EPA-600/2-75-010
June 1975
Environmental Protection Technology Series
An Assessment of the Federal
Noise Research, Development,
and Demonstration Activities
FY 73 - FY 75
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C 20460
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development,
Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into five
series. These five broad categories were established to
facilitate further development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface
in related fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed
to develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental degradation
from point and non-poi:it sources of pollution. This work
provides the nev; or improved technology required for the
control and treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental
quality standards.
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and
Development. Approval docs not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of.the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Document is available to the public through the national Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
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EPA-600/2-75-Oin
June 1975
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE FEDERAL NOISE RESEARCH,
DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION
ACTIVITIES: FY73 - FY75
Prepared by
Eugene E. Berkau, Stephen R. Cordle, Franklin D. Hart,
George R- Simon, Office of Research and Development,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
ROAP/TASK 21AXV
Program Element No. 1GB090
Project Office:
Noise Technology Staff
Office of Research & Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Prepared for
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research & Development
Washington, D.C. 20460
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ABSTRACT
The Federal noise research, development, and demonstration (KD&D)
activities during fiscal years 1973 through 1975 are examined to deter-
mine the contribution of these efforts to the control of environmental
noise and to the understanding of the effects of noise. An analysis is
made of the research activities in the areas of noise effects, aircraft
noise, surface vehicle noise, and machinery noise. The principal sources
of information used are the EPA interagency noise research panel's reports
on the Federal noise RD&D activities during the FY 73-75 time period and
the major noise source candidates which have been identified or are under
consideration by the EPA. Federal noise RD&D activities are identified
which have supported the development and enforcement of existing or pro-
posed standards and regulations and/or could support future standards
and regulations, particularly for the EPA major noise source candidates.
Federal research activities which could identify the limits to noise con-
trol technology are also identified. Specific and general conclusions
are made concerning the adequacy of the current Federal noise RD&D activi-
ties to support EPA regulatory activities.
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES vii
Sections
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research Authorization in the NCA 1
1.2 Federal Noise Research Coordination 2
1.3 Purpose and Scope 4
2.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 7
2.1 General 7
2.2 Noise Effects 8
2.3 Aircraft Noise RD&D 8
2.4 Federal Surface Vehicle Noise RD&D 9
2.5 Machinery Noise RD&D 10
3.0 BACKGROUND 13
3.1 Effects of Noise 13
3.2 Major Noise Sources 16
3.3 Federal Noise Standards and Regulations 21
3.4 National Health and Welfare Goals for Noise 27
Control
4.0 SUMMARY OF FEDERAL NOISE RD&D ACTIVITIES 31
4.1 Overview 31
4.2 Noise Effects Research 35
4.3 Aircraft Noise RD&D 38
4.4 Surface Vehicle Noise RD&D 42
4.5 Machinery Noise RD&D 44
5.0 FEDERAL NOISE RD&D SUPPORTING STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS 49
DEVELOPMENT AND ENFORCEMENT
5.1 Noise Effects Criteria 49
5.2 Aircraft Noise 55
5.3 Surface Vehicle Noise 61
5.4 Machinery Noise 79
5.5 Noise Measurements RD&D 85
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Concluded)
PAGE NO.
6.0 APPENDICES 93
Appendix A - Glossary of Acronyms and Terms 95
Appendix B - EPA Plan to Coordinate the Federal Noise 101
Research as Required by the Noise Control
Act of 1972
Appendix C - Federal Noise Research Panel Members 109
Appendix D - Information Requested by EPA on the 117
Federal Noise RD&D Programs and Projects
Appendix E - Federally Sponsored Noise Measurements 127
Related RD&D
List of Tables 127
ADDENDUM Special Auxilliary Truck Equipment 135
vi
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LIST OF TABLES
NO. PAGE NO.
1.0 Structure of EPA Research Panels 3
3.1 Categories of Noise Effects 13
3.2 Major Noise Source Candidates in Air Transportation 16
3.3 Estimated Exposure to Various yearly Average Day-Night 17
Sound Levels Resulting from Aircraft Operations
3.4 Major Surface Vehicle Sources of Noise 18
3.5 Major Machinery Sources of Environmental Noise 19
3.6 Examples of Industrial Machinery Noise Sources 22
3.7 Federal Standards, Regulations and Advisory Circulars 23
Relating to Aircraft Noise
3.8 Federal Standards and Regulations Relating to Surface 25
Vehicles
3.9 Summary of Noise Levels Identified as Requisite to 28
Protect Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate
Margin of Safety
3.10 Yearly Average Equivalent Sound Levels Identified as 29
Requisite to Protect the Public Health and Welfare
With an Adequate Margin of Safety
4.1 Summary of Federal Agencies' Current Involvement 32
in Noise Research
4.2 Summary of Federal Agency Expenditures for Noise Research 33
4.3 Summary of Federal Expenditures for Noise Research 34
Categories
4.4 Noise Effects Research Funding by Agency 36
4.5 Current Agency Involvement in Noise Effects Research 37
Categories
4.6 Noise Effects Research Funding by Category 39
vii
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NO.
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
PAGE NO.
4.7 Summary of Federal Aircraft Noise RD&D Activities 40
and Resource Allocations
4.8 Summary of Federal Agencies' Resource Allocations for 41
Aircraft Noise RD&D
4.9 Summary of the Federal Surface Vehicle Noise 43
RD&D Programs
4.10 Machinery Noise RD&D Funding by Agency 45
4.11 Summary by Areas of Machinery Noise RD&D 46
4.12 Current Agency Involvement in Areas of Machinery 47
Noise RD&D
5.1 Noise Effects Research Funding by Category 49
5.2 Federal Research Funding for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss 50
5.3 Federal Research Funding for Non-Auditory Health Effects 51
of Noise
5.4 Federal Research Funding for Individual Behavior Effects 52
of Noise
5.5 Federal Research Funding for Noise Effects on Sleep 53
5.6 Federal Research Funding for Communications Interference 53
of Noise
5.7 Federal Research Funding for Community or Collective 54
Response to Noise
5.8 Federal Research Funding for Noise Measurement 55
Methodology and Calibration
5.9 Federal RD&D Supporting Existing and Future Aircraft 56
Noise Standards and Regulations
5.10 Federal RD&D Supporting Existing Aircraft Noise 58
Standards and Regulations
viii
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LIST OF TABLES (Concluded)
NO. PAGE NO.
5.11 Federal Noise Control Demonstration Programs Supporting 59
Future Aircraft Noise Standards and Regulations
5.12 Federal Research Programs to Support Future Aircraft 62
Noise Standards and Regulations
5.13 Federal Noise RD&D Supporting the Development and 64
Enforcement of Existing Surface Vehicle Standards
and Regulations
5.14 Federal Noise RD&D Providing Support for Future Sur- 66
face Vehicle Noise Standards and Regulations
5.15 Summary of Federal Surface Vehicle Noise RD&D Support 67
of Federal Surface Vehicle Standards and Regulations
5.16 Federal RD&D Supporting Development of Existing Sur- 68
face Vehicle Noise Standards and Regulations
5.17 Federal Research Programs Supporting Regulations 71
Enforcement
5.18 Federal Noise Control Demonstration Programs Supporting 72
Future Standards and Regulations
5.19 Federal Research Programs to Support Future Surface 77
Vehicle Noise Standards and Regulations
5.20 Summary of Federal Machinery Noise RD&D Proposed 80
and Future Standards and Regulations
5.21 Summary of Federal Machinery Noise RD&D on Major 81
Noise Source Candidates
5.22 Federal RD&D Supporting Development of the EPA Pro- 82
posed Regulation on Portable Air Compressors
5.23 Federal Research to Support Future Noise Standards 83
and Regulations
5.24 Federal Machinery Noise Control Demonstration Acti- 86
vities Supporting Future Standards and Regulations
5.25 Summary of Federal Noise Measurements RD&D by Agency 90
5.26 Summary of Federal Noise Measurements RD&D by 91
Research Category
ix
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 RESEARCH AUTHORIZATIONS IN THE NCA
The Noise Control Act (NCA) of 1972 (PL 92-574) charges EPA with
the principal responsibility for implementing the policy of the Act.
Section 2 states the policy intended by Congress and identifies co-
ordination of Federal noise research as a primary means for imple-
mentation:
"The Congress declares that it is the policy of
the United States to promote an environment for all
Americans free from noise that jeopardizes their
health or welfare. To that end, it is the pur-
pose of this Act to establish a means for effective
coordination of Federal research and activities in
noise control . . ."
The specific authorization for EPA to establish interagency noise
research coordination is in Section 4(c)(1) of the Noise Control Act
which reads:
"The Administrator shall coordinate the programs of
all Federal agencies relating to noise research and
noise control. Each Federal agency shall upon re-
quest, furnish to the Administrator such information
as he may reasonably require to determine the nature,
scope, and results of the noise-research and noise-
control programs of the agency.'1
The EPA envisions that such research coordination can provide a
mechanism to aid in fulfilling its responsibilities under Section 4(c)(3)
of the Act, which reads:
"On the basis of regular consultation with appropriate
Federal agencies, the Administrator shall compile and
publish, from time to time, a report on the status and
progress of Federal activities relating to noise-research
and noise-control. This report shall describe the noise
control programs of each Federal agency and assess the
contributions of those programs to the Federal Government's
overall efforts to control noise."
Research coordination is also the basis upon which EPA will establish
the need for conducting its own research programs. These programs
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should fulfill needs that are not being met through ongoing or planned
programs in other Federal agencies. Section 14 reads, in part:
"In furtherance of his responsibilities under this
Act and to complement, as necessary, the noise-
research programs of other Federal agencies, the
Administrator is authorized to:
(1) Conduct research, and finance research
by contract with any person, on the effects,
measurements, and control of noise, including
but not limited to . . ."
1.2 FEDERAL NOISE RESEARCH COORDINATION
It is clear from^Section 14, the legislative history of the NCA,
and the limited funds assigned for implementing the Act that Congress
intends for EPA to utilize much of the research and technology generated
by other Federal agencies to fulfill the provisions of the Act. There-
fore, Federal noise research coordination is viewed as a major resource
whereby EPA will achieve much of its research, development and demon-
stration requirements to support the regulatory and enforcement activ-
ities of the Agency.
Accordingly, EPA/ORD has developed a plan to coordinate Federally
sponsored noise research, development, and demonstration activities.
This plan is described in a December 14, 1973 Action Memo to the EPA
Administrator and was approved for implementation on February 19, 1974.
The plan (Appendix B) utilizes three interacting bodies to affect inter-
agency coordination. These are (1) an ad hoc interagency noise research
committee composed of high-level representatives of agencies with major
programs in noise research; (2) four noise research panels for air-
craft, surface vehicles, stationary machinery, and noise health effects;
and (3) ad hoc working groups to address specific problem areas. These
tools were selected to assure that EPA has continuing access to and
interchange with the agencies' noise RD&D programs and projects, tech-
nology and scientific level expertise, and middle management and policy
making officials.
Early in 1974 the EPA/ORD initiated Federal noise research coordi-
nation by holding a meeting of the Interagency Noise Research Committee
to review and discuss the proposed coordination plan and to invite the
agencies to designate representatives of their scientific and technical
*FY 73 -$ 3,000,000
FY 74 -$ 6,000,000
FY 75 -$12,000,000
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management staff concerned with noise pollution RD&D to serve as members
on four noise research panels (i.e., aircraft, surface vehicles, mach-
inery and health effects). The agencies respresented on the panels are
shown in Table 1.0.
Table 1.0
STRUCTURE OF EPA RESEARCH PANELS
Noise Research Panel
Aircraft
2
Surface Vehicles
Noise Effects
Machinery
Current Agency Membership
NASA, DOT, DOD, HUD, DOC, EPA
DOT, HUD, DOD, DOC/NBS, EPA
•
HEW, (NINDS, NIOSH, NIEHS) , DOT, NSF, HUD,
NASA, DOD, DOL, DOC/NBS, EPA
HEW/NIOSH, DOI/BuMines, DOD, DOC/NBS, DOL,
EPA
1
2 A glossary of Acronyms is contained in Appendix A.
This panel was also charged with the responsibility for the Federal
research supporting land use policies.
In addition to exchange of information the general functions
adopted by the panels in their respective areas were:
• Review and assessment of the current state of technology.
• Review and assessment of the status of research and techno-
logy development.
• Preparation of recommendations concerning ongoing research
activities.
• Recommendation of noise research programs and projects, and
methods for their accomplishments.
• Preparation of reports on the status and/or progress of
ongoing noise research activities.
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• Receipt and review of pertinent scientific and programmatic
advice from communicating with other standing bodies.
The names and addresses of the Federal noise research panel
members are listed in Appendix C.
1.3 PURPOSE AND SCOPE
Each of the panels agreed to generate a report on the Federal noise
research, development and demonstration (RD&D) activities in the spec-
ific area of consideration by the panel. To prepare the report the EPA
requested each of the panel members to provide information on their
agency's noise RD&D activities. With the request EPA offered an example
of the type of information desired but indicated that the information
could be provided in a form most convenient to the agency (i.e., their
agency's project and program information forms or overviews). Appendix D
contains a copy of the EPA example and the program and project information
desired. From the information provided by the Federal representatives,
each of the panels has prepared a report describing the status and pro-
gress of the Federal noise RD&D activities within the panel's purview.
These reports are available from EPA under the titles of:
Federal Aircraft Noise Research Development and Demonstration
Programs: FY 73 - FY 75.
Federal Surface Vehicle Noise Research, Development, and
Demonstration Programs: FY 73 - FY 75.
Federal Noise Effects Research: FY 73 - FY 75.
Federal Machinery Noise Research, Development, and
Demonstration: FY 73 - FY 75.
In reporting the Federal noise research activities emphasis was
placed on the RD&D activities in FY 73 through FY 75. Previous efforts
and future projections for major programs were also presented where such
information was available. Fiscal data reported was accurate as of
July, 1974, but did not necessarily reflect the complete resources avail-
able for each program or project. This was principally because resources
allocated to salaries, equipment, and other services for in-house studies
had not been reported by all of the agencies. Because of FY 74 carryover
money, the FY 74 resource allocations were best estimates in most cases,
For FY 75 not only were the resources identified as estimates in most
cases, but some detailed program and project planning was not complete.
Therefore, the FY 75 resource estimates were also incomplete. Although
it is probably unavoidable to omit some related Federal activities, it
is the consensus of the panel members that no major Federal noise RD&D
activities had been overlooked.
4
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EPA has identified limits to noise exposure necessary to protect
health and welfare in various environments (i.e., home, workplace, rec-
reation, etc.) in the "Levels Document." These health and welfare goals
for environmental noise control provide a basis for establishing the
noise emission levels to which specific major sources of noise must be
controlled. Having established the goals for source control, a basis
exists for assessing the Federal RD&D programs not only with respect to
the major noise sources being addressed, but also for technical approach
and progress toward achievement of the goals. However, the contribution
of specific major noise sources to the total noise level in the various
environments and the degree of control for these major noise sources
necessary to achieve the environmental goals in the "Levels Document"
have not been determined. In addition, only a few of the major envir-
onmental noise sources have actually been identified by EPA as prescribed
by Section 5(b) of the NCA. Therefore, the assessment of the Federal
noise RD&D programs at this time is limited to a determination of the
major noise source candidates and noise effects being addressed and the
potential for these Federal activities to support regulatory actions.
This EPA/ORD report contains a digest and analysis of the panel re-
ports, the planning documents and project descriptions provided by the
agencies, and other pertinent information and publications to ascertain
the potential contributions of the Federal noise RD&D activities to con-
trol noise that jeapordizes public health and welfare. Accordingly,
Section 3 identifies the harmful effects of noise, the major stationary
and mobile noise source candidates being considered by EPA, current and
proposed Federal noise standards and regulations, and the goals for
noise control determined by EPA as necessary to protect the public health
and welfare. The report provides a summary in Section 4 of the Federal
noise RD&D activities described in the panel reports. Section 5 is an
analysis of the Federal noise RD&D efforts; (1) to identify major
sources of noise and noise effects presently being considered in the
Federal RD&D programs, (2) to identify RD&D programs which have sup-
ported the development and enforcement of existing or proposed noise
standards and regulations, and (3) to identify RD&D activities which
can support future standards and regulations. The analysis of the Fed-
eral RD&D programs has been carried out within the areas of noise effects,
aircraft, surface vehicles, machinery, and noise measurements and mea-
surements methodology. Because of differences in funding levels, the
nature of the research, and the available information bases (principally
the panel reports), the degree of detail treated in the analysis varies
within each category. The summary and conclusions from the analysis
are presented in Section 2.
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2.0 SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
2.1 GENERAL
The contribution of the Federal noise RD&D programs in providing con-
trol technology to support EPA regulatory activities varies between noise
source categories.
• There is a large amount of Federal noise RD&D on transportation
systems, particularly aircraft, trucks, buses, and future mass
transit. While the current level of RD&D effort in this area
appears to be adequate, a more complete and in-depth analysis of
these programs is needed.
• The current Federal RD&D activities on non-transportation noise
sources, particularly stationary machinery used by industry and
in construction, are inadequate. They address only a few of the
hundreds of serious noise sources to which workers and the public
are exposed. Furthermore, these activities are not coordinated.
There is need for a concerted Federal noise control RD&D effort
for those sources which are most associated with the principal
noise health effect; e.g., noise-induced hearing loss.
• The recent disbanding of the joint DOT/NASA office for coordina-
ting the Federal aircraft noise RD&D activities will place an
additional burden on EPA's interagency coordination program.
Most of the known effects of noise are being addressed by current
Federal research. However, several critical areas are receiving in-
adequate attention. These include non-auditory health effects and
community response.
Similarly, while there is a great deal of emphasis on noise mea-
surement and measurement methodologies, the current efforts are frag-
mented and will require effective coordination to provide adequate
support for EPA regulatory and enforcement activities.
In general, the available noise control technology and techniques and
the current Federal RD&D efforts would appear to be adequate to support
the initial regulations being proposed and considered by EPA for major
transportation and related noise sources (except motorcycles). For the
major non-transportation sources being considered by EPA for regulation,
there is inadequate Federal RD&D to demonstrate and establish available
noise control technology. Beyond the current regulations and state-of-the
art in noise control, Federally sponsored noise control RD&D currently
underway is inadequate for support of future noise standards except, possi-
bly, for aircraft.
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2.2 NOISE EFFECTS
Although hearing loss and several extra-auditory physiological and
psychological effects of noise have been identified or are suspected,
quantitative cause-effect relationships have been provisionally defined
by the Federal Government only for hearing loss, annoyance and speech
interference. Limitations in information exist for each of the major cate-
gories of noise effects which limit the development of the quantitative
cause-effect relationships necessary for establishing standards and regu-
lations protective of public health and welfare.
