EPA-600/2-75-010
June 1975
                         Environmental Protection Technology Series
    An  Assessment of the Federal
    Noise  Research, Development,
    and Demonstration Activities
    FY  73 - FY 75
                                Office of Research and Development

                                U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                Washington, D.C 20460

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               RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development,
Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into five
series.  These five broad categories were established to
facilitate further development and application of environmental
technology.  Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface
in related fields.  The five series are:

     1.  Environmental Health Effects Research
     2.  Environmental Protection Technology
     3.  Ecological Research
     4.  Environmental Monitoring
     5.  Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series.  This series describes research performed
to develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental degradation
from point and non-poi:it sources of pollution.  This work
provides the nev; or improved technology required for the
control and treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental
quality standards.

This report has been reviewed by the Office of Research and
Development.  Approval docs not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of.the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial
products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
Document is available to the public through  the national Technical
Information Service, Springfield,  Virginia 22151.

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                                          EPA-600/2-75-Oin
                                          June 1975
    AN ASSESSMENT OF THE FEDERAL NOISE RESEARCH,
           DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION
              ACTIVITIES:  FY73 - FY75
                     Prepared by

Eugene E. Berkau, Stephen R.  Cordle,  Franklin D.  Hart,
 George R-  Simon, Office of Research  and Development,
        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                   ROAP/TASK 21AXV
             Program Element No.  1GB090
                   Project Office:
               Noise Technology Staff
          Office of Research & Development
        U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
               Washington, D.C.  20460
                    Prepared  for
        U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency
           Office of Research & Development
                Washington, D.C.  20460

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                                 ABSTRACT
     The Federal noise research, development, and demonstration (KD&D)
activities during fiscal years 1973 through 1975 are examined to deter-
mine the contribution of these efforts to the control of environmental
noise and to the understanding of the effects of noise.  An analysis is
made of the research activities in the areas of noise effects, aircraft
noise, surface vehicle noise, and machinery noise.  The principal sources
of information used are the EPA interagency noise research panel's reports
on the Federal noise RD&D activities during the FY 73-75 time period and
the major noise source candidates which have been identified or are under
consideration by the EPA.  Federal noise RD&D activities are identified
which have supported the development and enforcement of existing or pro-
posed standards and regulations and/or could support future standards
and regulations, particularly for the EPA major noise source candidates.
Federal research activities which could identify the limits to noise con-
trol technology are also identified.   Specific and general conclusions
are made concerning the adequacy of the current Federal noise RD&D activi-
ties to support EPA regulatory activities.
                                   111

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                             PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT                                                       iii

LIST OF TABLES                                                 vii

Sections

1.0  INTRODUCTION                                               1

     1.1  Research Authorization in the NCA                     1
     1.2  Federal Noise Research Coordination                   2
     1.3  Purpose and Scope                                     4

2.0  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS                                    7

     2.1  General                                               7
     2.2  Noise Effects                                         8
     2.3  Aircraft Noise RD&D                                   8
     2.4  Federal Surface Vehicle Noise RD&D                    9
     2.5  Machinery Noise RD&D                                 10

3.0  BACKGROUND                                                13

     3.1  Effects of Noise                                     13
     3.2  Major Noise Sources                                  16
     3.3  Federal Noise Standards and Regulations              21
     3.4  National Health and Welfare Goals for Noise          27
          Control

4.0  SUMMARY OF FEDERAL NOISE RD&D ACTIVITIES                  31

     4.1  Overview                                             31
     4.2  Noise Effects Research                               35
     4.3  Aircraft Noise RD&D                                  38
     4.4  Surface Vehicle Noise RD&D                           42
     4.5  Machinery Noise RD&D                                 44

5.0  FEDERAL NOISE RD&D SUPPORTING STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS   49
     DEVELOPMENT AND ENFORCEMENT

     5.1  Noise Effects Criteria                               49
     5.2  Aircraft Noise                                       55
     5.3  Surface Vehicle Noise                                61
     5.4  Machinery Noise                                      79
     5.5  Noise Measurements RD&D                              85

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                     TABLE OF CONTENTS (Concluded)

                                                             PAGE NO.
6.0  APPENDICES                                                 93

     Appendix A - Glossary of Acronyms and Terms                95
     Appendix B - EPA Plan to Coordinate the Federal Noise     101
                  Research as Required by the Noise Control
                  Act of 1972
     Appendix C - Federal Noise Research Panel Members         109
     Appendix D - Information Requested by EPA on the          117
                  Federal Noise RD&D Programs and Projects
     Appendix E - Federally Sponsored Noise Measurements       127
                  Related RD&D
                  List of Tables                               127

     ADDENDUM     Special Auxilliary Truck Equipment           135
                                 vi

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                            LIST OF TABLES

NO.                                                             PAGE  NO.


1.0  Structure of EPA Research Panels                              3

3.1  Categories of Noise Effects                                  13

3.2  Major Noise Source Candidates in Air Transportation          16

3.3  Estimated Exposure to Various yearly Average Day-Night       17
     Sound Levels Resulting from Aircraft Operations

3.4  Major Surface Vehicle Sources of Noise                       18

3.5  Major Machinery Sources of Environmental Noise               19

3.6  Examples of Industrial Machinery Noise Sources               22

3.7  Federal Standards, Regulations and Advisory Circulars        23
     Relating to Aircraft Noise

3.8  Federal Standards and Regulations Relating to Surface        25
     Vehicles

3.9  Summary of Noise Levels Identified as Requisite to           28
     Protect Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate
     Margin of Safety

3.10 Yearly Average Equivalent Sound Levels Identified as         29
     Requisite to Protect the Public Health and Welfare
     With an Adequate Margin of Safety

4.1  Summary of Federal Agencies' Current Involvement             32
     in Noise Research

4.2  Summary of Federal Agency Expenditures for Noise Research    33

4.3  Summary of Federal Expenditures for Noise Research           34
     Categories

4.4  Noise Effects Research Funding by Agency                     36

4.5  Current Agency Involvement in Noise Effects Research         37
     Categories

4.6  Noise Effects Research Funding by Category                   39


                                  vii

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NO.
                      LIST OF TABLES (Continued)


                                                               PAGE NO.
4.7   Summary of Federal Aircraft Noise RD&D Activities           40
      and Resource Allocations

4.8   Summary of Federal Agencies' Resource Allocations for       41
      Aircraft Noise RD&D

4.9   Summary of the Federal Surface Vehicle Noise                43
      RD&D Programs

4.10  Machinery Noise RD&D Funding by Agency                      45

4.11  Summary by Areas of Machinery Noise RD&D                    46

4.12  Current Agency Involvement  in Areas of Machinery            47
      Noise RD&D

5.1   Noise Effects Research Funding by Category                  49

5.2   Federal Research Funding  for Noise-Induced Hearing Loss     50

5.3   Federal Research Funding  for Non-Auditory Health Effects    51
      of Noise

5.4   Federal Research Funding  for Individual Behavior Effects    52
      of Noise

5.5   Federal Research Funding  for Noise Effects on  Sleep         53

5.6   Federal Research Funding  for Communications  Interference    53
      of Noise

5.7   Federal Research Funding  for Community  or Collective        54
      Response  to  Noise

5.8   Federal Research Funding  for Noise Measurement             55
      Methodology  and Calibration

5.9   Federal RD&D Supporting Existing  and  Future  Aircraft        56
      Noise Standards and Regulations

5.10  Federal RD&D Supporting Existing  Aircraft Noise             58
      Standards  and Regulations


                                  viii

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                      LIST OF TABLES  (Concluded)
NO.                                                           PAGE  NO.
5.11  Federal Noise Control Demonstration Programs Supporting   59
      Future Aircraft Noise Standards and Regulations

5.12  Federal Research Programs to Support Future Aircraft      62
      Noise Standards and Regulations

5.13  Federal Noise RD&D Supporting the Development and         64
      Enforcement of Existing Surface Vehicle Standards
      and Regulations

5.14  Federal Noise RD&D Providing Support for Future Sur-      66
      face Vehicle Noise Standards and Regulations

5.15  Summary of Federal Surface Vehicle Noise RD&D Support     67
      of Federal Surface Vehicle Standards and Regulations

5.16  Federal RD&D Supporting Development of Existing Sur-      68
      face Vehicle Noise Standards and Regulations

5.17  Federal Research Programs Supporting Regulations          71
      Enforcement

5.18  Federal Noise Control Demonstration Programs Supporting   72
      Future Standards and Regulations

5.19  Federal Research Programs to Support Future Surface       77
      Vehicle Noise Standards and Regulations

5.20  Summary of Federal Machinery Noise RD&D Proposed          80
      and Future Standards and Regulations

5.21  Summary of Federal Machinery Noise RD&D on Major          81
      Noise Source Candidates

5.22  Federal RD&D Supporting Development of the EPA Pro-       82
      posed Regulation  on Portable Air Compressors

5.23  Federal Research to Support Future Noise Standards        83
      and Regulations

5.24  Federal Machinery Noise Control Demonstration Acti-       86
      vities Supporting Future Standards and Regulations

5.25  Summary of Federal Noise Measurements RD&D by Agency      90

5.26  Summary of Federal Noise Measurements RD&D by             91
      Research Category

                                  ix

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                          1.0  INTRODUCTION


 1.1   RESEARCH AUTHORIZATIONS IN THE NCA

      The  Noise Control  Act  (NCA)  of 1972  (PL 92-574)  charges EPA with
 the  principal responsibility for  implementing the  policy of the Act.
 Section 2 states  the  policy intended by Congress and  identifies co-
 ordination of Federal noise research as a primary  means  for imple-
 mentation:

           "The Congress  declares  that it  is  the policy  of
           the United  States to  promote  an environment for all
           Americans free from noise that  jeopardizes  their
           health  or welfare.  To  that end,  it is the  pur-
           pose of this Act  to establish a means for effective
           coordination of Federal  research and activities in
           noise control  . .  ."

      The  specific authorization for EPA to establish  interagency noise
 research  coordination is  in Section 4(c)(1)  of the Noise Control Act
 which reads:

           "The Administrator  shall  coordinate the  programs  of
           all  Federal agencies  relating to noise research and
           noise control.  Each  Federal  agency shall upon re-
           quest,  furnish  to the Administrator such information
           as  he may reasonably  require  to  determine the  nature,
           scope,  and  results  of the  noise-research and noise-
           control  programs  of the  agency.'1

      The  EPA  envisions that  such research  coordination can  provide  a
 mechanism to  aid  in fulfilling  its  responsibilities under Section 4(c)(3)
 of the Act, which  reads:

           "On  the  basis  of  regular  consultation with  appropriate
           Federal  agencies,   the Administrator shall compile  and
           publish, from  time  to time, a report on  the status  and
           progress of Federal activities relating  to  noise-research
           and  noise-control.  This  report  shall describe  the  noise
           control  programs  of each  Federal agency and assess  the
           contributions of  those programs  to  the Federal  Government's
           overall  efforts to control  noise."

Research  coordination is also the basis upon which EPA will  establish
 the need  for conducting its own research programs.   These programs

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should fulfill needs that are not being met through ongoing or planned
programs in other Federal agencies.  Section 14 reads, in part:

          "In furtherance of his responsibilities under this
          Act and to complement, as necessary, the noise-
          research programs of other Federal agencies, the
          Administrator is authorized to:

             (1)  Conduct research, and finance research
            by contract with any person, on the effects,
            measurements, and control of noise, including
            but  not limited to  .  . ."
1.2  FEDERAL NOISE RESEARCH COORDINATION

     It  is  clear  from^Section 14, the legislative history of  the  NCA,
and  the  limited funds   assigned for  implementing the Act that Congress
intends  for EPA to utilize much of the research and technology generated
by other Federal  agencies to fulfill the provisions of  the Act.   There-
fore,  Federal  noise  research coordination  is viewed as  a major resource
whereby  EPA will  achieve much of  its research, development and demon-
stration requirements  to support  the regulatory and enforcement activ-
ities  of the Agency.

     Accordingly, EPA/ORD has developed a  plan to coordinate  Federally
sponsored noise research, development, and demonstration activities.
This plan is described in a December 14, 1973 Action Memo to  the  EPA
Administrator  and was  approved for implementation on February 19, 1974.
The  plan (Appendix B)  utilizes three interacting bodies to affect inter-
agency coordination.   These are   (1) an ad hoc interagency noise  research
committee composed of  high-level  representatives of agencies  with major
programs in noise research;   (2)  four noise  research panels for air-
craft, surface vehicles, stationary  machinery, and noise health effects;
and   (3) ad hoc working groups to address  specific problem areas.  These
tools  were selected  to assure that EPA has continuing  access  to and
interchange with  the agencies' noise RD&D  programs and  projects,  tech-
nology and scientific  level expertise, and middle management  and  policy
making officials.

      Early in  1974  the EPA/ORD  initiated  Federal  noise research coordi-
nation by holding a  meeting of   the  Interagency Noise  Research Committee
to  review and  discuss the  proposed  coordination plan and  to  invite the
agencies to designate representatives  of  their scientific  and technical
     *FY 73 -$ 3,000,000
      FY 74 -$ 6,000,000
      FY 75 -$12,000,000

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management staff concerned with noise pollution RD&D  to serve  as members
on four noise research panels  (i.e., aircraft, surface vehicles, mach-
inery and health effects).  The agencies respresented on the panels are
shown in Table 1.0.
                             Table 1.0

                  STRUCTURE OF EPA RESEARCH PANELS
Noise Research Panel
Aircraft
2
Surface Vehicles
Noise Effects
Machinery
Current Agency Membership
NASA, DOT, DOD, HUD, DOC, EPA
DOT, HUD, DOD, DOC/NBS, EPA
•
HEW, (NINDS, NIOSH, NIEHS) , DOT, NSF, HUD,
NASA, DOD, DOL, DOC/NBS, EPA
HEW/NIOSH, DOI/BuMines, DOD, DOC/NBS, DOL,
EPA
  1
  2  A glossary of Acronyms  is  contained in Appendix A.
    This panel was also charged  with the responsibility for the Federal
    research supporting land use policies.
     In addition to exchange of information the general functions
adopted by the panels in their respective areas were:

     •  Review and assessment of the current state of technology.

     •  Review and assessment of the status of research and techno-
        logy development.

     •  Preparation of recommendations concerning ongoing research
        activities.

     •  Recommendation of noise research programs and projects, and
        methods for their accomplishments.

     •  Preparation of reports on the status and/or progress of
        ongoing noise research activities.

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     •  Receipt and review of pertinent scientific and programmatic
        advice from communicating with other standing bodies.

     The names and addresses of the Federal noise research panel
members are listed in Appendix C.
1.3  PURPOSE AND SCOPE

     Each of the panels agreed to generate a report on the Federal noise
research, development and demonstration (RD&D) activities in the spec-
ific area of consideration by the panel.  To prepare the report the EPA
requested each of the panel members to provide information on their
agency's noise RD&D activities.  With the request EPA offered an example
of the type of information desired but indicated that the information
could be provided in a form most convenient to the agency (i.e., their
agency's project and program information forms or overviews).  Appendix D
contains a copy of the EPA example and the program and project information
desired.  From the information provided by the Federal representatives,
each of the panels has prepared a report describing the status and pro-
gress of the Federal noise RD&D activities within the panel's purview.
These reports are available from EPA under the titles of:

     Federal Aircraft Noise Research Development and Demonstration
     Programs:  FY 73 - FY 75.

     Federal Surface Vehicle Noise Research, Development, and
     Demonstration Programs:  FY 73 - FY 75.

     Federal Noise Effects Research:  FY 73 - FY 75.

     Federal Machinery Noise Research, Development, and
     Demonstration:  FY 73 - FY 75.

     In reporting the Federal noise research activities emphasis was
placed on the RD&D activities in FY 73 through FY 75.  Previous efforts
and future projections for major programs were also presented where such
information was available.  Fiscal data reported was accurate as of
July, 1974, but did not necessarily reflect the complete resources avail-
able for each program or project.  This was principally because resources
allocated to salaries, equipment, and other services for in-house studies
had not been reported by all of the agencies.  Because of FY 74 carryover
money, the FY 74 resource allocations were best estimates in most cases,
For FY 75 not only were the resources identified as estimates in most
cases, but some detailed program and project planning was not complete.
Therefore, the FY 75 resource estimates were also incomplete.  Although
it is probably unavoidable to omit some related Federal activities, it
is the consensus of the panel members that no major Federal noise RD&D
activities had been overlooked.
                                   4

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     EPA has  identified  limits  to noise exposure necessary  to  protect
health and welfare in various environments  (i.e., home, workplace,  rec-
reation, etc.) in the "Levels Document."  These health and  welfare  goals
for environmental noise  control provide a basis for establishing  the
noise emission levels to which specific major sources of noise must be
controlled.   Having established the goals for source control,  a basis
exists for assessing the Federal RD&D programs not only with respect to
the major noise sources  being addressed, but also for technical approach
and progress  toward achievement of the goals.  However, the contribution
of specific major noise  sources to the total noise level in the various
environments  and the degree of control for these major noise sources
necessary to  achieve the environmental goals in the "Levels Document"
have not been determined.  In addition, only a few of the major envir-
onmental noise sources have actually been identified by EPA as prescribed
by Section 5(b) of the NCA.  Therefore, the assessment of the Federal
noise RD&D programs at this time is limited to a determination of the
major noise source candidates and noise effects being addressed and the
potential for these Federal activities to support regulatory actions.

     This EPA/ORD report contains a digest and analysis of  the panel re-
ports, the planning documents and project descriptions provided by  the
agencies, and other pertinent information and publications  to ascertain
the potential contributions of the Federal noise RD&D activities to con-
trol noise that jeapordizes public health and welfare.  Accordingly,
Section 3 identifies the harmful effects of noise,  the major stationary
and mobile noise source  candidates being considered by EPA,  current and
proposed Federal noise standards and regulations, and the goals for
noise control determined by EPA as necessary to protect the public health
and welfare.  The report provides a summary in Section 4 of the Federal
noise RD&D activities described in the panel reports.  Section 5 is an
analysis of the Federal  noise RD&D efforts;  (1) to identify major
sources of noise and noise effects presently being considered in the
Federal RD&D programs,   (2) to identify RD&D programs which have sup-
ported the development and enforcement of existing or proposed noise
standards and regulations, and  (3) to identify RD&D activities which
can support future standards and regulations.  The analysis  of the  Fed-
eral RD&D programs has been carried out within the areas of noise effects,
aircraft, surface vehicles, machinery, and noise measurements and mea-
surements methodology.   Because of differences in funding levels, the
nature of the research,   and the available information bases  (principally
the panel reports), the  degree of detail treated in the analysis varies
within each category.  The summary and conclusions  from the analysis
are presented in Section 2.

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                        2.0  SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS


 2.1  GENERAL

      The contribution of the Federal noise RD&D programs  in providing con-
 trol  technology to support EPA regulatory activities  varies between noise
 source categories.

      •  There is a large amount of  Federal noise RD&D on  transportation
         systems, particularly aircraft,  trucks,  buses,  and  future  mass
         transit.  While  the current level of RD&D effort  in this area
         appears to be adequate,  a more  complete  and in-depth analysis of
         these programs is  needed.
      •   The  current Federal RD&D activities on non-transportation  noise
         sources,  particularly  stationary  machinery used by  industry and
         in construction, are  inadequate.   They address only a few  of  the
         hundreds  of serious noise sources  to which workers and the public
         are  exposed.   Furthermore,  these  activities are not coordinated.
         There  is  need  for  a concerted Federal noise control RD&D effort
         for  those sources  which are most  associated with the principal
         noise  health effect; e.g.,  noise-induced hearing loss.

     •  The recent disbanding of the joint DOT/NASA office  for  coordina-
        ting the Federal aircraft noise RD&D activities will place  an
        additional burden on EPA's  interagency  coordination program.

       Most  of the known  effects  of  noise  are being addressed by current
  Federal research.  However,  several  critical areas are receiving  in-
  adequate attention.   These include non-auditory health effects and
  community  response.

       Similarly, while there is  a great  deal of  emphasis  on noise  mea-
  surement and measurement  methodologies,  the current  efforts are frag-
  mented and  will require effective  coordination to provide  adequate
  support for EPA regulatory and enforcement activities.


     In general,  the available noise control technology and techniques and
the current  Federal RD&D efforts would appear to be adequate to support
the initial  regulations being proposed and considered by EPA for major
transportation and related noise sources  (except motorcycles).   For the
major non-transportation sources being considered by EPA for regulation,
there is inadequate Federal RD&D to demonstrate and establish available
noise control technology.  Beyond the current regulations and state-of-the
art in noise control,  Federally sponsored noise control RD&D currently
underway is  inadequate for support of future noise standards except, possi-
bly, for aircraft.

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2.2  NOISE EFFECTS

     Although hearing loss and several extra-auditory physiological and
psychological effects of noise have been identified or are suspected,
quantitative cause-effect relationships have been provisionally defined
by the Federal Government only for hearing loss,  annoyance and speech
interference.  Limitations in information exist for each of the major cate-
gories of noise effects which limit the development of the quantitative
cause-effect relationships necessary for establishing standards and regu-
lations protective of public health and welfare.

