United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Administration    May 1990
and Resources Management
Indoor Air Quality And
Work Environment Study

EPA Headquarters' Building
Volume 2
Results of Indoor Air
Environmental Monitoring
Study
                  Printed on Recycled Paper

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     Indoor Air Quality and Work Environment Study:

               EPA Headquarters  Buildings



                      Volume II:

  Results of Indoor Air Environmental Monitoring Study
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory
     Research Triangle Park, Morth Carolina  27711
                      April 1990

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                                               Volume II: Environmental Survey
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                             DISCLAIMER

The research described In this document has been funded in part by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency and It has been subjected to Agency peer
review.  Mention of  trade names or commercial products In this document does not
constltltute endorsement or recommendation for use.
                                      11

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                               ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


       We wish to thank ail those whose efforts contributed to the success of this study. First,
we appreciate the technical support of Thomas Lnmpkin, Tom Hartledge, John Wall, and
Malcolm Wilkins of the Exposure Assessment Research Division and Charlie Weant and Chris
Fortune of  NSI Technology Services Corporation for the monitoring done at  the EPA
Headquarters.

       We also wish to thank Joachim Pleil of the Methods Research and Development Division
for the total VOC analysis and Howard Crist of the Quality Assurance Division  for the QA
samples. Thanks go to Roy Zweidinger and Silvestre Tejada for the aldehyde analysis.

       A special thanks to Andy Lindstrom and Matt Somerville of NSI Technology Services
Corporation for the statistical summaries, figures, and tables.  They were very helpful in a
short time frame.   Thanks to Jan  Parsons for her editorial review and many helpful
suggestions as to format and style.

       Thanks to Brian Leaderer and his staff of the John B. Pierce Foundation at Yale
University for the nicotine analysis.

       We  would like to thank Larry Michaels and his staff for the chemical analyses of the
VOC and formaldehyde badges.

       Thanks go to Marie Collins and Penny Andrews of the Exposure Assessment  Research
Division for their assistance in preparing this report and the supplement to this report.

       We  appreciate the EPA management support of Gary Foley, Hugh  McKinnon, Jack
Puzak, Dale Pahl, David Weitzman, Julius Jimeno, Kevin Teichman, and David Smith.  They
have worked closely with the project team to ensure the success of this study.

       We  appreciate the thoughtful reviews of the drafts of this report by William Hirzy  of
NFFE  (National Federation of  Federal Employees), Kirby  Biggs  of  AFGE  (American
Federation of Government Employees), and David  Scott Smith  and Julius Jimeno  (EPA
Environmental Health and Safety Division), and those who worked with them.
                                       ill

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                                 TECHNICAL TEAMS

      This study of indoor air quality and work environment was conducted by three technical
teams representing multiple organizations.  It was jointly developed and  carried out at EPA
headquarters and the Library of Congress Madison Building under the auspices of these teams
working independently of both management and unions at both EPA and the Library of Congress.

      Overall project coordination was provided  by two technical team leaders:  Kevin Teichman
at EPA and Lawrence Fine at NIOSH.

                                 MONITORING TEAM

EPA                                         NIOSH

Ross Highsmith, Chemist                       Richard Gorman, Industrial Hygienist
Lance Wallace, Environmental Scientist         Michael Crandall, Industrial Hygienist
Tom Lumpkin, Chemist                        Rebecca Stanevich, Industrial Hygienist
Steve Hern, Biologist
Vinson Thompson, Chemist                    John B. Pierce Foundation at  Yale University
Ken McLauchlan, Professional Engineer*
Linda Stetzenbach, Microbiologist               Brian P. Leaderer, Environmental Scientist
                                             Oliver J. Self ridge, Environmental Scientist


                                SURVEY DESIGN TEAM

EPA                                         NIOSH

Mel Kollander, Survey Statistician              Anne Fidler, Epidemiologist
Lance Wallace, Environmental Scientist         Thomas Wilcox, Physician
F. Cecil Brenner, Statistician                   Joseph Hurrcll, Psychologist
                                             Richard Hornung, Statistician

Westat                                        John B. Pierce Foundation at  Yale University

Robert P. Clickner, Statistician                 Brian P. Leaderer, Environmental Scientist
Stephen K. Dietz, Statistician                   Oliver J. Selfridge, Environmental Scientist

                          REPORTING AND ANALYSIS TEAM

EPA                                         NIOSH

C. J. Nelson, Statistician                        Anne Fidler, Epidemiologist
Mel Kollander, Survey Statistician              Joseph Hurrel, Psychologist
Lance Wallace, Environmental Scientist
Brian Leaderer, Environmental Scientist         John B. Pierce Foundation at  Yale University
Rebecca Bascom, MD.
                                             Brian P. Leaderer, Environmental Scientist
Research Triangle Institute                    Oliver J. Selfridge, Environmental Scientist

Andy Clayton, Statistician
George Dunteman, Statistician

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                                               Volume II: Environmental Survey
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                                   CONTENTS

Chapter

      ACKNOWLEDGEMENT	

      TECHNICAL TEAMS 	  *v

      LIST OF FIGURES	vli

      LIST OF TABLES	ix

      EXECUTIVE SUMMARY	ES-1

1     INTRODUCTION  	  1-1
      1.1   Background and Purpose	1-1
      1.2   Study Objectives  	  1-4

2     BUILDING DESCRIPTION  	  2-1
      2.1   Building Description  	  2-1
      2.2   Ventilation System	2-5

3     ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DESIGN   	  3-1
      3.1   Selection of Environmental Monitoring Sites 	  3-1
      3.2   Environmental Monitoring Study Design 	  3-3
      3.3   Basis for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants 	  3-5
      3.4   Environmental Monitoring and Analytical Procedures  .  .  .   .  3-10
      3.5   Ventilation Evaluation  	  3-20

4     SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING RESULTS 	  4-1
      4.1   Number of Sites and Schedule	4-1
      4.2   Real-Time Indoor Measurements	4-2
      4.3   Integrated Sampler Results  	  4-14
      4.4   Microbiological Contaminants  	  4-29

5     QUALITY ASSURANCE AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 	  5-1
      5.1   Quality Control Procedures  	  5-1
      5.2   Quality Control Results 	  5-4

6     SUMMARY OF AIR HANDLING UNIT EVALUATION RESULTS 	  6-1

7     REFERENCES	7-1

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Appendices

A     Summary Statistics for Real-Time Indoor Air Measurements   ....  A-1
B     Summary Statistics for Respirable Particulate Matter   	  B-l
C     Summary Statistics for Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes 	  C-l
D     Summary Statistics for Volatile Organic Compounds  	  D-l
E     Summary Statistics for Nicotine 	  E-l
F     Summary Statistics for Particles at Fixed Monitoring Locations   .  F-l
G     Summary Statistics for Microbiological Contaminants 	  G-l
H     Full Scan VOC Analysis on Selected VOC Canisters	H-l
I     VOC and Pesticide Quality Assurance Procedures  	  1-1
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                                LIST  OF FIGURES

Figures

2.1   Photos of the Three EPA Headquarters Buildings  	  2-2

4,1   Plot of Temperature Maximum, Mean, and Minimum,
      Across Waterside Mall Sectors,  Crystal City, and
      Fairchild by Earliest Sample Start Time 	  4-5

4.2   Frequency Distribution of Observed Temperatures
      Across Waterside Mall Sectors,  Crystal City, and Fairchild   .  .  .  4-6

4.3   Plot of Relative Humidity Maximum, Mean, and Minimum
      Across Waterside Mall Sectors,  Crystal City, and
      Fairchild by Earliest Sample Start Time 	  4-8

4.4   Frequency Distribution of Observed Relative Humidity
      Across Waterside Mall Sectors,  Crystal City, and Fairchild   .  .  .  4-9

4.5   Plot of Carbon Dioxide Maximum, Mean, and Minimum
      Across Waterside Mall Sectors,  Crystal City, and
      Fairchild by Earliest Sample Start Time 	  4-10

4.6   Frequency Distribution of Observed Carbon Dioxide
      Concentrations Across Waterside Mall Sectors,
      Crystal City, and Fairchild 	  4-11

4.7   Plot of Respirable Particulate Maximum, Mean,  and
      Minimum Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City,
      and Fairchild by Earliest Sample Start Time 	  4-13

4.8   Frequency Distribution of Observed Respirable
      Particulate Concentrations Across Waterside Mall
      Sectors, Crystal City, and Fairchild  	  4-15

4.9   Mean Carbonyl Species Distribution Across Waterside
      Mall Sectors, Crystal City, and Fairchild   	  4-17

4.10  Mean Indoor and Outdoor VOC Concentrations and
      Maximum VOC Concentration Observed at the Waterside
      Mall, Crystal Mall, and Fairchild Buildings 	  4-19

4.11  Average Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations
      Based on All Observations Above the Limit of
      Quantitation at the EPA Primary Sites	4-20
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4.12  Indoor and Outdoor Fixed Site Temperature
      and Relative Humidity 	 4-26

4.13  Indoor and Outdoor Fixed Site Carbon Dioxide
      and Respirable Particulate Concentration  	 4-27

4.14  Concentrations of Selected Volatile Organic Compounds
      and Aldehyde Species Measured at the EPA Indoor Fixed Site  .  .  . 4-28
                                     viii

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                                LIST OF TABLES

Table                                                                   £&&£.

E.I   Number of Sites Sampled	E-9

E.2   Summary Statistics for Real-Time Environmental Measurements
      and Respirable Particles  	 E-10

E.3   Mean Values for Major Aldehydes and VOCs	E-ll

3.1   Monitoring and Analytical Methodology 	 3-11

3.2   Analyte Limit of Detection or Limit of Quantitation 	 3-12

4.1   Mean Airborne Viable Fungal Concentrations by Genus 	 4-31

4.2   Mean Airborne Viable Human Source Bacterial Concentrations
      by Genus	4-32

4.3   Burkhard Spore Trap Sampling Results  	 4-33

5.1   Results of Duplicate Sample Analysis  	 5-6

5.2   Results of Repeat Sampling  	 5-8

6.1   Waterside Mall Air Handling Unit Evaluation	6-4
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                              EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.     Background

      In recent years,  employees  of the U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency
(EPA) in the Washington, DC area,  have reported health symptoms and discomfort
concerns that have been attributed to indoor air.   As a result, it was decided
in 1988 to carry out a study of indoor air quality at all three EPA Headquarters
buildings in the area.

      Similar concerns  had been  expressed  at the Library  of  Congress  (LOG)
Madison Building, which was  to  be investigated by the National Institute  for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).  Therefore, it was decided that EPA and
NIOSH  would  carry  out   a  single  joint   investigation,   using  identical
questionnaires and monitoring techniques as  far  as possible,  of both  the  LOG
Madison building and the EPA Headquarters buildings.

      An interagency team of investigators consisting of EPA and NIOSH scientists
was formed to direct the project.   These scientists included experts in survey
design, monitoring of indoor air,  occupational medicine,  and epidemiology.   In
addition, the Pierce Foundation of Yale University, whose staff is experienced
in indoor air epidemiological investigations, was contracted to provide expert
advice and direction to  the project.  A  survey  design firm  (Westat,  Inc.)
administered  the  questionnaire,   and an  engineering  firm   (McLauchlan  and
Associates) was  contracted to investigate the EPA building ventilation system.

      The Atmospheric Research  and Exposure Assessment  Laboratory (AREAL) of
EPA's Office of Research  and Development (ORD) planned,  directed,  and carried
out most of the monitoring performed at the EPA Headquarters buildings.  Another
ORD laboratory,  the  Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory  in Las Vegas
(EMSL-LV), carried out the biological sampling and analysis.
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      The objectives of  the study were to  survey  health  symptoms and comfort
concerns  of  employees;  characterize  the indoor  air environment  in selected
building locations; and analyze possible associations between health or comfort
symptoms and conditions in the building environment.  The study results are being
presented in three successive reports for  each of the  two building complexes
involved.  Volume 1 of  the EPA series, released in November 1989, summarized the
employees'  health  symptoms  and  comfort concerns.   This  report, Volume  2,
summarizes   the  environmental  measurements  in the three  EPA  Headquarters
buildings.  Volume 3, to  be published in the late fall of 1990, will analyze any
associations between health or comfort and  the building environment.

      Additional  information  continues  to be  obtained  by both labor  and
management on the quality  of indoor air at  EPA headquarters.    The National
Federation of Federal Employees Local 2050, the American Federation of Government
Employees Local 3331, and EPA management have assembled a number of reports on
emissions and  air monitoring that document the results of independent small-
scale studies conducted at EPA headquarters buildings prior to the large-scale
study that is  the subject  of this report.  This information  is  provided in a
supplement to this report entitled "Additional EPA Headquarters Air Monitoring
Information".

2.    Study Design

      The basic  concept  of the  monitoring study  was  to  measure  a  series  of
comfort and  environmental  variables in  selected  locations for  a single day.
Employees in those locations were to be asked about their health symptoms and
comfort on that day only.  About 20  locations were sampled in a day, allowing
the total monitoring effort to be completed in one week (March 6-10, 1989).

      An initial questionnaire was administered to all  employees in the three
EPA Headquarters buildings prior to monitoring.  The questionnaire included a
number of questions on  health,  comfort,  and odors,  as  well as information

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pertaining  to  job  characteristics  and  the  workstation  environment.    A
supplementary questionnaire was  administered to the  employees on  the  day of
monitoring that included the same questions on health, comfort and odors.

      Available resources allowed for a complete set  of environmental samples
to be collected in 65 locations in the three EPA Headquarters buildings.  These
"primary sites" were supplemented by an additional set  of  about 50 "secondary
sites", where a less complete set of environmental  samples  could be collected.
"Special sites", selected by representatives of EPA management and each of the
two unions, were sampled less frequently.  The initial questionnaire was analyzed
by the contractor to select  rooms with high complaint levels and rooms with low
complaint levels.   Since only selected locations  could be monitored,  it was
decided to sample rooms with high complaint  levels preferentially  (2:1).  This
information was not revealed  to  any EPA employee  or  any other member  of the
monitoring team in order to  avoid possible  bias.

      Parameters  monitored  at  all  sites   included  the  "comfort  variables"
(temperature and relative humidity), an indicator for the  amount of fresh air
in a space (carbon dioxide [C02]), an indicator of combustion emissions (carbon
monoxide [CO]),  and a measure of dust levels (respirable suspended particulates
[RSPJ).  Each parameter was instantaneously  monitored during three separate site
visits (morning, mid-day, and afternoon) on  the day monitoring was conducted.
Additional variables monitored at the 65 primary sites  included indicators of
potential chemical  contamination  (formaldehyde  and 27 other  volatile organic
compounds, or  VOCs),  an indicator  of smoking  activity  (nicotine), and  an
integrated measurement of RSP.  The formaldehyde, VOCs,  and RSP measurements were
integrated over a 9-h period;  the nicotine  measurement was  integrated over the
entire five-day workweek.  Microbiological aerosols (bacteria and  fungi) were
also sampled at the primary sites  and  some of the secondary  sites.   In a few
sites (about two per day). integrated air  samples were  collected and analyzed
for 15 aldehydes and 33 pesticides.  One fixed indoor site and one fixed outdoor
site were established at the Waterside  Mall building  and was operated over all

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five days,  to obtain  an  idea of  the  daily variability  of  the environmental
parameters.   Measurements of airflow and other ventilation parameters were made
at the 33 air handling units  (AHU) serving the monitoring locations.

      Quality control samples, including duplicates, blanks, and spiked controls,
were  collected  for  the  VOCs.    The monitoring  instruments  were  calibrated
periodically  according  to the  study  protocol.    Monitoring  procedures  are
described more fully in chapter 3 of this report and quality assurance methods
in chapter 5.

3.    Results

      Table E-l  summarizes the  total number of sites sampled at each building
for each environmental parameter.

      Results are presented as mean values for each of the three buildings (Table
E-2):   Waterside Mall  (WM),  Crystal Mall  (CM),  and Fairchild  (FC).   Within
Waterside Mall,  seven  "sectors" were defined:   the second and third floors of
the Mall, the East and West Towers,  and the Northeast, Southeast, and Southwest
portions of  the  Mall.   The following  discussion  presents building-wide means
first, and sector means are discussed when appropriate.  Tables  of sector means
are in the appendices.   Because of the  small number of samples  taken in Crystal
Mall and Fairchild, building-wide differences are somewhat tentative; the same
statement holds  for differences among sectors..

      Comfort Parameters

      Mean temperatures varied  over a  small range (from 74-77°F) at the three
buildings (Table E-2).  Waterside  reported  cooler temperatures than the other
two buildings, with minimums  in the low 60's.  Within Waterside Mall, the East
and West Towers had slightly higher mean temperatures (75°F) than the other five
sectors (72-73°F Table  A.8).  The lowest minimum temperatures were reported in

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the second floor of the mall and the Southwest sector.

      Mean relative humidities  were almost identical at the  three buildings,
about 23%. The range of values was much greater at Waterside (Table A. 16):  6.2%
to 54.2%, compared to ranges of about a third of that at the other two buildings.
Five of the seven sectors at Waterside had mean relative humidities of 20-22%;
the  third floor of  the Mall and  Northeast sector  had higher mean relative
humidities of 29% and 31%, respectively.

      Ventilation Parameters

      Mean carbon dioxide values were highest at Fairchild  (746 ppm); lower at
Waterside (575 ppm); and lowest at Crystal (504 ppm).  However, it should be
noted that measurements  at Fairchild and Crystal  were  made on only  one  day.
Again, the range of values was greatest at Waterside  (325-1350 ppm Table A.32).
The East Tower had the highest mean C02 values within Waterside (695 ppm); the
West Tower,  with more than a hundred fewer people in the same amount of space,
had the second-highest mean C02  level (608 ppm).

      The amount of outside  air supplied  by 33  air handling  units  in the
Waterside building showed a fairly wide  variation between  sectors.   The  West
Tower AHUs varied from  30 to 53% outside air (Table 6.1), whereas the four East
Tower units ranged from  23 to 83%  outside air.  Fourteen units  on the second
floor of the Mall ranged from 10 to  74% outside air, whereas eight units on the
third floor of the Mall showed a much narrower range of  15-26%.  The Southeast
and Northeast  sectors  had  similar  ranges  of  18-48% and 22-40% outside  air,
respectively.  The values  given are  likely  to be upper-bound estimates, since
much depends on individual flow  patterns between  the  supply diffuser and return
within each office.
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      Particles
      Real-time  RSP  measurements  ranged  from  mean values  of  9.5  /tg/ms  at
Fairchild to 14.1 pg/ms at Waterside.   Integrated samples,  collected at primary
sites only, ranged  from 16.3 Mg/ms at  Crystal  to 23.5 Mg/n»s at Waterside.   The
difference in real-time and integrated values  is probably  due to  the  fact  that
different parameters  are being measured--the real-time device employs  optical
scattering, which depends on the aerodynamic diameter of the particles,  whereas
the integrating monitor measures the mass of the particles.

      Instantaneous values as high as 96 n g/ms  were observed on  a  few  occasions
and technicians' notes indicated a concurrent odor of tobacco smoke.  The highest
9-h integrated average  was 54.7 
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samples each), total VOC levels showed differences  in mean levels for the three
buildings, and Fairchild was consistently highest.   For example, total VOCs  as
measured  by  flame ionization  detection  (FID)  showed that Fairchild had mean
values of 1.9 ppmC  (Table D.16),  compared  to  1 ppmC at Waterside and 0.5 ppmC
for Crystal.   The same pattern  appears in the sum of the 27 VOCs measured  by gas
chromatography-mass  spectrometry  (GC-MS):    Mean  levels  were 99.4 /ig/m3 for
Fairchild, 35.7 /ig/m3 for Waterside, and 28.8 /ig/m3 for Crystal.  (Outdoor  values
for the 27 VOCs added up to 12.8 /Ig/m3.)

      This pattern was repeated for many individual  VOCs.   For example, aromatic
compounds such as toluene and xylenes  showed levels 3 times higher in Fairchild
than the  other buildings,  and by larger factors  compared to  outdoor levels.
Para-dichlorobenzene was found in all  five  samples  at Fairchild, but in none  of
the five samples at Crystal  and only 1 of 51 samples at Waterside.   Benzene was
also found in all five samples at Fairchild,  but in none at Crystal and  only 4
of 51 samples at Waterside.

      Waterside Mall had a mean tetrachloroethylene value of 6.9 /ig/m3, compared
to 3.6 /ig/m3  at Fairchild and 2.2/ig/m5 at Crystal Mall.   Within Waterside Mall,
the West  Tower had elevated levels of tetrachloroethylene (17.4 /ig/m3 compared
to levels of 2-5 /ig/m3 at other sectors).  Another solvent, 1,1,1-trichloroethane
was also slightly higher at Waterside  (8.7 /ig/m3) than at Fairchild  (6.6 /ig/m3).
The East  and West  Towers had elevated  levels of  this  chemical  (13-15 /ig/m3
compared  to a range of 2-8 /ig/m3 at the other sectors).

      No  samples had  levels  above the  limit of quantitation  of  4-PC (4-
phenylcyclohexene) ,  a chemical emitted from  some carpets and previously found
in Waterside  air samples.  Several air  samples were analyzed for  a complete
spectrum  of  VOCs.   A  large number of alkanes (butane,  pentane,   isopentane,
cyclohexanes)  were  identified,   together  with  some  alkylated benzenes and
octahydropentalene isomers.
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      Pesticides
      No pesticides were observed above the detection limit in any sample.

      Carbon Monoxide

      No elevated levels of CO were observed at any  site.  The highest observed
value was 4 ppm, well below the EPA 8-h standard of 9 ppm.

      Biological Aerosols

      Overall,  counts  of  airborne  fungi  taken  inside  the  Waterside  Mall,
Fairchild, and Crystal City buildings were low and comparable to counts in the
outdoor samples.  A few samples  taken in  the East Tower of the Waterside Mall
building contained relatively high numbers of fungi.  A mycotoxin producing fungi
was also isolated in low concentrations in three locations at the Waterside Mall
(East Tower,  Mall 2, and West Tower).  Fungal spore counts were  low and consisted
of common airborne spores.   Generally, human source bacterial counts (HSB) were
low with Staphylococcus sp. and Micropolyspora sp. counts not unexpectedly higher
indoors than outdoors.
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Table E.I.  Number of Sites Sampled at Waterside Mall (WM),  Crystal Mall  (CM),
            and Fairchild Buildings (FC)
Parameter

Temperature

Relative Humidity

CO

C02

RSP (real-time)

RSP (integrated)

VOCs

Aldehydes

Nicotine

Pesticides
                                                    TOTAL
WM
150
150
150
150
142
49
51
16
50
5
CM
17
17
17
17
17
5
5
2
7
2
E£
19
19
19
19
19
5
5
2
6
2
m
186
186
186
186
178
59
61
20
63
9
OUT
0
0
0
14
0
0
5
0
0
0
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Table E.2.  Summary Statistics for Real-Time Environmental Measurements and
            Respirable Particles
Environmental Parameter             WM                CM          FC

Temperature ( F)
      Mean                          73.8              74.7        76.7
      Standard Error                 0.2               0.3         0.4

      Minimum                       62.0              71.5        72.0
      Median                        74.0              74.7        76.5
      Maximum                       82.5              79.5        81.0

Relative Humidity (%)
      Mean                          22.8              23.3        24.4
      Standard Error                 0.4               0.7         0.4

      Minimum                        6.2              17.7        16.9
      Median                        21.6              24.0        23.9
      Maximum                       54.2              29.1        28.7

C02 (ppm)
      Mean                           575               504         746
      Standard Error                  10                10          17

      Minimum                        325               400         525
      Median                         558               525         750
      Maximum                       1350               675         925

RSP:  Real-time (Mg/m8)
      Mean                          14.1              12.2         9.5
      Standard Error                 0.9               1.4         1.0

      Minimum                        0.0               2.0         1.0
      Median                        12.7              11.3        11.0
      Maximum                       96.0              32.0        21.0
RSP:  Integrated
      Mean                          23.5              16.3        18.5
      Standard Error                 1.9               1.4         4.5

      Minimum                       10.7              14.9        14.0
      Median                        21.4              16.3        18.5
      Maximum                       54.7              17.7        23.1
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Table E.3.  Mean Values for Major Aldehydes and VOCs  Gig/m3)
Chemical

Aldehydes (total)

      Formaldehyde
      Acetaldehyde
      Acetone

VOCs (total of 27 targets)

      Toluene
      Xylenes
      Methylene chloride
      Tetrachloroethylene
      1,1,1-trichloroethane
      E-Dichlorobenzene
      Trichloroethylene
WM
32.1
8.9
5.1
12.0
CM
43.8
11.3
7.4
16.2
1C
73.6
19.3
10.9
28.0
Cutri
NM*
NM
NM
NM
35.7
28.8
99.4
12.8
10.7
5.9
3.2
6.9
8.7
3.3
1.1
13.5
6.4
1.6
2.2
3.3
NDb
1.3
38.3
21.1
6.7
3.6
6.6
6.1
3.0
7.6
4.3
1.6
1.7
1.9
ND
ND
"Not Measured

''Not Detected
                                    ES-11

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                               1.  INTRODUCTION

1.1  Background and Purpose

      The indoor air quality of  the work  environment  is  increasingly becoming
a  significant factor  influencing  job satisfaction  and office  productivity.
Occupants in many apparently well-designed office buildings,  modern as well as
newly renovated,  are reporting increasing numbers of health symptoms and comfort
concerns  that  are being  attributed  to  the  overall  quality  of  the  work
environment.  The most typical symptoms reported include eye, nose,  and throat
irritation, headaches,  and lethargy.

      Investigating large  office buildings  and relating  worker concerns  to
indoor air quality are complex tasks.   Health symptoms reported for work-related
illnesses are not unique.   These  same symptoms are also frequently reported for
common illnesses or result from  other causes and exposures  that  are non-work
related.   As  with individual workers, large  buildings  are unique.   Although
buildings may be  comparably designed,  the actual  operating conditions may differ
significantly. The investigative process is complicated by the influence of the
building's physical characteristics  (windows,  building materials,  etc.);  the
design and operation of its heating, ventilating,  and air  conditioning (HVAC)
systems;  workstation ergonomic factors;  indoor sources; and  outside sources.
Relationships between these components must be evaluated and understood before
they can be  directly related to  the most significant factor influencing this
complex investigative process,  the individual workers  themselves.

      In recent  years, employees of  the U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency
(EPA) Headquarters Buildings located in the Washington, DC,  area, have reported
numerous health and discomfort symptoms that have been attributed to the building
indoor air environment.  Additional information continues to be obtained by both
labor and management on  the quality of  indoor  air at EPA headquarters.   The
National Federation of  Federal Employees Local 2050 and the American Federation

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of Government Employees Local 3331 have assembled a number of emissions and air
monitoring reports that document the results of independent small scale studies
conducted at EPA headquarters buildings prior to the large-scale study that is
the subject of this report.  This information is provided in a supplement to this
report entitled "Additional EPA Headquarters Air Monitoring Information".

      In response to worker concerns, employees, employee unions, and management
requested  the EPA Office  of Administration and Resource Management (OARM),
Environmental Health and Safety Division (EHSD),  to systematically evaluate the
nature and  spatial distribution of the employees'  health symptoms and comfort
concerns,   characterize   the  indoor  levels   and  spatial   distribution  of
environmental  pollutants, and where possible, relate the worker  symptoms and
concerns to  the physical and environmental conditions of the  building.   EPA's
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory,  Office of Research and
Development, Research Triangle  Park, NC,  was requested  to  assist EHSD in this
investigation.   The  John  B.  Pierce Foundation  at  Yale University,  Westat,
Incorporated,  and McLauchlan & Associates were  contracted  to assist  in the
development and conduct of a survey of employees and to assist in the building
environmental monitoring study.

      A  multidimensional   indoor  air   investigation   protocol  integrating
participating organizational expertise was developed and implemented. A detailed
employee survey questionnaire instrument was developed and administered to all
EPA employees during late February and early March 1989.  The questionnaire is
divided  into  five sections.    The  first  three  sections address  the  spatial
distribution of health symptoms and comfort concerns throughout the building.
Part IV contains questions addressing job characteristics and satisfaction, as
well as indicators of stress  in work and nonwork activities.   Part V includes
demographic and other miscellaneous questions.

      The survey results were summarized  by worker locations  and analyzed for
trends and uniformity in response rates  to  select areas of high and low incidence

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of worker health symptoms and comfort concerns for environmental monitoring and
evaluation.   Environmental monitoring  was  conducted  at selected  indoor and
outdoor locations during March 6-10, 1989.  A supplemental survey questionnaire
was  concurrently administered  to employees  located  near  the  environmental
monitors

      Three  reports  will result  from  this  investigation.   The first  report
summarizes the design, conduct, and descriptive statistics of the employee survey
and  has been  released.1   This  second report  summarizes  the  environmental
monitoring  study and  results.    A  third report comparing  the employee  and
supplemental survey responses along with the environmental results will follow.

