United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Administration May 1990
and Resources Management
Indoor Air Quality And
Work Environment Study
EPA Headquarters' Building
Volume 2
Results of Indoor Air
Environmental Monitoring
Study
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Indoor Air Quality and Work Environment Study:
EPA Headquarters Buildings
Volume II:
Results of Indoor Air Environmental Monitoring Study
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, Morth Carolina 27711
April 1990
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
at EPA Headquarters
DISCLAIMER
The research described In this document has been funded in part by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency and It has been subjected to Agency peer
review. Mention of trade names or commercial products In this document does not
constltltute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We wish to thank ail those whose efforts contributed to the success of this study. First,
we appreciate the technical support of Thomas Lnmpkin, Tom Hartledge, John Wall, and
Malcolm Wilkins of the Exposure Assessment Research Division and Charlie Weant and Chris
Fortune of NSI Technology Services Corporation for the monitoring done at the EPA
Headquarters.
We also wish to thank Joachim Pleil of the Methods Research and Development Division
for the total VOC analysis and Howard Crist of the Quality Assurance Division for the QA
samples. Thanks go to Roy Zweidinger and Silvestre Tejada for the aldehyde analysis.
A special thanks to Andy Lindstrom and Matt Somerville of NSI Technology Services
Corporation for the statistical summaries, figures, and tables. They were very helpful in a
short time frame. Thanks to Jan Parsons for her editorial review and many helpful
suggestions as to format and style.
Thanks to Brian Leaderer and his staff of the John B. Pierce Foundation at Yale
University for the nicotine analysis.
We would like to thank Larry Michaels and his staff for the chemical analyses of the
VOC and formaldehyde badges.
Thanks go to Marie Collins and Penny Andrews of the Exposure Assessment Research
Division for their assistance in preparing this report and the supplement to this report.
We appreciate the EPA management support of Gary Foley, Hugh McKinnon, Jack
Puzak, Dale Pahl, David Weitzman, Julius Jimeno, Kevin Teichman, and David Smith. They
have worked closely with the project team to ensure the success of this study.
We appreciate the thoughtful reviews of the drafts of this report by William Hirzy of
NFFE (National Federation of Federal Employees), Kirby Biggs of AFGE (American
Federation of Government Employees), and David Scott Smith and Julius Jimeno (EPA
Environmental Health and Safety Division), and those who worked with them.
ill
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TECHNICAL TEAMS
This study of indoor air quality and work environment was conducted by three technical
teams representing multiple organizations. It was jointly developed and carried out at EPA
headquarters and the Library of Congress Madison Building under the auspices of these teams
working independently of both management and unions at both EPA and the Library of Congress.
Overall project coordination was provided by two technical team leaders: Kevin Teichman
at EPA and Lawrence Fine at NIOSH.
MONITORING TEAM
EPA NIOSH
Ross Highsmith, Chemist Richard Gorman, Industrial Hygienist
Lance Wallace, Environmental Scientist Michael Crandall, Industrial Hygienist
Tom Lumpkin, Chemist Rebecca Stanevich, Industrial Hygienist
Steve Hern, Biologist
Vinson Thompson, Chemist John B. Pierce Foundation at Yale University
Ken McLauchlan, Professional Engineer*
Linda Stetzenbach, Microbiologist Brian P. Leaderer, Environmental Scientist
Oliver J. Self ridge, Environmental Scientist
SURVEY DESIGN TEAM
EPA NIOSH
Mel Kollander, Survey Statistician Anne Fidler, Epidemiologist
Lance Wallace, Environmental Scientist Thomas Wilcox, Physician
F. Cecil Brenner, Statistician Joseph Hurrcll, Psychologist
Richard Hornung, Statistician
Westat John B. Pierce Foundation at Yale University
Robert P. Clickner, Statistician Brian P. Leaderer, Environmental Scientist
Stephen K. Dietz, Statistician Oliver J. Selfridge, Environmental Scientist
REPORTING AND ANALYSIS TEAM
EPA NIOSH
C. J. Nelson, Statistician Anne Fidler, Epidemiologist
Mel Kollander, Survey Statistician Joseph Hurrel, Psychologist
Lance Wallace, Environmental Scientist
Brian Leaderer, Environmental Scientist John B. Pierce Foundation at Yale University
Rebecca Bascom, MD.
Brian P. Leaderer, Environmental Scientist
Research Triangle Institute Oliver J. Selfridge, Environmental Scientist
Andy Clayton, Statistician
George Dunteman, Statistician
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CONTENTS
Chapter
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
TECHNICAL TEAMS *v
LIST OF FIGURES vli
LIST OF TABLES ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1
1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 Background and Purpose 1-1
1.2 Study Objectives 1-4
2 BUILDING DESCRIPTION 2-1
2.1 Building Description 2-1
2.2 Ventilation System 2-5
3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DESIGN 3-1
3.1 Selection of Environmental Monitoring Sites 3-1
3.2 Environmental Monitoring Study Design 3-3
3.3 Basis for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants 3-5
3.4 Environmental Monitoring and Analytical Procedures . . . . 3-10
3.5 Ventilation Evaluation 3-20
4 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING RESULTS 4-1
4.1 Number of Sites and Schedule 4-1
4.2 Real-Time Indoor Measurements 4-2
4.3 Integrated Sampler Results 4-14
4.4 Microbiological Contaminants 4-29
5 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 5-1
5.1 Quality Control Procedures 5-1
5.2 Quality Control Results 5-4
6 SUMMARY OF AIR HANDLING UNIT EVALUATION RESULTS 6-1
7 REFERENCES 7-1
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Appendices
A Summary Statistics for Real-Time Indoor Air Measurements .... A-1
B Summary Statistics for Respirable Particulate Matter B-l
C Summary Statistics for Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes C-l
D Summary Statistics for Volatile Organic Compounds D-l
E Summary Statistics for Nicotine E-l
F Summary Statistics for Particles at Fixed Monitoring Locations . F-l
G Summary Statistics for Microbiological Contaminants G-l
H Full Scan VOC Analysis on Selected VOC Canisters H-l
I VOC and Pesticide Quality Assurance Procedures 1-1
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figures
2.1 Photos of the Three EPA Headquarters Buildings 2-2
4,1 Plot of Temperature Maximum, Mean, and Minimum,
Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City, and
Fairchild by Earliest Sample Start Time 4-5
4.2 Frequency Distribution of Observed Temperatures
Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City, and Fairchild . . . 4-6
4.3 Plot of Relative Humidity Maximum, Mean, and Minimum
Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City, and
Fairchild by Earliest Sample Start Time 4-8
4.4 Frequency Distribution of Observed Relative Humidity
Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City, and Fairchild . . . 4-9
4.5 Plot of Carbon Dioxide Maximum, Mean, and Minimum
Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City, and
Fairchild by Earliest Sample Start Time 4-10
4.6 Frequency Distribution of Observed Carbon Dioxide
Concentrations Across Waterside Mall Sectors,
Crystal City, and Fairchild 4-11
4.7 Plot of Respirable Particulate Maximum, Mean, and
Minimum Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City,
and Fairchild by Earliest Sample Start Time 4-13
4.8 Frequency Distribution of Observed Respirable
Particulate Concentrations Across Waterside Mall
Sectors, Crystal City, and Fairchild 4-15
4.9 Mean Carbonyl Species Distribution Across Waterside
Mall Sectors, Crystal City, and Fairchild 4-17
4.10 Mean Indoor and Outdoor VOC Concentrations and
Maximum VOC Concentration Observed at the Waterside
Mall, Crystal Mall, and Fairchild Buildings 4-19
4.11 Average Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations
Based on All Observations Above the Limit of
Quantitation at the EPA Primary Sites 4-20
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4.12 Indoor and Outdoor Fixed Site Temperature
and Relative Humidity 4-26
4.13 Indoor and Outdoor Fixed Site Carbon Dioxide
and Respirable Particulate Concentration 4-27
4.14 Concentrations of Selected Volatile Organic Compounds
and Aldehyde Species Measured at the EPA Indoor Fixed Site . . . 4-28
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LIST OF TABLES
Table £&&£.
E.I Number of Sites Sampled E-9
E.2 Summary Statistics for Real-Time Environmental Measurements
and Respirable Particles E-10
E.3 Mean Values for Major Aldehydes and VOCs E-ll
3.1 Monitoring and Analytical Methodology 3-11
3.2 Analyte Limit of Detection or Limit of Quantitation 3-12
4.1 Mean Airborne Viable Fungal Concentrations by Genus 4-31
4.2 Mean Airborne Viable Human Source Bacterial Concentrations
by Genus 4-32
4.3 Burkhard Spore Trap Sampling Results 4-33
5.1 Results of Duplicate Sample Analysis 5-6
5.2 Results of Repeat Sampling 5-8
6.1 Waterside Mall Air Handling Unit Evaluation 6-4
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. Background
In recent years, employees of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) in the Washington, DC area, have reported health symptoms and discomfort
concerns that have been attributed to indoor air. As a result, it was decided
in 1988 to carry out a study of indoor air quality at all three EPA Headquarters
buildings in the area.
Similar concerns had been expressed at the Library of Congress (LOG)
Madison Building, which was to be investigated by the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Therefore, it was decided that EPA and
NIOSH would carry out a single joint investigation, using identical
questionnaires and monitoring techniques as far as possible, of both the LOG
Madison building and the EPA Headquarters buildings.
An interagency team of investigators consisting of EPA and NIOSH scientists
was formed to direct the project. These scientists included experts in survey
design, monitoring of indoor air, occupational medicine, and epidemiology. In
addition, the Pierce Foundation of Yale University, whose staff is experienced
in indoor air epidemiological investigations, was contracted to provide expert
advice and direction to the project. A survey design firm (Westat, Inc.)
administered the questionnaire, and an engineering firm (McLauchlan and
Associates) was contracted to investigate the EPA building ventilation system.
The Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory (AREAL) of
EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) planned, directed, and carried
out most of the monitoring performed at the EPA Headquarters buildings. Another
ORD laboratory, the Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory in Las Vegas
(EMSL-LV), carried out the biological sampling and analysis.
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The objectives of the study were to survey health symptoms and comfort
concerns of employees; characterize the indoor air environment in selected
building locations; and analyze possible associations between health or comfort
symptoms and conditions in the building environment. The study results are being
presented in three successive reports for each of the two building complexes
involved. Volume 1 of the EPA series, released in November 1989, summarized the
employees' health symptoms and comfort concerns. This report, Volume 2,
summarizes the environmental measurements in the three EPA Headquarters
buildings. Volume 3, to be published in the late fall of 1990, will analyze any
associations between health or comfort and the building environment.
Additional information continues to be obtained by both labor and
management on the quality of indoor air at EPA headquarters. The National
Federation of Federal Employees Local 2050, the American Federation of Government
Employees Local 3331, and EPA management have assembled a number of reports on
emissions and air monitoring that document the results of independent small-
scale studies conducted at EPA headquarters buildings prior to the large-scale
study that is the subject of this report. This information is provided in a
supplement to this report entitled "Additional EPA Headquarters Air Monitoring
Information".
2. Study Design
The basic concept of the monitoring study was to measure a series of
comfort and environmental variables in selected locations for a single day.
Employees in those locations were to be asked about their health symptoms and
comfort on that day only. About 20 locations were sampled in a day, allowing
the total monitoring effort to be completed in one week (March 6-10, 1989).
An initial questionnaire was administered to all employees in the three
EPA Headquarters buildings prior to monitoring. The questionnaire included a
number of questions on health, comfort, and odors, as well as information
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pertaining to job characteristics and the workstation environment. A
supplementary questionnaire was administered to the employees on the day of
monitoring that included the same questions on health, comfort and odors.
Available resources allowed for a complete set of environmental samples
to be collected in 65 locations in the three EPA Headquarters buildings. These
"primary sites" were supplemented by an additional set of about 50 "secondary
sites", where a less complete set of environmental samples could be collected.
"Special sites", selected by representatives of EPA management and each of the
two unions, were sampled less frequently. The initial questionnaire was analyzed
by the contractor to select rooms with high complaint levels and rooms with low
complaint levels. Since only selected locations could be monitored, it was
decided to sample rooms with high complaint levels preferentially (2:1). This
information was not revealed to any EPA employee or any other member of the
monitoring team in order to avoid possible bias.
Parameters monitored at all sites included the "comfort variables"
(temperature and relative humidity), an indicator for the amount of fresh air
in a space (carbon dioxide [C02]), an indicator of combustion emissions (carbon
monoxide [CO]), and a measure of dust levels (respirable suspended particulates
[RSPJ). Each parameter was instantaneously monitored during three separate site
visits (morning, mid-day, and afternoon) on the day monitoring was conducted.
Additional variables monitored at the 65 primary sites included indicators of
potential chemical contamination (formaldehyde and 27 other volatile organic
compounds, or VOCs), an indicator of smoking activity (nicotine), and an
integrated measurement of RSP. The formaldehyde, VOCs, and RSP measurements were
integrated over a 9-h period; the nicotine measurement was integrated over the
entire five-day workweek. Microbiological aerosols (bacteria and fungi) were
also sampled at the primary sites and some of the secondary sites. In a few
sites (about two per day). integrated air samples were collected and analyzed
for 15 aldehydes and 33 pesticides. One fixed indoor site and one fixed outdoor
site were established at the Waterside Mall building and was operated over all
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five days, to obtain an idea of the daily variability of the environmental
parameters. Measurements of airflow and other ventilation parameters were made
at the 33 air handling units (AHU) serving the monitoring locations.
Quality control samples, including duplicates, blanks, and spiked controls,
were collected for the VOCs. The monitoring instruments were calibrated
periodically according to the study protocol. Monitoring procedures are
described more fully in chapter 3 of this report and quality assurance methods
in chapter 5.
3. Results
Table E-l summarizes the total number of sites sampled at each building
for each environmental parameter.
Results are presented as mean values for each of the three buildings (Table
E-2): Waterside Mall (WM), Crystal Mall (CM), and Fairchild (FC). Within
Waterside Mall, seven "sectors" were defined: the second and third floors of
the Mall, the East and West Towers, and the Northeast, Southeast, and Southwest
portions of the Mall. The following discussion presents building-wide means
first, and sector means are discussed when appropriate. Tables of sector means
are in the appendices. Because of the small number of samples taken in Crystal
Mall and Fairchild, building-wide differences are somewhat tentative; the same
statement holds for differences among sectors..
Comfort Parameters
Mean temperatures varied over a small range (from 74-77°F) at the three
buildings (Table E-2). Waterside reported cooler temperatures than the other
two buildings, with minimums in the low 60's. Within Waterside Mall, the East
and West Towers had slightly higher mean temperatures (75°F) than the other five
sectors (72-73°F Table A.8). The lowest minimum temperatures were reported in
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the second floor of the mall and the Southwest sector.
Mean relative humidities were almost identical at the three buildings,
about 23%. The range of values was much greater at Waterside (Table A. 16): 6.2%
to 54.2%, compared to ranges of about a third of that at the other two buildings.
Five of the seven sectors at Waterside had mean relative humidities of 20-22%;
the third floor of the Mall and Northeast sector had higher mean relative
humidities of 29% and 31%, respectively.
Ventilation Parameters
Mean carbon dioxide values were highest at Fairchild (746 ppm); lower at
Waterside (575 ppm); and lowest at Crystal (504 ppm). However, it should be
noted that measurements at Fairchild and Crystal were made on only one day.
Again, the range of values was greatest at Waterside (325-1350 ppm Table A.32).
The East Tower had the highest mean C02 values within Waterside (695 ppm); the
West Tower, with more than a hundred fewer people in the same amount of space,
had the second-highest mean C02 level (608 ppm).
The amount of outside air supplied by 33 air handling units in the
Waterside building showed a fairly wide variation between sectors. The West
Tower AHUs varied from 30 to 53% outside air (Table 6.1), whereas the four East
Tower units ranged from 23 to 83% outside air. Fourteen units on the second
floor of the Mall ranged from 10 to 74% outside air, whereas eight units on the
third floor of the Mall showed a much narrower range of 15-26%. The Southeast
and Northeast sectors had similar ranges of 18-48% and 22-40% outside air,
respectively. The values given are likely to be upper-bound estimates, since
much depends on individual flow patterns between the supply diffuser and return
within each office.
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Particles
Real-time RSP measurements ranged from mean values of 9.5 /tg/ms at
Fairchild to 14.1 pg/ms at Waterside. Integrated samples, collected at primary
sites only, ranged from 16.3 Mg/ms at Crystal to 23.5 Mg/n»s at Waterside. The
difference in real-time and integrated values is probably due to the fact that
different parameters are being measured--the real-time device employs optical
scattering, which depends on the aerodynamic diameter of the particles, whereas
the integrating monitor measures the mass of the particles.
Instantaneous values as high as 96 n g/ms were observed on a few occasions
and technicians' notes indicated a concurrent odor of tobacco smoke. The highest
9-h integrated average was 54.7
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samples each), total VOC levels showed differences in mean levels for the three
buildings, and Fairchild was consistently highest. For example, total VOCs as
measured by flame ionization detection (FID) showed that Fairchild had mean
values of 1.9 ppmC (Table D.16), compared to 1 ppmC at Waterside and 0.5 ppmC
for Crystal. The same pattern appears in the sum of the 27 VOCs measured by gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS): Mean levels were 99.4 /ig/m3 for
Fairchild, 35.7 /ig/m3 for Waterside, and 28.8 /ig/m3 for Crystal. (Outdoor values
for the 27 VOCs added up to 12.8 /Ig/m3.)
This pattern was repeated for many individual VOCs. For example, aromatic
compounds such as toluene and xylenes showed levels 3 times higher in Fairchild
than the other buildings, and by larger factors compared to outdoor levels.
Para-dichlorobenzene was found in all five samples at Fairchild, but in none of
the five samples at Crystal and only 1 of 51 samples at Waterside. Benzene was
also found in all five samples at Fairchild, but in none at Crystal and only 4
of 51 samples at Waterside.
Waterside Mall had a mean tetrachloroethylene value of 6.9 /ig/m3, compared
to 3.6 /ig/m3 at Fairchild and 2.2/ig/m5 at Crystal Mall. Within Waterside Mall,
the West Tower had elevated levels of tetrachloroethylene (17.4 /ig/m3 compared
to levels of 2-5 /ig/m3 at other sectors). Another solvent, 1,1,1-trichloroethane
was also slightly higher at Waterside (8.7 /ig/m3) than at Fairchild (6.6 /ig/m3).
The East and West Towers had elevated levels of this chemical (13-15 /ig/m3
compared to a range of 2-8 /ig/m3 at the other sectors).
No samples had levels above the limit of quantitation of 4-PC (4-
phenylcyclohexene) , a chemical emitted from some carpets and previously found
in Waterside air samples. Several air samples were analyzed for a complete
spectrum of VOCs. A large number of alkanes (butane, pentane, isopentane,
cyclohexanes) were identified, together with some alkylated benzenes and
octahydropentalene isomers.
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Pesticides
No pesticides were observed above the detection limit in any sample.
Carbon Monoxide
No elevated levels of CO were observed at any site. The highest observed
value was 4 ppm, well below the EPA 8-h standard of 9 ppm.
Biological Aerosols
Overall, counts of airborne fungi taken inside the Waterside Mall,
Fairchild, and Crystal City buildings were low and comparable to counts in the
outdoor samples. A few samples taken in the East Tower of the Waterside Mall
building contained relatively high numbers of fungi. A mycotoxin producing fungi
was also isolated in low concentrations in three locations at the Waterside Mall
(East Tower, Mall 2, and West Tower). Fungal spore counts were low and consisted
of common airborne spores. Generally, human source bacterial counts (HSB) were
low with Staphylococcus sp. and Micropolyspora sp. counts not unexpectedly higher
indoors than outdoors.
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Table E.I. Number of Sites Sampled at Waterside Mall (WM), Crystal Mall (CM),
and Fairchild Buildings (FC)
Parameter
Temperature
Relative Humidity
CO
C02
RSP (real-time)
RSP (integrated)
VOCs
Aldehydes
Nicotine
Pesticides
TOTAL
WM
150
150
150
150
142
49
51
16
50
5
CM
17
17
17
17
17
5
5
2
7
2
E£
19
19
19
19
19
5
5
2
6
2
m
186
186
186
186
178
59
61
20
63
9
OUT
0
0
0
14
0
0
5
0
0
0
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Table E.2. Summary Statistics for Real-Time Environmental Measurements and
Respirable Particles
Environmental Parameter WM CM FC
Temperature ( F)
Mean 73.8 74.7 76.7
Standard Error 0.2 0.3 0.4
Minimum 62.0 71.5 72.0
Median 74.0 74.7 76.5
Maximum 82.5 79.5 81.0
Relative Humidity (%)
Mean 22.8 23.3 24.4
Standard Error 0.4 0.7 0.4
Minimum 6.2 17.7 16.9
Median 21.6 24.0 23.9
Maximum 54.2 29.1 28.7
C02 (ppm)
Mean 575 504 746
Standard Error 10 10 17
Minimum 325 400 525
Median 558 525 750
Maximum 1350 675 925
RSP: Real-time (Mg/m8)
Mean 14.1 12.2 9.5
Standard Error 0.9 1.4 1.0
Minimum 0.0 2.0 1.0
Median 12.7 11.3 11.0
Maximum 96.0 32.0 21.0
RSP: Integrated
Mean 23.5 16.3 18.5
Standard Error 1.9 1.4 4.5
Minimum 10.7 14.9 14.0
Median 21.4 16.3 18.5
Maximum 54.7 17.7 23.1
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Table E.3. Mean Values for Major Aldehydes and VOCs Gig/m3)
Chemical
Aldehydes (total)
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
VOCs (total of 27 targets)
Toluene
Xylenes
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
E-Dichlorobenzene
Trichloroethylene
WM
32.1
8.9
5.1
12.0
CM
43.8
11.3
7.4
16.2
1C
73.6
19.3
10.9
28.0
Cutri
NM*
NM
NM
NM
35.7
28.8
99.4
12.8
10.7
5.9
3.2
6.9
8.7
3.3
1.1
13.5
6.4
1.6
2.2
3.3
NDb
1.3
38.3
21.1
6.7
3.6
6.6
6.1
3.0
7.6
4.3
1.6
1.7
1.9
ND
ND
"Not Measured
''Not Detected
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Purpose
The indoor air quality of the work environment is increasingly becoming
a significant factor influencing job satisfaction and office productivity.
Occupants in many apparently well-designed office buildings, modern as well as
newly renovated, are reporting increasing numbers of health symptoms and comfort
concerns that are being attributed to the overall quality of the work
environment. The most typical symptoms reported include eye, nose, and throat
irritation, headaches, and lethargy.
Investigating large office buildings and relating worker concerns to
indoor air quality are complex tasks. Health symptoms reported for work-related
illnesses are not unique. These same symptoms are also frequently reported for
common illnesses or result from other causes and exposures that are non-work
related. As with individual workers, large buildings are unique. Although
buildings may be comparably designed, the actual operating conditions may differ
significantly. The investigative process is complicated by the influence of the
building's physical characteristics (windows, building materials, etc.); the
design and operation of its heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC)
systems; workstation ergonomic factors; indoor sources; and outside sources.
Relationships between these components must be evaluated and understood before
they can be directly related to the most significant factor influencing this
complex investigative process, the individual workers themselves.
In recent years, employees of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) Headquarters Buildings located in the Washington, DC, area, have reported
numerous health and discomfort symptoms that have been attributed to the building
indoor air environment. Additional information continues to be obtained by both
labor and management on the quality of indoor air at EPA headquarters. The
National Federation of Federal Employees Local 2050 and the American Federation
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of Government Employees Local 3331 have assembled a number of emissions and air
monitoring reports that document the results of independent small scale studies
conducted at EPA headquarters buildings prior to the large-scale study that is
the subject of this report. This information is provided in a supplement to this
report entitled "Additional EPA Headquarters Air Monitoring Information".
In response to worker concerns, employees, employee unions, and management
requested the EPA Office of Administration and Resource Management (OARM),
Environmental Health and Safety Division (EHSD), to systematically evaluate the
nature and spatial distribution of the employees' health symptoms and comfort
concerns, characterize the indoor levels and spatial distribution of
environmental pollutants, and where possible, relate the worker symptoms and
concerns to the physical and environmental conditions of the building. EPA's
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Office of Research and
Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, was requested to assist EHSD in this
investigation. The John B. Pierce Foundation at Yale University, Westat,
Incorporated, and McLauchlan & Associates were contracted to assist in the
development and conduct of a survey of employees and to assist in the building
environmental monitoring study.
A multidimensional indoor air investigation protocol integrating
participating organizational expertise was developed and implemented. A detailed
employee survey questionnaire instrument was developed and administered to all
EPA employees during late February and early March 1989. The questionnaire is
divided into five sections. The first three sections address the spatial
distribution of health symptoms and comfort concerns throughout the building.
Part IV contains questions addressing job characteristics and satisfaction, as
well as indicators of stress in work and nonwork activities. Part V includes
demographic and other miscellaneous questions.
The survey results were summarized by worker locations and analyzed for
trends and uniformity in response rates to select areas of high and low incidence
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of worker health symptoms and comfort concerns for environmental monitoring and
evaluation. Environmental monitoring was conducted at selected indoor and
outdoor locations during March 6-10, 1989. A supplemental survey questionnaire
was concurrently administered to employees located near the environmental
monitors
Three reports will result from this investigation. The first report
summarizes the design, conduct, and descriptive statistics of the employee survey
and has been released.1 This second report summarizes the environmental
monitoring study and results. A third report comparing the employee and
supplemental survey responses along with the environmental results will follow.
This report is the second of the three scheduled reports and summarizes
the design, conduct, and results of the cooperative environmental monitoring
study conducted in the Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters Buildings.
Brief descriptions of the EPA Headquarters Buildings, including design and
operating features that may contribute to overall indoor air quality, are
presented in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the criteria for
selecting monitoring sites, the monitoring study design, the basis for the
parameters monitored, and the study monitoring and analytical methodologies.
Environmental monitoring study results are summarized in Chapter 4. Chapter
presents quality assurance procedures and results for the monitoring study.
Chapter 6 discusses the results of the evaluation of the Waterside Mall air
handling units operating during the study.
A parallel investigation was conducted at the Library of Congress (LOG)
James Madison Memorial Building located in Washington, DC. The EPA and LOG
study objectives, protocols, survey instruments, monitoring methods, and
analytical methods were similar.
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1.2 Study Objectives
Four major objectives were defined for the EPA investigation:
1. Survey the nature, magnitude, and spatial distribution of health
symptoms and comfort concerns.
2. Characterize selected physical, chemical, and biological aspects of
the building in selected locations during the survey period.
3. Generate hypotheses from any associations observed between health and
comfort effects and environmental factors while taking into account factors that
would confound or modify the associations.
4. Identify areas not in compliance with standards or guidelines.
The employee survey was conducted to meet the first objective. Monitoring
for selected environmental and comfort parameters was conducted during the normal
working hours for one week to meet the second objective. A supplemental survey
of selected workers in the vicinity of the monitoring stations was conducted
simultaneously with the monitoring program. The environmental monitoring,
employee survey, and supplemental survey data bases will be integrated and
statistically analyzed in support of the third and fourth study objectives, and
results will be provided in the third report.