     No in-depth analysis or assessment of the current Federal noise effects
research programs has been made.  The current research efforts have been
categorized by the Interagency Noise Effects Research Panel into seven
noise effects categories and noise effects measurement and measurement
methodologies research areas.  These categories are all important to the
characterization of noise effects.  Research categories which will require
additional emphasis to defend and/or revise existing criteria and to
develop improved criteria for noise effects are the areas of communication
interference, individual behavior effects, non-auditory physiological
effects, and noise-induced hearing loss.
2.3  AIRCRAFT NOISE RD&D

     There is a considerable decrease in the Federal resource allocations
for aircraft noise RD&D from $58,894,000 in FY 73 to $31,054,000 in FY 75.
The principal reason for this decrease is the scheduled completion during
the period of two expensive technology development and demonstration pro-
grams, the DOT/FAA Sound Absorbent Material (SAM) Nacelle program and
NASA's JT8D REFAN program, which were directed toward noise control of the
existing commercial jet fleet.  Although the funding of noise control
technology development and demonstration directly associated with noise
from commercial jets decreases, Federal allocations' for similar noise con-
trol technology demonstration programs for the other major aircraft noise
source candidates, including advanced CTOL aircraft (See Table 3.2, page
increases from $3,886,000 in FY 74 to $8,020,000 in FY 76.  These programs
will provide the bases for aircraft noise regulations in the near future.

     Federal funding of aircraft noise research and development which can
define the ultimate limits to aircraft noise control and can support the
development of future aircraft noise control strategies, standards and
regulations designed to meet health and welfare goals for source control
has remained essentially constant ($18,848,000 to $20,298,000 per FY)
during the FY 74 through FY 76 time period.  Generally the results of
these Federal research programs w^ll have applications to all of the major
aircraft noise sources candidates.
                                     8

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     A  large  percentage  of  the Federally  sponsored aircraft  noise  RD&D
 programs  consider  noise  as  only one aspect of  the total  program.   In
 many cases, considerations  for noise are  only  a minor  portion  of the  over-
 all effort.   In  other  programs the noise  relevance has varied  sharply from
 year to year.  Further,  each agency appears to handle  the determination  of
 noise relevance  uniquely.   An in-depth analysis of the technical aspects of
 the Federal aircraft noise  RD&D programs  must be carried out not only to
 ascertain the adequacy of these programs  to satisfy health and welfare
 needs in  a timely  manner, but also to determine the actual Federal re-
 sources commitments to noise.  In addition, there is a major independent
 research  and development effort in the private sector  (with support by
 the Federal Government) which must be considered in conjunction with  the
 Federal programs before a complete assessment of the Federal efforts  can
 be made and a comprehensive national aircraft noise RD&D program plan
 developed.
2.4  FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D

     For the major surface vehicle sources of noise identified in
Table 3.4, page 18 and for highways, for which standards and/or regula-
tions exist, are being promulgated, or will be considered in the near
term, there are supporting Federal noise control demonstration programs
except for highway motorcycle noise.  For the other Eiajor surface vehicle
noise sources, for which regulations are expected to be promulgated in
the near future, supporting Federal demonstration programs have been iden-
tified for all except automobiles, light trucks, off-road motorcycles, and
motorboats.

     The majority of the current Federal RD&D activities are considered to
be demonstration programs designed to establish the state-of-the-art in
noise control and not to develop advanced technology.   Should the levels
of noise control provided by available technology be inadequate to pro-
tect health and welfare, it is important to identify the Federal surface
vehicle research programs which are designed to provide advanced technol-
ogy.  Currently the Federal government is sponsoring noise research on
medium- and heavy-duty truck noise (i.e., diesel engine and truck tires),
rapid rail transit system noise (i.e.,  wheel/rail interaction), and high-
way and railway noise (i.e., the effects of buildings  and boundaries on
the transmission of noise).  There is also the possibility that certain
classified DOD programs, to silence military combat vehicles, may provide
advanced technology.

     Generally, however, there is inadequate Federal surface vehicle
noise research to provide advanced noise control technology and to iden-
tify the limits to noise control techniques.   Additional research on sur-
face vehicle noise sources will be required to support the development
and implementation of future surface vehicle noise control strategies and
regulations designed to achieve noise control goals necessary to protect
health and welfare.

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     Although there are current Federal efforts addressing most of the
major surface vehicle noise sources and candidates, the EPA information
base on these programs is mostly superficial.  In addition, it should be
noted that the Federal funding reported for these programs peaked at
$3,374,000 in FY 74 and appeared to decrease rapidly to $1,334,000 in
FY 75 and that many of the noise RD&D activities associated with mass
transportation systems are not specific to noise.  Consequently, con-
clusions concerning the adequacy of the Federal surface vehicle programs
to support the development of regulations for the surface vehicle sources
being addressed will require more  in-depth analysis and understanding of
the current programs and an update of the present information base.
2.5  MACHINERY NOISE RD&D

     The Federally sponsored machinery noise RD&D addresses machines
which generate noise impacting on the outdoor environment, the home, and
the workplace.  EPA has developed a list of candidates for identification
as major noise sources which includes 47 machines.  These are listed in
Table 3.5, page 19 and are sources which impact principally on the home
and outdoor environment.  Of the 47, EPA currently plans  to iden-
tify 10 as major  noise sources  in the near term.  These are three con-
struction tools (chain saws, pile drivers, and pneumatic and hydraulic
tools) and seven  lawn care tools (edgers, hedge clippers, lawn mowers,
snow blowers, leaf blowers, trimmers, and tillers).

     The current  Federal machinery noise RD&D addresses 2  of the  10
major environmental noise sources to be identified.  They are lawn mowers
and pneumatic and hydraulic tools.  In the case of lawn mowers, only
measurement methodology is being considered.  No Federally sponsored
machinery noise RD&D has been identified relating to the other eight
major environmental machinery noise sources.

     Of the other 37 candidates, Federally sponsored RD&D
addresses only 5.  They are generators, pumps, rockdrills, saws, and
air conditioners.  One research project was identified which intends to
study noise from  household appliances (consisting of 26 individual source
candidates including air conditioners).  No specific sources, however,
were identified.  There were no Federal RD&D activities identified for
the following seven major construction noise source candidates:  concrete
mixers, concrete  pumps, concrete vibrators, derrick cranes, mobile cranes,
pavement breakers, and rollers.

Over 300 major machinery noise sources have been identified which impact
on the industrial workplace (outside of the mining environment).  Although
these have not yet been considered by EPA as major noise  source candidates,
these sources are the ones most clearly responsible for noise-induced


                                   10

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hearing loss.  Only 11 of these sources are specifically identified  in
the current Federally sponsored RD&D on machinery noise control:  pneu-
matic and hydraulic tools, punch presses, wood planers, machine tools,
heat exchangers, ducts, nozzles, diesel engines, pumps, sawblades
and blowers.

     An in-depth analysis of the Federal machinery noise RD&D activi-
ties has not been made.  However, the available information (including
that on the Navy's classified program) indicates that most of the efforts
are directed toward the development and demonstration of available noise
control technology and the measurement of noise emitted by machinery
sources.  The results from a few of these programs can be used to sup-
port the development of near-term regulations.  Only a minor portion of
the Federal effort (—15 percent of the total resourses) is research
which can define the limits to noise control technology and support fu-
ture regulations.  Generally,  the current Federal machinery noise RD&D
activities have been undertaken by agencies to support their individual
needs.  Consequently, the current effort is fragmented and does not
adequately address the major noise source candidates identified by EPA
nor the machinery noise sources impacting the work environment.
                                    11

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                            3.0 BACKGROUND


3.1  EFFECTS OF NOISE

      There are currently two Federal documents relating  to criteria  on
the health effects from noise exposure.  One is entitled  "Criteria  for a
Recommended Standard . .  . Occupational Exposure to Noise" and was  pub-
lished in 1972 by the National Institute of Occupational  Safety  and
Health (Niosh),  Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.  The  U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency published the other report in 1973.
The title is, "Public Health and Welfare Criteria for Noise."

      The NIOSH document is specific to the occupational  environment  and
provides information to support the recommended occupational standard in
the area of noise-induced hearing loss, i.e., the effective noise level
permitted during a normal 8-hour work period should not exceed 90 dBA
for the time being and should be reduced to 85 dBA when technologically
feasible.  Protection of the worker from non-auditory effects of noise
exposure is not addressed.  The EPA criteria document addresses  the
effects of noise exposure on physical and mental well-being of human
populations.  It includes noise-induced hearing loss, other possible
health effects,  and the indirect effects such as annoyance and com-
munication interference.  Additionally, the EPA document  addresses  noise
effects on wildlife and domestic animals.  Table 3.1 is a listing of  the
categories of noise effects.


                               Table 3.1

                      CATEGORIES OF NOISE EFFECTS

            I.   Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
           II.   Non-Auditory Health Effects
          III.   Individual Behavior Effects
           IV.   Noise Effects on Sleep
            V.   Communication Interference
           VI.   Community or Collective Response
          VII.   Effects on Domestic Animals and Wildlife
3.1.1  Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

      It has been well established that noise exposure of sufficient
intensity and duration can produce hearing damage.  Hearing loss re-
sulting from intense noise exposure can either be temporary or per-
manent.  In general, it is believed that brief exposure to noise that

                                  13

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can produce a significant temporary hearing loss or  threshold shift is
capable of producing permanent hearing loss if the noise exposure is
extended in duration or recurrence.  That is, daily exposure to a noise
which produces a temporary hearing loss presents a risk of permanent
hearing loss because the ear may not be able to fully recover to its
original threshold from recurrent exposures.  The exact relationship
between temporary and  permanent hearing loss, however, is not yet clearly
defined.

     Hearing loss which is caused by noise occurs first in the high-
frequency ranges.  This impacts seriously on speech understanding.  Good
hearing in the higher  frequencies is necessary for discriminating the
information carrying,  consonant sounds of human speech.  Hearing loss is
known to result from exposures to continuous noise in industrial settings,
to impulsive sound, from gunfire and loud music for extended periods,
especially among young people.  The effect from fluctuating, intermittent
or shorter-term exposures is  incompletely understood.
3.1.2  Non-Auditory Health Effects

     The only well-established effect upon health from noise exposure is
noise-induced hearing  loss.  However, there is evidence, although incom-
plete, to  indicate other effects can result from exposure of sufficient
intensity  and duration.  Noise can alter the function of the endocrine,
cardiovascular and neurologic systems.  It may affect equilibrium and
produce changes  such as:   construction of blood vessels in the body and
vessel dilation  in the brain, rise in blood pressure and changes in heart
rhythm, and  change in  stomach rate of acid secretions.  Noise also has
been shown to produce  the  same physiological reactions as other stressors,
such as emotional stress and pain.  There is not clear evidence, however,
to  indicate  that continued activation of any of these responses leads to
irreversible changes and permanent health effects.
3.1.3  Individual Behavior Effects

     When  a  task  requires  the  use  of auditory signals, noise that masks
these  signals  can interfere with the performance of the task.  High-level,
continuous noise  exposures appear  to have  potentially detrimental effects
on human performance,  particularly in  the  performance of vigilance tasks,
information  gathering  and  analytical processes.  Noise may also  increase
the variability of work  rate and affect  the accuracy of work requiring
mental concentration.  Additionally, noise may be disruptive of  perform-
ance if the  noise is high  frequency, intermittent, or unexpected.  Noise
throughout the audible range can,  under  various circumstances, be annoy-
ing and disruptive of  activity.  However,  prediction of individual annoy-
ance due to  noise is difficult, probably due to the many psychological
and social factors that  contribute to  individual sensitivity.

                                    14

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3.1.4  Noise Effects  on  Sleep

     Noise can  interfere with sleep by preventing sleep, by awakening,
and by changing  the  level or pattern of sleep.  Any of these kinds of
interference may have effects on behavior and performance during waking
hours as well as long-term health effects if repetitive.  Survey data
indicate that sleep disturbance is often the principal reason given for
annoyance, and  some experts believe that sleep disturbance is one of the
most severe effects of noise on health.
3.1.5  Community  Interference

     In addition  to the reduced understanding of speech resulting from
noise-induced hearing loss, noise can interfere directly with speech
communication.  Verbal communication in terms of noise level and vocal
effort is extremely difficult in backgrounds of high-level noise and can
adversely affect  the accuracy, frequency and quality of verbal exchange.
This can be important in formal education in schools, occupational effi-
ciency, family life patterns, and quality of relaxation.
3.1.6  Community or Collective Response

     The preceding effects of noise all deal with various effects on
individuals, although statistical descriptors must be used to average
out individual differences in reaction or response.  However, when a
community of individuals is exposed, a different kind of reaction may
take place.  This reaction may take several forms such as complaints to
authorities, political action against noisy activities, reduction in land
values or socio-economic level, high property turnover rates, or changes
in family recreational patterns.   Thus the consequences of community
response to noise can be social,  political, and economic, as well as the
collective individual responses noted above.  To date, only community
annoyance responses to aircraft noise have been studied extensively, and
have been shown to correlate well with noise exposure.  The number of
complaints due to noise in a community, however, is small in comparison
to the number of people annoyed.
3.1.7  Effects on Domestic Animals and Wildlife

     In general, noise has the same types of effects on animals as it
does on humans.  Hearing loss and physiologic changes have been noted in
laboratory animals.  Possible effects on farm animals include changes in
size, weight, reproductivity, and behavior.   Changes in mating behavior,
predator-prey relationships, and territorial behavior have been observed
in some wildlife species exposed to noise.


                                    15

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3.2  MAJOR NOISE SOURCES

     Section 5(b)(l) of the Noise Control Act of 1972 requires that EPA
identify products which are major sources of noise.  The regulatory
process of identifying major noise sources is in progress.   The noise
sources discussed in the following sections are all major noise candi-
dates and have been grouped into the source categories of aircraft, sur-
face vehicles, and stationary machinery.  At this time, only portable
air compressors and new medium- and heavy-duty trucks have been officially
identified by EPA as major noise sources.
3.2.1  Aircraft

     Under the Noise Control Act of 1972, the Federal Aviation Administra-
tion maintains responsibility for promulgation of regulations to control
aircraft noise.  EPA responsibilities under Section 5(b)(l) to identify
major noise sources do, however, include noise sources in air transporta-
tion.  Accordingly, Table 3.2 lists aircraft categories which will be iden-
tified by EPA as major noise sources.
                                Table 3.2

           MAJOR NOISE SOURCE CANDIDATES IN AIR TRANSPORTATION
                   Business jet aircraft
                   Commercial sub-sonic jet aircraft
                   Commercial supersonic jet aircraft
                   Helicopters
                   Propeller-driven small airplanes
                   Short-haul aircraft
      In developing a  list  of major noise source candidates, EPA employed
exposure  criteria as  specified  in the  "Levels Document."  Those candi-
dates whose cumulative noise level in  normal use contributes to environ-
mental noise  levels in excess of the "Levels Document" criteria are con-
sidered major  noise source candidates.  Table 3.3  illustrates the noise
impact from aircraft  operations of the source categories listed in Table 3.2,
                                    16

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                               Table  3.3

   ESTIMATED  EXPOSURE  TO  VARIOUS YEARLY AVERAGE DAY-NIGHT  SOUND  LEVELS
                   RESULTING  FROM AIRCRAFT  OPERATIONS  (*)
Day-Night  Sound  in  dB,
  Re:   20  micropascals

Cumulative Numbers  of
  People in Millions
80
 0.2
75
 1.5
70
 3.4
65
 7.5
60
16
55
24.5
* Source of data:   "Comparison of Alternative Strategies is for Identifica-
  tion and Regulation of Major Sources of Noise," printed  as Appendix  I
  of EPA/ONAC Action Memo  (Draft, February 14, 1975).
3.2.2  Surface Vehicles

     The surface vehicles which EPA presently considers to be major
sources of noise and the approximate average noise levels measured at
15.24 meters (50 ft.) are listed in Table 3.4.  Those sources which have
been identified or are expected to be proposed in the near term are
medium- and heavy-duty trucks, highway motorcycles, buses, wheel and
track loaders, and wheel and track dozers.
3.2.3  Machinery

     EPA has identified portable air compressors as the only major machin-
ery noise source.   However, there are several candidates for identifica-
tion whose cumulative noise levels in normal use contribute to environ-
mental noise levels in excess of "Levels Document" criteria.  These
sources and their approximate average noise levels are shown in Table 3.5.
Using a fractional impact analysis, candidates which are major contributors
to environmental noise have also been determined.  They are indicated by an
asterisk in Table 3.5.  EPA intends to identify these as major sources of
noise in the near future.  It should be noted that these designations are
based on environmental noise impact rather than occupational noise impact,
which is principally concerned with hearing loss.

     Sources of machinery noise in the occupational environment are vir-
tually countless.  In general, exposures in the industrial occupational
     1 39 FR2297, 6-21-74.
                                    17

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                                 Table 3.4

                  MAJOR SURFACE VEHICLE SOURCES OF NOISE


                                                  Average Noise Level
          Category/Source                    (dBA Measured at 15.24m(50 ft.)

Highway Vehicles:

    Medium- and Heavy-Duty Trucks2                        84
    Truck Tires3                                          95
    Motorcycles                                           82
    Automobiles                                           73
    Light Trucks                                          72
    Buses                            c                    82
    Special Truck Auxiliary Equipment

Rail  Vehicles:

    Locomotives                                          94
    Rapid  Transit                                        87

Construction:

    Dozers  (Wheel & Track)                                87
    Loaders (Wheel & Track)                               79
    Graders                                              88

Recreation:

    Snowmobiles                                          85
    Motorboats                                            80
    Motorcycles (including minicycles)                    85
       Values  obtained from unpublished EPA report "Rational  for
       Identification of Major Noise Sources,"  September 14,  1973.

     2  Below 56.31  kilometers/hr.  (35 mph).

     3  Above 56.31  kilometers/hr.  (35 mph).

       Includes  sports cars,  compacts,  and  standard passenger cars.

       See Addendum,  Page  135.
                                      18

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                             Table 3.5

           MAJOR MACHINERY SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE
        Category/Source

Construction:

   Chain saws*
   Concrete mixers
   Concrete pumps
   Concrete vibrators
   Cranes, derrick
   Cranes, mobile
   Generators
   Pavement breakers
   Pile drivers*
   Pneumatic and hydraulic tools*
   Pumps
   Rock drills
   Rollers
   Saws

Lawn Care;*

   Edgers
   Hedge clippers
   Lawn mowers
   Snow blowers
   Leaf blowers
   Trimmers *•
   Tillers
     Average  Sound  Level
(dBA measured at  15.24m (50 ft))
              83
              85
              82
              76
              88
              83
              78
              88
             101
              85
              76
              98
              74
              78
              78

              72
              85
              76

              69
   * Identified as major contributors to environmental noise.
     EPA intends to identify these as major noise sources  in
     the near future.

     Values obtained from unpublished EPA report, "Rationale for
     identification of Major Noise Sources," September 14, 1973.
   f\
     Noise levels unavailable.
                                  19

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                            Table 3.5

         MAJOR MACHINERY SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE
                            (Concluded)
Household Applicances:

   Air conditioners
   Clothes dryers
   Clothes washers
   Dehumidifiers
   Dishwashers
   Electric can openers
   Electric heaters 2
   Electric knives
   Electric knife sharpeners2
   Electric shavers
   Electric toothbrushs2
   Exhaust fans^
   Floor fans2
   Food blenders
   Food disposals (grinders)2
   Food mixers
   Freezers
                o
   Hair clippers
   Hair dryers2
   Home shop  tools
   Humidifiers
   Refrigerators
   Sewing machines       o
   Slide/Movie Projectors
   Vacuum cleaners
   Window fans 2
                                         Average Sound Level
                                     (dBA measured  at  .914m  (3ft))
 58
 58
 63
 57
 65
 66

 72

 60
75

66
42
83
53
43
73

73
     Values  obtained from unpublished  EPA report, "Rationale for
     Identification of Major Noise  Sources,"  September 14, 1973.

     Noise levels  unavailable.
                                  20

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environment are the most severe in terms of both level and duration.
Estimates of the costs for reducing occupational noise to levels of mar-
ginal protection against hearing loss run into billions of dollars.2
However, these estimates are crude at best and little data exist to ade-
quately define the extent of the machinery noise problem in the occupa-
tional environment and to assess the availability and cost of technology
for industrial noise control.  The available data do indicate that the
problem is complex in terms of the vast number of different machines in
use, severe in terms of numbers of people exposed to hazardous levels of
noise, and costly in terms of available control technology.  Examples of
sources found in some of the worst cases of noise in industry and the
approximate levels are shown in Table 3.6.  A more detailed listing of
these sources can be found in the panel report on Federal machinery noise
RD&D, FY 73   FY 75 .
3.3  FEDERAL NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
3.3.1  Federal Aircraft Noise Standards, Regulations, and Advisor.Circulars

     The Federal Aviation Administration has the responsibility for pro-
mulgating aircraft noise regulations.  To date, the FAA has issued five
regulations dealing with aircraft noise and sonic boom, seven Advanced
Notices or Notices of Proposed Rule Making dealing with aircraft noise
and five FAA Orders and Advisory Circulars (which inform the aviation
public of nonregulatory material of interest and are not binding as regu-
lations) dealing with aircraft noise.  These regulations are summarized in
Table  3.7 by title and source category regulated.

