished by their consideration of the fundamentals of noise generation and control and therefore have poten- tial for identifying the limits to noise control methods and technology. In addition, the results of these programs will also aid in establishing the ultimate goals for surface vehicle noise sources control. The emphasis in the Federal surface vehicle research activities is in transportation vehicles. However, there are significant efforts iden- tified which address the transmission of noise from highways and urban areas and the silencing of military vehicles used in transportation and construction. For highway transportation vehicles, the major efforts are concerned with component sources of medium- and heavy-duty truck noise. For rail transportation vehicles, the emphasis is in noise generated by wheel/rail interaction and in tracked rapid transit systems for the future. 76 ------- Table 5.19 FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT FUTURE SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS Surface Vehicle Noise Source Highways Transportation Vehicles Fiscal Year Fi.'ncling Sponsoring _. (Thousands of Dollars) Descriptive Title of Program Agency Prior to 1973 1973 i'974 "(est) Effects of Buildings and Other Boundaries on Motor Vehicle Noise Noise and Vibration from Transportation Vehicles & Other Machinery Military Trans- portation and Construction Vehicles Vehicle Signature Reduction Trucks Rapid Rail Transit Vehicles NSF NSF DOD/Army Truck Tires Noise Basic DOT Research Engine Noise Support DOT Basic Engine Noise Reduction DOT Wheel/Rail Noise & Vibration DOT Study Elevated Structures Noise DOT Vibration 100 119 100 80 30 272 95 150 40 245 184 146 1975"1 250 245 ------- Table 5.19 FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT FUTURE SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS (concluded) Surface Vehicle Noise Source Descriptive Title of Program Sponsoring Agency Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) Prior to 1973 1973 1974 (est) 1975' 00 Future Transit Systems Personal Rapid Transit Program DOT Linear Induction Motor DOT Research Vehicle Magnetically Levitated DOT Research Vehicle Tracked Air Cushion Research DOT Vehicle Screech Lopp-Pueblo Facility DOT Dual Mode Program DOT Totals 219 510 832 495 „ FY 75 estimates known to be incomplete. This is a classified military program. •f Primarily in-house effort. ++ Program not dedicated to noise, resource allocation not available. ------- 5.4 MACHINERY NOISE Federal machinery noise RD&D can be identified which has supported the development of the proposed regulation for new portable air compressors The remainder can be associated with support of future standards and regu- lations and can be classified as either research to develop new or advanced noise control*" technology or RD&D to demonstrate available technology. Table 5.20 summarizes the Federal expenditures in each of these categories for FY 73 FY 75. In FY 73 - 75, the Federal Government spent about $4,725,000 for RD&D in machinery noise.* Of this total $388,000, or 8 percent, .was expended on RD&D which has supported the EPA proposed noise standard for new portable air compressors; $705,000, or 15 percent of the total, supported research to develop advanced technology for noise control; and the remaining $3,632,000, or 77 percent of the total, went toward demonstration of available technology. Table 5.21 summarizes the Federal machinery noise RD&D in FY 73 - FY 75 which addresses candidates for identification as major sources of environmental noise (identified in Table 3.5, p. 19). These activities accounted for $1,431,000, or 30 percent of the total Federal machinery noise RD&D expenditures during that period. EPA is expected to identify two of these sources, lawnmowers and pneumatic and hydraulic tools, as major noise sources in the near future. In the case of lawnmowers, the activity involves only the development of a measurement methodology. It should also be noted that the work on saws and home appliances is research on fundamental noise generation and control. 5.4.1 Development of the Proposed Regulations The Federal research activities which have supported the development of the EPA proposed noise emission standard for new portable air com- pressors are identified in Table 5.22. The majority of this RD&D was sponsored by EPA to develop information on cost, technology, and measure- ment methodology in direct support of the development and enforcement of the standard. The U. S. Army's Mobility Equipment Research and Develop- ment Center (MERDC) sponsored the only Federal RD&D which demonstrated available control technology for a portable air compressor (600 CFM) . EPA also supported other related research on construction site noise to develop information from which EPA-identified portable air compressors as a major source of construction site noise (along with medium- and heavy- daty trucks). This total does not reflect about $1 million spent annually by the U. S. Navy for machinery noise RD&D. The Navy program which is directed toward quiet ships is classified. 79 ------- Table 5.20 SUMMARY OF FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RD&D PROPOSED AND FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS Fiscal Year Funding ^ (Thousands of Dollar£) Federal RD&D Support 1973 1974 1975 " Total Proposed Portable Air 158 230 0 388 Compressor Regulation Research on Advanced Noise 243 423 39 705 Control Technology for Support of Future Standards and Regulations RD&D which Provides Demonstrated 570 1,531 1,531 3,632 Noise Control Technology for Support of Future Standards and Regulations Totals* 971 2,184 1,570 4,725 These totals do not reflect the $1 million Navy RD&D program to quiet ships. Details cannot be reported for security reasons. 80 ------- Table 5.21 SUMMARY OF FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RD&D ON MAJOR NOISE SOURCE CANDIDATES Fiscal Year Funding 00 Source Lawnmowers Pneumatic and , Hydraulic Tools Generators 4 Pumps Rock Drills Saws Air Conditioners Home Appliances Demonstration x2 X X X X X Sponsoring Research Agency CPSC EPA, BuMines DOD/USA/MERDC DOD/USA/MERDC BuMines X NSF DOD/USA/MERDC X NSF (Thousands of jjDollars) 1973 ""l974"" 1975 Totals" 0 157 80 0 90 875 0 0 15 152 50 0 0 0 400 2726 0 2003 0 0 0 0 200 0 15 509 130 0 90 87 600 272 rotals 414 617 400 1,431 Expected to be identified as major sources in the near future. Measurement methodology only. Includes$100K projected by Bureau of Mines. Work included in surface vehicle, but applicable to stationary pumps. Basic work which includes sawblades as well as other sources. Funding is for 18 months. Majority of work is surface vehicle and funding is not included in these totals. Appliances are discussed in the project description, but no specific sources were identified. ------- Table 