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2. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY HEADQUARTERS BUILDINGS
The EPA Headquarters is housed in three separate office complexes located
within a several mile radius in the Washington, DC, area: the Waterside Mall
complex, the Fairchild Building, and the Crystal Mall 2 Building. Photographs
of the three EPA Headquarters Building complexes are provided in Figure 2.1.
2.1 Building Description
The Waterside Mall complex (including the central four-story shopping mall
and two 12-story towers (East and West)) is located at 401 M Street, S.W. The
original structure was built in 1970, and EPA took occupancy in 1971-1972. Three
additional structures (Northeast tower, Southeast tower, and Southwest tower)
were added during the 1980s. EPA currently leases 1,004,450 ft2 of office space,
which is assigned to approximately 5100 EPA personnel. An underground parking
garage (approximately 750 vehicles) is located immediately below the Waterside
Mall ground floor. The first floor Waterside Mall spaces are predominately
occupied by light commercial establishments such as restaurants, gift, and
convenience stores. The second floor Mall, originally designed for small shops
and business, has been renovated with 10-foot walls added to accommodate offices.
The second floor central area office ceilings are open bay, exposed to the
communal space resulting from the original mall design. The third floor was
originally designed for offices with standard 8-foot enclosed ceilings. The Mall
is served by four elevators and stairways, an elevator and a stairway in each
corner.
The East Tower and West Tower 12-story structures are nearly identical,
each being designed for general office occupancy. Four elevator shafts are
located in the center of each tower. Figure-8 hallways service the half-height
windowed exterior offices and the enclosed interior offices. The third floor
mall is connected to the fourth floor West Tower and East Tower by the 3100
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Buildings
KU1
Waterside Mall
> j— ^ i i i
Fairchild Building
Crystal Mall 2
Figure 2.1 Photos of the Three EPA Headquarters Buildings.
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hallway. All three buildings are connected by a hallway in the basement that
runs beside the parking garage. The only other access between these three
structures is via outdoor entrances.
Three- to five-story structures were added to three corners of the
Waterside Mall complex over the years: Northeast (NE). Southwest (SW), and
Southeast (SE) Malls. The first floor of the three-story SE Mall is a large
grocery store, and several small businesses occupy the first floor of the three-
story SW Mall. The five-story NE mall (two underground) is occupied EPA office
space.
A diversity of office designs exists in the second and third floors of
the Waterside Mall, especially the second floor, with 6-12 workers in each office
complex. The general office design is based around a single, large, central
administrative area occupied by one or more administrative personnel. Additional
single-worker or two-person offices, accessible only through the central office
area, complete the office design. In most cases, the attached office includes
a privacy door. "Hallway" office designs observed include an initial reception
area leading to a hall that services the individual office areas. Several of
these "hallway" complexes are interlinked with similar office areas, which
complicates the physical distinction between the end of one office area and the
beginning of another. One hallway, about 100 feet long, intertwines through
distinctively different renovated areas. Some small single or dual office spaces
were also noted. With the exception of the few offices on the exterior north
and south section, the offices do not have individual windows.
The SW Mall offices are similar in complexity to the second floor Mall
offices. NE and SE Mall office areas are less complex with small central offices
serving two to six individual office areas. Pull or half-height windows are
included in the exterior SW, SE, and NE Mall areas.
The Fairchild Building, a nine-story office building located at 499 South
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Capitol Street, S.W., near downtown Washington, DC, was first occupied by EPA
during the 1979-1980 time frame. Four floors (121,015 ft3) are leased to EPA,
housing approximately 850 EPA employees. The building offers no underground
parking. One floor (the basement) houses an underground snack bar. The building
is served by a central core elevator system. Figure-8 hallways provide access
to the half-height windowed exterior and windowless interior offices located on
each of the four EPA-leased floors. The majority of offices in the Fairchild
building are large, multiple occupancy, open bay office areas. Half or three-
quarter partitions separate work areas. The few individual or dual person
offices observed exist along the exterior walls.
The Crystal Mall 2 is a 14-floor office building located at 1921-31-41
Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington, VA. Four floors (103,019 ft3) of office
space, leased initially to EPA during 1971-1972, are assigned to approximately
560 persons. The Crystal Mall 2 building is part of a building complex which
includes an underground interconnecting shopping area and a subsequently lower
subground multilevel parking garage (>1000 vehicles). Central core elevators
service the squared hallways that serve the exterior and interior offices.
Interior offices are generally small and have only one to two occupants. Two
types of exterior office areas were observed: single or dual occupant and
central office areas that include a reception area interior to and servicing
multiple individual offices located on the exterior wall. Offices with exterior
walls included half-height windows.
The enclosed office is the prevalent workplace type for Waterside Mall
(65%) and Crystal Mall 2 (84%), whereas for Fairchild, a cubicle with mid-height
partitions is the most common type (65%). The next highest work place type at
each building is the mid-height partitioned cubicle at Waterside Mall (19%), the
open office at Crystal Mall 2 (8%), and the enclosed office at Fairchild (27%).
When enclosed offices and mid-height partitions are considered together
(Waterside - 85%, Crystal Mall - 91%, and Fairchild - 92%), only small
differences are seen in workplace among the three buildings. Most workstation
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spaces are occupied by one person or shared by two people.
2 2
The ventilation system evaluation performed during the environmental
monitoring period was a component of an ongoing building ventilation system
analysis of the Waterside Mall HVAC systems. The specific objective of the
ventilation system evaluation was to determine the ventilation rates samples
were collected at selected Waterside Mall environmental monitoring sites within
building zones served by specific Air Handling Units (AHUs). This information
can be evaluated against the ventilation rates prescribed by the American Society
of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.2
No attempt was made to determine the instantaneous Waterside Mall total
building ventilation rate, either in total outdoor cubic feet per minute (CFM)
or in air changes per hour (ACH) . This decision was based on the logistical
problems associated with simultaneous airflow measurements at the multiple
Waterside Mall complex AHUs, the outdoor intakes for which are located throughout
the structure of the Waterside Mall. Tracer gas studies were not performed for
this reason, also.
Resources necessary to conduct similar evaluations of the Fairchild and
Crystal Mall 2 buildings were not available. Therefore, no measurements or
evaluations of either the Fairchild or Crystal Mall 2 buildings AHUs were
conducted during the environmental monitoring study.
The Waterside Mall complex air handling system includes 119 known AHUs
which are serviced by more than one contractor. Outside air, controlled by a
mechanical damper at the central unit, mixes with the return indoor air drawn
through the overhead plenum in each zone to make up the supply air. The supply
air is then provided at a constant volume rate to the individual offices.
Thirty-six of the 119 AHUs supplying air to the monitoring locations were
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examined on the same day the HVAC system was providing supply air to one or more
monitoring sites.
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3. EPA HEADQUARTERS BUILDINGS ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DESIGN
3.1 Selection of Environmental Monitoring Sitea
Findings from the employee survey were used to select potential Waterside
Mall sites for environmental monitoring. Rooms were selected for monitoring by
using a protocol developed for this purpose. To avoid possible biasing of the
results, selections were made by the contractor independent of the technical
team. A detailed description of this procedure can be found in Section IV of
Report I.
Briefly, a health symptom index was computed for each employee from the
questionnaire responses, and a standardized mean symptom score was computed for
each room in the building. Similarly, a comfort index was computed for each
employee from the questionnaire responses, and a standardized mean comfort score
was computed for each room in the building. Rooms were independently ranked
according to the standardized health and comfort indices. Rooms were selected
by Yale University and Westat for environmental monitoring; the first rooms
chosen were the rooms with the highest values for both indices and the lowest
values for both indices. Results of these rankings were not revealed to the
monitoring team. In the selection of rooms, greater priority was given to the
health symptom index than to the comfort index; and less priority was given to
rooms with only one occupant.
Although the first questionnaire had been administered to the Fairchild
and Crystal Mall 2 EPA employees, the data for these two buildings had not been
statistically evaluated, and the health symptom and comfort Indexes had not been
calculated prior to the initiation of the environmental monitoring program.
Therefore, the site selection process for these two buildings differed from the
site selection process at the Waterside Mall complex. A list of potential sites
was provided by the EHSD. This list Included those locations where the employees
had reported concerns over the indoor air environment and locations where no
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employee concerns had been reported. Potential sampling locations were
identified for each floor having EPA employees.
Each potential site was visited and evaluated for number of workers,
availability of electrical and space requirements, and the presence of obvious
indoor pollutant sources. At the Fairchild and Crystal Mall 2 buildings, the
potential sites were also evaluated to ensure that they represented the typical
EPA work areas available in the two buildings. In support of the overall study
design criteria, single-worker offices and offices having obvious indoor sources
(Xerox rooms, print shops, etc.) were not eligible for selection as a site for
environmental monitoring. None of the rooms identified by the contractor or OARM
were determined to have obvious indoor sources other than those associated with
routine personal, administrative, or clerical processes.
One of the survey-identified indoor locations was selected by Yale
University and Westat for monitoring throughout the entire five-day sampling
period to assess possible changes over the week. In addition, an outdoor
location in the middle of the Waterside Mall 3 roof was selected for monitoring
on each of the five days to assess the influence of outdoor contaminants on the
indoor environment.
In addition to the sites chosen in the manner described above, some special
study sites were selected in two other manners:
1. To be responsive to the persons who work in the Washington, DC, area
EPA Headquarters Buildings who have particular concerns about certain areas of
the buildings, representatives of management and each of the two unions were
asked to provide a list of sites where employees were thought to have experienced
problems (either health or comfort related). These sites were compared with the
list generated by analysis of the comprehensive questionnaire, and, if a site
reported by management or unions was not included in that list, every effort was
made to perform environmental monitoring at the suggested site. The monitoring
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results from the management- and union-suggested sites are reported in special
site summaries, which are separate from the monitoring results from the sites
chosen with the selection procedure described above.
2. Single-person offices were not eligible for selection for environmental
monitoring. However, because they are an area of concern for employees, a list
of such offices was requested from management and union representatives, and
environmental sampling was performed in selected offices. The monitoring results
from these single-person locations are also included in the special site
summaries, which are separate from the monitoring results from the sites chosen
according to the selection procedure described above.
Detailed descriptions of the site selection process, including algorithms
used in the ranking and selection process, are provided in Volume I.
3.2 Environmental Monitoring Study Design
Comfort and environmental parameters were monitored at selected areas with
high and low (ratio 2:1) symptom and comfort index scores during routine employee
working hours (between 7:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m.) during the week of March 6-10,
1989. Four categories of monitoring locations were identified: primary,
secondary, fixed, and special. Except where noted, monitoring was conducted on
only one day at each primary, secondary, and special study location. Samples
were collected during all five daytime sampling periods at the fixed indoor and
fixed outdoor monitoring locations.
3.2.1 Primary
Extensive monitoring was conducted at each primary site to characterize
the magnitude and spatial differences of the comfort and environmental parameters
and included the following:
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o Real-time temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), carbon monoxide
(CO), carbon dioxide (C03), respirable suspended particulate (RSP)
measurements 3 times during the monitoring period: morning, mid-day,
and afternoon
o Viable and nonviable microbiological samples
o Integrated 9-h RSP, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and passive
formaldehyde samples
o Passive nicotine badges installed over the 5-day study period
o Integrated 9-h aldehyde and pesticide samples at selected sites
daily
3.2.2 Secondary
Real-time T, RH, CO, C02, and RSP measurements were collected 3 times
(morning, mid-day, and afternoon) at each secondary site.
3.2.3 Fixed
Integrated particle and VOC samples were collected daily to determine
daily changes in concentrations and the influence of the outside air on the
indoor air quality. Integrated aldehyde samples and real-time T, RH, CO, C03,
and RSP measurements (morning, mid-day, and afternoon) were also made daily at
the fixed indoor site.
3.2.4 Special
Viable and nonviable microbiological parameters were monitored in various
components of the EPA HVAC system. When possible, individual parameters were
monitored in selected areas not identified through the design criteria to support
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management, union, and concerned individual worker requests.
3.3 Bases for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants
Standards for indoor air quality in office buildings do not exist. The
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health, and the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) have published regulatory standards and recommended
limits for occupational exposures.8"5 The American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has published recommended
building design criteria.2 With few exceptions, pollutant concentrations
observed in office work environments fall well below these published standards
or recommended exposure limits. Scientists suspect that work-related complaints
may be attributable not to individual environmental species, but to the
cumulative effect resulting from exposures to low concentrations of multiple
pollutants. The monitoring study protocol measured individual species
concentrations to provide the data base necessary to investigate relationships
between worker concerns, health symptoms, and low-level exposures to the multiple
contaminants measured.
The bases for monitoring individual or classes of environmental parameters
are presented in the following subsections.
3.3.1 Temperature and Relative Humidity
The perception of comfort is related to one's metabolic heat production,
the transfer of heat to the environment, physiological adjustments, and body
temperatures. Heat transfer from the body to the environment is influenced by
factors such as temperature, humidity, air movement, personal activities, and
clothing. American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/ASHRAE Standard 55-1981
specifies conditions in which 80% or more of the occupants would be expected to
find the environment thermally comfortable.6
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3.3.2 Carbon Monoxide
CO results from combustion source emissions, especially mobile sources.
High concentrations of CO are not commonly observed in office buildings.
Exceptions include buildings with parking garages or loading docks, buildings
near heavily travelled roadways with improperly located HVAC vents, and buildings
where internal leaks between the vehicle access areas and the work-place occur.
Published CO standards range from 9 ppm for EPA's 8-h ambient standard to the
OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50 ppm for occupational environments.8'7
3.3.3 Carbon Dioxide
COj is a normal constituent of exhaled breath and, if monitored, may be
useful as a screening technique to evaluate whether adequate quantities of fresh
air are being introduced into an occupied space. ASHRAE's newly published
ventilation standard for indoor air recommends outdoor air supply rates of 20
Cm per person for office spaces and 15 CFM per person for reception areas,
classrooms, libraries, auditoriums, and corridors and provides estimated
occupancy figures for each area.2
Indoor C02 concentrations are normally higher than the generally constant
ambient C02 concentration (range 300-350 ppm). When indoor C02 concentrations
exceed 1000 ppm in areas where the only known source is exhaled breath,
inadequate ventilation is suspected. Elevated C02 concentrations suggest that
other indoor contaminants may also be increased. Maintaining the recommended
ASHRAE outdoor air supply rates should provide for acceptable indoor air quality
in the absence of unusual indoor sources.
3.3.4 Respirable Suspended Particles and Inhalable Particles
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Respirable suspended particles (smaller than 2.5 urn) are associated with
combustion source emissions. The greatest contributor to indoor RSP is
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). In buildings where smoking is not allowed,
RSP levels are influenced by outdoor particle concentrations and by minor
contributions from other indoor sources. In buildings with oil, gas, or kerosene
heating systems, increased RSP concentrations associated with the heating source
may be important. Inhalable particles, or PM10 concentrations (particles smaller
than 10 MO in diameter) are a combination of combustion, soil, dust, and
mechanical source particles. The larger particles are associated with outdoor
particle concentrations, mechanical processes, and human activity. When indoor
combustion sources are not present, indoor particle concentrations generally fall
well below the EPA ambient PM10 standard (150 Mg/m3 averaged over 24-h).7
3.3.5 Volatile Organic Compounds, Formaldehyde, and Other Aldehydes
VOCs, including formaldehyde and other aldehydes, are emitted in varying
concentrations from numerous indoor sources (e.g., carpeting, fabrics, adhesives,
solvents, paints, cleaners, waxes, cigarettes, kerosene heaters, and other
combustion heating products). Studies in newly constructed office buildings
have identified hundreds of these organic compounds present in the indoor
air.8'9'10 Some organic species (e.g., formaldehyde and benzene) have been
determined to be carcinogenic in animal studies. NIOSH and ACGIH have
established compound specific recommended exposure limits (REL) and threshold
limit values (TLV) for many organic compounds.4'5 Total indoor VOCs and aldehyde
concentrations typically exceed corresponding outdoor levels except in locations
immediately impacted by industrial or combustion source emissions. In the
absence of cigarette smoke, indoor combustion appliances, new building materials,
new office furnishings, glues and adhesives, solvents, paints, or cleaning
products, individual species concentrations are well below the corresponding
TLVs. Recent laboratory studies evaluating human responses to controlled
exposures to varying VOC mixtures (reference) reported test subject health
symptoms similar to those reported by workers in large office buildings.8>9tl°
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The list of targeted VOCs for this study were selected on the basis of
previous indoor air studies, suspected indoor sources, common occurrence in the
environment, available health data, as well as the monitoring and analytical
methodologies employed.11"16
3.3.6 Pesticides
Pesticides, a special family of VOCs, are commonly found indoors as a
result of applications of household insecticides, termiticides, general purpose
lawn and building insecticides, and the transport of contaminated outdoor dust.
TLVs have been established for most commercially available insecticides. Indoor
pesticide concentrations generally fall well below the TLVs except in situations
where the pesticide may have been misapplied or misused. Pesticide exposures
may result in worker symptoms similar to those observed in indoor air quality
studies.
3.3.7 Nicotine
Recent reports from the Surgeon General and National Research Council have
concluded that exposure to ETS may be associated with a wide range of health
(e.g., lung cancer) and comfort (eye, nose, and throat irritation and odor)
effects.17"22 Vapor phase nicotine has been identified as a proxy or tracer for
the presence of ETS, because it is unique to tobacco and occurs in easily
measured air concentrations in indoor spaces where smoking takes place.
3.3.8 Viable and Nonviable Microbiological Contaminants
Microbiological contaminants are ubiquitous. Biological concentrations
increase dramatically in the presence of warm, humid conditions, fleecy surfaces
for growth, and the presence of dust, combustion aerosols, or other organic
nutrients. Warm, wet areas (e.g., HVAC ducts, condensate pans, and
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humidification systems) may enhance biological growth. Water-damaged ceiling
tiles, walls, carpets, or other indoor surfaces can serve as excellent growth
media for biologicals. However, scientists generally recommend that indoor
concentrations be no higher than ambient concentrations. Microbiological
contaminant exposures may result in allergic reactions and/or flu-like symptoms.
The potency of the microbiological contaminant is dependent on the individual
species present.
There are currently no standards to be used for interpreting the results
of microbiological monitoring in indoor air. However, the ACGIH23 states that
"A situation can be considered unusual when overall levels of the bioaerosol
are at least an order of magnitude (10X) higher than those that commonly occur
in control environments, or if the organism (or other bioaerosols) differ between
the control environment and the complaint environment." With regard to fungi,
specifically, they state, "In general, indoor levels should be lower than those
outdoors, and taxa should be similar indoors and out." In mechanically
ventilated interiors, fungal counts should be less than half of outdoor levels.
Other researchers24 propose four major points to consider when interpreting
bioaerosol data: the presence of pathogens and toxigenic fungi (i.e.,
Stachybotrys atra) is unacceptable, counts of greater than 50 colony forming
units (CFU)/m* with a single species present are of concern and should be
investigated further, counts of less than 150 CFU/m8 with a mixture of species
is acceptable if no pathogens or toxigenic species are found, and counts up to
300 CFU/ms when Cladosporium or other phylloplane fungi are the predominant
species are acceptable.
Human-source bacteria (e.g., Micrococcus and Staphyloccus) are used as
surrogates for adequate ventilation because office occupants serve as the primary
source of these bacteria via breathing, talking, sneezing, etc. One must
consider local contaminant reservoirs and amplifiers, as well as the building's
humidification system, as other possible sources of airborne bacteria. The
presence of gram-negative organisms, for example, might be suggestive of
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contamination from the buildings's toilet exhaust. A recommended upper limit
for the "normal" indoor bacterial aerosol in subarctic homes is 4500 CFU/m8.24
Although unusual in nonfarm, indoor environments, thermophilic
actinomycetes have been implicated in many cases of allergic alveolitis. For
this reason, some indoor air monitoring protocols include sampling for this
group of organisms. Farmer's lung is the classic form of allergic alveolitis.
The thermophilic species grow prolifically up to temperatures 65-70° C and their
size (< SMIB) allows them to be easily dispersed. Micropolyspora faeni is
considered to be the principal source of antigens in the United States.
Inhalation of either live or dead mold spores, both considered potential
allergens, may cause illness and both are commonly included in indoor air
monitoring protocols.
Other microorganisms such as Pseudomonas, a leaf surface organism, are
more abundant outdoors.
3.4 Environmental Monitoring and Analytical Procedures
A detailed sampling and analysis protocol was developed and implemented
for the EPA Headquarters Buildings study (Tables 3.1 and 3.2). The monitoring
and analytical procedures used are described below:
3.4.1 Temperature and Relative Humidity
Real-time temperature and relative humidity measurements were conducted
by using a Vista Scientific, Model 784, battery-operated psychrometer. Dry and
wet bulb temperature readings were monitored, and the corresponding relative
humidity was determined via the manufacturer-supplied curve.
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ANALYTE/
PARAMETER
COLLECTION
METHOD
Temperature Direct measurement
Relative Humidity Direct measurement
Carbon Monoxide Direct measurement
Carbon Dioxide
Direct measurement
Respirable and Direct measurement - RSP
Inhalable Particles
RSP/PM10
Microenvironmental monitor - RSP
PM10 Dichotomous
ANALYTICAL
METHOD*
Psychrometer
Psychrometer
Electrochemical
detector
Infrared
analyzer
Light
scattering
Gravimetric
Gravimetric
VOCs
Formaldehyde
Aldehydes
Pesticides
Nicotine
SUMMA canister
Passive badge
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
Polyurethane foam
Passive badge
Viable Impaction onto agar
Microbiologicals
Nonviable Impaction onto
Microbiologicals greased tape
GC/MS, GC/FID
Crystal growth
HPLC
GC/MS, GC/ECD
GC/nitrogen
detector
Incubation/
colony count
Spore count
*GC - gas chromatography, MS - mass spectrometry, FID - flame ionization
detection, HPLC - high performance liquid chromatography. ECD - electron capture
detection.
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TABLE 3.2 ANALYTE LIMIT OF DETECTION CLOD1) OR LIMIT OF ODANTITATION (LOO}
Sampler
Personal
Microenvironmental
Microenvironmental
PM10 Dichotomous
PARTICULATE MATTER
Flovrate LOO
1.67 L/min
4.00 L/min
10.00 L/min
16.70 L/min
10 Mg/m8
5 Mg/m8
2 <»g/m8
2 Mg/m8
Real-Time Parameter
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide
Particulate Matter
REAL-TIME MEASUREMENTS
Measurement Limits
± 1 °C
± 2% RH
± 1 ppm CO
±25 ppm C02
± 1 Mg/m8
FORMALDEHYDE
Passive Badge 119 Mg/m8 over 8-h exposure period
NICOTINE
Passive Badge 0.0001 Mg/m8 nicotine over 5-day period
VIABLE MICROBIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS
Impactor Sampler LOQ is seven viable organisms per cubic meter when sampling
at 28 L/min for 5 min
(continued)
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TABLE 3.2
ANALYTE LIMIT OF DETECTION (LOP') OR LIMIT OF OUANTITATION (LOQ)
(cont'd)
ALDEHYDES
Compound
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acetone
Propionaldehyde
Crotonaldehyde
Butyraldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Isovaleraldehyde
Valeraldehyde
o-Tolualdehyde
m-Tolualdehyde
p-Tolualdehyde
Hexanaldehyde
2,5-DimethyIbenzaldehyde
LOQ
0.
0.
0.
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
.06
.06
.06
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
(continued)
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TABLE 3.2 ANALYTE LIMIT OF DETECTION (LOP) OR LIMIT OF OUANTITATION (LOO)
(cont'd)
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
LOD LOQ
Organic Compound Cu g/m ) (u g/m j
Vinyl chloride 2.02 8.08
Vinylidene chloride 0.73 2.93
Methylene chloride 0.32 1.27
trans 1,2-Dichloroethene 0.15 0.59
1,1-Dichloroethane 0.20 0.81
cis-1,2-Dichloroethene 0.25 0.98
Chloroform 0.25 0.98
1,1,1-Trichloroethane 0.14 0.56
Carbon tetrachloride 1.71 6.85
Benzene 0.96 3.84
Trichloroethylene 0.18 0.70
Toluene 1.72 6.89
n-Octane 0.15 0.59
Tetrachloroethylene 0.24 0.95
1,2-Dibromomethane 0.38 1.53
Chlorobenzene 0.09 0.35
Ethylbenzene 0.24 0.96
p-Xylene 0.59 2.36
o-Xylene 0.25 0.99
Styrene 0.37 1.47
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 0.64 2.55
n-Decane 0.70 2.82
m-Dichlorobenzene 0.44 1.76
p-Dichlorobenzene 0.43 1.70
o-Dichlorobenzene 0.54 2.14
n-Dodecane 1.11 4.42
4-Phenylcyclohexene 1.23 4.90
(continued)
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TABLE 3.2 ANALYTE LIMIT OF DETECTION (LOD^ OR LIMIT OF OUANTITATION (LOO)
(cont'd)
PESTICIDES
LOD
Compound ug/ms
Dichlorvos (DDVP) 0.93
alpha-BHC 0.02
Hexachlorobenzene 0.01
Pentachlorophenol 1.85
gamma-BHC (Lindane) 0.02
Chlorothalonil 0.02
Heptachlor 0.13
Ronnel 0.03
Chlorpyrifos 0.03
Aldrin 0.02
Dacthal 0.02
Heptachlor Epoxide 0.02
Oxychlordane 0.03
Captan 0.14
Folpet 0.09
2,4-D Butoxyethyl ester 0.46
Dieldrin 0.04
Methoxychlor 0.05
Dicofol 0.46
cis-Permethrin 0.19
trans-Permethrin 0.19
Chlordane 0.37
4,4'-DDT 0.03
4.4--DDD 0.03
4,4'-DDE 0.03
ortho-PhenyIphenol 0.09
Propoxur 0.05
Bendiocarb 0.12
Atrazine 0.12
Diazinon 0.14
Carbaryl 0.12
Malathion 0.12
Resmethrin 0.23
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3.4.2 Carbon Monoxide
Real-time CO levels were determined with EPA CO exposure dosimeters, Model
COED-1. This portable, battery-operated instrument monitors CO (range 1-50 ppm)
via electrochemical detection with a sensitivity of 1 ppm. Instrument zeroing
and calibration were performed daily prior to use with zero air and a known CO
span gas (40 ppm). Confirmations were conducted throughout the instrument use
period.
3.4.3 Carbon Dioxide
Real-time C02 levels were determined by using Gastech Model RI-411A,
portable C02 indicators. This portable, battery-operated instrument monitors
COj (range 0-4975 ppm) via nondispersive infrared absorption with a sensitivity
of 25 ppm. Instrument zeroing and calibration were performed daily prior to use
with zero air and a known C0a span gas (800 ppm). Confirmations were conducted
throughout the instrument use period.
3.4.4 Respirable Particles (RSP) and Inhalable Particles (PM10)
Real-time RSP and integrated RSP/PM10 concentrations were monitored by
using the following methods:
1. Real-time RSP concentrations were measured by using GCA
Environmental Instruments Model RAM-1 monitors. This portable,
battery-operated instrument assesses changes in particle
concentrations via an infrared detector, centered on a wavelength
of 940 nm.Indoor air is sampled (2 L/min) first through a cyclone
preselector, which restricts the penetration of particles greater
than 9 urn. The air sample then passes through the detection cell.