     A comparison of the major noise source candidates in air transporta-
tion which were identified by EPA, with the sources addressed by FAA
regulatory actions, shows that the FAA has issued one or more regulations,
Notice (s) or Advanced Notice(s) of Proposal Rule Making which are appli-
cable to each major source candidates except helicopters.
3.3.2  Surface Vehicles

     The five Federal standards and regulations which exist or are being
proposed by DOT and EPA for surface vehicle noise control are listed in
    2
      Bolt,  Beranek,  and Newman,  Inc.,  "Impact  of  Noise  Control  at  the
      Workplace," Report #2671,  submitted  to U.S.  Department  of  Labor,
      Office of Standards,  January 1974.
                                    21

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                                Table 3.6

             EXAMPLES OF INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY NOISE SOURCES
      Industry

Metal Working
Wood Working
Textile Manufacturing
   Type Source

Drop Hammers
Punch Presses
Riveting Machines
Chipping Machines

Planers
Saws
Molders
Tenoners

Looms
Draw/Twisters
Drafters
Spinning
Typical Noise Levels (dBA)*
	(Operator Position)	

            111
            110
            114
            127

            110
            106
            105
            100

            102
             95
             92
             93
     * Values obtained  from Karplus, H.,  and  Bonvallet, G.L.,  "A  Noise
       Survey of Manufacturing  Industries," American  Industrial Hygiene
       Quarterly, Vol.  14, No.  4, Dec.  1953.

     Note:  Levels  are  only representative.
                                   22

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                                                Table 3.7

             FEDERAL STANDARDS, REGULATIONS AND ADVISORY CIRCULARS RELATING TO AIRCRAFT NOISE
                                            (Agency DOT/FAA)
LO
                      Title

Noise Standards:  Aircraft Type Certification,
FAR Part 36, 12-1-69.

Noise Type Certification and Acoustic Change
Approvals, NPRM 71-26, 9-13-71, Amendment to FAR
Part 36, promulgated on 12-12-74.

Noise Standards for Newly Produced Airplanes of
Older Type Designs, NPM 72-19, 7-7-72, Amendments
to FAR Parts 36 and 21 on 10-26-73.

Civil Supersonic Aircraft Noise Type Certification
Standards, ANPRM  70-33, 8-4-70.

Civil Airplane Noise Reduction Retrofit Requirements,
ANPRM 70-44, 10-30-70.
       Civil Airplane Fleet  Noise  Level  (FNL) Requirements,
       ANPRM 73-3,  1-24-73.

       Civil Aircraft Fleet  Noise  Requirements,  NPRM 74-14,
       3-27-74.

       Propeller-Driven Small Airplanes:  Noise  Standards
       for Type  Certification,  NPRM 73-26,  10-10-73.
       Amendment to FAR Part 21 &  36  issued  on  1-6-75.
                                                                              Sources

                                                              Subsonic turbojet transport aircraft
                                                              designed and built after 12-1-69

                                                              Subsonic turbojet transport aircraft
                                                              Subsonic turbojet transport aircraft
                                                              weighing more than 75,000 Ibs.
                                                              Supersonic civil aircraft
Subsonic turbojet transport aircraft of
older design not previously included in
FAR Part 36

All civil transport aircraft
                                                        All subsonic turbojet transport aircraft
                                                        weighing more than 75,000 Ibs.

                                                        Propeller driven aircraft weighing less
                                                        than 12,500 Ibs.

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                                                Table 3.7

              FEDERAL STANDARDS,  REGULATIONS AND ADVISORY CIRCULARS RELATING TO AIRCRAFT NOISE
                                               (Concluded)
NJ
                            Title

       Noise Standards  for  Propeller-Driven  Small Air-
       planes - Applicable  to  New  Type Designs, Newly
       Produced Airplanes of Older Type Designs,
       NPRM 74-39,  1-6-75.

       Noise Standards:   Short Haul Aircraft, ANPRM 73-32,
       12-14-73.
                                                                       Sources

                                                        Propeller-driven  aircraft  weighing
                                                        less  than 12,500  Ibs.
                                                        Short,  reduced and  vertical  take off
                                                        and  landing aircraft
Recommended Noise Abatement Take Off Procedures  for     Commercial  aircraft
Civil Turbojet Powered Airplanes, AC-91-39,  1-18-74.

Two Segment ILS Noise Abatement Approach,  ANPRM 74-12,   Commercial  aircraft
3-26-74.
      Arrival and Departure Handling of High Performance
      Aircraft, AC 90-59 and FAA Order 7110.22A, 2-28-72.
      (AEO Minimum Attitudes:  NPRM 74-40).

      VFR Flight Near Noise-Sensitive Areas, AC 91-36,
      7-8-72.

      General Operating and Flight Rules Covering Civil
      Aircraft Sonic Boom, NPRM 70-16, 4-10-70;
      Amendment to FAR Part 91, issued on 4-27-73.
                                                        Turbojet  transport  aircraft



                                                        Turbojet  transport  aircraft


                                                        Civil  aircraft

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 Table  3.8.   DOT has issued  two regulations:   one  limits  interior  noise
 levels (at  the driver's  seating position)  of  new  and  in-service  trucks
 and  buses  to 90 dBA and  the  other  specifies design  noise  levels  for  high-
 ways as  a  function of different land  uses.  DOT is  also required  to  pro-
 mulgate  enforcement regulations for all  EPA surface vehicle noise  emission
 standards and regulations.


     The EPA has  issued  a regulation  for motor carriers  (trucks) used in
 interstate  commerce.   The noise emission standards  require that the  truck
 noise  levels measured at 15.24 meters  (50  ft.) not  exceed 86 dBA at
56.31km/hr.  (35 mph)  and 88 dBA in the stationary run-up test.   EPA has
 also proposed regulations for  rail carriers (locomotives and rail  cars)
 used in  interstate commerce  and newly manufactured medium- and heavy-duty
 trucks.  The proposed railway  regulations  limit stationary locomotive
 noise  levels measured at 30  meters (100  ft.)  to 93  dBA at any throttle
 setting  and 73 dBA at idle.  The standard  for all locomotives or combina-
 tion of  locomotives when moving is 96 dBA  when measured at 30 meters
 (100 ft.).   Four  years after promulgation, the corresponding standards
 will be  lowered to 87, 67, and 90 dBA respectively.  For railroad  cars,
 the  standard noise levels when measured at 30 meters  (100 ft.) are 68 dBA
 for  speed up to and including  72 km/hr (45 mph) and 93 dBA at speeds
 above  72 km/hr (45 mph).  For  new medium-  and heavy-duty trucks the pro-
 posed  regulation  will limit  the noise levels when measured at low  speeds
 (EPA test procedures  'similar to SAE J3666) to 83 dBA for 1977-80 models,
80 dBA for 1981-82 models and 75 dBA  for  1983  and  subsequent models.
 The  high speed standard  (EPA test procedure similar to SAE J57) will be
 86 dBA for  1977 and subsequent models.
 3.3.3  Machinery

     There are  two Federal regulations being proposed for machinery
 sources  of noise and one already in existence.  EPA has proposed Noise
 Emission Standards for Construction Equipment - New Portable Air Com-
 pressors NPRM,  39FR 38186, 10-29-74.  The proposed standard limits the
 average  sound level of new portable air compressors with a rated output
 of  75cfm or more to 76 dBA when measured at a distance of 7 meters (23 ft.)
 from the surfaces of the compressor.

     The Consumer Product Safety Commission has proposed that a regula-
 tion for lawnmower noise be set in a notice of proceeding, 39FR 26662,
 7/17/74.  However, the only RD&D identified relating to this proposal has
 been the development of a measurement methodology.  For the purpose of
 this report, lawnmowers will be treated as a candidate for identification
 as  a major source of environmental noise.

     The Consumer Product Safety Commission also has a standard for toy
 guns and caps,  16CFR Chapter II, Subchapter C, part 1500, 9/27/73.  This
 bans the sale of toy guns and caps in violation of noise emission stan-
 dards.   No RD&D in fiscal years 1973   1975 has been associated with this
 regulation.
                                    25

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                                               Table 3.8

                     FEDERAL STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS RELATING TO SURFACE VEHICLES
ho
   Agency

DOT/FHWA/BMCS


DOT/FHWA



EPA/ONAC



EPA/ONAC



EPA/ONAC
                Title

Vehicle  Interior Noise Levels,
Title 49,  Part 393.94, 11-8-73.

Noise Control Standards and Procedures,
Title 23,  Part 772, 6-19-73, amended
2-2-74.

Noise Emission Standards  (for) Motor
Carriers Engaged in Interstate Commerce,
Title 40,  Part 202, 10-29-74.

Proposed Emission Standards
For Interstate Rail Carrier Noise,
NPRM, 39 FR 24580, 7-3-74.

Transportation Equipment Noise
Emission Controls:  Proposed
Standards  for Medium and Heavy-
Duty Trucks, NPRM,  39 FR 38338, 10-15-74.
                                                                                Sources

                                                                       Trucks & Buses  - New and  in-
                                                                         service

                                                                       Highways (noise levels as a
                                                                         function of land uses)
                                                                       Trucks
                                                                       Locomotives, rail cars
                                                                       New trucks
             Formerly  this  was  the  DOT/FHWA Policy  and  Procedures  Memorandum -- PPM 90-2.

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3.4  NATIONAL HEALTH AND WELFARE GOALS FOR NOISE CONTROL

     In 1974, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency published a docu-
ment entitled, "Information of Levels of Environmental Noise Requisite to
Protect the Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate Margin of Safety."
The document serves to identify environmental noise levels in various
areas and conditions necessary to ensure no adverse health or welfare
effects.  At the present time, this is the only document published by a
Federal agency which identifies such goals.   The document provides a basis
for an overall assessment of the national impact of noise and the relative
contribution from various product types to this impact.   Such an assess-
ment has not been done at this time.  Therefore, goals for control of the
major noise sources have not yet been established.

     Table 3.9 is a summary of the identified levels;  Table 3.10 illus-
trates this information in more detail.

     Tables 3.9 and 3.10 identify levels for both activity interference
and hearing loss.  It is seen that these levels or  goals can be related
to the source categories of noise.  The purposes of identifying these
noise levels are to provide a basis for establishing noise level goals
for control of specific noise sources and for the assessment of noise
source emission regulations, human exposure standards, land use planning,
and zoning and building codes as to their effectiveness  in the protection
of public health and welfare from environmental noise.

     The levels of noise which have been identified are  not to be con-
sidered as standards, nor as discrete numbers since they are in terms of
energy equivalents.  The EPA believes that environmental noise levels,
when maintained at or below those identified, will  protect the public
from adverse health and welfare effects.  That is,  a person may move
through several different noise environments throughout  the day without
suffering hearing impairment as long as the daily equivalent sound energy
does not exceed 70 dB.  Similarly, activity interference will not be undue
if outdoor levels are maintained at an energy equivalent of 55 dB and
indoor levels at 45 dB.
                                   27

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                             Table 3.9

SUMMARY OF XOISE LEVELS  IDENTIFIED AS  REQUISITE TO  PROTECT  PUBLIC
    HEALTH AND WELFARE WITH  AX ADEQUATE  MARGIN OF SAFETY
      inect
    Level
                                                 Area
>: ear ing Loss
                                       All Areas
Outdoor  activity
interference
and annoyance
 L, ^
  ar.
Outdoors in residential areas
and farms and other outdoor    .
areas where people spend widely;
varying amounts of time and    j
other places in which quiet    :
is a basis for use.            ,
; L
                                        Outdoor  areas where  people
                                        spend  limited amounts  of time,
                                        such as  school  yards,  play-
                                        grounds,  etc.
Indoor  activit
                        ,
                        dn
                  Indoor residential areas.
-LiiLeriertinct;
and annoyance
i
L ... .^ 45dB
eq(24 - -
i
i
i
Other indoor areas
activities such as
etc.
with human \
schools,
j
- - 	 J
Explanation  of  Table  3.9:

Leq  (24)represents  the  sound  energy averaged  over a 24-hour period
while Ld  represents  the  L   with a lOdB  nighttime weighting.

o  The hearing loss  level  identified here represents annual averages
   of the daily  level  over a period of 40 years.   (These are energy
   averages,  not to  be confused with arithmetic averages.)

•  Relationship  of an  L  of,\  °^ ~OdB to higher exposure levels.
                                  28

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                                             Ta-le 3.10

                        YEARLY AYEP.AGE* E'A'TVALE:- s:^:: LEVELS  ::EV:
                       REQUISITE TO PROTECT '':'•' PUrLi: -EAL7H ANT '.-.'El
                                    AN ADEQUATE XAH^I!.' OF 'SAFETY


Residential -'i:r C"_i
side Space and Earn
Residences
Resicential vith No
Outside Space
Co:.-rr.ercial
Inside Transportati
Industrial
Hospitals
Institutional
Recreational Areas
Farm Land and
Coastal Unpopulated
Land
Code;
a. Since different
H
c" Ldn
Lee
Incccr .3 Prctect
•*r^i.-i--" '-'e.aT-'-'- T 	 	 «--i^-- * 	 .-



j ference tion fects (b): ferer.ce tion :e:ts fs)
^5- j w5 | 5f
I
(24'. . 70 ,
Ldn -5 | j 45
Leq(24, | 70 : j
• 55
70 !
i I
i
Leq(24) (a) ; 70 • 70 (c) i (a) 70 70(c)
c- Leq
(24) (a) . ' 70 j (a) |
Leq(24)(d) ^) 70 70 (c) (a)
Ldr. : 45 ; 45 55
Leq(24) ' i 70 }
Lec
Leq
Leq
(24) « ' 45 55
i i ' !
f24) : (a) 70 ; 70(c) i' (a)
• t
Leq(24) ;' : | (a)
: \ I !
i i
: 1
! 70 ; 70(c)
: 55
! 70 !
! 55
70 '
| !
1 70 | T0(c)
70 i 70(c)
i
i
i
tyr>es of activities arcear to be associated vith differpnr IPT-^IC •: ^^.-^, ^,-_-
 d.   An
                                                                                   ,    e
 tion  of  a.  maximunj level for activity i-iterferenc.? riay be difficult except in  those  cir
 stances  where  sr-eech ccrrr.unica tic/ Lz a critical activity.
 Based on lowest  level.
 Based only on  hearing  loss
                                                                                            cura-
               of 75 c2 p_ay be identified in these situations  so  lor.g  as  the  exposure over
               16 hours per c'ay is low enough to result in a negligible contribution 'o -e
              i                                                                          ' e
average; i.e., no greater  than  an
                                        eq
                                            of 60 dr..
                                                                                        tr.e
                                                                                        24-hour
NOTE:  Explanation of identified level for ,-rarinc loss.  The exposure seriod which resul
hearing  loss  at  the identified level is a period of 40 years.   '      '              re»ul.
^Refers to  energy rather  than arithmetic averages.
                                               29

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                   4.0  FEDERAL NOISE RD&D ACTIVITIES


 4.1  OVERVIEW

      Eleven Federal  agencies  or departments  sponsor noise RD&D.   These
 are  NASA,  DOT,  HEW,  DOD,  NSF,  DOI,  DOC/NBS,  USDA,  CPSC,  HUD,  and  EPA.
 Their noise RD&D activities can be  classified  into four  areas which
 correspond to  the four interagency  panels:   (1)  noise  effects,   (2) air-
 craft noise,   (3) surface vehicle noise,  and (4) stationary machinery
 noise.   Table  4.1 summarizes  the RD&D currently  being  addressed by each
 Federal  agency.   Most of  the  agencies sponsor  research in more than one
 category.   However,  only  DOD  and EPA have activities in  all four  noise
 RD&D areas.  Noise effects research is being sponsored by nine Federal
 agencies  and is  the  category  having the greatest number  of Federal par-
 ticipants.   Stationary machinery noise RD&D  is next, being considered  by
 eight Federal  agencies.   Aircraft noise RD&D is  currently being sponsored
 by NASA,  DOT,  DOD, and EFA while DOT,  DOD, EPA, NSF, and  USDA all  support
 surface vehicle  noise RD&D.

      The  total  resources  allocated  to noise  RD&D by the  Federal agencies
 are  summarized  in Table 4.2 for FY  73,  FY 74,  and  FY 75.   NASA, DOT, and
 DOD  allocated  the major portion of  the Federal resources  for  noise RD&D
 but  their  allocations have steadily decreased  since FY 73.  As  a  result
 total Federal  resources for noise RD&D have  also steadily decreased
 since FY  73, with the major decrease taking  place  from FY 74  to FY 75.
 The  latter is  primarily due to  the  decrease  in the NASA  noise RD&D allo-
 cations.   HEW,  DOI,  DOC/NBS,  and USDA show sceady  increases in resource
 allocations  for  noise RD&D during the FY  73  through FY 75 time period.

      Of the  noise research categories shown  in Table 4.3  only Federal
 expenditures for noise effects  research increased  steadily during  the
 FY 73 to FY  75  time  period.   Federal  allocations for RD&D to  control
 aircraft noise decreased  rapidly from $58,894.00 in FY 73 to  $31,054,000
 in FY 75 and related directly to the  decrease  in aircraft noise control
 RD&D sponsored by NASA, DOT,  and DOD.   The. major element  in this  re-
 duction is  the scheduled  completion during this period of two expensive
 technology  development and demonstration  programs  for  retrofit
 to existing aircraft  -- FAA's  Sound Absorbent Material (SAM) Nacelle
program and NASA's JT8D REFAN program.  However,  Federal  allocations
 for  aircraft noise control RD&D still account for 80 to 90 percent
 of the total Federal  noise RD&D  allocations during  the FY  73  - 75
 time  period.  Federal  resources  for both surface vehicle  and  stationary
machinery noise RD&D  peak  in FY  74.   Although a number of Federal  agencies
sponsor work in these  categories, they receive the  least  emphasis  based
on resource allocations.
                                   31

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                            Table 4.1




SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES' CURRENT INVOLVEMENT IN NOISE RESEARCH
                                   Area of Involvement
Agency
NASA
DOT
HEW
DOD
NSF
DOI
DOC/NBS
US DA
CPSC
HUD
EPA
Noise Surface
Effects Aircraft Vehicles
X X
XXX
X
XXX
X X
X
X
X

X
XXv
Stationary
Machinery


X
X
X
X
X
X
X

y
                                 32

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                         Table 4.2

SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AGENCY EXPENDITURES FOR NOISE RESEARCH
                                Fiscal Year Funding
                              (Thousands of Dollars)
Agency
NASA
DOT
HEW
DOD
NSF
DOI
DOC/NBS
US DA
CPSC
HUD
EPA
Totals
1973
46,407
13,767
1,090
3,897
263
409
236
4
--
117
453
66,643
1974
47,232
5,269
1,613
4,621
658
551
381
93
70
638
1,189
62,315
1975
28,504
3,467
2,015
3,063
--
730
407
131
--
460
409
39,186
                            33

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                           Table 4.3

SUMMARY OF FEDERAL EXPENDITURES FOR NOISE RESEARCH CATEGORIES
                                 Fiscal Year Funding
                                (Thousands of Dollars)
Category
Noise Effects
Aircraft
Surface Vehicle
Machinery
Totals
1973
3,566
58,894
3,211
972
66,643
1974
5,006
51,751
3,374
2,184
62,315
1975
5,228
31,054
1,334
1,570
39,186
                                  34

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     The Federal programs are briefly described in the following sections.
The information will be presented by the noise research categories of
noise effects, aircraft noise, surface vehicle noise and stationary
machinery noise.  In addition, the Federally sponsored noise measure-
ments RD&D will be separately reviewed in Section 5.5.  More complete
information on the Federal RD&D can be obtained by referring to the panel
reports mentioned in Section 1.3.
4.2  NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH

     There are nine Federal agencies conducting research on noise effects.
Table 4.4 is a summary of the funding by agency for the fiscal years 1973-
1975.  The total funding over this period has increased by 68 percent.
This is principally due to the large increase of expenditures by HEW/
NINDS and the steadily increasing resource allocations by the DOD and
NASA.

     Table 4.5 identifies the research categories that are currently
being addressed by each of the participating Federal agencies.  This
table reflects several major points regarding the various agency pro-
grams.  Within HEW, three separate institutions are involved in the con-
duct of noise effects research; NINDS, NIEHS, and NIOSH.  The NINDS has
major research efforts ongoing in the areas of noise-induced hearing loss
and communication interference.  The NIEHS research is conducted mostly
on animals.  The major part (83 percent) is directed toward noise-induced
hearing loss and the remainder is allocated to the support of non-auditory
health effects research.  NIOSH has a major research effort in noise-
induced hearing loss which includes  both epidemiological and experimental
activities.  In addition, NIOSH is supporting research on non-auditory
health effects and in the area of measurement methodology and calibration.

     The DOD, like the EPA, pursues a broad research effort which in-
cludes each of the following categories:  noise-induced hearing loss, non-
auditory health effects, individual behavior effects, communication
interference, and measurement methodology and calibration.  In addition,
DOD sponsors research on community and collective response effects while
EPA conducts research on sleep effects.

     NASA has a major research effort in the area of community or col-
lective response and, in addition to the EPA, is the only agency in-
volved in research on the effects of noise on sleep.  HUD has a major
effort in community or collective response and devotes nearly 90 percent
of its funds to this area.   The DOT currently has the smallest active
research program in noise effects, but directs all of its support toward
community or collective response.

     NBS directs all its noise effects research to individual behavior.