No in-depth analysis or assessment of the current Federal noise effects
research programs has been made. The current research efforts have been
categorized by the Interagency Noise Effects Research Panel into seven
noise effects categories and noise effects measurement and measurement
methodologies research areas. These categories are all important to the
characterization of noise effects. Research categories which will require
additional emphasis to defend and/or revise existing criteria and to
develop improved criteria for noise effects are the areas of communication
interference, individual behavior effects, non-auditory physiological
effects, and noise-induced hearing loss.
2.3 AIRCRAFT NOISE RD&D
There is a considerable decrease in the Federal resource allocations
for aircraft noise RD&D from $58,894,000 in FY 73 to $31,054,000 in FY 75.
The principal reason for this decrease is the scheduled completion during
the period of two expensive technology development and demonstration pro-
grams, the DOT/FAA Sound Absorbent Material (SAM) Nacelle program and
NASA's JT8D REFAN program, which were directed toward noise control of the
existing commercial jet fleet. Although the funding of noise control
technology development and demonstration directly associated with noise
from commercial jets decreases, Federal allocations' for similar noise con-
trol technology demonstration programs for the other major aircraft noise
source candidates, including advanced CTOL aircraft (See Table 3.2, page
increases from $3,886,000 in FY 74 to $8,020,000 in FY 76. These programs
will provide the bases for aircraft noise regulations in the near future.
Federal funding of aircraft noise research and development which can
define the ultimate limits to aircraft noise control and can support the
development of future aircraft noise control strategies, standards and
regulations designed to meet health and welfare goals for source control
has remained essentially constant ($18,848,000 to $20,298,000 per FY)
during the FY 74 through FY 76 time period. Generally the results of
these Federal research programs w^ll have applications to all of the major
aircraft noise sources candidates.
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A large percentage of the Federally sponsored aircraft noise RD&D
programs consider noise as only one aspect of the total program. In
many cases, considerations for noise are only a minor portion of the over-
all effort. In other programs the noise relevance has varied sharply from
year to year. Further, each agency appears to handle the determination of
noise relevance uniquely. An in-depth analysis of the technical aspects of
the Federal aircraft noise RD&D programs must be carried out not only to
ascertain the adequacy of these programs to satisfy health and welfare
needs in a timely manner, but also to determine the actual Federal re-
sources commitments to noise. In addition, there is a major independent
research and development effort in the private sector (with support by
the Federal Government) which must be considered in conjunction with the
Federal programs before a complete assessment of the Federal efforts can
be made and a comprehensive national aircraft noise RD&D program plan
developed.
2.4 FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D
For the major surface vehicle sources of noise identified in
Table 3.4, page 18 and for highways, for which standards and/or regula-
tions exist, are being promulgated, or will be considered in the near
term, there are supporting Federal noise control demonstration programs
except for highway motorcycle noise. For the other Eiajor surface vehicle
noise sources, for which regulations are expected to be promulgated in
the near future, supporting Federal demonstration programs have been iden-
tified for all except automobiles, light trucks, off-road motorcycles, and
motorboats.
The majority of the current Federal RD&D activities are considered to
be demonstration programs designed to establish the state-of-the-art in
noise control and not to develop advanced technology. Should the levels
of noise control provided by available technology be inadequate to pro-
tect health and welfare, it is important to identify the Federal surface
vehicle research programs which are designed to provide advanced technol-
ogy. Currently the Federal government is sponsoring noise research on
medium- and heavy-duty truck noise (i.e., diesel engine and truck tires),
rapid rail transit system noise (i.e., wheel/rail interaction), and high-
way and railway noise (i.e., the effects of buildings and boundaries on
the transmission of noise). There is also the possibility that certain
classified DOD programs, to silence military combat vehicles, may provide
advanced technology.
Generally, however, there is inadequate Federal surface vehicle
noise research to provide advanced noise control technology and to iden-
tify the limits to noise control techniques. Additional research on sur-
face vehicle noise sources will be required to support the development
and implementation of future surface vehicle noise control strategies and
regulations designed to achieve noise control goals necessary to protect
health and welfare.
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Although there are current Federal efforts addressing most of the
major surface vehicle noise sources and candidates, the EPA information
base on these programs is mostly superficial. In addition, it should be
noted that the Federal funding reported for these programs peaked at
$3,374,000 in FY 74 and appeared to decrease rapidly to $1,334,000 in
FY 75 and that many of the noise RD&D activities associated with mass
transportation systems are not specific to noise. Consequently, con-
clusions concerning the adequacy of the Federal surface vehicle programs
to support the development of regulations for the surface vehicle sources
being addressed will require more in-depth analysis and understanding of
the current programs and an update of the present information base.
2.5 MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
The Federally sponsored machinery noise RD&D addresses machines
which generate noise impacting on the outdoor environment, the home, and
the workplace. EPA has developed a list of candidates for identification
as major noise sources which includes 47 machines. These are listed in
Table 3.5, page 19 and are sources which impact principally on the home
and outdoor environment. Of the 47, EPA currently plans to iden-
tify 10 as major noise sources in the near term. These are three con-
struction tools (chain saws, pile drivers, and pneumatic and hydraulic
tools) and seven lawn care tools (edgers, hedge clippers, lawn mowers,
snow blowers, leaf blowers, trimmers, and tillers).
The current Federal machinery noise RD&D addresses 2 of the 10
major environmental noise sources to be identified. They are lawn mowers
and pneumatic and hydraulic tools. In the case of lawn mowers, only
measurement methodology is being considered. No Federally sponsored
machinery noise RD&D has been identified relating to the other eight
major environmental machinery noise sources.
Of the other 37 candidates, Federally sponsored RD&D
addresses only 5. They are generators, pumps, rockdrills, saws, and
air conditioners. One research project was identified which intends to
study noise from household appliances (consisting of 26 individual source
candidates including air conditioners). No specific sources, however,
were identified. There were no Federal RD&D activities identified for
the following seven major construction noise source candidates: concrete
mixers, concrete pumps, concrete vibrators, derrick cranes, mobile cranes,
pavement breakers, and rollers.
Over 300 major machinery noise sources have been identified which impact
on the industrial workplace (outside of the mining environment). Although
these have not yet been considered by EPA as major noise source candidates,
these sources are the ones most clearly responsible for noise-induced
10
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hearing loss. Only 11 of these sources are specifically identified in
the current Federally sponsored RD&D on machinery noise control: pneu-
matic and hydraulic tools, punch presses, wood planers, machine tools,
heat exchangers, ducts, nozzles, diesel engines, pumps, sawblades
and blowers.
An in-depth analysis of the Federal machinery noise RD&D activi-
ties has not been made. However, the available information (including
that on the Navy's classified program) indicates that most of the efforts
are directed toward the development and demonstration of available noise
control technology and the measurement of noise emitted by machinery
sources. The results from a few of these programs can be used to sup-
port the development of near-term regulations. Only a minor portion of
the Federal effort (—15 percent of the total resourses) is research
which can define the limits to noise control technology and support fu-
ture regulations. Generally, the current Federal machinery noise RD&D
activities have been undertaken by agencies to support their individual
needs. Consequently, the current effort is fragmented and does not
adequately address the major noise source candidates identified by EPA
nor the machinery noise sources impacting the work environment.
11
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3.0 BACKGROUND
3.1 EFFECTS OF NOISE
There are currently two Federal documents relating to criteria on
the health effects from noise exposure. One is entitled "Criteria for a
Recommended Standard . . . Occupational Exposure to Noise" and was pub-
lished in 1972 by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Health (Niosh), Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. The U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency published the other report in 1973.
The title is, "Public Health and Welfare Criteria for Noise."
The NIOSH document is specific to the occupational environment and
provides information to support the recommended occupational standard in
the area of noise-induced hearing loss, i.e., the effective noise level
permitted during a normal 8-hour work period should not exceed 90 dBA
for the time being and should be reduced to 85 dBA when technologically
feasible. Protection of the worker from non-auditory effects of noise
exposure is not addressed. The EPA criteria document addresses the
effects of noise exposure on physical and mental well-being of human
populations. It includes noise-induced hearing loss, other possible
health effects, and the indirect effects such as annoyance and com-
munication interference. Additionally, the EPA document addresses noise
effects on wildlife and domestic animals. Table 3.1 is a listing of the
categories of noise effects.
Table 3.1
CATEGORIES OF NOISE EFFECTS
I. Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
II. Non-Auditory Health Effects
III. Individual Behavior Effects
IV. Noise Effects on Sleep
V. Communication Interference
VI. Community or Collective Response
VII. Effects on Domestic Animals and Wildlife
3.1.1 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
It has been well established that noise exposure of sufficient
intensity and duration can produce hearing damage. Hearing loss re-
sulting from intense noise exposure can either be temporary or per-
manent. In general, it is believed that brief exposure to noise that
13
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can produce a significant temporary hearing loss or threshold shift is
capable of producing permanent hearing loss if the noise exposure is
extended in duration or recurrence. That is, daily exposure to a noise
which produces a temporary hearing loss presents a risk of permanent
hearing loss because the ear may not be able to fully recover to its
original threshold from recurrent exposures. The exact relationship
between temporary and permanent hearing loss, however, is not yet clearly
defined.
Hearing loss which is caused by noise occurs first in the high-
frequency ranges. This impacts seriously on speech understanding. Good
hearing in the higher frequencies is necessary for discriminating the
information carrying, consonant sounds of human speech. Hearing loss is
known to result from exposures to continuous noise in industrial settings,
to impulsive sound, from gunfire and loud music for extended periods,
especially among young people. The effect from fluctuating, intermittent
or shorter-term exposures is incompletely understood.
3.1.2 Non-Auditory Health Effects
The only well-established effect upon health from noise exposure is
noise-induced hearing loss. However, there is evidence, although incom-
plete, to indicate other effects can result from exposure of sufficient
intensity and duration. Noise can alter the function of the endocrine,
cardiovascular and neurologic systems. It may affect equilibrium and
produce changes such as: construction of blood vessels in the body and
vessel dilation in the brain, rise in blood pressure and changes in heart
rhythm, and change in stomach rate of acid secretions. Noise also has
been shown to produce the same physiological reactions as other stressors,
such as emotional stress and pain. There is not clear evidence, however,
to indicate that continued activation of any of these responses leads to
irreversible changes and permanent health effects.
3.1.3 Individual Behavior Effects
When a task requires the use of auditory signals, noise that masks
these signals can interfere with the performance of the task. High-level,
continuous noise exposures appear to have potentially detrimental effects
on human performance, particularly in the performance of vigilance tasks,
information gathering and analytical processes. Noise may also increase
the variability of work rate and affect the accuracy of work requiring
mental concentration. Additionally, noise may be disruptive of perform-
ance if the noise is high frequency, intermittent, or unexpected. Noise
throughout the audible range can, under various circumstances, be annoy-
ing and disruptive of activity. However, prediction of individual annoy-
ance due to noise is difficult, probably due to the many psychological
and social factors that contribute to individual sensitivity.
14
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3.1.4 Noise Effects on Sleep
Noise can interfere with sleep by preventing sleep, by awakening,
and by changing the level or pattern of sleep. Any of these kinds of
interference may have effects on behavior and performance during waking
hours as well as long-term health effects if repetitive. Survey data
indicate that sleep disturbance is often the principal reason given for
annoyance, and some experts believe that sleep disturbance is one of the
most severe effects of noise on health.
3.1.5 Community Interference
In addition to the reduced understanding of speech resulting from
noise-induced hearing loss, noise can interfere directly with speech
communication. Verbal communication in terms of noise level and vocal
effort is extremely difficult in backgrounds of high-level noise and can
adversely affect the accuracy, frequency and quality of verbal exchange.
This can be important in formal education in schools, occupational effi-
ciency, family life patterns, and quality of relaxation.
3.1.6 Community or Collective Response
The preceding effects of noise all deal with various effects on
individuals, although statistical descriptors must be used to average
out individual differences in reaction or response. However, when a
community of individuals is exposed, a different kind of reaction may
take place. This reaction may take several forms such as complaints to
authorities, political action against noisy activities, reduction in land
values or socio-economic level, high property turnover rates, or changes
in family recreational patterns. Thus the consequences of community
response to noise can be social, political, and economic, as well as the
collective individual responses noted above. To date, only community
annoyance responses to aircraft noise have been studied extensively, and
have been shown to correlate well with noise exposure. The number of
complaints due to noise in a community, however, is small in comparison
to the number of people annoyed.
3.1.7 Effects on Domestic Animals and Wildlife
In general, noise has the same types of effects on animals as it
does on humans. Hearing loss and physiologic changes have been noted in
laboratory animals. Possible effects on farm animals include changes in
size, weight, reproductivity, and behavior. Changes in mating behavior,
predator-prey relationships, and territorial behavior have been observed
in some wildlife species exposed to noise.
15
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3.2 MAJOR NOISE SOURCES
Section 5(b)(l) of the Noise Control Act of 1972 requires that EPA
identify products which are major sources of noise. The regulatory
process of identifying major noise sources is in progress. The noise
sources discussed in the following sections are all major noise candi-
dates and have been grouped into the source categories of aircraft, sur-
face vehicles, and stationary machinery. At this time, only portable
air compressors and new medium- and heavy-duty trucks have been officially
identified by EPA as major noise sources.
3.2.1 Aircraft
Under the Noise Control Act of 1972, the Federal Aviation Administra-
tion maintains responsibility for promulgation of regulations to control
aircraft noise. EPA responsibilities under Section 5(b)(l) to identify
major noise sources do, however, include noise sources in air transporta-
tion. Accordingly, Table 3.2 lists aircraft categories which will be iden-
tified by EPA as major noise sources.
Table 3.2
MAJOR NOISE SOURCE CANDIDATES IN AIR TRANSPORTATION
Business jet aircraft
Commercial sub-sonic jet aircraft
Commercial supersonic jet aircraft
Helicopters
Propeller-driven small airplanes
Short-haul aircraft
In developing a list of major noise source candidates, EPA employed
exposure criteria as specified in the "Levels Document." Those candi-
dates whose cumulative noise level in normal use contributes to environ-
mental noise levels in excess of the "Levels Document" criteria are con-
sidered major noise source candidates. Table 3.3 illustrates the noise
impact from aircraft operations of the source categories listed in Table 3.2,
16
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Table 3.3
ESTIMATED EXPOSURE TO VARIOUS YEARLY AVERAGE DAY-NIGHT SOUND LEVELS
RESULTING FROM AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS (*)
Day-Night Sound in dB,
Re: 20 micropascals
Cumulative Numbers of
People in Millions
80
0.2
75
1.5
70
3.4
65
7.5
60
16
55
24.5
* Source of data: "Comparison of Alternative Strategies is for Identifica-
tion and Regulation of Major Sources of Noise," printed as Appendix I
of EPA/ONAC Action Memo (Draft, February 14, 1975).
3.2.2 Surface Vehicles
The surface vehicles which EPA presently considers to be major
sources of noise and the approximate average noise levels measured at
15.24 meters (50 ft.) are listed in Table 3.4. Those sources which have
been identified or are expected to be proposed in the near term are
medium- and heavy-duty trucks, highway motorcycles, buses, wheel and
track loaders, and wheel and track dozers.
3.2.3 Machinery
EPA has identified portable air compressors as the only major machin-
ery noise source. However, there are several candidates for identifica-
tion whose cumulative noise levels in normal use contribute to environ-
mental noise levels in excess of "Levels Document" criteria. These
sources and their approximate average noise levels are shown in Table 3.5.
Using a fractional impact analysis, candidates which are major contributors
to environmental noise have also been determined. They are indicated by an
asterisk in Table 3.5. EPA intends to identify these as major sources of
noise in the near future. It should be noted that these designations are
based on environmental noise impact rather than occupational noise impact,
which is principally concerned with hearing loss.
Sources of machinery noise in the occupational environment are vir-
tually countless. In general, exposures in the industrial occupational
1 39 FR2297, 6-21-74.
17
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Table 3.4
MAJOR SURFACE VEHICLE SOURCES OF NOISE
Average Noise Level
Category/Source (dBA Measured at 15.24m(50 ft.)
Highway Vehicles:
Medium- and Heavy-Duty Trucks2 84
Truck Tires3 95
Motorcycles 82
Automobiles 73
Light Trucks 72
Buses c 82
Special Truck Auxiliary Equipment
Rail Vehicles:
Locomotives 94
Rapid Transit 87
Construction:
Dozers (Wheel & Track) 87
Loaders (Wheel & Track) 79
Graders 88
Recreation:
Snowmobiles 85
Motorboats 80
Motorcycles (including minicycles) 85
Values obtained from unpublished EPA report "Rational for
Identification of Major Noise Sources," September 14, 1973.
2 Below 56.31 kilometers/hr. (35 mph).
3 Above 56.31 kilometers/hr. (35 mph).
Includes sports cars, compacts, and standard passenger cars.
See Addendum, Page 135.
18
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Table 3.5
MAJOR MACHINERY SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE
Category/Source
Construction:
Chain saws*
Concrete mixers
Concrete pumps
Concrete vibrators
Cranes, derrick
Cranes, mobile
Generators
Pavement breakers
Pile drivers*
Pneumatic and hydraulic tools*
Pumps
Rock drills
Rollers
Saws
Lawn Care;*
Edgers
Hedge clippers
Lawn mowers
Snow blowers
Leaf blowers
Trimmers *•
Tillers
Average Sound Level
(dBA measured at 15.24m (50 ft))
83
85
82
76
88
83
78
88
101
85
76
98
74
78
78
72
85
76
69
* Identified as major contributors to environmental noise.
EPA intends to identify these as major noise sources in
the near future.
Values obtained from unpublished EPA report, "Rationale for
identification of Major Noise Sources," September 14, 1973.
f\
Noise levels unavailable.
19
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Table 3.5
MAJOR MACHINERY SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE
(Concluded)
Household Applicances:
Air conditioners
Clothes dryers
Clothes washers
Dehumidifiers
Dishwashers
Electric can openers
Electric heaters 2
Electric knives
Electric knife sharpeners2
Electric shavers
Electric toothbrushs2
Exhaust fans^
Floor fans2
Food blenders
Food disposals (grinders)2
Food mixers
Freezers
o
Hair clippers
Hair dryers2
Home shop tools
Humidifiers
Refrigerators
Sewing machines o
Slide/Movie Projectors
Vacuum cleaners
Window fans 2
Average Sound Level
(dBA measured at .914m (3ft))
58
58
63
57
65
66
72
60
75
66
42
83
53
43
73
73
Values obtained from unpublished EPA report, "Rationale for
Identification of Major Noise Sources," September 14, 1973.
Noise levels unavailable.
20
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environment are the most severe in terms of both level and duration.
Estimates of the costs for reducing occupational noise to levels of mar-
ginal protection against hearing loss run into billions of dollars.2
However, these estimates are crude at best and little data exist to ade-
quately define the extent of the machinery noise problem in the occupa-
tional environment and to assess the availability and cost of technology
for industrial noise control. The available data do indicate that the
problem is complex in terms of the vast number of different machines in
use, severe in terms of numbers of people exposed to hazardous levels of
noise, and costly in terms of available control technology. Examples of
sources found in some of the worst cases of noise in industry and the
approximate levels are shown in Table 3.6. A more detailed listing of
these sources can be found in the panel report on Federal machinery noise
RD&D, FY 73 FY 75 .