Operating on the 0-2 mg/m8 range with a 32-s time constant yields
a resolution of 0.001 mg/m8.
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2. Integrated RSP samples were collected at the primary sites by
passing representative air samples (1.67 L/min) through a preweighed
37 mm Teflon filter media loaded in a Millipore cassette. The
cassette flow orifices prevent the collection of large particles.
Fixed indoor site RSP and PM10 concentrations were measured by using two
10-L/min particle samplers, each with an independent particle size selective
inlet (one RSP and one PM10). The air sample enters the inlet and is directed
into an acceleration jet nozzle with a diameter that is engineer-designed for
maximum collection of the appropriate sample size fraction. The accelerated
airstream leaves the nozzle and is focused toward a lightly oiled impaction
plate. Particles larger than the design diameter fraction cannot make the
critical turn and are collected on the oiled impaction plate. Particles less
than or equal to the design diameter pass around the oiled plate and are
collected on preweighed 37-mm Teflon filter media.
Outdoor RSP and PM10 concentrations were measured by using a Sierra PM10
dichotomous sampler (total flow 16.7 L/min). The air sample enters the inlet
where particles larger than 10 MID are removed. The sample stream then passes
downward into an acceleration nozzle inside the virtual impactor assembly, where
particles are separated by size fraction. The RSP sample stream (15 L/min) is
redirected perpendicular to the original flow direction while the coarse stream
(particles 2.5-10.0 ftm in diameter) continues its downward motion. The two
distinct size fractions are collected independently onto preweighed 37-mm Teflon
filter media.
The 37-mm Teflon filters are returned to the laboratory for gravimetric
analysis following standard procedures.25 The laboratory quality assurance
weighing limits for Teflon filter media are ± 10 tig for the pre- and post-sample
weighings. Primary and fixed indoor site particle collections with a net gain
of less than 10
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3.4.5 Volatile Organic Compounds
VOCs were collected in precleaned, evacuated (29" in. Hg) SUMMA-polished
canisters by using standard EPA monitoring procedures.26'27 Randomly selected
precleaned canisters were analyzed for the target VOC compounds prior to canister
shipment and sample collection. Evacuated canisters were loaded into a sampler
downstream of a flow controller calibrated for an inlet flow of 8-10 cubic
cm'/min). At the beginning of the sampling period, the canister valve was
opened, and the canister vacuum recorded, and the indoor air was sampled over
the 9-h monitoring period (approximately a 5-L sample). At the completion of
sampling, the canister final vacuum reading and time were recorded, and the valve
was closed. Sampled canisters were returned to the laboratory for analysis.
Representative aliquots of each canister were analyzed for targeted compounds
via GC/MS. Additional aliquots were drawn and analyzed by GC/FID without a
separation column for total nonmethane VOCs.28
3.4.6 Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes
o Passive Formaldehyde Monitors. Passive formaldehyde badges
(3M Model 3720) were installed and exposed at each primary
site on the day of sampling. The badges sample formaldehyde
via diffusion. At the completion of the sampling period, the
badges were sealed and returned to the manufacturer for
analysis via a proprietary technique to determine cumulative
formaldehyde exposures.
o Aldehydes. At selected primary sites (two each day), samples
for aldehyde analysis were collected by passing air (200
cms/min) through 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-coated silica gel
cartridges.29 At the completion of the monitoring period, the
cartridges were sealed, refrigerated, and shipped to the
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laboratory for targeted compound analysis via HPLC.
3.4.7 Pesticides
Pesticides were collected on precleaned polyurethane foam (PUF) cartridges
(4.0 L/min) at one primary site each day. At the completion of the sampling
period, the PUF cartridge was sealed in aluminum foil, placed in a Teflon sealed
glass jar, immediately stored on dry ice (-40 °C), and shipped to the laboratory.
The samples remained frozen until extracted by the laboratory within five working
days following sample collection. The sample extracts were analyzed for targeted
pesticides via 6C/ECD and/or GC/MS as outlined in the Non-Occupational Pesticide
Exposure Study.30
3.4.8 Nicotine
Nicotine was collected over the entire 5-day monitoring period by using
passive sodium bisulfate-coated filter media contained in Millipore cassettes.
At each sampling location, the cassettes were opened, and the start time was
recorded on Sunday, March 5, and Monday, March 6, prior to the initiation of
the environmental monitoring study. The passive nicotine monitors sampled at
a rate of 24 mL/min. Upon completion of the study, the cassettes were sealed,
the ending times recorded, and the samples returned to the laboratory for
analysis. The filter media was removed, extracted in heptane, and analyzed by
using GC with a nitrogen-specific detector.31
3.4.9 Viable and Total Spore Counts
3.4.9.1 Viables
Viable microbiological samples were collected at each primary site, the
fixed indoor and outdoor sites, selected locations in the HVAC system, as well
as other sites where biological growth was suspected. Samples were collected,
using a duplicate sampling protocol, on appropriate growth media by using
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Andersen viable air samplers82 modified to employ only the sixth stage. The
Andersen sample employs inertial impaction at a flow of 1.0 CFM for organism
collection into standard 100 cms plastic petri dishes filled with 45 cc of the
appropriate agar to ensure adequate plate to agar distance. Mesophilic fungi,
human source bacteria, and thermophilic bacteria were collected on malt extract
agar (MEA), trypticase-soy agar (ISA), and TSA, respectively. Samples were
collected over a 5-min time period. Fungal samples were stored at room
temperature. Bacterial and thermophilic samples were refrigerated. Samples
were shipped to the laboratory within 2 days following collection. The
mesophilic, human-source bacteria, and thermophilic samples were incubated (25,
37, and 56 °C, respectively). Fungal spores were counted after 3-5 days of
incubation, whereas the bacteria samples were counted after 1-2 days of
incubation. Colony types were identified initially by number, and the most
common were identified by genus.
2. Nonviables
Nonviable samples (fungal spores) were collected using a Burkard recording
air sampler.83 Samples were collected for a 24-h period at four sites per day,
Monday through Thursday. The indoor air passes through the sampler (10 L/min)
with particles impacting on a greased tape attached to a rotating drum turning
at a constant speed. Upon completion of the monitoring study, the samples were
returned to the laboratory for spore counting and the determination of 8-h
averaged values.
3.5 Ventilation Evaluation
Selected Waterside Mall environmental monitoring sites were matched to AHU
coverage drawings. During the period when environmental monitoring was being
conducted at the sites, the AHUs were visually inspected, outdoor air quantities
and percentage of total supply airflows were measured, and ventilation rates were
calculated for the AHU supplying air to the monitoring sites. The AHUs
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operational settings were not changed to conform to minimal operating conditions
as specified by the manufacturer, but were evaluated under the actual operating
conditions established by the building management.
The AHUs were given a cursory inspection to determine operating condition
at the time that the temperature and velocity traverse data was collected. Since
insitu instrumentation or data logger equipment for the AHUs was not present,
the operation status of the systems could be only visually monitored.
The AHUs were then inspected to determine the most representative location
for velocity traverses. These locations are typically at the end of a long,
straight duct run, prior to fittings, and as far as possible from the AHU fan.
Holes were drilled in ducts for the velocity probe. The holes were drilled at
a maximum of 8 in. on center, but if the duct was less than 24 in. wide, a center
dimension less than 8 in. was used. The minimum number of traverse points
(number of traverse holes multiplied by the number of measurements per traverse
hole) was 25. In some cases, holes drilled by the Annandale Air Balancing
Company (AABC) for use in AHU balancing were used for the velocity traverses.
Also, at some of the AHUs, velocity traverse holes existed from prior air-flow
measurements. When present, these holes were reused for the of air-flow
measurements made during the environmental monitoring study.
Velocity measurements were taken using a 5/16 in. diameter pitot static
probe (complying with ASHRAE specifications) and a high-precision Neotronics
digital manometer (calibrated March 2, 1989). A Solomat Model MPM500E display
meter with 127MS hotwire anemometer probe used in previous measurements was
found to be operating erratically and not used.
The pitot tube was configured to give velocity pressure measurements.
The total pressure port of the pitot tube was connected to the high-pressure
side of the manometer, and the static pressure port of the pitot tube was
connected to the low pressure side of the manometer. Tygon tubing was used for
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connections.
The velocity pressure readings were made at predetermined intervals. The
first and last readings in the traverse were taken at a distance of one-half the
centerline distance between the internal readings, as recommended by AABC.
The area of the duct was based on measurements of outside duct dimension,
correcting for internal lining or external thermal insulation. Air-flow, in
cubic feet per minute, was determined by simple multiplication of the average
velocity in feet per minute (FPM) by the duct cross sectional open area, in
square feet (SF). Average velocity was determined by first converting individual
velocity pressure measurements to velocity, with the following expression:
Velocity - 4005 * (Velocity pressure) exponential
0.5
where velocity is in feet per minute and velocity pressure is in inches of water
column.
Because of the near-sea-level elevation of Waterside Mall, pressure
correction factors were not needed to account for air density differences. Air
temperature correction factors published in the AABC National Standards were
applied to the velocity measurements, however. Average velocity was the
arithmetic average of all the corrected velocity readings for the traverses.
At certain large return air and mixed air plenums (particularly at the
East and West Tower units), pitot traverses were impractical. Velocities were
measured in these locations by using an Omega digital vane anemometer.
At some AHUs, there were no acceptable velocity traverse locations,
primarily due to excessive turbulence in the airstream. In these cases, the
dry bulb temperature method was relied upon for determination of ratio of outdoor
air in the supply airstream. This ratio can be calculated with the following
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expression:
T T
•'•dry bulb, return air " Adry bulb, mixed air
% Outside Air - * 100
•T* f|»
•"•dry bulb, return aJr " *dry bulb, ouUide air
The dry bulb temperature measurements were taken with a Micronta 63-843
thermistor-type temperature meter. Because of the relatively slow response time
of this probe, it was allowed to "soak" in the air-stream being measured for at
least 5 min before reading. This probe was kept in a conditioned environment
when not actively used for data gathering to minimize the lag in response. The
measurement location for the temperature probe was selected to be as
representative as possible. In the case of the mixed air, the most distant
location from the point of airstream mixing was selected.
Where the airstream turbulence induced by duct work configuration
precluded obtaining velocity measurements in any of the outdoor, supply, return,
or mixed air ducts, the airflow rates in these ducts were calculated indirectly.
The method used for calculating airstream flow rate required that at least one
valid set of velocity and flow data be obtained for any one of the outdoor,
supply, return, or mixed airflow streams. The unmeasured airflow streams were
calculated by apportioning the percentages of flow of these air streams as
determined by the dry bulb temperature data.
At some of the AHUs, multiple evaluations were made at different times of
day in order to conform with the environmental monitoring schedule.
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4. SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING RESULTS
This section presents summarized data by sector collected at the three
EPA Headquarters Buildings during the environmental monitoring study. These
descriptive results reflect the conditions found in a generalized fashion and
do not define conditions or make inferences based on specific sample data.
4.1 Number of Environmental Monitoring Sites and Monitoring Schedule
Environmental monitoring was conducted as follows: the Waterside Mall 3
locations on Monday; half of the Waterside Mall 2 locations and the Crystal Mall
2 on Tuesday; the remaining half of the Waterside Mall 2 locations and the
Fairchild Building on Wednesday; the West Tower on Thursday; and the East Tower
on Friday. With the exception of the microbiological contaminants, environmental
monitoring was conducted at 56 primary, 61 secondary, 70 special, one fixed
indoor, and one fixed outdoor sites. The distribution of environmental
monitoring locations by building is shown below.
FACILITY PRIMARY SECONDARY SPECIAL TOTAL
Waterside Mall Complex 47* 38 67 152
Fairchild Building 5 12 2 19
Crystal Mall 2 5 11 1 17
* Includes the fixed indoor monitoring location.
The large number of Mall 2 monitoring locations necessitated that some
environmental monitoring locations be sampled, for one or more parameters, on
more than the two days scheduled for sample collection. This summary table
identifies the actual number of independent sampling locations and, therefore,
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may not match the number of monitoring sites reflected in other summary tables.
A total of 79 viable airborne microbiological samples were collected.
Fifty-three indoor and 6 outdoor microbiological samples were collected at the
Waterside Mall. Five indoor samples and one outdoor microbiological sample were
collected at both the Fairchild and Crystal Mall 2 Buildings. An additional
eight quality control samples were also collected at the Waterside Mall.
Fourteen indoor and three outdoor Waterside Mall fungal spore samples were
collected. One indoor air fungal spore sample was collected at both the
Fairchild and Crystal Mall 2 buildings.
4.2 Real-Time Indoor Measurements
4.2.1 Method for Summarizing Real-time Indoor Measurements
Two summary tables are provided for each real-time parameter, one
summarizing the data over the three individual buildings (Waterside Mall,
Fairchild, and Crystal Mall 2) and a second summarizing the data over the various
indoor sectors (Waterside Mall 2, Waterside Mall 3, Southeast Mall, Southwest
Mall, Northeast Mall, West Tower, East Tower, Fairchild, and Crystal Mall 2).
The data in each table was compiled by using the statistical methods discussed
below.
4.2.1.1 Mean Sector Value for Single Time Period. Mean sector
values for real-time measurements were calculated for each of the three
monitoring time periods (morning, mid-day, and afternoon) by using individual
or averaged sampling site values. If only one measurement was made for a given
site in the time period, this individual value was considered the mean site
value. If a sampling location other than the fixed indoor site was monitored
more than once during the study for any time period, a mean site value for that
time period was calculated by adding the various observations and dividing by
the number of observations. The fixed indoor site data were treated slightly
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differently; only the observations collected on the day the questionnaire was
administered were included in the primary site data. The remaining fixed indoor
site data were used in the calculation of the summary data for all sites. A mean
sector value was then calculated by adding the individual mean site values for
that time period and dividing by the number of sites monitored during the time
period.
4.2.1.2 Average Mean Sector Values for the Entire Monitoring Day.
An average mean sector value representing the parameter over the three time
periods was calculated by first calculating average room values within the sector
over the three time periods, adding these average room values, and dividing by
the actual number of rooms monitored in the sector.
4.2.1.3 Building Means over Sectors. Building means for each of
the three time periods, regardless of sector, were calculated by using the nine
mean sector values (4.2.1.1, above) for the specific time period.
4.2.1.4 Grand Building Means for the Three Buildings. A grand
building mean for each real-time parameter was calculated by using the three
average mean sector values for the entire monitoring period (4.2.1.2, above).
These summary statistics were calculated with equal weight given to each of the
three buildings and may differ slightly from the values reflected in 4.2.1.5.
These means may be best for comparing conditions among the three buildings.
4.2.1.5 Grand Building Means for the Nine Sectors. A grand building
mean for each real-time parameter was calculated by using the nine average mean
sector values for the entire monitoring period (4.2.1.2, above). These summary
statistics were calculated with equal weight given to the nine sectors, therefore
giving more weight to the Waterside Mall results which best describe the actual
data, but may not reflect the actual relationships among the three individual
buildings.
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4.2.1.6 Individual Maximum and Minimum Values. The individual
maximum and minimum values reflected in the real-time summary tables represent
individual observations and not site mean values.
4.2.2 Temperature
Only small differences are observed in the calculated building grand mean
temperatures over all sites (73.8 °F, 74.8 °F, 76.7 °F) for the three buildings
(Waterside Mall, Crystal Mall 2, Fairchild, respectively) over the monitoring
study (Tables A.1-A.4) with the exception of the slightly higher indoor
temperatures at the Fairchild Building. Across all the Waterside Mall sectors
as well as across the Fairchild Building and Crystal Mall 2 buildings, there was
a general trend for mean indoor temperature (Tables A.5-A.8) to slightly increase
(Figure 4.1) from morning to afternoon. The lowest temperatures (below 70 °F)
were observed during the morning in Southwest Mall and Mall 2 monitoring sites.
Fairchild and Crystal Mall 2 sector temperatures were consistently warmer (<5
°F). Temperature gradients between sectors and/or between buildings were small,
as was the variability in mean temperature among the primary, secondary, and
special study sites. Slightly less than 95% of the individual values (Figure
4.2) fell within the temperature range 70-80 °F. The largest within-day
difference between the single minimum and maximum temperatures (Figure 4.1)
occurred on the day following a winter storm when sampling was being conducted
at Mall 2, Southwest Mall, and Fairchild Building offices. Two individual
measurements were below 65 °F while six offices had individual room temperatures
of t80 °F.
4.2.3 Relative Humidity
Variability in mean building RH across all sites and time periods for the
three buildings (Tables A.9-A.12) was minimal (23% ± 2%), and little within-day
or within-building difference was seen (Tables A.13-A.16). Mean RH tended
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Figure 4.1. Plot of Temperature Maximum, Mean, and Minimum,
Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City,
and Fairchild by Earliest Sample Start Time
CD
u_
0)
85
60
75
rt
a »
w
rt
A
(0
-------
Figure 4.2. Frequency Distribution of Observed
Temperatures Across Waterside Mall Sectors,
Crystal City, and Fairchild
300
CO
ON
250 -
.O
'•§ 200
>
Q>
O 150
100
50
257
230
0-65
65 - 70 70-75 75-80
Temperature (Degrees Fahrenheit)
80 & above
<
O
m
M
M
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M H
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to decrease from Monday to Friday (Figure 4.3). More than 96% of the individual
RH measurements (Figure 4.4) fell between 15 and 35%, generally below the
recommended comfort zone. Elevated individual RHs (>50%) were measured in some
monitoring locations which were noted to have an operational room humidifier and
numerous plants. The maximum indoor single value of relative humidity was <55%,
and several monitoring locations were noted to have RHs less than 20%. Mean Mall
3 and Northeast Mall site RHs are 5-10% higher than the other monitoring
locations, and only small differences were observed between primary, secondary,
and special site mean values for each sector.
4.2.4 Carbon Monoxide
CO measured did not exceed 1 ppm in any of the Crystal Mall 2 Building
sites or any Waterside Mall primary or secondary monitoring sites (Tables A. 17-
A.24). CO <5 ppm was observed at selected Waterside Mall special sites, in
particular those sites located underground in close proximity to the East Tower
underground parking garage, as well as at numerous Fairchild monitoring
locations. CO tended to decrease over the day at the Waterside Mall locations
but increase over the day at the Fairchild Building monitoring locations.
4.2.5 Carbon Dioxide
The mean primary Fairchild Building C02 concentration over all time periods
and sites (745 ppm) is nearly 200 ppm higher than the mean concentration reported
for the Waterside Mall complex and more than 250 ppm higher than the Crystal Mall
2 C02 mean concentration (Tables A.25-A.28). Considering all sites and times
results in small increases in mean C02 concentrations for the Waterside Mall (575
ppm) and Crystal Mall 2 (504 ppm) buildings, but no change in the mean Fairchild
Building concentration. C02 tended to increase from morning to afternoon (Figure
4.5) with a grand mean of 573 ppm over all sectors and buildings (Tables A. 29-
A.32), a value slightly lower than the 599 ppm calculated over the three
buildings. More than 93% of the individual site C02 measurements (Figure 4.6)
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0>
Figure 4.3. Plot of Relat,. Humiclty Maximum, Mean, and Minimum
Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City,
and Farchfld by Earliest Sample Start Time
50
40
3 3°
CD
OC
| 20
8.
10
***** *** ***** <>** ***** ***
Maxkran
*
Maw
Mrann
o
Mood-
Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
Sample Day and Time
<>** ***** *>**
Friday
n i
»T3 O
> g
x a
9 3
B> ft
a P>
(D (A
M C
-------
Figure 4.4. Frequency Distribution of Observed
Relative Humkity Across Waterside Mall Sectors,
Crystal City, and FairchBd
400
09
O
"3 300
-5 200
.a
=3
100
0-15
375
O
118
V~m
15-25 25-35 35-45
Percent Relative Humidty
45-55
PI M
TJ O
X •
« 3
P» ft
a »
^a h-
» (A
1 C
rt R
-------
Figure 4.5. Plot of Carbon Dioxide Maximum, Mean, and Minimum
Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City,
and Fairchild by Earliest Sample Start Time
I
^
-
o
X
o
o
I
O
1,600
1,400
1200
1,000
800
600
400
200
Monday
* *
*
Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
Sample Day and Time
Friday
Maximum
*
Mem
MMmum
o
M H
HJ o
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DC 0>
fl> 9
B> rt
a P>
ua M
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300
250
g 200
a
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
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were below 800 ppm, while 34 individual values exceeded 800 ppm. Eight
individual site observations (1.6%), all recorded at special monitoring sites,
were greater than the ASHRAE guideline of 1000 ppm. Seven of these observations
were taken in the special sites located in close proximity to the East Tower
underground parking garage. C02 concentrations in two of these special
monitoring locations were greater than 1000 ppm for all three time periods. One
>1000-ppm C02 observation was recorded in Mall 2. C02 was uniformly higher in
the Fairchild Building (mean - 745 ppm). However, no Fairchild single site value
exceeded 1000 ppm. C02 was the lowest on Tuesday during the inclement weather
(Figure 4.5). The largest within-day variation (Figure 4.5) occurred on Friday,
when monitoring was being conducted in the East Tower as well as the Mall. The
lowest mean C02 values were reported in the Southeast and Southwest Malls (454
and 451 ppm, respectively), and no single value in either sector exceeding 600
ppm.
4.2.6 Respirable Particulate Matter
Mean building RSP concentrations across all sites and time periods for
the three buildings (Tables A.33-A.36) ranged from a low of 9.5 Mg/m8 for the
Fairchild Building to a high of 14.1 Mg/m8 for the Waterside Mall complex. The
mean Waterside Mall and Crystal Mall 2 special site concentrations for each
building were slightly increased (3-4 Mg/m3) over the building mean values.
Across all sectors and buildings (Tables A.37-A.40), mean respirable particle
concentrations were less than 17 Mg/m8, and the grand mean real-time particle
concentration was 12.9 Mg/m8. The Mall 3 mean concentration (6.5 Mg/m8) is <50%
of the other sector means. The maximum individual value (96 Mg/msb and the
second maximum individual measurement (91 Mg/m8) were recorded at East and West
Towers special sites, respectively, and were nearly double the maximum values
observed at any other primary or secondary site. A review of the operator
comments indicates the presence of the smell of cigarette smoke in these
locations. The largest difference between within-day maximum and minimum values
(Figure 4.7) occurred on Thursday and Friday, when monitoring was conducted at
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Figure 4.7. Plot of Respirable Particulate Maximum, Mean, and Minimum
Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City,
and Fairchild by Earliest Sample Start Time
S 100
i
*
CO
o
80
60
40
20
Monday
j | T I 4. ± L
j. j_
Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
Sample Day and Time
Friday
Maxkrun
*
Mean
Mnhnum
o
t-1
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M
M
f
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W H
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i
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the West and East Towers, respectively, and most probably reflects cigarette
smoking as noted by the field operators. More than 98% of the individual RSP
values (Figure 4.8) were less than 40 ng/ms.
4.3 Integrated Sampler Results
4.3.1 Method for Summarizing Integrated Indoor Measurements
Mean species concentrations for each sector were calculated by adding the
individual values that were above the limit of quantitation for those samples
collected from the corresponding sector monitoring sites and dividing this number
by the number of samples above the level of quantitation. Trace quantities of
selected VOCs, above LOD but below LOQ, were also observed when the Summa
canister VOC method was used but were not included in the summarized data other
than by indicating the number of trace measurements that were reported by
individual species. This qualitative measurement approach indicates that through
the use of the highly sophisticated mass spectrometer analytical technique, the
presence of an individual species can be confirmed (i.e., if it is above the
limit of detection). However, the concentration of these species is below the
level of quantitation. Again, samples having trace concentrations of a specific
organic compound were not used in the calculation of the sector means for that
compound. Arithmetic mean concentrations for each species were calculated for
individual sectors, across all buildings, and for each of the three buildings.
4.3.2 Respirable Particulate Matter (RSP)
The results of the integrated RSP samples (Table B.I) are consistently
higher (5-20 Mg/m3) than the corresponding mean real-time values calculated over
all monitoring sites (Tables A.36 and A.40). Integrated sampler particle means
ranged from 16.3 to 27.3 »ig/m8, and the grand mean across all buildings and all
sectors was 22.6 Mg/ms. Waterside Mall RSP (mean - 23.5 jig/m8) varied only
slightly among the Waterside Mall sectors but was 25-50% higher than the RSP
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I
t-1
in
CO
300
250
200
O 150
100
50
Figure 4.8. Frequency Distribution of Observed Respirable
Particulate Concentrations Across
Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City, and Fairchild
232
194
8
0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40
Respirable Particulate Concentrations (ug/m3)
6
40-50
<
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
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measured in the other two buildings. The highest integrated RSP measurement
was 54.7 Mg/ms in Mall 2. The difference between the integrated and real-time
particle mean values most probably result from the increased sensitivity of the
light-scattering method, the integrated method limit of detection, the real-time
versus integrated methodology, and the omission of below LOQ values in the
integrated mean. The difference in values may also have resulted from difference
in the activities that occurred over the entire sampling period versus those
occurring during the short time required for the real-time monitoring method.
Regardless, both methods suggest that indoor EPA Headquarters buildings RSP
particle concentrations are typically <50 Mg/m8.
4.3.3 Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes
4.3.3.1 Passive Formaldehyde Badges. The results of analysis on
the passive formaldehyde badges were all below the analytical limit of detection
(119 Mg/m8 total over an 8-h exposure).
4.3.3.2 Integrated Aldehyde Samples. Figure 4.9 shows the mean
building distribution of formaldehyde as well as other targeted carbonyls (Table
C.l-C.ll) having values greater than 1% of the total carbonyl concentration (mean
total carbonyl - 37.7 jt g/m8). Four target carbonyls, each individually
representing <2% of the total carbonyl concentration (Table C.ll), were combined
(<3%) and graphically represented, as was the unknown carbonyls (Table C.10)
sample component (<4%). Total carbonyls measured in the Waterside Mall complex
(mean total car..onyl concentration - 32.1 /tg/m8) were uniformly distributed
across all Waterside Mall sectors. The Fairchild total carbonyl mean
concentration (73.6 n g/m8) is more than double the mean Waterside Mall
concentration, aad the Crystal Mall total carbonyl mean concentration (43.8
Mg/m8) is nearly one-third times higher than the mean Waterside Mall
concentration but about half the Fairchild Building mean concentration.