      This report is the second of the  three scheduled reports  and summarizes
the design,  conduct,  and results  of the cooperative environmental  monitoring
study conducted in the Environmental Protection Agency  Headquarters Buildings.
Brief descriptions  of the  EPA Headquarters Buildings,  including  design  and
operating  features  that may  contribute to  overall indoor  air quality,  are
presented  in Chapter  2.   Chapter 3 provides an overview of the criteria for
selecting  monitoring  sites,  the  monitoring  study design, the  basis for  the
parameters monitored,  and  the study monitoring and analytical  methodologies.
Environmental monitoring study  results  are  summarized  in Chapter 4.   Chapter
presents quality  assurance  procedures  and results  for the monitoring  study.
Chapter 6  discusses  the  results of the evaluation  of  the Waterside  Mall  air
handling units operating during the  study.

      A parallel investigation was conducted at the Library of  Congress (LOG)
James Madison  Memorial Building located in Washington,  DC.   The EPA and LOG
study  objectives,  protocols,   survey   instruments,  monitoring  methods,  and
analytical methods were similar.
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1.2  Study Objectives

      Four major objectives were defined for the EPA investigation:

      1.   Survey the  nature,  magnitude,  and  spatial distribution  of health
symptoms and comfort concerns.

      2.  Characterize selected  physical,  chemical,  and biological aspects of
the building in selected locations during the survey period.

      3.  Generate hypotheses from any associations observed between health and
comfort effects and environmental factors while taking into account factors that
would confound or modify the associations.

      4.  Identify areas not in compliance with standards or guidelines.

      The employee survey was conducted to meet the first  objective.  Monitoring
for selected environmental and comfort parameters was conducted during  the normal
working hours for one week to meet the second objective.  A supplemental survey
of selected workers  in the vicinity  of the  monitoring  stations  was  conducted
simultaneously with the monitoring program.   The  environmental  monitoring,
employee survey,  and supplemental  survey data bases  will  be integrated and
statistically analyzed in support of the  third and fourth study objectives, and
results will be provided in the third report.
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 2.  DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY HEADQUARTERS BUILDINGS

       The EPA Headquarters is housed in three separate office complexes located
 within a several mile radius in the Washington,  DC, area:   the Waterside  Mall
 complex,  the Fairchild Building, and the Crystal Mall  2 Building.   Photographs
 of the three EPA Headquarters Building complexes are provided in Figure 2.1.

 2.1   Building  Description

       The Waterside Mall complex (including the central four-story shopping  mall
 and two   12-story towers (East and West))  is  located at 401 M Street, S.W.  The
 original  structure was built  in 1970, and EPA  took occupancy in 1971-1972. Three
 additional  structures  (Northeast tower, Southeast  tower,  and Southwest  tower)
 were added during the  1980s.  EPA currently leases 1,004,450 ft2 of office space,
 which  is  assigned to approximately 5100 EPA personnel.  An underground parking
 garage  (approximately  750 vehicles) is located immediately below the Waterside
 Mall ground floor.   The first  floor  Waterside Mall  spaces  are predominately
 occupied  by light  commercial  establishments such  as restaurants,  gift,  and
 convenience stores.  The second floor Mall, originally  designed for  small shops
 and business, has been renovated with 10-foot walls added to accommodate offices.
 The  second floor central area  office  ceilings are open  bay, exposed to  the
 communal  space  resulting from  the  original  mall design.   The third floor was
 originally designed for offices with standard  8-foot enclosed ceilings.  The Mall
 is served by four elevators  and  stairways, an elevator and  a stairway in each
corner.
      The East Tower and West Tower  12-story  structures  are nearly identical,
each being  designed for general office  occupancy.   Four elevator  shafts are
located in the center of each tower.  Figure-8 hallways service the half-height
windowed exterior offices and the enclosed interior  offices.   The third floor
mall is connected to the fourth floor West Tower and East Tower by the 3100
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                                    Buildings
                        KU1
Waterside Mall
               > j— ^ i  i  i
               Fairchild Building
                                Crystal Mall 2

     Figure 2.1 Photos of the Three EPA Headquarters Buildings.
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hallway.  All three buildings are  connected by  a hallway in the basement that
runs  beside  the parking  garage.  The  only other  access between  these three
structures is via outdoor entrances.

      Three-  to five-story  structures were  added  to  three  corners  of  the
Waterside Mall  complex over the years:   Northeast (NE). Southwest  (SW),  and
Southeast (SE)  Malls.   The  first  floor of the three-story SE Mall  is a large
grocery store, and several small businesses occupy the first floor of the three-
story SW Mall.  The five-story NE mall  (two underground) is occupied EPA office
space.

      A diversity  of office  designs exists in the second and  third  floors  of
the Waterside Mall, especially the  second floor, with 6-12 workers in each office
complex.  The general  office design is based around  a  single,  large, central
administrative area occupied by one  or more administrative personnel.  Additional
single-worker or two-person  offices, accessible only through the central office
area, complete the office design.   In most cases, the attached office includes
a privacy door.   "Hallway" office designs observed include an initial reception
area leading to a hall  that  services the  individual  office  areas.   Several of
these  "hallway" complexes are  interlinked with  similar office areas,  which
complicates the physical distinction between the  end of one office area and the
beginning of  another.   One  hallway, about 100 feet  long,  intertwines through
distinctively different renovated areas. Some small single or dual office spaces
were also noted.  With  the exception of the few  offices  on  the exterior north
and south section, the offices do  not have individual windows.

      The SW Mall  offices are  similar  in complexity  to  the second floor Mall
offices.  NE and SE Mall office areas are less complex with small central offices
serving two to  six individual  office  areas.   Pull or half-height  windows are
included in the exterior SW, SE, and NE Mall areas.

      The Fairchild Building, a  nine-story office building located at  499 South

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Capitol Street, S.W., near  downtown Washington,  DC, was first occupied by EPA
during the 1979-1980 time frame.   Four  floors  (121,015  ft3) are leased to EPA,
housing approximately 850  EPA employees.   The building offers no underground
parking.  One floor (the basement) houses an underground snack bar.  The building
is served by a central core elevator system.   Figure-8 hallways provide access
to the half-height windowed exterior and windowless interior offices  located on
each of the  four  EPA-leased floors.   The majority of offices in the Fairchild
building are large, multiple occupancy,  open bay office areas.  Half or three-
quarter partitions separate work  areas.   The few individual  or  dual person
offices observed  exist along the exterior walls.

      The Crystal Mall  2 is a 14-floor office building located at 1921-31-41
Jefferson Davis Highway,  Arlington, VA.   Four floors (103,019 ft3)  of office
space, leased initially to EPA during 1971-1972, are assigned to approximately
560 persons.  The Crystal Mall  2 building is part of a building complex which
includes an underground interconnecting shopping area and a subsequently lower
subground multilevel parking  garage (>1000 vehicles).   Central core elevators
service the  squared hallways  that serve  the  exterior and  interior offices.
Interior offices  are generally small  and have  only one to two occupants.   Two
types of  exterior office areas  were observed:   single or dual  occupant and
central office areas that include a reception area interior  to and servicing
multiple individual offices  located on the exterior wall.  Offices with exterior
walls included half-height windows.

      The enclosed office  is the prevalent workplace  type  for Waterside Mall
(65%) and Crystal  Mall 2 (84%), whereas for Fairchild,  a cubicle with mid-height
partitions is the most common type (65%).  The next highest work place type at
each building is the mid-height partitioned cubicle at Waterside Mall  (19%), the
open office at Crystal Mall  2  (8%),  and  the  enclosed office at Fairchild (27%).
When  enclosed offices   and  mid-height  partitions are  considered  together
(Waterside - 85%,  Crystal  Mall -  91%,  and Fairchild  -  92%),  only  small
differences are seen in workplace among  the three buildings.  Most workstation

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spaces are occupied by one person or shared by two people.

2 2
      The  ventilation system  evaluation performed  during the  environmental
monitoring period  was a component of  an ongoing building  ventilation system
analysis of  the Waterside Mall HVAC systems.   The specific objective of the
ventilation  system  evaluation  was  to determine the ventilation  rates samples
were collected at selected Waterside Mall environmental monitoring sites within
building zones served by specific Air Handling Units (AHUs).  This information
can be evaluated against the ventilation rates prescribed by the American Society
of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.2

      No attempt was made  to determine the  instantaneous  Waterside  Mall total
building ventilation rate, either in total outdoor cubic feet per minute (CFM)
or in  air  changes  per hour (ACH) .   This decision was based on the  logistical
problems associated with  simultaneous airflow measurements  at the  multiple
Waterside Mall complex AHUs, the outdoor intakes for which are located throughout
the structure of the Waterside  Mall.  Tracer gas studies were not performed for
this reason, also.

      Resources necessary to conduct similar evaluations  of the  Fairchild and
Crystal Mall  2 buildings were not available.   Therefore,  no  measurements or
evaluations  of either the  Fairchild  or  Crystal  Mall  2  buildings AHUs  were
conducted during the environmental monitoring study.

      The Waterside Mall  complex air handling system includes 119  known AHUs
which are serviced by more  than  one contractor.   Outside  air,  controlled by a
mechanical damper at the central unit, mixes with the  return indoor air drawn
through the overhead plenum in  each zone  to make up the supply air.  The supply
air is  then provided at  a constant  volume rate  to the  individual  offices.
Thirty-six of the  119  AHUs supplying air  to  the monitoring locations  were

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examined on the same day the HVAC system was providing supply air  to one or more
monitoring sites.
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         3.   EPA HEADQUARTERS  BUILDINGS ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING  DESIGN

 3.1  Selection of Environmental Monitoring Sitea

       Findings from the employee survey were  used to select potential Waterside
 Mall sites  for environmental monitoring.   Rooms were selected for monitoring by
 using a protocol developed  for this purpose.  To avoid possible biasing of  the
 results,  selections  were made by the contractor  independent of the technical
 team.   A detailed description of  this  procedure can be found in Section IV of
 Report I.

       Briefly,  a health  symptom index was computed for each employee from  the
 questionnaire  responses, and a standardized mean symptom score was computed  for
 each room in the building.   Similarly,  a comfort  index was  computed for each
 employee from the questionnaire responses, and a standardized mean comfort score
 was  computed for each room in the building.   Rooms were  independently ranked
 according to the  standardized health and comfort indices.   Rooms were selected
 by  Yale University and Westat for  environmental monitoring; the  first rooms
 chosen were  the rooms with  the highest values  for both indices  and the lowest
 values  for  both indices.   Results of these rankings were not revealed to  the
 monitoring  team.  In the selection of rooms,  greater priority was given to  the
 health symptom index than to the comfort  index;  and less priority was given to
 rooms with only one occupant.

      Although  the first questionnaire had been administered to  the Fairchild
 and Crystal Mall 2 EPA employees,  the data for these two buildings had not been
 statistically evaluated,  and the health symptom and comfort Indexes had not been
 calculated  prior  to  the initiation of  the environmental monitoring program.
 Therefore, the site selection process for  these  two buildings differed from  the
 site selection process at the Waterside Mall complex.  A list of potential sites
was provided by the EHSD.  This list Included those locations where the employees
had reported concerns over  the  indoor  air environment and  locations  where no

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employee  concerns  had been reported.    Potential  sampling  locations  were
identified for each floor having EPA employees.

      Each potential  site was  visited and  evaluated for number  of workers,
availability of electrical and space requirements, and the presence of obvious
indoor pollutant  sources.  At the  Fairchild and Crystal Mall 2 buildings, the
potential sites were also evaluated to ensure that they represented the typical
EPA work areas available in the two buildings.   In support of the overall study
design criteria, single-worker offices  and offices having obvious indoor sources
(Xerox rooms, print shops, etc.) were  not eligible for selection as a site for
environmental monitoring.  None of the rooms  identified by the contractor or OARM
were determined to have obvious indoor sources  other  than those  associated with
routine personal, administrative, or clerical processes.

      One  of  the survey-identified  indoor  locations  was  selected by  Yale
University and Westat for monitoring  throughout  the entire five-day sampling
period  to assess possible  changes over  the week.   In addition,  an outdoor
location in the middle of the Waterside Mall 3  roof was selected for monitoring
on each of the five days to  assess  the  influence of outdoor contaminants on the
indoor environment.

      In addition to the sites chosen in the manner described above, some special
study sites were  selected in two other manners:

      1.  To be responsive to the persons who work in the Washington, DC, area
EPA Headquarters Buildings who have particular concerns about certain areas of
the buildings,  representatives  of  management and each of the  two  unions were
asked to provide a list of sites where employees were thought  to have experienced
problems (either health or comfort related).  These sites were compared with the
list generated by analysis of  the  comprehensive questionnaire,  and,  if a site
reported by management or unions was not included in that list, every effort was
made to perform environmental monitoring at  the suggested site.  The monitoring

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results from the management- and union-suggested sites are reported in special
site summaries, which are separate from  the monitoring results  from the sites
chosen with the selection procedure described above.

      2.  Single-person offices were not eligible for selection for environmental
monitoring.  However, because they are an area of concern for employees, a list
of  such offices  was requested from management and union representatives,  and
environmental sampling was performed in selected offices.  The monitoring results
from  these single-person  locations  are  also included in  the special  site
summaries, which are separate from the monitoring results from the sites chosen
according to the selection procedure described above.

      Detailed descriptions  of the site selection process, including algorithms
used in the ranking and selection process,  are provided in Volume I.

3.2  Environmental Monitoring Study Design

      Comfort and environmental parameters were monitored at selected areas with
high and low (ratio 2:1)  symptom and comfort index scores during routine employee
working hours (between 7:00 a.m.  and 5:00 p.m.)  during the week of March 6-10,
1989.   Four categories  of monitoring  locations  were  identified:   primary,
secondary, fixed, and special.  Except where noted, monitoring was conducted on
only one day at each primary, secondary, and  special  study location.   Samples
were collected during all five daytime sampling periods at the fixed indoor and
fixed outdoor monitoring locations.

3.2.1  Primary

      Extensive monitoring was conducted at each primary site  to characterize
the magnitude and spatial differences of the comfort and environmental parameters
and included the following:
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      o     Real-time temperature  (T), relative humidity  (RH), carbon monoxide
            (CO), carbon dioxide  (C03),  respirable suspended particulate  (RSP)
            measurements 3 times during the monitoring period:  morning, mid-day,
            and afternoon

      o     Viable and nonviable microbiological samples

      o     Integrated 9-h RSP, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and passive
            formaldehyde samples

      o     Passive nicotine badges installed over the 5-day study period
      o     Integrated  9-h aldehyde  and  pesticide samples at  selected  sites
            daily

3.2.2  Secondary

      Real-time  T,  RH,  CO, C02,  and  RSP measurements were collected 3  times
(morning, mid-day, and afternoon)  at  each secondary site.

3.2.3  Fixed

      Integrated particle  and VOC samples  were collected daily to determine
daily changes  in concentrations and  the  influence of the outside  air on the
indoor air quality.  Integrated aldehyde samples and  real-time T, RH,  CO, C03,
and RSP measurements (morning, mid-day, and afternoon) were also made daily at
the fixed indoor site.

3.2.4  Special

      Viable and nonviable microbiological parameters  were monitored in various
components of the EPA HVAC  system.  When possible, individual parameters were
monitored in selected areas not identified through the design criteria to support

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management, union, and concerned individual worker requests.

3.3  Bases for Monitoring Environmental Pollutants

      Standards for indoor air quality in office buildings  do  not exist.   The
Occupational Safety and  Health Administration (OSHA),  the  National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health, and the American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists  (ACGIH) have published regulatory standards and recommended
limits  for  occupational  exposures.8"5    The  American  Society  of  Heating,
Refrigerating,  and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has published recommended
building  design  criteria.2   With  few exceptions,  pollutant  concentrations
observed in office work environments fall  well below these published standards
or recommended  exposure limits.  Scientists suspect that work-related complaints
may  be attributable  not  to individual  environmental  species,  but  to  the
cumulative effect resulting  from exposures  to low concentrations  of multiple
pollutants.    The  monitoring  study  protocol  measured  individual  species
concentrations  to provide the data base necessary to investigate  relationships
between worker  concerns, health symptoms, and low-level exposures to the multiple
contaminants measured.

      The bases for monitoring individual or classes of environmental parameters
are presented in the following subsections.

3.3.1  Temperature and Relative Humidity

      The perception of comfort is related to one's  metabolic heat production,
the transfer of heat  to  the environment,  physiological adjustments,  and body
temperatures.  Heat transfer from the body to the environment is  influenced by
factors such as temperature, humidity, air movement, personal  activities, and
clothing.   American National  Standards Institute (ANSI)/ASHRAE Standard 55-1981
specifies conditions  in which 80% or more of the occupants would be expected to
find the environment thermally comfortable.6

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3.3.2  Carbon Monoxide

      CO results  from combustion source emissions, especially mobile sources.
High  concentrations  of CO  are not  commonly  observed in  office buildings.
Exceptions  include  buildings with parking garages or loading docks, buildings
near heavily travelled roadways with improperly located HVAC vents,  and buildings
where internal leaks between the vehicle access areas and the work-place occur.
Published CO standards range from 9 ppm for EPA's 8-h ambient standard to the
OSHA permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 50 ppm for occupational environments.8'7

3.3.3  Carbon Dioxide

      COj is a normal  constituent  of exhaled breath and, if monitored,  may be
useful as a screening technique  to evaluate whether adequate quantities of fresh
air are  being introduced  into an  occupied space.  ASHRAE's  newly published
ventilation standard for  indoor air recommends outdoor air supply rates of 20
Cm per  person for  office  spaces  and 15 CFM  per  person for reception areas,
classrooms,  libraries, auditoriums,  and  corridors and provides   estimated
occupancy figures for  each  area.2
      Indoor C02 concentrations are normally higher than  the generally constant
ambient C02 concentration (range 300-350 ppm).  When  indoor C02 concentrations
exceed  1000 ppm  in  areas  where  the only  known  source  is  exhaled  breath,
inadequate ventilation is suspected.  Elevated C02 concentrations suggest that
other indoor contaminants may  also be increased.   Maintaining the recommended
ASHRAE outdoor air supply rates should provide for acceptable  indoor air quality
in the absence of unusual indoor sources.

3.3.4  Respirable Suspended Particles and Inhalable Particles
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      Respirable suspended particles (smaller than 2.5 urn) are associated with
combustion  source  emissions.    The greatest  contributor  to  indoor RSP  is
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).   In buildings where smoking is not allowed,
RSP  levels  are  influenced by outdoor  particle concentrations  and  by  minor
contributions from other indoor sources.  In buildings with oil, gas, or kerosene
heating systems,  increased RSP concentrations associated with  the heating source
may be important.  Inhalable particles, or PM10 concentrations  (particles smaller
than  10  MO  in diameter)  are  a combination of combustion,  soil,  dust,  and
mechanical source particles.  The larger particles are associated with outdoor
particle concentrations,  mechanical processes, and human activity.  When indoor
combustion sources are not present,  indoor particle concentrations generally fall
well below the EPA ambient PM10 standard (150 Mg/m3 averaged over 24-h).7

3.3.5  Volatile Organic Compounds,  Formaldehyde,  and Other Aldehydes

      VOCs, including formaldehyde  and other aldehydes, are emitted in varying
concentrations from numerous indoor  sources (e.g.,  carpeting, fabrics, adhesives,
solvents, paints,  cleaners, waxes,  cigarettes,  kerosene  heaters,  and  other
combustion heating  products).   Studies  in newly constructed office buildings
have  identified  hundreds  of  these  organic  compounds present  in  the  indoor
air.8'9'10    Some organic  species  (e.g.,  formaldehyde  and  benzene)  have  been
determined  to be  carcinogenic  in  animal   studies.   NIOSH and  ACGIH  have
established compound specific recommended exposure  limits  (REL)  and threshold
limit values (TLV)  for many organic compounds.4'5  Total  indoor VOCs and aldehyde
concentrations typically exceed corresponding outdoor levels except in locations
immediately  impacted by   industrial  or  combustion  source  emissions.   In the
absence of cigarette smoke, indoor combustion appliances, new building materials,
new  office  furnishings,   glues and adhesives, solvents,  paints,  or cleaning
products, individual species  concentrations are well  below  the corresponding
TLVs.   Recent  laboratory studies  evaluating human  responses   to  controlled
exposures to varying VOC mixtures  (reference)  reported test  subject health
symptoms similar to those reported by workers in large office buildings.8>9tl°

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      The list  of  targeted VOCs for this study  were  selected on the basis of
previous indoor air studies, suspected indoor sources, common occurrence  in the
environment,  available  health data, as well  as  the monitoring and analytical
methodologies employed.11"16

3.3.6  Pesticides

      Pesticides,  a special family  of  VOCs,  are commonly  found  indoors as a
result of applications of household insecticides, termiticides,  general purpose
lawn and building insecticides, and the transport of contaminated  outdoor dust.
TLVs have been established for most commercially available insecticides.   Indoor
pesticide concentrations generally fall well below the TLVs except  in situations
where the pesticide may have been misapplied or misused.  Pesticide exposures
may result  in worker symptoms  similar to those observed in indoor air quality
studies.

3.3.7  Nicotine

      Recent reports from the Surgeon General and National Research Council have
concluded that  exposure to ETS may be  associated with a wide range of  health
(e.g., lung cancer) and  comfort  (eye,  nose,  and throat irritation and odor)
effects.17"22  Vapor phase nicotine has been identified as a proxy  or tracer for
the presence  of ETS,  because it is unique  to  tobacco and  occurs  in  easily
measured air concentrations  in indoor spaces where  smoking takes place.

3.3.8  Viable and Nonviable Microbiological Contaminants

      Microbiological contaminants  are  ubiquitous.   Biological concentrations
increase dramatically in the presence of warm,  humid conditions,  fleecy surfaces
for growth, and the presence  of  dust,  combustion  aerosols,  or other organic
nutrients.    Warm,  wet   areas   (e.g.,   HVAC  ducts,  condensate  pans,  and

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humidification systems) may enhance biological growth.   Water-damaged ceiling
tiles, walls, carpets, or other  indoor  surfaces  can  serve  as excellent growth
media  for  biologicals.   However,  scientists  generally recommend  that indoor
concentrations  be no  higher  than ambient concentrations.    Microbiological
contaminant exposures may result in allergic reactions and/or flu-like symptoms.
The potency of the microbiological contaminant is dependent  on the individual
species present.

      There are currently no standards to be used for interpreting the results
of microbiological monitoring in indoor air.   However, the ACGIH23 states that
"A situation  can  be  considered unusual  when overall levels  of the bioaerosol
are at least an order of magnitude (10X) higher than those  that commonly occur
in control environments, or if the organism (or  other bioaerosols) differ between
the control environment and the complaint environment."  With regard to fungi,
specifically, they state,  "In general, indoor levels should be lower than those
outdoors,  and taxa  should be  similar  indoors  and  out."   In  mechanically
ventilated interiors, fungal counts should be less than half of outdoor levels.
Other  researchers24 propose  four major points to  consider when  interpreting
bioaerosol  data:     the  presence  of pathogens  and  toxigenic  fungi  (i.e.,
Stachybotrys atra) is unacceptable,  counts of greater than  50  colony forming
units  (CFU)/m* with  a single  species present are  of concern and  should be
investigated further, counts of less  than 150  CFU/m8  with a mixture of species
is acceptable if no pathogens or toxigenic species  are found, and counts up to
300 CFU/ms when  Cladosporium or other  phylloplane  fungi are  the  predominant
species are acceptable.

      Human-source bacteria  (e.g., Micrococcus  and Staphyloccus)  are used as
surrogates for adequate ventilation because office occupants  serve as the primary
source of  these  bacteria  via breathing,  talking,  sneezing,  etc.    One  must
consider local contaminant reservoirs  and amplifiers, as well as the building's
humidification system, as  other possible sources of airborne bacteria.   The
presence  of gram-negative  organisms,  for  example,  might  be suggestive of

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contamination from the buildings's  toilet exhaust.   A recommended upper limit
for the "normal" indoor bacterial aerosol in subarctic homes is 4500 CFU/m8.24

      Although   unusual   in  nonfarm,   indoor  environments,   thermophilic
actinomycetes have been  implicated  in many cases of allergic alveolitis.   For
this  reason,  some indoor  air  monitoring protocols include  sampling for  this
group of organisms.  Farmer's  lung  is  the classic form of allergic alveolitis.
The thermophilic species grow prolifically up to temperatures 65-70°  C and their
size  (< SMIB) allows  them  to  be easily  dispersed.   Micropolyspora faeni is
considered to be the principal source  of antigens in the United States.

      Inhalation of either  live or  dead mold spores, both considered potential
allergens, may  cause  illness  and  both  are commonly  included in  indoor  air
monitoring protocols.

      Other microorganisms  such as Pseudomonas, a  leaf  surface organism,  are
more abundant outdoors.

3.4  Environmental Monitoring  and Analytical Procedures

      A detailed sampling  and  analysis protocol was developed and implemented
for the EPA Headquarters Buildings  study  (Tables 3.1 and 3.2).  The  monitoring
and analytical procedures used are  described below:

3.4.1  Temperature and Relative Humidity

      Real-time temperature  and  relative  humidity measurements were conducted
by using a Vista Scientific, Model 784, battery-operated psychrometer.  Dry and
wet bulb temperature  readings  were monitored,  and  the  corresponding relative
humidity was determined via the manufacturer-supplied curve.
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ANALYTE/
PARAMETER
COLLECTION
METHOD
Temperature       Direct measurement

Relative Humidity Direct measurement

Carbon Monoxide   Direct measurement
Carbon Dioxide
Direct measurement
Respirable and    Direct measurement - RSP
Inhalable Particles
RSP/PM10

                  Microenvironmental monitor - RSP
                  PM10 Dichotomous
ANALYTICAL
METHOD*

Psychrometer

Psychrometer

Electrochemical
detector

Infrared
analyzer

Light
scattering


Gravimetric

Gravimetric
VOCs

Formaldehyde

Aldehydes

Pesticides

Nicotine
SUMMA canister

Passive badge

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine

Polyurethane foam

Passive badge
Viable            Impaction onto agar
Microbiologicals

Nonviable         Impaction onto
Microbiologicals  greased tape
GC/MS, GC/FID

Crystal growth

HPLC

GC/MS, GC/ECD

GC/nitrogen
detector

Incubation/
colony count

Spore count
*GC -  gas  chromatography,  MS  -  mass  spectrometry,  FID  -  flame  ionization
detection, HPLC - high performance liquid chromatography.  ECD - electron capture
detection.
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  TABLE 3.2  ANALYTE LIMIT OF DETECTION CLOD1) OR LIMIT OF ODANTITATION (LOO}
Sampler

Personal
Microenvironmental
Microenvironmental
PM10  Dichotomous
      PARTICULATE MATTER

Flovrate          LOO
 1.67 L/min
 4.00 L/min
10.00 L/min
16.70 L/min
10 Mg/m8
 5 Mg/m8
 2 <»g/m8
 2 Mg/m8
Real-Time Parameter

Temperature
Relative Humidity
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide
Particulate Matter
    REAL-TIME MEASUREMENTS

      Measurement Limits

      ±  1 °C
      ±  2% RH
      ±  1 ppm CO
      ±25 ppm C02
      ±  1 Mg/m8
                                 FORMALDEHYDE

Passive Badge     119 Mg/m8 over 8-h exposure period


                                   NICOTINE

Passive Badge     0.0001 Mg/m8 nicotine over 5-day period


                       VIABLE MICROBIOLOGICAL ORGANISMS
Impactor Sampler  LOQ is seven  viable  organisms per cubic meter when sampling
                  at 28 L/min for 5 min

                                                                   (continued)
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  TABLE 3.2
ANALYTE LIMIT OF DETECTION (LOP') OR LIMIT OF OUANTITATION  (LOQ)
                                                         (cont'd)
                                  ALDEHYDES
Compound

Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acrolein
Acetone
Propionaldehyde
Crotonaldehyde
Butyraldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Isovaleraldehyde
Valeraldehyde
o-Tolualdehyde
m-Tolualdehyde
p-Tolualdehyde
Hexanaldehyde
2,5-DimethyIbenzaldehyde
                               LOQ
0.
0.
0.
                 0.07
                 0.07
                 0.06
                 0.06
                  .06
                  .06
                  .06
                 0.05
                 0.06
                 0.06
                 0.05
                 0.05
                 0.05
                 0.05
                 0.05
                                                                   (continued)
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  TABLE 3.2  ANALYTE LIMIT OF DETECTION (LOP) OR LIMIT OF OUANTITATION (LOO)
                                                                      (cont'd)

                          VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

                               LOD        LOQ
Organic Compound              Cu g/m )    (u g/m j

Vinyl chloride                2.02        8.08
Vinylidene chloride           0.73        2.93
Methylene chloride            0.32        1.27
trans 1,2-Dichloroethene      0.15        0.59
1,1-Dichloroethane            0.20        0.81
cis-1,2-Dichloroethene        0.25        0.98
Chloroform                    0.25        0.98
1,1,1-Trichloroethane         0.14        0.56
Carbon tetrachloride          1.71        6.85
Benzene                       0.96        3.84
Trichloroethylene             0.18        0.70
Toluene                       1.72        6.89
n-Octane                      0.15        0.59
Tetrachloroethylene           0.24        0.95
1,2-Dibromomethane            0.38        1.53
Chlorobenzene                 0.09        0.35
Ethylbenzene                  0.24        0.96
p-Xylene                      0.59        2.36
o-Xylene                      0.25        0.99
Styrene                       0.37        1.47
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane     0.64        2.55
n-Decane                      0.70        2.82
m-Dichlorobenzene             0.44        1.76
p-Dichlorobenzene             0.43        1.70
o-Dichlorobenzene             0.54        2.14
n-Dodecane                    1.11        4.42
4-Phenylcyclohexene           1.23        4.90

                                                                   (continued)
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  TABLE 3.2  ANALYTE LIMIT OF DETECTION (LOD^ OR LIMIT OF OUANTITATION (LOO)
                                                                       (cont'd)
                                  PESTICIDES

                               LOD
Compound                      ug/ms

Dichlorvos (DDVP)             0.93
alpha-BHC                     0.02
Hexachlorobenzene             0.01
Pentachlorophenol             1.85
gamma-BHC (Lindane)           0.02
Chlorothalonil                0.02
Heptachlor                    0.13
Ronnel                        0.03
Chlorpyrifos                  0.03
Aldrin                        0.02
Dacthal                       0.02
Heptachlor Epoxide            0.02
Oxychlordane                  0.03
Captan                        0.14
Folpet                        0.09
2,4-D Butoxyethyl ester       0.46
Dieldrin                      0.04
Methoxychlor                  0.05
Dicofol                       0.46
cis-Permethrin                0.19
trans-Permethrin              0.19
Chlordane                     0.37
4,4'-DDT                      0.03
4.4--DDD                      0.03
4,4'-DDE                      0.03
ortho-PhenyIphenol            0.09
Propoxur                      0.05
Bendiocarb                    0.12
Atrazine                      0.12
Diazinon                      0.14
Carbaryl                      0.12
Malathion                     0.12
Resmethrin                    0.23
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3.4.2  Carbon Monoxide
      Real-time CO levels were determined with EPA CO exposure dosimeters, Model
COED-1.  This portable, battery-operated instrument monitors CO (range 1-50 ppm)
via electrochemical detection with a sensitivity of 1 ppm.  Instrument zeroing
and calibration were performed daily prior to use with zero air and a known CO
span gas (40 ppm).  Confirmations were conducted throughout the instrument use
period.