3.3 FEDERAL NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
3.3.1 Federal Aircraft Noise Standards, Regulations, and Advisor.Circulars
The Federal Aviation Administration has the responsibility for pro-
mulgating aircraft noise regulations. To date, the FAA has issued five
regulations dealing with aircraft noise and sonic boom, seven Advanced
Notices or Notices of Proposed Rule Making dealing with aircraft noise
and five FAA Orders and Advisory Circulars (which inform the aviation
public of nonregulatory material of interest and are not binding as regu-
lations) dealing with aircraft noise. These regulations are summarized in
Table 3.7 by title and source category regulated.
A comparison of the major noise source candidates in air transporta-
tion which were identified by EPA, with the sources addressed by FAA
regulatory actions, shows that the FAA has issued one or more regulations,
Notice (s) or Advanced Notice(s) of Proposal Rule Making which are appli-
cable to each major source candidates except helicopters.
3.3.2 Surface Vehicles
The five Federal standards and regulations which exist or are being
proposed by DOT and EPA for surface vehicle noise control are listed in
2
Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, Inc., "Impact of Noise Control at the
Workplace," Report #2671, submitted to U.S. Department of Labor,
Office of Standards, January 1974.
21
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Table 3.6
EXAMPLES OF INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY NOISE SOURCES
Industry
Metal Working
Wood Working
Textile Manufacturing
Type Source
Drop Hammers
Punch Presses
Riveting Machines
Chipping Machines
Planers
Saws
Molders
Tenoners
Looms
Draw/Twisters
Drafters
Spinning
Typical Noise Levels (dBA)*
(Operator Position)
111
110
114
127
110
106
105
100
102
95
92
93
* Values obtained from Karplus, H., and Bonvallet, G.L., "A Noise
Survey of Manufacturing Industries," American Industrial Hygiene
Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 4, Dec. 1953.
Note: Levels are only representative.
22
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Table 3.7
FEDERAL STANDARDS, REGULATIONS AND ADVISORY CIRCULARS RELATING TO AIRCRAFT NOISE
(Agency DOT/FAA)
LO
Title
Noise Standards: Aircraft Type Certification,
FAR Part 36, 12-1-69.
Noise Type Certification and Acoustic Change
Approvals, NPRM 71-26, 9-13-71, Amendment to FAR
Part 36, promulgated on 12-12-74.
Noise Standards for Newly Produced Airplanes of
Older Type Designs, NPM 72-19, 7-7-72, Amendments
to FAR Parts 36 and 21 on 10-26-73.
Civil Supersonic Aircraft Noise Type Certification
Standards, ANPRM 70-33, 8-4-70.
Civil Airplane Noise Reduction Retrofit Requirements,
ANPRM 70-44, 10-30-70.
Civil Airplane Fleet Noise Level (FNL) Requirements,
ANPRM 73-3, 1-24-73.
Civil Aircraft Fleet Noise Requirements, NPRM 74-14,
3-27-74.
Propeller-Driven Small Airplanes: Noise Standards
for Type Certification, NPRM 73-26, 10-10-73.
Amendment to FAR Part 21 & 36 issued on 1-6-75.
Sources
Subsonic turbojet transport aircraft
designed and built after 12-1-69
Subsonic turbojet transport aircraft
Subsonic turbojet transport aircraft
weighing more than 75,000 Ibs.
Supersonic civil aircraft
Subsonic turbojet transport aircraft of
older design not previously included in
FAR Part 36
All civil transport aircraft
All subsonic turbojet transport aircraft
weighing more than 75,000 Ibs.
Propeller driven aircraft weighing less
than 12,500 Ibs.
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Table 3.7
FEDERAL STANDARDS, REGULATIONS AND ADVISORY CIRCULARS RELATING TO AIRCRAFT NOISE
(Concluded)
NJ
Title
Noise Standards for Propeller-Driven Small Air-
planes - Applicable to New Type Designs, Newly
Produced Airplanes of Older Type Designs,
NPRM 74-39, 1-6-75.
Noise Standards: Short Haul Aircraft, ANPRM 73-32,
12-14-73.
Sources
Propeller-driven aircraft weighing
less than 12,500 Ibs.
Short, reduced and vertical take off
and landing aircraft
Recommended Noise Abatement Take Off Procedures for Commercial aircraft
Civil Turbojet Powered Airplanes, AC-91-39, 1-18-74.
Two Segment ILS Noise Abatement Approach, ANPRM 74-12, Commercial aircraft
3-26-74.
Arrival and Departure Handling of High Performance
Aircraft, AC 90-59 and FAA Order 7110.22A, 2-28-72.
(AEO Minimum Attitudes: NPRM 74-40).
VFR Flight Near Noise-Sensitive Areas, AC 91-36,
7-8-72.
General Operating and Flight Rules Covering Civil
Aircraft Sonic Boom, NPRM 70-16, 4-10-70;
Amendment to FAR Part 91, issued on 4-27-73.
Turbojet transport aircraft
Turbojet transport aircraft
Civil aircraft
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Table 3.8. DOT has issued two regulations: one limits interior noise
levels (at the driver's seating position) of new and in-service trucks
and buses to 90 dBA and the other specifies design noise levels for high-
ways as a function of different land uses. DOT is also required to pro-
mulgate enforcement regulations for all EPA surface vehicle noise emission
standards and regulations.
The EPA has issued a regulation for motor carriers (trucks) used in
interstate commerce. The noise emission standards require that the truck
noise levels measured at 15.24 meters (50 ft.) not exceed 86 dBA at
56.31km/hr. (35 mph) and 88 dBA in the stationary run-up test. EPA has
also proposed regulations for rail carriers (locomotives and rail cars)
used in interstate commerce and newly manufactured medium- and heavy-duty
trucks. The proposed railway regulations limit stationary locomotive
noise levels measured at 30 meters (100 ft.) to 93 dBA at any throttle
setting and 73 dBA at idle. The standard for all locomotives or combina-
tion of locomotives when moving is 96 dBA when measured at 30 meters
(100 ft.). Four years after promulgation, the corresponding standards
will be lowered to 87, 67, and 90 dBA respectively. For railroad cars,
the standard noise levels when measured at 30 meters (100 ft.) are 68 dBA
for speed up to and including 72 km/hr (45 mph) and 93 dBA at speeds
above 72 km/hr (45 mph). For new medium- and heavy-duty trucks the pro-
posed regulation will limit the noise levels when measured at low speeds
(EPA test procedures 'similar to SAE J3666) to 83 dBA for 1977-80 models,
80 dBA for 1981-82 models and 75 dBA for 1983 and subsequent models.
The high speed standard (EPA test procedure similar to SAE J57) will be
86 dBA for 1977 and subsequent models.
3.3.3 Machinery
There are two Federal regulations being proposed for machinery
sources of noise and one already in existence. EPA has proposed Noise
Emission Standards for Construction Equipment - New Portable Air Com-
pressors NPRM, 39FR 38186, 10-29-74. The proposed standard limits the
average sound level of new portable air compressors with a rated output
of 75cfm or more to 76 dBA when measured at a distance of 7 meters (23 ft.)
from the surfaces of the compressor.
The Consumer Product Safety Commission has proposed that a regula-
tion for lawnmower noise be set in a notice of proceeding, 39FR 26662,
7/17/74. However, the only RD&D identified relating to this proposal has
been the development of a measurement methodology. For the purpose of
this report, lawnmowers will be treated as a candidate for identification
as a major source of environmental noise.
The Consumer Product Safety Commission also has a standard for toy
guns and caps, 16CFR Chapter II, Subchapter C, part 1500, 9/27/73. This
bans the sale of toy guns and caps in violation of noise emission stan-
dards. No RD&D in fiscal years 1973 1975 has been associated with this
regulation.
25
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Table 3.8
FEDERAL STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS RELATING TO SURFACE VEHICLES
ho
Agency
DOT/FHWA/BMCS
DOT/FHWA
EPA/ONAC
EPA/ONAC
EPA/ONAC
Title
Vehicle Interior Noise Levels,
Title 49, Part 393.94, 11-8-73.
Noise Control Standards and Procedures,
Title 23, Part 772, 6-19-73, amended
2-2-74.
Noise Emission Standards (for) Motor
Carriers Engaged in Interstate Commerce,
Title 40, Part 202, 10-29-74.
Proposed Emission Standards
For Interstate Rail Carrier Noise,
NPRM, 39 FR 24580, 7-3-74.
Transportation Equipment Noise
Emission Controls: Proposed
Standards for Medium and Heavy-
Duty Trucks, NPRM, 39 FR 38338, 10-15-74.
Sources
Trucks & Buses - New and in-
service
Highways (noise levels as a
function of land uses)
Trucks
Locomotives, rail cars
New trucks
Formerly this was the DOT/FHWA Policy and Procedures Memorandum -- PPM 90-2.
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3.4 NATIONAL HEALTH AND WELFARE GOALS FOR NOISE CONTROL
In 1974, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency published a docu-
ment entitled, "Information of Levels of Environmental Noise Requisite to
Protect the Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate Margin of Safety."
The document serves to identify environmental noise levels in various
areas and conditions necessary to ensure no adverse health or welfare
effects. At the present time, this is the only document published by a
Federal agency which identifies such goals. The document provides a basis
for an overall assessment of the national impact of noise and the relative
contribution from various product types to this impact. Such an assess-
ment has not been done at this time. Therefore, goals for control of the
major noise sources have not yet been established.
Table 3.9 is a summary of the identified levels; Table 3.10 illus-
trates this information in more detail.
Tables 3.9 and 3.10 identify levels for both activity interference
and hearing loss. It is seen that these levels or goals can be related
to the source categories of noise. The purposes of identifying these
noise levels are to provide a basis for establishing noise level goals
for control of specific noise sources and for the assessment of noise
source emission regulations, human exposure standards, land use planning,
and zoning and building codes as to their effectiveness in the protection
of public health and welfare from environmental noise.
The levels of noise which have been identified are not to be con-
sidered as standards, nor as discrete numbers since they are in terms of
energy equivalents. The EPA believes that environmental noise levels,
when maintained at or below those identified, will protect the public
from adverse health and welfare effects. That is, a person may move
through several different noise environments throughout the day without
suffering hearing impairment as long as the daily equivalent sound energy
does not exceed 70 dB. Similarly, activity interference will not be undue
if outdoor levels are maintained at an energy equivalent of 55 dB and
indoor levels at 45 dB.
27
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Table 3.9
SUMMARY OF XOISE LEVELS IDENTIFIED AS REQUISITE TO PROTECT PUBLIC
HEALTH AND WELFARE WITH AX ADEQUATE MARGIN OF SAFETY
inect
Level
Area
>: ear ing Loss
All Areas
Outdoor activity
interference
and annoyance
L, ^
ar.
Outdoors in residential areas
and farms and other outdoor .
areas where people spend widely;
varying amounts of time and j
other places in which quiet :
is a basis for use. ,
; L
Outdoor areas where people
spend limited amounts of time,
such as school yards, play-
grounds, etc.
Indoor activit
,
dn
Indoor residential areas.
-LiiLeriertinct;
and annoyance
i
L ... .^ 45dB
eq(24 - -
i
i
i
Other indoor areas
activities such as
etc.
with human \
schools,
j
- - J
Explanation of Table 3.9:
Leq (24)represents the sound energy averaged over a 24-hour period
while Ld represents the L with a lOdB nighttime weighting.
o The hearing loss level identified here represents annual averages
of the daily level over a period of 40 years. (These are energy
averages, not to be confused with arithmetic averages.)
• Relationship of an L of,\ °^ ~OdB to higher exposure levels.
28
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Ta-le 3.10
YEARLY AYEP.AGE* E'A'TVALE:- s:^:: LEVELS ::EV:
REQUISITE TO PROTECT '':'•' PUrLi: -EAL7H ANT '.-.'El
AN ADEQUATE XAH^I!.' OF 'SAFETY
Residential -'i:r C"_i
side Space and Earn
Residences
Resicential vith No
Outside Space
Co:.-rr.ercial
Inside Transportati
Industrial
Hospitals
Institutional
Recreational Areas
Farm Land and
Coastal Unpopulated
Land
Code;
a. Since different
H
c" Ldn
Lee
Incccr .3 Prctect
•*r^i.-i--" '-'e.aT-'-'- T «--i^-- * .-
j ference tion fects (b): ferer.ce tion :e:ts fs)
^5- j w5 | 5f
I
(24'. . 70 ,
Ldn -5 | j 45
Leq(24, | 70 : j
• 55
70 !
i I
i
Leq(24) (a) ; 70 • 70 (c) i (a) 70 70(c)
c- Leq
(24) (a) . ' 70 j (a) |
Leq(24)(d) ^) 70 70 (c) (a)
Ldr. : 45 ; 45 55
Leq(24) ' i 70 }
Lec
Leq
Leq
(24) « ' 45 55
i i ' !
f24) : (a) 70 ; 70(c) i' (a)
• t
Leq(24) ;' : | (a)
: \ I !
i i
: 1
! 70 ; 70(c)
: 55
! 70 !
! 55
70 '
| !
1 70 | T0(c)
70 i 70(c)
i
i
i
tyr>es of activities arcear to be associated vith differpnr IPT-^IC •: ^^.-^, ^,-_-
d. An
, e
tion of a. maximunj level for activity i-iterferenc.? riay be difficult except in those cir
stances where sr-eech ccrrr.unica tic/ Lz a critical activity.
Based on lowest level.
Based only on hearing loss
cura-
of 75 c2 p_ay be identified in these situations so lor.g as the exposure over
16 hours per c'ay is low enough to result in a negligible contribution 'o -e
i ' e
average; i.e., no greater than an
eq
of 60 dr..
tr.e
24-hour
NOTE: Explanation of identified level for ,-rarinc loss. The exposure seriod which resul
hearing loss at the identified level is a period of 40 years. ' ' re»ul.
^Refers to energy rather than arithmetic averages.
29
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4.0 FEDERAL NOISE RD&D ACTIVITIES
4.1 OVERVIEW
Eleven Federal agencies or departments sponsor noise RD&D. These
are NASA, DOT, HEW, DOD, NSF, DOI, DOC/NBS, USDA, CPSC, HUD, and EPA.
Their noise RD&D activities can be classified into four areas which
correspond to the four interagency panels: (1) noise effects, (2) air-
craft noise, (3) surface vehicle noise, and (4) stationary machinery
noise. Table 4.1 summarizes the RD&D currently being addressed by each
Federal agency. Most of the agencies sponsor research in more than one
category. However, only DOD and EPA have activities in all four noise
RD&D areas. Noise effects research is being sponsored by nine Federal
agencies and is the category having the greatest number of Federal par-
ticipants. Stationary machinery noise RD&D is next, being considered by
eight Federal agencies. Aircraft noise RD&D is currently being sponsored
by NASA, DOT, DOD, and EFA while DOT, DOD, EPA, NSF, and USDA all support
surface vehicle noise RD&D.
The total resources allocated to noise RD&D by the Federal agencies
are summarized in Table 4.2 for FY 73, FY 74, and FY 75. NASA, DOT, and
DOD allocated the major portion of the Federal resources for noise RD&D
but their allocations have steadily decreased since FY 73. As a result
total Federal resources for noise RD&D have also steadily decreased
since FY 73, with the major decrease taking place from FY 74 to FY 75.
The latter is primarily due to the decrease in the NASA noise RD&D allo-
cations. HEW, DOI, DOC/NBS, and USDA show sceady increases in resource
allocations for noise RD&D during the FY 73 through FY 75 time period.
Of the noise research categories shown in Table 4.3 only Federal
expenditures for noise effects research increased steadily during the
FY 73 to FY 75 time period. Federal allocations for RD&D to control
aircraft noise decreased rapidly from $58,894.00 in FY 73 to $31,054,000
in FY 75 and related directly to the decrease in aircraft noise control
RD&D sponsored by NASA, DOT, and DOD. The. major element in this re-
duction is the scheduled completion during this period of two expensive
technology development and demonstration programs for retrofit
to existing aircraft -- FAA's Sound Absorbent Material (SAM) Nacelle
program and NASA's JT8D REFAN program. However, Federal allocations
for aircraft noise control RD&D still account for 80 to 90 percent
of the total Federal noise RD&D allocations during the FY 73 - 75
time period. Federal resources for both surface vehicle and stationary
machinery noise RD&D peak in FY 74. Although a number of Federal agencies
sponsor work in these categories, they receive the least emphasis based
on resource allocations.
31
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Table 4.1
SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES' CURRENT INVOLVEMENT IN NOISE RESEARCH
Area of Involvement
Agency
NASA
DOT
HEW
DOD
NSF
DOI
DOC/NBS
US DA
CPSC
HUD
EPA
Noise Surface
Effects Aircraft Vehicles
X X
XXX
X
XXX
X X
X
X
X
X
XXv
Stationary
Machinery
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
y
32
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Table 4.2
SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AGENCY EXPENDITURES FOR NOISE RESEARCH
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency
NASA
DOT
HEW
DOD
NSF
DOI
DOC/NBS
US DA
CPSC
HUD
EPA
Totals
1973
46,407
13,767
1,090
3,897
263
409
236
4
--
117
453
66,643
1974
47,232
5,269
1,613
4,621
658
551
381
93
70
638
1,189
62,315
1975
28,504
3,467
2,015
3,063
--
730
407
131
--
460
409
39,186
33
-------
Table 4.3
SUMMARY OF FEDERAL EXPENDITURES FOR NOISE RESEARCH CATEGORIES
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category
Noise Effects
Aircraft
Surface Vehicle
Machinery
Totals
1973
3,566
58,894
3,211
972
66,643
1974
5,006
51,751
3,374
2,184
62,315
1975
5,228
31,054
1,334
1,570
39,186
34
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The Federal programs are briefly described in the following sections.
The information will be presented by the noise research categories of
noise effects, aircraft noise, surface vehicle noise and stationary
machinery noise. In addition, the Federally sponsored noise measure-
ments RD&D will be separately reviewed in Section 5.5. More complete
information on the Federal RD&D can be obtained by referring to the panel
reports mentioned in Section 1.3.
4.2 NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH
There are nine Federal agencies conducting research on noise effects.
Table 4.4 is a summary of the funding by agency for the fiscal years 1973-
1975. The total funding over this period has increased by 68 percent.
This is principally due to the large increase of expenditures by HEW/
NINDS and the steadily increasing resource allocations by the DOD and
NASA.
Table 4.5 identifies the research categories that are currently
being addressed by each of the participating Federal agencies. This
table reflects several major points regarding the various agency pro-
grams. Within HEW, three separate institutions are involved in the con-
duct of noise effects research; NINDS, NIEHS, and NIOSH. The NINDS has
major research efforts ongoing in the areas of noise-induced hearing loss
and communication interference. The NIEHS research is conducted mostly
on animals. The major part (83 percent) is directed toward noise-induced
hearing loss and the remainder is allocated to the support of non-auditory
health effects research. NIOSH has a major research effort in noise-
induced hearing loss which includes both epidemiological and experimental
activities. In addition, NIOSH is supporting research on non-auditory
health effects and in the area of measurement methodology and calibration.