Individual Fairchild Building aldehyde a..d carbonyl speci concentrations were
consistently twice the corresponding species concentrations observed in the other
4-16
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Figure 4.9. Mean Carbonyl Species Distribution
Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City,
and Fairchild
I
H«
-J
37.4% Acetone
27.1% Formaldehyde
15.8% AcetaJdehyde
6.7%Hexanaktehyde
2.4% Proprionafdehyde
2.0%Butyraldehyde
1.8%VateraWehyde
2.0%Benzaktehyde
0.8%Acrotein
0.0%p-Toiialdehyde
0.0% IsovaJeraldehyde
4.0% Unknown
100%
Total37.74ug/m3
o
W
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*T3 O
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rt
a o
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
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two buildings. Mean Crystal Mall 2 formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, valeraldehyde,
and hexanaldehyde were also double the corresponding Waterside Mall
concentrations. Across all buildings and sectors, formaldehyde (mean - 10.2
Mg/ms), acetaldehyde (mean - 6.0 M g/m8), and acetone (mean - 14.1 jig/ms) were
the primary constituents measured, representing 27.1%, 15.8%, and 37.4%,
respectively, of the mean total carbonyl sample. Nontargeted carbonyls accounted
for less than 4% of the mean total carbonyl sample. Nine of the 15 targeted
species (Table 3.2) were measured in all the indoor samples, and the
maximumconcentrations for eight of these target compounds were observed in the
Fairchlld Building. Crotonaldehyde was detected only in the Fairchild Building.
Butyraldehyde (mean - 0.8 Mg/ms) was nearly uniformly distributed across all
sectors. Isovaleraldehyde, ortho-tolualdehyde. para-tolualdehyde. meta-
tolualdehyde, and 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde were not detected in any indoor
samples. No outdoor aldehyde samples were collected during the monitoring study.
4.3.4 Volatile Organic Compounds
Figure 4.10 summarizes the mean outdoor, mean indoor, and the maximum
observed values (identified by sector) for the targeted VOCs observed above the
limit of quantitation. With the exception of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
and the xylene isomers, indoor sources appear to be the dominant contributors
for these VOCs; that is, the mean indoor concentration more than doubles the mean
outdoor concentration. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, and
the xylene isomers were the dominant species measured across the building (Figure
4.11).
Many of the targeted chlorinated organic compounds were detected in all
the indoor samples (Tables D.1-D.16). Methylene chloride (Table D.I) was
detected above the limit of quantitation in 42 of the 61 indoor samples but in
only two outdoor samples. The mean indoor concentration (3.6 Mg/m3) more than
doubled the outdoor concentration. The mean methylene chloride concentration
in the Fairchild Building (6.7 n g/m8) was twice the Waterside Mall and four
4-18
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Figure 4.10. Mean Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations
Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City,
and Fairchild
Compound
Outdoor Mean
Indoor Mean
Maximum Observed
With Sector Noted
F - FarcMd
W - Waterside Mai
M2 • Second Floor
Waterside Mai
M3 - Third Floor
Waterside Mall
o
a>
w
n>
9
rt
rt H
n> 4
l-t (0
w •-«•
-------
Figure 4.11. Average Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations
Based on All Observations Above the Limit of Quantitation
at the EPA Primary Sites
2.2% N-8ThroughN-10Akanes
6.1% MethyleneChloride
20.0% 1,1,1-TrfcMoroethane
15.4% Tetrachloroethy tone
2.4% Benzene
29.6% Toluene
17.8%o-p-Xytene
6.5% Other
100%
Total40.34ug/m3
o
(D
W
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+e o
> 3
ac (D
n> a
P> rt
H C
rt n
(0
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
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times the Crystal Mall 2 mean concentrations (3.2 and 1.6
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
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contained trace quantities of para-dichlorobenzene. whereas no Crystal Mall 2
samples contained para-dichlorobenzene above the limit of detection.
Benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene (Tables D.6, D.7, and D.8,
respectively), organics commonly associated with gasoline and other solvents,
were detected in more than 85% of the indoor samples collected in the three
buildings and in all outdoor samples. The mean indoor benzene concentration (6.4
it g/m3), calculated by using the four Mall 2 and Mall 3 samples along with the
five Fairchild Building samples, that had levels above the limit of quantitation,
was 1 n g/ms higher than the ambient benzene concentration (5.3 Mg/m3). Indoor
benzene concentrations in Crystal Mall 2 and the remaining Waterside Mall sectors
were below the limit of quantitation. Toluene and ethylbenzene mean indoor
concentrations (13.5 Mg/ms and 1.8 Mg/ms, respectively) calculated across all
sectors were nearly double the ambient concentration. The Fairchild mean toluene
concentration (38.3 Mg/ms) was nearly 3 times higher than the mean concentration
reported for any other sector, and the highest and second highest toluene values
were reported in that building (44.3 and 34.1 Mg/ms, respectively). The
Fairchild Building mean ethylbenzene concentration (4.9 ft g/m3) was triple the
mean concentrations observed in the other buildings, the maximum and next-to-
maximum values being observed in that building (5.4 and 4.5 Mg/m3, respectively).
Few differences are observed in the toluene and ethylbenzene sector mean
concentrations calculated for the Waterside Mall and Crystal Mall 2 sectors.
ortho-Xylene and para-xylene (Tables D.9 and D.10, respectively) were
quantified in all but 2 indoor samples (mean - 2.0 and 5.2 jtg/m3, respectively),
and both isomers observed at indoor concentrations slightly less than twice the
ambient concentrations. The Fairchild Building mean concentrations for both
isomers (5.6 and 15.6 jig/m8) are nearly three times higher than the mean sector
values reported for the other two buildings. The maximum observed species
concentrations (fi-xylene - 6.2 u g/m8 and ]>-xylene - 17.3 Mg/m8) were also
reported from samples collected in the Fairchild Building. The highest non-
Fairchild Building isomer concentrations (3.4 and 9.2
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
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reported in Mall 2 samples and were 50-75% higher than the maximum concentrations
reported for any of the other Waterside Mall or Crystal Mall 2 sectors. Styrene
(Table D.ll) was quantified in one Fairchild Building sample (1.5 Mg/m8), and
trace concentrations detected in 13 other indoor samples.
N-Decane (Table D.12) was detected in 16 Waterside Mall and five Fairchild
Building indoor samples but not in the Crystal Mall 2 or ambient samples. Five
Mall 2 and Mall 3 samples were above the limit of quantitation (mean - 6.3
Mg/m8), and the maximum concentration (12.9 Mg/m8) was reported in the second
floor Mall. n-Dodecane (Table D.13) was detected but not quantitated in two
indoor samples. n-Octane (Table D.14) was detected in 60 indoor and five outdoor
samples, but quantified in only 24 indoor samples. Five Fairchild Building and
three Crystal Mall 2 samples were above the limit of quantitation (mean - 1.0
and 0.6 Mg/m8, respectively). Slightly higher mean jj-octane concentrations were
observed in the Mall 3 and Mall 2 samples (1.3 and 1.2 Mg/m8, respectively), the
individual-sample highest and second highest concentrations (1.98 and 1.49 Mg/m8)
also being observed in these sectors.
The sum of the targeted compounds (Table D.15) measured indoors, calculated
over all sectors and all buildings by summing the concentration of the individual
target compound concentrations, was more than 3 times the corresponding outdoor
concentration. The sum of the targeted compounds measured indoors at the
Fairchild Building was nearly 6 times the corresponding outdoor concentration
and nearly 3 times the mean concentrations observed for the other two buildings.
Southeast and Southwest Mall single-sample concentrations were half the other
Waterside Mall sector means and approximated the ambient concentration. The
highest and second highest sample sum of targeted compounds occurred in the
Fairchild Building (110.4 and 94.1 Mg/m8). The highest and second highest non-
Fairchild Building value was observed in a Mall 2 sample (94.1 Mg/m8) .
The qualitative measurement of total VOCs (Table D.16) also suggests that
the indoor Fairchild Building VOC concentrations are nearly 6 times the ambient
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VOC concentrations and more than twice the levels observed at the other two
buildings. The total VOC concentration measured at the Crystal Mall 2 and
Waterside Mall Buildings are approximately 2-3 times higher than the mean outdoor
total VOCs concentration, and little variability between the sector means was
reported in the Waterside Mall buildings.
Vinylidene chloride, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, meta- and ortho-
dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dibromomethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, vinyl chloride,
cis-1.2-dichloroethene. trans-1.2-dichloroethene. 1,1-dichloroethane, and 4-
phenylcyclohexene were not measured above the limit of quantitation in any indoor
or outdoor sample. Trace indoor concentrations, above the LOD but below the LOQ,
of chlorobenzene were found in four indoor samples, of meta-dichlorobenzene in
one sample, of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in two samples, of 1,1-dichloroethane
in one sample, and of 4-phenylcyclohexene in one indoor sample.
4.3.5 Pesticides
None of the targeted pesticides were observed above the limit of detection
(Table 3.2) in the samples collected in the EPA Headquarters Buildings.
4.3.6 Nicotine
Above-LOQ nicotine concentrations were observed in six monitoring locations
(Table E.I); one or more of these sites were located in each of the three
buildings (mean - 0.13 Mg/m8). The highest nicotine concentration (0.3 Mg/ms)
was observed in the Fairchild Building.
4.3.7 Fixed Indoor and Fixed Outdoor Monitoring Locations
Tables F.1-F.4 display the particulate statistics. The mean fine particle
(< 2.5 jim) concentration measured over the five-day period at the fixed indoor
site (8.6 Mg/m8) was slightly more than one half the corresponding outdoor fine
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
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particle concentration (13.6 Mg/ms ) or the mean Waterside Mall real-time RSP
concentration (14.1 jig/m8). The mean indoor PM10 measured at the fixed indoor
site (19.3 Mg/ms) was slightly greater than two-thirds the corresponding mean
outdoor value (27.7 Mg/m8).
Figure 4.12 and Figure 4-13 graphically show changes in T, RH, C02, and
RSP over the entire five-day monitoring period at the fixed indoor and outdoor
locations. Outdoor relative humidity was increased during the first three days
of the monitoring study because of inclement weather. Outdoor temperature
gradually increased over the week but remained below 40 °F through Thursday noon
and below 50 °F throughout the remainder of the monitoring period. The fixed
indoor site data is consistent with the mean sector values discussed above and
demonstrates small day-to-day variability at this single location, with the
exception of C02, which was lower on Tuesday, which most likely reflects the
smaller number of employees present during the inclement weather period.
Figure 4.14 shows the variability of selected organic species over the
five-day monitoring period at the fixed indoor site. Integrated aldehyde samples
were not collected at the fixed outdoor site. Outdoor VOC concentrations (Figure
4.10) were generally consistently lower than corresponding indoor values with
small daily variation in concentrations. The large increase in 1,1,1-
trichloroethane concentrations on Wednesday probably results from building- or
worker-related processes. Otherwise, these compounds did not vary from day-to-
day.
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
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Figure 4.12. Indoor and Outdoor Rxed Site
Temperature and Relative Humidity
by Earliest Sample Start Time
EPA Outdoor Fixed Site
JO
w
JO
A A a
-
* *
»
-
a A
a
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a
A a
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A
+++ .+ %*V» *«* .+#+ .+ •+#+ *«* %*+«» *>
Mendcy TuMdty WafttMdty Tlwradiy Frt*y
Sample Day and Time Temperatire
*
Relative Hunkfty
EPA hdoor Fixed Site
100
DC
1
c "
Mantay
y Wwtawl^ Ihnday
Sample Day and Tbne
Friday
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
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Figure 4.13. Indoor and Outdoor Fixed Site
Carbon Dioxide and Respirable Participate Concentration
by Earliest Sample Start Time
EPA Outdoor Fixed Site
DUV
650
500
450
400
350
ann
_
-
-
A *
- * *
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*
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- 20
- 16 31
10
CO
- 5
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
Sample Day and Tine
EPA Indoor Fixed Site
Carbon Dtoxkte
*
DfchotFhe
oww
660
600
460
400
360
ana
-
. *
-
-
-
A
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20
- 16
i
Monday TuMdty W«tawHy Thndiy
Sample Day and Tine
Friday
4-27
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Figure 4.14
to
CO
Concentrations of Selected Volatile Organic Compounds
and Aldehyde Species Measured at the
EPA Indoor Fixed Site
Paraxylene
Toluene
1.1.1-Trtehloroethane
Acetaktehyde
Formaldehyde
O
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
Day of Week
Friday
(D
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X 0)
(D 3
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(0 <5
i-t n
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
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4.4 Viable and NonVlable Microbiological Contaminants
4.4.1 Airborne Fungi
With the exception of the East Tower, mean viable airborne fungi (Table
G.I) were low, the overall building mean concentration (28 CFU/ms) being nearly
identical to the ambient concentration (22 CFU/ms) . The mean East Tower value
(130 CFU/ms) was more than 5 times concentrations observed in the other
locations. The highest single value (883 CFU/ms) was observed in the East Tower.
Table 4.1 summarizes the mean viable fungal concentrations by the major genus
observed. Cladosporium were consistently identified across all sectors, and
indoor concentrations were 2-10 times higher than the ambient concentration.
Mean East Tower Penicillium concentrations were high in comparison to the other
sectors. The high mean concentration in the East Tower resulted from a higher
concentration measured in one location. Stachybotrys sp. was cultured at low
concentrations from three individual indoor air samples (one East tower, one Mall
2, and one West tower).
4.4.2 Airborne Human-Source Bacteria
Over all sectors, mean human-source bacteria (HSB) concentrations (Table
G.2) were low. The mean building HSB concentration (52 CFU/ms) is slightly less
than the ambient concentration (54 CFU/m3). Table 4.2 summarizes the mean HSB
concentrations by genus. Staphylococcus sp. and Micropolyspora sp. were
consistently higher indoors (factor of 2-15) than in the outdoor samples.
4.4.3 Airborne Thermophilic Organisms
The mean indoor thermophilic bacteria concentration (18 CFU/ms) was 6
times the ambient concentration (Table G.3). Mall 3 and Fairchild sector mean
concentrations (27 and 24 CFU/ms, respectively) were nearly double the other
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
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sector mean concentrations, the highest single sample concentration (90 CFU/ms)
being observed at the Fairchild building.
4.4.4 Spores
The fungal spore counts were low and consisted of genera commonly present
in the air. Table 4.3 summarizes the mean spore concentrations recorded for the
three 8-h periods. With the exception of the 8 a.m. - 4 p.m. period at the West
Tower, there is little difference in the concentrations reported. Although low,
the East Tower and West Tower daytime concentrations are 3-4 times higher than
the outdoor counts and more than 10 times higher than the concentrations observed
in the other indoor sectors during normal working hours. Higher indoor than
outdoor concentrations were also recorded in Mall 3 during the midnight to 8 a.m.
sampling period.
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TABLE 4.1. MEAN AIRBORNE VIABLE FUNGAL CONCENTRATIONS (CFU/M8) BY GENUS
Out Fxd M3 M2 OM* WT ET CC FC
Aspergillus 0.4 0.4 1.0 0.2 12.3 2.8 1.3
Cladosporium 1.0 10.4 2.0 3.7 7.2 5.3 6.3 4.9 5.6
Mucor 0.4 0.6
Paecilomyces 2.1 0.3
Penicillium 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.3 0.6 8.3 104.6 1.5 2.0
Phoma 0.3
Rhizopus 0.1
Sporobolomyces 0.5 0.5 0.7
Stachybotrys 0.1 0.2 0.4
Stemphyllium 0.1 0.6 0.2 0.3
Verticillium 0.9
yeast 0.4 1.3 1.0 0.2 1.9 2.0 0.5
not identified 17.0 5.8 2.2 2.3 1.0 1.9 4.4 1.4 0.6
*OM - Other Mall areas (Southwest, Southeast, Northeast, etc.).
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TABLE 4.2. MEAN All
Volume II: Environmental Survey
at EPA Headquarters
(CFU/M8) BY GENUS
Out
Fxd
M3 M2 OM* WT ET
CC FC
Acinetobacter 12.0 0.8 3.7 4.1 2.8 1.0 4.4 2.5 4.0
Aeromonas 0.9 0.6 0.6 1.01.2
Alcaligenes
Bacillus
9.4
0.4 5.0
4.7 2.0 3.0 0.6
Klebsiella
Micrococcus
Micropolyspora
Proteus
Pseudomonas
Serratia
4.6
2.9
0.4
0.2
3.6 7.0
45.0 26.7 15.8 7.5
0.4
1.0 0.4
2.2 3.7 1.8
20.8 9.9
10.0 14.4
0.7
3.5 19.6
8.0 24.0
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
6.4 27.8 20.8 19.8 7.5 20.4 25.3 9.0 15.6
1.6 1.2
not identified 4.2
4.2 1.3 11.8 11.5 1.8 1.5
7.5
*OM - Other Mall areas (Southwest, Southeast, Northeast, etc.).
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TABLE 4.3. BURKHARD SPORE TRAP SAMPLING RESULTS (spores/M* air)
Location
Period 1* Period 2b Period 3e
Outdoor
Fixed
Mall 3
Mall 2
Other Mall
West Tower
East Tower
122
44
36.5
41.5
64.7
496
330.5
122
8.8
103
55
40.7
56
not done
150
48.3
210
7
9
0
not done
* Period 1 - approx. 8 a.m. - 4 p.m.
b Period 2 - approx. 4 p.m. - midnight
c Period 3 - approx. midnight - 8 a.m.
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5. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ANALYSIS QUALITY ASSURANCE
5.1 Quality Control Procedures
Considerable care was taken to characterize the quality of the
environmental measurements and analytical results. Time and other resource
limitations necessitated that different levels of quality assurance procedures
be implemented for the monitoring of individual compound classes in this field
study. The most sophisticated quality assurance procedures were implemented
for those species determined in the initial study design considerations to be
of primary concern. The identical analytical laboratories were contracted to
support both the Library of Congress Madison Building and the EPA Headquarters
Building indoor air quality investigations. Because of the closeness in time
for the two monitoring programs (one week) and the extensive laboratory support
resources required for these two studies, the sampling media for both studies
were prepared by the contractors at the same time. Likewise, the environmental
and quality control samples collected from the two studies were simultaneously
analyzed by the contractors.
5.1.1 Real-Time Temporal Measurements
Each instrument was calibrated in accordance with the manufacturer's
specifications immediately before and after each of the three daily monitoring
periods for each day sampling was conducted.
5.1.2. Integrated Samples
5.1.2.1. Respirable Particles and Inhalable Particles Duplicate
low-flow (1.67 L/min) RSP samples were collected at two primary sampling
locations. Only one indoor and one outdoor PM10 (inhalable particles) sampler
were operated during the study. Therefore, no PM10 duplicate samples were
collected. Ten percent of all the tared or final weighed filters were reweighed
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by an independent operator at the conclusion of each weighing session. If the
difference in independent operator weighings exceeded 10 jig for one or more
individual filters, all the filters weighed during the weighing session were
reweighed. External performance evaluation samples were not available for this
method. The RSP and PM10 samplers flows were checked at the beginning and end
of each sampling period.
5.1.2.2. Volatile Organic Compounds. The most sophisticated quality
control procedures were implemented for VOC sampling and analysis. Grab VOC
samples were collected in two locations one month prior to the monitoring study
to assist in the selection of the target VOCs. The sites selected for the grab
sample collection were determined on the basis of documented employee concerns
recorded by EHSD. Cleaned, evacuated canisters were manually opened in the two
locations and allowed to come to atmospheric conditions. The canisters were then
closed and returned to the laboratory for GC/MS analysis. A full-scan analysis
of these samples was conducted, and the compound peaks were identified. In
addition, full-scan analysis was conducted on two integrated VOC samples
collected during the monitoring study to evaluate potential changes in VOC
sources before and during the monitoring period.
Numerous laboratory quality assurance procedures were implemented for VOC
analysis. A series of field blanks, spiked control samples, and ^xternal
performance evaluation samples was provided to characterize the quality of the
VOC analysis. The laboratory also conducted duplicate analyses on selected
canisters to estimate the representativeness of the aliquot removed from the
canister for analysis.
Field quality assurance procedures for VOC sampling included duplicate
canister sample collection at two monitoring locations. Each sampler flow
controller was checked immediately before and after the monitoring period to
ensure proper flow rate. Canister vacuum gauges were checked periodically (two-
three times a day) to ensure proper sampler operation.
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5.1.2.3. Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes. Duplicate passive
formaldehyde badge samples were collected at four monitoring locations.
Duplicate integrated aldehyde samples were collected at one monitoring site.
Passive and integrated sample field blanks were also collected to evaluate biases
resulting from storage and shipment of the samples. Aldehyde sampler flows were
checked at the beginning and end of each sampling period. External quality
control samples were not available for this study.
5.1.2.4. Pesticides. Because of the limited number of available
samples, duplicate pesticide samples were not collected. Field blanks were
collected to evaluate potential biases resulting from storage and shipment of
the samples. External quality control samples were not available for this study.
Pesticide sampler flows were checked at the beginning and end of each sampling
period.
5.1.2.5 Nicotine. Duplicate passive nicotine badge samples were
collected at four monitoring locations. Field blanks were also collected to
evaluate biases resulting from storage and shipment of the samples. External
quality control samples were not available for this study.
5.1.2.6. Viable and Total Spore Counts. Duplicate samplers
containing the same growth medium for the retrieval of each group of organisms
(fungi, human source bacteria, and thermophilic bacteria) were operated in
tandem. To minimize the effect of inherent biological variability, these
duplicate plates were averaged to record the concentration of organisms at a
particular site. Repeat sampling runs were also performed at randomly selected
sites during the same sampling day.
Quality control of the media consisted of incubation of nonexposed plates
for sterility checks and incubation of plates inoculated with an appropriate test
organism for growth checks. Internal laboratory quality assurance and quality
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control measures were conducted by the analytical laboratory to ensure accurate
identification of the fungal and bacterial isolates and by the University of
Michigan Medical Center laboratory for the accurate identification of fungal
spores.
5.1.3. Other Quality Control Procedures
Additional administrative procedures were instituted by the field
monitoring personnel to ensure data quality. Site environmental samples were
physically inventoried against the site log sheet prior to each sampling period
and rechecked by an independent operator. Computer-entered data was checked
(100%) by an independent operator. At least twice each day, visual and physical
checks were conducted at the primary monitoring sites to ensure that the
instruments were operating. At the completion of each sampling period, a
physical inventory of the site sampling log sheets, the real-time monitoring log
sheets, and the samples collected at that site was conducted.
5.2 Quality Control Results
5.2.1 Real-Time Temporal Measurements
The monitors met the manufacturer's specifications prior to and following
each measurement period.
5.2.2 Integrated Samplers
5.2.2.1 Respirable Suspended Particles and Inhalable Particles
(PM10). Duplicate personal RSP concentrations differed by 24.1% at one site (18.7
and 14.2 n g/m8). No data is available for the second collocated sampling site,
as one sample was voided by the operator as the result of a failed pump.
Comparisons of the filter weighing performed by the two independent operators
revealed that no filter weight exceeded the acceptable weighing limits for either
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the tare or final weighing sessions.
5.2.2.2. Volatile Organic Compounds. The results of the full-scan
VOC analyses conducted on the samples prior to and following the monitoring
period are shown in Appendix H. Few differences are seen in the VOC peak areas
between sites, and the major organic compounds identified had already been
selected as targeted VOCs. Numerous alkanes and selected Freons were present
in the full-scan samples. The GC scan for the field blank and the calibration
standards are shown for reference.
The results of analysis on the collocated VOC canisters collected at the
two sites are summarized in Table 5.1. Excellent agreement is observed for the
VOCs measured at these two locations, which suggests no significant bias in the
sampling and analysis procedures.
The results from laboratory duplicate analysis on selected canisters and
the results of analysis on field blank, spiked, and external audit VOC samples
analyses are shown in Appendix I. These data confirm the high quality of the
VOC sample data reported.
The analysis of the canister samples for total VOCs using the more
qualitative GC method yielded results suggesting potential sample contamination.
Some of the laboratory-prepared zero air field blanks and low-VOC-concentration
quality control samples had total VOC concentrations equal to or slightly above
the concentrations measured in some outdoor samples. As discussed above, the
canister samples were cleaned, and selected samples were analyzed by the
laboratory prior to shipment for targeted VOCs only. The results of the analysis
of selected "clean" canisters for the target VOCs (Appendix I) indicated this
sampling medium was cleaned properly for the collection and analysis of the
targeted VOCs. Only after the canisters had been shipped to the field and the
study already initiated was the total VOC canister analysis included in the study
protocol.
5-5
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
at EPA Headquarters
IMPLICATE SAMPLE ANALYSIS
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic Compound
Methylene ohloride
1,1,1-Trichloroathane
Benzene
Toluene
Q-Octane
Tetraohloroethylene
Ethylbenzene
B-Xylene
fl-Xylene
n.-De cane
Sltel
Dlff •
0.3%
7.4
* •
0.9
1.0
5.1
0.6
0.9
0.0
1.8
Mean
3.3
22.4
*
11.0
1.0
28.4
1.8
5.4
2.5
9.4
Site 2
IDlff * Hean
NA
16.
NA
4.0
NA b
37,
13,
9.5
12.4
NA b
,2
b
1
6
13.1
T e
10.6
T fl
18.9
1.1
3.3
1.4
T fl
ALDEHYDES
Compound
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Propionaldehyde
Butyraldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Valeraldehyde
Hexanaldehyde
Unknown Carbonyla
Total Carbonyla
Mean Blank
Concentre t ion**
(Mg/n8)
0.92
0.75
1.62
0.29
0.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.17
3.93
%Dl£f*
Mean
2.1
0.4
-7.3
21.1
56.5
* •
23.4
-3.1
7.8
-4.0
9.0
14.4
31.2
0.6
0.6
NA
0.7
2.1
2.0
60.8
• I Difference - ((Caniater 1 • Canlater 2)* 100) / Canlater 1.
b NA - Not applicable .
8 T - Trace concentratlona were meaaured In both canlatara,
above limit of detection but below limit of quantitatlon,
d Other aldehyde mean blank § ample concentratlona were 0.0 Mg/m8.
* * - Only one • ample wai above the limit of quantitatlon.
5-6
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
at EPA Headquarter*
The canister OC/MS scan data was subsequently reviewed with emphasis placed
on the m/i peaks located at 43 and 91, the two major peaks associated with non-
aromatic and aromatic hydrocarbon identification, respectively. On the basis
of the review of the m/E 43 and 91 peak areas for the seven laboratory-supplied
blank samples, the cleaned canisters could be expected to contain 40-102 Mg/m8
of nontargeted nonaromatic hydrocarbons and 0-2 Mg/m1 of nontargeted aromatic
hydrocarbons, The environmental sample m/c 43 and 91 peak areas suggest that
nonaromatic compound concentrations ranged from 24 to 996 Mg/m8, whereas the
aromatic compound concentrations ranged from 9 to 137 Mg/m8. This suggests that
the non-aromatic hydrocarbons were the dominant class of hydrocarbons collected
in the environmental samples.
5.2.2.3. Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes, Analysis of the passive
formaldehyde badges indicated that all the samples were below the limit of
detection. Table 5-1 summarizes the mean blank aldehyde sample concentrations
and the results from the analysis of duplicate aldehyde samples.
5.2.2.4. Pesticides. The results of laboratory matrix spike aampl*
recovery data are shown in Appendix 1. No individual pesticide compounds ware
observed in any of the individual field blank pesticide samples.
5.2.2,5. Nicotine. Duplicate passive nicotine badge samples
differed by 26.9% and 10.8% at two of the four monitoring sites (mean - 5.0
Mg/m' and 1.8 Mg/m8, respectively). Analysis of the duplicate nicotine samples
collected at the other two sites were below the limit of detection.