3.4.3  Carbon Dioxide

      Real-time  C02  levels were  determined by  using Gastech  Model  RI-411A,
portable C02  indicators.   This  portable,  battery-operated instrument monitors
COj (range  0-4975 ppm)  via  nondispersive infrared absorption with a sensitivity
of 25 ppm.   Instrument  zeroing and calibration were performed daily prior to use
with zero air and a known C0a span  gas  (800 ppm).  Confirmations were conducted
throughout the instrument use period.
3.4.4  Respirable Particles (RSP) and Inhalable Particles (PM10)

      Real-time RSP  and integrated RSP/PM10 concentrations were monitored by
using the following methods:

            1.    Real-time RSP  concentrations  were  measured by  using  GCA
            Environmental  Instruments  Model RAM-1  monitors.    This  portable,
            battery-operated   instrument   assesses   changes   in   particle
            concentrations via an  infrared  detector,  centered on a wavelength
            of 940 nm.Indoor air is sampled  (2  L/min) first through a cyclone
            preselector, which restricts  the penetration of particles greater
            than 9 urn.   The air sample then passes through the detection cell.
            Operating on the 0-2 mg/m8 range with a 32-s time constant yields
            a resolution of 0.001 mg/m8.
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            2.  Integrated RSP samples were  collected  at the primary sites by
            passing representative air samples (1.67 L/min) through a preweighed
            37  mm Teflon filter  media  loaded in  a Millipore cassette.   The
            cassette flow orifices prevent the collection of large particles.

      Fixed indoor site RSP and PM10  concentrations were measured by using two
10-L/min particle samplers,  each  with an independent  particle  size selective
inlet (one RSP  and one PM10).   The air sample enters the inlet and is directed
into an acceleration jet nozzle with  a diameter  that is engineer-designed for
maximum collection of  the  appropriate sample size  fraction.   The  accelerated
airstream leaves  the  nozzle and  is  focused  toward a  lightly  oiled impaction
plate.   Particles larger than  the design diameter fraction cannot make the
critical turn and are collected on the oiled impaction plate.   Particles less
than  or  equal  to the design  diameter  pass  around the  oiled  plate and are
collected on preweighed 37-mm Teflon filter media.

      Outdoor RSP and PM10 concentrations were measured by using a Sierra PM10
dichotomous sampler (total flow 16.7 L/min).  The  air  sample enters the inlet
where particles larger than 10 MID are removed.   The sample  stream then passes
downward into an acceleration nozzle inside the virtual  impactor assembly, where
particles are separated by size fraction.  The RSP sample stream (15 L/min) is
redirected perpendicular to  the original  flow direction while the coarse stream
(particles 2.5-10.0 ftm in diameter)  continues its downward motion.   The two
distinct size fractions are collected independently onto preweighed 37-mm Teflon
filter media.

      The 37-mm Teflon filters are returned  to the laboratory for gravimetric
analysis following  standard procedures.25   The  laboratory  quality assurance
weighing limits for Teflon filter  media are ± 10 tig for  the pre- and post-sample
weighings.   Primary and fixed indoor site particle collections with a net gain
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3.4.5  Volatile Organic Compounds

      VOCs were collected in precleaned, evacuated (29" in. Hg) SUMMA-polished
canisters by  using standard EPA monitoring procedures.26'27  Randomly selected
precleaned canisters were analyzed for the target VOC compounds prior to canister
shipment and sample collection.  Evacuated canisters were  loaded into a sampler
downstream  of a flow  controller calibrated for  an  inlet flow of 8-10 cubic
cm'/min).    At the beginning  of the sampling  period,  the canister valve was
opened, and the canister vacuum recorded,  and the indoor air was sampled over
the 9-h monitoring period  (approximately a 5-L sample).   At the completion of
sampling, the canister final vacuum reading and time were recorded,  and the valve
was closed.   Sampled canisters were returned  to  the  laboratory for analysis.
Representative aliquots of  each canister were analyzed for targeted compounds
via GC/MS.   Additional aliquots were  drawn and analyzed  by  GC/FID without a
separation column  for total nonmethane VOCs.28

3.4.6  Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes

            o      Passive Formaldehyde Monitors.   Passive formaldehyde badges
                   (3M Model 3720)  were installed and  exposed at  each primary
                   site on the day of sampling.  The badges sample formaldehyde
                  via diffusion.  At the completion of  the  sampling period, the
                  badges were  sealed  and  returned  to  the  manufacturer  for
                   analysis via a proprietary technique to determine cumulative
                   formaldehyde exposures.

            o     Aldehydes.  At selected primary  sites (two each day), samples
                  for  aldehyde  analysis  were  collected  by  passing air  (200
                  cms/min) through 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-coated silica gel
                  cartridges.29  At the completion of the monitoring period, the
                  cartridges  were  sealed,  refrigerated,   and shipped  to  the

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                  laboratory for targeted compound analysis via HPLC.

3.4.7  Pesticides

      Pesticides were collected on precleaned polyurethane foam (PUF) cartridges
(4.0 L/min)  at  one  primary site  each day.   At the completion of the sampling
period, the PUF cartridge was sealed in aluminum foil, placed in a Teflon sealed
glass jar, immediately stored on dry ice (-40 °C),  and shipped to the laboratory.
The samples remained frozen until  extracted by the  laboratory within five working
days following sample collection.  The sample extracts were analyzed for targeted
pesticides via 6C/ECD and/or GC/MS as outlined in the Non-Occupational Pesticide
Exposure Study.30

3.4.8  Nicotine

      Nicotine was  collected over the  entire 5-day monitoring period by using
passive sodium bisulfate-coated filter media contained in Millipore cassettes.
At each sampling location,  the cassettes were  opened, and the  start time was
recorded on  Sunday, March  5,  and Monday, March 6, prior to the initiation of
the environmental monitoring study.  The passive  nicotine  monitors sampled at
a rate of 24 mL/min.  Upon completion of the study, the cassettes were sealed,
the ending times recorded,  and  the  samples  returned  to  the  laboratory for
analysis.   The filter media was removed, extracted in heptane,  and analyzed by
using GC with a nitrogen-specific detector.31

3.4.9  Viable and Total Spore Counts

      3.4.9.1  Viables
      Viable microbiological samples were collected at each primary site, the
fixed indoor and outdoor sites,  selected locations in the HVAC system, as well
as other sites where biological growth was suspected.   Samples were collected,
using a  duplicate  sampling  protocol,  on  appropriate  growth  media  by using

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Andersen viable  air samplers82  modified to employ only  the  sixth  stage.   The
Andersen sample  employs  inertial impaction at a  flow of 1.0 CFM for organism
collection into  standard 100 cms plastic petri dishes filled with 45 cc of the
appropriate agar to ensure adequate plate  to agar distance.  Mesophilic fungi,
human source bacteria, and thermophilic bacteria were collected  on malt extract
agar  (MEA),  trypticase-soy agar  (ISA),  and TSA, respectively.   Samples were
collected  over  a  5-min  time  period.   Fungal  samples were  stored  at  room
temperature.   Bacterial  and thermophilic  samples were  refrigerated.   Samples
were  shipped  to the  laboratory within  2  days following  collection.    The
mesophilic, human-source bacteria, and thermophilic  samples were incubated (25,
37, and 56 °C, respectively).    Fungal spores  were counted  after  3-5  days of
incubation,  whereas  the  bacteria  samples  were counted  after  1-2  days  of
incubation.   Colony types were  identified initially by number, and the most
common were identified by genus.
      2.  Nonviables
      Nonviable samples (fungal spores) were collected using a Burkard recording
air sampler.83  Samples were collected for  a 24-h period at  four sites per day,
Monday through Thursday.  The  indoor  air passes through the sampler (10 L/min)
with particles impacting on a  greased tape attached to a rotating drum turning
at a constant speed.  Upon completion of the monitoring study, the samples were
returned  to  the laboratory for spore counting  and the determination  of 8-h
averaged values.

3.5  Ventilation Evaluation

      Selected Waterside Mall environmental monitoring sites were matched to AHU
coverage drawings.  During  the period when environmental monitoring was being
conducted at the sites,  the  AHUs were visually inspected,  outdoor air quantities
and percentage of total supply airflows were measured, and ventilation rates were
calculated  for  the  AHU supplying  air  to the  monitoring  sites.   The  AHUs

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operational settings were not changed to conform to minimal operating conditions
as specified by the manufacturer, but were evaluated under the actual operating
conditions established by the building management.

      The AHUs were given a cursory inspection to determine operating condition
at the time that the temperature and velocity traverse data was collected.  Since
insitu instrumentation or data  logger equipment for  the AHUs was  not present,
the operation status of the systems  could be only visually monitored.

      The AHUs were then  inspected to determine  the most representative location
for velocity  traverses.   These locations are typically at the end  of a long,
straight duct run, prior to fittings,  and as far  as possible  from the AHU fan.
Holes were drilled in ducts for the  velocity probe.   The holes  were  drilled at
a maximum of  8 in. on center, but if the duct was less than 24 in. wide, a center
dimension  less  than 8 in.  was  used.   The  minimum number of  traverse  points
(number of traverse holes multiplied by the number of measurements per traverse
hole) was  25.  In  some  cases, holes drilled  by  the Annandale Air Balancing
Company (AABC) for use in AHU  balancing  were used  for  the  velocity  traverses.
Also, at some of the AHUs, velocity  traverse holes  existed from prior air-flow
measurements.   When  present,  these holes  were reused  for the  of air-flow
measurements made during the environmental monitoring study.

      Velocity measurements were taken using a 5/16  in. diameter  pitot static
probe (complying with ASHRAE specifications) and a  high-precision  Neotronics
digital manometer (calibrated March  2,  1989).  A  Solomat Model  MPM500E display
meter with 127MS  hotwire anemometer probe  used  in previous measurements was
found to be operating erratically and not used.

      The pitot  tube was configured to  give velocity pressure  measurements.
The total pressure  port  of the pitot tube was connected to  the high-pressure
side of  the  manometer,  and the static  pressure  port of  the  pitot tube was
connected to  the low pressure  side of the manometer.  Tygon tubing was used for

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connections.
      The velocity pressure readings were made at predetermined intervals.  The
first and last readings in the  traverse were taken at a distance of one-half the
centerline distance between the internal readings, as recommended by AABC.

      The area of the duct was based on measurements  of  outside duct dimension,
correcting for  internal lining or external thermal  insulation.  Air-flow,  in
cubic feet per minute,  was determined by simple multiplication of the average
velocity  in  feet per minute  (FPM)  by the duct  cross  sectional open area,  in
square feet (SF).  Average velocity was determined by first converting individual
velocity pressure measurements to velocity, with the following expression:
            Velocity - 4005 *  (Velocity pressure) exponential
                                                              0.5
where velocity is in feet per minute and velocity pressure is in inches of water
column.

      Because  of  the  near-sea-level  elevation of  Waterside  Mall,  pressure
correction factors were not needed to account for air  density differences.  Air
temperature  correction  factors published in  the AABC National Standards were
applied  to  the  velocity  measurements,  however.   Average  velocity was  the
arithmetic average of all  the  corrected velocity readings for the traverses.

      At certain  large  return air and mixed  air plenums (particularly at the
East and West Tower units), pitot traverses were impractical.  Velocities were
measured in these locations by using an Omega digital vane anemometer.

      At some  AHUs,  there were  no  acceptable velocity  traverse  locations,
primarily due to  excessive turbulence in the airstream.   In these cases,  the
dry bulb temperature method was relied upon for determination of ratio of outdoor
air in the supply airstream.   This  ratio  can be calculated with the following

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expression:
                        T                T
                        •'•dry bulb, return air "  Adry bulb, mixed air
      % Outside Air -   	  * 100
                        •T*                f|»
                        •"•dry bulb, return aJr "  *dry bulb, ouUide air
      The dry bulb  temperature measurements were taken with a Micronta 63-843
thermistor-type temperature meter.  Because  of the relatively slow response time
of this probe, it was allowed to "soak" in the  air-stream being measured for at
least 5 min  before  reading.   This probe was kept in a conditioned environment
when not actively used for data gathering to minimize the lag in response.  The
measurement  location  for  the   temperature  probe  was   selected  to  be  as
representative as  possible.    In  the  case of the mixed  air,  the  most distant
location from the point of airstream mixing was  selected.

      Where  the  airstream  turbulence  induced  by  duct  work  configuration
precluded obtaining velocity measurements in any  of the outdoor, supply, return,
or mixed air ducts,  the airflow rates in these ducts were  calculated indirectly.
The method used for calculating airstream flow rate  required that at least one
valid set of velocity and flow data  be obtained for  any one of  the outdoor,
supply, return, or mixed airflow  streams.   The unmeasured airflow streams were
calculated by apportioning  the percentages of  flow of  these  air  streams as
determined by the dry bulb temperature data.

      At some of the AHUs,  multiple evaluations were made at different times of
day in order to conform with the  environmental monitoring schedule.
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                4.   SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING RESULTS

      This  section  presents summarized data  by sector collected  at  the three
EPA Headquarters Buildings during the environmental monitoring study.   These
descriptive results reflect the conditions found in a generalized fashion and
do not define conditions or make inferences based on specific sample  data.

4.1  Number of Environmental Monitoring Sites and Monitoring Schedule

      Environmental monitoring was conducted  as follows:   the Waterside Mall 3
locations on Monday; half of the Waterside Mall 2 locations and the Crystal Mall
2 on  Tuesday;  the  remaining  half of the Waterside Mall  2 locations  and the
Fairchild Building on Wednesday; the  West Tower on Thursday; and the East Tower
on Friday.  With the  exception of the microbiological contaminants, environmental
monitoring was  conducted at 56 primary,  61  secondary,  70 special,  one fixed
indoor,  and one  fixed  outdoor  sites.    The distribution  of  environmental
monitoring locations by building is shown below.

FACILITY                      PRIMARY     SECONDARY   SPECIAL     TOTAL

Waterside Mall Complex          47*          38         67         152

Fairchild Building               5           12          2          19

Crystal Mall 2                   5           11          1          17

      * Includes the fixed indoor  monitoring  location.

The  large   number   of  Mall  2  monitoring locations  necessitated   that  some
environmental monitoring locations be  sampled, for one  or more  parameters, on
more than  the  two  days scheduled  for sample collection.   This  summary table
identifies the actual number of independent sampling locations and,  therefore,

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may not match the number of monitoring sites reflected in other  summary tables.

      A  total of 79  viable airborne microbiological  samples  were collected.
Fifty-three indoor and 6 outdoor microbiological samples were collected at the
Waterside Mall.  Five indoor samples and one outdoor microbiological  sample were
collected at  both the Fairchild and Crystal Mall  2 Buildings.   An additional
eight  quality  control  samples  were also  collected at the Waterside  Mall.
Fourteen  indoor and  three outdoor Waterside  Mall fungal spore  samples  were
collected.    One  indoor air fungal spore  sample   was  collected at  both the
Fairchild and Crystal Mall  2 buildings.

4.2  Real-Time  Indoor Measurements

4.2.1  Method for Summarizing Real-time Indoor Measurements

      Two  summary  tables  are  provided  for  each  real-time   parameter,  one
summarizing  the  data  over  the  three  individual  buildings  (Waterside  Mall,
Fairchild, and Crystal Mall 2) and a second summarizing the data over  the various
indoor sectors  (Waterside  Mall  2,  Waterside Mall 3, Southeast Mall, Southwest
Mall, Northeast Mall, West Tower,  East Tower,  Fairchild, and Crystal Mall 2).
The data in each table was  compiled by using the statistical methods discussed
below.

            4.2.1.1  Mean  Sector Value for  Single Time Period.   Mean sector
values  for real-time  measurements  were  calculated for  each  of the  three
monitoring time periods  (morning,  mid-day,  and afternoon) by using individual
or averaged sampling site values.   If only one  measurement was made  for a given
site in  the  time period,  this  individual value was considered the mean site
value.   If a sampling location other than the fixed indoor site was monitored
more than once during the study  for any time period,  a mean site value for that
time period was calculated by adding the  various observations and dividing by
the number of observations.  The  fixed indoor  site data were treated slightly

                                      4-2

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                                               Volume II: Environmental Survey
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differently; only  the  observations collected on  the  day  the questionnaire was
administered were included in the primary site data.   The remaining fixed indoor
site data were used in  the calculation of the summary data for all sites.  A mean
sector value was then  calculated by adding the individual mean site values for
that time period and dividing by the number of sites  monitored during the time
period.

            4.2.1.2  Average Mean Sector Values for the Entire Monitoring Day.
An  average  mean sector value representing  the parameter over  the  three time
periods was calculated  by first calculating average room values within the sector
over the three time periods, adding these average room values,  and dividing by
the actual number of rooms monitored in the sector.

            4.2.1.3  Building Means over  Sectors.  Building means  for each of
the three time periods, regardless  of  sector, were calculated by using the nine
mean sector values  (4.2.1.1, above) for the specific  time period.

            4.2.1.4  Grand Building Means for the Three Buildings.   A grand
building mean  for  each real-time  parameter was calculated by  using the three
average mean sector values for  the entire monitoring period (4.2.1.2, above).
These summary statistics were calculated with equal weight given to each of the
three buildings and may differ  slightly from the values  reflected in 4.2.1.5.
These means may be best for comparing conditions among the three buildings.

            4.2.1.5 Grand Building Means for the Nine Sectors.  A grand building
mean for each real-time parameter was  calculated by using the nine average mean
sector values for the entire  monitoring period  (4.2.1.2, above).  These summary
statistics were calculated with equal weight given to the nine sectors, therefore
giving more weight to  the Waterside Mall results which best describe the actual
data, but may not  reflect  the actual  relationships among the three individual
buildings.
                                      4-3

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                                               Volume II: Environmental Survey
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            4.2.1.6   Individual Maximum  and Minimum Values.   The  individual
maximum and minimum values reflected  in the  real-time summary tables represent

individual observations and not site  mean values.

4.2.2  Temperature

      Only small differences are observed in the calculated building grand mean
temperatures over all sites (73.8 °F, 74.8 °F,  76.7 °F)  for the three buildings
(Waterside Mall,  Crystal  Mall 2,  Fairchild,  respectively) over the monitoring
study  (Tables  A.1-A.4)   with the  exception  of  the  slightly higher indoor
temperatures at the Fairchild Building.   Across  all the Waterside Mall sectors
as well as across the  Fairchild Building and  Crystal Mall 2 buildings, there was
a general trend for mean indoor temperature (Tables A.5-A.8) to slightly  increase
(Figure 4.1) from morning to  afternoon.   The lowest temperatures  (below 70 °F)
were observed during the morning in Southwest Mall and Mall 2 monitoring sites.
Fairchild and  Crystal Mall  2  sector temperatures were consistently warmer (<5
°F).   Temperature  gradients between sectors and/or between buildings  were small,
as was  the  variability in mean temperature  among the primary,  secondary,  and
special study  sites.  Slightly  less than 95% of the individual values (Figure
4.2)  fell within  the temperature  range  70-80 °F.   The  largest  within-day
difference between  the single minimum and  maximum temperatures  (Figure 4.1)
occurred on the day following a winter storm when  sampling was being conducted
at Mall  2,  Southwest Mall,  and Fairchild  Building offices.   Two individual
measurements were below 65 °F while six offices had individual room temperatures
of t80 °F.

4.2.3  Relative Humidity

      Variability in mean building RH across  all sites and time periods for the
three buildings (Tables A.9-A.12)  was minimal (23% ± 2%),  and little within-day
or within-building difference was seen (Tables A.13-A.16).  Mean RH tended

                                      4-4

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       Figure 4.1.  Plot of Temperature Maximum, Mean, and Minimum,
                Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City,
                and Fairchild by Earliest Sample Start Time
CD
u_
0)
   85
   60
   75
 rt
a »
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                                                                               rt
                                                                               A

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           Figure 4.2.  Frequency Distribution of Observed

               Temperatures Across Waterside Mall Sectors,

                     Crystal City, and Fairchild
       300
    CO
ON
       250 -
.O

'•§  200
>

Q>



O  150
       100
        50
                                               257
                                                         230
                 0-65
                          65 - 70        70-75        75-80


                           Temperature (Degrees Fahrenheit)
80 & above
                                                                                    <
                                                                                    O
                                                                                 m

                                                                                 M
                                                                                 M



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to decrease from Monday to Friday (Figure 4.3).  More  than 96% of the individual
RH measurements  (Figure 4.4)  fell between  15  and  35%,  generally below the
recommended comfort zone.  Elevated individual RHs (>50%) were measured in some
monitoring locations which were noted to have an operational room humidifier and
numerous plants.  The maximum indoor single value of relative humidity was <55%,
and several monitoring  locations were noted to have RHs less than 20%.  Mean Mall
3  and Northeast Mall  site RHs  are 5-10%  higher than  the  other  monitoring
locations, and only small differences were observed between primary,  secondary,
and special site mean values for each sector.

4.2.4  Carbon Monoxide

      CO measured  did  not  exceed  1 ppm in any of the Crystal  Mall  2  Building
sites or any Waterside  Mall  primary or secondary monitoring sites (Tables A. 17-
A.24).   CO <5 ppm was  observed at selected Waterside Mall special sites,  in
particular those sites  located underground in close proximity to the East Tower
underground  parking garage,  as  well  as  at  numerous  Fairchild  monitoring
locations.  CO tended to decrease over the day at  the Waterside Mall locations
but increase over the day at the Fairchild Building monitoring locations.

4.2.5  Carbon Dioxide

      The mean primary  Fairchild Building C02 concentration over all time periods
and sites (745 ppm) is nearly 200 ppm higher than the mean concentration reported
for the Waterside Mall  complex and more than 250 ppm higher  than the Crystal Mall
2 C02 mean concentration (Tables A.25-A.28).  Considering  all  sites and times
results in small  increases in mean C02 concentrations for the Waterside Mall (575
ppm) and Crystal Mall 2 (504 ppm) buildings, but no change in the mean Fairchild
Building concentration.  C02 tended to increase from morning to afternoon (Figure
4.5) with a grand mean of 573 ppm over all sectors and buildings (Tables A. 29-
A.32),  a value  slightly lower than  the  599  ppm calculated over the three
buildings.  More than 93% of the individual site C02  measurements (Figure 4.6)

                                     4-7

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0>
     Figure 4.3.  Plot of Relat,. Humiclty Maximum, Mean, and Minimum
                Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City,
                 and Farchfld by Earliest Sample Start Time
   50
   40
3 3°
CD
OC

| 20

8.
   10
     ***** *** ***** <>** ***** ***
                                                                         Maxkran
                                                                           *

                                                                          Maw


                                                                         Mrann
                                                                              o
       Mood-
                    Tuesday        Wednesday     Thursday
                             Sample Day and Time
<>** ***** *>**
     Friday
                                                                             n i
                                                                             »T3 O
                                                                             > g
                                                                             x a
                                                                             9 3
                                                                             B> ft
                                                                             a P>
                                                                             (D (A
                                                                             M C

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               Figure 4.4.  Frequency Distribution of Observed

               Relative Humkity Across Waterside Mall Sectors,

                           Crystal City, and FairchBd
   400
09


O

"3  300

-5  200
.a


=3
    100
             0-15
                              375

                                                                                 O
                 118
                                                                                 V~m
15-25        25-35        35-45


     Percent Relative Humidty
45-55
                                                                               PI M
                                                                               TJ O
X •
« 3
P» ft
a »
^a h-

» (A
1 C
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           Figure 4.5.  Plot of Carbon Dioxide Maximum, Mean, and Minimum

                     Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City,

                      and Fairchild by Earliest Sample Start Time
  I
^

-
o
X
o
o

I

O
1,600



1,400



1200



1,000



 800



 600



 400



 200
            Monday
                                       *        *
                                            *
                       Tuesday       Wednesday     Thursday

                                 Sample Day and Time
                                                          Friday
                                                                                Maximum
                                                                                 *


                                                                                Mem



                                                                                MMmum
                                                                                     o
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                                               Volume II: Environmental Survey
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were  below 800  ppm,  while 34  individual values  exceeded  800 ppm.   Eight
individual site observations (1.6%), all recorded at special monitoring sites,
were greater than the ASHRAE guideline of 1000 ppm.  Seven of these observations
were  taken  in the special sites located in close proximity  to the East Tower
underground  parking  garage.   C02  concentrations  in  two  of  these special
monitoring locations were greater than 1000 ppm for all three  time periods.  One
>1000-ppm C02 observation was recorded in  Mall 2.  C02 was uniformly higher in
the Fairchild Building (mean - 745 ppm).  However, no Fairchild single site value
exceeded 1000 ppm.   C02 was the lowest on  Tuesday during  the inclement weather
(Figure 4.5).   The largest within-day variation (Figure 4.5) occurred on Friday,
when monitoring was being conducted in the East Tower  as  well  as  the Mall.  The
lowest mean C02 values were reported in the Southeast and Southwest Malls  (454
and 451 ppm, respectively),  and no single  value in either sector exceeding 600
ppm.

4.2.6  Respirable  Particulate Matter

      Mean building RSP concentrations across all sites  and  time  periods for
the three buildings (Tables A.33-A.36)  ranged from a low of 9.5 Mg/m8 for the
Fairchild Building to  a high of 14.1 Mg/m8  for the Waterside Mall complex.  The
mean  Waterside  Mall and  Crystal  Mall  2 special site  concentrations for each
building were slightly increased  (3-4  Mg/m3) over the  building mean values.
Across all  sectors and buildings (Tables A.37-A.40),  mean respirable particle
concentrations were less  than  17 Mg/m8,  and  the grand mean real-time particle
concentration was 12.9 Mg/m8.  The Mall 3 mean concentration (6.5 Mg/m8) is <50%
of the  other  sector means.  The  maximum individual value (96 Mg/msb and the
second maximum individual measurement (91 Mg/m8) were  recorded at East and West
Towers special sites,  respectively,  and were  nearly double the maximum values
observed at  any other primary  or secondary  site.   A review  of the operator
comments  indicates  the  presence of the  smell  of cigarette smoke  in these
locations.  The  largest difference between within-day maximum and minimum values
(Figure 4.7) occurred  on Thursday and Friday, when monitoring was conducted at

                                     4-12

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    Figure 4.7.   Plot of Respirable Particulate Maximum, Mean, and Minimum

                  Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City,

                   and Fairchild by Earliest Sample Start Time
S  100
i
*
CO
o
     80
     60
     40
     20
        Monday

                       j	|	T I  4.	±	L

 j.	j_
Tuesday       Wednesday      Thursday

          Sample Day and Time
Friday
                                                                             Maxkrun
                                                                               *


                                                                              Mean
                                                                             Mnhnum
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  M
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                                               Volume II: Environmental Survey
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the West  and East Towers, respectively,  and  most probably reflects cigarette
smoking as noted  by  the  field operators.   More than 98% of the individual RSP
values (Figure 4.8) were  less  than 40 ng/ms.