                                 35

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                Table 4.4

NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH FUNDING BY AGENCY
                     Fiscal Year Funding
                   (Thousands of Dollars)
Agency
HEW/NINDS
HEW/NIEHS
HEW/NIOSH
DOD
NASA
DOT
NSF
DOC/NBS
HUD
EPA
DOI/BuMines
Totals
1973
526
153
395
984
1,127
50
20
98
117
24
	 7_2
3,566
1974
622
258
507
1,180
1,154
130
--
117
638
377
	 23
5,006
1975
1,157
239
481
1,190
1,200
50
--
142
460
309
--
5.228
                    36

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                           Table 4.5




CURRENT AGENCY INVOLVEMENT IN NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH CATEGORIES







                              Research Category
Noise- Induced Non-Auditory
Hearing Health
Agency Loss Effects
HEW/NINDS
HEW/NIEHS
HEW/NIOSH
DOD
w
*"" NASA
DOT
DOC/NBS
HUD
EPA
NSF
DOI/BuMines
X
X X
X X
X X





X X
X

Individual Noise Communica- Community or Domestic Measurement
Behavior Effects on tion Inter- Collective Animals & Methodology
Effects Sleep ference Response Wildlife & Calibration
X

X X
X XX X

XXX
X X
X
X X
XXX X

X X

-------
     At this time, no agency has any ongoing research activity on the
effects of noise on domestic animals and wildlife.

     Table 4.6 is a summary of the funding as a function of research
category for the fiscal years 1973-1975.  There has been a steady in-
crease in the funding for noise-induced hearing loss which in FY 75
received 38 percent of the total effects research resources.  A sig-
nificant increase in funding for the community or collective response
category is shown for FY 75.  Except for the non-auditory health
effects category, which shows a decrease in effort for FY 75, the
funding has remained fairly constant for remaining categories.
4.3  AIRCRAFT NOISE RD&D

     Federally sponsored aircraft noise RD&D is classified by noise
source categories and by categories that have broad applications.  Air-
craft noise sources being considered in the Federal RD&D include  the
following:  subsonic conventional take-off and landing aircraft  (CTOL),
powered lift aircraft including short take-off and landing aircraft,
(STOL) and reduced take-off and landing (RTOL) aircraft, rotorcraft
and vertical take-off and landing aircraft (VTOL), supersonic cruise
aircraft, and general aviation aircraft.  Table 4.7 summarizes" the
Federal agency resource allocations for fiscal years 1973-1976 for all
aircraft noise RD&D categories.

     Funding for basic research and technology programs shows only
minor fluctuations in this period.  Programs in this category have
broad application and apply to all aircraft noise source types.   Funds
for noise portions of systems studies to define air transportation needs
are relatively low.  There is a significant increase in funding  for
general aviation aircraft noise.  The projected FY 76 funding for gen-
eral aviation is over 10 times the amount of FY 73.  Noise related pro-
grams applied to supersonic cruise aircraft are about the same in FY  73
and FY 74 and FY 75 and FY 76.  Funding for noise related to powered
lift and rotorcraft/VTOL levels out in FY 74 and is fairly constant
through FY 76.  Noise programs in the CTOL category apply mostly  to the
existing commercial aircraft fleet.  Funding in this category shows
significant decreases in FY 74, FY 75, and FY 76.  A major factor in
the decreases is the completion during this period of two demonstration
programs leading to certifiable hardware suitable for retrofit to
existing aircraft -- the FAA's Sound Absorbent Material (SAM) nacelle
program and NASA's JT8D REFAN program.

     Table 4.8 shows funding by agency for all RD&D categories for the
fiscal years 1973-1976.  NASA plays the dominant role in all categories
of aircraft noise RD&D, especially as total funding levels out in
FY 75 and FY 76 with the completion of the REFAN and the retrofit
feasibility program of DOT/FAA.  The decrease in DOT funding is

                                    38
                                                                                   t

-------
                  Table 4.6

NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH FUNDING BY CATEGORY

                            Fiscal Year Funding
                           (Thousands of Dollars)
Category
Noise- Induced Hearing Loss
Non-Auditory Health Effects
Individual Behavior Effects
Noise Effects on Sleep
Communication Interference
Community or Collective Response
Domestic Animals and Wildlife
Measurement Methodology and
Calibration
Totals
1973
1,084
126
381
217
275
410
--
1,073
3,566
1974
1,366
294
361
254
316
821
--
1,594
5,006
1975
1,979
61
443
159
296
1,114
__
1,176
5,288
                      39

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                                Table 4.7

SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AIRCRAFT NOISE RD&D ACTIVITIES AND RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS
                                      Fiscal Year Funding
                                      (Thousands of Dollars)
Technical Area
Subsonic Conven-
tional Aircraft
Powered Lift
Aircraft
Rotorcraft/VTOL
Supersonic Cruise
Aircraft
General Aviation
Air Transportation
Systems
Basic Research
and Technology

GRAND

Sponsoring
Agency
NASA
DOT
Subtotal
NASA
DOT
Subtotal
NASA
DOD
Subtotal
NASA
DOT
Subtotal
NASA
Subtotal
NASA
EPA
Subtotal
NASA
DOT
DOD
Subtotal
TOTAL

1973
27,7041/5
8,176
35,880
4,4061
241
4,647
__2
267
267
2,0701/3
316
2,386
801
80
2L5*
255
10,76s1
2,830
1,784
15,379
58^894

1974
25,204
1,899
27,103
2,082
2,082
1,774
534
2,308
2,086
299
2,385
355
355
428
404
832
14,149
785
1,752
16^686
51,751

1975
6,017
900
6,917
2,977
2,977
2,284
675
2,959
1,490
100
1,590
448
448
248
248
13,840
1,282
793
15,915
31^054

1976
2,703
2,703
2,952
2,952
2,294
275
2,569
1,730
1,730
996
996
227
227
14,269
1,760
1,112
17^ 141
28,318

      1 The NASA funding data included in this table for FY 73 are based on
        information supplied to EPA by NASA in December, 1973.  The content
        of the breakouts by research area is not exactly the same as those
        for other fiscal years listed.

        FY 73 funding included in Powered Lift Aircraft Noise Technology.

        Some program activity included here that is listed under Basic
        Research and Technology for other fiscal years.

        EPA FY 74 total includes some funds committed in FY 73.

        For FY 73,  $1090K of the funds listed  were for subsonic engine and
        nacelle technology —  Quiet Engine I.

                                  40

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                               Table 4.8

SUMMARY OF FEDERAL AGENCIES' RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS FOR AIRCRAFT NOISE RD&D
                                       Fiscal Year Resources
                                       (Thousands of Dollars)
Agency
NASA
DOT
DOD

EPA
1973
45,280
11,563
2,051
1

1974
46,078
2,983
2,286

404
1975
27,304
2,282
1,468

--
1976
25,171
1,760
1,387

--
          Total             58,894      51,751       31,054      28,318
       EPA FY 74 total includes some funds committed in FY 73.
                                       41

-------
consistent with the decision by FAA to recommend the SAM retrofit alter-
native which limits the necessity for major funding to be applied to
existing commercial fleet noise reduction.  Most of the DOT funds in
FY 75 and FY 76 are in the category of basic research and technology and
are applicable to technology needs for future aircraft noise regulations.
DOD's program shows a steady decrease in resource allocations during
the FY 73-76 time period.  However, most of DOD's resources are committed
to basic research and technology and will also be applicable to support
of future aircraft noise regulations.
4.4  SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D

     The Federal  agencies known  to sponsor surface vehicle noise RD&D
activities are  DOT, DOD, EPA, USDA,  and NSF.  Table 4.9 is a summary
of the major surface vehicle noise RD&D programs being sponsored by
these agencies.   The total noise dedicated resources allocated by  the
Federal Government  peaked at $3,374,000 in FY 74.

     The DOT is the principal Federal  agency sponsoring surface vehicle
noise RD&D.  These  activities are primarily concerned with transportation
systems and are associated with  three  major programs.  They are the
Highway Noise Reduction  Program, Urban Transportation System Noise Re-
duction Program,  and Conventional Railroad and  Intercity High Speed
Systems Program.  With emphasis  on control of highway noise, the major
efforts have concentrated on the control  of heavy-duty truck and bus
noise.  Future  research  efforts  emphasize truck tire and engine mech-
anical and combustion noise.

     Although the DOT resource  allocations to reduce noise from urban
transportation  and  conventional  and  high  speed  railway transportation
systems are not specifically identifiable from  within total development
funding, significant noise RD&D efforts are underway in these non-noise
dedicated programs. The emphasis  is in the development of future  mass
transportation  systems.  As such,  noise is only one of many factors being
considered and  is often  addressed  as a design specification.

     The DOD/Army has three RD&D programs concerned with surface vehicle
noise control.  They are entitled, "The Conformance with Regulatory
Requirements,"  "Vehicle  Signature  Reduction Program," and  "The Noise
Reduction Program for U.S. Army Construction Equipment."   These programs
are  funded by the U.S. Army Tank Automotive Command  (TACOM) and the U.S.
Army Mobility Equipment  Research and Development Center  (MERDC) and
address highway and off-highway military  vehicles.  The TACOM Conformance
with Regulatory Requirements Program is directed toward reducing  interior
and  exterior noise  levels of all tactical type  military vehicles  to meet
military and commercial  noise standards.  The MERDC Noise  Reduction
Program for U.S.  Army Construction Equipment was initiated as  a result
of the low noise  exposure level requirements established by the Army


                                   42

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                                          Table 4.9

                 SUMMARY OF THE FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE  RD&D  PROGRAMS
                                                                Fiscal  Year  Funding
                                                               (Thousands  of Dollars)
OplSUOWJ. J-LI&
Agency
DOT





DOD/ARMY




EPA



USDA




NSF





Descriptive Title of Program Prior to 1973
Highway Noise Reduction 2,066
Urban Transportation System Noise
Reduction Program*
Conventional Railroad & Intercity High
Speed Systems
Total DOT 2,066
Conformance with Regulatory Requirements
Vehicle Signature Reduction 100
Noise Reduction Program for U.S. Army
Construction Vehicles
Total DOD/ARMY 100
Interstate Motor Carriers
Interstate Rail Carriers
New Medium- & Heavy-Duty Trucks --
Total EPA
Reduction of Vehicle (snowmobile) &
Equipment Noise Levels
Use of Trees & Shrubs in Noise Abatement
Noise & Vibration of Off-Road Equipment --
Total USDA
Effects of Building & Other Boundaries on
Motor Vehicle Noise
Noise & Vibration from Transportation
Vehicles & Other Machinery
Total NSF
Total FEDERAL EFFORT 2,166
1973
1,798

356

--
2,154
215
100

369
684
170
199
***-
369

--
--
	 4
4

--

--
--
3 . 211
1974(est)
1,429

577

150
2,156
270
95

300
665
--
178
	 _*"*.
178

25
20
	 2_8
73

30

272
302
3,374
19752
935

--

200
1,135
_.
--

160
160
_-
--
	 ""
--

39
--
	 " ""
39

--

--
--
jj_334
1 Resources for in-house research  and  noise portions of  advanced  transportation systems  development
  are not included.

^ FY 75 estimates are known to be incomplete.

-------
Surgeon General and is concerned with the control of noise  from both
stationary and vehicular construction equipment.   The TACOM Vehicle
Signature Reduction program is concerned \ith reducing the  noise signature
detectability of military vehicles for combat purposes.   Portions of this
program are classified.  Although no other DOD surface vehicle research
programs were identified, there is evidence that  other pertinent noise
reduction programs are being sponsored by DOD, particularly by the Navy
on watercraft.  DOD plans to continue a similar effort during the FY 75
through FY 78 period.

     The EPA identified  three surface transportation research programs
which were sponsored in FY 73 and FY 74 to support the Interstate Motor
Carrier, Interstate Rail Carrier, and New Medium- and Heavy-Duty Truck
Regulations.  These studies generally involved the determination of the
population impacted by the noise source to be regulated, best available
noise control technology, costs for compliance with the proposed regula-
tions, and measurement methods.for enforcing the  regulation.

     The USDA sponsors surface  vehicle noise research through the Forest
Service and the Cooperative State Research Service.  These  programs
are concerned with control of off-road vehicle noise and the use of trees
and shrubs to abate noise.  Only the off-road vehicle noise control re-
search activities of the Forest Service are planned to continue into the
future.  The Cooperative State  Research Service will continue to support
noise research proposed  by individual scientists and engineers.

     The NSF sponsors noise research based upon the merits  of unsolicited
proposals.  Currently, there are two NSF research grants specific to sur-
face vehicle noise.  They are entitled, "The Effects of Building and Other
Boundaries on Motor Vehicle Noise" and "Noise and Vibration from Trans-
portation Vehicles and Other Machinery."  A third grant entitled, "Basic
and Applied Studies of Noise,"  has a minor portion of the study addressing
sound generation by automotive  tire designs.


4.5  MACHINERY NOISE RD&D

     Table 4.10 shows  the Federal agencies' allocations for machinery
noise RD&D during the FY 73 through FY 75 time period.  A total of
eight Federal agencies,  including two components of DOD, are sponsoring
machinery noise RD&D.  The Navy's program is the largest, committing
about 1 million dollars  per year.  However, the output of this effort
is classified and is not currently available to the public.  The other
agencies together spent  in FY 74 a total of more than 2 million dollars
on machinery noise RD&D.  The total Federal effort has been in the range
of 2 or 3 million dollars per year for the FY 73 through FY 75 time
period and appeared to peak in  FY 74.
                                   44

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                               Table 4.10

                 MACHINERY NOISE RD&D FUNDING BY AGENCY
                          (Thousands of Dollars)
                                   1973          1974            1975


DOI/BuMines                         337           528             73Q1

DOC/NBS                             138           264             265

HEW/NIOSH                            162          226             138

NSF                                 243           356

EPA                                  60           230             100

DOD/USN3

DOD/USA                             178           490             2451

CPSC                                 --            70

USDA                              	^         	20           	92


          Total                     972         2,184           1,570
       Projected.
     2
       This figure does not reflect $60.5K funded in FY 72 for work done
       in FY 73.

       Navy funding for specific RD&D activities in Machinery Noise can-
       not be reported for security reasons.   However,  the total effort
       in this area is about $1 million each  year.
                                   45

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     The current Federal machinery noise RD&D programs address a number
of specific sources of machinery noise, undertake work in building and
structural transmission of noise, and work toward better definition of
the machinery noise problem through development of more accurate and
standardized measurement methodology.  The general funding in these areas
is presented in Table 4.11.  The majority of funds are spent on control
technology.  This observation is further supported by the Navy's million
dollar a year program, most of which goes for source control technology.
It also appears that the funds for machinery noise RD&D peaked in FY 74.
This may not be actual, however, due to the uncertainity of the FY 75
data.

     The agencies'  current involvement in the three categories of machinery
noise RD&D is shown in Table 4.12.  USDA and CPSC are involved only in
measurement or measurement methodology; NSF, DOD and NTOSH are supporting
research in all three areas, while BuMines,  NBS, and EPA are involved in
two categories.
                               Table 4.11

                SUMMARY BY AREA OF MACHINERY NOISE RD&D
                                                     Funding
                                              (Thousands of Dollars)
RD&D Area
Source Noise Control Technology
Building and Structural Noise
Transmission and Control
Measurements and Measurement
Methodologies
Totals
1973
529

162

280
971
1974
1,307

370

507
2,184
1975
1,168

145

257
1,570

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                              Table 4.12
      CURRENT AGENCY  INVOLVEMENT IN AREAS OF MACHINERY NOISE RD&D

                                Area of Involvement
Agency


BuMines

NIOSH

NSF

DOD

NBS

EPA

CPSC

US DA
Source Noise  Building and Structural  Measurements and
   Control    Noise Transmission and     Measurement
 Technology          Control            Methodologies
     X

     X

     X

     X



     X
X

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
                                   47

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                    5.0  FEDERAL NOISE RDSD SUPPORTING
           STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS DEVELOPMENT AND ENFORCEMENT
5.1  NOISE EFFECTS CRITERIA

     A summary of the Federal noise effects research funding according to
area of activity is shown in Table 5.1.  Except for the allocation of
funds for the support of measurement methodology and calibration, the
current expenditures support the development of criteria for the noise
effects defined in Table 3.1 (p.  13).
                                 Table 5.1

                NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH FUNDING BY CATEGORY
                          (Thousands of Dollars)
            Category                     FY 73        FY 74        FY 75

Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Non-Auditory Health Effects
Individual Behavior Effects
Noise Effects on Sleep
Communication Interference
Community or Collective Response
Domestic Animals and Wildlife
Measurement Methodology and
  Calibration

     Totals                              3,566        5,006        5,228
Noise-Induced Hearing Loss - Research on noise-induced hearing loss con-
tinues to be of high importance relative to the development of criteria
because it is the one established adverse health effect from noise expo-
sure.  To strengthen and/or support existing criteria, nearly 40 percent
of the total Federal expenditures for effects research is  being spent on
noise-induced hearing loss during FY 75 by five agencies.   Table 5.2
summarizes these expenditures.
                                   49

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                                 Table 5.2

          FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
                          (Thousands of Dollars)


  Agency                   FY 73               FY 74               FY 75

HEW (NINDS)                  447                 482               1,057
HEW (NIEHS)                  224                 341                 352
HEW (NIOSH)                  145                 192                 199
DOD                          248                 301                 301*
NSF                           20                   0                   0
EPA                        	0               	5J)                  70

     Totals                1,084               1,366               1,979
     * DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74.
Current research  in  this area addresses the following:

     •  Cross-sectional  studies  in various environments  (occupational,
        military,  recreational,  etc.).

     •  Relationships  between permanent and temporary threshold shifts.

     •  Susceptibility to  hearing loss.

     •  Combination  of noise and other stressors  (work,  heat, vibration,
        etc.).

     •  Combination  with ototoxic drugs,  other ototoxic  agents, and
        abnormal  physiology.

     •  Effects on children.

     •  Impulse noise, intermittent  noise, and high-intensity noise.

     •  Permanent effects  of occupational and longer  environmental
        exposures.

     •  Mechanisms of  hearing  loss  (biochemical,  physiological, etc.).

     •  Hearing protection.
                                    50

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Non-Auditory Health Effects - Results of existing studies indicate noise
contributes to numerous non-auditory health effects which adversely influ-
ence physical or mental health.  Despite many questions which remain
unanswered at the present time regarding the non-auditory health effects
from noise exposure, Federal expenditures in support of this area of cri-
teria are currently little more than 1 percent of the total effects fund-
ing.  Current research in this area is being conducted by three different
agencies which are addressing the following:

     •  Worker safety and health.

     •  Susceptibility to mental and physical illness.

     •  Cardiovascular and other physiologic changes .

     •  Effects on the vestibular (sense of balance), cardiovascular (heart
        and circulatory), endocrine  (internally-secreting glands), and
        neutral systems.

     •  Effects on drug uptake.

     •  Non-auditory physiological  system adaptation.

Table 5.3 is a summary of current funding for this area.
                                 Table 5.3

     FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NON-AUDITORY HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOISE
                           (Thousands of Dollars)
  Agency                    FY 73               FY 74
HEW  (NINDS)                    8                  66                  40
HEW  (NIOSH)                  108                  42                  2
DOD                           10                   0                   0
EPA                          _ P_                186Z                _ 0
     Totals                  126                 294                  61
       DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74.

     2 2-year project.
                                   51

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Individual Behavior Effects - Individual behavior effects  are of interest
in a variety of environments where adverse reflex actions  or behavior may
result in accidents or unfavorable performance.   Effects of noise on per-
formance, which is considered a highly significant area of study, have
been studied in the laboratory and work environment.   However, well-con-
trolled field studies present a real problem in the evaluation of the effects
of noise on human performance.  Of the current fiscal year support,  only
9 percent of these funds are directed toward individual behavior effects.
Table 5.4 is a summary of the expenditures by agency in this area.   Current
research in this area is conducted by five agencies addressing the
following:

     •  Annoyance  factors.

     •  Performance capability.

     •  Startle effects on performance.

     •  Adaptation to noise.

     •  Measures of aversiveness  and annoyance.
                                 Table 5.4

     FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR EFFECTS OF NOISE
                           (Thousands of Dollars)
  Agency                   FY 73               FY 74               FY 75

HEW (NIOSH)                   0                  28
DOD                         233                 166
DOT                          50                   0
EPA                           0                  50
DOC (NBS)                    98                 H7

     Totals                 381                 361                 443
     * DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74.
                                    52

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Noise Effects on Sleep - Sleep disturbance is often considered the  princi-
pal reason given for noise annoyance.  Most of the existing data in this
area are based on laboratory experiments that involve few subjects  and
responses are evaluated in terms of physiological measurements.  Only
about 3 percent of FY 75 funding is being devoted to this critical  area
by two agencies as shown in Table 5.5.

                             Table 5.5
         FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NOISE EFFECTS ON SLEEP
                        (Thousands of Dollars)
Agency

 NASA
 EPA
    Totals
FY 73

 217
 	0

 217
FY 74

 254
 	0

 254
FY 75

 142
  17

 159
Communication Interference - Noise can interfere with speech by changing
its perceived quality, shifting its apparent location or loudness, or by
making it partially or completely inaudible.  Speech is considered a major
activity of importance in identifying levels of noise necessary to pro-
tect public health and welfare.  The available knowledge in this area is
still rather limited.  The current Federal research in communication inter-
ference by noise is conducted by four agencies (Table 5.6).  The expendi-
tures make up 6 percent of the effects funding.