5.2.2.6. Viable and Nonviable Microbiological Samples. No
contamination was recorded on the nonexposed plates, and all of the positive
growth plates supported the growth of the test organism(s).
Repeat indoor microbiological samples were collected at nine monitoring
locations at a later time on the same sampling day. Table 5,2 summarises the
5-7
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
at EPA Headquarters
results of the initial and second samples collected at these nine locations.
Small differences were noted in the number of fungal and thermophilic organisms
recovered between the first and second samples collected at the nine locations.
Human source bacteria concentrations measured initially at two locations ("other
mall" and outdoors) were more than 10 times the concentrations observed during
the second sampling period (545 CFU/ms vs 40 CFU/m8, and 100 CFU/m8 vs no
organisms, respectively). Stachybotrys sp. was also isolated in one of the West
Tower paired samples which were collected several hours apart on the same day.
TABLE 5.2. RESULTS OF REPEAT SAMPLING (CFU/MS>
Fungi Human Source Thermo-
Bacteria philes
Location #1 #2 #1 #2 #1 #2
Mall 3 (room A) 0 0 25 30 0 45
(room B) 0 15 10 55 35 70
average 0 7.5 17.5 42.5 17.5 57.5
Mall 2 (room C) 10 10 70 20 10 10
(room D) 5 10 10 45 20 60
(room E) 17 23 70 60 25 20
average 10.7 14.3 50 41.7 18.3 30
Other Mall 0 10 545 40 10 10
West Tower
(room F) 15 15 100 85 10 10
(room G) 50 15 97 85 0 10
average 21.7 15 98.5 85 5 10
Outdoors 70 50 195 10 50 0
5-8
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
at EPA Headquarters
6. SUMMARY OF AIR HANDLING UNIT EVALUATION RESULTS
Thirty-six Waterside Mall air handling units were evaluated (Table 6.1),
and four of these units evaluated on two different days. None of the units
evaluated during this monitoring study included humidifiers. For those systems
where both pitot and dry bulb measurements were made (Table 6.1), the percent
outside air (% OA) determined via the pitot traverse method compares well with
the corresponding dry bulb determined % OA. During the monitoring period, 10
of the AHUs delivering air to the supply air distribution ducts at the monitoring
sites were operating under conditions resulting in the supply air containing less
than 20% OA based on the dry bulb measurements. The % OA for the Mall 3 AHUs
examined was relatively constant (range 15-25%) while the % OA being distributed
during the monitoring period to Mall 2 locations ranged from 10 to 74%, the East
Tower AHU % OA ranged from 23 to 83%, and the West Tower AHU % OA ranged from
30 to 53%. The test results from examining Southeast Mall AHU SE3 on two
different monitoring days indicate only small differences in the operating
parameters of this unit on the two days. However, the test results from the
examination of two Mall 2 AHUs (unit 14 and unit 21) reveal considerable
differences (18-30% difference) in the operating parameters and the % OA for
these two different days.
Airflow and temperature measurement data obtained by using methods
recommended in the National Standards of the Associated Air Balance Council
(AABC)34 for the AHUs evaluated during the environmental monitoring study are
summarized in Table 6.1. These National Standards are universally accepted as
the most rational method for obtaining accurate AHU performance data. Generally
good correlation exists between the two data sets. By convention, the more
conservative of the two OA measurement values is considered as the actual
ventilation supply air percentage.
Each AHU which was given a cursory inspection to determine operating
condition at the time that the temperature and velocity traverse data was
6-1
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
at EPA Headquarters
collected. Because the AHUs evaluated were not equipped with in situ
instrumentation or data logger equipment, the operation status of the systems
could only be visually monitored. The results of this inspection are summarized
below.
a. The evaluated AHUs are equipped with mixed air/economizer control
systems. Therefore, the outdoor air dampers were at positions determined by
the automatic temperature control system based on the temperature of the outdoor
air, the return air, and the mixed air. Because monitoring was conducted with
the AHUs operating according to normal control sequences, no manual measures were
taken to set the outside air dampers to the minimum position. Some of the
outdoor air dampers were visible from the mixed air plenum. Outdoor air damper
positions ranged from minimum position (i.e., no visible opening between blades,
outdoor air flow-rate limited to damper leakage flow rate) to substantial
opening between blades. However, the results of previous studies have shown that
attempts to quantify outdoor air-flow rate on the basis of pneumatic damper
actuator pressure or position of damper blades yield inconsistent and inaccurate
results. The table entitled Comparison of Ventilation Percentage in Supply Air:
Environmental Monitoring Period vs. Prior or Subsequent Test Date indicates the
variation in ventilation air percentage which is believed to result from the
automatic positioning of the outdoor air dampers (based on AHUs which have been
evaluated more than once).
b. Air filters were in a condition which could be described as normally
loaded; that is, there were no unusual accumulations of particulates which would
result in filter damage or significant air-flow restriction.
c. All AHUs which contained chilled water cooling coils were being
operated with no chilled water flow.
d. The AHUs did provide humidity control. However, no humidification
equipment was installed at any of the AHUs examined during the environmental
6-2
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
at EPA Headquarters
monitoring evaluation period.
6-3
-------
TABLE 6.1 WATERSIDE MALL COMPLEX AIR HANDLING UNIT EVALUATION
ZONE
AHU TEST
PITOT DRY BULB
9t
I
EAST
TOWER
ZONE
WEST
TOWER
NUMBER
ETB-1
S1E
S2E
S3E
AHU
NUMBER
S1W
S2W
S3W
DATE
3/10
3/10
3/10
3/10
TEST
DATE
3/09
3/09
3/09
AIR, CFM
3175
n/a
n/a
n/a
OUTDOOR
AIR, CFM
n/a
n/a
n/a
AIR, CFM
4155
n/a
n/a
n/a
RETURN
AIR, CFM
n/a
n/a
n/a
AIR, CFM
n/a
58988
68188
30028
MIXED
AIR, CFM
78765
60742
41208
AIR, CFM
7219
n/a
n/a
n/a
SUPPLY
AIR, CFM
n/a
n/a
n/a
% OAa
44.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
PITOT
% OA
n/a
n/a
n/a
% OA
42.2
23.1
41.0
83.0
DRY BUL]
% OA
53.3
36.5
30.4
o
(Continued)
I
M
EC JO
(D 3
0> ft
a P>
rt
(D
n
w
-------
TABLE 6.1 (Continued)
o\
ZONE
MALL
2
b Unit
AHU
NUMBER
10
16
18
19
21
B
E
2
3
8
14
15b
number
TEST
DATE
3/07
3/07
3/07
3/07
3/07
3/08
3/08
3/08
3/08
3/08
3/08
3/08
3/10
3/08
15 also
OUTDOOR
RETURN
MIXED
AIR, CFM AIR, CFM AIR, CFM
1068
6156
n/a
1816
2582
n/a
451
n/a
n/a
n/a
2549
4274
7654
n/a
serves the
n/a
n/a
n/a
5799
9058
n/a
n/a
n/a
7190
9096
n/a
4390
4247
12707
Southwest
n/a
10241
13223
n/a
n/a
19407
n/a
3285
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Mall
SUPPLY
AIR, CFM
7644
10780
12936
7562
n/a
19048
2255
n/a
10095
12366
11329
n/a
n/a
27868
PITOT
% OA
13.9
57.1
n/a
24.0
22.2
n/a
20.0
n/a
28.8
26.4
22.5
49.3
64.3
54.4
DRY BUI
% OA
12.9
58.9
62.1
22.9
17.7
48.9
17.5
15.6
20.7
22.6
10.1
55.5
73.5
49.3
(Continued)
CD
w
PI
X (D
(D 9
fc ft
o* PJ
g
. W
H C
rt R
n> <
H (0
n "^J
-------
TABLE 6.1 CContinued")
ZONE AHU TEST OUTDOOR RETURN MIXED SUPPLY PITOT DRY BULB
NUMBER DATE AIR, CFM AIR, CFM AIR, CFM AIR, CFM % OA % OA
o\
I
MALL
2
ZONE
SOUTH
EAST
MALL
NORTH
EAST
MALL
18 3/08
20 3/08
AHU TEST
NUMBER DATE
SE2 3/07
SE3 3/07
3/08
2 3/09
3 3/09
8900
1597
OUTDOOR
AIR, CFM
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
. n/a
n/a
7325
RETURN
AIR, CFM
3011
15199
15297
7786
n/a
n/a
n/a
MIXED
AIR, CFM
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15574
8921
SUPPLY
AIR, CFM
n/a
n/a
n/a
10479
n/a
57.2
17.9
PITOT
% OA
17.7
n/a
42.2
25.7
n/a
51.3
16.1
DRY BU]
% OA
48.0
22.0
40.2
(Continued)
o
I-1
f
H«
W H
HJ O
s
sc CD
ID 0
B> rt
a (»
•a i-1
ft
(D
D)
(0
-------
TABLE 6.1 (Continued)
ZONE AHU TEST OUTDOOR RETURN MIXED SUPPLY PITOT DRY BULB
NUMBER DATE AIR, CFM AIR, CFM AIR, CFM AIR, CFM % OA % OA
MALL 1 3/06
3
4 3/06
5 3/06
6 3/06
7 3/06
9 3/06
12 3/06
13 3/06
aOA - outside air.
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
4250
n/a
2275
11304
13012
7492
n/a
n/a
13250
n/a
9465
n/a 15809 28.5 25.3
n/a 16105 19.2 17.1
n/a 9636 22.3 21.9
n/a 28440 n/a 25.5
12756 12930 n/a 20.0
n/a 17635 24.1 22.3
11888 11422 n/a 15.0
n/a 12036 18.9 19.5
Volume II: Environmental Survey
EPA Headquarters
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
at EPA Headquarters
7. REFERENCES
1. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "Indoor air quality
and work environment study: Library of Congress James Madison Memorial
Building volume 1 - employee survey," National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, 1989.
2. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
Inc., "Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality," ASHRAE standard 62-
1989, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA, 1989.
3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA Air Contaminants -
Permissible Exposure Limits. 29 CFR 1910.1000. Occupational Safety and
Health Administration, 1989.
4. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. "NIOSH
Recommendations for Occupational Safety and Health Standards, 1988",
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. August 26, 1988, 37 (5-7. Centers
for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA.
5. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, "Threshold
Limit Values for Chemical Substances in the Work Environment Adopted by
ACGIH for 1988-1989," American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists, Cincinnati, OH, 1988.
6. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air - Conditioning Engineers ,
Inc., "Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy", ANSI/ASHRAE
Standard 55-1981, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta,GA, 1981.
7. Fed. Regist.. 1987, 52, 24634.
8. Molhave, L., Bach, B., Pedersen, O.F., "Human reactions during controlled
exposures to low concentrations of organic gases and vapours known as
normal indoor air pollutants," Environ. Int.. 1986, 12, 167-175.
9. Bach, B., Molhave, L. , Pedersen, O.F., "Human reactions during controlled
exposures to low concentrations of organic gases and vapours known as
normal indoor air pollutants: Performance tests," Proceedings of the 3d
international indoor air quality and climate conference, World Health
Organization, Stockholm, Sweden, 1984, 397-402.
10. Skov, P., Valbjorn, 0., DISB, "The "sick" building syndrome in the office
environment: The Danish town hall study," Environ. Int. . 1987, 13, 339-
349.
7-1
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
at EPA Headquarters
11. Sheldon, L.S., Handy, R.W., Hartwell, T.D., Whitmore, R.W., Zelon, H.S.,
Pellizzari, E.D., "Indoor air quality in public buildings: Volume I,"
EPA/600/S6-88/009a (NTIS PB 89-102 503/AS), U.S Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1988.
12. Sheldon, L., Zelon, H., Sickles, J. Eaton, C., Hartwell, T., Wallace, L.,
"Indoor air quality in public buildings: Volume II," EPA/600/S6-88/009b
(NTIS PB 89-102 511/AS), U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC, 1988.
13. Pellizzari, E.D., Thomas, K.W., Smith, D.J., Perritt, R.L., Morgan, M.A.,
"Total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM): 1987 study in New Jersey,"
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1989.
14. Pellizzari, E.D., Michael, L.C., Perritt, R.L., Smith, D.J., Hartwell,
T.D., Sebestik, J., "Comparison of indoor and outdoor toxic air pollutant
levels in several southern California communities," U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park, NC, 1989.
15. Pellizzari, E.D., Hartwell, T.D., Zelon, H. Perritt, R., Sebestik, J.,
Williams, W. , Smith, D.J., Keever, J., Decker, C.E., Jayanty. R.K.M.,
Thomas, K.W., Whitaker, D.A., Michael, L.C., "Baltimore total exposure
assessment methodology (TEAM) study, "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, 1989.
16. Zweidinger, R., Tejada, S., Highsmith, R. , Westburg, H. , Gage, L. ,
"Distribution of volatile organic hydrocarbons and aldehydes during the
IACP Boise, Idaho, residential study," Proceedings of the 1988 EPA/APCA
International Symposium, 814-820, Air Pollution Control Association,
Pittsburgh, PA, 1988.
17. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office on Smoking and
Health. Smoking and health: A report of the Surgeon General. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1979.
18. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Smoking and Health.
The health consequences of smoking -- cancer: A report of the Surgeon
General. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1982.
19. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Smoking and Health.
The health consequences of smoking -- Chronic obstructive lung disease:
A report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC, 1984.
20. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Smoking and Health.
The health consequences of smoking -- Cardiovascular disease: A report
of the Surgeon General. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC,
7-2
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
at EPA Headquarters
1983.
21. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Smoking and Health.
The health consequences of involuntary smoking: A report of the Surgeon
General. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1986.
22. National Research Council Committee on Indoor Air Quality, "Policies and
procedures for control of indoor air quality," National Academy Press,
Washington, DC, 1987, 75 pages.
23. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, "Guidelines
for the assessment of bioaerosols in the indoor environment," American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1989.
24. Miller,J.D., Laflamme, A.M., Sobol, Y. , Lafontaine, P., Greenhaugh, R.,
"Fungi and fungal products in some Canadian houses," Int. Biodeterior..
1988, 24 (2), 103-120.
25. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory, "Inhalable particulate network operations and quality assurance
manual," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
1983.
26. Oliver, K.D., Pleil, J.D., McClenny, W.A., "Sample integrity of trace
level volatile organic compounds in ambient air stored in SUMMA polished
canisters," Atmos. Environ.. 1986, 20, 1403.
27. Winberry, W.T., Forehand, L. , Murphy, N.T., Ceroli, A., Phinney, B, Evans,
A., "Compendium of methods for the determination of air pollutants in
indoor air," in press, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research
Triangle Park, NC, 1990.
28. Winberry, W.T. , Murphy, N.T. , "Compendium of methods for the determination
of toxic organic compounds in ambient air, Method TO-12," EPA/600/4-89/017,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, June
1988.
29. Tejada, S.B., "Evaluation of silica gel cartridges coated in-situ with
acidified 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine for sampling aldehydes and ketones
in air," Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 1986, 26, 167-185.
30. Hsu, J.P., Wheeler, H.G., Camann, D.E., Schattenberg, H.J., Lewis, R.G.,
Bond, A.E., "Analytical methods for detection of nonoccupational exposure
to pesticides," J. Chromatoer. Sci.. 1988, 26, 181-189.
31. Hammond, S.K., Leaderer, B.P., "A diffusion monitor to measure exposure
to passive smoking," Environ. Sci. Technol.. 1987, 21, 494-497.
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Volume II: Environmental Survey
at EPA Headquarters
32. Jones, W. , Morring, K. , Morey, P. , Sorenson, W. "Evaluation of the Andersen
Viable Impactor for single stage sampling," J. Am. Ind. Hygiene. 1985,
46(5), 294-298.
33. Nevalainen, A., "Bacterial aerosols in indoor air", National Public Health
Institute, Helsinki, Finland, 1989.
7-4
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APPENDIX A
Summary Statistics for Real-Time
Indoor Air Measurements
A-l
-------
TABLE A.1. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TEMPERATURE (° F) BY EPA BUILDINGS
Building
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
46
73.1
0.4
47
74.0
0.4
47
74.3
0.4
Crystal
City
5
74.4
0.4
5
75.3
0.5
5
76.5
0.8
Fair-
child
5
76.4
0.4
5
77.0
0.8
5
77.0
1.0
Bui Idings
Means
3
74.6
1.0
3
75.4
0.9
3
75.9
0.8
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
47
73.8
0.4
74.3
80.0
78.0
62.0
66.0
5
75.4
0.5
75.0
79.5
77.0
74.0
74.0
5
76.8
0.7
76.0
81.0
80.0
75.0
76.0
Grand
3
75.3
0.9
75.4
81.0
80.0
62.0
66.0
-------
TABLE A.2. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TEMPERATURE <° F) BY EPA BUILDINGS
Building
Time
AM
Noon
PM
u»
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std,
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Hall
45
73.0
0.4
45
73.6
0.3
42
73.9
0.3
Crystal
City
11
74.3
0.3
11
74.3
0.4
11
75.3
0.4
Fair-
child
12
76.1
0.5
12
76.7
0.5
12
76.6
0.5
Bui tdings
Means
3
74.5
0.9
3
74.9
0.9
3
75.3
0.8
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
45
73.5
0.3
74.0
79.0
78.0
64.0
66.0
11
74.6
0.3
74.3
78.0
77.0
71.5
73.0
12
76.5
0.5
76.7
80.0
79.0
72.0
73.0
Grand
3
74.8
0.9
74.6
80.0
79.0
64.0
66.0
-------
TABLE A.3. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TEMPERATURE ( F) BY EPA BUILDINGS
Building
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side Crystal
Mall City
— 29 1
73.2 73.0
0.5 nc8
39
74.0
0.5
29
74.2
0.5
Fair-
child
.
-
-
2
77.0
1.0
2
77.8
0.7
Bui Idings
Means
2
73.1
0.1
2
75.5
1.5
2
76.0
1.8
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
69
73.8
0.4
74.0
82.5
80.0
65.0
65.0
1
73.0
nc
nc
73.0
-
73.0
-
2
77.4
0.9
77.4
78.5
78.0
76.0
77.0
Grand
3
74.7
1.3
73.8
82.5
80.0
65.0
65.0
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE A.4. PRIMARY, SECONDARY, ft SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TEMPERATURE (° F) BY EPA BUILDINGS
BuiIding
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Ul
Statistic
N
Mean
Std. error
N
Mean
Std. error
N
Mean
Std. error
Water-
side
Mall
111
73.1
0.3
122
73.9
0.2
111
74.2
0.2
Crystal
City
17
74.2
0.2
16
74.6
0.3
16
75.7
0.4
Fair-
child
17
76.2
0.4
19
76.8
0.4
19
76.8
0.4
Bui Idings
Means
3
74.5
0.9
3
75.1
0.9
3
75.6
0.8
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
150
73.8
0.2
74.0
82.5
80.0
62.0
64.0
17
74.7
0.3
74.7
79.5
78.0
71.5
73.0
19
76.7
0.4
76.5
81.0
80.0
72.0
73.0
Grand
3
75.1
0.9
74.7
82.5
81.0
62.0
64.0
-------
TABLE A.5. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TEMPERATURE ( F) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Tine
AM
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
13
71.4
1.1
13
72.3
0.7
13
72.8
0.7
Mall
3
10
73.2
0.6
10
73.9
0.5
10
74.0
0.6
East
7
76.0
0.7
8
76.5
0.4
8
76.8
0.3
West
12
73.7
0.6
12
74.7
0.6
12
75.1
0.8
South- South- North-
east west east
1 1
73.0 68.0 72
2
1 1
72.0 71.0 73
2
1 1
74.0 73.0 72
1
2
.0
.0
2
.0
.0
2
.5
.5
Crystal Fair-
City child
5
74.4
0.4
5
75.3
0.5
5
76.5
0.8
76
0
77
0
77
1
5
.4
.4
5
.0
.8
5
.0
.0
Bui li
Mean:
9
73.1
0.8
9
74.0
0.7
9
74.6
0.6
Average
Dai ly
Statistics
Individual
Values
Std
First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
13
72.2
0.8
73.0
76.0
75.5
62.0
66.0
10
73.7
0.5
74.2
77.0
76.0
70.0
71.0
8
76.4
0.4
76.5
78.0
78.0
73.0
75.0
12
74.5
0.6
75.0
80.0
78.0
70.0
70.0
1
73.0
nc8
nc
74.0
73.0
72.0
73.0
1
70.7
nc
nc
73.0
71.0
68.0
71.0
2
72.5
1.8
72.5
75.0
74.0
70.0
71.0
5
75.4
0.5
75.0
79.5
77.0
74.0
74.0
5
76.8
0.7
76.0
81.0
80.0
75.0
76.0
Grand
9
73.9
0.7
73.7
81.0
80.0
62.0
66.0
nc - not computed
-------
TABLE A.6. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TEMPERATURE (° F) EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
f
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
9
71.8
0.9
9
72.9
0.7
9
73.0
0.8
Mall
3
7
73.9
0.9
7
74.0
0.9
7
74.2
0.8
East
7
75.5
0.8
7
75.4
0.3
5
76.6
0.2
West
8
73.9
0.5
8
74.1
0.4
8
74.5
0.3
South-
east
3
72.2
0.7
3
73.5
0.8
3
73.6
0.7
South-
west
4
68.3
2.4
4
71.5
2.1
3
74.0
0.0
North-
east
7
73.3
0.9
7
73.0
0.6
7
72.3
0.4
Crystal Fair-
City
11
74.3
0.3
11
74.3
0.4
11
75.3
0.4
child
12
76.1
0.5
12
76.7
0.5
12
76.6
0.5
Bui l<
Mean:
9
73.2
0.8
9
73.9
0.5
9
74.5
0.5
Average
Dai ly
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
72
0
73
76
76
68
69
9
.6
.8
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
7
74.0
0.8
74.2
78.0
78.0
71.0
71.0
7
75.7
0.3
75.7
79.0
77.0
73.0
74.0
8
74.2
0.3
74.0
77.0
76.0
72.5
72.5
3
73.1
0.7
73.0
76.0
75.0
70.0
71.0
4
70.5
2.0
70.7
77.0
75.0
64.0
66.0
7
72.9
0.6
72.7
76.0
76.0
69.0
70.0
11
74.6
0.3
74.3
78.0
77.0
71.5
73.0
12
76.5
0.5
76.7
80.0
79.0
72.0
73.0
Grand
9
73.8
0.6
74.0
80.0
79.0
64.0
66.0
-------
TABLE A.7. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TEMPERATURE (° F) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
71
1
73
0
72
0
8
.4
.4
22
.0
.6
15
.9
.7
Mall
3
1
75.0
-
1
75.0
-
3
75.7
0.7
East
73
0
74
0
74
0
6
.3
.8
5
.6
.5
6
.7
.5
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
West east west east City child
75
1
76
1
76
1
653
.3 73.2 72.7
.0 0.8 0.3
425
.5 72.5 76.0
.0 1.5 1.9
5
.4
.6
1
73.0
.
2
77.0
1.0
2
77.8
0.7
Bui Idings
Means
73
0
74
0
75
0
7
.4
.5
7
.9
.6
5
.5
.8
Grand
Average
Dai ly
Statistics
Individual
Values
Std
First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
30
72.
0.
73.
77.
77.
65.
65.
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
3
75.7
0.7
75.0
77.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
7
73.8
0.7
74.0
76.0
76.0
70.0
72.0
15
76.0
0.7
76.0
80.0
79.0
71.0
72.0
6
73.3
0.7
73.5
75.0
75.0
71.0
71.0
8
74.8
1.3
73.0
82.5
78.0
72.0
72.0
1
73.0
nca
nc
73.0
-
73.0
-
2
77.4
0.9
77.4
78.5
78.0
76.0
77.0
74.5
0.6
74.3
82.5
80.0
65.0
65.0
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE A.8. PRIMARY, SECONDARY, & SPECIAL SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TEMPERATURE ( F) BY EPA HEADQUARTERS SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
t
10
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
27
71.5
0.7
40
72.8
0.4
34
72.9
0.4
Mall
3
16
73.5
0.5
16
73.9
0.5
18
74.3
0.5
South- South- North- Crystal
East
20
75.0
0.5
20
75.6
0.3
19
76.1
0.3
West
26
74.1
0.4
24
74.8
0.4
25
75.2
0.5
east
8
72.9
0.5
5
73.1
0.7
3
73.8
0.5
west
7
69.6
1.4
8
73.5
1.6
3
73.8
0.2
east
9
73.0
0.8
9
73.0
0.6
9
72.3
0.4
City
17
74.2
0.2
16
74.6
0.3
16
75.7
0.4
Fair-
child
17
76.2
0.4
19
76.8
0.4
19
76.8
0.4
Bui Idings
Means
9
73.3
0.6
9
74.2
0.5
9
74.5
0.5
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
Std
First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
48
72.4
0.4
73.0
77.0
77.0
62.0
65.0
18
74.1
0.5
74.3
78.0
78.0
70.0
71.0
22
75.4
0.4
75.3
79.0
78.0
70.0
72.0
35
75.1
0.4
75.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
70.0
9
73.2
0.5
73.0
76.0
75.0
70.0
71.0
11
72.8
1.2
73.0
82.5
78.0
64.0
66.0
9
72.8
0.6
72.7
76.0
76.0
69.0
70.0
17
74.7
0.3
74.7
79.5
78.0
71.5
73.0
19
76.7
0.4
76.5
81.0
80.0
72.0
73.0
Grand
9
74.1
0.5
74.1
82.5
81.0
62.0
64.0
-------
TABLE A.9. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X) BY EPA BUILDINGS
BuiIding
Water-
side
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Mean 24.2 21.5 27.2 24.3
Std. error 0.7 1.5 0.5 1.6
Grand
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
46
23.6
O.B
46
23.5
0.8
47
24.2
0.7
Crystal
City
5
22.9
1.6
5
22.0
1.6
5
21.5
1.5
Fair-
child
5
25.4
0.2
5
25.4
0.5
5
27.2
0.5
/
Bui Idings
Means
3
24.0
0.7
3
23.7
1.0
3
24.3
1.6
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
23,
0,
47
7
7
22.7
.6
.7
41,
40.
15.8
16.5
5
22.2
1.5
19.9
26.8
26.8
17.7
18.7
5
26.0
0.3
26.3
28.7
27.8
23.6
24.6
3
24.0
1.1
23.7
41.6
40.7
15.8
16.5
-------
TABLE A.10. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X) BY EPA BUILDINGS
Building
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
45
22.5
0.7
43
24.4
1.1
42
24.7
0.8
Crystal
City
11
23.3
0.9
11
23.6
0.8
11
23.1
0.7
Fair-
child
12
22.8
0.8
12
23.8
0.4
12
25.5
0.5
Bui I dings
Means
3
22.9
0.2
3
23.9
0.2
3
24.4
0.7
Average
Dai ly
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
45
23.8
0.8
21.7
49.9
39.2
14.6
15.8
11
23.3
0.7
24.0
27.8
26.8
19.6
19.7
12
24.0
0.5
23.3
28.7
28.4
16.9
20.3
Grand
3
23.7
0.2
23.8
49.9
39.2
14.6
15.8
-------
TABLE A.11. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X) BY EPA HEADQUARTERS BUILDINGS
Building
Time
AM
Noon
PM
H
M
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side Crystal
Mall City
29 1
20.9 29.1
0.5 nca
38
20.7
0.4
29
23.7
1.7
Fai r-
child
.