4.3  Integrated Sampler Results

4.3.1  Method for Summarizing  Integrated  Indoor Measurements

      Mean species concentrations for each sector were calculated by adding the
individual values that were  above the limit of quantitation for those samples
collected from the corresponding sector monitoring sites and dividing this number
by the number of  samples  above the level  of quantitation.  Trace quantities of
selected  VOCs,  above LOD but below  LOQ, were  also  observed when  the  Summa
canister VOC method was used but were not included in the summarized data other
than  by  indicating  the  number  of trace  measurements  that were  reported by
individual species.  This qualitative measurement approach indicates that through
the use of the highly sophisticated mass spectrometer analytical technique, the
presence  of  an individual species can be  confirmed (i.e.,  if it  is  above the
limit of detection).  However, the concentration  of these species is below the
level of quantitation. Again,  samples having trace concentrations  of a specific
organic compound were not used in the calculation of the sector means for that
compound.  Arithmetic mean concentrations  for each species were calculated for
individual sectors, across all buildings,  and for each of the three buildings.

4.3.2  Respirable Particulate  Matter  (RSP)

      The results of the integrated RSP  samples  (Table  B.I)  are consistently
higher (5-20 Mg/m3) than the corresponding mean real-time  values calculated over
all monitoring sites  (Tables  A.36 and A.40).  Integrated  sampler particle means
ranged from 16.3 to 27.3 »ig/m8, and the  grand  mean across all buildings and all
sectors was  22.6  Mg/ms.   Waterside  Mall  RSP (mean - 23.5  jig/m8)  varied only
slightly among the Waterside Mall sectors but was 25-50% higher than the RSP

                                     4-14

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I
t-1
in
    CO
       300
       250
       200
   O  150
       100
        50
              Figure 4.8.  Frequency Distribution of Observed Respirable

                          Particulate Concentrations Across

                  Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City, and Fairchild
                                  232
                     194
                                                              8
                 0-10         10-20        20-30        30-40

                          Respirable Particulate Concentrations (ug/m3)
     6
40-50
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                                               Volume II: Environmental  Survey
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measured in  the  other two buildings.   The highest integrated RSP measurement
was 54.7 Mg/ms in Mall 2.  The difference between  the integrated and real-time
particle mean values most probably result from the increased  sensitivity  of the
light-scattering method, the integrated method limit of detection,  the real-time
versus  integrated methodology,  and the omission  of  below LOQ values in  the
integrated mean.   The difference  in values may also have resulted from difference
in  the  activities that occurred over  the  entire sampling period versus  those
occurring during  the short time required for the real-time monitoring method.
Regardless,  both methods  suggest  that indoor EPA Headquarters buildings  RSP
particle concentrations  are  typically  <50 Mg/m8.

4.3.3  Formaldehyde  and  Other Aldehydes

             4.3.3.1   Passive Formaldehyde Badges.   The results of analysis on
the passive formaldehyde badges were all below the analytical limit of detection
(119 Mg/m8 total over an 8-h exposure).

             4.3.3.2   Integrated Aldehyde Samples.  Figure  4.9  shows  the  mean
building distribution of formaldehyde as well  as other targeted carbonyls  (Table
C.l-C.ll) having values greater than 1% of the  total carbonyl concentration (mean
total  carbonyl  -  37.7  jt g/m8).    Four target  carbonyls,   each  individually
representing <2% of the total carbonyl  concentration (Table C.ll), were  combined
(<3%) and  graphically represented, as  was  the unknown carbonyls  (Table  C.10)
sample component (<4%).  Total carbonyls measured in the Waterside Mall complex
(mean total  car..onyl  concentration -   32.1 /tg/m8)  were uniformly distributed
across  all  Waterside  Mall  sectors.     The  Fairchild  total  carbonyl  mean
concentration  (73.6  n g/m8)   is  more  than  double  the  mean Waterside  Mall
concentration, aad the  Crystal  Mall total carbonyl  mean concentration  (43.8
Mg/m8)   is  nearly  one-third  times  higher  than  the  mean  Waterside  Mall
concentration  but  about  half  the Fairchild  Building  mean  concentration.
Individual Fairchild Building aldehyde  a..d carbonyl speci   concentrations were
consistently twice the corresponding species concentrations observed in the other

                                     4-16

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Figure 4.9.  Mean Carbonyl Species Distribution
 Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City,
 and Fairchild
I
H«
-J
                                                37.4% Acetone


                                                27.1% Formaldehyde


                                                15.8% AcetaJdehyde


                                                6.7%Hexanaktehyde


                                                2.4% Proprionafdehyde


                                                2.0%Butyraldehyde


                                                1.8%VateraWehyde


                                                2.0%Benzaktehyde
                                                0.8%Acrotein

                                                0.0%p-Toiialdehyde

                                                0.0% IsovaJeraldehyde


                                                4.0% Unknown



                                                100%


                                                Total37.74ug/m3
                                                                                              o
                                                                                              W
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                                                                                              §
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                                               Volume  II:  Environmental  Survey
                                                            at  EPA Headquarters

two buildings.  Mean Crystal Mall  2  formaldehyde,  acetaldehyde, valeraldehyde,
and   hexanaldehyde  were   also   double  the   corresponding  Waterside  Mall
concentrations.   Across all buildings  and  sectors,  formaldehyde  (mean - 10.2
Mg/ms), acetaldehyde  (mean  -  6.0 M g/m8),  and acetone  (mean -  14.1 jig/ms) were
the  primary  constituents  measured, representing 27.1%,  15.8%,   and  37.4%,
respectively, of the mean total carbonyl sample.  Nontargeted carbonyls accounted
for  less  than 4% of the mean total  carbonyl sample.   Nine of the 15  targeted
species   (Table  3.2)  were  measured  in  all  the  indoor  samples,   and  the
maximumconcentrations  for eight  of these  target compounds  were observed  in the
Fairchlld Building.  Crotonaldehyde was  detected only in the Fairchild Building.
Butyraldehyde  (mean - 0.8 Mg/ms)  was nearly uniformly distributed across all
sectors.     Isovaleraldehyde,   ortho-tolualdehyde.  para-tolualdehyde.  meta-
tolualdehyde,  and  2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde  were  not  detected in  any  indoor
samples.  No outdoor aldehyde samples were collected during the monitoring  study.

4.3.4  Volatile Organic  Compounds

       Figure  4.10 summarizes the  mean  outdoor,  mean  indoor,  and  the maximum
observed values (identified by sector) for the targeted VOCs observed above the
limit  of  quantitation.   With  the exception of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene,
and the xylene  isomers,  indoor  sources  appear to be the dominant contributors
for these VOCs;  that is,  the mean indoor  concentration more than doubles  the mean
outdoor concentration. 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, tetrachloroethylene,  toluene, and
the xylene isomers were the dominant species measured across the  building (Figure
4.11).

      Many of the  targeted  chlorinated  organic compounds were  detected in all
the  indoor  samples  (Tables D.1-D.16).   Methylene  chloride  (Table D.I)  was
detected above the limit of quantitation  in 42 of  the  61 indoor samples but in
only two outdoor samples.  The mean  indoor concentration  (3.6  Mg/m3) more than
doubled the outdoor concentration.   The mean methylene chloride concentration
in the Fairchild Building (6.7 n g/m8) was twice the Waterside Mall and four

                                     4-18

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Figure 4.10.  Mean Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations
     Across Waterside Mall Sectors, Crystal City,
     and Fairchild
                            Compound
                                                                  Outdoor Mean

                                                                  Indoor Mean

                                                                  Maximum Observed
                                                                  With Sector Noted
                                                              F - FarcMd
                                                              W - Waterside Mai
                                                              M2 • Second Floor
                                                                    Waterside Mai
                                                              M3 - Third Floor
                                                                    Waterside Mall
o
                                                                                  a>
                                                                                w
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                                                                                  9
                                                                                  rt
                                                                                rt H
                                                                                n> 4
                                                                                l-t (0
                                                                                w •-«•

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Figure 4.11.  Average Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations

     Based on All Observations Above the Limit of Quantitation

                      at the EPA Primary Sites
2.2% N-8ThroughN-10Akanes



6.1% MethyleneChloride



20.0% 1,1,1-TrfcMoroethane



15.4% Tetrachloroethy tone



2.4% Benzene



29.6% Toluene



17.8%o-p-Xytene



6.5% Other




100%

Total40.34ug/m3
                                                                                       o
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                                               Volume II: Environmental  Survey
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times the Crystal Mall 2 mean concentrations (3.2  and 1.6 
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                                               Volume  II:  Environmental  Survey
                                                            at  EPA Headquarters

contained trace  quantities  of para-dichlorobenzene.  whereas no Crystal  Mall  2
samples contained para-dichlorobenzene  above  the  limit of  detection.

      Benzene,   toluene,   and   ethylbenzene   (Tables  D.6,   D.7,   and  D.8,
respectively), organics  commonly associated with gasoline and other solvents,
were  detected in more than  85%  of the indoor samples collected in the  three
buildings and in all outdoor samples.  The mean indoor benzene concentration (6.4
it g/m3), calculated by using  the  four Mall  2 and Mall 3 samples along with  the
five Fairchild Building samples,  that had levels above the limit of quantitation,
was 1 n g/ms higher than the  ambient benzene concentration  (5.3 Mg/m3).   Indoor
benzene concentrations in Crystal Mall 2 and the remaining Waterside Mall sectors
were  below  the  limit of  quantitation.   Toluene  and ethylbenzene mean  indoor
concentrations  (13.5 Mg/ms  and 1.8 Mg/ms,  respectively) calculated across  all
sectors were nearly double the ambient concentration.  The Fairchild mean toluene
concentration (38.3 Mg/ms) was nearly 3  times higher than the mean concentration
reported for any other sector,  and the highest and second highest  toluene  values
were  reported in  that  building  (44.3 and  34.1  Mg/ms,   respectively).    The
Fairchild Building  mean  ethylbenzene concentration (4.9 ft g/m3) was triple  the
mean  concentrations observed in  the other buildings, the  maximum and next-to-
maximum values being observed in  that building (5.4 and 4.5 Mg/m3,  respectively).
Few  differences are  observed  in the  toluene  and  ethylbenzene  sector mean
concentrations calculated for  the  Waterside Mall  and Crystal Mall 2 sectors.

      ortho-Xylene  and  para-xylene  (Tables D.9 and  D.10, respectively) were
quantified in all but 2 indoor samples (mean - 2.0 and 5.2 jtg/m3,  respectively),
and both isomers observed at indoor concentrations slightly less  than twice  the
ambient concentrations.   The Fairchild Building mean concentrations for both
isomers (5.6 and 15.6 jig/m8)  are  nearly  three  times higher  than the mean  sector
values reported  for the  other  two buildings.   The  maximum observed species
concentrations  (fi-xylene -  6.2  u g/m8  and ]>-xylene  - 17.3 Mg/m8)  were also
reported from samples  collected  in the Fairchild Building.   The highest non-
Fairchild Building isomer concentrations (3.4 and 9.2 
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                                               Volume II: Environmental Survey
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reported in Mall 2 samples and were 50-75% higher than the maximum concentrations
reported for any of the other Waterside Mall or Crystal Mall 2 sectors.  Styrene
(Table D.ll) was quantified in one Fairchild Building  sample (1.5 Mg/m8), and
trace concentrations detected in 13 other indoor samples.

      N-Decane  (Table D.12) was detected in 16 Waterside Mall and five Fairchild
Building indoor  samples but not in the Crystal Mall 2 or ambient samples.  Five
Mall  2  and Mall 3  samples were above the  limit  of quantitation  (mean - 6.3
Mg/m8),  and the  maximum concentration (12.9 Mg/m8) was reported  in the second
floor Mall.   n-Dodecane (Table D.13) was detected but not quantitated in two
indoor samples.  n-Octane (Table D.14) was detected in 60 indoor and five outdoor
samples, but quantified in only 24 indoor samples.  Five Fairchild Building and
three Crystal Mall  2  samples  were above the  limit of quantitation  (mean - 1.0
and 0.6 Mg/m8, respectively).  Slightly higher mean jj-octane concentrations were
observed in the Mall 3 and  Mall  2 samples (1.3 and  1.2 Mg/m8,  respectively), the
individual-sample highest and second highest concentrations (1.98 and 1.49 Mg/m8)
also being observed in  these sectors.

      The sum of the targeted compounds (Table D.15) measured indoors, calculated
over all sectors and all buildings by summing the concentration of the individual
target compound concentrations, was more than  3 times the corresponding outdoor
concentration.   The  sum of  the  targeted  compounds measured  indoors  at the
Fairchild Building was  nearly 6 times the  corresponding  outdoor concentration
and nearly 3 times  the mean concentrations observed for the other two buildings.
Southeast and Southwest Mall  single-sample  concentrations were  half the other
Waterside Mall  sector  means and approximated the ambient concentration.   The
highest and  second highest sample  sum of  targeted  compounds occurred in the
Fairchild Building (110.4 and 94.1 Mg/m8).  The highest and second highest non-
Fairchild Building value was observed in a Mall 2 sample (94.1 Mg/m8) .

      The qualitative measurement of total VOCs  (Table D.16) also suggests that
the indoor Fairchild Building VOC concentrations are  nearly 6 times  the ambient

                                     4-23

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                                               Volume II: Environmental Survey
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VOC concentrations  and more than  twice  the levels observed at the other two
buildings.   The total  VOC concentration measured  at  the Crystal  Mall  2 and
Waterside Mall Buildings are approximately 2-3 times higher than the mean outdoor
total VOCs  concentration,  and  little variability between the sector means was
reported in the Waterside  Mall buildings.

      Vinylidene chloride, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene,  meta- and ortho-
dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dibromomethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane,  vinyl chloride,
cis-1.2-dichloroethene.  trans-1.2-dichloroethene.  1,1-dichloroethane,  and 4-
phenylcyclohexene were not measured above the limit of quantitation in any indoor
or outdoor sample.  Trace indoor concentrations,  above the LOD but below the LOQ,
of chlorobenzene were found in four  indoor  samples, of meta-dichlorobenzene in
one sample, of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in two samples, of 1,1-dichloroethane
in one sample, and of 4-phenylcyclohexene in one indoor sample.

4.3.5  Pesticides

      None of the targeted pesticides were observed above the  limit of detection
(Table 3.2) in the samples collected in the EPA Headquarters Buildings.

4.3.6  Nicotine

      Above-LOQ nicotine concentrations were observed in six monitoring locations
(Table E.I);  one or more  of these  sites  were located  in each of the three
buildings (mean - 0.13 Mg/m8).   The  highest nicotine concentration  (0.3 Mg/ms)
was observed in the Fairchild Building.

4.3.7  Fixed Indoor and  Fixed Outdoor Monitoring Locations

      Tables F.1-F.4 display the particulate statistics.  The  mean fine particle
(< 2.5 jim) concentration measured over the  five-day period at the fixed indoor
site (8.6 Mg/m8) was  slightly more  than one  half the corresponding outdoor fine

                                     4-24

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                                               Volume II: Environmental Survey
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particle concentration  (13.6 Mg/ms  ) or  the  mean  Waterside  Mall real-time RSP
concentration  (14.1 jig/m8).  The mean indoor PM10  measured at the fixed indoor
site  (19.3 Mg/ms) was slightly  greater  than  two-thirds  the  corresponding mean
outdoor value  (27.7 Mg/m8).

      Figure 4.12 and Figure 4-13  graphically  show changes  in T, RH, C02, and
RSP over the entire five-day monitoring period at  the fixed indoor and outdoor
locations.  Outdoor relative humidity was increased during the first three days
of  the  monitoring study  because of inclement  weather.   Outdoor  temperature
gradually increased over the week but remained below 40 °F through Thursday noon
and below 50 °F throughout  the  remainder  of  the monitoring  period.   The fixed
indoor site data is consistent with the mean sector values discussed above and
demonstrates small  day-to-day variability at  this single location,  with the
exception of C02, which was lower  on Tuesday,  which most likely reflects the
smaller number of employees present during the inclement weather period.

      Figure 4.14 shows the variability of selected organic  species  over the
five-day monitoring period at the fixed indoor site. Integrated aldehyde samples
were not collected at the fixed outdoor site.  Outdoor VOC concentrations (Figure
4.10) were generally consistently  lower  than corresponding  indoor values with
small  daily variation   in concentrations.    The large  increase  in  1,1,1-
trichloroethane concentrations on Wednesday probably results from building- or
worker-related processes.  Otherwise, these compounds did not vary from day-to-
day.
                                     4-25

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                                         Volume II:   Environmental Survey
                                                           EPA Headquarters
             Figure 4.12. Indoor and Outdoor Rxed Site
             Temperature and Relative Humidity
             by Earliest Sample Start Time
                       EPA Outdoor Fixed Site




JO


w

JO

A A a



-


* *
»
-


a A
a






• . •



a
A a




£
*
*





a
A
A
. •
*








A *
4
• A
A


       +++ .+ %*V» *«* .+#+ .+ •+#+ *«* %*+«» *>
       Mendcy     TuMdty    WafttMdty   Tlwradiy     Frt*y
                       Sample Day and Time                    Temperatire
                                                               *
                                                         Relative Hunkfty
                        EPA hdoor Fixed Site
   100
DC
1
c   "
Mantay
y     Wwtawl^    Ihnday
   Sample Day and Tbne
                                              Friday
                              4-26

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                                    Volume  II:  Environmental Survey
                                                       EPA Headquarters
Figure 4.13. Indoor and Outdoor Fixed Site
Carbon Dioxide and Respirable Participate Concentration
by Earliest Sample Start Time
               EPA Outdoor Fixed Site
DUV
650

500

450
400

350

ann
_

-

-
A *

- * *

i i i




*



* * »
i i i


A


.
* *


i i i



A


* 9
*

i i i

A

-

*


*
i i i
                                                     25
                                                    - 20
                                                    - 16 31
                                                     10
                                                        CO
                                                    - 5
  Monday     Tuesday    Wednesday   Thursday    Friday
                  Sample Day and Tine
                EPA Indoor Fixed Site
                                                      Carbon Dtoxkte
                                                          *

                                                       DfchotFhe
oww
660

600

460

400
360
ana

-
. *
-

-

-
A
* « •



A

A
* *
•



A
*
A
*
A


*




*
•
i »
A



.

A .


A • "
*
*

•
.._! 	 1 1
                                                     20
                                                    - 16
                                                        i
Monday     TuMdty     W«tawHy   Thndiy
                 Sample Day and Tine
                                          Friday
                         4-27

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        Figure 4.14
to
CO
Concentrations of Selected Volatile Organic Compounds

 and Aldehyde Species Measured at the

          EPA Indoor Fixed Site
                                                                       Paraxylene
                                                                       Toluene
                                                                       1.1.1-Trtehloroethane
                                                                       Acetaktehyde
                                                                       Formaldehyde
     O
                Monday     Tuesday   Wednesday   Thursday

                                 Day of Week
                                  Friday
                                                                                         (D
  f
  H-
W H
hfl O
> g

X 0)
(D 3
» n
                                                                                       pi CO
                                                                                       H C
                                                                                       n *
                                                                                       (0 <5
                                                                                       i-t n
                                                                                       w v{

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                                               Volume II: Environmental Survey
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4.4  Viable and NonVlable Microbiological Contaminants

4.4.1  Airborne Fungi

      With the exception of  the  East Tower, mean viable  airborne fungi (Table
G.I) were low, the overall building mean concentration (28 CFU/ms) being nearly
identical to the ambient concentration (22 CFU/ms) .   The  mean East Tower value
(130  CFU/ms)  was  more than 5  times  concentrations  observed  in the  other
locations.  The highest single value (883 CFU/ms) was observed in the East Tower.
Table 4.1 summarizes the mean viable fungal concentrations  by the major genus
observed.   Cladosporium were consistently identified across  all sectors,  and
indoor concentrations  were 2-10 times  higher than  the ambient concentration.
Mean East Tower Penicillium concentrations were high in comparison to the other
sectors.   The high mean concentration in the East Tower resulted from a higher
concentration measured in  one location.   Stachybotrys sp. was cultured at low
concentrations from three individual indoor air samples (one East tower, one Mall
2, and one West tower).

4.4.2  Airborne Human-Source Bacteria

      Over all sectors, mean human-source bacteria (HSB)  concentrations (Table
G.2) were low.  The mean building HSB concentration (52 CFU/ms)  is slightly less
than the ambient concentration (54 CFU/m3).   Table  4.2  summarizes the mean HSB
concentrations by  genus.    Staphylococcus  sp.  and Micropolyspora sp.  were
consistently higher indoors  (factor of 2-15) than in the outdoor samples.

4.4.3  Airborne Thermophilic Organisms

      The mean indoor thermophilic bacteria  concentration   (18  CFU/ms)  was  6
times the ambient concentration (Table G.3).  Mall 3 and Fairchild sector mean
concentrations (27  and 24 CFU/ms,  respectively)  were nearly double the other

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sector mean concentrations, the highest single sample concentration (90 CFU/ms)
being observed at the Fairchild building.

4.4.4  Spores

      The fungal spore counts were low and consisted of genera commonly present
in the air.   Table 4.3 summarizes the mean spore concentrations recorded for the
three 8-h periods.   With the exception of the 8 a.m. - 4 p.m. period at  the West
Tower, there is little difference in the concentrations reported.  Although low,
the East Tower and West Tower daytime  concentrations are 3-4 times higher than
the outdoor counts and more than 10 times higher than the concentrations observed
in the other indoor sectors during normal working hours.   Higher indoor than
outdoor concentrations were also recorded in Mall 3 during the midnight to 8 a.m.
sampling period.
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   TABLE 4.1.  MEAN AIRBORNE VIABLE FUNGAL CONCENTRATIONS (CFU/M8) BY GENUS

                Out    Fxd    M3    M2    OM*  WT    ET           CC   FC
Aspergillus     0.4          0.4   1.0         0.2   12.3          2.8  1.3
Cladosporium    1.0   10.4   2.0   3.7   7.2   5.3    6.3          4.9  5.6

Mucor           0.4    0.6
Paecilomyces                                   2.1     0.3

Penicillium     1.0    1.0   0.4   1.3   0.6   8.3   104.6         1.5  2.0
Phoma           0.3

Rhizopus                           0.1
Sporobolomyces  0.5    0.5   0.7

Stachybotrys                       0.1         0.2     0.4
Stemphyllium    0.1          0.6               0.2     0.3

Verticillium                                   0.9
yeast           0.4    1.3   1.0   0.2         1.9     2.0          0.5

not identified 17.0    5.8   2.2   2.3   1.0   1.9     4.4          1.4  0.6
*OM - Other Mall areas (Southwest,  Southeast,  Northeast,  etc.).
                                     4-31

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    TABLE 4.2.  MEAN All
                                               Volume II: Environmental Survey
                                                           at EPA Headquarters
                                  (CFU/M8) BY GENUS
                  Out
        Fxd
M3    M2    OM*   WT    ET
CC   FC
Acinetobacter     12.0     0.8    3.7   4.1   2.8   1.0   4.4      2.5  4.0
Aeromonas                         0.9   0.6               0.6      1.01.2
Alcaligenes
Bacillus
        9.4
     0.4   5.0
     4.7   2.0   3.0   0.6
Klebsiella
Micrococcus

Micropolyspora
Proteus

Pseudomonas
Serratia

4.6
2.9
0.4


0.2
3.6 7.0
45.0 26.7 15.8 7.5
0.4
1.0 0.4
2.2 3.7 1.8

20.8 9.9
10.0 14.4


0.7
                                                3.5  19.6
                                                8.0  24.0
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
6.4     27.8  20.8  19.8   7.5   20.4  25.3      9.0  15.6
         1.6                                           1.2
not identified     4.2
         4.2   1.3  11.8  11.5    1.8   1.5
                                 7.5
*OM - Other Mall areas (Southwest, Southeast, Northeast, etc.).
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       TABLE 4.3.	BURKHARD SPORE TRAP SAMPLING RESULTS (spores/M* air)
Location
Period 1*    Period 2b   Period 3e
Outdoor
Fixed
Mall 3
Mall 2
Other Mall
West Tower
East Tower
122
44
36.5
41.5
64.7
496
330.5
122
8.8
103
55
40.7
56
not done
150
48.3
210
7
9
0
not done
* Period 1 - approx.  8 a.m.  - 4 p.m.
b Period 2 - approx.  4 p.m.  - midnight
c Period 3 - approx.  midnight - 8 a.m.
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          5.   ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ANALYSIS QUALITY ASSURANCE

5.1  Quality Control Procedures

      Considerable  care  was  taken  to  characterize  the  quality   of  the
environmental measurements  and analytical  results.   Time and other  resource
limitations necessitated that different levels of quality  assurance procedures
be implemented for the monitoring of individual compound classes  in this field
study.   The  most sophisticated quality assurance procedures were  implemented
for those species determined in the initial study  design  considerations to be
of primary concern.  The  identical analytical  laboratories were  contracted to
support both the Library of Congress Madison Building and  the EPA Headquarters
Building indoor air quality investigations.  Because of the closeness  in time
for the two monitoring programs (one week) and the extensive laboratory support
resources required for these two  studies, the  sampling media for both  studies
were prepared by the contractors at the same time.  Likewise,  the  environmental
and quality control samples collected from  the two studies were simultaneously
analyzed by the contractors.

5.1.1  Real-Time Temporal Measurements

      Each  instrument  was  calibrated  in accordance  with the manufacturer's
specifications immediately before and after each of the three daily monitoring
periods for each day sampling was conducted.

5.1.2.  Integrated Samples

            5.1.2.1.   Respirable  Particles and Inhalable  Particles Duplicate
low-flow  (1.67  L/min)  RSP samples  were  collected  at two  primary  sampling
locations.  Only one indoor and one outdoor PM10 (inhalable particles) sampler
were  operated during  the  study.   Therefore,  no PM10 duplicate samples were
collected.  Ten percent of all the tared or  final weighed filters were reweighed

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by an independent operator at the conclusion of each weighing session.  If the
difference  in independent operator weighings  exceeded  10 jig for  one or more
individual  filters,  all the filters weighed during the weighing session were
reweighed.  External performance evaluation samples were not  available for this
method.   The  RSP and PM10 samplers flows were checked at the beginning and end
of each  sampling period.

            5.1.2.2.  Volatile Organic Compounds. The most sophisticated quality
control  procedures  were implemented for VOC sampling and analysis.   Grab VOC
samples  were  collected in two locations one month prior  to the monitoring study
to assist in  the selection of the target VOCs.   The sites selected for the grab
sample collection were determined on the basis of  documented employee concerns
recorded by EHSD.  Cleaned, evacuated canisters were manually opened  in the two
locations and allowed to come to atmospheric conditions.  The canisters were then
closed and returned to the laboratory for GC/MS analysis.  A  full-scan analysis
of these samples was conducted, and  the compound  peaks  were  identified.   In
addition,  full-scan  analysis was  conducted  on  two  integrated VOC samples
collected during the monitoring study to  evaluate potential  changes  in VOC
sources  before and during the monitoring period.

      Numerous laboratory quality assurance procedures were implemented for VOC
analysis.   A series of  field  blanks, spiked control   samples,  and ^xternal
performance evaluation samples was provided to characterize the quality of the
VOC  analysis.  The  laboratory  also conducted duplicate  analyses  on selected
canisters to  estimate the representativeness of the aliquot removed from the
canister  for  analysis.

      Field quality  assurance procedures for VOC  sampling included duplicate
canister  sample  collection at  two monitoring  locations.    Each  sampler  flow
controller was checked  immediately before and after the monitoring period to
ensure proper flow rate.  Canister vacuum gauges were checked periodically (two-
three times a day) to ensure proper sampler operation.

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            5.1.2.3.   Formaldehyde and  Other Aldehydes.   Duplicate  passive
formaldehyde  badge  samples  were  collected  at  four  monitoring  locations.
Duplicate integrated  aldehyde samples  were  collected at one monitoring site.
Passive and integrated sample field blanks were also collected to evaluate biases
resulting from storage and shipment of the samples.  Aldehyde sampler flows were
checked at  the beginning and end  of each sampling  period.   External  quality
control samples were not available for this  study.