The DOD, like the EPA, pursues a broad research effort which in-
cludes each of the following categories: noise-induced hearing loss, non-
auditory health effects, individual behavior effects, communication
interference, and measurement methodology and calibration. In addition,
DOD sponsors research on community and collective response effects while
EPA conducts research on sleep effects.
NASA has a major research effort in the area of community or col-
lective response and, in addition to the EPA, is the only agency in-
volved in research on the effects of noise on sleep. HUD has a major
effort in community or collective response and devotes nearly 90 percent
of its funds to this area. The DOT currently has the smallest active
research program in noise effects, but directs all of its support toward
community or collective response.
NBS directs all its noise effects research to individual behavior.
35
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Table 4.4
NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency
HEW/NINDS
HEW/NIEHS
HEW/NIOSH
DOD
NASA
DOT
NSF
DOC/NBS
HUD
EPA
DOI/BuMines
Totals
1973
526
153
395
984
1,127
50
20
98
117
24
7_2
3,566
1974
622
258
507
1,180
1,154
130
--
117
638
377
23
5,006
1975
1,157
239
481
1,190
1,200
50
--
142
460
309
--
5.228
36
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Table 4.5
CURRENT AGENCY INVOLVEMENT IN NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH CATEGORIES
Research Category
Noise- Induced Non-Auditory
Hearing Health
Agency Loss Effects
HEW/NINDS
HEW/NIEHS
HEW/NIOSH
DOD
w
*"" NASA
DOT
DOC/NBS
HUD
EPA
NSF
DOI/BuMines
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
Individual Noise Communica- Community or Domestic Measurement
Behavior Effects on tion Inter- Collective Animals & Methodology
Effects Sleep ference Response Wildlife & Calibration
X
X X
X XX X
XXX
X X
X
X X
XXX X
X X
-------
At this time, no agency has any ongoing research activity on the
effects of noise on domestic animals and wildlife.
Table 4.6 is a summary of the funding as a function of research
category for the fiscal years 1973-1975. There has been a steady in-
crease in the funding for noise-induced hearing loss which in FY 75
received 38 percent of the total effects research resources. A sig-
nificant increase in funding for the community or collective response
category is shown for FY 75. Except for the non-auditory health
effects category, which shows a decrease in effort for FY 75, the
funding has remained fairly constant for remaining categories.
4.3 AIRCRAFT NOISE RD&D
Federally sponsored aircraft noise RD&D is classified by noise
source categories and by categories that have broad applications. Air-
craft noise sources being considered in the Federal RD&D include the
following: subsonic conventional take-off and landing aircraft (CTOL),
powered lift aircraft including short take-off and landing aircraft,
(STOL) and reduced take-off and landing (RTOL) aircraft, rotorcraft
and vertical take-off and landing aircraft (VTOL), supersonic cruise
aircraft, and general aviation aircraft. Table 4.7 summarizes" the
Federal agency resource allocations for fiscal years 1973-1976 for all
aircraft noise RD&D categories.
Funding for basic research and technology programs shows only
minor fluctuations in this period. Programs in this category have
broad application and apply to all aircraft noise source types. Funds
for noise portions of systems studies to define air transportation needs
are relatively low. There is a significant increase in funding for
general aviation aircraft noise. The projected FY 76 funding for gen-
eral aviation is over 10 times the amount of FY 73. Noise related pro-
grams applied to supersonic cruise aircraft are about the same in FY 73
and FY 74 and FY 75 and FY 76. Funding for noise related to powered
lift and rotorcraft/VTOL levels out in FY 74 and is fairly constant
through FY 76. Noise programs in the CTOL category apply mostly to the
existing commercial aircraft fleet. Funding in this category shows
significant decreases in FY 74, FY 75, and FY 76. A major factor in
the decreases is the completion during this period of two demonstration
programs leading to certifiable hardware suitable for retrofit to
existing aircraft -- the FAA's Sound Absorbent Material (SAM) nacelle
program and NASA's JT8D REFAN program.
Table 4.8 shows funding by agency for all RD&D categories for the
fiscal years 1973-1976. NASA plays the dominant role in all categories
of aircraft noise RD&D, especially as total funding levels out in
FY 75 and FY 76 with the completion of the REFAN and the retrofit
feasibility program of DOT/FAA. The decrease in DOT funding is
38
t
-------
Table 4.6
NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH FUNDING BY CATEGORY
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category
Noise- Induced Hearing Loss
Non-Auditory Health Effects
Individual Behavior Effects
Noise Effects on Sleep
Communication Interference
Community or Collective Response
Domestic Animals and Wildlife
Measurement Methodology and
Calibration
Totals
1973
1,084
126
381
217
275
410
--
1,073
3,566
1974
1,366
294
361
254
316
821
--
1,594
5,006
1975
1,979
61
443
159
296
1,114
__
1,176
5,288
39
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Table 4.7
SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AIRCRAFT NOISE RD&D ACTIVITIES AND RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
Technical Area
Subsonic Conven-
tional Aircraft
Powered Lift
Aircraft
Rotorcraft/VTOL
Supersonic Cruise
Aircraft
General Aviation
Air Transportation
Systems
Basic Research
and Technology
GRAND
Sponsoring
Agency
NASA
DOT
Subtotal
NASA
DOT
Subtotal
NASA
DOD
Subtotal
NASA
DOT
Subtotal
NASA
Subtotal
NASA
EPA
Subtotal
NASA
DOT
DOD
Subtotal
TOTAL
1973
27,7041/5
8,176
35,880
4,4061
241
4,647
__2
267
267
2,0701/3
316
2,386
801
80
2L5*
255
10,76s1
2,830
1,784
15,379
58^894
1974
25,204
1,899
27,103
2,082
2,082
1,774
534
2,308
2,086
299
2,385
355
355
428
404
832
14,149
785
1,752
16^686
51,751
1975
6,017
900
6,917
2,977
2,977
2,284
675
2,959
1,490
100
1,590
448
448
248
248
13,840
1,282
793
15,915
31^054
1976
2,703
2,703
2,952
2,952
2,294
275
2,569
1,730
1,730
996
996
227
227
14,269
1,760
1,112
17^ 141
28,318
1 The NASA funding data included in this table for FY 73 are based on
information supplied to EPA by NASA in December, 1973. The content
of the breakouts by research area is not exactly the same as those
for other fiscal years listed.
FY 73 funding included in Powered Lift Aircraft Noise Technology.
Some program activity included here that is listed under Basic
Research and Technology for other fiscal years.
EPA FY 74 total includes some funds committed in FY 73.
For FY 73, $1090K of the funds listed were for subsonic engine and
nacelle technology — Quiet Engine I.
40
-------
Table 4.8
SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES' RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS FOR AIRCRAFT NOISE RD&D
Fiscal Year Resources
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency
NASA
DOT
DOD
EPA
1973
45,280
11,563
2,051
1
1974
46,078
2,983
2,286
404
1975
27,304
2,282
1,468
--
1976
25,171
1,760
1,387
--
Total 58,894 51,751 31,054 28,318
EPA FY 74 total includes some funds committed in FY 73.
41
-------
consistent with the decision by FAA to recommend the SAM retrofit alter-
native which limits the necessity for major funding to be applied to
existing commercial fleet noise reduction. Most of the DOT funds in
FY 75 and FY 76 are in the category of basic research and technology and
are applicable to technology needs for future aircraft noise regulations.
DOD's program shows a steady decrease in resource allocations during
the FY 73-76 time period. However, most of DOD's resources are committed
to basic research and technology and will also be applicable to support
of future aircraft noise regulations.
4.4 SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D
The Federal agencies known to sponsor surface vehicle noise RD&D
activities are DOT, DOD, EPA, USDA, and NSF. Table 4.9 is a summary
of the major surface vehicle noise RD&D programs being sponsored by
these agencies. The total noise dedicated resources allocated by the
Federal Government peaked at $3,374,000 in FY 74.
The DOT is the principal Federal agency sponsoring surface vehicle
noise RD&D. These activities are primarily concerned with transportation
systems and are associated with three major programs. They are the
Highway Noise Reduction Program, Urban Transportation System Noise Re-
duction Program, and Conventional Railroad and Intercity High Speed
Systems Program. With emphasis on control of highway noise, the major
efforts have concentrated on the control of heavy-duty truck and bus
noise. Future research efforts emphasize truck tire and engine mech-
anical and combustion noise.
Although the DOT resource allocations to reduce noise from urban
transportation and conventional and high speed railway transportation
systems are not specifically identifiable from within total development
funding, significant noise RD&D efforts are underway in these non-noise
dedicated programs. The emphasis is in the development of future mass
transportation systems. As such, noise is only one of many factors being
considered and is often addressed as a design specification.
The DOD/Army has three RD&D programs concerned with surface vehicle
noise control. They are entitled, "The Conformance with Regulatory
Requirements," "Vehicle Signature Reduction Program," and "The Noise
Reduction Program for U.S. Army Construction Equipment." These programs
are funded by the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Command (TACOM) and the U.S.
Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development Center (MERDC) and
address highway and off-highway military vehicles. The TACOM Conformance
with Regulatory Requirements Program is directed toward reducing interior
and exterior noise levels of all tactical type military vehicles to meet
military and commercial noise standards. The MERDC Noise Reduction
Program for U.S. Army Construction Equipment was initiated as a result
of the low noise exposure level requirements established by the Army
42
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Table 4.9
SUMMARY OF THE FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D PROGRAMS
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
OplSUOWJ. J-LI&
Agency
DOT
DOD/ARMY
EPA
USDA
NSF
Descriptive Title of Program Prior to 1973
Highway Noise Reduction 2,066
Urban Transportation System Noise
Reduction Program*
Conventional Railroad & Intercity High
Speed Systems
Total DOT 2,066
Conformance with Regulatory Requirements
Vehicle Signature Reduction 100
Noise Reduction Program for U.S. Army
Construction Vehicles
Total DOD/ARMY 100
Interstate Motor Carriers
Interstate Rail Carriers
New Medium- & Heavy-Duty Trucks --
Total EPA
Reduction of Vehicle (snowmobile) &
Equipment Noise Levels
Use of Trees & Shrubs in Noise Abatement
Noise & Vibration of Off-Road Equipment --
Total USDA
Effects of Building & Other Boundaries on
Motor Vehicle Noise
Noise & Vibration from Transportation
Vehicles & Other Machinery
Total NSF
Total FEDERAL EFFORT 2,166
1973
1,798
356
--
2,154
215
100
369
684
170
199
***-
369
--
--
4
4
--
--
--
3 . 211
1974(est)
1,429
577
150
2,156
270
95
300
665
--
178
_*"*.
178
25
20
2_8
73
30
272
302
3,374
19752
935
--
200
1,135
_.
--
160
160
_-
--
""
--
39
--
" ""
39
--
--
--
jj_334
1 Resources for in-house research and noise portions of advanced transportation systems development
are not included.
^ FY 75 estimates are known to be incomplete.
-------
Surgeon General and is concerned with the control of noise from both
stationary and vehicular construction equipment. The TACOM Vehicle
Signature Reduction program is concerned \ith reducing the noise signature
detectability of military vehicles for combat purposes. Portions of this
program are classified. Although no other DOD surface vehicle research
programs were identified, there is evidence that other pertinent noise
reduction programs are being sponsored by DOD, particularly by the Navy
on watercraft. DOD plans to continue a similar effort during the FY 75
through FY 78 period.
The EPA identified three surface transportation research programs
which were sponsored in FY 73 and FY 74 to support the Interstate Motor
Carrier, Interstate Rail Carrier, and New Medium- and Heavy-Duty Truck
Regulations. These studies generally involved the determination of the
population impacted by the noise source to be regulated, best available
noise control technology, costs for compliance with the proposed regula-
tions, and measurement methods.for enforcing the regulation.
The USDA sponsors surface vehicle noise research through the Forest
Service and the Cooperative State Research Service. These programs
are concerned with control of off-road vehicle noise and the use of trees
and shrubs to abate noise. Only the off-road vehicle noise control re-
search activities of the Forest Service are planned to continue into the
future. The Cooperative State Research Service will continue to support
noise research proposed by individual scientists and engineers.
The NSF sponsors noise research based upon the merits of unsolicited
proposals. Currently, there are two NSF research grants specific to sur-
face vehicle noise. They are entitled, "The Effects of Building and Other
Boundaries on Motor Vehicle Noise" and "Noise and Vibration from Trans-
portation Vehicles and Other Machinery." A third grant entitled, "Basic
and Applied Studies of Noise," has a minor portion of the study addressing
sound generation by automotive tire designs.
4.5 MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Table 4.10 shows the Federal agencies' allocations for machinery
noise RD&D during the FY 73 through FY 75 time period. A total of
eight Federal agencies, including two components of DOD, are sponsoring
machinery noise RD&D. The Navy's program is the largest, committing
about 1 million dollars per year. However, the output of this effort
is classified and is not currently available to the public. The other
agencies together spent in FY 74 a total of more than 2 million dollars
on machinery noise RD&D. The total Federal effort has been in the range
of 2 or 3 million dollars per year for the FY 73 through FY 75 time
period and appeared to peak in FY 74.
44
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Table 4.10
MACHINERY NOISE RD&D FUNDING BY AGENCY
(Thousands of Dollars)
1973 1974 1975
DOI/BuMines 337 528 73Q1
DOC/NBS 138 264 265
HEW/NIOSH 162 226 138
NSF 243 356
EPA 60 230 100
DOD/USN3
DOD/USA 178 490 2451
CPSC -- 70
USDA ^ 20 92
Total 972 2,184 1,570
Projected.
2
This figure does not reflect $60.5K funded in FY 72 for work done
in FY 73.
Navy funding for specific RD&D activities in Machinery Noise can-
not be reported for security reasons. However, the total effort
in this area is about $1 million each year.
45
-------
The current Federal machinery noise RD&D programs address a number
of specific sources of machinery noise, undertake work in building and
structural transmission of noise, and work toward better definition of
the machinery noise problem through development of more accurate and
standardized measurement methodology. The general funding in these areas
is presented in Table 4.11. The majority of funds are spent on control
technology. This observation is further supported by the Navy's million
dollar a year program, most of which goes for source control technology.
It also appears that the funds for machinery noise RD&D peaked in FY 74.
This may not be actual, however, due to the uncertainity of the FY 75
data.
The agencies' current involvement in the three categories of machinery
noise RD&D is shown in Table 4.12. USDA and CPSC are involved only in
measurement or measurement methodology; NSF, DOD and NTOSH are supporting
research in all three areas, while BuMines, NBS, and EPA are involved in
two categories.
Table 4.11
SUMMARY BY AREA OF MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
RD&D Area
Source Noise Control Technology
Building and Structural Noise
Transmission and Control
Measurements and Measurement
Methodologies
Totals
1973
529
162
280
971
1974
1,307
370
507
2,184
1975
1,168
145
257
1,570
-------
Table 4.12
CURRENT AGENCY INVOLVEMENT IN AREAS OF MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
Area of Involvement
Agency
BuMines
NIOSH
NSF
DOD
NBS
EPA
CPSC
US DA
Source Noise Building and Structural Measurements and
Control Noise Transmission and Measurement
Technology Control Methodologies
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
47
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5.0 FEDERAL NOISE RDSD SUPPORTING
STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS DEVELOPMENT AND ENFORCEMENT
5.1 NOISE EFFECTS CRITERIA
A summary of the Federal noise effects research funding according to
area of activity is shown in Table 5.1. Except for the allocation of
funds for the support of measurement methodology and calibration, the
current expenditures support the development of criteria for the noise
effects defined in Table 3.1 (p. 13).
Table 5.1
NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH FUNDING BY CATEGORY
(Thousands of Dollars)
Category FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Non-Auditory Health Effects
Individual Behavior Effects
Noise Effects on Sleep
Communication Interference
Community or Collective Response
Domestic Animals and Wildlife
Measurement Methodology and
Calibration
Totals 3,566 5,006 5,228
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss - Research on noise-induced hearing loss con-
tinues to be of high importance relative to the development of criteria
because it is the one established adverse health effect from noise expo-
sure. To strengthen and/or support existing criteria, nearly 40 percent
of the total Federal expenditures for effects research is being spent on
noise-induced hearing loss during FY 75 by five agencies. Table 5.2
summarizes these expenditures.
49
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Table 5.2
FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
HEW (NINDS) 447 482 1,057
HEW (NIEHS) 224 341 352
HEW (NIOSH) 145 192 199
DOD 248 301 301*
NSF 20 0 0
EPA 0 5J) 70
Totals 1,084 1,366 1,979
* DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74.
Current research in this area addresses the following:
• Cross-sectional studies in various environments (occupational,
military, recreational, etc.).
• Relationships between permanent and temporary threshold shifts.
• Susceptibility to hearing loss.
• Combination of noise and other stressors (work, heat, vibration,
etc.).
• Combination with ototoxic drugs, other ototoxic agents, and
abnormal physiology.
• Effects on children.
• Impulse noise, intermittent noise, and high-intensity noise.
• Permanent effects of occupational and longer environmental
exposures.
• Mechanisms of hearing loss (biochemical, physiological, etc.).
• Hearing protection.
50
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Non-Auditory Health Effects - Results of existing studies indicate noise
contributes to numerous non-auditory health effects which adversely influ-
ence physical or mental health. Despite many questions which remain
unanswered at the present time regarding the non-auditory health effects
from noise exposure, Federal expenditures in support of this area of cri-
teria are currently little more than 1 percent of the total effects fund-
ing. Current research in this area is being conducted by three different
agencies which are addressing the following:
• Worker safety and health.
• Susceptibility to mental and physical illness.
• Cardiovascular and other physiologic changes .
• Effects on the vestibular (sense of balance), cardiovascular (heart
and circulatory), endocrine (internally-secreting glands), and
neutral systems.
• Effects on drug uptake.
• Non-auditory physiological system adaptation.
Table 5.3 is a summary of current funding for this area.
Table 5.3
FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NON-AUDITORY HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOISE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency FY 73 FY 74
HEW (NINDS) 8 66 40
HEW (NIOSH) 108 42 2
DOD 10 0 0
EPA _ P_ 186Z _ 0
Totals 126 294 61
DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74.
2 2-year project.
51
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Individual Behavior Effects - Individual behavior effects are of interest
in a variety of environments where adverse reflex actions or behavior may
result in accidents or unfavorable performance. Effects of noise on per-
formance, which is considered a highly significant area of study, have
been studied in the laboratory and work environment. However, well-con-
trolled field studies present a real problem in the evaluation of the effects
of noise on human performance. Of the current fiscal year support, only
9 percent of these funds are directed toward individual behavior effects.
Table 5.4 is a summary of the expenditures by agency in this area. Current
research in this area is conducted by five agencies addressing the
following:
• Annoyance factors.