5.22 FEDERAL RD&D SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT OF THE EPA PROPOSED REGULATION ON PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSORS Fiscal Year Funding Sponsoring (Thousands of Dollars) Descriptive Title Agency T973 1974 WTS Compressor Noise Control DOD/USA/MERDC 98 0 0 Portable Air Compressor EPA 0 91 0 Noise Technology and Cost Construction Noise Study EPA 0 25 0 Economic Impact of Portable EPA 0 50 0 Air Compressor Noise Emission Standards Development of Noise EPA 60 64 0 Measurement Methodology for Portable Air Compressors Totals 158 230 0 The Federal research activities on advanced noise control technology which can support future standards and regulation are listed in Table 5.23. These activities are distinguished by their consideration of the funda- mentals of noise generation, propagation, and control and therefore have potential for identifying the limits to noise control methods and techno- logy- In addition, the results of these activities will also aid in estab- lishing the ultimate goals for control of some major machinery noise sources. Two agencies, NIOSH and NSF, have activities in this area. NIOSH has supported fundamental work on punch presses and wood planers. NSF sponsors research based on the merits of unsolicited proposals. In FY 73 and FY 74 NSF funded 13 grants adressing noise generating mechanisms, propagation, and noise control fundamentals. 82 ------- Table 5.23 FEDERAL RESEARCH TO SUPPORT FUTURE NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS uo Machinery Noise Sources Punch Presses Wood Planers Heat Exchangers Pipelines Basic Generation Mechanism Sawblades, Blowers Ducts and Nozzles Combustion Diesel Engines Appliances Machine Tools Activity Title Punch Press Noise Reduction Noise Control Research in Wood Planers Flow Induced Vibration and Noise in Heat Exchangers Cavitation Damage Scale Effects for sudden Enlargements in Pipelines Research Initiation-Impact Mechanics and the Generation of Impulsive Sound Basic and Applied Studies of Noise Attenuation of High-Intensity Sound in a Condensing Vapor Combustion Generated Controlling the, Noise Radiated from Diesel Engines Noise and Vibration from Transporta- tion Vehicles and Other Machinery Sponsoring Agency NIOSH NIOSH NSF1 NSF1 NSF1 NSF1 NSF1 NSF NSF NSF1 Fiscal Year Funding £Thpusands jjf Dollars) 1973 1974 ~ 1975 54 52 39 2 74.5' 17- 87 3,5 65.4' 26 272 ------- Table 5.23 FEDERAL RESEARCH TO SUPPORT FUTURE NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS (concluded) 00 -P- Machinery Noise Sources Basic Propagation Basic Propagation Basic Propagation Basic Control Basic Control Activity Title Acoustic Propagation in Branches Solids Sound Transmission in Buildings Research on Noise Propagation Acoustically Absorbent Materials^ Optimum Design of Partitions for Minimum Sound Transmission Sponsoring Agency NSF1 NSF1 NSF1 NSF NSF Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars') 1973 1974 1975 49.5 15 74' 152' Totals 243 423 39 1 NSF funding cannot be predicted for FY 75. Funding for 24-month period. 3 Funding for 18-month period. 4 Funding in FY 72 for 24-month period. 5 Includes some minor surface vehicle related work. Majority of work is surface vehicles. Funding is included in that section. ------- 5.4.3 Demonstration of Technology for Future Regulations There is Federal RD&D which is designed to provide demonstrated noise control technology and/or techniques and thereby has potential for providing a basis for machinery noise source standards and regu- lations in the near future. Table 5.24 lists these activities. It should be noted that a significant portion is involved with measure- ment of methodology. Eight agencies, DOD, NBS, NSF, BuMines, NIOSH, EPA, CPSC, and USDA> have activities in this category, and a number of machinery noise sources are addressed. DOD addresses several kinds of military equip- ment: generators, air conditions, hydraulic equipment, and construction equipment. NBS develops measurement methodology for machinery noise sources and designs guidelines for noise control in buildings. NSF has funded development of a computer model to predict industrial noise levels. The Bureau of Mines RD&D addresses a number of sources in the mining environment. NIOSH has supported (1) identification of available technology for industry in general, (2) identification of available tech- nology for the textile industry specifically, (3) the identification of noise control materials and their capabilities, and (4) the development of a recording system for impulse noise. EPA is planning work to identify available control technology, costs, and economics for regulation of pneu- matic and hydraulic tools. CPSC has supported development of measure- ment methodologies for regulation of (1) various consumer products, (2) lawnmowers, and (3) toys. USDA began a program in 1974 to study noise from agricultural machinery. 5.5 NOISE MEASUREMENT RD&O A critical area to the success of all tae Federal Government's efforts to control aircraft, surface vehicle, and machinery noise and to develop noise effects criteria is the RD&D of the instrumentation and methodologies for measuring, characterizing, and monitoring noise and for enforcing noise standards and regulations. This is apparent from Table 5.25 which shows that all 11 of the Federal agencies and departments involved in noise RD&D also sponsor RD&D of noise measure- ments methodology and/or instruments for noise measurements. The allocations have ranged from 1.5 to 2.3 million dollars per year during the FY 73 to FY 75 time period excluding those related to air- craft noise measurements. Of the research/source categories shown in Table 5.26, noise measurements RD&D support of noise effects research receives the greatest emphasis based on known resource allocations. A major portion of the effects measurements RD&D concerns aircraft noise. In addition, it is known from the Interagency Aircraft Noise Research Panel report on Federal aircraft noise RD&D programs that the agencies involved also 85 ------- Table 5.24 FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS oo ON Machinery Noise Source Electric Generator Air Conditioner Hydraulic Equipment Hydraulic Noise Construction Euqipment Activity Title Electric Generator Noise Control Air Conditioner Noise Control 1 Measurement Methodology Building Sources Industrial Sources Mine Conveyors Mine Cleaning Plant Sources Construction Equipment: Specification and Control Machinery Noise Measurement Methods Building Accoustics Prediction of Noise Levels in Manufacturing Areas Alternate Conveyor Designs for Mine Machinery Noise Control in Surface Mining Facilities—Problem Definition Mine.Surface Facili- Noise Control in Surface Mining ties' Chutes and Facilities: Chutes and Screens Screens Fiscal Year Funding Sponsoring (Thousands of