-
-
2
22.2
0.5
2
22.9
0.7
Bui Idings
Means
2
25.0
4.1
2
21.4
0.8
2
23.3
0.4
Average
Dai ly
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
69
21.3
0.6
20.8
54.2
48.3
6.2
15.4
1
29.1
nc
nc
29.1
29.1
2
22.6
0.6
22.6
23.6
22,
21
22.2
Grand
3
24.3
2.4
22.6
54.2
48.3
6.2
15.4
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE A.12. PRIMARY. SECONDARY, & SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X) BY EPA BUILDINGS
BuiIding
Time
AM
Noon
PM
H
W
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
111
22.6
0.4
119
23.1
0.5
111
24.2
0.6
Crystal
City
17
23.5
0.8
16
23.1
0.7
16
22.6
0.7
Fair-
child
17
23.6
0.6
19
24.0
0.3
19
25.7
0.4
Bui Idings
Means
3
23.2
0.3
3
23.4
0.3
3
24.2
0.9
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
150
22.8
0.4
21.6
54.2
49.9
6.2
14.6
17
23.3
0.7
24.0
29.1
27.8
17.7
18.7
19
24.4
0.4
23.9
28.7
28.7
16.9
20.3
Grand
3
23.5
0.
23.
.5
.3
54.2
49.9
6.2
14.6
-------
TABLE A.13. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
13
20.1
0.7
12
20.9
0.4
13
23.7
1.8
Mall
3
10
32.0
0.6
10
30.0
0.6
10
28.8
0.8
East
7
20.2
0.6
8
20.1
0.8
8
20.7
0.4
South- South- North- Crystal
West east west east City
12
22.3
1.1
12
21.5
0.7
12
22.9
1.1
1 1 2
22.7 20.5 26.6
2.9
1 1 2
21.6 17.3 37.4
3.4
1 1 2
23.7 19.6 28.6
1.4
5
22.9
1.6
5
22.0
1.6
5
21.5
1.5
Fair-
child
25
0
25
0
27
0
5
.4
.2
5
.4
.5
5
.2
.5
Bui Idings
Means
23
1
24
2
24
1
9
.6
.3
9
.0
.0
9
.1
.1
Average
Dai ly
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
First
Second
First
Second
Median
max i mum
maximum
minimum
minimum
13
21.5
0.7
20.7
41.6
29.1
16.5
17.2
10
30.2
0.5
30.0
34.0
34.0
24.7
25.7
8
20.4
0.5
20.9
22.7
22.7
15.8
17.9
12
22.2
0.7
22.8
29.6
29.1
16.9
16.9
1
22.7
nca
nc
23.7
22.7
21.6
22.7
1
19.1
nc
nc
20.5
19.6
17.3
19.6
2
30.9
0.6
30.9
40.7
34.0
23.7
27.1
5
22.2
1.5
19.9
26.8
26.8
17.7
18.7
5
26.0
0.3
26.3
28.7
27.8
23.6
24.6
Grand
9
23.9
1.4
22.2
.6
.7
41,
40.
15.8
16.5
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE A.14. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Ul
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
9
19.9
0.7
7
20.3
0.9
9
23.2
1.4
Mall
3
7
27.7
3.1
7
28.2
3.1
7
28.4
2.1
South- South- North- Crystal
East
7
20.2
1.3
7
22.8
1.7
5
21.0
1.0
West
8
22.3
0.8
8
21.3
0.9
8
22.1
0.8
east
3
20.2
0.8
3
20.6
0.6
3
18.5
0.6
west
4
19.2
1.3
4
19.6
1.1
3
22.7
1.0
east
7
25.9
1.6
7
34.0
2.9
7
31.8
1.2
City
11
23.3
0.9
11
23.6
0.8
11
23.1
0.7
Fair-
child
12
22.8
0.8
12
23.8
0.4
12
25.5
0.5
Bui I dings
Means
9
22.4
1.0
9
23.8
1.5
9
24.0
1.3
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
First
Second
First
Second
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
9
21.2
0.6
21.4
39.2
35.8
15.8
16.5
7
28.1
2.7
28.3
38.4
37.5
15.8
15.8
7
21.6
0.9
21.0
30.9
24.7
14.6
17.9
8
21.9
0.8
22.4
26.8
25.4
17.6
17.6
3
19.8
0.1
19.7
22.7
22.7
17.6
17.6
4
20.4
0.3
20.3
23.7
23.7
17.0
17.9
7
30.6
1.5
28.6
49.9
36.7
20.6
22.7
11
23.3
0.7
24.0
27.8
26.8
19.6
19.7
12
24.0
0.5
23.3
28.7
28.4
16.9
20.3
Grand
9
23.4
1.2
21.9
49.9
39.2
14.6
15.8
-------
TABLE A.15. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Ot
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
8
19.9
1.0
21
20.5
0.5
15
24.5
3.0
Mall
3
1
18.7
-
1
18.7
-
3
28.5
2.9
East
6
21.2
1.0
5
24.3
0.9
6
23.9
1.0
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
West east west east City child
653
21.5 23.0 19.2
1.4 1.1 0.4
425
18.8 20.6 19.9
0.4 0.0 1.0
5
18.5
0.8
1
29.1
...
2
22.2
0.5
2
22.9
0.7
Bui Idings
Means
7
21.8
1.3
7
20.7
0.7
5
23.7
1.6
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
Std
First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
30
21
1
20
54
48
6
15
.6
.4
.8
.2
.3
.2
.4
3
25.0
0.8
24.7
34.1
26.6
18.7
18.7
7
22.8
0.8
23.5
27.8
26.8
18.7
19.4
15
19.8
0.7
18.9
25.9
24.6
16.9
17.2
6
22.2
0.9
22.7
24.9
24.7
18.7
20.5
8
19.7
0.6
19.6
22.7
21.6
16.8
18.5
1
29.1
nc
nc
29.1
-
29.1
-
2
22.6
0.6
22.6
23.6
22.7
21.7
22.2
Grand
8
22.8
1.1
22.4
54.2
48.3
6.2
15.4
-------
TABLE A.16. PRIMARY, SECONDARY, & SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Tfme
AM
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
27
19.9
0.4
37
20.6
0.3
34
23.8
1.5
Mall
3
16
30.3
1.2
16
29.1
1.2
18
28.8
0.8
South- South- North- Crystal
East
20
20.5
0.6
20
22.1
0.8
19
21.8
0.5
West
26
22.1
0.7
24
21.0
0.5
25
21.7
0.7
east
8
22.1
0.8
5
20.7
0.3
3
18.9
1.0
west
7
19.3
0.7
8
19.9
0.8
3
22.0
0.9
east
9
26.0
1.3
9
34.8
2.3
9
31.1
1.1
City
17
23.5
0.8
16
23.1
0.7
16
22.6
0.7
Fair-
child
17
23.6
0.6
19
24.0
0.3
19
25.7
0.4
Bui Idings
Means
23
1
23
1
24
1
9
.0
.1
9
.9
.6
9
.1
.3
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
Std
First
Second
First
Second
•N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
48
21.5
0.9
20.8
54.2
48.3
6.2
15.4
18
29.1
0.8
28.7
38.4
37.5
15.8
15.8
22
21.6
0.4
21.0
30.9
27.8
14.6
15.8
35
21.1
0.5
21.3
29.6
29.1
16.9
16.9
9
21.5
0.7
20.7
24.9
24.7
17.6
17.6
11
20.0
0.5
19.7
23.7
23.7
16.8
17.0
9
30.6
1.2
30.2
49.9
40.7
20.6
22.7
17
23.3
0.7
24.0
29.1
27.8
17.7
18.7
19
24.4
0.4
23.9
28.7
28.7
16.9
20.3
Grand
23.7
1.3
21.6
54.2
49.9
6.2
14.6
-------
TABLE A.17. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON MONOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA BUILDINGS
Building
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
46
0.1
0.0
47
0.0
0.0
47
0.0
0.0
Crystal
City
5
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
Fair-
child
5
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
Bui Idings
Means
3
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
47
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Grand
3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 1
0.0
-------
TABLE A.18. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON MONOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA BUILDINGS
Building
>
H
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
45
0.1
0.0
45
0.0
0.0
41
0.0
0.0
Crystal
City
11
0.0
0.0
11
0.0
0.0
11
0.0
0.0
Fair-
child
12
0.8
0.2
12
1.6
0.3
12
2.2
0.4
Bui Idings
Means
3
0.3
0.3
3
0.5
0.5
3
0.7
0.7
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
45
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
11
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12
1.5
0.3
2.0
4.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
Grand
3
0.5
0.5
0.0
4.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A.19. SPECIAL SITE SUM*AtY STATISTICS FOR CARBO* WWOXIDE (PPM) BT EPA BUILDINGS
Building
Til
AN
•oon
PM
M
O
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
„
Mean
error
.
Mean
error
„
Mean
error
tlater-
side
Mail
29
0.4
0.2
39
0.1
0.0
29
0.2
0.1
Crystal Fair-
City child
1
0.0
nc"
2
3.0
1.0
2
3.0
1.0
Bui Idings
Means
2
0.2
0.2
2
1.6
1.4
2
1.6
1.4
Grand
Average
Daily
Statistics
Mean
Std. error
Median
69
0.1
0.1
0.0
1
0.0
nc
nc
2
3.0
1.0
3.0
3
1.0
1.0
0.1
Individual
Values
First ataxii
Second vaxii
First aiinii
Second aiinii
3.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE A.20. PRIMARY. SECONDARY, « SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON MMOXIDE (PPN) BY EPA BUILDINGS
Building
Til
AN
•oon
PN
Statistic
M
Mean
Std. error
Mean
Std. error
Mean
Std. error
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
Mean
Std. error
Median
First MX!
Second nxi
First mini
Second mini
Water-
side
Hall
111
0.2
0.1
122
0.0
0.0
110
0.0
0.0
ISO
0.1
0.0
0.0
3.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
Crystal
City
17
0.0
0.0
16
0.0
0.0
16
0.0
0.0
17
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Fair-
child
17
0.6
0.1
19
1.3
0.3
19
1.7
0.4
19
1.3
0.3
1.7
4.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
Buildings
Means
3
0.3
0.2
3
0.4
0.4
3
0.6
0.6
Grand
3
0.5
0.4
0.1
4.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A.21. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON MONOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
PM
10
M
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
13
0.0
0.0
13
0.0
0.0
13
0.0
0.0
Mall
3
10
0.5
0.2
10
0.0
0.0
10
0.0
0.0
East
7
0.0
0.0
8
0.0
0.0
8
0.0
0.0
South- South- North- Crystal
West east west east City
12
0.0
0.0
12
0.0
0.0
12
0.0
0.0
1 1 2
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
1 1 2
0.0 0.0 0.0
.0.0
1 1 2
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
Fair-
child
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
5
0
0
5
0
0
5
0
0
Bui Idings
Means
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
.1
.1
9
.0
.0
9
.0
.0
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
Std
First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
13
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10
0.2
0.1
0.2
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1
0.0
nca
nc
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1
0.0
nc
nc
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Grand
9
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE A.22. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON MONOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
PM
M
U>
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
9
0.0
0.0
9
0.0
0.0
9
0.0
0.0
Mall
3
7
0.6
0.2
7
0.0
0.0
7
0.0
0.0
South- South- North- Crystal
East
7
0.0
0.0
7
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
West
8
0.1
0.1
8
0.0
0.0
7
0.0
0.0
east
3
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
west
4
0.0
0.0
4
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
east
7
0.0
0.0
7
0.0
0.0
7
0.0
0.0
City
11
0.0
0.0
11
0.0
0.0
11
0.0
0.0
Fair-
child
12
0.8
0.2
12
1.6
0.3
12
2.2
0.4
Bui Idings
Means
9
0.2
0.1
9
0.2
0.2
9
0.2
0.2
Average
Dai ly
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
First
Second
First
Second
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7
0.2
0.1
0.3
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
11
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12
1.5
0.3
2.0
4.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
Grand
9
0.2
0.2
0.0
4.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A.23. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON MONOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
PM
N
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
.0
.0
22
.0
.0
15
.0
.0
Mall
3
1
0.0
-
1
0.0
-
3
0.0
0.0
East
2
0
0
0
0
0
6
.0
.4
5
.8
.2
6
.8
.2
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
West east west east City child
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
653-
2 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0
4 2 5 -
0 0.0 0.0
0 0.0 0.0
5 - - -
0
o
1
0.0
-
2
3.0
1.0
2
3.0
1.0
Bui Idings
Means
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
.3
.3
7
.5
.4
5
.8
.6
Average
Dai ly
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
30
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7
1.3
0.2
1.3
3.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
15
0.1
0.1
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
« 1
0.0
nc
nc
0.0
-
0.0
.
2
3.0
1.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
Grand
8
0.5
0.4
0.0
4.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A.24. PRIMARY, SECONDARY, & SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON MONOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
PM
M
Ul
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
27
0.0
0.0
40
0.0
0.0
34
0.0
0.0
Mall
3
16
0.5
0.1
16
0.0
0.0
18
0.0
0.0
South- South- North- Crystal
East
20
0.6
0.2
20
0.2
0.1
19
0.3
0.1
West
26
0.1
0.1
24
0.0
0.0
24
0.0
0.0
east
8
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
west
7
0.0
0.0
8
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
east
9
0.0
0.0
9
0.0
0.0
9
0.0
0.0
City
17
0.0
0.0
16
0.0
0.0
16
0.0
0.0
Fair-
child
17
0.6
0.1
19
1.3
0.3
19
1.7
0.4
Bui I dings
Means
9
0.2
0.1
9
0.2
0.1
9
0.2
0.2
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
First
Second
First
Second
Median
max i mum
maximum
minimum
minimum
48
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
18
0.2
0.0
0.1
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
22
0.4
0.2
0.0
3.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
35
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
11
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
17
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
19
1.3
0.3
1.7
4.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
Grand
9
0.2
0.1
0.0
4.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A.2S. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA BUILDINGS
Building
N
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
46
535
13
47
575
15
47
577
12
Crystal
City
5
455
12
5
475
29
5
535
17
Fair-
child
5
730
31
5
705
24
5
800
22
Bui Idings
Means
3
573
82
3
585
67
3
637
82
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
47
563
12
567
775
775
325
350
5
488
19
492
575
575
400
425
5
745
24
750
850
825
650
650
Grand
3
599
76
563
850
825
325
350
-------
TABLE A.26. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA BUILDINGS
Building
f
M
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Hall
45
531
13
45
567
12
42
574
15
Crystal
City
11
493
15
11
491
12
11
552
16
Fair-
child
12
744
30
12
710
20
12
794
28
Bui Idings
Means
3
589
78
3
590
64
3
640
77
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
45
557
12
558
925
775
350
350
11
512
14
525
675
575
425
425
12
749
25
771
925
900
525
575
Grand
3
606
73
557
925
925
350
350
-------
TABLE A.27. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE (PPH) BY EPA BUILDINGS
Building
Time
AM
Noon
PM
M
09
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side Crystal
Mall City
29 1
573 500
39 nca
39
624
30
29
656
37
Fai r-
child
.
-
-
2
675
0
2
775
0
Bui Idings
Means
2
536
36
2
650
25
2
716
59
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
69
582
20
550
1350
1150
325
350
1
500
nc
nc
500
500
2
725
0
725
775
775
675
675
Grand
3
602
66
582
1350
1150
325
350
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE A.28. PRIMARY, SECONDARY, & SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA BUILDINGS
Building
?
M
Time
AN
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
111
549
12
122
592
12
111
597
12
Crystal
City
17
482
11
16
486
12
16
547
12
Fair-
child
17
740
23
19
705
14
19
793
19
Bui Idings
Means
3
590
77
3
594
63
3
646
75
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
150
575
10
558
1350
1150
325
325
17
504
10
525
675
575
400
425
19
746
17
750
925
900
525
575
Grand
3
608
72
575
1350
1150
325
325
-------
TABLE A.29. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
1
u>
o
PM
Stat
Std.
Std.
Std.
.-,!C
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
13
487
28
13
540
31
13
557
31
Mall
3
10
535
23
10
500
14
10
543
16
East
7
596
23
8
613
21
8
606
19
West
12
563
14
12
660
27
12
610
19
South-
east
1
425
-
1
425
-
1
500
.
South-
west
1
325
-
1
500
-
1
500
.
North-
east
2
638
37
2
625
0
2
638
37
Crystal
City
5
455
12
5
475
29
5
535
17
Fair-
child
5
730
31
5
705
24
5
800
22
Bui Idings
Means
9
528
40
9
560
31
9
588
31
Average
Dai ly
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
First
Second
First
Second
Median
max i mum
maximum
minimum
minimum
13
528
27
500
720
675
350
350
10
526
15
525
675
650
425
450
8
606
16
600
725
725
550
550
12
611
16
617
775
775
500
500
1
450
nca
nc
500
425
425
425
1
442
nc
nc
500
500
325
500
2
633
25
633
675
675
600
600
5
488
19
492
575
575
400
425
5
745
24
750
850
825
650
650
Grand
9
559
33
528
850
825
325
350
-------
TABLE A.30. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
PM
w
H
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
9
513
23
9
553
31
9
593
50
Mall
3
7
611
34
7
611
31
7
661
36
South- South- North- Crystal
East
7
579
18
7
600
15
5
575
21
West
8
519
15
8
584
20
8
559
18
east
3
429
33
3
458
55
3
463
26
west
4
406
56
4
481
12
3
483
17
east
7
554
11
7
586
20
7
568
17
City
11
493
15
11
491
12
11
552
16
Fair-
child
12
744
30
12
710
20
12
794
28
Bui Idings
Means
9
539
34
9
564
26
9
583
33
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
First
Second
First
Second
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
9
553
32
533
925
775
425
425
7
627
30
633
775
750
500
500
7
588
16
588
650
650
525
525
8
554
10
550
650
650
425
475
3
450
33
479
575
525
350
375
4
452
23
438
575
500
350
350
7
569
15
575
675
625
525
525
11
512
14
525
675
575
425
425
12
749
25
771
925
900
525
575
Grand
9
562
31
554
925
925
350
350
-------
TABLE A.31. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
T
w
N
PM
Stat
Std.
Std.
Std.
istic
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
8
458
36
22
552
20
15
573
34
Mall
3
1
775
-
1
875
-
3
658
109
East
6
871
91
5
955
119
6
921
92
West
6
596
22
4
756
26
5
585
22
South-
east
5
450
16
2
500
25
.
-
-
South- North-
west east
3
375
29
5
505
15
m m
-
-
Crystal Fair-
City child
1
500
"
2
675
0
2
775
0
Bui Idings
Means
7
575
70
7
688
69
5
702
65
Average
Dai ly
Statistics
Individual
Values
Std
First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
30
532
19
525
1050
875
350
350
3
647
98
575
875
875
525
575
7
904
77
925
1350
1150
550
550
15
635
23
625
800
800
525
550
6
458
15
450
525
500
425
425
8
456
27
475
525
525
325
375
1
500
nc
nc
500
-
500
-
2
725
0
725
775
775
675
675
Grand
8
607
54
584
1350
1150
325
350
-------
TABLE A.32. PRIMARY. SECONDARY, & SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
PM
w
w
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
27
487
18
40
550
15
34
568
20
Mall
3
16
579
25
16
566
28
18
602
24
South- South- North- Crystal
East
20
673
40
20
694
45
19
697
46
West
26
557
11
24
651
20
25
589
12
east
8
442
15
5
468
31
3
461
25
west
7
375
17
8
498
10
3
483
17
east
9
572
16
9
594
17
9
583
18
City
17
482
11
16
486
12
16
547
12
Fair-
child
17
740
23
19
705
14
19
793
19
Bui Idings
Means
9
545
38
9
579
30
9
592
34
Average
Dai ly
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
48
535
14
529
1050
925
350
350
18
581
22
575
875
875
425
450
22
695
40
631
1350
1150
525
525
35
608
12
583
800
800
425
475
9
454
14
475
575
525
350
375
11
451
20
442
575
525
325
325
9
583
15
583
675
675
525
525
17
504
10
525
675
575
400
425
19
746
17
750
925
900
525
575
Grand
9
573
34
581
1350
1150
325
325
-------
TABLE A.33. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR REAL-TIME PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION (HG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS
Building
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
43
10.6
1.0
44
10.3
1.1
44
12.1
1.2
Crystal
City
5
9.2
0.7
5
10.4
2.0
5
9.0
3.3
Fair-
child
5
10.4
0.8
5
12.8
0.7
2
16.5
1.5
Bui Idings
Means
3
10.1
0.4
3
11.2
0.8
3
12.5
2.2
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
44
10.9
1.0
10.5
48.0
39.0
0.0
0.0
5
9.5
1.9
7.3
20.0
17.0
2.0
4.0
5
12.3
0.7
12.0
18.0
15.0
8.0
10.0
Grand
10
0
10.9
48.0
39.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A.34. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR REAL-TIME PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS
Building
Time
AM
*- -- i
S*
Noon
PM
w
Wl
Statistic
N
Mean
Std. error
N
Mean
Std. error
N
Mean
Std. error
Water-
side
Mall
41
12.7
1.2
41
11.3
0.9
38
12.3
0.9
Crystal
City
11
14.4
2.5
11
13.1
1.9
11
11.6
1.7
Fair-
child
12
9.3
1.9
12
7.2
1.4
0
-
-
Bui I dings
Means
3
12.1
1.5
3
10.5
1.7
2
12.0
0.3
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
41
12.1
0.9
12.7
30.0
27.0
0.0
0.0
11
13.0
1.9
11.3
32.0
30.0
3.0
6.0
12
8.3
1.1
7.2
21.0
20.0
1.0
1.0
Grand
3
11.1
1.4
12.1
32.0
30.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A.35. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR REAL-TIME PARTICIPATE CONCENTRATION (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS
BuiIding
Time
AM
Noon
PM
W
e\
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side Crystal Fair-
Mall City child
28 1
10.0 16.0
1.0 nca
39 - 2
22.7 - 10.0
3.1 - 7.0
30 - 0
19.8
3.3
Bui Idings
Means
2
13.0
3.0
2
16.4
6.4
1
19.8
nc
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
68
17.3
1.7
13.0
96.0
91.0
0.0
0.0
1
16.0
nc
nc
16.0
-
16.0
-
2
10.0
7.0
10.0
17.0
3.0
3.0
17.0
Grand
3
14.4
2.2
16.0
96.0
91.0
0.0
0.0
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE A.36. PRIMARY, SECONDARY, & SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR REAL-TIME PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS
Building
t
bl
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
103
11.2
0.6
115
14.7
1.3
105
H.3
1.2
Crystal
City
17
12.9
1.7
16
12.2
1.5
16
10.8
1.5
Fair-
child
17
9.6
1.3
19
9.0
1.2
2
16.5
1.5
Bui Id ings
Means
3
11.3
1.0
3
12.0
1.6
3
13.9
1.7
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
142
14.1
0.9
12.7
96.0
91.0
0.0
0.0
17
12.2
1.4
11.3
32.0
30.0
2.0
3.0
19
9.5
1.0
11.0
21.0
20.0
1.0
1.0
Grand
3
11.9
1.3
12.2
96.0
91.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A.37. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR REAL-TIME PARTICIPATE CONCENTRATION (HG/M3) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
PM
w
00
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
13
16.3
1.6
13
15.8
2.8
13
16.8
2.4
Mall
3
10
7.7
1.3
10
6.8
1.0
10
7.6
1.2
South- South- North- Crystal
East
7
5.9
2.5
8
7.5
3.0
8
6.5
2.7
West
9
8.3
0.5
9
8.7
0.4
9
15.3
2.6
east
1
12.0
-
1
10.0
*
1
11.0
.
west east
1 2
11.0 13.5
0.5
1 2
10.0 11.5
0.5
1 2
14.0 12.5
0.5
City
5
9.2
0.7
5
10.4
2.0
5
9.0
3.3
Fai
chi
10
0
12
0
16
1
r-
Id
5
.4
.8
5
.8
.7
2
.5
.5
Bui Idings
Means
9
10.5
1.1
9
10.4
0.9
9
12.1
1.3
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
Std
First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
max i mum
maximum
minimum
minimum
13
16.3
2.0
14.0
48.0
39.0
6.0
9.0
10
7.4
1.0
7.8
15.0
14.0
0.0
0.0
8
6.4
2.4
5.0
20.0
18.0
0.0
0.0
9
10.8
0.9
9.3
31.0
26.0
7.0
7.0
1
11.0
nca
nc
12.0
11.0
10.0
11.0
1
11.7
nc
nc
14.0
11.0
10.0
11.0
2
12.5
0.2
12.5
14.0
13.0
11.0
12.0
5
9.5
1.9
7.3
20.0
17.0
2.0
4.0
5
12.3
0.7
12.0
18.0
15.0
8.0
10.0
Grand
9
10.9
1.0
11.0
48.0
39.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A.38. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR REAL-TIME PARTICIPATE CONCENTRATION (MG/M3) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
PM
(*»
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
9
17.8
2.0
9
13.1
0.8
9
15.4
1.0
Mall
3
7
3.9
1.5
7
8.0
2.9
7
9.0
2.4
South- South- North- Crystal
East
7
6.9
2.4
7
7.3
2.6
5
6.6
2.8
West
4
10.7
2.2
4
10.5
2.8
4
10.2
1.0
east
3
13.5
1.8
3
10.7
0.4
3
13.7
2.5
west
4
16.0
2.1
4
12.0
0.8
3
10.7
0.3
east
7
20.0
1.8
7
16.7
1.1
7
17.0
1.4
City
11
14.4
2.5
11
13.1
1.9
11
11.6
1.7
Fair-
child
12
9.3
1.9
12
7.2
1.4
0
-
-
Bui Idings
Means
12
1
11
1
11
1
9
.5
.7
9
.0
.1
8
.8
.2
Grand
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
Std
First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
9
15.4
1.0
16.4
27.0
26.0
9.0
9.0
7
7.0
1.8
8.0
20.0
20.0
0.0
0.0
7
7.0
2.5
10.3
15.0
14.0
0.0
0.0
4
10.5
1.9
9.3
19.0
17.0
7.0
7.0
3
12.6
1.1
13.3
19.0
18.0
9.0
10.0
4
13.3
0.9
13.2
21.0
17.0
10.0
10.0
7
17.9
1.3
16.3
30.0
24.0
13.0
13.0
11
13.0
1.9
11.3
32.0
30.0
3.0
6.0
12
8.3
1.1
7.2
21.0
20.0
1.0
1.0
11
1
9
.7
.3
12.6
32.0
30.0
0.0
0.0
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE A.39. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR REAL-TIME PARTICIPATE CONCENTRATION (MG/MJ) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
14
1
19
2
15
1
8
.2
.8
22
.2
.1
16
.2
.4
Mall
3
1
2.0
•
1
11.0
-
3
7.0
4.4
East
5
1
43
14
42
12
6
.2
.2
5
.0
.0
6
.7
.6
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
West east west east City child
7
0
30
20
15
1
5 5 3 1 -
.2 13.4 9.7 - 16.0
.7 0.8 0.3 -
4 2 5 - - 2
.5 12.0 18.0 - - 10.0
.2 0.0 2.0 - - 7.0
5 .... 0
.2 .....