            5.1.2.4.  Pesticides.  Because of the limited number  of available
samples, duplicate  pesticide  samples  were not collected.   Field blanks  were
collected to evaluate potential biases resulting from storage and shipment of
the samples. External quality control samples were not available for this study.
Pesticide sampler flows were checked at the  beginning and end of each sampling
period.

            5.1.2.5  Nicotine.  Duplicate passive nicotine badge  samples  were
collected at four  monitoring  locations.   Field blanks were also  collected to
evaluate biases resulting from storage and shipment of the samples.   External
quality control samples were not available for this  study.

            5.1.2.6.   Viable and Total  Spore  Counts.    Duplicate  samplers
containing the same growth medium for the retrieval  of each group  of organisms
(fungi, human  source bacteria,  and  thermophilic bacteria) were  operated in
tandem.   To minimize the  effect  of  inherent biological  variability,  these
duplicate plates were averaged to  record the concentration of  organisms  at a
particular site.  Repeat sampling runs  were also performed at randomly selected
sites during the same sampling day.

      Quality control of the media  consisted of incubation of nonexposed plates
for sterility checks and incubation of plates inoculated with an appropriate test
organism for growth checks.   Internal laboratory  quality assurance and quality

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control measures were conducted by the analytical  laboratory to ensure accurate
identification of  the  fungal and bacterial isolates and by  the  University of
Michigan Medical  Center laboratory for the accurate  identification of fungal
spores.

5.1.3.  Other Quality Control Procedures

      Additional   administrative  procedures  were  instituted  by  the  field
monitoring personnel to ensure  data quality.   Site environmental samples were
physically inventoried against the site log sheet  prior  to each sampling period
and  rechecked by  an independent operator.  Computer-entered  data was checked
(100%) by an independent operator.  At least twice each day, visual and physical
checks  were conducted  at  the  primary monitoring sites to  ensure  that  the
instruments  were   operating.   At  the  completion  of  each sampling period,  a
physical inventory of the site sampling log sheets, the real-time monitoring log
sheets, and  the samples  collected at that site was conducted.

5.2  Quality Control Results

5.2.1  Real-Time Temporal Measurements

      The monitors met the manufacturer's  specifications prior to and following
each measurement period.

5.2.2  Integrated  Samplers

             5.2.2.1   Respirable Suspended  Particles and Inhalable Particles
(PM10). Duplicate personal RSP concentrations differed by 24.1% at  one site (18.7
and 14.2 n g/m8).   No data is available  for the second collocated sampling site,
as one  sample was voided  by  the  operator as  the result  of a  failed pump.
Comparisons  of the filter weighing performed  by the two independent operators
revealed that no filter weight exceeded the acceptable weighing limits for either

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the tare or final weighing sessions.
            5.2.2.2.  Volatile Organic  Compounds.  The results of the full-scan
VOC analyses  conducted on the samples prior  to and following  the  monitoring
period are shown in Appendix H.   Few differences are seen in the VOC peak areas
between  sites,  and the  major organic compounds  identified  had already  been
selected as  targeted VOCs.  Numerous alkanes  and selected Freons were present
in the full-scan samples.  The GC scan for the field blank and the  calibration
standards are shown for reference.

      The results of analysis on the collocated VOC canisters collected at the
two sites are summarized in Table 5.1.  Excellent agreement is observed for the
VOCs measured at these two locations, which suggests no significant bias in the
sampling and analysis procedures.

      The results from laboratory duplicate analysis on selected canisters and
the results of analysis on field blank, spiked, and external  audit  VOC samples
analyses are shown  in Appendix I.  These  data  confirm  the  high  quality of the
VOC sample data reported.

      The  analysis  of  the canister  samples  for  total VOCs  using the  more
qualitative GC method yielded results suggesting potential sample contamination.
Some of the laboratory-prepared zero air field blanks and low-VOC-concentration
quality control samples had total VOC concentrations equal to or slightly above
the concentrations measured in some outdoor samples.   As  discussed above, the
canister  samples were  cleaned,   and  selected  samples  were  analyzed by  the
laboratory prior to  shipment for targeted VOCs only.  The results  of the analysis
of selected "clean" canisters for the  target VOCs  (Appendix  I)  indicated this
sampling medium  was cleaned properly  for  the  collection and analysis  of the
targeted VOCs.  Only after the canisters had been shipped to  the field and the
study already initiated was the total VOC canister analysis included in the study
protocol.

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                                               Volume II: Environmental Survey
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                                       IMPLICATE SAMPLE ANALYSIS
                          VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic Compound
Methylene ohloride
1,1,1-Trichloroathane
Benzene
Toluene
Q-Octane
Tetraohloroethylene
Ethylbenzene
B-Xylene
fl-Xylene
n.-De cane
Sltel
Dlff •
0.3%
7.4
* •
0.9
1.0
5.1
0.6
0.9
0.0
1.8
Mean
3.3
22.4
*
11.0
1.0
28.4
1.8
5.4
2.5
9.4
       Site 2
 IDlff *     Hean
                  NA
                  16.
                  NA
                   4.0
                  NA b
                  37,
                  13,
                   9.5
                  12.4
                  NA b
   ,2
    b
    1
    6
                                              13.1
                                               T e
                                              10.6
                                               T fl
                                              18.9
                                              1.1
                                              3.3
                                              1.4
                                               T fl
                                   ALDEHYDES
Compound
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
Acetone
Propionaldehyde
Butyraldehyde
Benzaldehyde
Valeraldehyde
Hexanaldehyde
Unknown Carbonyla
Total Carbonyla
 Mean Blank
Concentre t ion**
   (Mg/n8)

    0.92
    0.75
    1.62
    0.29
    0.19
    0.00
    0.00
    0.00
    0.17
    3.93
      %Dl£f*
Mean
2.1
0.4
-7.3
21.1
56.5
* •
23.4
-3.1
7.8
-4.0
9.0
14.4
31.2
0.6
0.6
NA
0.7
2.1
2.0
60.8
• I Difference - ((Caniater 1 • Canlater 2)* 100) / Canlater 1.

b NA - Not applicable  .

8 T - Trace concentratlona were meaaured In both canlatara,
      above limit of detection but below limit of quantitatlon,

d Other aldehyde mean blank § ample concentratlona were 0.0 Mg/m8.

* * - Only one • ample wai above the limit of quantitatlon.
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      The canister OC/MS scan data was subsequently reviewed with emphasis placed
on the m/i peaks located at 43 and 91, the two major peaks associated with non-
aromatic and  aromatic  hydrocarbon identification, respectively.   On the basis
of the review of the m/E  43 and 91 peak areas for the seven laboratory-supplied
blank samples,  the cleaned canisters could be expected to contain 40-102 Mg/m8
of nontargeted  nonaromatic  hydrocarbons and  0-2 Mg/m1 of  nontargeted aromatic
hydrocarbons,   The environmental  sample m/c 43 and  91 peak  areas suggest that
nonaromatic compound concentrations ranged  from  24 to 996  Mg/m8, whereas the
aromatic compound concentrations ranged from 9 to 137 Mg/m8.  This suggests that
the non-aromatic hydrocarbons were the dominant class of hydrocarbons collected
in the environmental samples.

            5.2.2.3.  Formaldehyde and Other Aldehydes,  Analysis of the passive
formaldehyde  badges  indicated that all  the  samples were below the  limit  of
detection.  Table 5-1  summarizes the mean blank aldehyde  sample  concentrations
and the results from the analysis of duplicate aldehyde  samples.

            5.2.2.4.  Pesticides.  The results of laboratory matrix spike aampl*
recovery data are shown in Appendix 1.   No individual pesticide  compounds ware
observed in any of the individual field blank pesticide  samples.

            5.2.2,5.   Nicotine.    Duplicate  passive nicotine  badge  samples
differed by 26.9%  and 10.8% at  two of  the  four  monitoring sites (mean - 5.0
Mg/m' and 1.8  Mg/m8,  respectively).  Analysis of the duplicate nicotine samples
collected at the other two sites were  below the limit of detection.

            5.2.2.6.    Viable  and Nonviable  Microbiological  Samples.    No
contamination was  recorded on the nonexposed plates, and all of the positive
growth plates supported the growth of the test organism(s).

      Repeat indoor  microbiological samples were  collected  at nine  monitoring
locations at a  later  time  on the same sampling day.   Table  5,2  summarises the

                                     5-7

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                                               Volume II: Environmental Survey
                                                           at EPA Headquarters


results of  the  initial and second  samples  collected at these nine locations.

Small differences were noted in the number of fungal  and thermophilic organisms

recovered between the first and second samples collected at the nine locations.

Human source bacteria concentrations measured initially at two locations ("other

mall" and outdoors) were more than  10  times  the concentrations observed during

the  second sampling  period (545  CFU/ms  vs 40 CFU/m8,  and  100 CFU/m8  vs no

organisms, respectively).  Stachybotrys sp.  was also  isolated in one of the West

Tower paired samples which were collected several hours  apart on the same day.
                TABLE 5.2.  RESULTS OF REPEAT SAMPLING (CFU/MS>
                     Fungi         Human Source      Thermo-
                                     Bacteria         philes

Location            #1   #2          #1   #2         #1    #2

Mall 3  (room A)      0    0          25    30          0    45
        (room B)      0   15          10    55         35    70
        average       0    7.5        17.5  42.5       17.5  57.5

Mall 2  (room C)     10   10          70   20          10    10
        (room D)      5   10          10   45          20    60
        (room E)     17   23          70   60          25    20
        average      10.7 14.3        50   41.7        18.3  30

Other Mall           0   10          545   40          10    10

West Tower
        (room F)     15   15          100   85          10    10
        (room G)     50   15          97   85           0    10
        average      21.7 15          98.5 85           5    10

Outdoors            70   50          195   10          50     0
                                      5-8

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                                               Volume II:  Environmental Survey
                                                           at EPA Headquarters
              6.   SUMMARY OF AIR HANDLING UNIT EVALUATION RESULTS

      Thirty-six Waterside Mall air handling units were evaluated (Table 6.1),
and four  of these units evaluated on  two  different  days.   None of  the units
evaluated during this monitoring study  included humidifiers.  For those systems
where both pitot  and  dry bulb  measurements were made  (Table  6.1),  the percent
outside air (% OA) determined via the pitot traverse  method compares  well with
the corresponding dry bulb  determined  % OA.  During  the monitoring period, 10
of the AHUs  delivering air to the supply air distribution ducts at the monitoring
sites were operating under conditions resulting in the  supply air containing less
than 20% OA based on  the dry bulb measurements.  The  % OA  for  the  Mall 3 AHUs
examined was relatively constant (range 15-25%)  while  the % OA being distributed
during the monitoring period to Mall 2 locations ranged from 10 to 74%, the East
Tower AHU % OA ranged from  23  to 83%,  and  the West Tower AHU %  OA  ranged from
30 to  53%.    The  test results  from  examining  Southeast Mall  AHU  SE3  on two
different monitoring  days  indicate  only  small differences  in the  operating
parameters of this unit on  the two days.   However, the test results from the
examination  of  two Mall 2  AHUs (unit 14  and unit  21)   reveal considerable
differences (18-30% difference)  in  the operating  parameters and the  % OA for
these two different days.

      Airflow  and temperature  measurement  data   obtained by  using  methods
recommended in  the  National Standards of  the  Associated Air Balance Council
(AABC)34  for the AHUs evaluated  during the environmental monitoring  study are
summarized in Table 6.1.  These National Standards are universally  accepted as
the most rational  method for obtaining accurate AHU performance data.  Generally
good correlation  exists between the two data  sets.   By convention,  the more
conservative  of  the   two OA measurement values  is  considered  as  the actual
ventilation supply air percentage.

      Each AHU  which was given a cursory  inspection to  determine  operating
condition at  the time  that the temperature and velocity traverse  data was

                                     6-1

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                                               Volume II: Environmental Survey
                                                           at EPA Headquarters

collected.    Because  the  AHUs  evaluated  were  not  equipped  with  in  situ
instrumentation or  data logger equipment,  the operation status of the systems
could only be visually monitored.  The results of this inspection are  summarized
below.

      a.   The evaluated  AHUs are equipped with  mixed air/economizer control
systems.   Therefore, the outdoor air dampers  were  at positions determined by
the automatic temperature control system based on the temperature of the outdoor
air, the return air,  and  the  mixed air.  Because monitoring was conducted with
the AHUs operating according to normal control sequences, no manual measures were
taken  to  set the outside air dampers  to  the  minimum position.  Some of the
outdoor air dampers were visible from the mixed air  plenum.  Outdoor  air damper
positions ranged from minimum position (i.e., no visible opening between blades,
outdoor   air flow-rate limited  to  damper  leakage  flow  rate)  to substantial
opening between blades. However, the results of previous studies have  shown that
attempts  to  quantify outdoor air-flow  rate on the basis  of  pneumatic damper
actuator pressure or position of damper blades yield inconsistent and  inaccurate
results.  The table  entitled Comparison  of Ventilation Percentage in Supply Air:
Environmental Monitoring Period vs.  Prior or Subsequent Test Date indicates the
variation  in  ventilation air percentage which  is believed  to  result from the
automatic positioning of the outdoor air dampers (based on AHUs which have been
evaluated more than  once).

      b.  Air filters were  in a condition which could be described as normally
loaded; that is,  there were  no unusual accumulations of particulates which would
result in filter damage or  significant  air-flow restriction.

      c.    All AHUs  which  contained chilled water cooling coils were  being
operated with no chilled water flow.

      d.   The AHUs  did provide humidity control.   However,  no humidification
equipment was installed at any of the  AHUs examined during the environmental

                                      6-2

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                                              Volume II: Environmental Survey
                                                          at EPA Headquarters
monitoring evaluation period.
                                    6-3

-------
                       TABLE 6.1  WATERSIDE MALL COMPLEX AIR HANDLING UNIT  EVALUATION
ZONE
                AHU   TEST
PITOT  DRY BULB
9t
I

EAST
TOWER


ZONE
WEST
TOWER

NUMBER
ETB-1
S1E
S2E
S3E
AHU
NUMBER
S1W
S2W
S3W
DATE
3/10
3/10
3/10
3/10
TEST
DATE
3/09
3/09
3/09
AIR, CFM
3175
n/a
n/a
n/a
OUTDOOR
AIR, CFM
n/a
n/a
n/a
AIR, CFM
4155
n/a
n/a
n/a
RETURN
AIR, CFM
n/a
n/a
n/a
AIR, CFM
n/a
58988
68188
30028
MIXED
AIR, CFM
78765
60742
41208
AIR, CFM
7219
n/a
n/a
n/a
SUPPLY
AIR, CFM
n/a
n/a
n/a
% OAa
44.0
n/a
n/a
n/a
PITOT
% OA
n/a
n/a
n/a
% OA
42.2
23.1
41.0
83.0
DRY BUL]
% OA
53.3
36.5
30.4
                                                                                                             o
                                                                 (Continued)
                                                                                                             I
                                                                                                           M
                                                                                                           EC JO
                                                                                                           (D 3
                                                                                                           0> ft
                                                                                                           a P>
                                                                                                           rt
                                                                                                           (D
                                                                                                           n
                                                                                                           w

-------
       TABLE 6.1   (Continued)
o\
ZONE

MALL
2











b Unit
AHU
NUMBER
10
16
18
19
21
B
E
2
3
8
14
15b
number
TEST
DATE
3/07
3/07
3/07
3/07
3/07
3/08
3/08
3/08
3/08
3/08
3/08
3/08
3/10
3/08
15 also
OUTDOOR
RETURN
MIXED
AIR, CFM AIR, CFM AIR, CFM
1068
6156
n/a
1816
2582
n/a
451
n/a
n/a
n/a
2549
4274
7654
n/a
serves the
n/a
n/a
n/a
5799
9058
n/a
n/a
n/a
7190
9096
n/a
4390
4247
12707
Southwest
n/a
10241
13223
n/a
n/a
19407
n/a
3285
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Mall
SUPPLY
AIR, CFM
7644
10780
12936
7562
n/a
19048
2255
n/a
10095
12366
11329
n/a
n/a
27868
PITOT
% OA
13.9
57.1
n/a
24.0
22.2
n/a
20.0
n/a
28.8
26.4
22.5
49.3
64.3
54.4
DRY BUI
% OA
12.9
58.9
62.1
22.9
17.7
48.9
17.5
15.6
20.7
22.6
10.1
55.5
73.5
49.3
(Continued)
                                                                                                                           CD
                                                                                                                           w
                                                                                                                         PI
                                                                                                                         X (D
                                                                                                                         (D 9
                                                                                                                         fc ft
                                                                                                                         o* PJ
                                                                                                                         g
                                                                                                                         .  W
                                                                                                                         H C
                                                                                                                         rt R
                                                                                                                         n> <
                                                                                                                         H (0
                                                                                                                         n "^J

-------
       TABLE 6.1  CContinued")
       ZONE      AHU    TEST    OUTDOOR   RETURN     MIXED     SUPPLY    PITOT  DRY  BULB

               NUMBER   DATE   AIR, CFM  AIR,  CFM  AIR, CFM  AIR,  CFM   % OA     %  OA
o\
I
MALL
2

ZONE

SOUTH
EAST
MALL
NORTH
EAST
MALL
18 3/08
20 3/08
AHU TEST
NUMBER DATE
SE2 3/07
SE3 3/07
3/08
2 3/09
3 3/09
8900
1597
OUTDOOR
AIR, CFM
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
. n/a
n/a
7325
RETURN
AIR, CFM
3011
15199
15297
7786
n/a
n/a
n/a
MIXED
AIR, CFM
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
15574
8921
SUPPLY
AIR, CFM
n/a
n/a
n/a
10479
n/a
57.2
17.9
PITOT
% OA
17.7
n/a
42.2
25.7
n/a
51.3
16.1
DRY BU]
% OA

48.0
22.0
40.2
(Continued)
                                                                                                                o
                                                                                                                I-1
                                                                                                                f
                                                                                                                H«
                                                                                                              W H
                                                                                                              HJ O
                                                                                                                s

                                                                                                              sc CD
                                                                                                              ID 0
                                                                                                              B> rt
                                                                                                              a (»
                                                                                                              •a i-1
                                                                                                              ft
                                                                                                              (D
                                                                                                              D)
                                                                                                                (0

-------
TABLE 6.1  (Continued)


ZONE      AHU   TEST    OUTDOOR   RETURN     MIXED    SUPPLY    PITOT  DRY BULB
        NUMBER  DATE   AIR, CFM  AIR, CFM  AIR, CFM  AIR, CFM   % OA     % OA
MALL 1 3/06
3
4 3/06
5 3/06
6 3/06
7 3/06
9 3/06
12 3/06
13 3/06
aOA - outside air.
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
4250
n/a
2275
11304
13012
7492
n/a
n/a
13250
n/a
9465
n/a 15809 28.5 25.3
n/a 16105 19.2 17.1
n/a 9636 22.3 21.9
n/a 28440 n/a 25.5
12756 12930 n/a 20.0
n/a 17635 24.1 22.3
11888 11422 n/a 15.0
n/a 12036 18.9 19.5
Volume II: Environmental Survey
EPA Headquarters

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                                               Volume  II:  Environmental Survey
                                                           at  EPA Headquarters


                                7.   REFERENCES


1.     National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, "Indoor air quality
      and work environment study:  Library of  Congress James  Madison  Memorial
      Building volume 1 - employee survey," National  Institute  for Occupational
      Safety and Health, Cincinnati,  OH,  1989.

2.     American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers,
      Inc.,  "Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality," ASHRAE standard 62-
      1989,  American  Society  of Heating, Refrigerating,  and  Air-Conditioning
      Engineers,  Inc., Atlanta, GA,  1989.

3.     Occupational Safety and Health Administration.  OSHA Air Contaminants  -
      Permissible Exposure Limits.   29 CFR 1910.1000.  Occupational  Safety and
      Health Administration,  1989.

4.     National  Institute  for   Occupational   Safety   and  Health.      "NIOSH
      Recommendations  for Occupational  Safety and  Health  Standards,  1988",
      Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.  August  26, 1988,  37  (5-7.  Centers
      for Disease Control, Atlanta,  GA.

5.     American Conference of Governmental  Industrial Hygienists,  "Threshold
      Limit Values for Chemical Substances in  the Work Environment  Adopted by
      ACGIH  for  1988-1989,"  American Conference of  Governmental  Industrial
      Hygienists, Cincinnati,  OH,  1988.

6.     American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air - Conditioning Engineers ,
      Inc.,  "Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy", ANSI/ASHRAE
      Standard 55-1981,  American Society of Heating,  Refrigerating,  and  Air-
      Conditioning Engineers,  Inc.,  Atlanta,GA, 1981.

7.     Fed. Regist..  1987, 52,  24634.

8.     Molhave, L., Bach,  B., Pedersen, O.F., "Human reactions during  controlled
      exposures to  low concentrations of organic gases  and vapours known as
      normal indoor air pollutants," Environ. Int..  1986,  12,  167-175.

9.     Bach,  B., Molhave,  L. , Pedersen, O.F., "Human reactions during  controlled
      exposures to  low concentrations of organic gases  and vapours known as
      normal indoor air pollutants:   Performance  tests,"  Proceedings of the 3d
      international indoor  air quality  and  climate conference,   World Health
      Organization,  Stockholm, Sweden, 1984,  397-402.


10.   Skov,  P., Valbjorn, 0.,  DISB,  "The  "sick" building syndrome in the office
      environment:  The Danish town hall  study,"  Environ. Int. .  1987,  13,  339-
      349.

                                      7-1

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                                               Volume II:  Environmental Survey
                                                           at EPA Headquarters
11.   Sheldon,  L.S.,  Handy,  R.W.,  Hartwell,  T.D.,  Whitmore, R.W.,  Zelon, H.S.,
      Pellizzari,  E.D.,  "Indoor  air quality  in  public buildings:  Volume  I,"
      EPA/600/S6-88/009a (NTIS PB 89-102 503/AS),  U.S Environmental Protection
      Agency,  Research Triangle Park,  NC, 1988.

12.   Sheldon,  L.,  Zelon, H.,  Sickles, J. Eaton, C., Hartwell, T.,  Wallace,  L.,
      "Indoor air quality in  public buildings: Volume II," EPA/600/S6-88/009b
      (NTIS PB 89-102  511/AS),  U.S Environmental  Protection Agency,  Research
      Triangle Park,  NC, 1988.

13.   Pellizzari,  E.D.,  Thomas, K.W.,  Smith, D.J.,  Perritt, R.L., Morgan, M.A.,
      "Total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM):  1987  study in New Jersey,"
      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,  Research Triangle Park, NC, 1989.

14.   Pellizzari,  E.D., Michael,  L.C.,  Perritt,  R.L.,  Smith,  D.J., Hartwell,
      T.D., Sebestik, J., "Comparison  of indoor and outdoor toxic air pollutant
      levels in several southern California  communities," U.S.  Environmental
      Protection Agency. Research Triangle Park,  NC,  1989.

15.   Pellizzari,  E.D., Hartwell,  T.D.,  Zelon,  H. Perritt,  R., Sebestik,  J.,
      Williams, W. ,  Smith,  D.J.,  Keever, J.,  Decker,  C.E.,  Jayanty.  R.K.M.,
      Thomas,  K.W.,  Whitaker,  D.A., Michael,  L.C.,  "Baltimore  total  exposure
      assessment methodology (TEAM) study, "U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency,
      Research Triangle Park,  NC,  1989.

16.   Zweidinger,   R.,  Tejada,  S., Highsmith,  R. ,  Westburg,  H. ,  Gage,  L. ,
      "Distribution of volatile organic hydrocarbons  and  aldehydes during  the
      IACP Boise,  Idaho, residential  study,"  Proceedings  of  the 1988  EPA/APCA
      International  Symposium,  814-820,  Air Pollution Control  Association,
      Pittsburgh,  PA, 1988.

17.   U.S. Department of Health,  Education,  and Welfare, Office on Smoking  and
      Health.   Smoking  and  health:   A  report of  the Surgeon General.  U.S.
      Government Printing Office,  Washington,  DC,  1979.

18.   U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Smoking and Health.
      The health consequences of  smoking --  cancer:   A report  of  the Surgeon
      General.   U.S.  Government Printing Office,  Washington,  DC, 1982.

19.   U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Smoking and Health.
      The health consequences of smoking -- Chronic  obstructive lung  disease:
      A  report  of the  Surgeon  General.   U.S.   Government  Printing  Office,
      Washington,  DC, 1984.

20.   U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Smoking and Health.
      The health consequences of smoking -- Cardiovascular disease:  A report
      of the Surgeon  General.  U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,  DC,

                                     7-2

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                                               Volume II:  Environmental Survey
                                                           at EPA Headquarters
      1983.
21.    U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office on Smoking and Health.
      The health consequences of involuntary smoking:   A report of the Surgeon
      General.   U.S. Government Printing Office,  Washington, DC, 1986.

22.    National Research Council Committee on Indoor Air Quality, "Policies and
      procedures for control  of indoor air quality," National  Academy Press,
      Washington, DC, 1987, 75 pages.

23.    American Conference  of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,  "Guidelines
      for the assessment  of bioaerosols  in the  indoor  environment,"  American
      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1989.

24.    Miller,J.D.,  Laflamme, A.M., Sobol, Y. , Lafontaine,  P.,  Greenhaugh,  R.,
      "Fungi and fungal products  in some  Canadian houses," Int. Biodeterior..
      1988, 24 (2), 103-120.

25.    U.S. Environmental  Protection  Agency,  Environmental  Monitoring Systems
      Laboratory, "Inhalable particulate network operations and quality assurance
      manual," U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
      1983.

26.    Oliver, K.D.,  Pleil,  J.D., McClenny,  W.A.,  "Sample  integrity  of trace
      level volatile organic compounds in ambient air stored in SUMMA polished
      canisters," Atmos.  Environ.. 1986,  20,  1403.

27.    Winberry,  W.T., Forehand,  L. , Murphy, N.T.,  Ceroli,  A., Phinney, B, Evans,
      A., "Compendium  of  methods for  the  determination of air pollutants in
      indoor air,"  in  press, U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency.  Research
      Triangle Park, NC,  1990.

28.    Winberry,  W.T. , Murphy, N.T. , "Compendium of methods for the determination
      of toxic organic compounds in ambient air, Method TO-12," EPA/600/4-89/017,
      U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency,  Research Triangle  Park,  NC,  June
      1988.

29.    Tejada, S.B.,  "Evaluation of  silica gel cartridges  coated in-situ with
      acidified 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine for sampling  aldehydes  and ketones
      in air," Int. J.  Environ. Anal.  Chem. 1986, 26,  167-185.

30.    Hsu, J.P., Wheeler,  H.G., Camann, D.E., Schattenberg, H.J., Lewis, R.G.,
      Bond, A.E., "Analytical methods  for detection of nonoccupational exposure
      to pesticides," J.  Chromatoer.  Sci.. 1988,  26, 181-189.

31.    Hammond,  S.K., Leaderer,  B.P.,  "A  diffusion monitor to measure exposure
      to passive smoking," Environ.  Sci.  Technol.. 1987, 21, 494-497.

                                      7-3

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                                               Volume II:  Environmental Survey
                                                           at EPA Headquarters
32.    Jones, W. , Morring, K. ,  Morey, P. , Sorenson, W.  "Evaluation of the Andersen
      Viable  Impactor for  single  stage  sampling," J. Am. Ind. Hygiene.  1985,
      46(5),  294-298.