                             Table 5.6

  FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR COMMUNICATIONS INTERFERENCE OF NOISE
                       (Thousands of Dollars)
Agency                   FY 73

 HEW (NINDS)               79
 DOD                      124
 EPA                        0
 DOI (BuMines)             72

    Totals                275
                      FY 74

                       140
                       109
                        59
                       	8

                       316
                     FY 75

                      100
                      109*
                       87
                      	0

                      296
* DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as FY 74.
                                 53

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Community or Collective Response   The second largest portion (22 percent)
of the current Federal noise effects research expenditures is in support
of community or collective response research.  Although much has been
done to relate noise and annoyance, most of the work has been related
to conventional aircraft operations.  Four agencies conduct research in
this area (Table 5.7).
                              Table  5.7

               FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING  FOR COMMUNITY OR
                     COLLECTIVE RESPONSE TO NOISE
                        (Thousands of  Dollars)
 Agency                 FY 73               FY  74               FY  75

  DOD                     32                    0
  NASA                   378                 491
  DOT                      0                 130
  HUD                    	0                 200

      Totals             410                 821                1,114
   * DOD FY 75 data estimated the same as  FY 74.
Measurement Methodology  and Calibration -  Over 18 percent of the cur-
rent expenditures  for  noise effects research is applied to this cate-
gory.  This research is  conducted  to support noise health effects
research, support  implementation of noise control legislation, and
maintain a defensible  posture regarding measurement technology.  Six
agencies conduct research  in this  important area as shown in Table 5.8
                                  54

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                             Table 5.8

     FEDERAL RESEARCH FUNDING FOR NOISE MEASUREMENT METHODOLOGY
                           AND CALIBRATION
                        (Thousands of Dollars)
Agency                   FY 73               FY 74              FY 75

 HEW  (NIOSH)
 DOD
 HUD
 EPA
 DOI  (BuMines)
 NASA

    Totals              1,073               1,594              1,176
   * Estimated.
5.2  AIRCRAFT NOISE

     Federal aircraft noise RD&D can be associated with support of and
modification to existing standards and regulations and development and
demonstration of technology for future regulations.   Table 3.2 (p. 16)
gave the major noise source categories for aircraft and Table 3.7 (p.  24)
provided a summary of the status of existing aircraft noise standards
and regulations and those in the process of being promulgated.  Table
5.9 illustrates the distribution of Federal RD&D that supports (1)
existing regulations, (2) technology demonstration for future regulation,
and (3) research to develop technology for future regulations.  When the
noise source categories covered in these programs are considered, a
comparison of Tables 3.2 (p. 16), 3.3 (p.  17),  and 5.9 provides a prelim-
inary understanding of how Federal aircraft noise RD&D relates to major
aircraft noise source categories, existing standards and regulations,  and
development of technology for future standards  and regulations.

     The Federal RD&D supporting existing and future aircraft noise stan-
dards and regulations is summarized in Table 5.9 for fiscal years 1973
through 1976.  Major activity supporting existing regulations has been
conducted by DOT/FAA and NASA.   Programs in this category are primarily
concerned with the question of retrofitting older aircraft of the current
commercial fleet which were not initially included in provisions of FAR
Part 36 (See Table 3.7,  p.  24).   These questions are being resolved and,
as a result, funding for these activities terminates in FY 75.
                                  55

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                                                 Table 5.9

                               FEDERAL RD&D SUPPORTING EXISTING AND FUTURE AIRCRAFT
                                      NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
Ln
       Federal RD&D Support

       Supporting Existing
          Regulations
       Demonstrations Supporting
          Future Regulations
       Research Supporting
          Future Regulations
Sponsoring Agency

    NASA
    DOT/FAA
    EPA
              Total
    NASA
    DOD
    NASA
    DOD
    DOT/ONA
                                                   Total
                                                                         Fiscal Year Funding
                                                                        (Thousands of Dollars)
                                                   Total
1973
28,170
8,492
(36,662)
-
(-)
-
(-)
1974
25,209
2,198
404
(27,811)
3,386
500
(3,886)
17,483
1,786
785
(20,054)
1975
5,905
1,000
(6,905)
4,626
675
(5,301)
16,773
1,282
793
(18,848)
1976
--
(--)
7,745
275
(8,020)
17,426
1,112
1,760
(20,298)

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     The  table  also  shows  the  level of Federal funding for demonstrations
which  support development  of future standards and regulations  for various
aircraft  noise  source  categories.  These programs are sponsored mainly by
NASA and  DOD.   It  can  be observed  that while funding for support of exist-
ing regulation  decreases,  funding  for demonstrations to support future
regulations  is  increasing  and  reaches about $8 million in FY 76.

     The  third  section of  Table 5.9 summarizes the Federal funding for
basic  research  and technology  development that is applicable to develop-
ment of new  standards  and  regulations.  This includes modification to
existing  standards and regulations by lowering permissible noise levels
and inclusion of additional major  source categories.  Total funding by
NASA,  DOT and DOD  is relatively constant through fiscal,years  1974, 1975,
and 1976.  The  data  for FY 76  are  based on the agencies' projections and
are subject  to  change  in the process of refining program plans.
5.2.1  Support of Existing Standards and Regulations

     The  status of existing standard-s and regulations is summarized in
Table 3.7  (p. 24).  The Federal programs that support these standards are
summarized in Table 5.10.  In the first part of the table, those programs
associated with aircraft type certification are listed and in the second
part of the table, the activities related to aircraft operational proce-
dures are given.  The REFAN program conducted by NASA accounts for a great
percentage of total funds supporting type certification.  This program
was initiated to develop and demonstrate retrofit kits for older, in-
service turbojet aircraft and is scheduled for completion in FY 75.   The
retrofit  feasibility for commercial jet aircraft conducted by the FAA
under their Source Noise Reduction Program is being completed in FY 75.
The FAA has recommended implementation of the Sound Absorbing Materials
(SAM) retrofit alternative.

     The major program that relates to flight procedures, Noise'Reduc-
tion Flight Experiments, is being conducted by NASA and is scheduled
for completion in FY 75.  These activities are related to the flight pro-
cedures rules and regulations tabulated in Table 3.7 (p. 24).
5.2.2  Demonstrations Supporting Future Regulations

     Federal programs which will provide demonstrated technology to sup-
port the regulatory process for various aircraft source types are listed
in Table 5.11.  The aircraft source types included in these programs are:
wide body turbojets, STOL, VTOL, powered-lift and rotorcraft, including
helicopters.  A program to demonstrate a quiet,  clean,  general aviation
turbofan engine is scheduled to be initiated in  FY 76.   Total funding for
demonstration programs supporting future regulations is expected to
                                   57

-------
Ul
oo
       Regulation/Standard

       Aircraft  Type  Certi-
         fication Including
         FAR Part 36, NPRM
         74-14, NPRM 73-26,
         ANPRM 73-32
                                                 Table 5.10

                                FEDERAL RD&D SUPPORTING EXISTING AIRCRAFT
                                      NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
       Aircraft Flight
         Procedures Includ-
         ing AC 91-39, ANPRM
         74-12, AC 90-59,
         AC-91-36, FAR
         Part 91
Description Title of Program

  REFAN PROGRAM

  Source-Noise Reduction

  Short Haul Transportation
    Systems Analysis

  Aircraft Noise Systems Studies

  Aerodynamics and  Crash
    Worthiness

  General  Aviation  Technology

  Source and Operational Sonic
    Boom Reduction

  Noise Reduction Flight
    Experiments

  Terminal  Configured Vehicle
    Operating  Systems Experiments
                           Total
Sponsoring
  Agency

   NASA

 DOT/FAA

   NASA


    EPA

   NASA


   NASA

 DOT/FAA


   NASA


   NASA
     Fiscal Year Funding
    (Thousands of Dollars)	
 1973     T975   :   W?5    T976

24,463*  20,803    2,514

 8,176    1,899      900

            180


            404

             95
   316
                                                                                 302
260    4,618

299      100
 3,405    3,600    1,380
            271    1,563
                                                                              36,392   27,811    6,905
         This  figure includes funding prior to  and  including FY 73.

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                                            Table 5.11

               FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS SUPPORTING FUTURE AIRCRAFT
                                 NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
                                                             Sponsoring
                                               Fiscal Year Funding
                                              (Thousands of Dollars)
Aircraft Type Source
Wide Body Turbojet
STOL
STOL
STOL (Powered lift)
Descriptive Title of Program
Advanced Acoustic Composite
Nacelle Program
Advanced Powered Lift Aircraft
Augmentor Wing Flight Experiment
Quiet Clean Short Haul
Agency
NASA
NASA
NASA
NASA
1974
530
310
160
167
1975
560
1,480
-
840
1976
1,090
1,470
-
825
STOL (Powered lift)


STOL


VTOL


VTOL

Rotorcraft


Rotorcraft

General Aviation
  Aircraft
  Experimental Engine (QCSEE)

Quiet Propulsive Lift               NASA
  Technology

STOL Operating Systems Experi-      NASA
  ments

VTOL Operating Systems Experi-      NASA
  ments

Tilt Rotor Research Aircraft        NASA

Rotor Systems Research Aircraft     NASA
                                     DOD

Rotor Systems for RSRA              NASA

Quiet, Clean, General Aviation      NASA
  Turbofan (QCGAT)
1,310
  135
657
           624
657
         624
  274

  500
  500
675

465
275

470

536

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                                          Table 5.11

            FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS SUPPORTING FUTURE AIRCRAFT
                              NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
                                       (Concluded)
Aircraft Type Source

General Aviation
  Aircraft

CTOL
Descriptive Title of Program

 General Aviation Technology
 Terminal Configured Vehicle
   Operating Systems Experiments
Sponsoring
  Agency    1974

   NASA
   NASA
                                                                              Fiscal Year Funding
                                                                             (Thousands of Dollars)
1975
 1976
  460
1,613
                                                      Totals
            3,886
                                                          5,301     8,020

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double in FY 76 compared to FY 74.   Except for DOD involvement in one
rotorcraft program, all programs are being conducted by NASA.
5.2.3  Research Supporting Future Standards and Regulations

     The Federal aircraft noise research programs which can be associated
with development of technology to support future regulations,  including
the lowering of permissible noise levels within existing regulations,are
summarized in Table 5.12.  These programs deal with the fundamental
mechanisms of noise generation and prediction in propulsion, airflow-
surface interaction including airframe aerodynamic noise, and rotors and
propellers.  Other programs involve structural response, sound propaga-
tion and systems studies for future subsonic, transonic and supersonic
aircraft.  The outcome of these programs governs the future level of noise
control.  For example, control of aircraft approach noise below FAR 36
minus 10 dB depends on reducing airframe aerodynamic noise.  Note that
NASA has a program addressing this problem.

     While DOT and DOD have specific-research programs, NASA has the
most comprehensive coverage of all major noise source categories.  About
90 percent of all research to support future regulations is being con-
ducted by NASA.
5.3  SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE

     The Federal surface vehicle RD*/D activities can be related to sup-
port of existing or future regulations.   Specifically, the Federal pro-
grams can be identified with the development and/or enforcement of exist-
ing or proposed surface vehicle noise regulations and with research and/
or demonstration of surface vehicle noise control which could provide the
basis for future regulations.  Such an analysis allows a comparison of
major surface vehicle noise source candidates identified in Table 3.4
(p. 18) with those sources which have been or/are being addressed in the
Federal surface vehicle noise RD&D activities.  This comparison will pro-
vide the basis upon which conclusions and recommendations can be made
concerning the current Federal surface vehicle noise RD&D activities.

     The Federal surface vehicle RDf.D resource allocations supporting the
development and/or enforcement of existing or proposed standards and
regulations (listed in Table 3.8, p. 26) are  summarized in Table 5.13.
Through FY 75  the Federal Government has committed an estimated $4,788,000
for RD&D  supporting surface vehicle noise standards and regulations.  Of this
almost 70 percent was allocated to RD-iD supporting standards and regula-
tions development.  The peak in the Federal commitments for RD&D support
of both regulations development and enforcement was in FY 73 when over 40
percent of the total resources during the FY 73 through FY 75 was alloca-
ted.  The two agencies sponsoring this research were DOT and EPA.

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                                         Table 5.12

                     FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT FUTURE AIRCRAFT
                               NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
VTOL


Supersonic

Supersonic
                                                                                Fiscal Year Funding
                                                               Sponsoring     (Thousands of Dollars)
Aircraft Type Source
All Aircraft Types
All Aircraft Types
CTOL
All Aircraft Types
CTOL
CTOL
CTOL
CTOL
Rotorcraft
Descriptive Title of Program
Basic Noise Research
Noise Technology and Prediction
Airframe Aerodynamic Noise
Acceptance of Aircraft Operations
Jet Noise Research Program
Propulsion Noise Reduction
Airflow Surface Interaction
Structural Response and Sound
Propagation Programs
Advanced Rotorcraft Aerodynamic
Technology
Agency
NASA
NASA
NASA
NASA
DOT/ONA
DOD
DOD
DOD
NASA
DOD
1974
3,994
9,354
801
(1,154)
785
563
272
917
920
34
1975
3,461
8,733
1,646
(1,200)
1,282
271
75
447
1,045
1976
3,700
8,790
1,779
(1,458)
1,760
400
125
587
1,040
Advanced VTOL Aircraft Aerodynamic
  Technology

Propulsion Technology

Aerodynamic Performance
NASA
80
NASA     1,422

NASA       664
  150


1,233

  257
  160


1,360

  370

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                                              Table  5.12

                           FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS  TO SUPPORT FUTURE AIRCRAFT
                                     NOISE  STANDARDS  AND REGULATIONS
                                             (Concluded)
U)
Aircraft Type Source

CTOL


CTOL


C/KTOL



Supersonic &  CTOL
                                   Descriptive  Title  of Program

                                   Analysis  of  Future Civil  Trans-
                                     portation  Systems and  Concepts
                                 Sponsoring
                                   Agency

                                    NASA
High Transonic Speed Transport       NASA
  System Study

Subsonic/Transonic/C/RTOL Trans-    NASA
  port Technology Systems & Design
  Studies

Subsonic/Sonic Transportation       NASA
  Technology Propulsion Studies
                                                                                  Fiscal Year Funding
                                                                                 (Thousands of Dollars)
1974
  88
                                                                                   16
                                                                                  110
                                                                                   34
1975
 168
             80
1976
 147
             80
                                                          Totals
                                                                        20,054
                                                        18,848
                     20,298

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                                                Table 5.13

                       FEDERAL NOISE RD&D SUPPORTING THE DEVELOPMENT AND ENFORCEMENT OF
                             EXISTING SURFACE VEHICLE STANDARDS AND REGU1ATIONS
                                                                        Fiscal Year Funding
ON
        Federal RD&D Support

        Development of Standards
          and Regulations
Enforcement of Standards
  and Regulations
Sponsoring
Agency
DOT
EPA
(Totals)
DOT (Totals)
AND TOTAL
{"Thousands ol Doll,
Prior to 1973
1 ,589
(1,589)
( 199)
1,788
1 9 7 3
892
170
(1,062)
(868)
1,930
1974 O
292
178
(470)
(350)
820
nrs)
si-) 1975*
200
(200)
(')())
250

Total
2,973
348
(3,321)
(1,467)
4,788

-------
However, DOT was  the only agency providing research and technology sup-
porting both development and enforcement of standards and regulations.
DOT's commitments were $4,440,000, almost 93 percent of the total Federal
allocations.

     TV" Federal resource allocations which are considered to be appli-
cable  to future standards and regulations are shown in Table 5.14.   The
total amount allocated through FY 75 was $5,297,000, the same order of
magnitude as that for RD&D supporting existing standards.  Of this,
approximately 60 percent is for KD&D programs which are designed to
yield demonstrated noise control technology or techniques, and the remain-
ing 40 percent for research into the fundamentals of noise generation,
measurement, and control.  The total RDScD supporting future regulations
is shown to peak in FY 74 at $2,554,000, accounting for just over 48
percent of  the estimated total through FY 75.

     The agencies sponsoring RDScD applicable to future surface vehicle
standards and regulations are DOT, DOD,  NSF, and USDA.   DOT is the major
contributor, allocating an estimated $3,270,000 or almost 62 percent of
the total Federal RD&D resources for future surface vehicle regulations.
Based on the distribution of resources,  DOT places almost equal emphasis
on research and demonstration programs.   DOD places most of its emphasis
on demonstration programs.   DOD's total  allocation to RD&D supporting
future regulations is $1,609,000, or just over 30 percent of the total.
USDA and NSF together contribute $418,000 to the total with USDA alloca-
ting all of its resources to demonstration programs and NSF assigning all
its resources to research.

     Through FY 75 the Federal Government has  allocated at least $10,085,000
for RDSD to support surface vehicle (principally transportation) standards
and regulations.   Of the total, $4,788,000 or about 48 percent has been
devoted to  support of the development and enforcement of existing stan-
dards and regulations.   The remaining $5,297,000 (52 percent) can be
assigned to Federal RD&D to support the  development of future standards
and regulations.   Of the four agencies sponsoring surface vehicle RD&D,
DOT is the principal agency, allocating  $7,710,000 or over 76 percent of
the total.   DOD sponsors the second largest amount of surface vehicle noise
RD&D, having committed a total of $1,609,000 through FY 75.   Together, DOT
and DOD account for almost  98 percent of the total Federal allocations.
Table 5.15 identifies the manner in which the  major sources of surface
vehicle noise is  being addressed by the  current Federal RD&D programs.


5.3.1  Development of Existing Regulations

     The Federal  RD&D programs which have supported tie development  of
existing or proposed surface vehicle-related noise standards and
regulations are identified  in Table 5.16.  The majority of this Federal
                                   65

-------
                                             Table 5.14

                    FEDERAL NOISE RD&D PROVIDING SUPPORT FOR FUTURE SURFACE VEHICLE
                                    NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
ON
ON
                                                                           Fiscal Year  Funding
                                                                         	(Thousands  of Dollars)
Federal RD&D Support
Noise Control Demonstration
for Future Standards and
Regulations


Research for Future
Standards and Regulations



Sponsoring Agency
DOT
DOD
USDA
(Totals)
DOT
DOD
NSF
(Totals)
Prior to 1973
159
-
(159
119
100
-
(219)
1973
183
584
4
(771)
410
100
510
(510)
1974 (est)
1,079
570
73
(1,722)
435
95
302
(832)
1975
390
160
39
(589)
495
-
-
(495)
Totals
1,811
1,314
116
(3,241)
1,459
295
302
(2,056)
                                    GRAND TOTALS
378
1,281
2,554
1,084
5,297

-------
                           Table 5.15

    SUMMARY OF FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE RD&D SUPPORT OF
        FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
   *                    Regulations
Sources             ExistingProposed

Highways2               X
        2
Railways

Highway Vehicles:

  Medium- & Heavy-Duty  X
   Trucks
  Truck Tires
  Motorcycles                      X
  Buses                            X
  Automobiles
  Automobile Tires2
  Light Trucks

Construction Vehicles:

  Dozers (Tracked & Wheeled)       X
  Loaders (Tracked & Wheeled)      X
  Graders

Recreational Vehicles:

  Snowmobiles
  Motorcycles (off road)
  Motor Boats

Railway Vehicles:

  Railroad Locomotives  X
  Railroad Cars          X
  Rapid Rail Transit
  Federal RD&D Programs
Demonstration

      X

      X
      X

      X

      X

      X
      X
      X
      X
      X
Research

   X

   X
   X

   X
      X

      X
  Some of the DOD research is  classified.

  Not identified by EPA as a major  noise  source  candidate.
                               67

-------
                                               Table 5.16

                            FEDERAL RD&D SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT OF EXISTING
                             SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE STANDARDS & REGULATIONS
  Regulation/Standard

  All Surface Transportation



  Trucks (exterior)
ON
00
 Trucks  (interior)

 Highways
                                                                Sponsoring
                                                       Fiscal Year  Funding
                                                      (Thousands  ot Dollars)
 Descriptive Title of Program

Magnitude of Transportation
Noise General & Potential
Abatement

Quiet Truck Program

Truck/Bus Retrofit

Exhaust/Intake Mufflers

Truck Noise Handbook

Truck Tire Noise Study

Interstate Motor Carrier
 Regulation

New Medium-& Heavy-Duty Truck
 Regulation
                       (Total)

In-Cab Noise Tests

Development of Highway Noise
 Standards PPM 90-2
Agency
DOT
DOT
DOT
DOT
DOT
DOT
EPA
Prior to 1973 1973
-H-
1,046 100
450
75 28
15
468 100
170
1974 (est)
--
100
72
--
20
100
+
1975'
--
-_
--
--
--
200
+
EPA



DOT

DOT
                                                                            (1,589)
       178

(863)  (470)
(200)

-------
                                                       Table 5.16

                                     FEDERAL RD&D SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT OF EXISTING
                                      SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE STANDARDS & REGULATIONS
                                                      (Concluded)
vo
     Regulation/Standard

     Railway Carrier
Descriptive Title of Program

Measurement of Railroad Noise

Interstate Rail Carrier
  Regulation
Sponsoring
  Agency   Prior to 1973

   DOT           ++

   EPA
  Fiscal Year Funding
 (Thousands of Dollars)
1973   1974 (est)  19751
                                                                                             199
                                                      GRAND  TOTAL
                                                 1,589
                                                                                           1,062
                                    470
                    200
     1 FY estimates known to be incomplete.

     + Primarily an in-house effort.

     ++  Program not dedicated to surface vehicle noise, resource allocations not available.

-------
effort has been to establish demonstrated control methods for noise emitted
externally and at low speeds from existing and new medium- and heavy-duty
trucks used in interstate commerce.   These trucks are considered to be the
major environmental surface vehicle noise source.  In addition to external
truck noise, there has been RDM) to support the motor carrier safety regu-
lations limiting operator exposure to interior noise levels.