• Performance capability.
• Startle effects on performance.
• Adaptation to noise.
• Measures of aversiveness and annoyance.
Table 5.4
FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR EFFECTS OF NOISE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
HEW (NIOSH) 0 28
DOD 233 166
DOT 50 0
EPA 0 50
DOC (NBS) 98 H7
Totals 381 361 443
* DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74.
52
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Noise Effects on Sleep - Sleep disturbance is often considered the princi-
pal reason given for noise annoyance. Most of the existing data in this
area are based on laboratory experiments that involve few subjects and
responses are evaluated in terms of physiological measurements. Only
about 3 percent of FY 75 funding is being devoted to this critical area
by two agencies as shown in Table 5.5.
Table 5.5
FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NOISE EFFECTS ON SLEEP
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency
NASA
EPA
Totals
FY 73
217
0
217
FY 74
254
0
254
FY 75
142
17
159
Communication Interference - Noise can interfere with speech by changing
its perceived quality, shifting its apparent location or loudness, or by
making it partially or completely inaudible. Speech is considered a major
activity of importance in identifying levels of noise necessary to pro-
tect public health and welfare. The available knowledge in this area is
still rather limited. The current Federal research in communication inter-
ference by noise is conducted by four agencies (Table 5.6). The expendi-
tures make up 6 percent of the effects funding.
Table 5.6
FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR COMMUNICATIONS INTERFERENCE OF NOISE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency FY 73
HEW (NINDS) 79
DOD 124
EPA 0
DOI (BuMines) 72
Totals 275
FY 74
140
109
59
8
316
FY 75
100
109*
87
0
296
* DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74.
53
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Community or Collective Response The second largest portion (22 percent)
of the current Federal noise effects research expenditures is in support
of community or collective response research. Although much has been
done to relate noise and annoyance, most of the work has been related
to conventional aircraft operations. Four agencies conduct research in
this area (Table 5.7).
Table 5.7
FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR COMMUNITY OR
COLLECTIVE RESPONSE TO NOISE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
DOD 32 0
NASA 378 491
DOT 0 130
HUD 0 200
Totals 410 821 1,114
* DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74.
Measurement Methodology and Calibration - Over 18 percent of the cur-
rent expenditures for noise effects research is applied to this cate-
gory. This research is conducted to support noise health effects
research, support implementation of noise control legislation, and
maintain a defensible posture regarding measurement technology. Six
agencies conduct research in this important area as shown in Table 5.8
54
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Table 5.8
FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NOISE MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY
AND CALIBRATION
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency FY 73 FY 74 FY 75
HEW (NIOSH)
DOD
HUD
EPA
DOI (BuMines)
NASA
Totals 1,073 1,594 1,176
* Estimated.
5.2 AIRCRAFT NOISE
Federal aircraft noise RD&D can be associated with support of and
modification to existing standards and regulations and development and
demonstration of technology for future regulations. Table 3.2 (p. 16)
gave the major noise source categories for aircraft and Table 3.7 (p. 24)
provided a summary of the status of existing aircraft noise standards
and regulations and those in the process of being promulgated. Table
5.9 illustrates the distribution of Federal RD&D that supports (1)
existing regulations, (2) technology demonstration for future regulation,
and (3) research to develop technology for future regulations. When the
noise source categories covered in these programs are considered, a
comparison of Tables 3.2 (p. 16), 3.3 (p. 17), and 5.9 provides a prelim-
inary understanding of how Federal aircraft noise RD&D relates to major
aircraft noise source categories, existing standards and regulations, and
development of technology for future standards and regulations.
The Federal RD&D supporting existing and future aircraft noise stan-
dards and regulations is summarized in Table 5.9 for fiscal years 1973
through 1976. Major activity supporting existing regulations has been
conducted by DOT/FAA and NASA. Programs in this category are primarily
concerned with the question of retrofitting older aircraft of the current
commercial fleet which were not initially included in provisions of FAR
Part 36 (See Table 3.7, p. 24). These questions are being resolved and,
as a result, funding for these activities terminates in FY 75.
55
-------
Table 5.9
FEDERAL RD&D SUPPORTING EXISTING AND FUTURE AIRCRAFT
NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
Ln
Federal RD&D Support
Supporting Existing
Regulations
Demonstrations Supporting
Future Regulations
Research Supporting
Future Regulations
Sponsoring Agency
NASA
DOT/FAA
EPA
Total
NASA
DOD
NASA
DOD
DOT/ONA
Total
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
Total
1973
28,170
8,492
(36,662)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1974
25,209
2,198
404
(27,811)
3,386
500
(3,886)
17,483
1,786
785
(20,054)
1975
5,905
1,000
(6,905)
4,626
675
(5,301)
16,773
1,282
793
(18,848)
1976
--
(--)
7,745
275
(8,020)
17,426
1,112
1,760
(20,298)
-------
The table also shows the level of Federal funding for demonstrations
which support development of future standards and regulations for various
aircraft noise source categories. These programs are sponsored mainly by
NASA and DOD. It can be observed that while funding for support of exist-
ing regulation decreases, funding for demonstrations to support future
regulations is increasing and reaches about $8 million in FY 76.
The third section of Table 5.9 summarizes the Federal funding for
basic research and technology development that is applicable to develop-
ment of new standards and regulations. This includes modification to
existing standards and regulations by lowering permissible noise levels
and inclusion of additional major source categories. Total funding by
NASA, DOT and DOD is relatively constant through fiscal,years 1974, 1975,
and 1976. The data for FY 76 are based on the agencies' projections and
are subject to change in the process of refining program plans.
5.2.1 Support of Existing Standards and Regulations
The status of existing standard-s and regulations is summarized in
Table 3.7 (p. 24). The Federal programs that support these standards are
summarized in Table 5.10. In the first part of the table, those programs
associated with aircraft type certification are listed and in the second
part of the table, the activities related to aircraft operational proce-
dures are given. The REFAN program conducted by NASA accounts for a great
percentage of total funds supporting type certification. This program
was initiated to develop and demonstrate retrofit kits for older, in-
service turbojet aircraft and is scheduled for completion in FY 75. The
retrofit feasibility for commercial jet aircraft conducted by the FAA
under their Source Noise Reduction Program is being completed in FY 75.
The FAA has recommended implementation of the Sound Absorbing Materials
(SAM) retrofit alternative.
The major program that relates to flight procedures, Noise'Reduc-
tion Flight Experiments, is being conducted by NASA and is scheduled
for completion in FY 75. These activities are related to the flight pro-
cedures rules and regulations tabulated in Table 3.7 (p. 24).
5.2.2 Demonstrations Supporting Future Regulations
Federal programs which will provide demonstrated technology to sup-
port the regulatory process for various aircraft source types are listed
in Table 5.11. The aircraft source types included in these programs are:
wide body turbojets, STOL, VTOL, powered-lift and rotorcraft, including
helicopters. A program to demonstrate a quiet, clean, general aviation
turbofan engine is scheduled to be initiated in FY 76. Total funding for
demonstration programs supporting future regulations is expected to
57
-------
Ul
oo
Regulation/Standard
Aircraft Type Certi-
fication Including
FAR Part 36, NPRM
74-14, NPRM 73-26,
ANPRM 73-32
Table 5.10
FEDERAL RD&D SUPPORTING EXISTING AIRCRAFT
NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
Aircraft Flight
Procedures Includ-
ing AC 91-39, ANPRM
74-12, AC 90-59,
AC-91-36, FAR
Part 91
Description Title of Program
REFAN PROGRAM
Source-Noise Reduction
Short Haul Transportation
Systems Analysis
Aircraft Noise Systems Studies
Aerodynamics and Crash
Worthiness
General Aviation Technology
Source and Operational Sonic
Boom Reduction
Noise Reduction Flight
Experiments
Terminal Configured Vehicle
Operating Systems Experiments
Total
Sponsoring
Agency
NASA
DOT/FAA
NASA
EPA
NASA
NASA
DOT/FAA
NASA
NASA
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
1973 T975 : W?5 T976
24,463* 20,803 2,514
8,176 1,899 900
180
404
95
316
302
260 4,618
299 100
3,405 3,600 1,380
271 1,563
36,392 27,811 6,905
This figure includes funding prior to and including FY 73.
-------
Table 5.11
FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS SUPPORTING FUTURE AIRCRAFT
NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
Sponsoring
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
Aircraft Type Source
Wide Body Turbojet
STOL
STOL
STOL (Powered lift)
Descriptive Title of Program
Advanced Acoustic Composite
Nacelle Program
Advanced Powered Lift Aircraft
Augmentor Wing Flight Experiment
Quiet Clean Short Haul
Agency
NASA
NASA
NASA
NASA
1974
530
310
160
167
1975
560
1,480
-
840
1976
1,090
1,470
-
825
STOL (Powered lift)
STOL
VTOL
VTOL
Rotorcraft
Rotorcraft
General Aviation
Aircraft
Experimental Engine (QCSEE)
Quiet Propulsive Lift NASA
Technology
STOL Operating Systems Experi- NASA
ments
VTOL Operating Systems Experi- NASA
ments
Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft NASA
Rotor Systems Research Aircraft NASA
DOD
Rotor Systems for RSRA NASA
Quiet, Clean, General Aviation NASA
Turbofan (QCGAT)
1,310
135
657
624
657
624
274
500
500
675
465
275
470
536
-------
Table 5.11
FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS SUPPORTING FUTURE AIRCRAFT
NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
(Concluded)
Aircraft Type Source
General Aviation
Aircraft
CTOL
Descriptive Title of Program
General Aviation Technology
Terminal Configured Vehicle
Operating Systems Experiments
Sponsoring
Agency 1974
NASA
NASA
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
1975
1976
460
1,613
Totals
3,886
5,301 8,020
-------
double in FY 76 compared to FY 74. Except for DOD involvement in one
rotorcraft program, all programs are being conducted by NASA.
5.2.3 Research Supporting Future Standards and Regulations
The Federal aircraft noise research programs which can be associated
with development of technology to support future regulations, including
the lowering of permissible noise levels within existing regulations,are
summarized in Table 5.12. These programs deal with the fundamental
mechanisms of noise generation and prediction in propulsion, airflow-
surface interaction including airframe aerodynamic noise, and rotors and
propellers. Other programs involve structural response, sound propaga-
tion and systems studies for future subsonic, transonic and supersonic
aircraft. The outcome of these programs governs the future level of noise
control. For example, control of aircraft approach noise below FAR 36
minus 10 dB depends on reducing airframe aerodynamic noise. Note that
NASA has a program addressing this problem.
While DOT and DOD have specific-research programs, NASA has the
most comprehensive coverage of all major noise source categories. About
90 percent of all research to support future regulations is being con-
ducted by NASA.
5.3 SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE
The Federal surface vehicle RD*/D activities can be related to sup-
port of existing or future regulations. Specifically, the Federal pro-
grams can be identified with the development and/or enforcement of exist-
ing or proposed surface vehicle noise regulations and with research and/
or demonstration of surface vehicle noise control which could provide the
basis for future regulations. Such an analysis allows a comparison of
major surface vehicle noise source candidates identified in Table 3.4
(p. 18) with those sources which have been or/are being addressed in the
Federal surface vehicle noise RD&D activities. This comparison will pro-
vide the basis upon which conclusions and recommendations can be made
concerning the current Federal surface vehicle noise RD&D activities.
The Federal surface vehicle RDf.D resource allocations supporting the
development and/or enforcement of existing or proposed standards and
regulations (listed in Table 3.8, p. 26) are summarized in Table 5.13.
Through FY 75 the Federal Government has committed an estimated $4,788,000
for RD&D supporting surface vehicle noise standards and regulations. Of this
almost 70 percent was allocated to RD-iD supporting standards and regula-
tions development. The peak in the Federal commitments for RD&D support
of both regulations development and enforcement was in FY 73 when over 40
percent of the total resources during the FY 73 through FY 75 was alloca-
ted. The two agencies sponsoring this research were DOT and EPA.
-------
Table 5.12
FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT FUTURE AIRCRAFT
NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
VTOL
Supersonic
Supersonic
Fiscal Year Funding
Sponsoring (Thousands of Dollars)
Aircraft Type Source
All Aircraft Types
All Aircraft Types
CTOL
All Aircraft Types
CTOL
CTOL
CTOL
CTOL
Rotorcraft
Descriptive Title of Program
Basic Noise Research
Noise Technology and Prediction
Airframe Aerodynamic Noise
Acceptance of Aircraft Operations
Jet Noise Research Program
Propulsion Noise Reduction
Airflow Surface Interaction
Structural Response and Sound
Propagation Programs
Advanced Rotorcraft Aerodynamic
Technology
Agency
NASA
NASA
NASA
NASA
DOT/ONA
DOD
DOD
DOD
NASA
DOD
1974
3,994
9,354
801
(1,154)
785
563
272
917
920
34
1975
3,461
8,733
1,646
(1,200)
1,282
271
75
447
1,045
1976
3,700
8,790
1,779
(1,458)
1,760
400
125
587
1,040
Advanced VTOL Aircraft Aerodynamic
Technology
Propulsion Technology
Aerodynamic Performance
NASA
80
NASA 1,422
NASA 664
150
1,233
257
160
1,360
370
-------
Table 5.12
FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT FUTURE AIRCRAFT
NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
(Concluded)
U)
Aircraft Type Source
CTOL
CTOL
C/KTOL
Supersonic & CTOL
Descriptive Title of Program
Analysis of Future Civil Trans-
portation Systems and Concepts
Sponsoring
Agency
NASA
High Transonic Speed Transport NASA
System Study
Subsonic/Transonic/C/RTOL Trans- NASA
port Technology Systems & Design
Studies
Subsonic/Sonic Transportation NASA
Technology Propulsion Studies
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
1974
88
16
110
34
1975
168
80
1976
147
80
Totals
20,054
18,848
20,298
-------
Table 5.13
FEDERAL NOISE RD&D SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT AND ENFORCEMENT OF
EXISTING SURFACE VEHICLE STANDARDS AND REGU1ATIONS
Fiscal Year Funding
ON
Federal RD&D Support
Development of Standards
and Regulations
Enforcement of Standards
and Regulations
Sponsoring
Agency
DOT
EPA
(Totals)
DOT (Totals)
AND TOTAL
{"Thousands ol Doll,
Prior to 1973
1 ,589
(1,589)
( 199)
1,788
1 9 7 3
892
170
(1,062)
(868)
1,930
1974 O
292
178
(470)
(350)
820
nrs)
si-) 1975*
200
(200)
(')())
250
Total
2,973
348
(3,321)
(1,467)
4,788
-------
However, DOT was the only agency providing research and technology sup-
porting both development and enforcement of standards and regulations.
DOT's commitments were $4,440,000, almost 93 percent of the total Federal
allocations.
TV" Federal resource allocations which are considered to be appli-
cable to future standards and regulations are shown in Table 5.14. The
total amount allocated through FY 75 was $5,297,000, the same order of
magnitude as that for RD&D supporting existing standards. Of this,
approximately 60 percent is for KD&D programs which are designed to
yield demonstrated noise control technology or techniques, and the remain-
ing 40 percent for research into the fundamentals of noise generation,
measurement, and control. The total RDScD supporting future regulations
is shown to peak in FY 74 at $2,554,000, accounting for just over 48
percent of the estimated total through FY 75.
The agencies sponsoring RDScD applicable to future surface vehicle
standards and regulations are DOT, DOD, NSF, and USDA. DOT is the major
contributor, allocating an estimated $3,270,000 or almost 62 percent of
the total Federal RD&D resources for future surface vehicle regulations.
Based on the distribution of resources, DOT places almost equal emphasis
on research and demonstration programs. DOD places most of its emphasis
on demonstration programs. DOD's total allocation to RD&D supporting
future regulations is $1,609,000, or just over 30 percent of the total.
USDA and NSF together contribute $418,000 to the total with USDA alloca-
ting all of its resources to demonstration programs and NSF assigning all
its resources to research.
Through FY 75 the Federal Government has allocated at least $10,085,000
for RDSD to support surface vehicle (principally transportation) standards
and regulations. Of the total, $4,788,000 or about 48 percent has been
devoted to support of the development and enforcement of existing stan-
dards and regulations. The remaining $5,297,000 (52 percent) can be
assigned to Federal RD&D to support the development of future standards
and regulations. Of the four agencies sponsoring surface vehicle RD&D,
DOT is the principal agency, allocating $7,710,000 or over 76 percent of
the total. DOD sponsors the second largest amount of surface vehicle noise
RD&D, having committed a total of $1,609,000 through FY 75. Together, DOT
and DOD account for almost 98 percent of the total Federal allocations.
Table 5.15 identifies the manner in which the major sources of surface
vehicle noise is being addressed by the current Federal RD&D programs.
5.3.1 Development of Existing Regulations
The Federal RD&D programs which have supported tie development of
existing or proposed surface vehicle-related noise standards and
regulations are identified in Table 5.16. The majority of this Federal
65
-------
Table 5.14
FEDERAL NOISE RD&D PROVIDING SUPPORT FOR FUTURE SURFACE VEHICLE
NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
ON
ON
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
Federal RD&D Support
Noise Control Demonstration
for Future Standards and
Regulations
Research for Future
Standards and Regulations
Sponsoring Agency
DOT
DOD
USDA
(Totals)
DOT
DOD
NSF
(Totals)
Prior to 1973
159
-
(159
119
100
-
(219)
1973
183
584
4
(771)
410
100
510
(510)
1974 (est)
1,079
570
73
(1,722)
435
95
302
(832)
1975
390
160
39
(589)
495
-
-
(495)
Totals
1,811
1,314
116
(3,241)
1,459
295
302
(2,056)
GRAND TOTALS
378
1,281
2,554
1,084
5,297
-------
Table 5.15
SUMMARY OF FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D SUPPORT OF
FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
* Regulations
Sources ExistingProposed
Highways2 X
2
Railways
Highway Vehicles:
Medium- & Heavy-Duty X
Trucks
Truck Tires
Motorcycles X
Buses X
Automobiles
Automobile Tires2
Light Trucks
Construction Vehicles:
Dozers (Tracked & Wheeled) X
Loaders (Tracked & Wheeled) X
Graders
Recreational Vehicles:
Snowmobiles
Motorcycles (off road)
Motor Boats
Railway Vehicles:
Railroad Locomotives X
Railroad Cars X
Rapid Rail Transit
Federal RD&D Programs
Demonstration
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Research
X
X
X
X
X
X
Some of the DOD research is classified.
Not identified by EPA as a major noise source candidate.