33.    Nevalainen, A., "Bacterial aerosols in indoor air", National Public Health
      Institute,  Helsinki,  Finland,  1989.
                                     7-4

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           APPENDIX A





Summary Statistics for Real-Time



    Indoor Air Measurements
              A-l

-------
TABLE A.1.   PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TEMPERATURE (° F) BY EPA BUILDINGS
                                           Building
 Time

   AM



 Noon



   PM




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
46
73.1
0.4
47
74.0
0.4
47
74.3
0.4

Crystal
City
5
74.4
0.4
5
75.3
0.5
5
76.5
0.8

Fair-
child
5
76.4
0.4
5
77.0
0.8
5
77.0
1.0

Bui Idings
Means
3
74.6
1.0
3
75.4
0.9
3
75.9
0.8
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values


N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
47
73.8
0.4
74.3
80.0
78.0
62.0
66.0
5
75.4
0.5
75.0
79.5
77.0
74.0
74.0
5
76.8
0.7
76.0
81.0
80.0
75.0
76.0
                                                                                 Grand

                                                                                    3
                                                                                 75.3
                                                                                  0.9
                                                                                 75.4

                                                                                 81.0
                                                                                 80.0
                                                                                 62.0
                                                                                 66.0

-------
        TABLE A.2. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS  FOR TEMPERATURE <° F) BY EPA BUILDINGS
                                                   Building
         Time

           AM



         Noon



           PM
u»




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std,
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Hall
45
73.0
0.4
45
73.6
0.3
42
73.9
0.3

Crystal
City
11
74.3
0.3
11
74.3
0.4
11
75.3
0.4

Fair-
child
12
76.1
0.5
12
76.7
0.5
12
76.6
0.5

Bui tdings
Means
3
74.5
0.9
3
74.9
0.9
3
75.3
0.8
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values


N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
45
73.5
0.3
74.0
79.0
78.0
64.0
66.0
11
74.6
0.3
74.3
78.0
77.0
71.5
73.0
12
76.5
0.5
76.7
80.0
79.0
72.0
73.0
                                                                                         Grand

                                                                                            3
                                                                                         74.8
                                                                                          0.9
                                                                                         74.6

                                                                                         80.0
                                                                                         79.0
                                                                                         64.0
                                                                                         66.0

-------
TABLE A.3. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TEMPERATURE (  F) BY EPA BUILDINGS
                                           Building
 Time

   AM



 Noon



   PM




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side Crystal
Mall City
— 29 1
73.2 73.0
0.5 nc8
39
74.0
0.5
29
74.2
0.5

Fair-
child
.
-
-
2
77.0
1.0
2
77.8
0.7

Bui Idings
Means
2
73.1
0.1
2
75.5
1.5
2
76.0
1.8
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values


N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
69
73.8
0.4
74.0
82.5
80.0
65.0
65.0
1
73.0
nc
nc
73.0
-
73.0
-
2
77.4
0.9
77.4
78.5
78.0
76.0
77.0
                                                                                 Grand

                                                                                    3
                                                                                 74.7
                                                                                  1.3
                                                                                 73.8
                                                                                 82.5
                                                                                 80.0
                                                                                 65.0
                                                                                 65.0
      nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE A.4. PRIMARY, SECONDARY, ft SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TEMPERATURE (° F) BY EPA BUILDINGS
                                                   BuiIding
         Time

           AM



         Noon



           PM
Ul


Statistic
N
Mean
Std. error
N
Mean
Std. error
N
Mean
Std. error
Water-
side
Mall
111
73.1
0.3
122
73.9
0.2
111
74.2
0.2

Crystal
City
17
74.2
0.2
16
74.6
0.3
16
75.7
0.4

Fair-
child
17
76.2
0.4
19
76.8
0.4
19
76.8
0.4

Bui Idings
Means
3
74.5
0.9
3
75.1
0.9
3
75.6
0.8
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values


N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
150
73.8
0.2
74.0
82.5
80.0
62.0
64.0
17
74.7
0.3
74.7
79.5
78.0
71.5
73.0
19
76.7
0.4
76.5
81.0
80.0
72.0
73.0
                                                                                         Grand

                                                                                            3
                                                                                         75.1
                                                                                          0.9
                                                                                         74.7

                                                                                         82.5
                                                                                         81.0
                                                                                         62.0
                                                                                         64.0

-------
TABLE A.5. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TEMPERATURE (  F) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                Sector
 Tine

   AM
 Noon
   PM
Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
13
71.4
1.1
13
72.3
0.7
13
72.8
0.7
Mall
3
10
73.2
0.6
10
73.9
0.5
10
74.0
0.6
East
7
76.0
0.7
8
76.5
0.4
8
76.8
0.3
West
12
73.7
0.6
12
74.7
0.6
12
75.1
0.8
South- South- North-
east west east
1 1
73.0 68.0 72
2
1 1
72.0 71.0 73
2
1 1
74.0 73.0 72
1
2
.0
.0
2
.0
.0
2
.5
.5
Crystal Fair-
City child
5
74.4
0.4
5
75.3
0.5
5
76.5
0.8

76
0

77
0

77
1
5
.4
.4
5
.0
.8
5
.0
.0
Bui li
Mean:
9
73.1
0.8
9
74.0
0.7
9
74.6
0.6
Average
Dai ly
Statistics

Individual
Values




Std

First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
13
72.2
0.8
73.0
76.0
75.5
62.0
66.0
10
73.7
0.5
74.2
77.0
76.0
70.0
71.0
8
76.4
0.4
76.5
78.0
78.0
73.0
75.0
12
74.5
0.6
75.0
80.0
78.0
70.0
70.0
1
73.0
nc8
nc
74.0
73.0
72.0
73.0
1
70.7
nc
nc
73.0
71.0
68.0
71.0
2
72.5
1.8
72.5
75.0
74.0
70.0
71.0
5
75.4
0.5
75.0
79.5
77.0
74.0
74.0
5
76.8
0.7
76.0
81.0
80.0
75.0
76.0
                                                                                                                  Grand

                                                                                                                      9
                                                                                                                   73.9
                                                                                                                    0.7
                                                                                                                   73.7

                                                                                                                   81.0
                                                                                                                   80.0
                                                                                                                   62.0
                                                                                                                   66.0
      nc - not computed

-------
         TABLE A.6.  SECONDARY  SITE  SUMMARY  STATISTICS  FOR  TEMPERATURE  (°  F) EPA SECTORS
                                                                        Sector
         Time

           AM
         Noon
f
           PM


Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
9
71.8
0.9
9
72.9
0.7
9
73.0
0.8
Mall
3
7
73.9
0.9
7
74.0
0.9
7
74.2
0.8

East
7
75.5
0.8
7
75.4
0.3
5
76.6
0.2

West
8
73.9
0.5
8
74.1
0.4
8
74.5
0.3
South-
east
3
72.2
0.7
3
73.5
0.8
3
73.6
0.7
South-
west
4
68.3
2.4
4
71.5
2.1
3
74.0
0.0
North-
east
7
73.3
0.9
7
73.0
0.6
7
72.3
0.4
Crystal Fair-
City
11
74.3
0.3
11
74.3
0.4
11
75.3
0.4
child
12
76.1
0.5
12
76.7
0.5
12
76.6
0.5
Bui l<
Mean:
9
73.2
0.8
9
73.9
0.5
9
74.5
0.5
Average
Dai ly
Statistics

Individual
Values


N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum

72
0
73
76
76
68
69
9
.6
.8
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
7
74.0
0.8
74.2
78.0
78.0
71.0
71.0
7
75.7
0.3
75.7
79.0
77.0
73.0
74.0
8
74.2
0.3
74.0
77.0
76.0
72.5
72.5
3
73.1
0.7
73.0
76.0
75.0
70.0
71.0
4
70.5
2.0
70.7
77.0
75.0
64.0
66.0
7
72.9
0.6
72.7
76.0
76.0
69.0
70.0
11
74.6
0.3
74.3
78.0
77.0
71.5
73.0
12
76.5
0.5
76.7
80.0
79.0
72.0
73.0
                                                                                                                          Grand

                                                                                                                              9
                                                                                                                           73.8
                                                                                                                            0.6
                                                                                                                           74.0

                                                                                                                           80.0
                                                                                                                           79.0
                                                                                                                           64.0
                                                                                                                           66.0

-------
TABLE A.7. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR TEMPERATURE (° F) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                Sector
 Time

   AM
 Noon
   PM
Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2

71
1

73
0

72
0
8
.4
.4
22
.0
.6
15
.9
.7
Mall
3
1
75.0
-
1
75.0
-
3
75.7
0.7
East

73
0

74
0

74
0
6
.3
.8
5
.6
.5
6
.7
.5
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
West east west east City child

75
1

76
1

76
1
653
.3 73.2 72.7
.0 0.8 0.3
425
.5 72.5 76.0
.0 1.5 1.9
5
.4
.6
1
73.0
.
2
77.0
1.0
2
77.8
0.7
Bui Idings
Means

73
0

74
0

75
0
7
.4
.5
7
.9
.6
5
.5
.8
                                                                                                                  Grand
Average
Dai ly
Statistics

Individual
Values




Std

First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
30
72.
0.
73.
77.
77.
65.
65.
5
5
0
0
0
0
0
3
75.7
0.7
75.0
77.0
75.0
75.0
75.0
7
73.8
0.7
74.0
76.0
76.0
70.0
72.0
15
76.0
0.7
76.0
80.0
79.0
71.0
72.0
6
73.3
0.7
73.5
75.0
75.0
71.0
71.0
8
74.8
1.3
73.0
82.5
78.0
72.0
72.0
1
73.0
nca
nc
73.0
-
73.0
-
2
77.4
0.9
77.4
78.5
78.0
76.0
77.0
                                                                                                                   74.5
                                                                                                                    0.6
                                                                                                                   74.3
                                                                                                                   82.5
                                                                                                                   80.0
                                                                                                                   65.0
                                                                                                                   65.0
      nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE A.8. PRIMARY, SECONDARY, & SPECIAL  SUMMARY  STATISTICS  FOR  TEMPERATURE  (   F)  BY  EPA  HEADQUARTERS  SECTORS
                                                                         Sector
         Time

           AM
         Noon
t
10
PM


Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
27
71.5
0.7
40
72.8
0.4
34
72.9
0.4
Mall
3
16
73.5
0.5
16
73.9
0.5
18
74.3
0.5
South- South- North- Crystal
East
20
75.0
0.5
20
75.6
0.3
19
76.1
0.3
West
26
74.1
0.4
24
74.8
0.4
25
75.2
0.5
east
8
72.9
0.5
5
73.1
0.7
3
73.8
0.5
west
7
69.6
1.4
8
73.5
1.6
3
73.8
0.2
east
9
73.0
0.8
9
73.0
0.6
9
72.3
0.4
City
17
74.2
0.2
16
74.6
0.3
16
75.7
0.4
Fair-
child
17
76.2
0.4
19
76.8
0.4
19
76.8
0.4
Bui Idings
Means
9
73.3
0.6
9
74.2
0.5
9
74.5
0.5
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values




Std

First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
48
72.4
0.4
73.0
77.0
77.0
62.0
65.0
18
74.1
0.5
74.3
78.0
78.0
70.0
71.0
22
75.4
0.4
75.3
79.0
78.0
70.0
72.0
35
75.1
0.4
75.0
80.0
80.0
70.0
70.0
9
73.2
0.5
73.0
76.0
75.0
70.0
71.0
11
72.8
1.2
73.0
82.5
78.0
64.0
66.0
9
72.8
0.6
72.7
76.0
76.0
69.0
70.0
17
74.7
0.3
74.7
79.5
78.0
71.5
73.0
19
76.7
0.4
76.5
81.0
80.0
72.0
73.0
                                                                                                                           Grand

                                                                                                                               9
                                                                                                                            74.1
                                                                                                                             0.5
                                                                                                                            74.1

                                                                                                                            82.5
                                                                                                                            81.0
                                                                                                                            62.0
                                                                                                                            64.0

-------
TABLE A.9. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X)  BY EPA  BUILDINGS



                                           BuiIding

                                     Water-
                                      side
 Time

   AM



 Noon



   PM
                        Mean          24.2       21.5       27.2          24.3
                  Std. error           0.7        1.5        0.5           1.6

                                                                                 Grand




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
46
23.6
O.B
46
23.5
0.8
47
24.2
0.7

Crystal
City
5
22.9
1.6
5
22.0
1.6
5
21.5
1.5

Fair-
child
5
25.4
0.2
5
25.4
0.5
5
27.2
0.5
/
Bui Idings
Means
3
24.0
0.7
3
23.7
1.0
3
24.3
1.6
  Average
   Daily
Statistics
Individual
  Values
             N
          Mean
    Std. error
        Median

 First maximum
Second maximum
 First minimum
Second minimum
23,
 0,
  47
   7
   7
                                      22.7
  .6
  .7
41,
40.
15.8
16.5
   5
22.2
 1.5
19.9

26.8
26.8
17.7
18.7
   5
26.0
 0.3
26.3

28.7
27.8
23.6
24.6
   3
24.0
 1.1
23.7
41.6
40.7
15.8
16.5

-------
TABLE A.10. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X) BY EPA BUILDINGS
                                           Building
 Time

   AM



 Noon



   PM




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
45
22.5
0.7
43
24.4
1.1
42
24.7
0.8

Crystal
City
11
23.3
0.9
11
23.6
0.8
11
23.1
0.7

Fair-
child
12
22.8
0.8
12
23.8
0.4
12
25.5
0.5

Bui I dings
Means
3
22.9
0.2
3
23.9
0.2
3
24.4
0.7
Average
Dai ly
Statistics

Individual
Values


N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
45
23.8
0.8
21.7
49.9
39.2
14.6
15.8
11
23.3
0.7
24.0
27.8
26.8
19.6
19.7
12
24.0
0.5
23.3
28.7
28.4
16.9
20.3
                                                                                 Grand

                                                                                    3
                                                                                 23.7
                                                                                  0.2
                                                                                 23.8

                                                                                 49.9
                                                                                 39.2
                                                                                 14.6
                                                                                 15.8

-------
        TABLE A.11. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X) BY EPA HEADQUARTERS BUILDINGS
                                                   Building
         Time

           AM



         Noon



           PM
H
M




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side Crystal
Mall City
29 1
20.9 29.1
0.5 nca
38
20.7
0.4
29
23.7
1.7

Fai r-
child
.
-
-
2
22.2
0.5
2
22.9
0.7

Bui Idings
Means
2
25.0
4.1
2
21.4
0.8
2
23.3
0.4
          Average
           Dai ly
        Statistics
         Individual
          Values
             N
          Mean
    Std. error
        Median

 First maximum
Second maximum
 First minimum
Second minimum
  69
21.3
 0.6
20.8

54.2
48.3
 6.2
15.4
   1
29.1
  nc
  nc

29.1

29.1
   2
22.6
 0.6
22.6

23.6
22,
21
                                                                    22.2
Grand

   3
24.3
 2.4
22.6

54.2
48.3
 6.2
15.4
               nc  =  not  computed

-------
        TABLE A.12. PRIMARY. SECONDARY, & SPECIAL SITE  SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X) BY EPA BUILDINGS
                                                   BuiIding
         Time

           AM



         Noon



           PM
H
W




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
111
22.6
0.4
119
23.1
0.5
111
24.2
0.6

Crystal
City
17
23.5
0.8
16
23.1
0.7
16
22.6
0.7

Fair-
child
17
23.6
0.6
19
24.0
0.3
19
25.7
0.4

Bui Idings
Means
3
23.2
0.3
3
23.4
0.3
3
24.2
0.9
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values


N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
150
22.8
0.4
21.6
54.2
49.9
6.2
14.6
17
23.3
0.7
24.0
29.1
27.8
17.7
18.7
19
24.4
0.4
23.9
28.7
28.7
16.9
20.3
                                                                                          Grand
                                                                                            3
                                                                                          23.5
                                                                                           0.
                                                                                          23.
.5
.3
                                                                                          54.2
                                                                                          49.9
                                                                                          6.2
                                                                                          14.6

-------
TABLE A.13. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                Sector
 Time

   AM
 Noon
   PM
Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
13
20.1
0.7
12
20.9
0.4
13
23.7
1.8
Mall
3
10
32.0
0.6
10
30.0
0.6
10
28.8
0.8
East
7
20.2
0.6
8
20.1
0.8
8
20.7
0.4
South- South- North- Crystal
West east west east City
12
22.3
1.1
12
21.5
0.7
12
22.9
1.1
1 1 2
22.7 20.5 26.6
2.9
1 1 2
21.6 17.3 37.4
3.4
1 1 2
23.7 19.6 28.6
1.4
5
22.9
1.6
5
22.0
1.6
5
21.5
1.5
Fair-
child

25
0

25
0

27
0
5
.4
.2
5
.4
.5
5
.2
.5
Bui Idings
Means

23
1

24
2

24
1
9
.6
.3
9
.0
.0
9
.1
.1
Average
Dai ly
Statistics

Individual
Values




N
Mean
Std. error

First
Second
First
Second
Median
max i mum
maximum
minimum
minimum
13
21.5
0.7
20.7
41.6
29.1
16.5
17.2
10
30.2
0.5
30.0
34.0
34.0
24.7
25.7
8
20.4
0.5
20.9
22.7
22.7
15.8
17.9
12
22.2
0.7
22.8
29.6
29.1
16.9
16.9
1
22.7
nca
nc
23.7
22.7
21.6
22.7
1
19.1
nc
nc
20.5
19.6
17.3
19.6
2
30.9
0.6
30.9
40.7
34.0
23.7
27.1
5
22.2
1.5
19.9
26.8
26.8
17.7
18.7
5
26.0
0.3
26.3
28.7
27.8
23.6
24.6
                                                                                                                  Grand

                                                                                                                      9
                                                                                                                   23.9
                                                                                                                    1.4
                                                                                                                   22.2
                                                                                                                      .6
                                                                                                                      .7
41,
40.
15.8
16.5
      nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE A.14. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                        Sector
         Time

           AM
         Noon
           PM
Ul


Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
9
19.9
0.7
7
20.3
0.9
9
23.2
1.4
Mall
3
7
27.7
3.1
7
28.2
3.1
7
28.4
2.1
South- South- North- Crystal
East
7
20.2
1.3
7
22.8
1.7
5
21.0
1.0
West
8
22.3
0.8
8
21.3
0.9
8
22.1
0.8
east
3
20.2
0.8
3
20.6
0.6
3
18.5
0.6
west
4
19.2
1.3
4
19.6
1.1
3
22.7
1.0
east
7
25.9
1.6
7
34.0
2.9
7
31.8
1.2
City
11
23.3
0.9
11
23.6
0.8
11
23.1
0.7
Fair-
child
12
22.8
0.8
12
23.8
0.4
12
25.5
0.5
Bui I dings
Means
9
22.4
1.0
9
23.8
1.5
9
24.0
1.3
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values




N
Mean
Std. error

First
Second
First
Second
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
9
21.2
0.6
21.4
39.2
35.8
15.8
16.5
7
28.1
2.7
28.3
38.4
37.5
15.8
15.8
7
21.6
0.9
21.0
30.9
24.7
14.6
17.9
8
21.9
0.8
22.4
26.8
25.4
17.6
17.6
3
19.8
0.1
19.7
22.7
22.7
17.6
17.6
4
20.4
0.3
20.3
23.7
23.7
17.0
17.9
7
30.6
1.5
28.6
49.9
36.7
20.6
22.7
11
23.3
0.7
24.0
27.8
26.8
19.6
19.7
12
24.0
0.5
23.3
28.7
28.4
16.9
20.3
                                                                                                                          Grand

                                                                                                                              9
                                                                                                                           23.4
                                                                                                                            1.2
                                                                                                                           21.9

                                                                                                                           49.9
                                                                                                                           39.2
                                                                                                                           14.6
                                                                                                                           15.8

-------
        TABLE A.15. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                        Sector
         Time

           AM
         Noon
           PM
Ot
Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
8
19.9
1.0
21
20.5
0.5
15
24.5
3.0
Mall
3
1
18.7
-
1
18.7
-
3
28.5
2.9
East
6
21.2
1.0
5
24.3
0.9
6
23.9
1.0
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
West east west east City child
653
21.5 23.0 19.2
1.4 1.1 0.4
425
18.8 20.6 19.9
0.4 0.0 1.0
5
18.5
0.8
1
29.1
...
2
22.2
0.5
2
22.9
0.7
Bui Idings
Means
7
21.8
1.3
7
20.7
0.7
5
23.7
1.6
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values




Std

First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
30
21
1
20
54
48
6
15
.6
.4
.8
.2
.3
.2
.4
3
25.0
0.8
24.7
34.1
26.6
18.7
18.7
7
22.8
0.8
23.5
27.8
26.8
18.7
19.4
15
19.8
0.7
18.9
25.9
24.6
16.9
17.2
6
22.2
0.9
22.7
24.9
24.7
18.7
20.5
8
19.7
0.6
19.6
22.7
21.6
16.8
18.5
1
29.1
nc
nc
29.1
-
29.1
-
2
22.6
0.6
22.6
23.6
22.7
21.7
22.2
                                                                                                                          Grand

                                                                                                                              8
                                                                                                                           22.8
                                                                                                                            1.1
                                                                                                                           22.4

                                                                                                                           54.2
                                                                                                                           48.3
                                                                                                                            6.2
                                                                                                                           15.4

-------
TABLE A.16. PRIMARY, SECONDARY, & SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR  RELATIVE  HUMIDITY  (X) BY  EPA SECTORS
                                                                Sector
 Tfme

   AM
 Noon
   PM


Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
27
19.9
0.4
37
20.6
0.3
34
23.8
1.5
Mall
3
16
30.3
1.2
16
29.1
1.2
18
28.8
0.8
South- South- North- Crystal
East
20
20.5
0.6
20
22.1
0.8
19
21.8
0.5
West
26
22.1
0.7
24
21.0
0.5
25
21.7
0.7
east
8
22.1
0.8
5
20.7
0.3
3
18.9
1.0
west
7
19.3
0.7
8
19.9
0.8
3
22.0
0.9
east
9
26.0
1.3
9
34.8
2.3
9
31.1
1.1
City
17
23.5
0.8
16
23.1
0.7
16
22.6
0.7
Fair-
child
17
23.6
0.6
19
24.0
0.3
19
25.7
0.4
Bui Idings
Means

23
1

23
1

24
1
9
.0
.1
9
.9
.6
9
.1
.3
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values




Std

First
Second
First
Second
•N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
48
21.5
0.9
20.8
54.2
48.3
6.2
15.4
18
29.1
0.8
28.7
38.4
37.5
15.8
15.8
22
21.6
0.4
21.0
30.9
27.8
14.6
15.8
35
21.1
0.5
21.3
29.6
29.1
16.9
16.9
9
21.5
0.7
20.7
24.9
24.7
17.6
17.6
11
20.0
0.5
19.7
23.7
23.7
16.8
17.0
9
30.6
1.2
30.2
49.9
40.7
20.6
22.7
17
23.3
0.7
24.0
29.1
27.8
17.7
18.7
19
24.4
0.4
23.9
28.7
28.7
16.9
20.3
                                                                                                                  Grand
                                                                                                                   23.7
                                                                                                                    1.3
                                                                                                                   21.6

                                                                                                                   54.2
                                                                                                                   49.9
                                                                                                                    6.2
                                                                                                                   14.6

-------
TABLE A.17. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON MONOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA BUILDINGS
                                           Building
 Time

   AM



 Noon



   PM




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
46
0.1
0.0
47
0.0
0.0
47
0.0
0.0

Crystal
City
5
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0

Fair-
child
5
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0

Bui Idings
Means
3
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values


N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
47
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                                                                                 Grand

                                                                                    3
                                                                                  0.0
                                                                                  0.0
                                                                                  0.0
                                                                                  0 1
                                                                                  0.0

-------
TABLE A.18. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON MONOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA BUILDINGS
                                           Building
>
H
 Time

   AM



 Noon



   PM




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
45
0.1
0.0
45
0.0
0.0
41
0.0
0.0

Crystal
City
11
0.0
0.0
11
0.0
0.0
11
0.0
0.0

Fair-
child
12
0.8
0.2
12
1.6
0.3
12
2.2
0.4

Bui Idings
Means
3
0.3
0.3
3
0.5
0.5
3
0.7
0.7
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values


N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
45
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
11
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12
1.5
0.3
2.0
4.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
                                                                                 Grand

                                                                                    3
                                                                                  0.5
                                                                                  0.5
                                                                                  0.0

                                                                                  4.0
                                                                                  3.0
                                                                                  0.0
                                                                                  0.0

-------
        TABLE A.19. SPECIAL  SITE  SUM*AtY  STATISTICS FOR CARBO* WWOXIDE (PPM) BT EPA BUILDINGS
                                                    Building
         Til
           AN
         •oon
           PM
M
O




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
„
Mean
error
.
Mean
error
„
Mean
error
tlater-
side
Mail
29
0.4
0.2
39
0.1
0.0
29
0.2
0.1

Crystal Fair-
City child
1
0.0
nc"
2
3.0
1.0
2
3.0
1.0

Bui Idings
Means
2
0.2
0.2
2
1.6
1.4
2
1.6
1.4
                                                                                          Grand
          Average
           Daily
        Statistics
          Mean
    Std. error
        Median
 69
0.1
0.1
0.0
  1
0.0
 nc
 nc
  2
3.0
1.0
3.0
  3
1.0
1.0
0.1
         Individual
          Values
 First ataxii
Second vaxii
 First aiinii
Second aiinii
3.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.0
4.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
4.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
               nc = not computed

-------
TABLE A.20. PRIMARY. SECONDARY, «  SPECIAL  SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON MMOXIDE (PPN) BY EPA BUILDINGS
                                           Building
 Til
   AN
 •oon
   PN
     Statistic

             M
          Mean
    Std. error
                        Mean
                  Std. error
                        Mean
                  Std. error
  Average
   Daily
Statistics
Individual
  Values
          Mean
    Std. error
        Median
 First MX!
Second nxi
 First mini
Second mini
Water-
side
Hall
111
0.2
0.1
122
0.0
0.0
110
0.0
0.0
ISO
0.1
0.0
0.0
3.0
3.0
0.0
0.0

Crystal
City
17
0.0
0.0
16
0.0
0.0
16
0.0
0.0
17
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Fair-
child

   17
  0.6
  0.1

   19
  1.3
  0.3

   19
  1.7
  0.4
   19
  1.3
  0.3
  1.7

  4.0
  4.0
  0.0
  0.0
Buildings
  Means

     3
   0.3
   0.2

     3
   0.4
   0.4

     3
   0.6
   0.6
         Grand

            3
          0.5
          0.4
          0.1

          4.0
          4.0
          0.0
          0.0

-------
        TABLE A.21. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON MONOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                        Sector
         Time

           AM
         Noon
           PM
10
M
Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
13
0.0
0.0
13
0.0
0.0
13
0.0
0.0
Mall
3
10
0.5
0.2
10
0.0
0.0
10
0.0
0.0
East
7
0.0
0.0
8
0.0
0.0
8
0.0
0.0
South- South- North- Crystal
West east west east City
12
0.0
0.0
12
0.0
0.0
12
0.0
0.0
1 1 2
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
1 1 2
0.0 0.0 0.0
.0.0
1 1 2
0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
Fair-
child

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
5
0
0
5
0
0
5
0
0
Bui Idings
Means

0
0

0
0

0
0
9
.1
.1
9
.0
.0
9
.0
.0
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values




Std

First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
13
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10
0.2
0.1
0.2
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1
0.0
nca
nc
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1
0.0
nc
nc
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
                                                                                                                          Grand

                                                                                                                              9
                                                                                                                            0.0
                                                                                                                            0.0
                                                                                                                            0.0

                                                                                                                            1.0
                                                                                                                            1.0
                                                                                                                            0.0
                                                                                                                            0.0
              nc = not  computed

-------
        TABLE A.22. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS  FOR CARBON MONOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                        Sector
         Time

           AM
         Noon
           PM
M
U>


Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
9
0.0
0.0
9
0.0
0.0
9
0.0
0.0
Mall
3
7
0.6
0.2
7
0.0
0.0
7
0.0
0.0
South- South- North- Crystal
East
7
0.0
0.0
7
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
West
8
0.1
0.1
8
0.0
0.0
7
0.0
0.0
east
3
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
west
4
0.0
0.0
4
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
east
7
0.0
0.0
7
0.0
0.0
7
0.0
0.0
City
11
0.0
0.0
11
0.0
0.0
11
0.0
0.0
Fair-
child
12
0.8
0.2
12
1.6
0.3
12
2.2
0.4
Bui Idings
Means
9
0.2
0.1
9
0.2
0.2
9
0.2
0.2
Average
Dai ly
Statistics

Individual
Values




N
Mean
Std. error

First
Second
First
Second
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7
0.2
0.1
0.3
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
11
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12
1.5
0.3
2.0
4.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
                                                                                                                           Grand

                                                                                                                               9
                                                                                                                             0.2
                                                                                                                             0.2
                                                                                                                             0.0

                                                                                                                             4.0
                                                                                                                             3.0
                                                                                                                             0.0
                                                                                                                             0.0

-------
        TABLE A.23. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON MONOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                        Sector
         Time

           AM
         Noon
           PM
N
Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2

0
0

0
0

0
0
8
.0
.0
22
.0
.0
15
.0
.0
Mall
3
1
0.0
-
1
0.0
-
3
0.0
0.0
East

2
0

0
0

0
0
6
.0
.4
5
.8
.2
6
.8
.2
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
West east west east City child

0.
0.

0.
0.