     DOT in-house research provided information that was incorporated in
the highway noise control standards and procedures regulation which pro-
vides guidelines for planning and design of highways.  Other Federal
RD&D programs provided support for the interstate rail carrier regulations
which placed noise limitations principally on the locomotive.  It should
be noted that some of this work was not dedicated to railway carrier noise.
5.3.2  Enforcement of Existing Regulations

     The Federal research programs supporting the enforcement of existing
regulations are listed  in Table 5.17.  By far the emphasis in the Federal
effort has been in training and development of measurement and prediction
tools and techniques for enforcing the highway and motor carrier truck
noise regulations.  Portions of Federally sponsored research has been
identified with the enforcement of the interstate rail carrier regulation.
 5.3.3   Demonstration Programs  for Future Regulations

     There  are  a  number of Federal RD5cD programs which are designed to
 provide demonstrated noise control technology and/or techniques and thereby
 have potential  for  providing a basis for future surface vehicle noise-
 source  standards  and regulations.  These studies encompass a broad range
 of  surface  vehicle  sources of  noise, including highways, railways, high-
 way and off-highway vehicles,  and railway vehicles..  Table 5.18 identi-
 fies the current  Federal  demonstration programs in each of these source
 categories.

     The programs addressing highway noise are principally concerned with
 the demonstration of the  effectiveness of noise control through the use
 of  various  barriers and highway  design tools and techniques.  For railway
 noise,  the  principal efforts in  the Federal programs have been to deter-
 mine the noise  climate of existing rail transit systems.  However, one
 program is  designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of retarder barriers
 to  control  noise  from railroad yards.

     For support  of future highway vehicle regulations, the interior and
 exterior noise  levels of  many  military fleet vehicles have been measured.
 Included in this  work have been  measurements of the component noise sources
 of  a cargo  truck  and noise levels of non-directional cross country and new
 military tires.   Other related programs have involved the measurement

                                    70

-------
                                             Table 5.17
                    FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS SUPPORTING REGULATIONS ENFORCEMENT
Regulation/Standard

Trucks & Highway
Railway
Descriptive Title of Program


  Highway Noise Enforcement
   Training and Equipment
Sponsoring
  Agency
                                                                              Fiscal Yea4 Funding
                                                                         -    (Thousands of Dollars)
Prior to 1973   1973   1974(est)1975'
    DOT
                          Roadside Enforcement Sites         DOT


                          BMCS Training/Equipping           DOT


                          PPM 90-2 Training Manual & Course  DOT


                          NCHRP Project  III                  DOT


                          Scale Modelling Highway Noise      DOT


                                                             DOT
  Scale Modelling Urban Traffic
   Noise


  FHWA Highway Design Manual


  Joint DOT/AAR Noise Research
    DOT


    DOT



 Total
  1  FY  75  estimates  known  to  be  incomplete.


  +  Primarily an  in-house  effort.
                 450
70
                                                                     100
                                                50
                                                  120

                                                   79
                                                                           199
                 132


                 120




                 112



                  54






                  868
                                     180
                                                                      35C
          50

-------
                                               Table 5.18
 Surface Vehicle
 Noise Source

 Highways:
NJ
Railways;

Rapid Rail Transit
                                 FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS
                                 SUPPORTING FUTURE  STANDARDS  AND  REGULATIONS
        Fiscal Year Funding
       (Thousands  of Dollars)
                               Sponsoring 	
 Descriptive Title of Program   Agency     Prior to 1973   1973   1974 (est)
Barrier Parametrics              DOT

Highway Barrier Effectiveness    DOT

Acoustic Materials Applications  DOT

Community Noise Study            DOT

Traffic Noise Study              DOT

The Use of Trees & Shrubs in     USDA
 Noise Abatement
                       (Total)
In-Service Noise Abatement       DOT
  Test Evaluation2

Rapid Transit System Noise       DOT
  Environment

New York City Transit System     DOT
 Study

Chicago Transit Authority        DOT
 Studies

Other Transit Authority          DOT
 Studies
                                                                     43
                                                                   (102
See below
              75
                                    1975-
                        50
__
16
43
__
—
20
37
--
115
20
37
20
                                                                  (242)
                                                                                        125
                                                                                         60
                                                                                        120
                                                                                                    110
(110)

-------
                                          Table 5.18
Surface Vehicle
Noise Source
                         FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS
                         SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
                                          (continued)
                                                    Fiscal Year Funding
                                                   (Thousands  of Dollars)
                              Sponsoring   	         	
Descriptive Title of Program    Agency    Prior to 1973   1973   1974  (est)
                                                                              1975J
                     Joint DOT/AAR Noise Research^

                                         (Total)
                                  DOT
                                            See below
                                                                    (305)
Highway Vehicles:

   Military


   Truck Tires

   Passenger Car
     Tires

   Buses
Conformance with Regulatory
  Requirements

Truck Tire Noise Study

Passenger Car Tire Noise
Purchase Specifications -
  Transit Coaches

Transit Bus Noise Reduction
  Potential

Truck/Bus Retrofit
                      Transbus Program
                                           (Total)
                                  DOD


                                  DOT

                                  DOT


                                  DOT


                                  DOT


                                  DOT

                                  DOT
215
270
           22
                                                                                  26
                                                          (244)
                                                                    (292)
                    (4+)

-------
                                           Table 5.18

                         FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS
                         SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
                                          (continued)
Surface Vehicle
Noise Source

Off-Highway Vehicles:
                              Sponsoring
Descriptive Title of Program     Agency
                  Fiscal Year Funding
                 (Thousands of Dollars)
Construction &     Construction Equipment
  Highway Mainten-   Mufflers
  ance

                   Construction Equipment
                     Standards

                   Noise Reduction Program
                     for U.S.  Army Construction
                     Vehicles
  Farm Equipment
  Snowmobiles
Noise Vibration of Off-Road
  Equipment

Reduction of Vehicle &
  Equipment Noise Levels
                                                       DOT
                                                       DOT
                                                       DOD
US DA
US DA
         Prior to 1973  1973   1974  (est)   1975
                                                                      50
                                               57
                          90
                                                           369
   80
                                   300
   28
   25
   80
            160
   39
                                 (Total)
                                              (57)
                       (463)
(483)
(279)

-------
                                                 Table 5.18

                                FEDERAL NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMS
                                SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
                                                  (concluded)
Ln
      Surface Vehicle
      Noise Source

      Railway Vehicles:

        Locomotives

        Rapid Rail
          Transit
                              Sponsoring
Descriptive Title of Program     Agency
Joint DOT/AAR Noise Research2     DOT

In Service Noise Abatement        DOT
                      n
  Test and EvaluationL

State-of-the-Art Car              DOT

New System Specifications-        DOT
  Capital Grants

                      (Total)
                                             GRAND TOTAL
         Fiscal Year Funding
_      (Thousands of Dollars)
Prior "to 1973  1973  1974  (est)
                          150
                          250
          1975
           200
                                                                          (-H-)
                (-K-)
(400)
(200)
                                                159
                771
1,722
 589
       1 FY 75 estimates known to be incomplete.
       2 This program is multifaceted and has potential applications to many areas.
       +   Primarily an  in-house  effort.
       -hf-  Not dedicated  to surface  vehicles  noise, resource allocations not available.

-------
of the noise levels of truck a.id passenger  car  tires.   Although not all
programs are specific to noise,  there is a major Federal effort which
is designed to provide demonstrated noise control technology for highway
buses.

     Off-highway surface vehicle noise sources  are currently receiving
the greatest noise dedicated emphasis in the  Federal demonstration pro-
grams.  Off-highway vehicles receiving the  most attention are those used
in construction.  Specifically,  low-noise mufflers and cooling system
technology for medium- and heavy-duty trucks  are being examined for
applications to diesel-powered construction equipment.  In addition, a
number of military construction  vehicles, including wheeled and crawler
tractors, graders, loaders, rough terrain fork  lifts,  and a warehouse
fork lift have been studied to demonstrate  control technology to reduce
the driver noise exposure and external noise  emissions.  Other Federal
programs are addressing the control of noise  from snowmobiles and farm
equipment.

     For railway vehicles there  are major Federal efforts directed
toward the demonstration of noise control techniques;  e.g., resilient
wheels and fastners, and other control technology for  transit system
noise through in-service testing and new system specifications.  Another
multifaceted Federal program includes the identification and characteri-
zation of locomotive noise and component noise  sources under various
operating modes.
5.3.4  Research Programs for Future Regulations

     The Federal surface vehicle noise research programs which have been
identified for support of future standards and regulations are listed in
Table 5.19.  These programs are distinguished by their consideration of
the fundamentals of noise generation and control and therefore have poten-
tial for identifying the limits to noise control methods and technology.
In addition, the results of these programs will also aid in establishing
the ultimate goals for surface vehicle noise sources control.

     The emphasis in the Federal surface vehicle research activities is
in transportation vehicles.  However, there are significant efforts iden-
tified which address the transmission of noise from highways and urban
areas and the silencing of military vehicles used in transportation and
construction.  For highway transportation vehicles, the major efforts are
concerned with component sources of medium- and heavy-duty truck noise.
For rail transportation vehicles, the emphasis is in noise generated by
wheel/rail interaction and in tracked rapid transit systems for the
future.
                                     76

-------
                                           Table 5.19

                  FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT FUTURE SURFACE VEHICLE
                                 NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
Surface Vehicle
Noise Source

Highways
Transportation
  Vehicles
                                                    Fiscal Year Fi.'ncling
                              Sponsoring  _.         (Thousands of  Dollars)
Descriptive Title of Program     Agency   Prior to  1973   1973    i'974 "(est)
Effects of Buildings and
  Other Boundaries on Motor
  Vehicle Noise

Noise and Vibration from
  Transportation Vehicles &
  Other Machinery
Military Trans-
  portation and
  Construction Vehicles
Vehicle Signature Reduction
Trucks
Rapid Rail Transit
  Vehicles
NSF
NSF
DOD/Army
Truck Tires Noise Basic           DOT
  Research

Engine Noise Support              DOT

Basic Engine Noise Reduction      DOT

Wheel/Rail Noise & Vibration      DOT
  Study

Elevated Structures Noise         DOT
  Vibration
                                               100
                                               119
100
                                                                                 80
 30



272



 95



150


 40

245
                                                          184
                                                                                 146
                                             1975"1
                                             250
                                                                                                     245

-------
                                                Table 5.19

                        FEDERAL RESEARCH PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT FUTURE SURFACE VEHICLE
                                       NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
                                                (concluded)
      Surface Vehicle
      Noise Source
Descriptive Title of Program
Sponsoring
   Agency
                                                    Fiscal Year Funding
                                                  (Thousands of Dollars)
Prior to 1973  1973   1974 (est)   1975'
00
      Future Transit
        Systems
Personal Rapid Transit Program    DOT


Linear Induction Motor            DOT
  Research Vehicle

Magnetically Levitated            DOT
  Research Vehicle

Tracked Air Cushion Research      DOT
  Vehicle

Screech Lopp-Pueblo Facility      DOT

Dual Mode Program                 DOT

                          Totals
                                                                         219
                             510
                          832
495
       „  FY 75  estimates  known to be incomplete.
         This  is  a  classified  military program.
       •f   Primarily in-house effort.
      ++   Program not dedicated to noise,  resource allocation not available.

-------
5.4  MACHINERY NOISE

     Federal machinery noise RD&D can be identified which has supported
the development of  the proposed regulation for new portable air compressors
The remainder can be associated with support of future standards and regu-
lations and can be  classified as either research to develop new or advanced
noise control*" technology or RD&D to demonstrate available technology.
Table 5.20 summarizes the Federal expenditures in each of these categories
for FY 73   FY 75.  In FY 73 - 75, the Federal Government spent about
$4,725,000 for RD&D in machinery noise.*  Of this total $388,000, or 8
percent, .was expended on RD&D which has supported the EPA proposed noise
standard for new portable air compressors; $705,000, or 15 percent of the
total, supported research to develop advanced technology for noise control;
and the remaining $3,632,000, or 77 percent of the total, went toward
demonstration of available technology.

     Table 5.21 summarizes the Federal machinery noise RD&D in FY 73 -
FY 75 which addresses candidates for identification as major sources of
environmental noise (identified in Table 3.5, p.  19).   These activities
accounted for $1,431,000, or 30 percent of the total Federal machinery
noise RD&D expenditures during that period.  EPA is expected to identify
two of these sources,  lawnmowers and pneumatic and hydraulic tools,  as
major noise sources in the near future.   In the case of lawnmowers,  the
activity involves only the development of a measurement methodology.   It
should also be noted that the work on saws and home appliances is research
on fundamental noise generation and control.


5.4.1  Development  of the Proposed Regulations

     The Federal research activities which have supported the development
of the EPA proposed noise emission standard for new portable air com-
pressors are identified in Table 5.22.  The majority of this RD&D was
sponsored by EPA to develop information on cost,  technology, and measure-
ment methodology in direct support of the development  and enforcement of
the standard.   The U.  S.  Army's Mobility Equipment Research and Develop-
ment Center (MERDC) sponsored the only Federal RD&D which demonstrated
available control technology for a portable air compressor  (600 CFM) .   EPA
also supported other related research on construction  site noise to
develop information from which EPA-identified portable air compressors
as a major source of construction site noise (along with medium- and heavy-
daty trucks).
       This  total does  not  reflect  about  $1 million  spent annually by  the
       U.  S.  Navy for machinery noise RD&D.  The Navy program which  is
       directed  toward  quiet  ships  is classified.
                                   79

-------
                              Table 5.20

           SUMMARY OF FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RD&D PROPOSED
                 AND FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
                                              Fiscal Year Funding
                                     ^	(Thousands of Dollar£)
Federal RD&D Support                 1973     1974     1975    " Total

Proposed Portable Air                 158      230        0      388
  Compressor Regulation

Research on Advanced Noise            243      423       39      705
  Control Technology for
  Support of Future  Standards
  and Regulations

RD&D which Provides  Demonstrated      570    1,531    1,531    3,632
  Noise Control Technology for
  Support of Future  Standards
  and Regulations
     Totals*                          971    2,184    1,570    4,725
  These  totals  do  not  reflect  the  $1 million Navy RD&D program  to  quiet
  ships.   Details  cannot  be  reported for  security reasons.
                                   80

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                                              Table  5.21

                              SUMMARY OF FEDERAL MACHINERY  NOISE  RD&D ON
                                     MAJOR NOISE  SOURCE CANDIDATES
                                                                              Fiscal Year Funding
00
     Source
     Lawnmowers
     Pneumatic and    ,
       Hydraulic Tools

     Generators
           4
     Pumps
     Rock Drills
     Saws
     Air Conditioners
     Home Appliances
Demonstration
x2
X
X
X
X

X

Sponsoring
Research Agency
CPSC
EPA, BuMines
DOD/USA/MERDC
DOD/USA/MERDC
BuMines
X NSF
DOD/USA/MERDC
X NSF
	 (Thousands of jjDollars)
1973 ""l974"" 1975 Totals"
0
157
80
0
90
875
0
0
15
152
50
0
0
0
400
2726
0
2003
0
0
0
0
200
0
15
509
130
0
90
87
600
272
                                          rotals
414
617
400  1,431
          Expected  to be  identified as major sources in the near future.
          Measurement methodology only.
          Includes$100K projected by Bureau of Mines.
          Work included in surface vehicle, but applicable to stationary pumps.
          Basic work which includes sawblades as well as other sources.  Funding is for 18 months.
          Majority of work is surface vehicle and funding is not included in these totals.  Appliances
          are discussed in the project description, but no specific sources were identified.

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                               Table 5.22

         FEDERAL RD&D SUPPORTING DEVELOPMENT OF  THE  EPA PROPOSED
                 REGULATION ON PORTABLE  AIR  COMPRESSORS

                                                  Fiscal Year Funding
                                 Sponsoring       (Thousands of Dollars)
     Descriptive Title             Agency        T973     1974     WTS
Compressor Noise Control       DOD/USA/MERDC       98        0        0

Portable Air Compressor        EPA                  0       91        0
  Noise Technology and Cost

Construction Noise Study       EPA                  0       25        0

Economic Impact of Portable    EPA                  0       50        0
  Air Compressor Noise
  Emission Standards

Development of Noise           EPA                 60       64        0
  Measurement Methodology
  for Portable Air Compressors
                       Totals                     158       230         0
      The Federal research activities  on advanced noise control technology
 which can support future  standards and  regulation are listed  in Table 5.23.
 These activities are distinguished by their  consideration of  the funda-
 mentals of noise generation,  propagation,  and control and therefore have
 potential for identifying the limits  to noise control methods and techno-
 logy-  In addition,  the results  of these activities will also aid in estab-
 lishing the ultimate goals for control  of some major machinery noise
 sources.

      Two agencies,  NIOSH  and  NSF,  have  activities in this area.  NIOSH has
 supported fundamental work on punch presses  and wood planers.  NSF sponsors
 research based on the merits  of  unsolicited  proposals.  In FY 73 and FY 74
 NSF funded 13 grants adressing noise generating mechanisms, propagation,
 and noise control fundamentals.
                                    82

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                                                Table 5.23

                                    FEDERAL RESEARCH TO SUPPORT FUTURE
                                      NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
uo
          Machinery
            Noise
           Sources

     Punch Presses

     Wood Planers
     Heat Exchangers
     Pipelines
     Basic Generation
       Mechanism
     Sawblades, Blowers

     Ducts and Nozzles


     Combustion

     Diesel Engines

     Appliances Machine
       Tools
        Activity Title

Punch Press Noise Reduction

Noise Control Research in Wood
  Planers

Flow Induced Vibration and Noise
  in Heat Exchangers

Cavitation Damage Scale Effects
  for sudden Enlargements in
  Pipelines

Research Initiation-Impact Mechanics
  and the Generation of Impulsive
  Sound

Basic and Applied Studies of Noise

Attenuation of High-Intensity Sound
  in a Condensing Vapor

Combustion Generated

Controlling the, Noise Radiated  from
 Diesel  Engines

Noise and Vibration from Transporta-
 tion Vehicles and Other Machinery
Sponsoring
  Agency

  NIOSH

  NIOSH


  NSF1


  NSF1



  NSF1



  NSF1

  NSF1


  NSF

  NSF


  NSF1
 Fiscal Year Funding
£Thpusands jjf Dollars)
1973     1974 ~   1975

           54

           52      39

               2
  74.5'
  17-
  87
                                                                                  3,5
           65.4'
           26
          272

-------
                                                Table 5.23

                                    FEDERAL RESEARCH TO SUPPORT FUTURE
                                      NOISE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
                                                (concluded)
00
-P-
          Machinery
            Noise
           Sources

     Basic Propagation
Basic Propagation

Basic Propagation

Basic Control

Basic Control
        Activity Title

Acoustic Propagation in Branches
  Solids

Sound Transmission in Buildings

Research on Noise Propagation

Acoustically Absorbent Materials^

Optimum Design of Partitions for
  Minimum Sound Transmission
                                                            Sponsoring
                                                              Agency

                                                              NSF1
NSF1

NSF1

NSF

NSF
             Fiscal Year Funding
           (Thousands of Dollars')
           1973     1974    1975
             49.5
                                                                                15
74'
                                                                                        152'
                                                   Totals
                                                                          243
                                                            423
                              39
     1 NSF  funding  cannot  be  predicted  for  FY  75.
      Funding  for  24-month period.
     3 Funding  for  18-month period.
     4 Funding  in FY  72  for 24-month period.
     5 Includes  some  minor surface vehicle  related work.
      Majority  of  work  is surface vehicles.   Funding  is  included  in  that  section.

-------
5.4.3  Demonstration  of Technology  for Future Regulations

     There  is Federal RD&D which  is designed to provide demonstrated
noise control technology and/or techniques and thereby has potential
for providing a basis for machinery noise source standards and regu-
lations  in  the near future.  Table  5.24 lists these activities.   It
should be noted that  a significant  portion is involved with measure-
ment of  methodology.

     Eight  agencies, DOD, NBS, NSF, BuMines, NIOSH, EPA, CPSC, and
USDA> have  activities in this category, and a number of machinery noise
sources  are addressed.  DOD addresses several kinds of military equip-
ment:  generators, air conditions, hydraulic equipment, and construction
equipment.  NBS develops measurement methodology for machinery noise
sources  and designs guidelines for noise control in buildings.  NSF has
funded development of a computer model to predict industrial noise
levels.  The Bureau of Mines RD&D addresses a number of sources in the
mining environment.  NIOSH has supported (1)  identification of available
technology  for industry in general, (2) identification of available tech-
nology for  the textile industry specifically,  (3)  the identification of
noise control materials and their capabilities,  and (4) the development
of a recording system for impulse noise.   EPA is planning work to identify
available control technology,  costs, and economics for regulation of pneu-
matic and hydraulic tools.   CPSC has supported development of measure-
ment methodologies for regulation of (1)  various consumer products, (2)
lawnmowers,  and (3) toys.   USDA began a program in 1974 to study noise
from agricultural machinery.

5.5  NOISE  MEASUREMENT RD&O

     A critical area to the success of all tae Federal Government's
efforts  to  control aircraft, surface vehicle, and machinery noise and
to develop  noise effects criteria is the RD&D of the instrumentation
and methodologies for measuring, characterizing, and monitoring noise
and for  enforcing noise standards and regulations.  This is apparent
from Table  5.25 which shows that all 11 of the Federal agencies and
departments involved  in noise RD&D also sponsor RD&D of noise measure-
ments methodology and/or instruments for noise measurements.  The
allocations have ranged from 1.5 to 2.3 million dollars per year
during the  FY 73 to FY 75 time period excluding those related to air-
craft noise measurements.