67
-------
Table 5.16
FEDERAL RD&D SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT OF EXISTING
SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE STANDARDS & REGULATIONS
Regulation/Standard
All Surface Transportation
Trucks (exterior)
ON
00
Trucks (interior)
Highways
Sponsoring
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands ot Dollars)
Descriptive Title of Program
Magnitude of Transportation
Noise General & Potential
Abatement
Quiet Truck Program
Truck/Bus Retrofit
Exhaust/Intake Mufflers
Truck Noise Handbook
Truck Tire Noise Study
Interstate Motor Carrier
Regulation
New Medium-& Heavy-Duty Truck
Regulation
(Total)
In-Cab Noise Tests
Development of Highway Noise
Standards PPM 90-2
Agency
DOT
DOT
DOT
DOT
DOT
DOT
EPA
Prior to 1973 1973
-H-
1,046 100
450
75 28
15
468 100
170
1974 (est)
--
100
72
--
20
100
+
1975'
--
-_
--
--
--
200
+
EPA
DOT
DOT
(1,589)
178
(863) (470)
(200)
-------
Table 5.16
FEDERAL RD&D SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT OF EXISTING
SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE STANDARDS & REGULATIONS
(Concluded)
vo
Regulation/Standard
Railway Carrier
Descriptive Title of Program
Measurement of Railroad Noise
Interstate Rail Carrier
Regulation
Sponsoring
Agency Prior to 1973
DOT ++
EPA
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
1973 1974 (est) 19751
199
GRAND TOTAL
1,589
1,062
470
200
1 FY estimates known to be incomplete.
+ Primarily an in-house effort.
++ Program not dedicated to surface vehicle noise, resource allocations not available.
-------
effort has been to establish demonstrated control methods for noise emitted
externally and at low speeds from existing and new medium- and heavy-duty
trucks used in interstate commerce. These trucks are considered to be the
major environmental surface vehicle noise source. In addition to external
truck noise, there has been RDM) to support the motor carrier safety regu-
lations limiting operator exposure to interior noise levels.
DOT in-house research provided information that was incorporated in
the highway noise control standards and procedures regulation which pro-
vides guidelines for planning and design of highways. Other Federal
RD&D programs provided support for the interstate rail carrier regulations
which placed noise limitations principally on the locomotive. It should
be noted that some of this work was not dedicated to railway carrier noise.
5.3.2 Enforcement of Existing Regulations
The Federal research programs supporting the enforcement of existing
regulations are listed in Table 5.17. By far the emphasis in the Federal
effort has been in training and development of measurement and prediction
tools and techniques for enforcing the highway and motor carrier truck
noise regulations. Portions of Federally sponsored research has been
identified with the enforcement of the interstate rail carrier regulation.
5.3.3 Demonstration Programs for Future Regulations
There are a number of Federal RD5cD programs which are designed to
provide demonstrated noise control technology and/or techniques and thereby
have potential for providing a basis for future surface vehicle noise-
source standards and regulations. These studies encompass a broad range
of surface vehicle sources of noise, including highways, railways, high-
way and off-highway vehicles, and railway vehicles.. Table 5.18 identi-
fies the current Federal demonstration programs in each of these source
categories.
The programs addressing highway noise are principally concerned with
the demonstration of the effectiveness of noise control through the use
of various barriers and highway design tools and techniques. For railway
noise, the principal efforts in the Federal programs have been to deter-
mine the noise climate of existing rail transit systems. However, one
program is designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of retarder barriers
to control noise from railroad yards.
For support of future highway vehicle regulations, the interior and
exterior noise levels of many military fleet vehicles have been measured.
Included in this work have been measurements of the component noise sources
of a cargo truck and noise levels of non-directional cross country and new
military tires. Other related programs have involved the measurement
70
-------
Table 5.17
FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS SUPPORTING REGULATIONS ENFORCEMENT
Regulation/Standard
Trucks & Highway
Railway
Descriptive Title of Program
Highway Noise Enforcement
Training and Equipment
Sponsoring
Agency
Fiscal Yea4 Funding
- (Thousands of Dollars)
Prior to 1973 1973 1974(est)1975'
DOT
Roadside Enforcement Sites DOT
BMCS Training/Equipping DOT
PPM 90-2 Training Manual & Course DOT
NCHRP Project III DOT
Scale Modelling Highway Noise DOT
DOT
Scale Modelling Urban Traffic
Noise
FHWA Highway Design Manual
Joint DOT/AAR Noise Research
DOT
DOT
Total
1 FY 75 estimates known to be incomplete.
+ Primarily an in-house effort.
450
70
100
50
120
79
199
132
120
112
54
868
180
35C
50
-------
Table 5.18
Surface Vehicle
Noise Source
Highways:
NJ
Railways;
Rapid Rail Transit
FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS
SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
Sponsoring
Descriptive Title of Program Agency Prior to 1973 1973 1974 (est)
Barrier Parametrics DOT
Highway Barrier Effectiveness DOT
Acoustic Materials Applications DOT
Community Noise Study DOT
Traffic Noise Study DOT
The Use of Trees & Shrubs in USDA
Noise Abatement
(Total)
In-Service Noise Abatement DOT
Test Evaluation2
Rapid Transit System Noise DOT
Environment
New York City Transit System DOT
Study
Chicago Transit Authority DOT
Studies
Other Transit Authority DOT
Studies
43
(102
See below
75
1975-
50
__
16
43
__
—
20
37
--
115
20
37
20
(242)
125
60
120
110
(110)
-------
Table 5.18
Surface Vehicle
Noise Source
FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS
SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
(continued)
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
Sponsoring
Descriptive Title of Program Agency Prior to 1973 1973 1974 (est)
1975J
Joint DOT/AAR Noise Research^
(Total)
DOT
See below
(305)
Highway Vehicles:
Military
Truck Tires
Passenger Car
Tires
Buses
Conformance with Regulatory
Requirements
Truck Tire Noise Study
Passenger Car Tire Noise
Purchase Specifications -
Transit Coaches
Transit Bus Noise Reduction
Potential
Truck/Bus Retrofit
Transbus Program
(Total)
DOD
DOT
DOT
DOT
DOT
DOT
DOT
215
270
22
26
(244)
(292)
(4+)
-------
Table 5.18
FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS
SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
(continued)
Surface Vehicle
Noise Source
Off-Highway Vehicles:
Sponsoring
Descriptive Title of Program Agency
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
Construction & Construction Equipment
Highway Mainten- Mufflers
ance
Construction Equipment
Standards
Noise Reduction Program
for U.S. Army Construction
Vehicles
Farm Equipment
Snowmobiles
Noise Vibration of Off-Road
Equipment
Reduction of Vehicle &
Equipment Noise Levels
DOT
DOT
DOD
US DA
US DA
Prior to 1973 1973 1974 (est) 1975
50
57
90
369
80
300
28
25
80
160
39
(Total)
(57)
(463)
(483)
(279)
-------
Table 5.18
FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS
SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
(concluded)
Ln
Surface Vehicle
Noise Source
Railway Vehicles:
Locomotives
Rapid Rail
Transit
Sponsoring
Descriptive Title of Program Agency
Joint DOT/AAR Noise Research2 DOT
In Service Noise Abatement DOT
n
Test and EvaluationL
State-of-the-Art Car DOT
New System Specifications- DOT
Capital Grants
(Total)
GRAND TOTAL
Fiscal Year Funding
_ (Thousands of Dollars)
Prior "to 1973 1973 1974 (est)
150
250
1975
200
(-H-)
(-K-)
(400)
(200)
159
771
1,722
589
1 FY 75 estimates known to be incomplete.
2 This program is multifaceted and has potential applications to many areas.
+ Primarily an in-house effort.
-hf- Not dedicated to surface vehicles noise, resource allocations not available.
-------
of the noise levels of truck a.id passenger car tires. Although not all
programs are specific to noise, there is a major Federal effort which
is designed to provide demonstrated noise control technology for highway
buses.
Off-highway surface vehicle noise sources are currently receiving
the greatest noise dedicated emphasis in the Federal demonstration pro-
grams. Off-highway vehicles receiving the most attention are those used
in construction. Specifically, low-noise mufflers and cooling system
technology for medium- and heavy-duty trucks are being examined for
applications to diesel-powered construction equipment. In addition, a
number of military construction vehicles, including wheeled and crawler
tractors, graders, loaders, rough terrain fork lifts, and a warehouse
fork lift have been studied to demonstrate control technology to reduce
the driver noise exposure and external noise emissions. Other Federal
programs are addressing the control of noise from snowmobiles and farm
equipment.
For railway vehicles there are major Federal efforts directed
toward the demonstration of noise control techniques; e.g., resilient
wheels and fastners, and other control technology for transit system
noise through in-service testing and new system specifications. Another
multifaceted Federal program includes the identification and characteri-
zation of locomotive noise and component noise sources under various
operating modes.
5.3.4 Research Programs for Future Regulations
The Federal surface vehicle noise research programs which have been
identified for support of future standards and regulations are listed in
Table 5.19. These programs are distinguished by their consideration of
the fundamentals of noise generation and control and therefore have poten-
tial for identifying the limits to noise control methods and technology.
In addition, the results of these programs will also aid in establishing
the ultimate goals for surface vehicle noise sources control.
The emphasis in the Federal surface vehicle research activities is
in transportation vehicles. However, there are significant efforts iden-
tified which address the transmission of noise from highways and urban
areas and the silencing of military vehicles used in transportation and
construction. For highway transportation vehicles, the major efforts are
concerned with component sources of medium- and heavy-duty truck noise.
For rail transportation vehicles, the emphasis is in noise generated by
wheel/rail interaction and in tracked rapid transit systems for the
future.
76
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Table 5.19
FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT FUTURE SURFACE VEHICLE
NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
Surface Vehicle
Noise Source
Highways
Transportation
Vehicles
Fiscal Year Fi.'ncling
Sponsoring _. (Thousands of Dollars)
Descriptive Title of Program Agency Prior to 1973 1973 i'974 "(est)
Effects of Buildings and
Other Boundaries on Motor
Vehicle Noise
Noise and Vibration from
Transportation Vehicles &
Other Machinery
Military Trans-
portation and
Construction Vehicles
Vehicle Signature Reduction
Trucks
Rapid Rail Transit
Vehicles
NSF
NSF
DOD/Army
Truck Tires Noise Basic DOT
Research
Engine Noise Support DOT
Basic Engine Noise Reduction DOT
Wheel/Rail Noise & Vibration DOT
Study
Elevated Structures Noise DOT
Vibration
100
119
100
80
30
272
95
150
40
245
184
146
1975"1
250
245
-------
Table 5.19
FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT FUTURE SURFACE VEHICLE
NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
(concluded)
Surface Vehicle
Noise Source
Descriptive Title of Program
Sponsoring
Agency
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
Prior to 1973 1973 1974 (est) 1975'
00
Future Transit
Systems
Personal Rapid Transit Program DOT
Linear Induction Motor DOT
Research Vehicle
Magnetically Levitated DOT
Research Vehicle
Tracked Air Cushion Research DOT
Vehicle
Screech Lopp-Pueblo Facility DOT
Dual Mode Program DOT
Totals
219
510
832
495
„ FY 75 estimates known to be incomplete.
This is a classified military program.
•f Primarily in-house effort.
++ Program not dedicated to noise, resource allocation not available.
-------
5.4 MACHINERY NOISE
Federal machinery noise RD&D can be identified which has supported
the development of the proposed regulation for new portable air compressors
The remainder can be associated with support of future standards and regu-
lations and can be classified as either research to develop new or advanced
noise control*" technology or RD&D to demonstrate available technology.
Table 5.20 summarizes the Federal expenditures in each of these categories
for FY 73 FY 75. In FY 73 - 75, the Federal Government spent about
$4,725,000 for RD&D in machinery noise.* Of this total $388,000, or 8
percent, .was expended on RD&D which has supported the EPA proposed noise
standard for new portable air compressors; $705,000, or 15 percent of the
total, supported research to develop advanced technology for noise control;
and the remaining $3,632,000, or 77 percent of the total, went toward
demonstration of available technology.
Table 5.21 summarizes the Federal machinery noise RD&D in FY 73 -
FY 75 which addresses candidates for identification as major sources of
environmental noise (identified in Table 3.5, p. 19). These activities
accounted for $1,431,000, or 30 percent of the total Federal machinery
noise RD&D expenditures during that period. EPA is expected to identify
two of these sources, lawnmowers and pneumatic and hydraulic tools, as
major noise sources in the near future. In the case of lawnmowers, the
activity involves only the development of a measurement methodology. It
should also be noted that the work on saws and home appliances is research
on fundamental noise generation and control.
5.4.1 Development of the Proposed Regulations
The Federal research activities which have supported the development
of the EPA proposed noise emission standard for new portable air com-
pressors are identified in Table 5.22. The majority of this RD&D was
sponsored by EPA to develop information on cost, technology, and measure-
ment methodology in direct support of the development and enforcement of
the standard. The U. S. Army's Mobility Equipment Research and Develop-
ment Center (MERDC) sponsored the only Federal RD&D which demonstrated
available control technology for a portable air compressor (600 CFM) . EPA
also supported other related research on construction site noise to
develop information from which EPA-identified portable air compressors
as a major source of construction site noise (along with medium- and heavy-
daty trucks).
This total does not reflect about $1 million spent annually by the
U. S. Navy for machinery noise RD&D. The Navy program which is
directed toward quiet ships is classified.
79
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Table 5.20
SUMMARY OF FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RD&D PROPOSED
AND FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
Fiscal Year Funding
^ (Thousands of Dollar£)
Federal RD&D Support 1973 1974 1975 " Total
Proposed Portable Air 158 230 0 388
Compressor Regulation
Research on Advanced Noise 243 423 39 705
Control Technology for
Support of Future Standards
and Regulations
RD&D which Provides Demonstrated 570 1,531 1,531 3,632
Noise Control Technology for
Support of Future Standards
and Regulations
Totals* 971 2,184 1,570 4,725
These totals do not reflect the $1 million Navy RD&D program to quiet
ships. Details cannot be reported for security reasons.
80
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Table 5.21
SUMMARY OF FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RD&D ON
MAJOR NOISE SOURCE CANDIDATES
Fiscal Year Funding
00
Source
Lawnmowers
Pneumatic and ,
Hydraulic Tools
Generators
4
Pumps
Rock Drills
Saws
Air Conditioners
Home Appliances
Demonstration
x2
X
X
X
X
X
Sponsoring
Research Agency
CPSC
EPA, BuMines
DOD/USA/MERDC
DOD/USA/MERDC
BuMines
X NSF
DOD/USA/MERDC
X NSF
(Thousands of jjDollars)
1973 ""l974"" 1975 Totals"
0
157
80
0
90
875
0
0
15
152
50
0
0
0
400
2726
0
2003
0
0
0
0
200
0
15
509
130
0
90
87
600
272
rotals
414
617
400 1,431
Expected to be identified as major sources in the near future.
Measurement methodology only.
Includes$100K projected by Bureau of Mines.
Work included in surface vehicle, but applicable to stationary pumps.
Basic work which includes sawblades as well as other sources. Funding is for 18 months.
Majority of work is surface vehicle and funding is not included in these totals. Appliances
are discussed in the project description, but no specific sources were identified.
-------
Table 5.22
FEDERAL RD&D SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT OF THE EPA PROPOSED
REGULATION ON PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSORS
Fiscal Year Funding
Sponsoring (Thousands of Dollars)
Descriptive Title Agency T973 1974 WTS
Compressor Noise Control DOD/USA/MERDC 98 0 0
Portable Air Compressor EPA 0 91 0
Noise Technology and Cost
Construction Noise Study EPA 0 25 0
Economic Impact of Portable EPA 0 50 0
Air Compressor Noise
Emission Standards
Development of Noise EPA 60 64 0
Measurement Methodology
for Portable Air Compressors
Totals 158 230 0
The Federal research activities on advanced noise control technology
which can support future standards and regulation are listed in Table 5.23.
These activities are distinguished by their consideration of the funda-
mentals of noise generation, propagation, and control and therefore have
potential for identifying the limits to noise control methods and techno-
logy- In addition, the results of these activities will also aid in estab-
lishing the ultimate goals for control of some major machinery noise
sources.
Two agencies, NIOSH and NSF, have activities in this area. NIOSH has
supported fundamental work on punch presses and wood planers. NSF sponsors
research based on the merits of unsolicited proposals. In FY 73 and FY 74
NSF funded 13 grants adressing noise generating mechanisms, propagation,
and noise control fundamentals.
82
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Table 5.23
FEDERAL RESEARCH TO SUPPORT FUTURE
NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
uo
Machinery
Noise
Sources
Punch Presses
Wood Planers
Heat Exchangers
Pipelines
Basic Generation
Mechanism
Sawblades, Blowers
Ducts and Nozzles
Combustion
Diesel Engines
Appliances Machine
Tools
Activity Title
Punch Press Noise Reduction
Noise Control Research in Wood
Planers
Flow Induced Vibration and Noise
in Heat Exchangers
Cavitation Damage Scale Effects
for sudden Enlargements in
Pipelines
Research Initiation-Impact Mechanics
and the Generation of Impulsive
Sound
Basic and Applied Studies of Noise
Attenuation of High-Intensity Sound
in a Condensing Vapor
Combustion Generated
Controlling the, Noise Radiated from
Diesel Engines
Noise and Vibration from Transporta-
tion Vehicles and Other Machinery
Sponsoring
Agency
NIOSH
NIOSH
NSF1
NSF1
NSF1
NSF1
NSF1
NSF
NSF
NSF1
Fiscal Year Funding
£Thpusands jjf Dollars)
1973 1974 ~ 1975
54
52 39
2
74.5'
17-
87
3,5
65.4'
26
272
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Table 5.23
FEDERAL RESEARCH TO SUPPORT FUTURE
NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
(concluded)
00
-P-
Machinery
Noise
Sources
Basic Propagation
Basic Propagation
Basic Propagation
Basic Control
Basic Control
Activity Title
Acoustic Propagation in Branches
Solids
Sound Transmission in Buildings
Research on Noise Propagation
Acoustically Absorbent Materials^
Optimum Design of Partitions for
Minimum Sound Transmission
Sponsoring
Agency
NSF1
NSF1
NSF1
NSF
NSF
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars')
1973 1974 1975
49.5
15
74'
152'
Totals
243
423
39
1 NSF funding cannot be predicted for FY 75.
Funding for 24-month period.
3 Funding for 18-month period.
4 Funding in FY 72 for 24-month period.
5 Includes some minor surface vehicle related work.
Majority of work is surface vehicles. Funding is included in that section.
-------
5.4.3 Demonstration of Technology for Future Regulations
There is Federal RD&D which is designed to provide demonstrated
noise control technology and/or techniques and thereby has potential
for providing a basis for machinery noise source standards and regu-
lations in the near future. Table 5.24 lists these activities. It
should be noted that a significant portion is involved with measure-
ment of methodology.
Eight agencies, DOD, NBS, NSF, BuMines, NIOSH, EPA, CPSC, and
USDA> have activities in this category, and a number of machinery noise
sources are addressed. DOD addresses several kinds of military equip-
ment: generators, air conditions, hydraulic equipment, and construction
equipment. NBS develops measurement methodology for machinery noise
sources and designs guidelines for noise control in buildings. NSF has
funded development of a computer model to predict industrial noise
levels. The Bureau of Mines RD&D addresses a number of sources in the
mining environment. NIOSH has supported (1) identification of available
technology for industry in general, (2) identification of available tech-
nology for the textile industry specifically, (3) the identification of
noise control materials and their capabilities, and (4) the development
of a recording system for impulse noise. EPA is planning work to identify
available control technology, costs, and economics for regulation of pneu-
matic and hydraulic tools. CPSC has supported development of measure-
ment methodologies for regulation of (1) various consumer products, (2)
lawnmowers, and (3) toys. USDA began a program in 1974 to study noise
from agricultural machinery.