Dollars) Agency 1977 1974"1975 DOD/USA/MERDC 80 50 DOD/USA/MERDC DOD/USA/MERDC DOD/USA/CERL NBS NBS NSF BuMines' BuMines BuMines 41 79.4 400 200 40 120 16.7 112.4 45 120 97 144 145 392 148.8 ------- Table 5.24 FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS (continued) oo Machinery Noise Source Pneumatic Rock Drills Pneumatic Drills Measurement and Pneumatic Drill Bolters, Loaders, Continuous Miners Diesel-Powered Mining Equipment Mine Sources Textile Machines Activity Title Abatement of Noise from Pneumatic Rock Drills Muffler for Pneumatic Drill: 1. Analysis and Design 2. Analysis of Mechanical Noise 3. Abatement of Mechanical Noise 4. Larger Class Drill Problem of Coal Mine Noise Gener- ation and Correction Noise Abatement in Mining Machinery Sponsoring Agency BuMines BuMines BuMines BuMines Noise Control of Underground BuMines Diesel-Powered Equipment--Problem Definitions FY 75 Projected Coordinated Textile Industry Noise Reduction Program BuMines NIOSH Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) 1973 1974 1975 90.1 56.6 15.1 100.2 137.3 10.4 39.5 58.7 120 730 99.5 Industrial Sources Industrial Noise Control Manual NIOSH 16 ------- Table 5.24 FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS (continued) oo oo Machinery Noise Source Available Materials Impulse Sources Pneumatic and Hydraulic Tools Consumer Products Lawnmowers Toys Activity Title Compendium of Noise Control Materials 2,5 Impulse Noise Recording Systems Pneumatic and Hydraulic Drills and Pavement Breakers - Technology, Costs, and Economic Impact Developing a Consistent Set of Product Noise Regulations Test Protocol for Lawnmower Noise Noise Measurement Techniques for Noise Sponsoring Agency NIOSH NIOSH EPA CPSC CPSC CPSC Fiscal Year Funding (Thou sand s o f Do lljrrsj 1973 1974 1975 20 15 35 100 0 0 0 ------- Table 5.24 FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS (concluded) Machinery Noise Source Agricultural Machinery Activity Title Abatement and Control of Noise Associated with Agricultural Processes Totals Sponsoring Agency USDA Fiscal Year Funding ^Thousands of Dollars) 1973 1974 1975 20 92 570 1,531 1,531 oo Work carried out relative to surface vehicles but applicable to machinery noise. in surface vehicle section. Funding for 24 months. FY 75 total was projected, but not identifiable with specific sources. Funding in FY 72 but work carried out in FY 73 and FY 74. Nominal in-house funding. Covered ------- Table 5.25 SUMMARY OF FEDERAL NOISE MEASUREMENTS RDStD BY AGENCY Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) Agency DOD* NASA* * DOT HUD EPA NBS DOI/BuMines USDA HEW/NIOSH CPSC NSF 1973 381 532 450 117 107 41 179 - 63 - - 1974 644 409 170 438 108 120 169 20 96 70 39 1975 659 404 50 50 - 120 - 92 108 - - Totals 1,870 2,283 1,483 * Aircraft noise measurements RD&D not related to noise effects are not included. 90 ------- Table 5.26 SUMMARY OF FEDERAL NOISE MEASUREMENTS RD&D BY RESEARCH CATEGORY Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) Research Category 1973 1974] 1975 Noise Effects 1,073 1,594 1,176 A • r * Aircraft Surface Vehicle Machinery 517 280 182 507 50 257 Totals 1,870 2,283 1,483 ^Breakout of resources for Federal aircraft noise measurements RD^D not related to noise effects are not available. 91 ------- sponsor supporting noise measurements RD&D. However, a breakout of these allocations is not possible at this time. While most of the known Federal allocations for noise measurements RD&D is to support other noise research activities, practically all of the measurements RD&D related to surface vehicle noise support enforcement of surface transportation regulations. A summary of the noise measurements RD&D projects in each of the research/source categories identified in Table 5.26 is provided in Appendix E. Details of these projects can be obtained from the appro- priate interagency panel report on the Federal noise RD&D activities. 92 ------- 6.0 APPENDICES Page No. Appendix A - Glossary of Acronyms and Terms 95 Appendix B - EPA Plan to Coordinate the Federal Noise 101 Research as Required by the Noise Control Act of 1972 Appendix C - Federal Noise Research Panel Members 109 Appendix D - Information Requested by EPA on the Federal 117 Noise RD&D Programs and Projects Appendix E - Federally Sponsored Noise Measurements 127 Related RD&D List of Tables 127 93 ------- APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND TERMS 95 ------- GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND TERMS AAR - Association of American Railroads AMC - Army Materiel Command AMST - Advanced Medium STOL Transport ARC - Ames Research Center/NASA ASHO - Association of State Highway Officials BMCS - Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety/DOT BuMines - Bureau of Mines/DOI CPSC - Consumer Product Safety Commission C/RTOL - Conventional/Reduced Take Off and Landing GSRS - Cooperative State Research Service/USDA CTOL - Conventional Take Off and Landing DOC - Department of Commerce DOD - Department of Defense DOI - Department of Interior DOL - Department of Labor DOT - Department of Transportation EPA - Environmental Protection Agency EPNdB - Effective Perceived Noise Level in dB FAA - Federal Aviation Administration FAR-36 - Federal Aviation Rule, Part 36 FHWA - Federal Highway Administration/DOT FRC - Flight Research Center/NASA FY - Fiscal Year 97 ------- HEW Department of Health, Education, and Welfare HiTST - High Transonic Speed Transport HRB - Highway Research Board/ASHO HUD - Department of Housing and Urban Development JP-Fuel - Jet Petroleum Fuel JPL - Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA L/D - Lift Drag Ratio LaRC - Langley Research Center/NASA LeRC - Lewis Research Center/NASA MERDC - U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center/DOD MVMA - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association NADC Naval Air Development Center/DOD NAS - National Academy of Sciences NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration NBS - National Bureau of Standards NFPA National Fluid Power Association NIEHS - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/HEW NINDS - National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke/HEW NIOSH - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/HEW NRC - National Research Council NSF - National Science Foundation ONAC - Office of Noise Abatement and Control/EPA ORD - Office of Research and Development/EPA OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration/DOL OVSR - Office of Vehicle Systems Research/NBS 98 ------- QCSEE - Quiet Clean Short-Haul Experimental Engine QSRA - Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft RADC - Air Force Rome Air Development Center/DOD RD&D - Research, Development, and Demonstration RSRA - Rotor Systems Research Aircraft RTOL - Reduced Take Off and Landing RTOP - Research