.6 .....
Bui Idings
Means
9
2
20
4
20
7
7
.7
.0
7
.5
.6
4
.0
.8
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
Std
First
Second
Hrst
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
30
17.8
1.6
14.3
54.0
54.0
8.0
9.0
5
2
6
15
11
0
2
3
.1
.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
7
28.0
7.8
29.7
96.0
88.0
0.0
0.0
14
16.7
5.8
9.0
91.0
17.0
5.0
7.0
6
12.9
0.6
12.7
15.0
15.0
11.0
12.0
8
14.9
2.0
13.0
22.0
21.0
9.0
10.0
1
16.0
nca
nc
16.0
-
16.0
-
2
10.0
7.0
10.0
17.0
3.0
3.0
17.0
Grand
8
15.2
2.3
15.4
96.0
91.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A.40. PRIMARY, SECONDARY. & SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR REAL-TIME PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION (MG/M3) BY EPA SECTORS
Sector
Time
AM
Noon
PM
Statistic
Std.
Std.
Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
27
16.3
1.0
40
17.3
1.4
35
16.0
1.1
Mall
3
16
5.9
1.0
16
6.9
1.1
18
7.4
1.1
South- South- North- Crystal
East
20
6.0
1.2
20
16.3
5.0
19
17.9
5.6
West
18
8.6
0.6
17
14.2
4.9
18
14.2
1.4
east
8
13.2
0.6
5
11.1
0.4
3
13.4
2.5
west
7
13.0
1.7
8
15.6
1.7
3
11.3
0.3
east
9
18.6
1.7
9
15.6
1.1
9
16.0
1.3
City
17
12.9
1.7
16
12.2
1.5
16
10.8
1.5
Fair-
child
17
9.6
1.3
19
9.0
1.2
2
16.5
1.5
Bui Idings
Means
11
1
13
1
13
1
9
.6
.5
9
.1
.2
9
.7
.1
Average
Daily
Statistics
Individual
Values
Std
First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
48
17.0
1.0
15.7
54.0
54.0
6.0
8.0
18
6.5
0.9
7.5
20.0
20.0
0.0
0.0
22
13.4
3.4
11.0
96.0
88.0
0.0
0.0
27
13.8
3.0
9.3
91.0
31.0
5.0
7.0
9
12.7
0.5
13.0
19.0
18.0
9.0
10.0
11
14.5
1.4
13.0
22.0
21.0
9.0
10.0
9
16.7
1.3
16.3
30.0
24.0
11.0
12.0
17
12.2
1.4
11.3
32.0
30.0
2.0
3.0
19
9.5
1.0
11.0
21.0
20.0
1.0
1.0
Grand
9
12.9
1.1
13.4
96.0
91.0
0.0
0.0
-------
APPENDIX B
Summary Statistics for
Respirable Particulate Matter
B-l
-------
TABLE B.1 PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR PERSONAL EXPOSURE MONITOR PARTICLE CONCENTRATION (MG/IT) BY EPA BUILDINGS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Total
Inside
59
28
22.6
1
21
54
Water-
side Crystal Fair-
Mall City child
10.7
49
24
23.5
1/9
21.4
54.7
10.7
5
2
16.3
1.4
16.3
17.7
14.9
18
4
18.5
23.1
14.0
W
I
M
Sector
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Mall
2
13
6
24.6
6.2
19.2
54.7
15.0
Mall
3
10
7
23.8
3.4
21.7
41.4
12.3
East
8
7
22.6
2.9
23.2
32.7
10.7
West
10
2
21.2
0.2
21.2
21.3
21.0
South- South-
east west
1 1
1 0
27.3
nca -
nc
nc
nc
North- Crystal
east City
2 5
0 2
16.3
1.4
16.3
17.7
14.9
Fair-
child
5
2
18.5
4.5
18.5
23.1
14.0
Fixed
Site
5
1
21.5
nc
nc
nc
nc
-------
APPENDIX C
Summary Statistics for Formaldehyde
and Other Aldehydes
C-l
-------
TABLE C.I. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR FORMALDEHYDE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
O
M
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Mall
2
3
3
6.7
0.2
6.9
6.9
6.4
Total
Inside
20
19
10.2
0.9
10.3
20.3
6.2
Mall
3
2
2
11.9
0.8
11.9
12.7
11.1
Water-
side
Mall
16
15
8.9
0.6
8.1
12.7
6.2
East
2
2
9.4
1.3
9.4
10.8
8.1
Crystal
City
2
2
11.3
0.0
11.3
11.3
11.3
West
3
3
10.8
0.4
10.5
11.5
10.3
Fair-
child
2
2
19.3
1.0
19.3
20.3
18.3
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
11-22
01-22
7.6 - 11.3 19.3
nca - 0.0 1.0
nc - 11.3 19.3
nc - 11.3 20.3
nc - 11.3 18.3
Fixed
Site
5
5
7.3
0.8
6.5
10.3
6.2
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE C.2. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR ACETALOEHYDE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
O
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Water-
Mall
2
3
3
4.3
0.4
3.9
5.0
3.9
Total
Inside
20
19
6.0
0.5
5.2
11.1
3.8
Mall
3
2
2
4.6
0.2
4.6
4.8
4.5
side
Mall
16
15
5.1
0.3
5.0
7.8
3.8
East
2
2
6.8
1.0
6.8
7.8
5.8
Crystal
City
2
2
7.4
0.8
7.4
8.2
6.5
West
3
3
6.2
0.4
6.0
6.9
5.6
Fair-
child
2
2
10.9
0.3
10.9
11.1
10.6
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 - 22
0 1 - 22
5.2 - 7.4 10.9
nca - 0.8 0.3
nc - 7.4 10.9
nc - 8.2 11.1
nc - 6.5 10.6
Fixed
Site
5
5
4.3
0.2
4.3
5.1
3.8
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE C.3. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR PROPIONALDEHYDE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Mall
2
3
3
0.7
0.1
0.6
1.0
0.5
Total
Inside
20
19
0.9
0.1
0.8
2.3
0.5
Mall
3
2
2
0.6
0.0
0.6
0.6
0.5
Water-
side
Mall
16
15
0.8
0.1
0.7
1.2
0.5
East
2
2
0.9
0.2
0.9
1.1
0.8
Crystal
City
2
2
0.7
0.1
0.7
0.8
0.6
West
3
3
1.1
0.1
1.1
1.2
0.9
Fair-
child
2
2
2.2
0.1
2.2
2.3
2.0
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 - 22
0 1 22
0.7 - 0.7 2.2
nca - 0.1 0.1
nc - 0.7 2.2
nc - 0.8 2.3
nc - 0.6 2.0
Fixed
Site
5
5
0.6
0.0
0.6
0.8
0.5
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE C.4. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR BUTYRALDEHYDE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
?
VI
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Mini mum
Water-
Mall
2
3
3
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.3
Total
Inside
20
19
0.7
0.1
0.8
1.2
0.3
Mall
3
2
2
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
side
Mall
16
15
0.7
0.1
0.7
1.0
0.3
East
2
2
0.8
0.2
0.8
1.0
0.7
Crystal
City
2
2
1.1
0.1
1.1
1.2
0.9
West
3
3
0.9
0.1
0.9
1.0
0.7
Fair-
child
2
2
0.9
0.1
0.9
1.0
0.8
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 - 22
0 1 - 22
0.4 - 1.1 0.9
nca - 0.1 0.1
nc - 1.1 0.9
nc - 1.2 1.0
nc - 0.9 0.8
Fixed
Site
5
5
0.6
0.1
0.7
0.8
0.3
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE C.5. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR BENZALDEHYDE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)l
O
ei
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Mini mum
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Water-
Mall
2
3
3
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.6
0.5
Total
Inside
20
19
0.8
0.1
0.6
1.9
0.4
Mall
3
2
2
0.7
0.0
0.7
0.7
0.6
side
Mall
16
15
0.6
0.0
0.6
1.0
0.4
East
2
2
0.8
0.2
0.8
1.0
0.6
Crystal
City
2
2
0.8
0.2
0.8
1.0
0.6
West
3
3
0.8
0.0
0.8
0.9
0.8
Fair-
child
2
2
1.8
0.1
1.8
1.9
1.6
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 22
0 1 - 22
0.7 - 0.8 1.8
nca - 0.2 0.1
nc - 0.8 1.8
nc - 1.0 1.9
nc - 0.6 1.6
Fixed
Site
5
5
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.6
0.4
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE C.6. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR VALERALDEHYDE (MG/N3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
O
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Total
I ns i de
«•'
Mall
2
3
2
0.4
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.4
20
18
0.7
0.1
0.5
2.0
0.3
Mall
3
2
2
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.4
Water-
side Crystal Fair-
Mall City child
16
14
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.8
0.3
East
2
2
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.4
2
2
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.9
0.5
West
3
3
0.7
0.0
0.7
0.7
0.6
2
2
1.9
0.2
1.9
2.0
1.7
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 - 22
0 1 - 22
0.4 - 0.7 1.9
nca - 0.2 0.2
nc - 0.7 1.9
nc - 0.9 2.0
nc - 0.5 1.7
Fixed
Site
5
5
0.4
0.0
0.4
0.5
0.3
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE C.7. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR HEXANALDEHYDE (MG/H3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
Water-
O
09
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOB
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Mall
2
3
3
1.6
0.2
1.8
1.9
1.2
Total
Inside
20
19
2.5
0.3
2.2
5.7
1.1
Mall
3
2
2
1.9
0.3
1.9
2.2
1.6
side
Mall
16
15
2.1
0.2
2.0
3.5
1.1
East
2
2
2.6
0.8
2.6
3.4
1.8
Crystal
City
2
2
3.0
0.9
3.0
3.9
2.2
West
3
3
2.7
0.4
2.5
3.5
2.2
Fair-
child
2
2
5.3
0.4
5.3
5.7
4.8
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 22
0 1 22
1.1 - 3.0 5.3
nc° - 0.9 0.4
nc - 3.0 5.3
nc - 3.9 5.7
nc - 2.2 4.8
Fixed
Site
5
5
2.0
0.2
2.0
2.5
1.5
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE C.8. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR ACROLEIN (HG/H3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)J
O
to
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOG
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Mini mum
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Mall
2
3
3
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
Total
Inside
20
19
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.7
0.1
Mall
3
2
2
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.1
Water-
side
Mall
16
15
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.1
East
2
2
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.3
Crystal
City
2
2
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
West
3
3
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
Fair-
child
2
2
0.7
0.0
0.7
0.7
0.7
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 - 22
0 1 - 22
0.3 - 0.3 0.7
nc8 - 0.0 0.0
nc - 0.3 0.7
nc - 0.3 0.7
nc - 0.3 0.7
F i xed
Site
5
5
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.1
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE C.9. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR ACETONE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Water-
Total
Inside
20
19
14.1
1.5
12.2
side
Mall
16
15
12.0
1.2
11.3
Crystal
City
2
2
16.2
1.4
16.2
Fair-
child
2
2
28.0
1.4
28.0
29.5 25.1 17.6 29.5
7.7
7.7 14.8 26.6
O
Sector
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Mall
2
3
3
13.7
5.7
8.2
25.1
7.9
Mall
3
2
2
11.0
0.7
11.0
11.7
10.3
East
2
2
15.0
3.7
15.0
18.8
11.3
West
3
3
13.0
0.4
13.1
13.6
12.2
South- South- North-
east west east
1 1
0 1
8.5
nca -
nc
nc
nc
Crystal
City
2
2
16.2
1.4
16.2
17.6
14.8
Fair-
child
2
2
28.0
1.4
28.0
29.5
26.6
Fixed
Site
5
5
9.5
1.2
8.4
14.4
7.7
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE C.10. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR UNKNOWN CARBONYLS (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Q
H
H
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOO
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOO.
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Mall
2
3
3
1.9
1.0
1.3
3.9
0.4
Total
Inside
20
19
1.5
0.2
1.2
3.9
0.4
Mall
3
2
2
1.3
0.5
1.3
1.8
0.8
Water-
side
Mall
16
15
1.2
0.2
1.0
3.9
0.4
East
2
2
1.2
0.0
1.2
1.3
1.2
Crystal
City
2
2
2.4
0.2
2.4
2.6
2.2
West
3
3
1.0
0.1
0.9
1.2
0.9
Fair-
child
2
2
2.5
0.4
2.5
2.9
2.1
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 - 22
0 1 - 22
1.0 - 2.4 2.5
nc8 - 0.2 0.4
nc - 2.4 2.5
nc - 2.6 2.9
nc - 2.2 2.1
Fixed
Site
5
5
0.9
0.1
1.0
1.2
0.4
a
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE C.11. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR TOTAL CARBONYLS (HG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the (intft of quantification (LOO)]
H
M
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOO
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOO
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Uater-
Nalt
2
3
3
30.5
6.8
24.6
44.1
22.8
Total
Inside
20
19
37.7
3.4
35.3
77.0
22.8
Mall
3
2
2
33.0
0.8
33.0
33.9
32.2
side
Mall
16
15
32.1
2.0
32.2
46.3
22.8
East
2
2
38.6
7.7
38.6
46.3
30.9
Crystal
city
2
2
43.8
3.7
43.8
47.6
40.1
West
3
3
37.4
1.2
37.4
39.5
35.3
Fair-
child
2
2
73.6
3.3
73.6
77.0
70.3
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 22
0 1 22
25.8 - 43.8 73.6
nc° - 3.7 3.3
nc - 43.8 73.6
nc - 47.6 77.0
nc - 40.1 70.3
Fixed
Site
5
5
26.4
2.4
24.5
36.0
22.8
nc = not computed
-------
APPENDIX D
Summary Statistics for
Volatile Organic Compounds
D-l
-------
TABLE D.2. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR TRICHLOROETHYLENE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)l
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Mini mum
Number of trace values
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Mall City child
5
0
3
61
19
1.7
0.2
1.3
3.2
0.7
38
51
9
1.1
0.1
1.0
1.8
0.7
38
5
5
1.3
0.1
1.1
1.8
1.0
0
5
5
3.0
0.1
3.0
3.2
2.8
0
7
10
Sector
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Mall
1
0
1
1
0
2
13
4
.4
.2
.4
.8
.9
9
Mall
3
10
0
.
-
-
-
-
7
East
0
0
0
1
0
8
3
.9
.2
.8
.3
.7
5
South-
west east
12 1
1 0
0.7
nca -
nc
nc
nc
10 1
South- North-
west east
1 2
0 1
1.0
nc
nc
nc
nc
1 1
Crystal
City
5
5
1.3
0.1
1.1
1.8
1.0
0
Fair-
chi
3
0
3
3
2
Id
5
5
.0
.1
.0
.2
.8
0
Fixed
Site
5
0
-
-
-
-
-
5
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE D.2. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR TRICHLOROETHYLENE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Hall City child
5
0
3
61
19
1.7
0.2
1.3
3.2
0.7
38
51
9
1.1
0.1
1.0
1.8
0.7
38
5
5
1.3
0.1
1.1
1.8
1.0
0
5
5
3.0
0.1
3.0
3.2
2.8
0
7
u>
Sector
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
4
1.4
0.2
1.4
1.8
0.9
9
Mall
3
10
0
-
-
-
-
-
7
East
8
3
0.9
0.2
0.8
1.3
0.7
5
South-
west east
12 1
1 0
0.7
nca -
nc
nc
nc
10 1
South- North-
west east
1 2
0 1
1.0
nc
nc
nc
nc
1 1
Crystal
City
5
5
1.3
0.1
1.1
1.8
1.0
0
Fair-
child
5
5
3.0
0.1
3.0
3.2
2.8
0
Fixed
Site
5
0
-
-
-
-
-
5
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE 0.3. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR TETRACNLOROETNYLENE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
(Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Max i mum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Mall City child
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
13
5.4
1.5
2.4
19.1
1.7
0
5
5
1.7
0.1
1.6
2.2
1.4
0
Mall
3
10
10
3.3
0.1
3.4
3.8
2.4
0
61
61
6.2
0.8
3.1
22.3
1.5
0
East
8
8
2.2
0.0
2.2
2.4
2.0
0
51
51
6.9
0.9
3.3
22.3
1.5
0
West
12
12
17.4
0.9
17.3
22.3
11.7
0
5
5
2.2
0.5
1.7
4.1
1.6
0
Sector
South-
east
1
1
1.5
nc*
nc
nc
nc
0
5
5
3.6
0.4
3.1
5.2
2.8
0
South- North- Crystal Fair-
wast east City child
1255
1255
2.9 2.6 2.2 3.6
nc 0.3 0.5 0.4
nc 2.6 1.7 3.1
nc 2.9 4.1 5.2
nc 2.2 1.6 2.8
0000
Fixed
Site
5
5
5.9
3.3
3.3
19.1
1.6
0
nc « not computed
-------
TABLE D.4. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR 1,1.1-TRICMLOROETNANE (MG/N3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics art computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOO
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Mall City child
5
5
1.9
0.1
1.9
2.3
1.5
0
61
61
8.1
0.8
6.3
25.9
2.3
0
51
51
8.7
0.9
6.7
25.9
2.3
0
5
5
3.3
0.2
3.1
3.8
3.0
0
5
5
6.6
0.1
6.5
7.1
6.3
0
1
u»
Sector
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOO
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
13
7.5
2.0
3.6
25.9
2.7
0
Mall
3
10
10
4.0
0.5
3.8
7.7
2.3
0
South- South-
East
8
6
U.9
2.2
15.2
24.8
3.9
0
West
12
12
13.4
0.6
13.1
19.1
10.6
0
east
1
1
2.4
nc*
nc
nc
nc
0
west
1
1
2.7
nc
nc
nc
nc
0
North-
east
2
2
5.3
1.4
5.3
6.7
3.9
0
Crystal
City
5
5
3.3
0.2
3.1
3.8
3.0
0
Fair-
child
5
5
6.6
0.1
6.5
7.1
6.3
0
Fixed
Site
5
5
6.1
3.3
3.0
19.5
2.4
0
nc * not computed
-------
TABLE D.5. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR P-DICHLOROBEMZEME (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Mall City child
5
0
0
61
6
5.6
0.6
5.8
7.3
3.3
5
51
1
3.3
nca
nc
nc
nc
5
5
0
-
-
-
-
-
0
5
5
6.1
0.4
6.3
7.3
5.2
0
o
a\
Sector
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
1
3.3
nc
nc
nc
nc
4
Mall
3
10
0
-
-
-
-
-
0
East West
8 12
0 0
-
-
-
-
-
0 1
South- South-
east west
1 1
0 0
-
-
-
-
-
0 0
North- Crystal
east City
2 5
0 0
-
-
-
-
-
0 0
Fair-
child
5
5
6.1
0.4
6.3
7.3
5.2
0
Fixed
Site
5
0
-
-
-
-
-
0
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE 0.6. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR BENZENE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
(Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOG)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Mall City child
Mall
2
13
2
4.5
0.5
4.5
5.0
4.0
8
5
2
5.3
0.6
5.3
5.8
4.7
3
Mall
3
10
1
5.6
nca
nc
nc
nc
9
61 51
9 4
6.4 4.7
0.6 0.4
6.6 4.6
8.8 5.6
4.0 4.0
43 38
(
<
East West
8 12
0 0
-
-
-
-
-
8 6
5
0
5
5
7.8
0.4
7.7
8.8
6.6
0
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair- Fixed
it nest east City child Site
1
0
1
0
2
0
5
0
5
5
7.8
0.4
7.7
8.8
6.6
0
5
1
4.1
nc
nc
nc
nc
4
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE 0.7. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR TOLUENE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Mall City child
5
2
7.6
0.5
7.6
8.2
7.1
3
61
54
13.5
1.3
9.9
44.3
7.0
2
51
44
10.7
0.7
9.5
32.7
7.0
2
5
5
13.5
3.4
10.3
27.1
9.3
0
5
5
38.3
2.0
35.8
44.3
34.1
0
7
09
Sector
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Mini mum
Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
11
12.7
2.3
10.7
32.7
7.1
1
Mall
3
10
10
11.
0.
10.
13.
9.
1
4
7
6
3
0
East
8
7
8.8
0.2
8.7
9.5
8.0
0
South- South- North- Crystal
West east west east City
12 1 1 2 5
10 0
9.
0.
8.
12.
7.
0
4
5
0
9
0 1
0
16
6
16
22
9
0
2
.2
.3
.2
.5
.9
0
5
13.5
3.4
10.3
27.1
9.3
0
Fai
chi
38
2
35
44
34
r
Id
5
5
.3
.0
.8
.3
.1
0
Fixed
Site
5
5
8.7
0.6
8.7
10.7
7.0
0
-------
TABLE 0.8. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR ETHYLBENZENE (MG/N3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)}
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Mall City child
5
1
1.2
nca
nc
nc
nc
4
61
54
1.7
0.1
1.4
5.4
1.0
7
51
44
1.4
0.1
1.4
2.8
1.0
7
5
5
1.4
0.0
1.4
1.5
1.4
0
5
5
4.9
0.1
4.9
5.4
4.5
0
o
to
Sector
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Mini mum
Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
9
1.8
0.2
1.6
2.8
1.3
4
Mall
3
10
10
1.5
0.0
1.6
1.7
1.4
0
East
8
8
1.2
0.0
1.2
1.3
1.0
0
West
12
11
1.1
0.0
1.1
1.4
1.0
1
South- South-
east west
1 1
0 1
1.7
nc
nc
nc
nc
1 0
North-
east
2
2
1.5
0.1
1.5
1.6
1.3
0
Crystal
City
5
5
1.4
0.0
1.4
1.5
1.4
0
Fair-
child
5
5
4.9
0.1
4.9
5.4
4.5
0
Fixed
Site
5
4
1.4
0.1
1.3
1.6
1.2
1
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE 0.9. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR 0-XYLENE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
H
O
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Statistic
Total number of samples
* nber of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Mall City child
Mall
2
13
12
2.0
0.2
1.9
3.4
1.0
1
5
3
1.3
0.1
1.2
1.5
1.1
2
Mall
3
10
10
1.9
0.1
1.8
2.2
1.7
0
61
60
2.0
0.2
1.7
6.2
1.0
1
East
8
8
1.4
0.0
1.5
1.5
1.2
0
51
50
1.7
0.1
1.5
3.4
1.0
1
West
12
12
1.4
0.0
1.3
1.7
1.1
0
5
5
1.8
0.0
1.8
1.8
1.7
0
Sector
South-
east
1
1
1.0
nc8
nc
nc
nc
0
5
5
5.6
0.2
5.5
6.2
5.1
0
South- North-
west east
1 2
1 2
2.0 1.7
nc 0.2
nc 1.7
nc 1.9
nc 1.5
0 0
Crystal
City
5
5
1.8
0.0
1.8
1.8
1.7
0
Fair-
child
5
5
5.6
0.2
5.5
6.2
5.1
0
Fixed
Site
5
5
1.6
0.1
1.6
1.9
1.2
0
nc B not computed
-------
TABLE 0.10. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR P-XYLENE (NG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Mall City child
5
4
3.0
0.3
2.9
3.9
2.4
1
61
61
5.2
0.4
4.4
17.3
2.5
0
51
51
4.2
0.2
4.0
9.2
2.5
0
5
5
4.6
0.1
4.7
4.9
4.3
0
5
5
15.5
0.5
15.4
17.3
14.4
0
Sector
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOO
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
13
4.9
0.6
4.9
9.2
2.5
0
Mall
3
10
10
5.0
0.2
4.9
5.8
4.5
0
South- South-
East
8
8
3.6
0.1
3.6
4.1
3.0
0
West
12
12
3.3
0.1
3.3
4.1
2.6
0
east
1
1
2.7
nca
nc
nc
nc
0
west
1
1
5.0
nc
nc
nc
nc
0
North-
east
2
2
4.5
0.5
4.5
4.9
4.0
0
Crystal
City
5
5
4.6
0.1
4.7
4.9
4.3
0
Fair-
child
5
5
15.5
0.5
15.4
17.3
14.4
0
Fixed
Site
5
5
4.1
0.4
4.0
4.9
3.0
0
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE 0.11. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR STYRENE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Mall City child
5
0
0
61
1
1.5
a
nc
nc
nc
nc
13
51
0
-
•
-
-
-
10
5
0
-
-
-
-
-
1
5
1
1.5
nc
nc
nc
nc
2
Sector
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
0
-
-
-
-
-
3
Mall
3 East West
10 8 12
000
.
-
-
-
.
2 3 1
South-
east
1
0
-
-
-
-
-
0
South- North- Crystal
west east City
1 2 5
000
.
.
.
.
.
1 0 1
Fair-
child
5
1
1.5
nc
nc
nc
nc
2
Fixed
Site
5
0
-
-
-
-
-
0
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE 0.12. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR N-DECANE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Mall City child
5
0
0
61
5
6.3
1.8
5.2
12.9
2.9
16
51
5
6.3
1.8
5.2
12.9
2.9
11
5
0
-
-
-
-
-
0
5
0
-
-
-
-
-
5
Sector
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
2
8.6
4.3
8.6
12.9
4.3
3
Mall
3 East
10 8
1 0
2.9
nc°
nc
nc
nc
3 1
West
12
0
_
-
-
-
4
South-
east
1
0
•
-
-
-
0
South- North-
west east
1 2
0 0
m _
-
-
-
0 0
Crystal
City
5
0
-
-
-
-
0
Fair-
child
5
0
-
-
-
-
5
Fixed
Site
5
2
5.8
0.6
5.8
6.3
5.2
0
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE 0.13. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR N-DODECANE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Mall City child
61
0
51
0
O
Sector
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
0
Mall
3
10
0
East
8
0
South- South- North- Crystal Fair- Fixed
West east west east City child Site
12 1 1 2 5 5 5
0000000
-------
TABLE 0.14. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR N-OCTANE (MG/N3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Mini mum
Number of trace values
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Mall City child
5
0
5
61
24
1.0
0.1
0.9
2.0
0.6
36
51
16
1.0
0.1
0.8
2.0
0.6
34
5
3
0.6
0.0
0.6
0.6
0.6
2
5
5
1.0
0.0
0.9
1.1
0.9
0
o
H
Ul
Sector
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
4
1.2
0.1
1.2
1.5
0.8
9
Mall
3
10
5
1.3
0.2
1.6
2.0
0.7
5
East
8
3
0.7
0.0
0.6
0.7
0.6
5
West
12
0
-
-
-
-
-
11
South- South-
east west
1 1
1 0
0.7
ncfl -
nc
nc
nc
0 1
North-
east
2
1
0.8
nc
nc
nc
nc
1
Crystal
City
5
3
0.6
0.0
0.6
0.6
0.6
2
Fair-
child
5
5
1.0
0.0
0.9
1.1
0.9
0
Fixed
Site
5
2
0.9
0.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
3
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE 0.15. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR SUM OF VOCS (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Mall City child
5
5
12.8
4.0
10.3
26.7
2.9
61
61
40.3
2.9
35.8
110.4
10.7
51
51
35.7
2.1
35.7
94.1
10.7
5
5
28.8
3.4
26.0
41.8
23.3
5
5
99.4
2.8
96.7
110.4
94.6
H
O\
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Sector
Mall
2
13
13
38.4
6.6
27.2
94.1
14.5
Mall
3
10
10
30.5
1.7
29.6
38.2
23.6
South- South-
East
8
8
34.9
2.7
35.7
44.9
21.4
West
12
12
44.3
2.1
44.1
56.0
26.0
east
1
1
10.7
nca
nc
nc
nc
west
1
1
15.6
nc
nc
nc
nc
North-
east
2
2
33.8
10.2
33.8
43.9
23.6
Crystal
City
5
5
28.8
3.4
26.0
41.8
23.3
Fair-
child
5
5
99.4
2.8
96.7
110.4
94.6
Fixed
Site
5
5
33.5
6.7
31.7
56.3
17.6
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE D.16. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR TOTAL VOCS (PPM CARBON) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Water-
Total Total side Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside Mall City child
5
5
0.4
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.2
61
61
1.0
0.1
0.8
7.1
0.3
51
51
1.0
0.1
0.8
7.1
0.3
5
5
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.8
0.5
5
5
1.9
0.3
1.8
2.9
1.5
H
vl
Sector
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Mall
2
13
13
0.8
0.1
0.8
2.0
0.3
Mall
3
10
10
1.0
0.2
0.8
2.0
0.4
South- South-
East
8
8
0.9
0.1
0.9
1.4
0.5
West
12
12
0.9
0.2
0.7
2.5
0.6
east
1
1
7.1
nca
nc
nc
nc
west
1
1
0.9
nc
nc
nc
nc
North-
east
2
2
0.6
0.0
0.6
0.7
0.6
Crystal
City
5
5
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.8
0.5
Fair-
child
5
5
1.9
0.3
1.8
2.9
1.5
Fixed
Site
5
5
0.7
0.1
0.8
0.8
0.4
nc = not computed
-------
APPENDIX E
Summary Statistics for Nicotine
E-l
-------
TABLE E.1. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR NICOTINE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
[Statistics are computed only for values above the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Water-
Total side Crystal Fair-
Inside Mall City child
63
6
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
50
3
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
7
1
0.1
nca
nc
nc
nc
6
2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
Sector
Statistic
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Mall
2
14
1
0.1
nc
nc
nc
nc
Mall
3
11
2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
South-
east West east
8 14 1
000
-
.