0.
0.
653-
2 0.0 0.0
2 0.0 0.0
4 2 5 -
0 0.0 0.0
0 0.0 0.0
5 - - -
0
o
1
0.0
-
2
3.0
1.0
2
3.0
1.0
Bui Idings
Means

0
0

0
0

0
0
7
.3
.3
7
.5
.4
5
.8
.6
Average
Dai ly
Statistics

Individual
Values


N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
30
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
7
1.3
0.2
1.3
3.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
15
0.1
0.1
0.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
« 1
0.0
nc
nc
0.0
-
0.0
.
2
3.0
1.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
2.0
2.0
                                                                                                                          Grand

                                                                                                                              8
                                                                                                                            0.5
                                                                                                                            0.4
                                                                                                                            0.0

                                                                                                                            4.0
                                                                                                                            4.0
                                                                                                                            0.0
                                                                                                                            0.0

-------
        TABLE A.24. PRIMARY, SECONDARY, & SPECIAL  SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS  FOR CARBON MONOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                        Sector
         Time

           AM
         Noon
           PM
M
Ul


Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
27
0.0
0.0
40
0.0
0.0
34
0.0
0.0
Mall
3
16
0.5
0.1
16
0.0
0.0
18
0.0
0.0
South- South- North- Crystal
East
20
0.6
0.2
20
0.2
0.1
19
0.3
0.1
West
26
0.1
0.1
24
0.0
0.0
24
0.0
0.0
east
8
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
west
7
0.0
0.0
8
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
east
9
0.0
0.0
9
0.0
0.0
9
0.0
0.0
City
17
0.0
0.0
16
0.0
0.0
16
0.0
0.0
Fair-
child
17
0.6
0.1
19
1.3
0.3
19
1.7
0.4
Bui I dings
Means
9
0.2
0.1
9
0.2
0.1
9
0.2
0.2
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values




N
Mean
Std. error

First
Second
First
Second
Median
max i mum
maximum
minimum
minimum
48
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
18
0.2
0.0
0.1
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
22
0.4
0.2
0.0
3.0
3.0
0.0
0.0
35
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
11
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
17
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
19
1.3
0.3
1.7
4.0
4.0
0.0
0.0
                                                                                                                           Grand

                                                                                                                               9
                                                                                                                             0.2
                                                                                                                             0.1
                                                                                                                             0.0

                                                                                                                             4.0
                                                                                                                             4.0
                                                                                                                             0.0
                                                                                                                             0.0

-------
        TABLE A.2S.  PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR  CARBON  DIOXIDE  (PPM) BY EPA  BUILDINGS
                                                   Building
N
         Time

           AM



         Noon



           PM




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
46
535
13
47
575
15
47
577
12

Crystal
City
5
455
12
5
475
29
5
535
17

Fair-
child
5
730
31
5
705
24
5
800
22

Bui Idings
Means
3
573
82
3
585
67
3
637
82
          Average
           Daily
        Statistics
        Individual
          Values
             N
          Mean
    Std. error
        Median

 First maximum
Second maximum
 First minimum
Second minimum
 47
563
 12
567

775
775
325
350
  5
488
 19
492

575
575
400
425
  5
745
 24
750

850
825
650
650
Grand

   3
 599
  76
 563

 850
 825
 325
 350

-------
TABLE A.26. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA BUILDINGS
                                           Building
f
M
 Time

   AM



 Noon



   PM




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Hall
45
531
13
45
567
12
42
574
15

Crystal
City
11
493
15
11
491
12
11
552
16

Fair-
child
12
744
30
12
710
20
12
794
28

Bui Idings
Means
3
589
78
3
590
64
3
640
77
  Average
   Daily
Statistics
Individual
  Values
                                   N
                                Mean
                          Std. error
                              Median

                       First maximum
                      Second maximum
                       First minimum
                      Second minimum
 45
557
 12
558

925
775
350
350
 11
512
 14
525

675
575
425
425
 12
749
 25
771

925
900
525
575
Grand

   3
 606
  73
 557

 925
 925
 350
 350

-------
        TABLE A.27. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE (PPH) BY EPA BUILDINGS
                                                   Building
         Time

           AM



         Noon



           PM
M
09




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side Crystal
Mall City
29 1
573 500
39 nca
39
624
30
29
656
37

Fai r-
child
.
-
-
2
675
0
2
775
0

Bui Idings
Means
2
536
36
2
650
25
2
716
59
          Average
           Daily
        Statistics
        Individual
          Values
             N
          Mean
    Std. error
        Median

 First maximum
Second maximum
 First minimum
Second minimum
  69
 582
  20
 550

1350
1150
 325
 350
  1
500
  nc
  nc

500

500
  2
725
  0
725

775
775
675
675
Grand

   3
 602
  66
 582

1350
1150
 325
 350
               nc  =  not computed

-------
TABLE A.28. PRIMARY, SECONDARY, & SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR  CARBON  DIOXIDE  (PPM) BY EPA BUILDINGS
                                           Building
?
M
 Time

   AN



 Noon



   PM




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
111
549
12
122
592
12
111
597
12

Crystal
City
17
482
11
16
486
12
16
547
12

Fair-
child
17
740
23
19
705
14
19
793
19

Bui Idings
Means
3
590
77
3
594
63
3
646
75
  Average
   Daily
Statistics
Individual
  Values
                                   N
                                Mean
                          Std. error
                              Median

                       First maximum
                      Second maximum
                       First minimum
                      Second minimum
 150
 575
  10
 558

1350
1150
 325
 325
 17
504
 10
525

675
575
400
425
 19
746
 17
750

925
900
525
575
Grand

   3
 608
  72
 575

1350
1150
 325
 325

-------
        TABLE A.29. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                        Sector
         Time

           AM
         Noon
1
u>
o
PM

Stat


Std.


Std.


Std.

.-,!C
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
13
487
28
13
540
31
13
557
31
Mall
3
10
535
23
10
500
14
10
543
16

East
7
596
23
8
613
21
8
606
19

West
12
563
14
12
660
27
12
610
19
South-
east
1
425
-
1
425
-
1
500
.
South-
west
1
325
-
1
500
-
1
500
.
North-
east
2
638
37
2
625
0
2
638
37
Crystal
City
5
455
12
5
475
29
5
535
17
Fair-
child
5
730
31
5
705
24
5
800
22
Bui Idings
Means
9
528
40
9
560
31
9
588
31
Average
Dai ly
Statistics

Individual
Values




N
Mean
Std. error

First
Second
First
Second
Median
max i mum
maximum
minimum
minimum
13
528
27
500
720
675
350
350
10
526
15
525
675
650
425
450
8
606
16
600
725
725
550
550
12
611
16
617
775
775
500
500
1
450
nca
nc
500
425
425
425
1
442
nc
nc
500
500
325
500
2
633
25
633
675
675
600
600
5
488
19
492
575
575
400
425
5
745
24
750
850
825
650
650
                                                                                                                          Grand

                                                                                                                              9
                                                                                                                            559
                                                                                                                             33
                                                                                                                            528

                                                                                                                            850
                                                                                                                            825
                                                                                                                            325
                                                                                                                            350

-------
        TABLE A.30. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                        Sector
         Time

           AM
         Noon
           PM
w
H


Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
9
513
23
9
553
31
9
593
50
Mall
3
7
611
34
7
611
31
7
661
36
South- South- North- Crystal
East
7
579
18
7
600
15
5
575
21
West
8
519
15
8
584
20
8
559
18
east
3
429
33
3
458
55
3
463
26
west
4
406
56
4
481
12
3
483
17
east
7
554
11
7
586
20
7
568
17
City
11
493
15
11
491
12
11
552
16
Fair-
child
12
744
30
12
710
20
12
794
28
Bui Idings
Means
9
539
34
9
564
26
9
583
33
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values




N
Mean
Std. error

First
Second
First
Second
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
9
553
32
533
925
775
425
425
7
627
30
633
775
750
500
500
7
588
16
588
650
650
525
525
8
554
10
550
650
650
425
475
3
450
33
479
575
525
350
375
4
452
23
438
575
500
350
350
7
569
15
575
675
625
525
525
11
512
14
525
675
575
425
425
12
749
25
771
925
900
525
575
                                                                                                                          Grand

                                                                                                                              9
                                                                                                                            562
                                                                                                                             31
                                                                                                                            554

                                                                                                                            925
                                                                                                                            925
                                                                                                                            350
                                                                                                                            350

-------
        TABLE A.31. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                        Sector
         Time

           AM
         Noon
T
w
N
PM

Stat


Std.


Std.


Std.

istic
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
8
458
36
22
552
20
15
573
34
Mall
3
1
775
-
1
875
-
3
658
109

East
6
871
91
5
955
119
6
921
92

West
6
596
22
4
756
26
5
585
22
South-
east
5
450
16
2
500
25
.
-
-
South- North-
west east
3
375
29
5
505
15
m m
-
-
Crystal Fair-
City child
1
500
"
2
675
0
2
775
0
Bui Idings
Means
7
575
70
7
688
69
5
702
65
Average
Dai ly
Statistics

Individual
Values




Std

First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
30
532
19
525
1050
875
350
350
3
647
98
575
875
875
525
575
7
904
77
925
1350
1150
550
550
15
635
23
625
800
800
525
550
6
458
15
450
525
500
425
425
8
456
27
475
525
525
325
375
1
500
nc
nc
500
-
500
-
2
725
0
725
775
775
675
675
                                                                                                                          Grand

                                                                                                                              8
                                                                                                                            607
                                                                                                                             54
                                                                                                                            584

                                                                                                                           1350
                                                                                                                           1150
                                                                                                                            325
                                                                                                                            350

-------
        TABLE A.32. PRIMARY. SECONDARY, & SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR CARBON DIOXIDE (PPM) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                        Sector
         Time

           AM
         Noon
           PM
w
w


Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
27
487
18
40
550
15
34
568
20
Mall
3
16
579
25
16
566
28
18
602
24
South- South- North- Crystal
East
20
673
40
20
694
45
19
697
46
West
26
557
11
24
651
20
25
589
12
east
8
442
15
5
468
31
3
461
25
west
7
375
17
8
498
10
3
483
17
east
9
572
16
9
594
17
9
583
18
City
17
482
11
16
486
12
16
547
12
Fair-
child
17
740
23
19
705
14
19
793
19
Bui Idings
Means
9
545
38
9
579
30
9
592
34
Average
Dai ly
Statistics

Individual
Values


N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
48
535
14
529
1050
925
350
350
18
581
22
575
875
875
425
450
22
695
40
631
1350
1150
525
525
35
608
12
583
800
800
425
475
9
454
14
475
575
525
350
375
11
451
20
442
575
525
325
325
9
583
15
583
675
675
525
525
17
504
10
525
675
575
400
425
19
746
17
750
925
900
525
575
                                                                                                                          Grand

                                                                                                                              9
                                                                                                                            573
                                                                                                                             34
                                                                                                                            581

                                                                                                                           1350
                                                                                                                           1150
                                                                                                                            325
                                                                                                                            325

-------
TABLE A.33.  PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR REAL-TIME PARTICULATE  CONCENTRATION  (HG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS
                                           Building
 Time

   AM



 Noon



   PM




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
43
10.6
1.0
44
10.3
1.1
44
12.1
1.2

Crystal
City
5
9.2
0.7
5
10.4
2.0
5
9.0
3.3

Fair-
child
5
10.4
0.8
5
12.8
0.7
2
16.5
1.5

Bui Idings
Means
3
10.1
0.4
3
11.2
0.8
3
12.5
2.2
  Average
   Daily
Statistics
Individual
  Values
             N
          Mean
    Std. error
        Median

 First maximum
Second maximum
 First minimum
Second minimum
44
10.9
1.0
10.5
48.0
39.0
0.0
0.0
5
9.5
1.9
7.3
20.0
17.0
2.0
4.0
5
12.3
0.7
12.0
18.0
15.0
8.0
10.0
                                                                                 Grand
10
 0
10.9

48.0
39.0
 0.0
 0.0

-------
        TABLE A.34. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR REAL-TIME PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION (MG/M3)  BY EPA  BUILDINGS
                                                   Building
         Time

           AM
         *- -- i
           S*

         Noon



           PM
w
Wl


Statistic
N
Mean
Std. error
N
Mean
Std. error
N
Mean
Std. error
Water-
side
Mall
41
12.7
1.2
41
11.3
0.9
38
12.3
0.9

Crystal
City
11
14.4
2.5
11
13.1
1.9
11
11.6
1.7

Fair-
child
12
9.3
1.9
12
7.2
1.4
0
-
-

Bui I dings
Means
3
12.1
1.5
3
10.5
1.7
2
12.0
0.3
          Average
           Daily
        Statistics
        Individual
          Values
             N
          Mean
    Std. error
        Median

 First maximum
Second maximum
 First minimum
Second minimum
41
12.1
0.9
12.7
30.0
27.0
0.0
0.0
11
13.0
1.9
11.3
32.0
30.0
3.0
6.0
12
8.3
1.1
7.2
21.0
20.0
1.0
1.0
Grand

   3
11.1
 1.4
12.1

32.0
30.0
 0.0
 0.0

-------
        TABLE  A.35.  SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR REAL-TIME PARTICIPATE CONCENTRATION (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS
                                                   BuiIding
         Time

           AM



         Noon



           PM
W
e\


Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side Crystal Fair-
Mall City child
28 1
10.0 16.0
1.0 nca
39 - 2
22.7 - 10.0
3.1 - 7.0
30 - 0
19.8
3.3
Bui Idings
Means
2
13.0
3.0
2
16.4
6.4
1
19.8
nc
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values


N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
68
17.3
1.7
13.0
96.0
91.0
0.0
0.0
1
16.0
nc
nc
16.0
-
16.0
-
2
10.0
7.0
10.0
17.0
3.0
3.0
17.0
                                                                                         Grand

                                                                                            3
                                                                                         14.4
                                                                                          2.2
                                                                                         16.0

                                                                                         96.0
                                                                                         91.0
                                                                                          0.0
                                                                                          0.0
              nc  =  not  computed

-------
        TABLE A.36. PRIMARY, SECONDARY,  & SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR  REAL-TIME PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION (MG/M3) BY  EPA BUILDINGS
                                                    Building
t
bl
Time

  AM



Noon



  PM




Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Water-
side
Mall
103
11.2
0.6
115
14.7
1.3
105
H.3
1.2

Crystal
City
17
12.9
1.7
16
12.2
1.5
16
10.8
1.5

Fair-
child
17
9.6
1.3
19
9.0
1.2
2
16.5
1.5

Bui Id ings
Means
3
11.3
1.0
3
12.0
1.6
3
13.9
1.7
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values


N
Mean
Std. error
Median
First maximum
Second maximum
First minimum
Second minimum
142
14.1
0.9
12.7
96.0
91.0
0.0
0.0
17
12.2
1.4
11.3
32.0
30.0
2.0
3.0
19
9.5
1.0
11.0
21.0
20.0
1.0
1.0
                                                                                          Grand

                                                                                            3
                                                                                          11.9
                                                                                           1.3
                                                                                          12.2

                                                                                          96.0
                                                                                          91.0
                                                                                           0.0
                                                                                           0.0

-------
        TABLE A.37. PRIMARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR REAL-TIME PARTICIPATE CONCENTRATION (HG/M3) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                        Sector
         Time

           AM
         Noon
           PM
w
00


Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
13
16.3
1.6
13
15.8
2.8
13
16.8
2.4
Mall
3
10
7.7
1.3
10
6.8
1.0
10
7.6
1.2
South- South- North- Crystal
East
7
5.9
2.5
8
7.5
3.0
8
6.5
2.7
West
9
8.3
0.5
9
8.7
0.4
9
15.3
2.6
east
1
12.0
-
1
10.0
*
1
11.0
.
west east
1 2
11.0 13.5
0.5
1 2
10.0 11.5
0.5
1 2
14.0 12.5
0.5
City
5
9.2
0.7
5
10.4
2.0
5
9.0
3.3
Fai
chi

10
0

12
0

16
1
r-
Id
5
.4
.8
5
.8
.7
2
.5
.5
Bui Idings
Means
9
10.5
1.1
9
10.4
0.9
9
12.1
1.3
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values




Std

First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
max i mum
maximum
minimum
minimum
13
16.3
2.0
14.0
48.0
39.0
6.0
9.0
10
7.4
1.0
7.8
15.0
14.0
0.0
0.0
8
6.4
2.4
5.0
20.0
18.0
0.0
0.0
9
10.8
0.9
9.3
31.0
26.0
7.0
7.0
1
11.0
nca
nc
12.0
11.0
10.0
11.0
1
11.7
nc
nc
14.0
11.0
10.0
11.0
2
12.5
0.2
12.5
14.0
13.0
11.0
12.0
5
9.5
1.9
7.3
20.0
17.0
2.0
4.0
5
12.3
0.7
12.0
18.0
15.0
8.0
10.0
                                                                                                                          Grand

                                                                                                                              9
                                                                                                                           10.9
                                                                                                                            1.0
                                                                                                                           11.0

                                                                                                                           48.0
                                                                                                                           39.0
                                                                                                                            0.0
                                                                                                                            0.0

-------
        TABLE A.38. SECONDARY SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR REAL-TIME PARTICIPATE CONCENTRATION (MG/M3) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                        Sector
         Time

           AM
         Noon
           PM
(*»


Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
9
17.8
2.0
9
13.1
0.8
9
15.4
1.0
Mall
3
7
3.9
1.5
7
8.0
2.9
7
9.0
2.4
South- South- North- Crystal
East
7
6.9
2.4
7
7.3
2.6
5
6.6
2.8
West
4
10.7
2.2
4
10.5
2.8
4
10.2
1.0
east
3
13.5
1.8
3
10.7
0.4
3
13.7
2.5
west
4
16.0
2.1
4
12.0
0.8
3
10.7
0.3
east
7
20.0
1.8
7
16.7
1.1
7
17.0
1.4
City
11
14.4
2.5
11
13.1
1.9
11
11.6
1.7
Fair-
child
12
9.3
1.9
12
7.2
1.4
0
-
-
Bui Idings
Means

12
1

11
1

11
1
9
.5
.7
9
.0
.1
8
.8
.2
                                                                                                                           Grand
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values




Std

First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
9
15.4
1.0
16.4
27.0
26.0
9.0
9.0
7
7.0
1.8
8.0
20.0
20.0
0.0
0.0
7
7.0
2.5
10.3
15.0
14.0
0.0
0.0
4
10.5
1.9
9.3
19.0
17.0
7.0
7.0
3
12.6
1.1
13.3
19.0
18.0
9.0
10.0
4
13.3
0.9
13.2
21.0
17.0
10.0
10.0
7
17.9
1.3
16.3
30.0
24.0
13.0
13.0
11
13.0
1.9
11.3
32.0
30.0
3.0
6.0
12
8.3
1.1
7.2
21.0
20.0
1.0
1.0
                                                                                                                            11
                                                                                                                             1
 9
.7
.3
                                                                                                                            12.6

                                                                                                                            32.0
                                                                                                                            30.0
                                                                                                                             0.0
                                                                                                                             0.0
              nc = not computed

-------
TABLE A.39. SPECIAL SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR REAL-TIME PARTICIPATE CONCENTRATION (MG/MJ) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                Sector
 Time

   AM
 Noon
   PM
Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2

14
1

19
2

15
1
8
.2
.8
22
.2
.1
16
.2
.4
Mall
3
1
2.0
•
1
11.0
-
3
7.0
4.4
East

5
1

43
14

42
12
6
.2
.2
5
.0
.0
6
.7
.6
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
West east west east City child

7
0

30
20

15
1
5 5 3 1 -
.2 13.4 9.7 - 16.0
.7 0.8 0.3 -
4 2 5 - - 2
.5 12.0 18.0 - - 10.0
.2 0.0 2.0 - - 7.0
5 .... 0
.2 .....
.6 .....
Bui Idings
Means

9
2

20
4

20
7
7
.7
.0
7
.5
.6
4
.0
.8
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values




Std

First
Second
Hrst
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
30
17.8
1.6
14.3
54.0
54.0
8.0
9.0

5
2
6
15
11
0
2
3
.1
.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
7
28.0
7.8
29.7
96.0
88.0
0.0
0.0
14
16.7
5.8
9.0
91.0
17.0
5.0
7.0
6
12.9
0.6
12.7
15.0
15.0
11.0
12.0
8
14.9
2.0
13.0
22.0
21.0
9.0
10.0
1
16.0
nca
nc
16.0
-
16.0
-
2
10.0
7.0
10.0
17.0
3.0
3.0
17.0
                                                                                                                  Grand

                                                                                                                      8
                                                                                                                   15.2
                                                                                                                    2.3
                                                                                                                   15.4

                                                                                                                   96.0
                                                                                                                   91.0
                                                                                                                    0.0
                                                                                                                    0.0

-------
TABLE A.40. PRIMARY,  SECONDARY.  & SPECIAL  SITE SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR REAL-TIME PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION (MG/M3) BY EPA SECTORS
                                                                Sector
 Time

   AM
 Noon
   PM


Statistic


Std.


Std.


Std.
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
N
Mean
error
Mall
2
27
16.3
1.0
40
17.3
1.4
35
16.0
1.1
Mall
3
16
5.9
1.0
16
6.9
1.1
18
7.4
1.1
South- South- North- Crystal
East
20
6.0
1.2
20
16.3
5.0
19
17.9
5.6
West
18
8.6
0.6
17
14.2
4.9
18
14.2
1.4
east
8
13.2
0.6
5
11.1
0.4
3
13.4
2.5
west
7
13.0
1.7
8
15.6
1.7
3
11.3
0.3
east
9
18.6
1.7
9
15.6
1.1
9
16.0
1.3
City
17
12.9
1.7
16
12.2
1.5
16
10.8
1.5
Fair-
child
17
9.6
1.3
19
9.0
1.2
2
16.5
1.5
Bui Idings
Means

11
1

13
1

13
1
9
.6
.5
9
.1
.2
9
.7
.1
Average
Daily
Statistics

Individual
Values




Std

First
Second
First
Second
N
Mean
. error
Median
maximum
maximum
minimum
minimum
48
17.0
1.0
15.7
54.0
54.0
6.0
8.0
18
6.5
0.9
7.5
20.0
20.0
0.0
0.0
22
13.4
3.4
11.0
96.0
88.0
0.0
0.0
27
13.8
3.0
9.3
91.0
31.0
5.0
7.0
9
12.7
0.5
13.0
19.0
18.0
9.0
10.0
11
14.5
1.4
13.0
22.0
21.0
9.0
10.0
9
16.7
1.3
16.3
30.0
24.0
11.0
12.0
17
12.2
1.4
11.3
32.0
30.0
2.0
3.0
19
9.5
1.0
11.0
21.0
20.0
1.0
1.0
                                                                                                                  Grand

                                                                                                                      9
                                                                                                                   12.9
                                                                                                                    1.1
                                                                                                                   13.4

                                                                                                                   96.0
                                                                                                                   91.0
                                                                                                                    0.0
                                                                                                                    0.0

-------
          APPENDIX B







    Summary  Statistics  for



Respirable Particulate Matter
             B-l

-------
        TABLE B.1    PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR PERSONAL EXPOSURE MONITOR PARTICLE CONCENTRATION (MG/IT)  BY  EPA  BUILDINGS
                     [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
        Statistic

        Total  number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
 Total
Inside
    59
    28
  22.6
   1
  21
  54
Water-
side  Crystal Fair-
Mall   City   child
  10.7
   49
   24
 23.5
  1/9
 21.4
 54.7
 10.7
   5
   2
16.3
 1.4
16.3
17.7
14.9
18
 4
18.5
23.1
14.0
W
 I
M
                                                                 Sector
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
Mall
2
13
6
24.6
6.2
19.2
54.7
15.0
Mall
3
10
7
23.8
3.4
21.7
41.4
12.3

East
8
7
22.6
2.9
23.2
32.7
10.7

West
10
2
21.2
0.2
21.2
21.3
21.0
South- South-
east west
1 1
1 0
27.3
nca -
nc
nc
nc
North- Crystal
east City
2 5
0 2
16.3
1.4
16.3
17.7
14.9
Fair-
child
5
2
18.5
4.5
18.5
23.1
14.0
Fixed
Site
5
1
21.5
nc
nc
nc
nc

-------
            APPENDIX C








Summary Statistics for Formaldehyde



        and Other Aldehydes
               C-l

-------
           TABLE  C.I.  PRIMARY  SITE  DESCRIPTIVE  STATISTICS  FOR  FORMALDEHYDE  (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                        [Statistics are computed only for  values greater than the limit  of  quantification  (LOQ)]
O
M
           Statistic

           Total  number of  samples
           Number of  samples  above  LOQ
           Sample mean
           Standard error of  the mean
           Median
           Maximum
           Minimum
           Statistic

           Total  number of samples
           Number of samples above LOQ
           Sample mean
           Standard error of the mean
           Median
           Maximum
           Minimum











Mall
2
3
3
6.7
0.2
6.9
6.9
6.4

Total
Inside
20
19
10.2
0.9
10.3
20.3
6.2

Mall
3
2
2
11.9
0.8
11.9
12.7
11.1
Water-
side
Mall
16
15
8.9
0.6
8.1
12.7
6.2


East
2
2
9.4
1.3
9.4
10.8
8.1

Crystal
City
2
2
11.3
0.0
11.3
11.3
11.3


West
3
3
10.8
0.4
10.5
11.5
10.3

Fair-
child
2
2
19.3
1.0
19.3
20.3
18.3
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
11-22
01-22
7.6 - 11.3 19.3
nca - 0.0 1.0
nc - 11.3 19.3
nc - 11.3 20.3
nc - 11.3 18.3











Fixed
Site
5
5
7.3
0.8
6.5
10.3
6.2
                 nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE C.2. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR ACETALOEHYDE  (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                     [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of  quantification (LOQ)]
O
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Statistic

        Total  number of  samples
        Number of samples above  LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
Water-










Mall
2
3
3
4.3
0.4
3.9
5.0
3.9
Total
Inside
20
19
6.0
0.5
5.2
11.1
3.8

Mall
3
2
2
4.6
0.2
4.6
4.8
4.5
side
Mall
16
15
5.1
0.3
5.0
7.8
3.8


East
2
2
6.8
1.0
6.8
7.8
5.8
Crystal
City
2
2
7.4
0.8
7.4
8.2
6.5


West
3
3
6.2
0.4
6.0
6.9
5.6
Fair-
child
2
2
10.9
0.3
10.9
11.1
10.6
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 - 22
0 1 - 22
5.2 - 7.4 10.9
nca - 0.8 0.3
nc - 7.4 10.9
nc - 8.2 11.1
nc - 6.5 10.6










Fixed
Site
5
5
4.3
0.2
4.3
5.1
3.8
              nc = not computed

-------
TABLE C.3. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR PROPIONALDEHYDE (MG/M3)  BY  EPA  BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
              [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
Statistic

Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Statistic

Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum











Mall
2
3
3
0.7
0.1
0.6
1.0
0.5

Total
Inside
20
19
0.9
0.1
0.8
2.3
0.5

Mall
3
2
2
0.6
0.0
0.6
0.6
0.5
Water-
side
Mall
16
15
0.8
0.1
0.7
1.2
0.5


East
2
2
0.9
0.2
0.9
1.1
0.8

Crystal
City
2
2
0.7
0.1
0.7
0.8
0.6


West
3
3
1.1
0.1
1.1
1.2
0.9

Fair-
child
2
2
2.2
0.1
2.2
2.3
2.0
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 - 22
0 1 22
0.7 - 0.7 2.2
nca - 0.1 0.1
nc - 0.7 2.2
nc - 0.8 2.3
nc - 0.6 2.0











Fixed
Site
5
5
0.6
0.0
0.6
0.8
0.5
      nc  = not computed

-------
        TABLE C.4. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR BUTYRALDEHYDE (MG/M3)  BY EPA BUILDINGS  AND  SECTORS
                      [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
?
VI
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Mini mum
Water-










Mall
2
3
3
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.3
Total
Inside
20
19
0.7
0.1
0.8
1.2
0.3

Mall
3
2
2
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.5
side
Mall
16
15
0.7
0.1
0.7
1.0
0.3


East
2
2
0.8
0.2
0.8
1.0
0.7
Crystal
City
2
2
1.1
0.1
1.1
1.2
0.9


West
3
3
0.9
0.1
0.9
1.0
0.7
Fair-
child
2
2
0.9
0.1
0.9
1.0
0.8
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 - 22
0 1 - 22
0.4 - 1.1 0.9
nca - 0.1 0.1
nc - 1.1 0.9
nc - 1.2 1.0
nc - 0.9 0.8










Fixed
Site
5
5
0.6
0.1
0.7
0.8
0.3
              nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE C.5. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR BENZALDEHYDE (MG/M3)  BY  EPA  BUILDINGS AND  SECTORS
                      [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)l
O
ei
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Mini mum
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
Water-










Mall
2
3
3
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.6
0.5
Total
Inside
20
19
0.8
0.1
0.6
1.9
0.4