and Technology Operating Plan/NASA SAE - Society of Automotive Engineers SAM - Sound Absorbing Material SCAR - Supersonic Cruise Aircraft STOL - Short Take Off and Landing TACOM - U.S. Army Tank Automotive Command/DOD TECOM - U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command/DOD TSC - Transportation Systems Center/DOT UMTA - Urban Mass Transportation Administration/DOT USA - Department of the Army/DOD USAF - Department of the Air Force/DOD USDA - U.S. Department of Agriculture USN - Department of the Navy/DOD V/STOL - Vertical/Short Take Off and Landing VTOL - Vertical Take Off and Landing WES - Army Corp of Engineer Waterway Experiment Station/DOD 99 ------- APPENDIX B EPA PLAN TO COORDINATE THE FEDERAL NOISE RESEARCH AS REQUIRED BY THE NOISE CONTROL ACT OF 1972 (January, 1974) 101 ------- EPA PLAN TO COORDINATE THE FEDERAL NOISE RESEARCH AS REQUIRED BY THE NOISE CONTROL ACT OF 1972 (January, 1974) DISCUSSION The Noise Control Act (NCA) of 1972 charges the Administrator of EPA with the responsibility to coordinate noise research and control programs of all Federal agencies as one of the ways to achieve the major objective of the Act which is "to promote an environment for all Americans free from noise that jeopardizes their health or welfare." All Federal agencies are required by the Act to promote this objective in carrying out the programs under their control (Sec. 4(a)). In order to develop, support and enforce standards, the Congress clearly intends that EPA make full use of ongoing Federally sponsored research, development and demonstration programs.* With proper coordination and promotion by EPA, this broad Federal effort could provide a significant portion of the technology, research, development and demonstration base required to support current and future regulatory activities. Proper coordination can also provide for more effective utilization of Federal resources committed to noise programs by ensuring that research and control activities respond to multiple needs and by identifying and eliminating unnecessary duplication. Federal research coordination then is viewed as a major resource whereby the Agency will achieve much of its research, development and demonstration requirements. Specific products of research coordination will include the following: (1) a detailed in-depth review of all Federal noise research, development and demonstration programs for incorporation into an integrated Federal noise research program plan that is designed to provide the technology base for Agency regulatory and enforcement activities to control noise that jeopardizes the public health and welfare; (2) an identification of research and technology gaps that exist in current Federal noise programs that must be filled to support the Agency's regulatory and enforcement activities. This information is direct input to the Agency's coordination and research plans to assure that these environmental research needs are satisfied; (3) the opportunity for all agencies engaged in Federal * EPA also is required to review noise standards and regulations pre- scribed by other Agencies and to publish a periodic report on the status and progress of Federal Noise research & control activities. 103 ------- noise research to exchange information at all levels on continuing basis to promote program integration and to assure the most cost effective Federal program; (4) elimination of unnecessary duplication, over- lapping, and unproductive research programs to assure more effective utilization of Federal resources; (5) research and demonstrated technology that can be used for development and support of noise standards and regulations and the necessary data base for support of Agency enforcement activities; (6) the information and data required for preparation of the Agency's Report to the President and Congress. The Act does not specify a mechanism for coordination or a procedure to ensure full cooperation from all Federal agencies. As the Agency component charged with noise research, development, and demonstration and associated coordination responsibility, the Office of Research and Development (ORD) proposes an explicit plan to accomplish research coordination. This plan is based on the premise that Agency research and technology needs will be identified co- operatively by the Office of Noise Abatement and Control (ONAC) and ORD to be responsive to Agency regulatory and enforcement requirements. An additional premise is that research coordination will be implemented by ORD to supply a major portion of the Agency's research and develop- ment requirements and to comply with the Agency coordination role mandated by the Noise Control Act. It is to be expected that other Federal agencies will not look with favor upon EPA's designated role as Federal program coordinator unless they can feel reasonably confident that EPA is technically capable of reviewing and understanding their programs, that EPA is not likely to act capriciously and arbitrarily in proposing program coordination, that their own expertise will be utilized in evaluating their own and related programs and that the affected agencies will have a forum for expressing their views. Cooperation of each affected agency is essential to effective coordination. To ensure that the necessary products of coordination are obtained in a timely and efficient manner, the following plan for research co- ordination has been designed. The plan has several interacting components: (1) a specific mechanism for continuing interagency participation for information gathering and review, planning, interagency agreements, and problem resolution relating to noise research; (2) incorporation of information on research into the periodic reports on Federal noise programs; (3) in cooperation with ONAC on noise control programs, coordination through the Office of Management and Budget as needed; (4) EPA and interagency sponsored symposia and conferences; and (5) EPA in-house and jointly sponsored research; (6) a mechanism whereby noise program office requirements for development of standards and regulations are met in a timely and responsive manner by ORD. The 104 ------- key to the coordination plan is the specific mechanism of interagency participation: This tool was designed and will be employed in recognition that products of research must be considered over the long term and that influence can be achieved best through continuing efforts to develop confidences and respect of the agencies in the coordination activities from the technical working level up through the policy level. To implement interagency participation the ORD proposes to establish three interacting bodies: (1) an interagency noise research committee composed of high-level representatives of agencies with major programs of noise research; (2) four noise research panels for aircraft