     Of  the research/source categories shown in Table 5.26, noise
measurements RD&D support of noise effects research receives the greatest
emphasis based on known resource allocations.  A major portion of the
effects  measurements RD&D concerns aircraft noise.  In addition, it is
known from  the Interagency Aircraft Noise Research Panel report on
Federal  aircraft noise RD&D programs that the agencies involved also
                                 85

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                                                    Table  5.24

                            FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES
                                    SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
oo
ON
             Machinery
               Noise
              Source

        Electric Generator

        Air Conditioner
        Hydraulic Equipment    Hydraulic Noise

        Construction Euqipment
                               Activity Title

                       Electric Generator Noise Control

                       Air Conditioner Noise Control
                                      1
Measurement
  Methodology

Building Sources

Industrial Sources


Mine Conveyors
        Mine Cleaning Plant
          Sources
Construction Equipment:
  Specification and Control

Machinery Noise Measurement
  Methods

Building Accoustics

Prediction of Noise Levels in
  Manufacturing Areas

Alternate Conveyor Designs for
  Mine Machinery

Noise Control in Surface Mining
  Facilities—Problem Definition
        Mine.Surface Facili-   Noise Control in Surface Mining
          ties' Chutes and       Facilities:  Chutes and
          Screens                Screens
               Fiscal Year Funding
Sponsoring   (Thousands of Dollars)
  Agency     1977     1974"1975

DOD/USA/MERDC  80       50

DOD/USA/MERDC

DOD/USA/MERDC

DOD/USA/CERL
NBS


NBS

NSF


BuMines'


BuMines


BuMines
                                                                                   41
                                                                           79.4
                                                            400     200
                                                                                    40
120
 16.7
                                                                                   112.4
         45
120
                                                                                   97      144     145

                                                                                            392


                                                                                           148.8

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                                                   Table 5.24

                            FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES
                                   SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
                                                   (continued)
oo
             Machinery
               Noise
              Source

        Pneumatic Rock Drills
        Pneumatic Drills
        Measurement and
          Pneumatic Drill

        Bolters, Loaders,
          Continuous  Miners

        Diesel-Powered
          Mining Equipment
        Mine  Sources
        Textile Machines
        Activity Title

Abatement of Noise from Pneumatic
  Rock Drills

Muffler for Pneumatic Drill:
  1.  Analysis and Design
  2.  Analysis of Mechanical Noise
  3.  Abatement of Mechanical Noise
  4.  Larger Class Drill

Problem of Coal Mine Noise Gener-
  ation and Correction

Noise Abatement in Mining
  Machinery
Sponsoring
  Agency

BuMines
BuMines
BuMines
BuMines
Noise Control of Underground         BuMines
  Diesel-Powered Equipment--Problem
  Definitions
FY  75 Projected

Coordinated Textile Industry
  Noise Reduction Program
BuMines

NIOSH
  Fiscal Year Funding
(Thousands of Dollars)
1973     1974    1975
  90.1
  56.6
15.1
 100.2    137.3


  10.4     39.5


           58.7
          120
                  730
        99.5
        Industrial Sources
Industrial Noise Control Manual
NIOSH
  16

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                                                   Table 5.24

                           FEDERAL MACHINERY  NOISE  CONTROL  DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES
                                   SUPPORTING FUTURE  STANDARDS  AND REGULATIONS
                                                  (continued)
oo
oo
             Machinery
               Noise
              Source

        Available  Materials
        Impulse  Sources

        Pneumatic  and
         Hydraulic Tools
       Consumer Products
       Lawnmowers
       Toys
       Activity Title
Compendium of Noise Control
  Materials
                                                             2,5
Impulse Noise Recording Systems

Pneumatic and Hydraulic Drills and
  Pavement Breakers - Technology,
  Costs, and Economic Impact

Developing a Consistent Set of
  Product Noise Regulations

Test Protocol for Lawnmower Noise

Noise Measurement Techniques for
  Noise
Sponsoring
  Agency

NIOSH
NIOSH

EPA



CPSC


CPSC

CPSC
  Fiscal Year Funding
(Thou sand s o f Do lljrrsj
1973     1974    1975
           20
           15
           35
                  100
0
0
0

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                                              Table 5.24

                      FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE CONTROL DEMONSTRATION ACTIVITIES
                              SUPPORTING FUTURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS
                                              (concluded)
        Machinery
          Noise
          Source

    Agricultural
    Machinery
       Activity Title

Abatement and Control of Noise
  Associated with Agricultural
  Processes
                          Totals
Sponsoring
  Agency

USDA
  Fiscal Year Funding
^Thousands of Dollars)
1973     1974    1975
           20
92
                                                                              570
                     1,531   1,531
oo
        Work  carried  out  relative  to  surface vehicles but applicable to machinery noise.
        in surface  vehicle  section.

        Funding for 24 months.

        FY 75 total was projected, but not identifiable  with  specific  sources.

        Funding in FY 72 but work carried out  in FY 73  and  FY 74.

        Nominal  in-house  funding.
                                                               Covered

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                               Table 5.25



                  SUMMARY OF FEDERAL NOISE MEASUREMENTS

                             RDStD BY AGENCY
                                          Fiscal Year Funding

                                        (Thousands of Dollars)
   Agency



DOD*


NASA*

   *
DOT


HUD


EPA


NBS


DOI/BuMines


USDA


HEW/NIOSH


CPSC


NSF
1973
381
532
450
117
107
41
179
-
63
-
-
1974
644
409
170
438
108
120
169
20
96
70
39
1975
659
404
50
50
-
120
-
92
108
-
-
             Totals
1,870
2,283
1,483
    * Aircraft noise measurements RD&D not related to noise effects are

     not included.
                                  90

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                               Table 5.26

                  SUMMARY OF FEDERAL NOISE MEASUREMENTS
                        RD&D BY RESEARCH CATEGORY
                                          Fiscal Year Funding
                                         (Thousands of Dollars)
Research Category              1973               1974]           1975

Noise Effects                 1,073              1,594          1,176

A •     r *
Aircraft

Surface Vehicle

Machinery
517
280
182
507
50
257
           Totals              1,870              2,283          1,483
    ^Breakout of resources for Federal  aircraft  noise  measurements
     RD^D not related  to  noise effects are not available.
                                 91

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sponsor supporting noise measurements RD&D.  However, a breakout of
these allocations is not possible at this time.  While most of the
known Federal allocations for noise measurements RD&D is to support
other noise research activities, practically all of the measurements
RD&D related to surface vehicle noise support enforcement of surface
transportation regulations.

     A summary of the noise measurements RD&D projects in each of the
research/source categories identified in Table 5.26 is provided in
Appendix E.  Details of these projects can be obtained from the appro-
priate interagency panel report on the Federal noise RD&D activities.
                                 92

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                           6.0  APPENDICES

                                                             Page No.

Appendix A - Glossary of Acronyms and Terms                     95

Appendix B - EPA Plan to Coordinate the Federal Noise          101
             Research as Required by the Noise Control
             Act of 1972

Appendix C - Federal Noise Research Panel Members              109

Appendix D - Information Requested by EPA on the Federal       117
             Noise RD&D Programs and Projects

Appendix E - Federally Sponsored Noise Measurements            127
             Related RD&D
             List of Tables                                    127
                                 93

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          APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND TERMS
              95

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                     GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND TERMS






AAR        - Association of American Railroads




AMC        - Army Materiel  Command




AMST        - Advanced Medium STOL Transport




ARC        - Ames Research  Center/NASA




ASHO        - Association of State Highway  Officials




BMCS        - Bureau of Motor Carrier Safety/DOT




BuMines     - Bureau of Mines/DOI




CPSC        - Consumer Product Safety Commission




C/RTOL      - Conventional/Reduced Take  Off and  Landing




GSRS        - Cooperative State  Research Service/USDA




CTOL        - Conventional Take  Off and  Landing




DOC         - Department  of  Commerce




DOD         - Department  of  Defense




DOI         - Department  of  Interior




DOL         -  Department  of  Labor




DOT         -  Department  of  Transportation




EPA         -  Environmental  Protection Agency




EPNdB       -  Effective Perceived  Noise  Level in dB




FAA         -  Federal Aviation Administration




FAR-36      -  Federal Aviation Rule, Part 36




FHWA        -  Federal Highway Administration/DOT




FRC         -  Flight Research Center/NASA




FY          -  Fiscal Year




                                     97

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HEW        Department of Health, Education, and Welfare

HiTST    - High Transonic Speed Transport

HRB      - Highway Research Board/ASHO

HUD      - Department of Housing and Urban  Development

JP-Fuel  - Jet Petroleum Fuel

JPL      - Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA

L/D      - Lift Drag Ratio

LaRC     - Langley Research Center/NASA

LeRC     - Lewis Research Center/NASA

MERDC    - U.S. Army Mobility Equipment  Research  and Development
              Center/DOD

MVMA     - Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association

NADC       Naval Air Development Center/DOD

NAS      - National Academy of  Sciences

NASA     - National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NBS      - National Bureau  of Standards

NFPA       National Fluid Power Association

NIEHS    - National  Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/HEW

NINDS    - National  Institute of Neurological Diseases  and Stroke/HEW

NIOSH   - National  Institute for  Occupational Safety and Health/HEW

NRC      - National  Research  Council

NSF      - National  Science Foundation

ONAC      - Office of  Noise  Abatement  and Control/EPA

ORD       - Office of  Research and  Development/EPA

OSHA     - Occupational Safety  and Health Administration/DOL

OVSR     - Office of  Vehicle Systems  Research/NBS

                                    98

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QCSEE    -  Quiet  Clean  Short-Haul Experimental Engine




QSRA     -  Quiet  Short-Haul Research Aircraft




RADC     -  Air  Force Rome Air Development Center/DOD




RD&D     -  Research, Development, and Demonstration




RSRA     -  Rotor  Systems Research Aircraft




RTOL     -  Reduced Take Off and Landing




RTOP     -  Research and Technology Operating Plan/NASA




SAE      -  Society of Automotive Engineers




SAM      -  Sound  Absorbing Material




SCAR     -  Supersonic Cruise Aircraft




STOL     -  Short  Take Off and Landing




TACOM    -  U.S. Army Tank Automotive Command/DOD




TECOM    -  U.S. Army Test and Evaluation Command/DOD




TSC      -  Transportation Systems Center/DOT




UMTA     -  Urban Mass Transportation Administration/DOT




USA      -  Department of the Army/DOD




USAF     -  Department of the Air Force/DOD




USDA     -  U.S. Department of Agriculture




USN      -  Department of the Navy/DOD




V/STOL   -  Vertical/Short Take Off and Landing




VTOL     -  Vertical Take Off and Landing




WES      -  Army Corp of Engineer Waterway Experiment Station/DOD
                                     99

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             APPENDIX B

 EPA PLAN TO COORDINATE THE FEDERAL
NOISE RESEARCH AS REQUIRED BY THE
    NOISE CONTROL ACT OF 1972
          (January,  1974)
               101

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        EPA PLAN  TO  COORDINATE THE FEDERAL NOISE RESEARCH
            AS  REQUIRED  BY THE NOISE CONTROL ACT OF  1972
                            (January,  1974)

DISCUSSION

     The Noise Control  Act  (NCA) of 1972  charges the Administrator  of
EPA with the responsibility to coordinate noise research and control
programs of all Federal agencies as one of the ways to achieve the
major  objective of the  Act  which is "to promote an environment for  all
Americans free from  noise that jeopardizes their health or welfare."
All Federal agencies are required by the Act to promote this objective
in carrying out the  programs under their  control (Sec. 4(a)).  In
order  to develop, support and enforce standards, the Congress clearly
intends that EPA  make full  use of ongoing Federally sponsored research,
development and demonstration programs.*  With proper coordination  and
promotion by EPA, this  broad Federal effort could provide a significant
portion of  the technology,  research,  development and demonstration  base
required to support  current  and future regulatory activities.  Proper
coordination can  also provide for more effective utilization of Federal
resources committed  to  noise programs by ensuring that research and
control activities respond  to multiple needs and by identifying and
eliminating unnecessary duplication.

     Federal research coordination then is viewed as a major resource
whereby the Agency will  achieve much of its research,  development and
demonstration  requirements.  Specific products of research coordination
will include the  following:  (1) a detailed in-depth review of all
Federal noise  research,  development and demonstration programs for
incorporation  into an integrated Federal noise research program plan
that is designed  to  provide the technology base for Agency regulatory
and enforcement activities to control noise that jeopardizes the
public health  and welfare;  (2) an identification of research and
technology  gaps that  exist in current Federal noise programs that must
be filled to support  the Agency's regulatory and enforcement activities.
This information  is  direct input to the Agency's coordination and
research plans  to assure that these environmental research needs are
satisfied;  (3)  the opportunity for all agencies engaged in Federal
* EPA also is required to review noise standards and regulations pre-
scribed by other Agencies and to publish a periodic report on the
status and progress of Federal Noise research & control activities.
                               103

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noise research to exchange information at all levels on continuing basis
to promote program integration and to assure the most cost effective
Federal program; (4) elimination of unnecessary duplication, over-
lapping, and unproductive research programs to assure more effective
utilization of Federal resources; (5) research and demonstrated
technology that can be used for development and support of noise
standards and regulations and the necessary data base for support of
Agency enforcement activities; (6) the information and data required
for preparation of the Agency's Report to the President and Congress.

     The Act does not specify a mechanism for coordination or a
procedure to ensure full cooperation from all Federal agencies.  As
the Agency component charged with noise research, development, and
demonstration and associated coordination responsibility, the Office
of Research and Development (ORD) proposes an explicit plan to
accomplish research coordination.  This plan is based on the premise
that Agency research and technology needs will be identified co-
operatively by the Office of Noise Abatement and Control (ONAC) and
ORD to be responsive to Agency regulatory and enforcement requirements.
An additional premise is that research coordination will be implemented
by ORD to supply a major portion of the Agency's research and develop-
ment requirements and to comply with the Agency coordination role
mandated by the Noise Control Act.

     It is to be expected that other Federal agencies will not look with
favor upon EPA's designated role as Federal program coordinator unless
they can feel reasonably confident that EPA is technically capable of
reviewing and understanding their programs, that EPA is not likely to
act capriciously and arbitrarily in proposing program coordination, that
their own expertise will be utilized in evaluating their own and related
programs and that the affected agencies will have a forum for expressing
their views.  Cooperation of each affected agency is essential to
effective coordination.

     To ensure that the necessary products of coordination are obtained
in a timely and efficient manner, the following plan for research co-
ordination has been designed.  The plan has several interacting
components:  (1) a specific mechanism for continuing interagency
participation for information gathering and review, planning, interagency
agreements, and problem resolution relating to noise research; (2)
incorporation of information on research into the periodic reports on
Federal noise programs; (3) in cooperation with ONAC on noise control
programs, coordination through the Office of Management and Budget as
needed; (4) EPA and interagency sponsored symposia and conferences; and
(5) EPA in-house and jointly sponsored research;  (6) a mechanism whereby
noise program office requirements for development of standards and
regulations are met in a timely and responsive manner by ORD.  The
                                104

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key  to  the  coordination  plan  is  the  specific mechanism of interagency
participation:  This  tool was designed and will be employed in
recognition that  products of  research must be considered over the  long
term and  that  influence  can be achieved best through continuing efforts
to develop  confidences and respect of the agencies in the coordination
activities  from the technical working level up through the policy  level.

      To implement  interagency participation the ORD proposes to establish
three interacting  bodies:  (1) an interagency noise research committee
composed  of high-level representatives of agencies with major programs
of noise  research;  (2) four noise research panels for aircraft noise,
surface vehicle noise, machinery  noise  and  noise  effects;  and
(3)  ad  hoc  working groups to address specific problem areas.

      The  interagency  noise research committee provides the entree
and  authority within  the participating organization necessary to assure
that  the  ORD has access  to the agencies' program details such as pro-
jects,  project objectives, funding level, future plans, etc.  The
high-level  committee  members identify and commit manpower for panels
and working groups and serve as  a point of voluntary receipt and
adoption  of EPA coordination requirements.  EPA has determined that
the  interagency noise research committee will convene on an ad hoc
basis as  required as  experience  is being developed in research coordi-
nation.   EPA may wish to formally establish this committee as a standing
body  in the future.

      The  interagency  noise research committee would not be an advisory
committee.   It would  not be responsible for the policy or development
of any  part of the coordination  product.  These responsibilities are
viewed  as exclusive EPA responsibilities and not delegable.   This
committee will be chaired by the Deputy Assistant Administrator
for Environmental Engineering.  As a result of its limited service,
it is not expected that this committee would meet more than two to
three times each year at the call of the chairman.

      The  noise research panels are standing bodies and are the vehicles
whereby the ORD gains access to  technical middle-management level
expertise.  Panels are to be made up of representatives of several
agencies  having research programs in a common area.  Their functions
include (1)  reviewing and reporting on the status of specific tech-
nology; (2)  identifying research and technology gaps; (3) identifying
areas requiring detailed studies by ad hoc working groups; (4) ex-
ploring opportunities for Federal noise research integration and joint
programs; and  (5) serving as focal points for receiving and considering
pertinent scientific  and programmatic advice from and communications
with  other  bodies such as NAS-NRC.
                                105

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     Ad hoc working groups undertake specific tasks as defined by the
OKD coordinating staff.  They provide one route of direct communication
between agencies at the technical working level.   The committee, panels
and working groups would be made up of only Federal employees and,
therefore, are not advisory groups which require approval by the Office
of Management and Budget.

     A fourth support mechanism to be employed by the ORD coordination
staff in carrying out the research coordination task is the use of a
contractor.  This is necessary in order to handle the large volume of
detailed information involved in continuing review of Federal noise
research, development and demonstration programs.  Contractors will be
selected on a periodic basis according to specific needs to complenent
and to extend the scope of the technical expertise of the coordination
staff.

     Several specific needs have been identified that require consider-
ation by the agencies to carry out the interagency research coordination
plan.  First, each agency needs to designate the appropriate members
of their organizations to serve on the noise research panels.  Guide-
lines are presented in the following paragraphs for organization of the
four panels.  In considering panel size and distribution of members by
agency, an attempt has been made to keep each panel to a manageable size,
yet to allow for adequate representation by each agency.  A further con-
sideration was the recognition of exising organizational structures
that provide a means for coordination.  In particular, the DOT/NASA
Joint Office of Noise Abatement (JONA) has been very active in
promoting coordination and program integration.

     The EPA/ORD plan for coordination of aircraft noise RD&D entails
the organization of an interagency aircraft noise research panel
which would work in parallel with the Steering Group organized by JONA.
The aircraft panel would provide a formal coordination procedure for
all Federal agencies involved in aircraft noise research.  EPA/ORD
suggests the following representation on this panel:  EPA/ORD - 1
(chairman), EPA/ONAC - 1, DOT/NASA JONA - 5, and DOD - 3.  EPA/ORD
feels that this distribution of agency members will adequately tie to-
gether the majority of all aircraft noise technology research being
conducted by the Federal Government and believes that this approach
can serve to build on existing coordination efforts.  The responsi-
bilities , purview and rules of procedure for the panels will not be
presented in detail here but will be considered in the first panel
meeting.
                              1C6

-------
     The majority  of  identified  research  and development  on  surface
vehicle sources  of noise  is  conducted  through  the DOT.  The  following
suggestion  of  membership  distribution  for the  surface vehicle  noise
research panel accounts for  this  observation:  EPA/ORD  -  1  (chairman),
ETA/ONAC -  1,  DOT  - 5,  DOD -  1,  DOC/NBS - 1, and HUD -  1.  The prob-
lem of land-use  planning  in  relation to noise  research  coordination
will be within the purview of this  panel.  It  is realized that this
problem transcends all  areas  of  noise  and the  panel will  take  this into
account in  its activities.   The  noise  sources  considered by  the panel
includes all surface  vehicles including those  used in transportation,
recreation, construction,  agriculture, etc.

     The interagency  noise effects  panel  is to be concerned with the
physiological  and  psychological  response  of humans to noise both col-
lectively and  individually and the  effects  of  noise on  domestic animals
and wildlife.  This area  of noise research  is probably  the least coor-
dinated with respect  to overall  program direction and agencies  included.
The following  membership  suggestion accounts for this:  EPA/ORD - 2
(chairman), EPA/ONAC  -  1, HEW   3,  DOD -  1, DOT - 1, NASA - 1,  HUD - 1,
DOC/NBS - 1.   This panel  will have  responsibility for coordinating all
effects research including effects  on  humans and domestic animals,
measurement methodologies, prediction  techniques, exposure criteria in
the home, community,  recreational areas and work place  for all  sources
of noise.

     The final panel  to be organized is the interagency machinery
noise research panel.  This panel is to be concerned with all  sources
of noise not considered by the aircraft and surface vehicle panels.
In particular, it  includes home equipment  (inside and outside), con-
struction equipment,  industrial and manufacturing machinery and equip-
ment,  and agricultural equipment not included in the surface vehicle
panel.  The following representation on this panel is suggested: EPA/
ORD -  1 (chairman), EPA/ONAC   1, DOC/NBS - 1,  HEW/NIOSH   1, NSF - 1,
DOT -  1,  DOD - 2,  USDA -  1, and DOL -  1 (ex officio).