5.5 NOISE MEASUREMENT RD&O
A critical area to the success of all tae Federal Government's
efforts to control aircraft, surface vehicle, and machinery noise and
to develop noise effects criteria is the RD&D of the instrumentation
and methodologies for measuring, characterizing, and monitoring noise
and for enforcing noise standards and regulations. This is apparent
from Table 5.25 which shows that all 11 of the Federal agencies and
departments involved in noise RD&D also sponsor RD&D of noise measure-
ments methodology and/or instruments for noise measurements. The
allocations have ranged from 1.5 to 2.3 million dollars per year
during the FY 73 to FY 75 time period excluding those related to air-
craft noise measurements.
Of the research/source categories shown in Table 5.26, noise
measurements RD&D support of noise effects research receives the greatest
emphasis based on known resource allocations. A major portion of the
effects measurements RD&D concerns aircraft noise. In addition, it is
known from the Interagency Aircraft Noise Research Panel report on
Federal aircraft noise RD&D programs that the agencies involved also
85
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Table 5.24
FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES
SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
oo
ON
Machinery
Noise
Source
Electric Generator
Air Conditioner
Hydraulic Equipment Hydraulic Noise
Construction Euqipment
Activity Title
Electric Generator Noise Control
Air Conditioner Noise Control
1
Measurement
Methodology
Building Sources
Industrial Sources
Mine Conveyors
Mine Cleaning Plant
Sources
Construction Equipment:
Specification and Control
Machinery Noise Measurement
Methods
Building Accoustics
Prediction of Noise Levels in
Manufacturing Areas
Alternate Conveyor Designs for
Mine Machinery
Noise Control in Surface Mining
Facilities—Problem Definition
Mine.Surface Facili- Noise Control in Surface Mining
ties' Chutes and Facilities: Chutes and
Screens Screens
Fiscal Year Funding
Sponsoring (Thousands of Dollars)
Agency 1977 1974"1975
DOD/USA/MERDC 80 50
DOD/USA/MERDC
DOD/USA/MERDC
DOD/USA/CERL
NBS
NBS
NSF
BuMines'
BuMines
BuMines
41
79.4
400 200
40
120
16.7
112.4
45
120
97 144 145
392
148.8
-------
Table 5.24
FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES
SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
(continued)
oo
Machinery
Noise
Source
Pneumatic Rock Drills
Pneumatic Drills
Measurement and
Pneumatic Drill
Bolters, Loaders,
Continuous Miners
Diesel-Powered
Mining Equipment
Mine Sources
Textile Machines
Activity Title
Abatement of Noise from Pneumatic
Rock Drills
Muffler for Pneumatic Drill:
1. Analysis and Design
2. Analysis of Mechanical Noise
3. Abatement of Mechanical Noise
4. Larger Class Drill
Problem of Coal Mine Noise Gener-
ation and Correction
Noise Abatement in Mining
Machinery
Sponsoring
Agency
BuMines
BuMines
BuMines
BuMines
Noise Control of Underground BuMines
Diesel-Powered Equipment--Problem
Definitions
FY 75 Projected
Coordinated Textile Industry
Noise Reduction Program
BuMines
NIOSH
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
1973 1974 1975
90.1
56.6
15.1
100.2 137.3
10.4 39.5
58.7
120
730
99.5
Industrial Sources
Industrial Noise Control Manual
NIOSH
16
-------
Table 5.24
FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES
SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
(continued)
oo
oo
Machinery
Noise
Source
Available Materials
Impulse Sources
Pneumatic and
Hydraulic Tools
Consumer Products
Lawnmowers
Toys
Activity Title
Compendium of Noise Control
Materials
2,5
Impulse Noise Recording Systems
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Drills and
Pavement Breakers - Technology,
Costs, and Economic Impact
Developing a Consistent Set of
Product Noise Regulations
Test Protocol for Lawnmower Noise
Noise Measurement Techniques for
Noise
Sponsoring
Agency
NIOSH
NIOSH
EPA
CPSC
CPSC
CPSC
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thou sand s o f Do lljrrsj
1973 1974 1975
20
15
35
100
0
0
0
-------
Table 5.24
FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES
SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
(concluded)
Machinery
Noise
Source
Agricultural
Machinery
Activity Title
Abatement and Control of Noise
Associated with Agricultural
Processes
Totals
Sponsoring
Agency
USDA
Fiscal Year Funding
^Thousands of Dollars)
1973 1974 1975
20
92
570
1,531 1,531
oo
Work carried out relative to surface vehicles but applicable to machinery noise.
in surface vehicle section.
Funding for 24 months.
FY 75 total was projected, but not identifiable with specific sources.
Funding in FY 72 but work carried out in FY 73 and FY 74.
Nominal in-house funding.
Covered
-------
Table 5.25
SUMMARY OF FEDERAL NOISE MEASUREMENTS
RDStD BY AGENCY
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
Agency
DOD*
NASA*
*
DOT
HUD
EPA
NBS
DOI/BuMines
USDA
HEW/NIOSH
CPSC
NSF
1973
381
532
450
117
107
41
179
-
63
-
-
1974
644
409
170
438
108
120
169
20
96
70
39
1975
659
404
50
50
-
120
-
92
108
-
-
Totals
1,870
2,283
1,483
* Aircraft noise measurements RD&D not related to noise effects are
not included.
90
-------
Table 5.26
SUMMARY OF FEDERAL NOISE MEASUREMENTS
RD&D BY RESEARCH CATEGORY
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
Research Category 1973 1974] 1975
Noise Effects 1,073 1,594 1,176
A • r *
Aircraft
Surface Vehicle
Machinery
517
280
182
507
50
257
Totals 1,870 2,283 1,483
^Breakout of resources for Federal aircraft noise measurements
RD^D not related to noise effects are not available.
91
-------
sponsor supporting noise measurements RD&D. However, a breakout of
these allocations is not possible at this time. While most of the
known Federal allocations for noise measurements RD&D is to support
other noise research activities, practically all of the measurements
RD&D related to surface vehicle noise support enforcement of surface
transportation regulations.
A summary of the noise measurements RD&D projects in each of the
research/source categories identified in Table 5.26 is provided in
Appendix E. Details of these projects can be obtained from the appro-
priate interagency panel report on the Federal noise RD&D activities.
92
-------
6.0 APPENDICES
Page No.
Appendix A - Glossary of Acronyms and Terms 95
Appendix B - EPA Plan to Coordinate the Federal Noise 101
Research as Required by the Noise Control
Act of 1972
Appendix C - Federal Noise Research Panel Members 109
Appendix D - Information Requested by EPA on the Federal 117
Noise RD&D Programs and Projects
Appendix E - Federally Sponsored Noise Measurements 127
Related RD&D
List of Tables 127
93
-------
APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND TERMS
95
-------
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND TERMS
AAR - Association of American Railroads
AMC - Army Materiel Command
AMST - Advanced Medium STOL Transport
ARC - Ames Research Center/NASA
ASHO - Association of State Highway Officials
BMCS - Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety/DOT
BuMines - Bureau of Mines/DOI
CPSC - Consumer Product Safety Commission
C/RTOL - Conventional/Reduced Take Off and Landing
GSRS - Cooperative State Research Service/USDA
CTOL - Conventional Take Off and Landing
DOC - Department of Commerce
DOD - Department of Defense
DOI - Department of Interior
DOL - Department of Labor
DOT - Department of Transportation
EPA - Environmental Protection Agency
EPNdB - Effective Perceived Noise Level in dB
FAA - Federal Aviation Administration
FAR-36 - Federal Aviation Rule, Part 36
FHWA - Federal Highway Administration/DOT
FRC - Flight Research Center/NASA
FY - Fiscal Year
97
-------
HEW Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
HiTST - High Transonic Speed Transport
HRB - Highway Research Board/ASHO
HUD - Department of Housing and Urban Development
JP-Fuel - Jet Petroleum Fuel
JPL - Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA
L/D - Lift Drag Ratio
LaRC - Langley Research Center/NASA
LeRC - Lewis Research Center/NASA
MERDC - U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research and Development
Center/DOD
MVMA - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association
NADC Naval Air Development Center/DOD
NAS - National Academy of Sciences
NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NBS - National Bureau of Standards
NFPA National Fluid Power Association
NIEHS - National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/HEW
NINDS - National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke/HEW
NIOSH - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health/HEW
NRC - National Research Council
NSF - National Science Foundation
ONAC - Office of Noise Abatement and Control/EPA
ORD - Office of Research and Development/EPA
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration/DOL
OVSR - Office of Vehicle Systems Research/NBS
98
-------
QCSEE - Quiet Clean Short-Haul Experimental Engine
QSRA - Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft
RADC - Air Force Rome Air Development Center/DOD
RD&D - Research, Development, and Demonstration
RSRA - Rotor Systems Research Aircraft
RTOL - Reduced Take Off and Landing
RTOP - Research and Technology Operating Plan/NASA
SAE - Society of Automotive Engineers
SAM - Sound Absorbing Material
SCAR - Supersonic Cruise Aircraft
STOL - Short Take Off and Landing
TACOM - U.S. Army Tank Automotive Command/DOD
TECOM - U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command/DOD
TSC - Transportation Systems Center/DOT
UMTA - Urban Mass Transportation Administration/DOT
USA - Department of the Army/DOD
USAF - Department of the Air Force/DOD
USDA - U.S. Department of Agriculture
USN - Department of the Navy/DOD
V/STOL - Vertical/Short Take Off and Landing
VTOL - Vertical Take Off and Landing
WES - Army Corp of Engineer Waterway Experiment Station/DOD
99
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APPENDIX B
EPA PLAN TO COORDINATE THE FEDERAL
NOISE RESEARCH AS REQUIRED BY THE
NOISE CONTROL ACT OF 1972
(January, 1974)
101
-------
EPA PLAN TO COORDINATE THE FEDERAL NOISE RESEARCH
AS REQUIRED BY THE NOISE CONTROL ACT OF 1972
(January, 1974)
DISCUSSION
The Noise Control Act (NCA) of 1972 charges the Administrator of
EPA with the responsibility to coordinate noise research and control
programs of all Federal agencies as one of the ways to achieve the
major objective of the Act which is "to promote an environment for all
Americans free from noise that jeopardizes their health or welfare."
All Federal agencies are required by the Act to promote this objective
in carrying out the programs under their control (Sec. 4(a)). In
order to develop, support and enforce standards, the Congress clearly
intends that EPA make full use of ongoing Federally sponsored research,
development and demonstration programs.* With proper coordination and
promotion by EPA, this broad Federal effort could provide a significant
portion of the technology, research, development and demonstration base
required to support current and future regulatory activities. Proper
coordination can also provide for more effective utilization of Federal
resources committed to noise programs by ensuring that research and
control activities respond to multiple needs and by identifying and
eliminating unnecessary duplication.
Federal research coordination then is viewed as a major resource
whereby the Agency will achieve much of its research, development and
demonstration requirements. Specific products of research coordination
will include the following: (1) a detailed in-depth review of all
Federal noise research, development and demonstration programs for
incorporation into an integrated Federal noise research program plan
that is designed to provide the technology base for Agency regulatory
and enforcement activities to control noise that jeopardizes the
public health and welfare; (2) an identification of research and
technology gaps that exist in current Federal noise programs that must
be filled to support the Agency's regulatory and enforcement activities.
This information is direct input to the Agency's coordination and
research plans to assure that these environmental research needs are
satisfied; (3) the opportunity for all agencies engaged in Federal
* EPA also is required to review noise standards and regulations pre-
scribed by other Agencies and to publish a periodic report on the
status and progress of Federal Noise research & control activities.
103
-------
noise research to exchange information at all levels on continuing basis
to promote program integration and to assure the most cost effective
Federal program; (4) elimination of unnecessary duplication, over-
lapping, and unproductive research programs to assure more effective
utilization of Federal resources; (5) research and demonstrated
technology that can be used for development and support of noise
standards and regulations and the necessary data base for support of
Agency enforcement activities; (6) the information and data required
for preparation of the Agency's Report to the President and Congress.
The Act does not specify a mechanism for coordination or a
procedure to ensure full cooperation from all Federal agencies. As
the Agency component charged with noise research, development, and
demonstration and associated coordination responsibility, the Office
of Research and Development (ORD) proposes an explicit plan to
accomplish research coordination. This plan is based on the premise
that Agency research and technology needs will be identified co-
operatively by the Office of Noise Abatement and Control (ONAC) and
ORD to be responsive to Agency regulatory and enforcement requirements.
An additional premise is that research coordination will be implemented
by ORD to supply a major portion of the Agency's research and develop-
ment requirements and to comply with the Agency coordination role
mandated by the Noise Control Act.
It is to be expected that other Federal agencies will not look with
favor upon EPA's designated role as Federal program coordinator unless
they can feel reasonably confident that EPA is technically capable of
reviewing and understanding their programs, that EPA is not likely to
act capriciously and arbitrarily in proposing program coordination, that
their own expertise will be utilized in evaluating their own and related
programs and that the affected agencies will have a forum for expressing
their views. Cooperation of each affected agency is essential to
effective coordination.
To ensure that the necessary products of coordination are obtained
in a timely and efficient manner, the following plan for research co-
ordination has been designed. The plan has several interacting
components: (1) a specific mechanism for continuing interagency
participation for information gathering and review, planning, interagency
agreements, and problem resolution relating to noise research; (2)
incorporation of information on research into the periodic reports on
Federal noise programs; (3) in cooperation with ONAC on noise control
programs, coordination through the Office of Management and Budget as
needed; (4) EPA and interagency sponsored symposia and conferences; and
(5) EPA in-house and jointly sponsored research; (6) a mechanism whereby
noise program office requirements for development of standards and
regulations are met in a timely and responsive manner by ORD. The
104
-------
key to the coordination plan is the specific mechanism of interagency
participation: This tool was designed and will be employed in
recognition that products of research must be considered over the long
term and that influence can be achieved best through continuing efforts
to develop confidences and respect of the agencies in the coordination
activities from the technical working level up through the policy level.
To implement interagency participation the ORD proposes to establish
three interacting bodies: (1) an interagency noise research committee
composed of high-level representatives of agencies with major programs
of noise research; (2) four noise research panels for aircraft noise,
surface vehicle noise, machinery noise and noise effects; and
(3) ad hoc working groups to address specific problem areas.
The interagency noise research committee provides the entree
and authority within the participating organization necessary to assure
that the ORD has access to the agencies' program details such as pro-
jects, project objectives, funding level, future plans, etc. The
high-level committee members identify and commit manpower for panels
and working groups and serve as a point of voluntary receipt and
adoption of EPA coordination requirements. EPA has determined that
the interagency noise research committee will convene on an ad hoc
basis as required as experience is being developed in research coordi-
nation. EPA may wish to formally establish this committee as a standing
body in the future.
The interagency noise research committee would not be an advisory
committee. It would not be responsible for the policy or development
of any part of the coordination product. These responsibilities are
viewed as exclusive EPA responsibilities and not delegable. This
committee will be chaired by the Deputy Assistant Administrator
for Environmental Engineering. As a result of its limited service,
it is not expected that this committee would meet more than two to
three times each year at the call of the chairman.
The noise research panels are standing bodies and are the vehicles
whereby the ORD gains access to technical middle-management level
expertise. Panels are to be made up of representatives of several
agencies having research programs in a common area. Their functions
include (1) reviewing and reporting on the status of specific tech-
nology; (2) identifying research and technology gaps; (3) identifying
areas requiring detailed studies by ad hoc working groups; (4) ex-
ploring opportunities for Federal noise research integration and joint
programs; and (5) serving as focal points for receiving and considering
pertinent scientific and programmatic advice from and communications
with other bodies such as NAS-NRC.
105
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Ad hoc working groups undertake specific tasks as defined by the
OKD coordinating staff. They provide one route of direct communication
between agencies at the technical working level. The committee, panels
and working groups would be made up of only Federal employees and,
therefore, are not advisory groups which require approval by the Office
of Management and Budget.
A fourth support mechanism to be employed by the ORD coordination
staff in carrying out the research coordination task is the use of a
contractor. This is necessary in order to handle the large volume of
detailed information involved in continuing review of Federal noise
research, development and demonstration programs. Contractors will be
selected on a periodic basis according to specific needs to complenent
and to extend the scope of the technical expertise of the coordination
staff.
Several specific needs have been identified that require consider-
ation by the agencies to carry out the interagency research coordination
plan. First, each agency needs to designate the appropriate members
of their organizations to serve on the noise research panels. Guide-
lines are presented in the following paragraphs for organization of the
four panels. In considering panel size and distribution of members by
agency, an attempt has been made to keep each panel to a manageable size,
yet to allow for adequate representation by each agency. A further con-
sideration was the recognition of exising organizational structures
that provide a means for coordination. In particular, the DOT/NASA
Joint Office of Noise Abatement (JONA) has been very active in
promoting coordination and program integration.
The EPA/ORD plan for coordination of aircraft noise RD&D entails
the organization of an interagency aircraft noise research panel
which would work in parallel with the Steering Group organized by JONA.
The aircraft panel would provide a formal coordination procedure for
all Federal agencies involved in aircraft noise research. EPA/ORD
suggests the following representation on this panel: EPA/ORD - 1
(chairman), EPA/ONAC - 1, DOT/NASA JONA - 5, and DOD - 3. EPA/ORD
feels that this distribution of agency members will adequately tie to-
gether the majority of all aircraft noise technology research being
conducted by the Federal Government and believes that this approach
can serve to build on existing coordination efforts. The responsi-
bilities , purview and rules of procedure for the panels will not be
presented in detail here but will be considered in the first panel
meeting.
1C6
-------
The majority of identified research and development on surface
vehicle sources of noise is conducted through the DOT. The following
suggestion of membership distribution for the surface vehicle noise
research panel accounts for this observation: EPA/ORD - 1 (chairman),
ETA/ONAC - 1, DOT - 5, DOD - 1, DOC/NBS - 1, and HUD - 1. The prob-
lem of land-use planning in relation to noise research coordination
will be within the purview of this panel. It is realized that this
problem transcends all areas of noise and the panel will take this into
account in its activities. The noise sources considered by the panel
includes all surface vehicles including those used in transportation,
recreation, construction, agriculture, etc.
The interagency noise effects panel is to be concerned with the
physiological and psychological response of humans to noise both col-
lectively and individually and the effects of noise on domestic animals
and wildlife. This area of noise research is probably the least coor-
dinated with respect to overall program direction and agencies included.