noise, surface vehicle noise, machinery noise and noise effects; and (3) ad hoc working groups to address specific problem areas. The interagency noise research committee provides the entree and authority within the participating organization necessary to assure that the ORD has access to the agencies' program details such as pro- jects, project objectives, funding level, future plans, etc. The high-level committee members identify and commit manpower for panels and working groups and serve as a point of voluntary receipt and adoption of EPA coordination requirements. EPA has determined that the interagency noise research committee will convene on an ad hoc basis as required as experience is being developed in research coordi- nation. EPA may wish to formally establish this committee as a standing body in the future. The interagency noise research committee would not be an advisory committee. It would not be responsible for the policy or development of any part of the coordination product. These responsibilities are viewed as exclusive EPA responsibilities and not delegable. This committee will be chaired by the Deputy Assistant Administrator for Environmental Engineering. As a result of its limited service, it is not expected that this committee would meet more than two to three times each year at the call of the chairman. The noise research panels are standing bodies and are the vehicles whereby the ORD gains access to technical middle-management level expertise. Panels are to be made up of representatives of several agencies having research programs in a common area. Their functions include (1) reviewing and reporting on the status of specific tech- nology; (2) identifying research and technology gaps; (3) identifying areas requiring detailed studies by ad hoc working groups; (4) ex- ploring opportunities for Federal noise research integration and joint programs; and (5) serving as focal points for receiving and considering pertinent scientific and programmatic advice from and communications with other bodies such as NAS-NRC. 105 ------- Ad hoc working groups undertake specific tasks as defined by the OKD coordinating staff. They provide one route of direct communication between agencies at the technical working level. The committee, panels and working groups would be made up of only Federal employees and, therefore, are not advisory groups which require approval by the Office of Management and Budget. A fourth support mechanism to be employed by the ORD coordination staff in carrying out the research coordination task is the use of a contractor. This is necessary in order to handle the large volume of detailed information involved in continuing review of Federal noise research, development and demonstration programs. Contractors will be selected on a periodic basis according to specific needs to complenent and to extend the scope of the technical expertise of the coordination staff. Several specific needs have been identified that require consider- ation by the agencies to carry out the interagency research coordination plan. First, each agency needs to designate the appropriate members of their organizations to serve on the noise research panels. Guide- lines are presented in the following paragraphs for organization of the four panels. In considering panel size and distribution of members by agency, an attempt has been made to keep each panel to a manageable size, yet to allow for adequate representation by each agency. A further con- sideration was the recognition of exising organizational structures that provide a means for coordination. In particular, the DOT/NASA Joint Office of Noise Abatement (JONA) has been very active in promoting coordination and program integration. The EPA/ORD plan for coordination of aircraft noise RD&D entails the organization of an interagency aircraft noise research panel which would work in parallel with the Steering Group organized by JONA. The aircraft panel would provide a formal coordination procedure for all Federal agencies involved in aircraft noise research. EPA/ORD suggests the following representation on this panel: EPA/ORD - 1 (chairman), EPA/ONAC - 1, DOT/NASA JONA - 5, and DOD - 3. EPA/ORD feels that this distribution of agency members will adequately tie to- gether the majority of all aircraft noise technology research being conducted by the Federal Government and believes that this approach can serve to build on existing coordination efforts. The responsi- bilities , purview and rules of procedure for the panels will not be presented in detail here but will be considered in the first panel meeting. 1C6 ------- The majority of identified research and development on surface vehicle sources of noise is conducted through the DOT. The following suggestion of membership distribution for the surface vehicle noise research panel accounts for this observation: EPA/ORD - 1 (chairman), ETA/ONAC - 1, DOT - 5, DOD - 1, DOC/NBS - 1, and HUD - 1. The prob- lem of land-use planning in relation to noise research coordination will be within the purview of this panel. It is realized that this problem transcends all areas of noise and the panel will take this into account in its activities. The noise sources considered by the panel includes all surface vehicles including those used in transportation, recreation, construction, agriculture, etc. The interagency noise effects panel is to be concerned with the physiological and psychological response of humans to noise both col- lectively and individually and the effects of noise on domestic animals and wildlife. This area of noise research is probably the least coor- dinated with respect to overall program direction and agencies included. The following membership suggestion accounts for this: EPA/ORD - 2 (chairman), EPA/ONAC - 1, HEW 3, DOD - 1, DOT - 1, NASA - 1, HUD - 1, DOC/NBS - 1. This panel will have responsibility for coordinating all effects research including effects on humans and domestic animals, measurement methodologies, prediction techniques, exposure criteria in the home, community, recreational areas and work place for all sources of noise. The final panel to be organized is the interagency machinery noise research panel. This panel is to be concerned with all sources of noise not considered by the aircraft and surface vehicle panels. In particular, it includes home equipment (inside and outside), con- struction equipment, industrial and manufacturing machinery and equip- ment, and agricultural equipment not included in the surface vehicle panel. The following representation on this panel is suggested: EPA/ ORD - 1 (chairman), EPA/ONAC 1, DOC/NBS - 1, HEW/NIOSH 1, NSF - 1, DOT - 1, DOD - 2, USDA - 1, and DOL - 1 (ex officio). It is recognized that the agencies whose cooperation and parti- cipation are being solicited by EPA for the research coordination program may have ideas on representation and membership distribution that differ from suggestions made by EPA/ORD. ORD encourages the agencies to forward their suggestions on coordination when submitting panel member designation. EPA/ORD envisions specific needs of the participating agencies that may not be fulfilled by panel members. For this reason it would be helpful if the agencies would designate one or more research coordi- nation contacts. These contacts should have knowledge of and access to 107 ------- agency program plans, funding data, future plans, etc. While it is desirable to minimize the number of such contacts from each agency, it is realized that it may not be practical for some agencies to employ a single contact. The need to be fulfilled is that all agency components dealing in noise research programs be covered by the agency contacts. 