.
.
...
South-
west
1
0
-
-
-
-
-
North-
east
1
0
-
-
-
-
-
Crystal
City
7
1
0.1
nc
nc
nc
nc
Fair-
child
6
2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
nc - not computed
E-2
-------
APPENDIX F
Summary Statistics for Particles at Fixed Indoor
and Fixed Outdoor Monitoring Locations
P-l
-------
Table F.1 Fixed Site Descriptive statistics for Turner-10 particle concentration (fig/m )
[Statistics are computed only for values above the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Statistic
Fixed
Site
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOO
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
5
5
19.3
0.6
19.1
21.5
18.0
Table F.2. Fixed Site Descriptive statistics for Turner-2.5 particle concentration (pg/in )
[Statistics are computed only for values above the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Statistic
Fixed
Site
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Mini mum
5
5
8.6
0.9
8.6
11.2
5.6
F-2
-------
Table F.3. Fixed Site Descriptive statistics for coarse dichotomous particle concentration,
-------
APPENDIX G
Summary Statistics for Viable and Nonviable
Microbiological Contaminants
G-l
-------
TABLE G.1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR FUNGI MEASURED AT THE EPA BUILDINGS.
Statistic
Total
Outside Inside
Number of samples
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
7
22.14
15.18
10.0
112.5
0.0
63
28.25
13.94
10.0
882.5
0.0
Sector
Statistic
Number of samples
Sample mean
Standard error of mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Mai
2
11.
2.
10
32
0
I
13
35
65
.0
.5
.0
Mall
3
12
8.13
1.80
7.5
25.0
0.0
East
8
129.69
107.66
18.8
882.5
5.0
West
22.
9.
16
120
0
12
71
47
.3
.0
.0
South-
east
1
2.50
nca
nc
nc
nc
South-
west
1
10.00
nc
nc
nc
nc
North-
east
2
17.50
12.50
17.5
30.0
5.0
Crystal
City
5
11.50
2.18
10.0
17.5
5.0
Fair-
child
5
9.50
3.39
5.0
22.5
5.0
Fixed
Site
5
19.50
5.02
20.0
35.0
7.5
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE G.2. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR HUNAN-SOURCE BACTERIA MEASURED AT THE EPA BUILDINGS.
Statistic
Total
Outside Inside
Number of samples
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
7
53.6
34.1
5
240
5
63
51.5
4.1
45
185
5
O
w
Sector
Statistic
Number of samples
Sample mean
Standard error of mean
Median
Maximum
Mini mum
Mall
2
13
56.9
8.2
50
120
20
Mall
3
12
37.5
4.9
30
70
10
East
8
63.1
19.1
48
185
15
West
12
63.3
9.1
70
105
5
South-
east
1
35.0
nca
nc
nc
nc
South-
west
1
40.0
nc
nc
nc
nc
North-
east
2
60.0
40.0
60
100
20
Crystal
City
5
24.0
6.4
25
40
5
Fair-
child
5
58.0
17.3
45
125
30
Fixed
Site
5
57.0
11.2
50
100
35
nc = not computed
-------
TABLE G.3. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA MEASURED AT THE EPA BUILDINGS.
Statistic
Number of samples
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Total
Outside Inside
7
2.9
1.5
0
10
0
63
18.3
3.0
10
140
0
Sector
Statistic
Number of samples
Sample mean
Standard error of mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Mall
2
13
17.7
4.8
15
60
0
Mall
3
12
26.7
6.4
28
70
0
East
8
14.4
3.1
15
30
0
West
12
9.2
2.0
8
20
0
South-
east
1
5.0
nca
nc
nc
nc
South-
west
1
5.0
nc
nc
nc
nc
North-
east
2
10.0
5.0
10
15
5
Crystal
City
5
8.0
3.0
5
20
5
Fair-
child
5
24.0
16.7
10
90
0
Fixed
Site
5
45.0
24.6
25
140
0
nc = not computed
-------
APPENDIX H
Results of Full-Scan VOC Analysis
on Selected VOC Canisters
H-l
-------
asm-
1SMM
X
to
nut
FIGURE H-l GC/MS CHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS' BUILDINGS SITE 1 - BEFORE MONITORING
-------
K
^y^T^M^^^^
..|......... I........., — ,...,|...*,..!•! ,. j..|.,.,,....r.,.).,j.|....,...,|....ri..|...,|....I.,..,..,. j.,..,....j, ..M...-.(
IT it » 20 21 ;? 2; 21 :s ;( 2? 2t :s si
FIGURE H-l (Continued)
-------
miw
ISNN
nm
U
1«
IS
IS
FIGURE H-2 GC/MS CHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS' BUILDINGS SITE 2 - BEFORE MONITORING
-------
o
c
VI
t
3!
Ul
-
5 1
4 -i
I,
1? II 19 20
22 2J 21 25 2«
21 21
FIGURE H-2 (Continued)
-------
tSNt
r» •
i !
j I .c j
if • i i
I O ^ ^^
^? «• ^t it
^•WK*^v4»^^^
10 11 12 IS If }S It
FIGURE H-3 GC/MS GHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS' BUILDINGS SITE 3- BEFORE MONITORING
-------
^^^
17
18
' I ' I
1) 28
21
I
22
2$
I
2S
I
2T
28
I
24
' I
»
FIGURE H-3 (Continued)
-------
MM-
sc
i
00
MM-
MM
*wWflii*W^^
II 11
li 11 IS ft IT
FIGURE H-4 GC/MS CHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS' BUILDINGS BLANK CANISTER - BEFORE MONITORING
-------
EG
vo
4rr*V*^^
it it n 21 « n
FIGURE H-4 (Continued)
-------
MM-
MM-
MM
M
O
It
fi
II
H
ir
FIGURE H-5 GC/MS CHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS' BUILDINGS CALIBRATION CANISTER - BEFORE MONITORING
-------
H
M
f
«
r>
W.^yN(» «»fr* » U^*n JWu
FIGURE H-5 (Continued)
-------
Fil« >00409 45.0-875.0 *»u. E8762EPR EPB- .. •
TIC
1000
cOWOWV-
700000-
650000-
600000-
650000-
500000
450000
400000
350000
300000
esoooo
eooooo
150000-
100000-
50000-
.
...LA
8000 ( 3000 , 40,00
•
flWllI ^ .. a
•100
•90
•80
•70
•60
•50
•40
•30
•30
•10
-O
4 k 12 16 £0 84 ' £8 ' 32 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 '
FIGURE H-6 GC/MS CHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS' BUILDINGS SITE 4 - AFTER
MONITORING
H-12
-------
TABLE H-l. LIST OF VOC COMPOUNDS OBSERVED IN SITE 4 CANISTER
teak
Ho.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31 .
Retention Tine
(•in)
2.03
2.87
4.77
6.36
8.43
12.66
12.89
13.29
13.81
15.80
15.90
16.01
17.13
13.55
14.42
15.47
16.25
16.61
17.34
17.70
17.97
18.32
18.51
18.59
18.85
. 19.19
19.34
19.46
19.63
19.80
19.93
Identification
chlorodl f luoronethane
butane
C5H10
C5H8
•ethyl ene chloride
1,1, 1-trlchloroethane
C7H16
C7H16
unknown
unknown
C8H}8
C7H14
unknown
benzene
n-heptane
•ethylcyclohexane
C8H16
C8H16
C8H18
cnH2n+2
C8H16
toluene
C8H16
C8H16
C8Hj8 (prob. octane)
C8H16
C9H18
unknown
cnH2n*2 + tetrachloroethylene
C9H20
fcexane thy 1 cycl otrl s 1 1 oxane
H-13
-------
TABLE H-l. (Continued)
Nak
Mo.
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
Retention Tine
(Bin)
20.07
20.26
20.42
20.56
21.02
21.18
21.35
21.56
21.86
21.99
22.22
22.37
22.52
22.67
22.98
23.13
23.48
23.62
24.05
24.39
25.43
26.61
27.62
28.27
30.35
33.69
43.45
Identification
C9H20
C9H18
C8Hi6
C9H18
C9H}8 or C8Hj40
C9H18
C9H1S
C9H20
C9H20
octahydropental ene
C9H18
C2-a1kyl benzene + C9Hj8
CnH2n
dlaethyl benzene «• C9Hj8
n-nonane
CjoH2o
C9H18
C9H18
•ethyl octahydropental ene Isomer
propylcyclohexane
CllH24
n-decane
Ca-alkyl benzene
C11H24 4 C10H20
n-undecane
n-dodecane
CuHzftO? (Isoner)
H-14
-------
File >0
14000O
130000
180000-
110000
100000-
90000-
00000-
70000-
60000-
50000-
40000-
30000-
80000-
i
10000-
0411 45.0-875.0 MU. CPgBREPB EPR- LINERR
10,00 , 8000 ( 30,00 , 4000 ,
:. . .iJU,
i
1 1
1
11
•
1
I
4 8 18 16 £0 84 ' 88 ' 3£ ' 36 ' 40 ' 4*4 ' 48 '
SCfi
100
90
80
70
•50
•40
•30
•80
•10
•0
FIGURE H-7 GC/MS CHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS' BUILDINGS SITE 5 - AFTER
MONITORING
H-15
-------
TABLE H-2 GC/MS CHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS' BUILDINGS SITE 5 - AFTER
MONITORING
Peak
Retention Tine
Identification
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
10
31
7.17
7.55
8.51
11.38
12.50
12.67
13.56
13.82
15.10
16.12
18.34
19.17
19.93
20.93
21.39
22.05
22.12
22.21
22.41
22.69
22.96
23.42
23.50
23.67
23.98
24.16
24.33
24.46
24.57
25.16
25.45
unknown (tent. tcetoneO
unknown
dlchloronethane
unknown (tent. CfiH^)
unknown
1 i 1 , l-tr1 chl oroethane
unknown (tent, benzene)
unknown
unknown
unknown
toluene
unknown (tent. CnH£n+2)
hexanethyl cycl otrl s 1 1 oxane
unknown (tent. CyH^)
unknown (tent. CgH^g)
CnH2n+2
CnH2n+2
unknown
cnH2n+2 4 tthyl benzene
£-xy1ene
cnH2n+2
unknown (tent. CnH2n+2)
CnH2n+2
n-decane
CnH2n+2
^11^24
CnH2n+2
CnH2n
unknown (tent. CnH2n+2)
CnH2n+2
CllH24
H-16
-------
TABLE H-2 (Continued)
Peak
No.
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Reten(iln)T1iie Identification
25.86 CnH24
25.96 CnH2n+2
26 .16 Cn^2 n+2
26.36 C12H26
26.66 Ci2H26
26.78 CnH2n+2
26.95 CllH24
27.41 C|)H2n+2
91 %* *• |j_ _
•' • ' *n"2n+2
28.04 Ci2H26
28.30 Ci2H26
28.54 CnH2n2
30.75 CnH9n+9
H-17
-------
APPENDIX I
Results of Internal and External laboratory
VOC and Pesticide Quality Assurance Procedures
1-1
-------
TABLE 1-1. BACKGROUND LEVEL EVALUATION OF CLEANED VOC CANISTERS (Mg/m3)
1
Vinyl cfcloMdt
Vinyl 1«ana cMorttft
Ntthyltna Chloride
Jrj2f-l .2-OtChlorotthant
l.HMeMorotthana
£ll-1.2-C*ehloroathane
CMorofora
1 .1 ,l-7McMorotthant
Cartoon tttrachloMde
••nztnt
TncMorotthyltne
Toluont
ft-Octant
Tttrachlorotthyltnt
1 .2-Ottoroaoatthane
CMoraotnztnt
Ithyltotniane
f-Xyltnt
fXyltne
Styront
1 . 1 . 2 . 2-Tatraeh lorotthan*
fi"0tc*nt
f-01ch lor ototnzane
t-01cMorobtnztnt
f-OlcMorotoanzana
f-0odecan«
4-fhtny'eyclphaiana J
Toul Tarott Uvtl tl
too
tng/L) 1
.02
.71
.12
.15
.20
.25
.25
.14
.71
.06
.11
.72
.15
.24
.18
.09
.24
.59
.25
.17
.04
.70
.44
.41
.M
.11
1^3
(.01
tri
11483 1
.0
.0
.2
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.6
.0
.1
.0
.s
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
UrH»t<
m
M4T7 1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
tr
tl
»1<
.t
r
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
*
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
.
.
.
,
Coat
ri
146 1
;
m
»1454 I
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.2
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
m i
(1474 I
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.s
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.1
.0
Itan
KGD •angc
.0
.0 '
.2 0.6-1.2
.1 0.0-0.1
.0
.1 0-0-0.2
.1 0.0-0.1
.0
.0
.2 1.1-1. 1
.0
.0 0.2-0.1
.0
.1 0.0-0.1
.0
.0
.0 0.0-0.0
.0 0.1-0.1
.0 6.0-0.1
.0 0.0-0.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2 0.0-0.4
.0 0.0-0.1
.4 2.0-4.0
1-2
-------
TABLE 1-1. BACKGROUND LEVEL EVALUATION OF CLEANED VOC CANISTERS
CONTINUED
CanUttr Cedt
LOO
SO
PA
43 10
IPA
tO t7
03
CM IPA
77 t3A 43
1276
Vinyl chloride
VlnyKfltnt ehloMdt
Utthyltnt chloride
fr*n*-\ .2-01ch1orotthana
I.Mhchlorotthant
£il-l .2-OlcMorotthan«
CMerefer*
l.l.l-7McMorotthar»
Carton tttrachlorlde
•atutnt
THcMorotthylant
Tolutot
ft-Octana
Tttrach loretthy 1«nt
CMorobtnitnt
Ethy1t«n*«na
fXylant
ftyrtnt
1 . 1 .2.2-7«trach1orotthana
f-Olch lercbanitna
f-Oetfaean*
4-fhtnylcyetohaxtne 1
Total Tarott Lavtl !
.02
.73
.12
.15
.20
.25
.25
.14
.71
.«
.11
.72
.15
.24
.It
.09
.24
.59
.25
.17
.M
.70
.44
.43
.54
.11
I.2S
It. 03
0.1 0.1
l.t 1.4
0.1 0.1
l.t l.t
0. 0 .0
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6
0 0.0
l.S 2.1 t.O 1.1 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.1
0 .0 .0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0
.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0
.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1
.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0
.1 . . .0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 l.t 1.1 0.0
1-3
-------
TABLE 1-1. BACKGROUND LEVEL EVALUATION OF CLEANED VOC CANISTERS
CONTINUED
CanUttr Codt
LOO
<«g/L)
tfnyl c* lor tot
V1ny110tnt eMeridt
Ntthyltnt Chloride
yant-1 .2-OlcMorotthant
l.HMchlorotthar*
Cli-1 .MXchlorottMnt
CMoroforo
l.l.MrlcMorotthaiw
Careen tttracMoridt
•tnztnt
TrfcMorotthylont
Tolutnt
B-Octant
TttrocMorotthyltnt
1.2-OtoroMMthant
CMorooenztnt
fthylbtnitnt
fXyltnt
ff-XytoM%
Styrtnt
1 . 1 .2.2-TotracMoro»thant
ft-0tc«nt
f-01eMoro6tnxtnt
f-Olctilorebtnxtnt
t-0iehlor«b«nxon«
A-Oodteant
•* Wnoy icyc lohoxctw
Total Tarott Uvtl tl
.02
.71
.12
.15
.20
.25
.25
.14
.71
.te
.11
.72
.15
.24
.11
.OS
.24
.59
.25
.17
.*4
.70
.44
.43
.14
.11
.23
(.03
CM
ms
0.0
0.2
1.7
.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.0
0.0
0.0
ttt
17
0.0
0.1
1.1
.2
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
0.0
0.0
PA
1265
0.0
i 0.1
1.7
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
0.0
PA
11
0.2
1.1
O.I
o.o
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
e.o
0.0
PA
0117
0.0
1.7
.1
.0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.0
0.0
0.0
PA
1471
o.s
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
0.0
0.1
PA
0117
o.o
0.0
1.1
.2
.0
.0
.1
.2
.1
.0
.0
o.o
0.1
PA
IA
o.o
•
o.o
0.5
1.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
0.0
0.1
PA
0710
o.o
o.o
0.0
0.1
o.o
1.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.1
.1
.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
1-4
-------
TABLE 1-1. BACKGROUND LEVEL EVALUATION OF CLEANED VOC CANISTERS
CONTINUED
100 IP* IW IP* HMn
ny icyc lofwxatM
.02
.71
.12
.15
.20
.25
.25
.14
.11
.16
.11
.72
.15
.24
ie
.09
.24
.89
.25
.17
.14
.70
.44
.41
.84
.11
.23
.
.
•
.
•
.
.0
.0
.
•
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
.
1.
.
•
•
•
.
•
.
.
.
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
9 1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1 0.0 • 1.7
.0
.0
.0
.2 0.0 - 0.8
.0
.0
.4 0.9-15.
.0
.1 .1-0.5
.1 .0 - .1
.1 .0 - .1
.0
.0 .0 - .1
.0 ' .0 • .1
.1 .0- .2
.0 .0 - .1
.0 .0 • .1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1 0.0 - 1.2
Total TarQtt Laval
18. OJ
I.I
M.I
S.8
1S.I
1.8 - 16
1-5
-------
TABLE 1-2. RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF CANISTER FIELD BLANKS
T«rgtt Cttpound 1
Vinyl cMoridt
Vinylifent cMoHdt
Hithyltt* cMoHdt
JCttl-1 .2-CHcMorotthyltnt
I,l-0
-------
TABLE 1-3. RECOVERY OF TARGET COMPOUNDS FROM FIELD CONTROL CANISTERS
Percent Recovery, Corrected for Background
Tit-get Compound fCl FC2 FC3 FC4 FC5 FC6 FC7 Mean SRSD
Vinyl chloride 72 74 70 55 73 74 67 69
Vinyl tdene chloride 102 103 106 110 108 115 99 106 4.7
Nethylene chloride 92 89 95 106 92 100 97 96 5.6
trans-1.2-D1chloroethyltne 100 106 108 115 109 114 97 107 5.9
1,1-Dlchloroethane 102 102 102 102 102 106 94 102 3.3
£ls-l,2-D1chloroethylene 104 108 103 105 107 113 99 106 4.0
Chloroform 92 98 96 101 98 102 92 97 4.0
1,1,1-Trlchloroethane 96 102 100 100 99 109 94 100 4.5
Carbon tetrachlorlde 105 71 108 103 0 0 110 71 65.6
Benzene 105 93 98 91 95 100 69 96 5.5
Trlchloroethylene 102 106 101 104 106 113 93 104 5.2
Toluene 97 98 106 100 99 103 93 99 3.7
fi-Octane 104 100 104 104 104 107 96 103 3.3
Tetrachloroethylene 100 115 104 102 100 112 100 105 5.6
1,2-Dlbronoethane 107 114 114 117 110 118 115 113 3.2
Chlorobenzene 103 109 107 108 103 109 99 105 3.2
Ethylbenzene 111 109 108 111 108 110 102 108 2.7
g-Xylene 108 105 105 108 107 110 99 106 3.2
g-tylene 117 113 109 109 107 110 102 110 4.1
Styrene 107 95 57 107 115 118 102 100 19.1
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 111 111 106 103 100 108 101 106 4.0
fi-Oecane 208 170 97 115 111 106 97 129 30.7
5-Dlchlorobenzene 182 157 124 138 114 117 107 134 18.7
fc-DI Chlorobenzene 176 150 126 128 117 119 117 133 15.2
£-D1chlorobenzene 190 161 115 122 109 113 109 131 22.3
t-Dodecane . 171 145 6 70 92 69 50 86 60.3
4-Phenylcyclohexene 28 25 -1 29 64 28 16 27 66.7
1-7
-------
TABLE 1-4. PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION FOR DUPLICATE CANISTER ANALYSIS
•
Staples
Vinyl chloride
V1ny11dene chloride
Methyl ene chloride
trans-1 , 2-01 chl oroe thane
1,1-01 chloroethane
c1s-l , 2-01 chl oroethene
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trl chl oroethane
Carbon tetrachlorlde
Benzene
Tr1 chl oroe thylene
Toluene
it-Octane
Tetrachl oroethy 1 ene
1,2-Dlbronoe thane
Chlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
£-Xylene
o-Xylene
Styrene
1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachl oroe thane
ji-Decane
••01 chl orobenzene
£-01 Chlorobenzene
N»
.c
-
8
-
-
-
-
11
-
1
1
9
4
11
-
-
10
11
11
-
-
2
-
•»
Mean
IRSD
-
-
9.3
•
•
•
•
2.4
•
8.2
5.4
2.2
2.1
4.5
-
•
3.2
3.4
3.1
-
-
4.3
-
•
Held
Controls
N*
2
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Mean
IRSD
6.6
3.1
6.9
4.9
5.7
1.9
3.6
3.5
5.8
7.7
2.0
10.2
2.4
11.1
7.9
6.4
2.9
2.7
2.6
8.4
4.7
4.5
12.4
14.0
Field
Hanks
Mb
•>
-
3
-
•
•
3
-
-
2
-
2
-
-
-
1
1
2
2
1
•
-
1
•
Mean
tRSD
-
•
61.5
-
•
-
12.7
-
-
60.0
-
51.6
-
•
-
15.7
0
28.2
29.5
7.4
-
-
28.3
-
1-8
-------
TABLE 1-4. PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION FOR DUPLICATE CANISTER ANALYSIS
CONTINUED
Field Field
Simples Controls Blinks
•
£-D1ch1orobenzene
g-Dodecane
4-Phcny 1 cycl ohexene
N'
-
-
-
Mean
XRSD
-
-
-
N»
3
3
3
Mean
SRSO
13.5
13.5
63.6
N*>
2
3
3
Mean
SRSD
12.6
41.4
46.8
•N • Number of pairs where both have Measurable data.
*N • Number of pairs where both values are greater than 0.00
*- • One or both values of pair below quantifiable limit (samples,
controls); one or both values 0.00 (blanks).
1-9
-------
TABLE 1-5. RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION VOC SAMPLES
Anount Spiked, ppb
Target Compound
Vinyl chloride
Chloroform
Carbon tetrachlorlde
Methyl ene chloride
1,2-Dlchloroethane
Trlchloroethylene
Benzene
Tttrachl oroethyl ene
Brononethane
Tr1 chl orof 1 uorone thane
1,1, 1-Trl chl oroethane
1,2-Dlchloropropane
1,2-Dlbronoe thane
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
£-fylene
1000
B788
4.2
4.0
3.9
3.5
4.2
.4.4
4.3
4.5
3.7
3.8
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.4
4.4
4.0
4.0
B800
8711
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.6
3.2
3.3
3.2
3.4
2.8
2.9
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.0
3.0
8740
8763
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.6
8734
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.4
1-10
-------
TABLE 1-5. RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION VOC SAMPLES
CONTINUED
Results, Expressed as I Bits*
Target Compound
Vinyl chloride
Chloroform
Carbon tetrachlorlde
Hethylene chloride
Trlchloroethylene
Benzene
Tetrachl oroethy 1 ene
1,1, l-Tr1 chl oroethane
1,2-01 bromoethane
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
1000
-76
-15
2.6
-5.7
-20
-26
-20
-21
-24
-18
-25
-22
-18
8788
-55
-18
2.6
-5.7
-23
-19
-24
-19
-24
-23
-25
-25
-20
8800
-58
-17
0.0
0.0
-24
-16
-35
-22
-32
-24
-33
-30
-23
8711
-45
-13
6.7
7.7
-18
-16
-21
-19
-26
-21
-27
-20
-20
8740
-53
-12
12
14
-22
-29
-5.6
-12
-19
-18
-28
-19
-19
8763
*-29
-12
6.2
7.1
-22
-18
-17
-18
-25
-18
-28
-25
-19
8734
-48
-12
0.0
9.5
-23
-15
-30
-16
-25
-19
-31
-17
-21
*„-,_- _ Amount Sotted - Amount Found
)unt Spiked
i-li
-------
TABLE 1-6.
PESTICIDE MATRIX SPIKE RECOVERY DATA
EXTRACTION DATE (MS-1): 03/08/89
(MS-2): 03/14/89
OCN RECOVERIES (MS-1): 98 %
(MS-2): 107%
•
» COMPOUND
ALNA'IMC
KXACNlOtOKIOENE
KPTACNIOI
OlORPYtlPOS
RIltMII
mrauF *
DIAZtKH *
via trvEi
Cnt/plug)
100
150
100
1000
too
BOO
800
ewe. K-I
M.S
1S2.T
W9.4
oe.3
HO
BOO
BOO
SKCOVRT
7»
102
f5
•ft
ts
f2
100
ewe. w-2
T0.3
Ut.«
m.t
lf$.T
111.4
tooo
MOO
SKCOVEtT
70
99
•8
•0
91
•0
4t
•tl. •
XOtff. •
•
s
T
S
S
u
•44
1-12
------- |