The following membership suggestion accounts for this: EPA/ORD - 2
(chairman), EPA/ONAC - 1, HEW 3, DOD - 1, DOT - 1, NASA - 1, HUD - 1,
DOC/NBS - 1. This panel will have responsibility for coordinating all
effects research including effects on humans and domestic animals,
measurement methodologies, prediction techniques, exposure criteria in
the home, community, recreational areas and work place for all sources
of noise.
The final panel to be organized is the interagency machinery
noise research panel. This panel is to be concerned with all sources
of noise not considered by the aircraft and surface vehicle panels.
In particular, it includes home equipment (inside and outside), con-
struction equipment, industrial and manufacturing machinery and equip-
ment, and agricultural equipment not included in the surface vehicle
panel. The following representation on this panel is suggested: EPA/
ORD - 1 (chairman), EPA/ONAC 1, DOC/NBS - 1, HEW/NIOSH 1, NSF - 1,
DOT - 1, DOD - 2, USDA - 1, and DOL - 1 (ex officio).
It is recognized that the agencies whose cooperation and parti-
cipation are being solicited by EPA for the research coordination
program may have ideas on representation and membership distribution
that differ from suggestions made by EPA/ORD. ORD encourages the
agencies to forward their suggestions on coordination when submitting
panel member designation.
EPA/ORD envisions specific needs of the participating agencies
that may not be fulfilled by panel members. For this reason it would
be helpful if the agencies would designate one or more research coordi-
nation contacts. These contacts should have knowledge of and access to
107
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agency program plans, funding data, future plans, etc. While it is
desirable to minimize the number of such contacts from each agency, it
is realized that it may not be practical for some agencies to employ
a single contact. The need to be fulfilled is that all agency components
dealing in noise research programs be covered by the agency contacts.
108
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APPENDIX C
FEDERAL NOISE RESEARCH PANEL MEMBERS
109
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SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RESEARCH PANEL MEMBERS
Osman A. Shinaishin (Chairman)* 518-377-6554
1242 Hempstead Road
Schenectady, New York 12309
William H. Close 202-426-4560
Office of Noise Abatement
Department of Transportation
Transpoint Building TST-54
2100 Second St., S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20590
William Leasure 301-921-3381
Applied Acoustics Section
National Bureau of Standards
Room A149 Sound Building
Washington, D. C. 20234
Donald W. Rees (TACOM) 313-573-1653
Department of the Army
U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Command
Warren, Michigan 48090
William Roper 703-557-1180
Office of Noise Abatement and Control (AW-571)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1921 Jefferson Davis Highway
CM-2
Arlington, Va. 20460
George Winzer 202-755-5597
Manager, Environmental Research
Department of Housing and Urban Development
451 Seventh St., S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20410
* No longer an EPA employee
111
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AIRCRAFT NOISE RESEARCH PANEL MEMBERS
Dr. Franklin D. Hart (Chairman) * 919-737-2373
Professor Mechanical & Aerospace
Engineering
Director, Center for Acoustical
Studies
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, N.C. 27607
Mr. William Sperry 703-557-9307
Office of Noise Control Programs
Crystal Mall Bldg. 2
1921 Jefferson Davis Highway
Arlington, Virginia 20460
Mr. Bernard Maggin 202-755-2494
NASA Headquarters
CODE R-3
Washington, D. C. 20546
Mr. Fred Stein 202-967-4335
Office of Environmental Affairs
U. S. Department of Commerce
14th & E Streets, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20230
Mr. George Winzer 202-755-0268
Manager, Environmental Research
Department of Housing and
Urban Development
451 Seventh Street, S.W.
Washington, D. C. 20410
Dr. Gordon Banerian 202-426-4560
Department of Transportation
Transpoint Building Room 5222
2100 2nd Street, S.W.
Washington, D. C. 20590
Att: TST-53
First Lt. Craig A. Lyon 513-255-5421
Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory
Turbine Engine Division (AFAPL/TBC)
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433
* No longer an EPA employee
112
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NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH PANEL MEMBERS
George R. Simon (Chairman) (RD-683) 202/755-0626
Health Effects Division
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
Jacob Beck* 202/632-4264
Division of Biological and Medical Sciences
National Science Foundation
1800 G Street, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20550
Reginald 0. Cook 919/549-3247
Bio-Physics Section
National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences
P. 0. Box 12233
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
Stephen Cordle (RD-681) 202/755-0448
Noise Technology Staff
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
Derek Dunn .^13/684-3416
Physical Agents Branch
National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health
1014 Broadway
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
Lois Elliott 301/496-5061
Communicative Disorders
C&FR, NINDS
National Institutes of Health
Building 36, Room 4A23
Bethesda, Maryland 20014
Daniel Flynn 301/921-3381
Applied Acoustics Section
National Bureau of Standards
Room A149, Sound Building
Washington. D. C. 20234
*now at University of Oregon
113
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Gene Lyroan 202/755-2370
Aeronautical Man-Vehicle Technology Division
NASA Headquarters
Washington, D. C. 20546
Alice Suter (AW-571) 513/255-3660
6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory
Biodynamics and Bionics Division (AMRL/BB)
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433
Floyd Van Atta 202/961-5005
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
U.S. Department of Labor
Washington, D. C. 20210
Henning E. Von Gierke 513/255-3602
6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory
Biodynamics and Bionics Division (AMRL/BB)
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433
John Wesler 202/426-9503
Department of Transportation
Transpoint Buildings Room 5222
2100 Second Street, S.W.
Washington, D. C. 20590
Att: TST-53
George Winzer 202/755-0268
Manager, Environmental Research
Department of Housing and Urban Development
451 Seventh Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20410
114
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FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RESEARCH PANEL
Mr. Stephen R. Cordle (Chairman) 202/755-0448
Noise Technology Staff (RD-681)
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C. 20460
Captain Lester H. Beck, USN 202/692-0872
Naval Sea Systems Command (037)
Department of the Navy
Washington, D. C. 20362
Mr. Curtis Holmer 301/921-3381
Applied Acoustics Section
National Bureau of Standards
Room A149 Sound Building
Washington, D. C. 20234
Mr. Paul Hopler, Chief 703/664-6713
Systems and Components Branch -1836
U. S. Army Mobility Equipment Research
And Development Center (MERDC)
Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060
Attention: AMXFB-HM
Dr. Morris Ojalvo 202/632-5787
Division of Engineering
National Science Foundation
1800 G Street, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20550
Mr. Milford Skow 202/634-1240
Department of the Interior
Bureau of Mines
Room 9035 Columbia Plaza
Washington, D. C. 20240
115
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Dr. Floyd A. Van Atta 202/961-5005
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
U. S. Department of Labor
Washington, D. C. 20210
Mr. Robert Willson 513-684-3416
Physical Agents Branch
National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health
1014 Broadway
Cincinnati, Ohio 45202
Mr. Eugene Wyszpolski 703/557-8292
Office of Noise Control Programs (AW-571)
Environmental Protection Agency
Crystal Mall Building 2
1921 Jefferson Davis Highway
Arlington, Virginia 20460
116
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APPENDIX D
INFORMATION REQUESTED BY EPA
ON THE FEDERAL NOISE RD&D PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS
117
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INFORMATION REQUESTED BY EPA
ON THE FEDERAL NOISE RD&D PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS
INSTRUCTIONS
The objectives of this information-gathering document is to assemble
the data necessary to describe the overall efforts within the Federal
Government dealing with noise research, development and demonstration
programs o The results will be used as a portion of the EPA report to
the President and Congress on the status of Federal noise programs
and to aid in coordination of Federal noise research efforts within
Government agencies. The process is dynamic requiring that the data
base be updated periodically to reflect changes in efforts, emphasis,
expenditure of funds or completion of programs or projects„
The information requested on noise related programs and projects
deal with the following areas:
Program (project) description,,
Technical goals and achievements.
Financial and manpower resources devoted and required.
Facilities used or required.
Key personnel,,
The enclosed questionnaire is designed to reflect, as clearly
as possible, the type of information required, but is not intended as
a rigid format; hence, any agency forms that will furnish the required
information easier than the questionnaire should be used by all means.
If the questionnaire is used, notice should be made that:
10 Additional sheets may be used, and are encouraged, to furnish
more details if the space provided is not adequate.
2. There is always a risk of not supplying enough information
for the desired visibility of any program (project), but there
is no risk of giving too lengthy information because this can
easily be adapted to the overall report intensity or detail.
3. If the questionnaire forms miss entire aspects of program
information, it is encouraged, in fact necessary, that yo'
add these aspects under additional proper titles.
intormacion, it is enuuuieigeu, J.LL ±a.<-<- uc
add these aspects under additional proper
you
4. If your agency has a documented (or computer-stored) plan-
program-project outlay with the required information, it is
strongly urged that it be included in the response.
50 The program (project) information supplied should reflect
actual FY 73 funding, allocated FY 74 and projections for
FY 75 and later years.
119
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6. For programs (projects) in which noise is only a part or a
consideration it is requested that information should be given
on:
Ae Program (project) specifics as outlined in the question-
naire.
B. Additional statement on the relationship of the noise-
related effort to the overall scope of the program
(project).
7o Finally, for any desired clarification of questions on this
document, please call Dr. Eugene E. Berkau of the EPA at
202-755-0449.
The response to this questionnaire is requested by April 19, 1974.
120
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Definitions in Responding
to the Form Titled
"FEDERAL NOISE RD&D PROGRAM SUMMARY"
Item
1. Program Title
2. Agency Program Number
3. Agency or Department
4. Interagency Agreements
in Effect
5. Subdivision Directing
Work
6. Other Key Personnel
7. Principal Contractors
8. Technical Program
Goals
9. Method of Approach
10. Problem Areas
Remarks
The formal agency title of record„
The formal number of record; if pro-
grams are not numbered, write "none1.
Parent organization (e.g., DOT, DHEW).
Identify other agencies or departments
participating in the program and a
brief description of their tasks.
Organizational element where program
responsibility exists (NIOSH/Physical
Agent Branch) Name of Head.
Additional leading personnel involved
in administrative or technical manage-
ment of overall program.
Identify contractors doing work for
agency at the program (not the project)
level.
Those considered environmental goals,
like quieting a specific machine by
10 dB or improving the reliability
and sensitivity of needed instrumen-
tation systems.
Plans or methodology for achieving
program objectives.
Identified technical, funding, and/or
facilities problems.
11. Total Resource
Allocation
• Funding
The level of program funding devoted
121
-------
Item
• Man-Years
12. Component Projects
13. Schedules and Milestones
14„ Principal Accomplishments
15. Program Reports, Etc,
Remarks
noise RD&D distributed with time.
The level of program manpower resources
devoted to noise RD&D distributed with
time.
A list of descriptive titles of those
noise related projects within this
program.
Show the current schedule and mile-
stones; the "revised" column is for
future use.
State achievements accomplished or
within reach o
Confine this to those stemming from
the overall program rather than the
individual project. Include pro-
ceedings of symposia and conferences
and papers in the professional lit-
erature as well as project reports
and documents.
Note: A Federal noise RD&D program includes each program in which
noise is a significant (one or more projects), identifiable
program element.
122
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Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development
FEDERAL NOISE RD&D PROGRAM SUMMARY
Agency or Department
Subdivision Directing Program/Head's Name, Title and Address
3
W
e>
Name, Title, Address of Program Manager
Names and Titles of Other Key Program Personnel
Cooperating Agency or Department and Subdivision (if any)
Program Contractor or Grantee (if any)
Program Title
Agency Program Number
Authority (e.g., Public Laws, Agency/
Department Directives, etc.)
Date This Form is
Filled
Date of Program Start
Scheduled Date of Program
Completion
123
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Check Appropriate Classification^) of Program
Research |T Development [ J Demonstration
Other (Describe)
P~j Operations Research
and/or Economic Benefit
Program General Objectives:
Program Specific Goals:
Planned Approach: (Attach additional sheets if necessary)
Problem Areas:
124
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o
sg
O -H
0) -U
0) Cd
PS O
O
Fiscal
Year
•W X
cd bo
r-l 3
3 O
FY 72
cd
3
4J
O
FY 73
0)
W
cd
u
o
FY 7
Projected
FY 75 FY 76 FY 77 FY 78 FY 79
Funding
$Thousand
Man-Years
Program Schedules and Milestones
(Detailed schedules and milestones
may also be cited and appended to
this response.)
Status
Milestone
Scheduled
ompletion
Date
Date Date
Completed or Revised
Agency/Project No,
1
Component Projects
Descriptive/Project Title
i Project Manager
125
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Principal Accomplishments to Date (Include accomplishments relative
to program goals or attained from combined project achievements)
Program Reports, Documents and Papers Published to Date: (List items
attributed to the program. Complete bibliographic reference is
desired/author, title, date, agency, document.)
126
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APPENDIX E
FEDERALLY SPONSORED NOISE MEASUREMENTS RELATED RD&D
List of Tables
No. Page No.
E-l Federal Noise Effects Measurements RD&D 127
E-2 Federal Surface Vehicle Noise Measurements RD&D 129
E-3 Federal Machinery Noise Measurements RD&D 130
127
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Table E-l
FEDERAL NOISE EFFECTS MEASUREMENTS RD&D
Sponsoring
Agency
HEW/NIOSH
Description Title
Industrial Audiometic & Hearing
Conservation Technology
Measurement of Occupational Noise
Subtotal
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
1973
31
32
763T
1974
52
44
(96)
1975
80
28
(108)
DOD
tsi
VD
Psychoacoustica1 Problems in
Army Aviation
Airborne Noise Criteria for Ships
& Submarines
Mechanisms of Noise Generation
& Reception
Bioacoustic Environments
Bioenvironmental Noise
Air Force Land Use Planning
Procedure-Aircraft Noise
Aircraft Noise Environments
85
69
92
43
195
74
68
195
74*
68*
13
15
15*
Prediction & Reduction of Noise Impact
Subtotal (337)
250
(604)
260
(614)
* Estimated
-------
Table E-l
FEDERAL NOISE EFFECTS MEASUREMENTS RD&D
(Concluded)
Sponsoring
Agency
HUD
NASA
EPA
DOI/BuMines
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
Description Title
HUD Urban Noise Measurement
System
Development of Noise Attenuation
Measures
Subtotal
Characterization of V/STOL
Noises
Subtotal
Instrumentation & Measurement Systems
for Noise Exposure of Individuals
Subtotal
Portable Calibration Instruction
for Audiodosimeters - Feasibility Study
Subtotal
1973
117
TUT)
532
(532)
24
(24)
FT-
1974
263
175
(438)
409
(409)
32
(32)
15
(15)
1975
50
T5T5T
404
(404)
-
(-)
_
(-)
Grand Total
1,073
1,594
1,176
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Table E-2
FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE MEASUREMENTS RD&D
Sponsoring
Agency
DOT
Description Title
Highway Noise Enforcement Training
& Equipment
Roadside Enforcement Sites
Measurement of Railroad Noise
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
1973 1974(est.) 1975*
450
Subtotal (450^
70
100
(T70
50
C50
EPA
DOD
Interstate Rail Carriers
New Medium- & Heavy-Duty
Trucks
Operator Noise Exposure
23
y
Subtotal
Subtotal
Grand Total
(23T~
44
7447
517
12
(12)
iV
182
FT
FT
50
+ Primarily In-house
* FY75 Estimates Known to be Incomplete
-------
Table E-3
FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE MEASUREMENTS RD&D
Sponsoring
Agency
NBS
Description TiLle
Assessment of Measurement
Standards for Determination of
Sound Power
Subtotal
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
1973
41
741:
1974
120
(120)
1975
120
(120)
DOl/BuMines
CO
Definition & Correction of Noise
in Coal Mines
Noise Control in Surface Mining
Facilities-Problem Definition
Subtotal
100
79
137
17
054}
CPSC
Developing a Consistent Set of
Product Noise Regulations
Noise Measurement Techniques
for Toys
Test Protocol for Lavmmower Noise
Subtotal
20
35
15
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Table E-3
FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE MEASUREMENTS RD&D
(Continued)
Sponsoring
_ Agency
DOD
u>
EPA
Description Title
Noise Criteria
Construction Noise: Specification
and Control
Subtotal
Development of Noise Measurement
Methodologies for Portable
Air Compressors
Subtotal
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
1973 1974 1975
TIT
60
TW
40
TW
64
45
1451
US DA
Abatement and Control of
Noise Associated with
Agricultural Processes
Subtotal
0
TO
20
(20)
92
NSF
Prediction of Noise Levels in
Manufacturing Areas
Subtotal
39
739^
-------
u>
Table E-3
FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE MEASUREMENTS RD&D
(Concluded)
Sponsoring
Agency
HEW/NIOSH
Description Title
r
Impulse Noise Recording System
Grand Total
Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
1973
1974
1975
280
507
257
Classified Project
Nominal In-house Funding
-------
ADDENDUM
Special auxiliary equipment on trucks, such as refrigeration units
and solid waste compactors, is being considered by EPA as a major noise
source. This source was inadvertently omitted from consideration in
the analysis. However, no Federal noise RD&D was identified which
specifically addresses special auxiliary equipment on trucks. Some
of the Federal machinery noise RD&D on air conditioners and hydraulic
systems may be applicable.
135
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
ead Instructions on the reverse hcf^re compl; ting)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA 6QO/2-75-Q1Q
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
An Assessment of the Federal Noise Research,
Development and Demonstration Activities:
FY73 - FY75
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5 REPORT DATE
June, 1975
7 AUTHOR^) Eugene E. Berkau, Stephen R. Cordle, Franklin
D. Hart, George R. Simon
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Research & Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
IGB090 -I/-: 21 >."7T
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Research & Development
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final - FY73-75
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Contact: Eugene E. Berkau -- (202) 245-3019
Additions to 17. b. - Major noise source candidates; Noise regulations
16. ABSTRACT
The Federal noise research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) activities
during fiscal years 1973 through 1975 are examined to determine the contribution
of these efforts to the control of environmental noise and to the understanding
of the effects of noise. An analysis is made of the research activities in the
areas of noise effects, aircraft noise, surface vehicle noise, and machinery
noise. The principal sources of information used are the EPA interagency noise
research panels reports on the Federal noise RD&D activities during the FY 73-75
time period and the major noise source candidates which have been identified or
are under consideration by the EPA. Federal noise RD&D activities are identi-
fied which have supported the development and enforcement of existing or pro-
posed standards and regulations and/or could support future standards and regu-
lations, particularly for the EPA major noise source candidates. Federal
research activities which could identify the limits to noise control technology
are also identified. Specific and general conclusions are made concerning the
adequacy of the current Federal noise RD&D activities to support EPA regulatory
activities.
7.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Acoustics
Aircraft
Machinery
Noise effects
Noise reductions
Noise (sound)
Research
Research projects
Surface vehicles
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COS AT I Field/Group
Federal noise RD&D
Federal noise research
coordination
Research program coordin-
ation
19. Stu^RITY CLASS (This Report}
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
0103 1903
1301 2001
1303 2111
1306 2112
1309
1313
1406
21. NO. OF PAGES
137
22. PRICE
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975—210—810:52
137
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