108 ------- APPENDIX C FEDERAL NOISE RESEARCH PANEL MEMBERS 109 ------- SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RESEARCH PANEL MEMBERS Osman A. Shinaishin (Chairman)* 518-377-6554 1242 Hempstead Road Schenectady, New York 12309 William H. Close 202-426-4560 Office of Noise Abatement Department of Transportation Transpoint Building TST-54 2100 Second St., S.W. Washington, D.C. 20590 William Leasure 301-921-3381 Applied Acoustics Section National Bureau of Standards Room A149 Sound Building Washington, D. C. 20234 Donald W. Rees (TACOM) 313-573-1653 Department of the Army U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Command Warren, Michigan 48090 William Roper 703-557-1180 Office of Noise Abatement and Control (AW-571) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1921 Jefferson Davis Highway CM-2 Arlington, Va. 20460 George Winzer 202-755-5597 Manager, Environmental Research Department of Housing and Urban Development 451 Seventh St., S.W. Washington, D.C. 20410 * No longer an EPA employee 111 ------- AIRCRAFT NOISE RESEARCH PANEL MEMBERS Dr. Franklin D. Hart (Chairman) * 919-737-2373 Professor Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Director, Center for Acoustical Studies North Carolina State University Raleigh, N.C. 27607 Mr. William Sperry 703-557-9307 Office of Noise Control Programs Crystal Mall Bldg. 2 1921 Jefferson Davis Highway Arlington, Virginia 20460 Mr. Bernard Maggin 202-755-2494 NASA Headquarters CODE R-3 Washington, D. C. 20546 Mr. Fred Stein 202-967-4335 Office of Environmental Affairs U. S. Department of Commerce 14th & E Streets, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20230 Mr. George Winzer 202-755-0268 Manager, Environmental Research Department of Housing and Urban Development 451 Seventh Street, S.W. Washington, D. C. 20410 Dr. Gordon Banerian 202-426-4560 Department of Transportation Transpoint Building Room 5222 2100 2nd Street, S.W. Washington, D. C. 20590 Att: TST-53 First Lt. Craig A. Lyon 513-255-5421 Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory Turbine Engine Division (AFAPL/TBC) Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433 * No longer an EPA employee 112 ------- NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH PANEL MEMBERS George R. Simon (Chairman) (RD-683) 202/755-0626 Health Effects Division Office of Research and Development Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D. C. 20460 Jacob Beck* 202/632-4264 Division of Biological and Medical Sciences National Science Foundation 1800 G Street, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20550 Reginald 0. Cook 919/549-3247 Bio-Physics Section National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences P. 0. Box 12233 Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709 Stephen Cordle (RD-681) 202/755-0448 Noise Technology Staff Office of Research and Development Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D. C. 20460 Derek Dunn .^13/684-3416 Physical Agents Branch National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1014 Broadway Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Lois Elliott 301/496-5061 Communicative Disorders C&FR, NINDS National Institutes of Health Building 36, Room 4A23 Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Daniel Flynn 301/921-3381 Applied Acoustics Section National Bureau of Standards Room A149, Sound Building Washington. D. C. 20234 *now at University of Oregon 113 ------- Gene Lyroan 202/755-2370 Aeronautical Man-Vehicle Technology Division NASA Headquarters Washington, D. C. 20546 Alice Suter (AW-571) 513/255-3660 6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory Biodynamics and Bionics Division (AMRL/BB) Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433 Floyd Van Atta 202/961-5005 Occupational Safety and Health Administration U.S. Department of Labor Washington, D. C. 20210 Henning E. Von Gierke 513/255-3602 6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory Biodynamics and Bionics Division (AMRL/BB) Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433 John Wesler 202/426-9503 Department of Transportation Transpoint Buildings Room 5222 2100 Second Street, S.W. Washington, D. C. 20590 Att: TST-53 George Winzer 202/755-0268 Manager, Environmental Research Department of Housing and Urban Development 451 Seventh Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20410 114 ------- FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RESEARCH PANEL Mr. Stephen R. Cordle (Chairman) 202/755-0448 Noise Technology Staff (RD-681) Office of Research and Development Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D. C. 20460 Captain Lester H. Beck, USN 202/692-0872 Naval Sea Systems Command (037) Department of the Navy Washington, D. C. 20362 Mr. Curtis Holmer 301/921-3381 Applied Acoustics Section National Bureau of Standards Room A149 Sound Building Washington, D. C. 20234 Mr. Paul Hopler, Chief 703/664-6713 Systems and Components Branch -1836 U. S. Army Mobility Equipment Research And Development Center (MERDC) Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060 Attention: AMXFB-HM Dr. Morris Ojalvo 202/632-5787 Division of Engineering National Science Foundation 1800 G Street, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20550 Mr. Milford Skow 202/634-1240 Department of the Interior Bureau of Mines Room 9035 Columbia Plaza Washington, D. C. 20240 115 ------- Dr. Floyd A. Van Atta 202/961-5005 Occupational Safety and Health Administration U. S. Department of Labor Washington, D. C. 20210 Mr. Robert Willson 513-684-3416 Physical Agents Branch National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 1014 Broadway Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 Mr. Eugene Wyszpolski 703/557-8292 Office of Noise Control Programs (AW-571) Environmental Protection Agency Crystal Mall Building 2 1921 Jefferson Davis Highway Arlington, Virginia 20460 116 ------- APPENDIX D INFORMATION REQUESTED BY EPA ON THE FEDERAL NOISE RD&D PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS 117 ------- INFORMATION REQUESTED BY EPA ON THE FEDERAL NOISE RD&D PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS INSTRUCTIONS The objectives of this information-gathering document is to assemble the data necessary to describe the overall efforts within the Federal Government dealing with noise research, development and demonstration programs o The results will be used as a portion of the EPA report to the President and Congress on the status of Federal noise programs and to aid in coordination of Federal noise research efforts within Government agencies. The process is dynamic requiring that the data base be updated periodically to reflect changes in efforts, emphasis, expenditure of funds or completion of programs or projects„ The information requested on noise related programs and projects deal with the following areas: Program (project) description,, Technical goals and achievements. Financial and manpower resources devoted and required. Facilities used or required. Key personnel,, The enclosed questionnaire is designed to reflect, as clearly as possible, the type of information required, but is not intended as a rigid format; hence, any agency forms that will furnish the required information easier than the questionnaire should be used by all means. If the questionnaire is used, notice should be made that: 10 Additional sheets may be used, and are encouraged, to furnish more details if the space provided is not adequate. 2. There is always a risk of not supplying enough information for the desired visibility of any program (project), but there is no risk of giving too lengthy information because this can easily be adapted to the overall report intensity or detail. 3. If the questionnaire forms miss entire aspects of program information, it is encouraged, in fact necessary, that yo' add these aspects under additional proper titles. intormacion, it is enuuuieigeu, J.LL ±a.<-<- uc add these aspects under additional proper you 4. If your agency has a documented (or computer-stored) plan- program-project outlay with the required information, it is strongly urged that it be included in the response. 50 The program (project) information supplied should reflect actual FY 73 funding, allocated FY 74 and projections for FY 75 and later years. 119 ------- 6. For programs (projects) in which noise is only a part or a consideration it is requested that information should be given on: Ae Program (project) specifics as outlined in the question- naire. B. Additional statement on the relationship of the noise- related effort to the overall scope of the program (project). 7o Finally, for any desired clarification of questions on this document, please call Dr. Eugene E. Berkau of the EPA at 202-755-0449. The response to this questionnaire is requested by April 19, 1974. 120 ------- Definitions in Responding to the Form Titled "FEDERAL NOISE RD&D PROGRAM SUMMARY" Item 1. Program Title 2. Agency Program Number 3. Agency or Department 4. Interagency Agreements in Effect 5. Subdivision Directing Work 6. Other Key Personnel 7. Principal Contractors 8. Technical Program Goals 9. Method of Approach 10. Problem Areas Remarks The formal agency title of record„ The formal number of record; if pro- grams are not numbered, write "none1. Parent organization (e.g., DOT, DHEW). Identify other agencies or departments participating in the program and a brief description of their tasks. Organizational element where program responsibility exists (NIOSH/Physical Agent Branch) Name of Head. Additional leading personnel involved in administrative or technical manage- ment of overall program. Identify contractors doing work for agency at the program (not the project) level. Those considered environmental goals, like quieting a specific machine by 10 dB or improving the reliability and sensitivity of needed instrumen- tation systems. Plans or methodology for achieving program objectives. Identified technical, funding, and/or facilities problems. 11. Total Resource Allocation • Funding The level of program funding devoted 121 ------- Item • Man-Years 12. Component Projects 13. Schedules and Milestones 14„ Principal Accomplishments 15. Program Reports, Etc, Remarks noise RD&D distributed with time. The level of program manpower resources devoted to noise RD&D distributed with time. A list of descriptive titles of those noise related projects within this program. Show the current schedule and mile- stones; the "revised" column is for future use. State achievements accomplished or within reach o Confine this to those stemming from the overall program rather than the individual project. Include pro- ceedings of symposia and conferences and papers in the professional lit- erature as well as project reports and documents. Note: A Federal noise RD&D program includes each program in which noise is a significant (one or more projects), identifiable program element. 122 ------- Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development FEDERAL NOISE RD&D PROGRAM SUMMARY Agency or Department Subdivision Directing Program/Head's Name, Title and Address 3 W e> Name, Title, Address of Program Manager Names and Titles of Other Key Program Personnel Cooperating Agency or Department and Subdivision (if any) Program Contractor or Grantee (if any) Program Title Agency Program Number Authority (e.g., Public Laws, Agency/ Department Directives, etc.) Date This Form is Filled Date of Program Start Scheduled Date of Program Completion 123 ------- Check Appropriate Classification^) of Program Research |T Development [ J Demonstration Other (Describe) P~j Operations Research and/or Economic Benefit Program General Objectives: Program Specific Goals: Planned Approach: (Attach additional sheets if necessary) Problem Areas: 124 ------- o sg O -H 0) -U 0) Cd PS O O Fiscal Year •W X cd bo r-l 3 3 O FY 72 cd 3 4J O FY 73 0) W cd u o FY 7 Projected FY 75 FY 76 FY 77 FY 78 FY 79 Funding $Thousand Man-Years Program Schedules and Milestones (Detailed schedules and milestones may also be cited and appended to this response.) Status Milestone Scheduled ompletion Date Date Date Completed or Revised Agency/Project No, 1 Component Projects Descriptive/Project Title i Project Manager 125 ------- Principal Accomplishments to Date (Include accomplishments relative to program goals or attained from combined project achievements) Program Reports, Documents and Papers Published to Date: (List items attributed to the program. Complete bibliographic reference is desired/author, title, date, agency, document.) 