     It is recognized that the agencies whose cooperation and parti-
cipation are being solicited  by EPA for the research coordination
program may have ideas on representation  and membership distribution
that differ from suggestions made by EPA/ORD.   ORD encourages the
agencies  to forward their suggestions on coordination when submitting
panel  member designation.

     EPA/ORD envisions specific needs of the participating agencies
that may not be fulfilled by panel members.  For this reason it would
be helpful if  the  agencies would designate one or more research coordi-
nation contacts.   These contacts should have knowledge of and access to
                                   107

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agency program plans, funding data, future plans, etc.  While it is
desirable to minimize the number of such contacts from each agency,  it
is realized that it may not be practical for some agencies to employ
a single contact.  The need to be fulfilled is that all agency components
dealing in noise research programs be covered by the agency contacts.
                                 108

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              APPENDIX C
FEDERAL NOISE RESEARCH PANEL MEMBERS
                  109

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                SURFACE  VEHICLE NOISE RESEARCH PANEL MEMBERS
Osman A. Shinaishin (Chairman)*                       518-377-6554
1242 Hempstead Road
Schenectady, New York 12309

William H.  Close                                      202-426-4560
Office  of Noise Abatement
Department  of Transportation
Transpoint  Building TST-54
2100  Second St.,  S.W.
Washington,  D.C.   20590

William Leasure                                       301-921-3381
Applied Acoustics  Section
National Bureau of Standards
Room A149 Sound Building
Washington,  D. C.  20234

Donald  W. Rees  (TACOM)                                313-573-1653
Department  of the  Army
U.S. Army Tank-Automotive Command
Warren,  Michigan   48090

William Roper                                         703-557-1180
Office  of Noise Abatement and Control (AW-571)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1921 Jefferson Davis Highway
CM-2
Arlington,  Va.  20460

George  Winzer                                         202-755-5597
Manager, Environmental Research
Department  of Housing and Urban Development
451 Seventh  St., S.W.
Washington, D.C.   20410
* No longer an EPA employee
                                 111

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               AIRCRAFT NOISE RESEARCH PANEL MEMBERS
Dr. Franklin D. Hart (Chairman) *                     919-737-2373
Professor Mechanical & Aerospace
  Engineering
Director, Center for Acoustical
  Studies
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, N.C.  27607

Mr. William Sperry                                    703-557-9307
Office of Noise Control Programs
Crystal Mall Bldg. 2
1921 Jefferson Davis Highway
Arlington, Virginia  20460

Mr. Bernard Maggin                                    202-755-2494
NASA Headquarters
CODE R-3
Washington, D. C.   20546

Mr. Fred Stein                                        202-967-4335
Office of Environmental Affairs
U. S. Department of Commerce
14th & E Streets,  N.W.
Washington, D. C.   20230

Mr. George Winzer                                     202-755-0268
Manager, Environmental Research
Department of Housing and
  Urban Development
451 Seventh Street, S.W.
Washington, D. C.   20410

Dr. Gordon Banerian                                   202-426-4560
Department of Transportation
Transpoint Building Room 5222
2100 2nd Street, S.W.
Washington,  D. C.  20590
Att:  TST-53

First Lt. Craig A. Lyon                               513-255-5421
Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory
Turbine Engine Division (AFAPL/TBC)
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio  45433
   * No longer an EPA employee
                                  112

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                 NOISE EFFECTS RESEARCH PANEL MEMBERS
George R.  Simon  (Chairman)  (RD-683)                   202/755-0626
Health Effects Division
Office of  Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C.  20460

Jacob Beck*                                           202/632-4264
Division of Biological and Medical Sciences
National Science Foundation
1800 G Street, N.W.
Washington, D. C.  20550

Reginald 0. Cook                                      919/549-3247
Bio-Physics Section
National Institute of Environmental Health
     Sciences
P. 0. Box  12233
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27709

Stephen Cordle (RD-681)                               202/755-0448
Noise Technology Staff
Office of  Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C.  20460

Derek Dunn                                           .^13/684-3416
Physical Agents Branch
National Institute for Occupational Safety
     and Health
1014 Broadway
Cincinnati, Ohio  45202

Lois Elliott                                          301/496-5061
Communicative Disorders
C&FR, NINDS
National Institutes of Health
Building 36, Room 4A23
Bethesda, Maryland  20014

Daniel Flynn                                          301/921-3381
Applied Acoustics Section
National Bureau of Standards
Room A149, Sound Building
Washington. D. C.  20234
*now at University of Oregon
                               113

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Gene Lyroan                                            202/755-2370
Aeronautical Man-Vehicle Technology Division
NASA Headquarters
Washington, D. C.  20546

Alice Suter (AW-571)                                  513/255-3660
6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory
Biodynamics and Bionics Division (AMRL/BB)
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433
Floyd Van Atta                                        202/961-5005
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
U.S. Department of Labor
Washington, D. C.  20210

Henning E. Von Gierke                                 513/255-3602
6570th Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory
Biodynamics and Bionics Division (AMRL/BB)
Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio  45433

John Wesler                                           202/426-9503
Department of Transportation
Transpoint Buildings  Room 5222
2100 Second Street, S.W.
Washington, D. C.  20590
Att:  TST-53

George Winzer                                         202/755-0268
Manager, Environmental Research
Department of Housing and Urban Development
451 Seventh Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C.  20410
                                  114

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                FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE RESEARCH PANEL
Mr.  Stephen R. Cordle  (Chairman)                      202/755-0448
Noise Technology Staff  (RD-681)
Office  of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D. C.  20460

Captain Lester H. Beck, USN                           202/692-0872
Naval Sea Systems Command  (037)
Department of the Navy
Washington, D. C.  20362

Mr.  Curtis Holmer                                     301/921-3381
Applied Acoustics Section
National Bureau of Standards
Room A149 Sound Building
Washington, D. C.  20234

Mr.  Paul Hopler, Chief                                703/664-6713
Systems and Components Branch                                -1836
U. S. Army Mobility Equipment Research
  And Development Center (MERDC)
Fort Belvoir, Virginia  22060
Attention:  AMXFB-HM

Dr. Morris Ojalvo                                     202/632-5787
Division of Engineering
National Science Foundation
1800 G  Street, N.W.
Washington, D. C.  20550

Mr. Milford Skow                                      202/634-1240
Department of the Interior
Bureau  of Mines
Room 9035 Columbia Plaza
Washington, D. C.  20240
                                115

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Dr. Floyd A. Van Atta                                 202/961-5005
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
U. S. Department of Labor
Washington, D.  C.  20210

Mr. Robert Willson                                    513-684-3416
Physical Agents Branch
National Institute for Occupational  Safety
   and Health
1014 Broadway
Cincinnati, Ohio  45202

Mr. Eugene Wyszpolski                                 703/557-8292
Office of Noise Control Programs (AW-571)
Environmental Protection Agency
Crystal Mall Building 2
1921 Jefferson Davis Highway
Arlington, Virginia  20460
                                 116

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                  APPENDIX D
         INFORMATION REQUESTED BY EPA
ON THE FEDERAL NOISE RD&D PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS
                   117

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                    INFORMATION REQUESTED BY EPA
           ON THE FEDERAL NOISE RD&D PROGRAMS AND  PROJECTS

                             INSTRUCTIONS

     The objectives of this information-gathering document is to assemble
the data necessary to describe  the  overall efforts within the Federal
Government dealing with noise research, development and demonstration
programs o  The results will be  used as a portion of the EPA report to
the President and Congress on the status of Federal noise programs
and to aid in coordination of Federal noise research efforts within
Government agencies.  The process is dynamic requiring that the data
base be updated periodically to reflect changes in efforts, emphasis,
expenditure of funds or completion  of programs or projects„

     The information requested on noise related programs and projects
deal with the following areas:

        Program (project) description,,
        Technical goals and achievements.
        Financial and manpower resources devoted and required.
        Facilities used or required.
        Key personnel,,

     The enclosed questionnaire is designed to reflect, as clearly
as possible, the type of information required, but is not intended as
a rigid format; hence, any agency forms that will  furnish the required
information easier than the questionnaire should be used by all means.
If the questionnaire is used, notice should be made that:

     10  Additional sheets may be used, and are encouraged, to furnish
         more details if the space provided is not adequate.

     2.  There is always a risk of not supplying enough information
         for the desired visibility of any program (project), but there
         is no risk of giving too lengthy information because this can
         easily be adapted to the overall report intensity or detail.

     3.  If the questionnaire forms miss entire aspects of program
         information, it is encouraged, in fact necessary, that yo'
         add these aspects under additional proper titles.
intormacion, it is enuuuieigeu, J.LL ±a.<-<- uc
add these aspects under additional proper
you
     4.  If your agency has a documented (or computer-stored) plan-
         program-project outlay with the required information, it is
         strongly urged that it be included in the response.

     50  The program (project) information supplied should reflect
         actual FY 73 funding, allocated FY 74 and projections for
         FY 75 and later years.
                                 119

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6.  For programs (projects) in which noise is only a part or a
    consideration it is requested that information should be given
    on:

    Ae  Program (project) specifics as outlined in the question-
        naire.

    B.  Additional statement on the relationship of the noise-
        related effort to the overall scope of the program
        (project).

7o  Finally, for any desired clarification of questions on this
    document, please call Dr. Eugene E. Berkau of the EPA at
    202-755-0449.

The response to this questionnaire is requested by April 19, 1974.
                            120

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                        Definitions in Responding
                           to the Form Titled

                  "FEDERAL NOISE RD&D PROGRAM SUMMARY"
               Item

 1.  Program Title

 2.  Agency Program Number


 3.  Agency or Department

 4.  Interagency Agreements
     in Effect
 5.  Subdivision Directing
     Work
 6.  Other Key Personnel
 7.  Principal Contractors
 8.  Technical Program
     Goals
 9.  Method of Approach
10.  Problem Areas
               Remarks

The formal agency title of record„

The formal number of record; if pro-
grams are not numbered, write "none1.

Parent organization (e.g., DOT, DHEW).

Identify other agencies or departments
participating in the program and a
brief description of their tasks.

Organizational element where program
responsibility exists (NIOSH/Physical
Agent Branch) Name of Head.

Additional leading personnel involved
in administrative or technical manage-
ment of overall program.

Identify contractors doing work for
agency at the program (not the project)
level.

Those considered environmental goals,
like quieting a specific machine by
10 dB  or improving the reliability
and sensitivity of needed instrumen-
tation systems.

Plans or methodology for achieving
program objectives.

Identified technical, funding, and/or
facilities problems.
11.  Total Resource
     Allocation

          •  Funding
The level of program funding devoted
                                 121

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                Item
           •  Man-Years
12.   Component Projects
 13.   Schedules  and  Milestones
 14„   Principal Accomplishments
 15.   Program Reports,  Etc,
               Remarks
                                      noise RD&D distributed with time.
The level of program manpower resources
devoted to noise RD&D distributed with
time.

A list of descriptive titles of those
noise related projects within this
program.

Show the current schedule and mile-
stones; the "revised" column is for
future use.

State achievements accomplished or
within reach o

Confine this to those stemming from
the overall program rather than the
individual project.  Include pro-
ceedings of symposia and conferences
and papers in the professional lit-
erature as well as project reports
and documents.
 Note:  A Federal noise RD&D program includes each program in which
        noise is a significant (one or more projects), identifiable
        program element.
                                  122

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                    Environmental Protection Agency
                  Office of Research and Development
                   FEDERAL NOISE RD&D PROGRAM SUMMARY
    Agency or Department
    Subdivision Directing Program/Head's  Name,  Title and Address
 3
 W
 e>
    Name,  Title,  Address  of  Program Manager
    Names  and  Titles  of  Other Key Program Personnel
Cooperating Agency or Department and Subdivision  (if any)
Program Contractor or Grantee  (if any)
Program Title
          Agency Program Number
Authority (e.g., Public Laws, Agency/
Department Directives, etc.)
          Date This Form is
          Filled
Date of Program Start
Scheduled Date of Program
Completion
                               123

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 Check Appropriate Classification^) of Program

	 Research              |T Development        [  J Demonstration

                                    Other  (Describe)
P~j Operations  Research
    and/or Economic  Benefit
  Program General Objectives:
  Program Specific Goals:
  Planned Approach:  (Attach additional sheets if necessary)
  Problem Areas:
                                   124

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o
sg
O -H
0) -U
0) Cd
PS O
  O
       Fiscal
        Year
                    •W X
                    cd bo
                    r-l 3
                    3 O
                    FY  72
      cd
      3
      4J
      O
     FY 73
0)
W
cd
u
o
FY 7
                               Projected
FY 75 FY 76  FY 77  FY 78 FY 79
       Funding
      $Thousand
      Man-Years
Program Schedules and Milestones
(Detailed schedules and milestones
may also be cited and appended to
this response.)
                              Status
               Milestone
                 Scheduled
                  ompletion
                 Date	
                  Date        Date
                 Completed or Revised
 Agency/Project No,
                1
      Component Projects
Descriptive/Project Title
                    i Project Manager
                                 125

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Principal Accomplishments to Date (Include accomplishments relative
to program goals or attained from combined project achievements)
Program Reports, Documents and Papers Published to Date:  (List items
attributed to the program.  Complete bibliographic reference is
desired/author, title, date, agency, document.)
                                 126

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                             APPENDIX E






         FEDERALLY  SPONSORED NOISE MEASUREMENTS RELATED RD&D




                           List of Tables




No.                                                          Page No.




E-l   Federal Noise Effects Measurements RD&D                  127




E-2   Federal Surface Vehicle Noise Measurements RD&D          129




E-3   Federal Machinery Noise Measurements RD&D                130
                                 127

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                                                   Table E-l
                                   FEDERAL NOISE EFFECTS MEASUREMENTS RD&D
        Sponsoring
          Agency

        HEW/NIOSH
         Description Title

Industrial Audiometic & Hearing
  Conservation Technology

Measurement of Occupational Noise
                              Subtotal
    Fiscal Year Funding
   (Thousands of Dollars)
1973
 31
                                                                        32
                                                                       763T
1974
 52
             44
            (96)
1975
 80
             28
           (108)
          DOD
tsi
VD
Psychoacoustica1 Problems in
  Army Aviation

Airborne Noise Criteria for Ships
  & Submarines

Mechanisms of Noise Generation
  & Reception

Bioacoustic Environments

Bioenvironmental Noise

Air Force Land Use Planning
  Procedure-Aircraft Noise

Aircraft Noise Environments
 85
                                                                        69
                                                                        92

                                                                        43
195
             74
             68
195
             74*
             68*
                                                                         13
             15
             15*
                           Prediction &  Reduction  of  Noise  Impact
                                                         Subtotal       (337)
                                                         250
                                                         (604)
                        260
                       (614)
         * Estimated

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                                         Table  E-l

                          FEDERAL NOISE EFFECTS MEASUREMENTS RD&D
                                       (Concluded)
Sponsoring
  Agency

    HUD
  NASA
   EPA
DOI/BuMines
     Fiscal Year Funding
    (Thousands of Dollars)
Description Title
HUD Urban Noise Measurement
System
Development of Noise Attenuation
Measures
Subtotal
Characterization of V/STOL
Noises
Subtotal
Instrumentation & Measurement Systems
for Noise Exposure of Individuals
Subtotal
Portable Calibration Instruction
for Audiodosimeters - Feasibility Study
Subtotal
1973
117

TUT)
532

(532)
24
(24)

FT-
1974
263

175
(438)
409

(409)
32
(32)
15

(15)
1975


50
T5T5T
404

(404)
-
(-)
_

(-)
                                            Grand Total
1,073
1,594
1,176

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                                           Table  E-2
                        FEDERAL SURFACE VEHICLE NOISE MEASUREMENTS RD&D
Sponsoring
  Agency

    DOT
         Description Title

Highway Noise Enforcement Training
  & Equipment

Roadside Enforcement Sites
                  Measurement of Railroad Noise
                                                Fiscal Year Funding
                                               (Thousands of Dollars)
                                            1973        1974(est.)  1975*
                                             450
                                Subtotal    (450^
                                                          70
                                                                           100
                                                                           (T70
                                                                      50
                                                                     C50
    EPA
    DOD
Interstate Rail Carriers

New Medium- & Heavy-Duty
  Trucks
Operator Noise Exposure
                                              23
y
Subtotal
Subtotal
Grand Total
(23T~
44
7447
517

12
(12)
iV
182

FT
FT
50

 +  Primarily  In-house

 *  FY75  Estimates  Known  to  be  Incomplete

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                                                    Table  E-3

                                    FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE MEASUREMENTS RD&D
         Sponsoring
          Agency

             NBS
         Description TiLle

Assessment of Measurement
  Standards for Determination of
  Sound Power
                         Subtotal
    Fiscal Year Funding
   (Thousands of Dollars)
1973
  41
                                                                       741:
1974
 120
            (120)
1975
 120
            (120)
         DOl/BuMines
CO
Definition & Correction of Noise
  in Coal Mines

Noise Control in Surface Mining
  Facilities-Problem Definition
                         Subtotal
 100
                                                                         79
 137


  17

054}
           CPSC
Developing a Consistent Set of
  Product Noise Regulations

Noise Measurement Techniques
  for Toys

Test Protocol for Lavmmower Noise
                         Subtotal
              20
                                                                                     35
                                                                                     15

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                                                 Table  E-3

                                 FEDERAL MACHINERY  NOISE MEASUREMENTS RD&D
                                                (Continued)
        Sponsoring
        _ Agency

           DOD
u>
           EPA
         Description Title

Noise Criteria

Construction Noise:  Specification
  and Control
                          Subtotal
Development of Noise Measurement
  Methodologies for Portable
  Air Compressors
                          Subtotal
    Fiscal Year Funding
   (Thousands of Dollars)
1973        1974        1975
 TIT


  60


 TW
 40

TW


 64
                                                                                                45

                                                                                               1451
          US DA
Abatement and Control of
  Noise Associated with
  Agricultural Processes
                                                    Subtotal
  0
                                             TO
 20
             (20)
92
           NSF
 Prediction  of Noise Levels in
  Manufacturing Areas
                          Subtotal
              39

             739^

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u>
                                                   Table  E-3

                                   FEDERAL MACHINERY NOISE MEASUREMENTS RD&D
                                                   (Concluded)
        Sponsoring
          Agency

        HEW/NIOSH
         Description Title
                              r
Impulse Noise Recording System
                                            Grand Total
   Fiscal Year Funding
  (Thousands of Dollars)
1973
1974
1975
                                            280
           507
             257
          Classified Project

          Nominal In-house Funding

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                               ADDENDUM

     Special auxiliary equipment on trucks, such as refrigeration units
and solid waste compactors, is being considered by EPA as a major noise
source.  This source was inadvertently omitted from consideration in
the analysis.  However, no Federal noise RD&D was identified which
specifically addresses special auxiliary equipment on trucks.  Some
of the Federal machinery noise RD&D on air conditioners and hydraulic
systems may be applicable.
                                   135

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                                   TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                                 ead Instructions on the reverse hcf^re compl; ting)
1. REPORT NO.

    EPA 6QO/2-75-Q1Q
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
       An Assessment of the Federal Noise Research,
       Development and Demonstration Activities:
            FY73  - FY75
                                   6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
                                   3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
                                   5 REPORT DATE
                                     	June,  1975
7 AUTHOR^)  Eugene  E.  Berkau, Stephen R. Cordle,  Franklin
    D. Hart,  George  R.  Simon
                                   8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
    Office  of Research  & Development
    U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
    Washington,  D.C.  20460
                                   10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.

                                   	IGB090   -I/-: 21 >."7T
                                   11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
    Office of Research  & Development
    U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
    Washington,  D.C.  20460
                                    13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                                      Final  -  FY73-75	
                                   14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
    EPA Contact:   Eugene E.  Berkau --  (202) 245-3019
    Additions  to  17.  b.  -  Major noise source candidates;  Noise regulations
16. ABSTRACT

         The Federal noise  research,  development, and demonstration (RD&D)  activities
    during fiscal years  1973  through  1975 are examined to determine the contribution
    of these efforts to  the control of environmental noise and  to  the understanding
    of the effects of noise.   An analysis is made of the research  activities in the
    areas of noise effects, aircraft  noise,  surface vehicle noise,  and machinery
    noise.   The principal sources of  information used are the EPA  interagency noise
    research panels reports on the Federal noise RD&D activities during the FY 73-75
    time period and the  major noise source candidates which have been identified or
    are under consideration by the EPA.   Federal noise RD&D activities are  identi-
    fied which have supported the development and enforcement of existing or pro-
    posed standards and  regulations and/or could support future standards and regu-
    lations, particularly for the EPA major  noise source candidates.   Federal
    research activities  which could identify the limits to noise control technology
    are also identified.  Specific and general conclusions are made  concerning the
    adequacy of the current Federal noise RD&D activities to support  EPA regulatory
    activities.
 7.
                               KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
    Acoustics
    Aircraft
    Machinery
    Noise effects
    Noise reductions
    Noise (sound)
Research
Research projects
Surface vehicles
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
    Release Unlimited
                                             b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS  C. COS AT I Field/Group
Federal noise RD&D
Federal noise research
 coordination
Research program coordin-
 ation
                      19. Stu^RITY CLASS (This Report}
                         Unclassified
                                             20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
                                                Unclassified
0103 1903
1301 2001
1303 2111
1306 2112
1309
1313
1406
                          21. NO. OF PAGES
                              137
                                                                        22. PRICE
     U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975—210—810:52
                                           137

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