126 ------- APPENDIX E FEDERALLY SPONSORED NOISE MEASUREMENTS RELATED RD&D List of Tables No. Page No. E-l Federal Noise Effects Measurements RD&D 127 E-2 Federal Surface Vehicle Noise Measurements RD&D 129 E-3 Federal Machinery Noise Measurements RD&D 130 127 ------- Table E-l FEDERAL NOISE EFFECTS MEASUREMENTS RD&D Sponsoring Agency HEW/NIOSH Description Title Industrial Audiometic & Hearing Conservation Technology Measurement of Occupational Noise Subtotal Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) 1973 31 32 763T 1974 52 44 (96) 1975 80 28 (108) DOD tsi VD Psychoacoustica1 Problems in Army Aviation Airborne Noise Criteria for Ships & Submarines Mechanisms of Noise Generation & Reception Bioacoustic Environments Bioenvironmental Noise Air Force Land Use Planning Procedure-Aircraft Noise Aircraft Noise Environments 85 69 92 43 195 74 68 195 74* 68* 13 15 15* Prediction & Reduction of Noise Impact Subtotal (337) 250 (604) 260 (614) * Estimated ------- Table E-l FEDERAL NOISE EFFECTS MEASUREMENTS RD&D (Concluded) Sponsoring Agency HUD NASA EPA DOI/BuMines Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) Description Title HUD Urban Noise Measurement System Development of Noise Attenuation Measures Subtotal Characterization of V/STOL Noises Subtotal Instrumentation & Measurement Systems for Noise Exposure of Individuals Subtotal Portable Calibration Instruction for Audiodosimeters - Feasibility Study Subtotal 1973 117 TUT) 532 (532) 24 (24) FT- 1974 263 175 (438) 409 (409) 32 (32) 15 (15) 1975 50 T5T5T 404 (404) - (-) _ (-) Grand Total 1,073 1,594 1,176 ------- Table E-2 FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE MEASUREMENTS RD&D Sponsoring Agency DOT Description Title Highway Noise Enforcement Training & Equipment Roadside Enforcement Sites Measurement of Railroad Noise Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) 1973 1974(est.) 1975* 450 Subtotal (450^ 70 100 (T70 50 C50 EPA DOD Interstate Rail Carriers New Medium- & Heavy-Duty Trucks Operator Noise Exposure 23 y Subtotal Subtotal Grand Total (23T~ 44 7447 517 12 (12) iV 182 FT FT 50 + Primarily In-house * FY75 Estimates Known to be Incomplete ------- Table E-3 FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE MEASUREMENTS RD&D Sponsoring Agency NBS Description TiLle Assessment of Measurement Standards for Determination of Sound Power Subtotal Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) 1973 41 741: 1974 120 (120) 1975 120 (120) DOl/BuMines CO Definition & Correction of Noise in Coal Mines Noise Control in Surface Mining Facilities-Problem Definition Subtotal 100 79 137 17 054} CPSC Developing a Consistent Set of Product Noise Regulations Noise Measurement Techniques for Toys Test Protocol for Lavmmower Noise Subtotal 20 35 15 ------- Table E-3 FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE MEASUREMENTS RD&D (Continued) Sponsoring _ Agency DOD u> EPA Description Title Noise Criteria Construction Noise: Specification and Control Subtotal Development of Noise Measurement Methodologies for Portable Air Compressors Subtotal Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) 1973 1974 1975 TIT 60 TW 40 TW 64 45 1451 US DA Abatement and Control of Noise Associated with Agricultural Processes Subtotal 0 TO 20 (20) 92 NSF Prediction of Noise Levels in Manufacturing Areas Subtotal 39 739^ ------- u> Table E-3 FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE MEASUREMENTS RD&D (Concluded) Sponsoring Agency HEW/NIOSH Description Title r Impulse Noise Recording System Grand Total Fiscal Year Funding (Thousands of Dollars) 1973 1974 1975 280 507 257 Classified Project Nominal In-house Funding ------- ADDENDUM Special auxiliary equipment on trucks, such as refrigeration units and solid waste compactors, is being considered by EPA as a major noise source. This source was inadvertently omitted from consideration in the analysis. However, no Federal noise RD&D was identified which specifically addresses special auxiliary equipment on trucks. Some of the Federal machinery noise RD&D on air conditioners and hydraulic systems may be applicable. 135 ------- TECHNICAL REPORT DATA ead Instructions on the reverse hcf^re compl; ting) 1. REPORT NO. EPA 6QO/2-75-Q1Q 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE An Assessment of the Federal Noise Research, Development and Demonstration Activities: FY73 - FY75 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO. 5 REPORT DATE June, 1975 7 AUTHOR^) Eugene E. Berkau, Stephen R. Cordle, Franklin D. Hart, George R. Simon 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Office of Research & Development U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 20460 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO. IGB090 -I/-: 21 >."7T 11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO. 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS Office of Research & Development U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 20460 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED Final - FY73-75 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES EPA Contact: Eugene E. Berkau -- (202) 245-3019 Additions to 17. b. - Major noise source candidates; Noise regulations 16. ABSTRACT The Federal noise research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) activities during fiscal years 1973 through 1975 are examined to determine the contribution of these efforts to the control of environmental noise and to the understanding of the effects of noise. An analysis is made of the research activities in the areas of noise effects, aircraft noise, surface vehicle noise, and machinery noise. The principal sources of information used are the EPA interagency noise research panels reports on the Federal noise RD&D activities during the FY 73-75 time period and the major noise source candidates which have been identified or are under consideration by the EPA. Federal noise RD&D activities are identi- fied which have supported the development and enforcement of existing or pro- posed standards and regulations and/or could support future standards and regu- lations, particularly for the EPA major noise source candidates. Federal research activities which could identify the limits to noise control technology are also identified. Specific and general conclusions are made concerning the adequacy of the current Federal noise RD&D activities to support EPA regulatory activities. 7. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS DESCRIPTORS Acoustics Aircraft Machinery Noise effects Noise reductions Noise (sound) Research Research projects Surface vehicles 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Release Unlimited b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS AT I Field/Group Federal noise RD&D Federal noise research coordination Research program coordin- ation 19. Stu^RITY CLASS (This Report} Unclassified 20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage) Unclassified 0103 1903 1301 2001 1303 2111 1306 2112 1309 1313 1406 21. NO. OF PAGES 137 22. PRICE U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975—210—810:52 137 ------- |