Mall
3
2
2
0.7
0.0
0.7
0.7
0.6
side
Mall
16
15
0.6
0.0
0.6
1.0
0.4


East
2
2
0.8
0.2
0.8
1.0
0.6
Crystal
City
2
2
0.8
0.2
0.8
1.0
0.6


West
3
3
0.8
0.0
0.8
0.9
0.8
Fair-
child
2
2
1.8
0.1
1.8
1.9
1.6
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 22
0 1 - 22
0.7 - 0.8 1.8
nca - 0.2 0.1
nc - 0.8 1.8
nc - 1.0 1.9
nc - 0.6 1.6










Fixed
Site
5
5
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.6
0.4
              nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE C.6. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR VALERALDEHYDE  (MG/N3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                      [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit  of quantification  (LOQ)]
O
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum


Total
I ns i de
«•'







Mall
2
3
2
0.4
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.4
20
18
0.7
0.1
0.5
2.0
0.3

Mall
3
2
2
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.4
Water-



side Crystal Fair-
Mall City child
16
14
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.8
0.3

East
2
2
0.6
0.2
0.6
0.8
0.4
2
2
0.7
0.2
0.7
0.9
0.5

West
3
3
0.7
0.0
0.7
0.7
0.6
2
2
1.9
0.2
1.9
2.0
1.7
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 - 22
0 1 - 22
0.4 - 0.7 1.9
nca - 0.2 0.2
nc - 0.7 1.9
nc - 0.9 2.0
nc - 0.5 1.7








Fixed
Site
5
5
0.4
0.0
0.4
0.5
0.3
              nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE C.7. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR HEXANALDEHYDE  (MG/H3)  BY  EPA  BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                     [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification  (LOQ)]
                                                    Water-
O
09
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOB
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum










Mall
2
3
3
1.6
0.2
1.8
1.9
1.2
Total
Inside
20
19
2.5
0.3
2.2
5.7
1.1

Mall
3
2
2
1.9
0.3
1.9
2.2
1.6
side
Mall
16
15
2.1
0.2
2.0
3.5
1.1


East
2
2
2.6
0.8
2.6
3.4
1.8
Crystal
City
2
2
3.0
0.9
3.0
3.9
2.2


West
3
3
2.7
0.4
2.5
3.5
2.2
Fair-
child
2
2
5.3
0.4
5.3
5.7
4.8
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 22
0 1 22
1.1 - 3.0 5.3
nc° - 0.9 0.4
nc - 3.0 5.3
nc - 3.9 5.7
nc - 2.2 4.8










Fixed
Site
5
5
2.0
0.2
2.0
2.5
1.5
              nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE C.8. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR ACROLEIN (HG/H3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                      [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)J
O
to
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOG
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Mini mum
        Statistic

        Total  number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum











Mall
2
3
3
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.2

Total
Inside
20
19
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.7
0.1

Mall
3
2
2
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.1
Water-
side
Mall
16
15
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.1


East
2
2
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.4
0.3

Crystal
City
2
2
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.3


West
3
3
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.3

Fair-
child
2
2
0.7
0.0
0.7
0.7
0.7
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 - 22
0 1 - 22
0.3 - 0.3 0.7
nc8 - 0.0 0.0
nc - 0.3 0.7
nc - 0.3 0.7
nc - 0.3 0.7











F i xed
Site
5
5
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.1
              nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE C.9. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR ACETONE (MG/M3)  BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                     [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOO)]
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
Water-
Total
Inside
20
19
14.1
1.5
12.2
side
Mall
16
15
12.0
1.2
11.3
Crystal
City
2
2
16.2
1.4
16.2
Fair-
child
2
2
28.0
1.4
28.0
29.5   25.1   17.6   29.5
 7.7
7.7   14.8   26.6
O
                                                                 Sector
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
Mall
2
3
3
13.7
5.7
8.2
25.1
7.9
Mall
3
2
2
11.0
0.7
11.0
11.7
10.3

East
2
2
15.0
3.7
15.0
18.8
11.3

West
3
3
13.0
0.4
13.1
13.6
12.2
South- South- North-
east west east
1 1
0 1
8.5
nca -
nc
nc
nc
Crystal
City
2
2
16.2
1.4
16.2
17.6
14.8
Fair-
child
2
2
28.0
1.4
28.0
29.5
26.6
Fixed
Site
5
5
9.5
1.2
8.4
14.4
7.7
              nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE C.10. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR UNKNOWN CARBONYLS (MG/M3)  BY  EPA  BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                      [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Q
H
H
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOO
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOO.
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum











Mall
2
3
3
1.9
1.0
1.3
3.9
0.4

Total
Inside
20
19
1.5
0.2
1.2
3.9
0.4

Mall
3
2
2
1.3
0.5
1.3
1.8
0.8
Water-
side
Mall
16
15
1.2
0.2
1.0
3.9
0.4


East
2
2
1.2
0.0
1.2
1.3
1.2

Crystal
City
2
2
2.4
0.2
2.4
2.6
2.2


West
3
3
1.0
0.1
0.9
1.2
0.9

Fair-
child
2
2
2.5
0.4
2.5
2.9
2.1
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 - 22
0 1 - 22
1.0 - 2.4 2.5
nc8 - 0.2 0.4
nc - 2.4 2.5
nc - 2.6 2.9
nc - 2.2 2.1











Fixed
Site
5
5
0.9
0.1
1.0
1.2
0.4
       a
              nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE C.11. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR TOTAL CARBONYLS (HG/M3)  BY  EPA  BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                      [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the (intft of quantification (LOO)]
H
M
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOO
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOO
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
Uater-










Nalt
2
3
3
30.5
6.8
24.6
44.1
22.8
Total
Inside
20
19
37.7
3.4
35.3
77.0
22.8

Mall
3
2
2
33.0
0.8
33.0
33.9
32.2
side
Mall
16
15
32.1
2.0
32.2
46.3
22.8


East
2
2
38.6
7.7
38.6
46.3
30.9
Crystal
city
2
2
43.8
3.7
43.8
47.6
40.1


West
3
3
37.4
1.2
37.4
39.5
35.3
Fair-
child
2
2
73.6
3.3
73.6
77.0
70.3
Sector
South- South- North- Crystal Fair-
east west east City child
1 1 22
0 1 22
25.8 - 43.8 73.6
nc° - 3.7 3.3
nc - 43.8 73.6
nc - 47.6 77.0
nc - 40.1 70.3










Fixed
Site
5
5
26.4
2.4
24.5
36.0
22.8
              nc = not computed

-------
        APPENDIX D








  Summary Statistics for




Volatile Organic Compounds
           D-l

-------
        TABLE  D.2.  PRIMARY  SITE  DESCRIPTIVE  STATISTICS  FOR  TRICHLOROETHYLENE  (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                     [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of  quantification  (LOQ)l
        Statistic

        Total  number  of  samples
        Number of  samples above  LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Mini mum
        Number of  trace values
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside  Mall   City   child
5
0





3
61
19
1.7
0.2
1.3
3.2
0.7
38
51
9
1.1
0.1
1.0
1.8
0.7
38
5
5
1.3
0.1
1.1
1.8
1.0
0
5
5
3.0
0.1
3.0
3.2
2.8
0
7
10
                                                                 Sector
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Number of trace values
Mall



1
0
1
1
0

2
13
4
.4
.2
.4
.8
.9
9
Mall
3
10
0
.
-
-
-
-
7


East


0
0
0
1
0

8
3
.9
.2
.8
.3
.7
5
South-
west east
12 1
1 0
0.7
nca -
nc
nc
nc
10 1
South- North-
west east
1 2
0 1
1.0
nc
nc
nc
nc
1 1
Crystal
City
5
5
1.3
0.1
1.1
1.8
1.0
0
Fair-
chi


3
0
3
3
2

Id
5
5
.0
.1
.0
.2
.8
0
Fixed
Site
5
0
-
-
-
-
-
5
              nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE D.2. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR TRICHLOROETHYLENE (MG/M3)  BY  EPA  BUILDINGS  AND SECTORS
                      [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOO)]
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Number of trace values
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside  Hall   City   child
5
0





3
61
19
1.7
0.2
1.3
3.2
0.7
38
51
9
1.1
0.1
1.0
1.8
0.7
38
5
5
1.3
0.1
1.1
1.8
1.0
0
5
5
3.0
0.1
3.0
3.2
2.8
0
7
u>
                                                                 Sector
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
4
1.4
0.2
1.4
1.8
0.9
9
Mall
3
10
0
-
-
-
-
-
7

East
8
3
0.9
0.2
0.8
1.3
0.7
5
South-
west east
12 1
1 0
0.7
nca -
nc
nc
nc
10 1
South- North-
west east
1 2
0 1
1.0
nc
nc
nc
nc
1 1
Crystal
City
5
5
1.3
0.1
1.1
1.8
1.0
0
Fair-
child
5
5
3.0
0.1
3.0
3.2
2.8
0
Fixed
Site
5
0
-
-
-
-
-
5
              nc = not computed

-------
TABLE 0.3. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR TETRACNLOROETNYLENE (MG/M3)  BY  EPA BUILDINGS AND  SECTORS
              (Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Statistic

Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Max i mum
Minimum
Number of trace values
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside  Mall   City   child
Statistic

Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values









Mall
2
13
13
5.4
1.5
2.4
19.1
1.7
0
5
5
1.7
0.1
1.6
2.2
1.4
0

Mall
3
10
10
3.3
0.1
3.4
3.8
2.4
0
61
61
6.2
0.8
3.1
22.3
1.5
0


East
8
8
2.2
0.0
2.2
2.4
2.0
0
51
51
6.9
0.9
3.3
22.3
1.5
0


West
12
12
17.4
0.9
17.3
22.3
11.7
0
5
5
2.2
0.5
1.7
4.1
1.6
0
Sector
South-
east
1
1
1.5
nc*
nc
nc
nc
0
5
5
3.6
0.4
3.1
5.2
2.8
0

South- North- Crystal Fair-
wast east City child
1255
1255
2.9 2.6 2.2 3.6
nc 0.3 0.5 0.4
nc 2.6 1.7 3.1
nc 2.9 4.1 5.2
nc 2.2 1.6 2.8
0000









Fixed
Site
5
5
5.9
3.3
3.3
19.1
1.6
0
      nc « not computed

-------
        TABLE D.4. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR 1,1.1-TRICMLOROETNANE (MG/N3)  BY  EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                      [Statistics art computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOO)]
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOO
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Number of trace values
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside  Mall   City   child
5
5
1.9
0.1
1.9
2.3
1.5
0
61
61
8.1
0.8
6.3
25.9
2.3
0
51
51
8.7
0.9
6.7
25.9
2.3
0
5
5
3.3
0.2
3.1
3.8
3.0
0
5
5
6.6
0.1
6.5
7.1
6.3
0
1
u»
                                                                 Sector
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOO
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
13
7.5
2.0
3.6
25.9
2.7
0
Mall
3
10
10
4.0
0.5
3.8
7.7
2.3
0
South- South-
East
8
6
U.9
2.2
15.2
24.8
3.9
0
West
12
12
13.4
0.6
13.1
19.1
10.6
0
east
1
1
2.4
nc*
nc
nc
nc
0
west
1
1
2.7
nc
nc
nc
nc
0
North-
east
2
2
5.3
1.4
5.3
6.7
3.9
0
Crystal
City
5
5
3.3
0.2
3.1
3.8
3.0
0
Fair-
child
5
5
6.6
0.1
6.5
7.1
6.3
0
Fixed
Site
5
5
6.1
3.3
3.0
19.5
2.4
0
              nc * not computed

-------
        TABLE  D.5.  PRIMARY  SITE DESCRIPTIVE  STATISTICS FOR  P-DICHLOROBEMZEME  (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                     [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification  (LOQ)]
        Statistic

        Total  number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Number of trace values
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside  Mall   City   child
5
0





0
61
6
5.6
0.6
5.8
7.3
3.3
5
51
1
3.3
nca
nc
nc
nc
5
5
0
-
-
-
-
-
0
5
5
6.1
0.4
6.3
7.3
5.2
0
o
a\
                                                                 Sector
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
1
3.3
nc
nc
nc
nc
4
Mall
3
10
0
-
-
-
-
-
0

East West
8 12
0 0
-
-
-
-
-
0 1
South- South-
east west
1 1
0 0
-
-
-
-
-
0 0
North- Crystal
east City
2 5
0 0
-
-
-
-
-
0 0
Fair-
child
5
5
6.1
0.4
6.3
7.3
5.2
0
Fixed
Site
5
0
-
-
-
-
-
0
              nc = not computed

-------
TABLE 0.6. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR BENZENE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
              (Statistics  are  computed  only  for values  greater than the  limit of quantification (LOG)]
Statistic

Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Statistic

Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal  Fair-
Outside Inside  Mall   City   child








Mall
2
13
2
4.5
0.5
4.5
5.0
4.0
8
5
2
5.3
0.6
5.3
5.8
4.7
3
Mall
3
10
1
5.6
nca
nc
nc
nc
9
61 51
9 4
6.4 4.7
0.6 0.4
6.6 4.6
8.8 5.6
4.0 4.0
43 38
(
<
East West
8 12
0 0
-
-
-
-
-
8 6
                           5
                           0
  5
  5
7.8
0.4
7.7
8.8
6.6
  0
                     Sector

                     South- South-  North- Crystal  Fair-   Fixed
                        it   nest   east   City   child    Site
                          1
                          0
 1
 0
2
0
5
0
  5
  5
7.8
0.4
7.7
8.8
6.6
  0
  5
  1
4.1
 nc
 nc
 nc
 nc
  4
      nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE 0.7.  PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR  TOLUENE  (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                     [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the  limit of  quantification  (LOQ)]
        Statistic

        Total  number of  samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Number of trace  values
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal  Fair-
Outside Inside  Mall   City   child
5
2
7.6
0.5
7.6
8.2
7.1
3
61
54
13.5
1.3
9.9
44.3
7.0
2
51
44
10.7
0.7
9.5
32.7
7.0
2
5
5
13.5
3.4
10.3
27.1
9.3
0
5
5
38.3
2.0
35.8
44.3
34.1
0
7
09
                                                                 Sector
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Mini mum
        Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
11
12.7
2.3
10.7
32.7
7.1
1
Mall
3
10
10
11.
0.
10.
13.
9.

1
4
7
6
3
0
East
8
7
8.8
0.2
8.7
9.5
8.0
0
South- South- North- Crystal
West east west east City
12 1 1 2 5
10 0
9.
0.
8.
12.
7.

0
4
5
0
9
0 1
0
16
6
16
22
9
0
2
.2
.3
.2
.5
.9
0
5
13.5
3.4
10.3
27.1
9.3
0
Fai
chi

38
2
35
44
34

r
Id
5
5
.3
.0
.8
.3
.1
0
Fixed
Site
5
5
8.7
0.6
8.7
10.7
7.0
0

-------
        TABLE 0.8. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR ETHYLBENZENE (MG/N3)  BY EPA BUILDINGS  AND  SECTORS
                      [Statistics  are  computed  only  for values greater  than the  limit of quantification (LOQ)}
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Number of trace values
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside  Mall   City   child
5
1
1.2
nca
nc
nc
nc
4
61
54
1.7
0.1
1.4
5.4
1.0
7
51
44
1.4
0.1
1.4
2.8
1.0
7
5
5
1.4
0.0
1.4
1.5
1.4
0
5
5
4.9
0.1
4.9
5.4
4.5
0
o
to
                                                                 Sector
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Mini mum
        Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
9
1.8
0.2
1.6
2.8
1.3
4
Mall
3
10
10
1.5
0.0
1.6
1.7
1.4
0

East
8
8
1.2
0.0
1.2
1.3
1.0
0

West
12
11
1.1
0.0
1.1
1.4
1.0
1
South- South-
east west
1 1
0 1
1.7
nc
nc
nc
nc
1 0
North-
east
2
2
1.5
0.1
1.5
1.6
1.3
0
Crystal
City
5
5
1.4
0.0
1.4
1.5
1.4
0
Fair-
child
5
5
4.9
0.1
4.9
5.4
4.5
0
Fixed
Site
5
4
1.4
0.1
1.3
1.6
1.2
1
              nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE 0.9. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR 0-XYLENE (MG/M3)  BY  EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                      [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
H
O
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Number of trace values
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        *  nber of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Number of trace values
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal  Fair-
Outside Inside  Mall   City   child









Mall
2
13
12
2.0
0.2
1.9
3.4
1.0
1
5
3
1.3
0.1
1.2
1.5
1.1
2

Mall
3
10
10
1.9
0.1
1.8
2.2
1.7
0
61
60
2.0
0.2
1.7
6.2
1.0
1


East
8
8
1.4
0.0
1.5
1.5
1.2
0
51
50
1.7
0.1
1.5
3.4
1.0
1


West
12
12
1.4
0.0
1.3
1.7
1.1
0
5
5
1.8
0.0
1.8
1.8
1.7
0
Sector
South-
east
1
1
1.0
nc8
nc
nc
nc
0
5
5
5.6
0.2
5.5
6.2
5.1
0

South- North-
west east
1 2
1 2
2.0 1.7
nc 0.2
nc 1.7
nc 1.9
nc 1.5
0 0









Crystal
City
5
5
1.8
0.0
1.8
1.8
1.7
0









Fair-
child
5
5
5.6
0.2
5.5
6.2
5.1
0









Fixed
Site
5
5
1.6
0.1
1.6
1.9
1.2
0
              nc B not computed

-------
TABLE 0.10. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR P-XYLENE (NG/M3)  BY  EPA BUILDINGS  AND  SECTORS
               [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
Statistic

Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal  Fair-
Outside Inside  Mall   City   child
5
4
3.0
0.3
2.9
3.9
2.4
1
61
61
5.2
0.4
4.4
17.3
2.5
0
51
51
4.2
0.2
4.0
9.2
2.5
0
5
5
4.6
0.1
4.7
4.9
4.3
0
5
5
15.5
0.5
15.4
17.3
14.4
0
                                                         Sector
Statistic

Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOO
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
13
4.9
0.6
4.9
9.2
2.5
0
Mall
3
10
10
5.0
0.2
4.9
5.8
4.5
0
South- South-
East
8
8
3.6
0.1
3.6
4.1
3.0
0
West
12
12
3.3
0.1
3.3
4.1
2.6
0
east
1
1
2.7
nca
nc
nc
nc
0
west
1
1
5.0
nc
nc
nc
nc
0
North-
east
2
2
4.5
0.5
4.5
4.9
4.0
0
Crystal
City
5
5
4.6
0.1
4.7
4.9
4.3
0
Fair-
child
5
5
15.5
0.5
15.4
17.3
14.4
0
Fixed
Site
5
5
4.1
0.4
4.0
4.9
3.0
0
      nc = not computed

-------
TABLE 0.11. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR STYRENE (MG/M3)  BY  EPA  BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
               [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Statistic

Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside  Mall   City   child
5
0






0
61
1
1.5
a
nc
nc
nc
nc
13
51
0
-

•
-
-
-
10
5
0
-

-
-
-
-
1
5
1
1.5

nc
nc
nc
nc
2
                                                         Sector
Statistic

Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
0
-
-
-
-
-
3
Mall
3 East West
10 8 12
000
.
-
-
-
.
2 3 1
South-
east
1
0
-
-
-
-
-
0
South- North- Crystal
west east City
1 2 5
000
.
.
.
.
.
1 0 1
Fair-
child
5
1
1.5
nc
nc
nc
nc
2
Fixed
Site
5
0
-
-
-
-
-
0
       nc  =  not  computed

-------
TABLE 0.12. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR N-DECANE (MG/M3)  BY EPA BUILDINGS  AND  SECTORS
               [Statistics  are computed  only  for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
Statistic

Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal  Fair-
Outside Inside  Mall   City   child
5
0





0
61
5
6.3
1.8
5.2
12.9
2.9
16
51
5
6.3
1.8
5.2
12.9
2.9
11
5
0
-
-
-
-
-
0
5
0
-
-
-
-
-
5
                                                         Sector
Statistic

Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
2
8.6
4.3
8.6
12.9
4.3
3
Mall
3 East
10 8
1 0
2.9
nc°
nc
nc
nc
3 1
West
12
0
_
-
-
-
4
South-
east
1
0
•
-
-
-
0
South- North-
west east
1 2
0 0
m _
-
-
-
0 0
Crystal
City
5
0
-
-
-
-
0
Fair-
child
5
0
-
-
-
-
5
Fixed
Site
5
2
5.8
0.6
5.8
6.3
5.2
0
      nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE 0.13.  PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE  STATISTICS FOR  N-DODECANE  (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                      [Statistics are computed only for values greater  than the  limit  of quantification (LOO)]
        Statistic

        Total  number of samples
        Number of  samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Number of  trace values
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside  Mall   City   child
            61
             0
51
 0
O
                                                                 Sector
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
0
Mall
3
10
0

East
8
0
South- South- North- Crystal Fair- Fixed
West east west east City child Site
12 1 1 2 5 5 5
0000000

-------
        TABLE 0.14. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR N-OCTANE (MG/N3)  BY  EPA  BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                       [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Mini mum
        Number of trace values
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside  Mall   City   child
5
0





5
61
24
1.0
0.1
0.9
2.0
0.6
36
51
16
1.0
0.1
0.8
2.0
0.6
34
5
3
0.6
0.0
0.6
0.6
0.6
2
5
5
1.0
0.0
0.9
1.1
0.9
0
o
H
Ul
                                                                 Sector
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
        Number of trace values
Mall
2
13
4
1.2
0.1
1.2
1.5
0.8
9
Mall
3
10
5
1.3
0.2
1.6
2.0
0.7
5

East
8
3
0.7
0.0
0.6
0.7
0.6
5

West
12
0
-
-
-
-
-
11
South- South-
east west
1 1
1 0
0.7
ncfl -
nc
nc
nc
0 1
North-
east
2
1
0.8
nc
nc
nc
nc
1
Crystal
City
5
3
0.6
0.0
0.6
0.6
0.6
2
Fair-
child
5
5
1.0
0.0
0.9
1.1
0.9
0
Fixed
Site
5
2
0.9
0.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
3
              nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE 0.15.  PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR SUM OF VOCS (MG/M3) BY  EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
                      [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOQ)]
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal Fair-
Outside Inside  Mall   City   child
5
5
12.8
4.0
10.3
26.7
2.9
61
61
40.3
2.9
35.8
110.4
10.7
51
51
35.7
2.1
35.7
94.1
10.7
5
5
28.8
3.4
26.0
41.8
23.3
5
5
99.4
2.8
96.7
110.4
94.6
H
O\
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
                                                                 Sector
Mall
2
13
13
38.4
6.6
27.2
94.1
14.5
Mall
3
10
10
30.5
1.7
29.6
38.2
23.6
South- South-
East
8
8
34.9
2.7
35.7
44.9
21.4
West
12
12
44.3
2.1
44.1
56.0
26.0
east
1
1
10.7
nca
nc
nc
nc
west
1
1
15.6
nc
nc
nc
nc
North-
east
2
2
33.8
10.2
33.8
43.9
23.6
Crystal
City
5
5
28.8
3.4
26.0
41.8
23.3
Fair-
child
5
5
99.4
2.8
96.7
110.4
94.6
Fixed
Site
5
5
33.5
6.7
31.7
56.3
17.6
              nc = not computed

-------
        TABLE D.16. PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR TOTAL VOCS (PPM CARBON) BY EPA BUILDINGS  AND  SECTORS
                       [Statistics are computed only for values greater than the limit of quantification (LOO)]
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
               Water-
  Total  Total  side  Crystal  Fair-
Outside Inside  Mall   City   child
5
5
0.4
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.2
61
61
1.0
0.1
0.8
7.1
0.3
51
51
1.0
0.1
0.8
7.1
0.3
5
5
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.8
0.5
5
5
1.9
0.3
1.8
2.9
1.5
H
vl
                                                                 Sector
        Statistic

        Total number of samples
        Number of samples above LOQ
        Sample mean
        Standard error of the mean
        Median
        Maximum
        Minimum
Mall
2
13
13
0.8
0.1
0.8
2.0
0.3
Mall
3
10
10
1.0
0.2
0.8
2.0
0.4
South- South-
East
8
8
0.9
0.1
0.9
1.4
0.5
West
12
12
0.9
0.2
0.7
2.5
0.6
east
1
1
7.1
nca
nc
nc
nc
west
1
1
0.9
nc
nc
nc
nc
North-
east
2
2
0.6
0.0
0.6
0.7
0.6
Crystal
City
5
5
0.5
0.1
0.5
0.8
0.5
Fair-
child
5
5
1.9
0.3
1.8
2.9
1.5
Fixed
Site
5
5
0.7
0.1
0.8
0.8
0.4
              nc = not computed

-------
          APPENDIX E
Summary Statistics for Nicotine
              E-l

-------
TABLE E.1.  PRIMARY SITE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR NICOTINE (MG/M3) BY EPA BUILDINGS AND SECTORS
            [Statistics are computed only for values above the limit of quantification (LOO)]
 Statistic

 Total number of samples
 Number of samples above LOQ
 Sample mean
 Standard error of the mean
 Median
 Maximum
 Minimum
       Water-
 Total   side  Crystal  Fair-
Inside   Mall   City   child
63
6
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
50
3
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
7
1
0.1
nca
nc
nc
nc
6
2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
                                                          Sector
 Statistic

 Total number of samples
 Number of samples above LOQ
 Sample mean
 Standard error of the mean
 Median
 Maximum
 Minimum
Mall
2
14
1
0.1
nc
nc
nc
nc
Mall
3
11
2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
South-
east West east
8 14 1
000
-
.
.
.
...
South-
west
1
0
-
-
-
-
-
North-
east
1
0
-
-
-
-
-
Crystal
City
7
1
0.1
nc
nc
nc
nc
Fair-
child
6
2
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.1
       nc - not computed
                                            E-2

-------
                   APPENDIX F







Summary Statistics for Particles at Fixed Indoor



     and Fixed Outdoor Monitoring Locations
                      P-l

-------
Table F.1    Fixed Site  Descriptive  statistics for Turner-10 particle concentration (fig/m )
             [Statistics are computed only for  values above the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Statistic
Fixed
 Site
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOO
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
    5
    5
 19.3
  0.6
 19.1
 21.5
 18.0
Table F.2.    Fixed  Site Descriptive  statistics  for Turner-2.5 particle concentration (pg/in )
              [Statistics are computed only for values above the limit of quantification (LOO)]
Statistic
Fixed
 Site
Total number of samples
Number of samples above LOQ
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Mini mum
    5
    5
  8.6
  0.9
  8.6
 11.2
  5.6
                                          F-2

-------
Table F.3.   Fixed Site Descriptive statistics for coarse dichotomous particle concentration,
             
-------
                APPENDIX G







Summary Statistics for Viable and Nonviable



       Microbiological Contaminants
                   G-l

-------
TABLE G.1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR FUNGI  MEASURED AT THE  EPA  BUILDINGS.
Statistic
          Total
Outside  Inside
Number of samples
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
7
22.14
15.18
10.0
112.5
0.0
63
28.25
13.94
10.0
882.5
0.0
                                                       Sector
Statistic

Number of samples
Sample mean
Standard error of mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Mai
2

11.
2.
10
32
0
I

13
35
65
.0
.5
.0
Mall
3
12
8.13
1.80
7.5
25.0
0.0

East
8
129.69
107.66
18.8
882.5
5.0


West

22.
9.
16
120
0
12
71
47
.3
.0
.0
South-
east
1
2.50
nca
nc
nc
nc
South-
west
1
10.00
nc
nc
nc
nc
North-
east
2
17.50
12.50
17.5
30.0
5.0
Crystal
City
5
11.50
2.18
10.0
17.5
5.0
Fair-
child
5
9.50
3.39
5.0
22.5
5.0
Fixed
Site
5
19.50
5.02
20.0
35.0
7.5
      nc = not computed

-------
           TABLE G.2. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR HUNAN-SOURCE BACTERIA  MEASURED AT  THE  EPA BUILDINGS.
           Statistic
          Total
Outside  Inside
           Number of samples
           Sample mean
           Standard error of the mean
           Median
           Maximum
           Minimum
      7
   53.6
   34.1
      5
    240
      5
  63
51.5
 4.1
  45
 185
   5
O
w
                                                                  Sector
           Statistic

           Number of samples
           Sample mean
           Standard error of mean
           Median
           Maximum
           Mini mum
Mall
2
13
56.9
8.2
50
120
20
Mall
3
12
37.5
4.9
30
70
10

East
8
63.1
19.1
48
185
15

West
12
63.3
9.1
70
105
5
South-
east
1
35.0
nca
nc
nc
nc
South-
west
1
40.0
nc
nc
nc
nc
North-
east
2
60.0
40.0
60
100
20
Crystal
City
5
24.0
6.4
25
40
5
Fair-
child
5
58.0
17.3
45
125
30
Fixed
Site
5
57.0
11.2
50
100
35
                 nc = not computed

-------
TABLE G.3. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS FOR THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA MEASURED AT  THE  EPA  BUILDINGS.
Statistic

Number of samples
Sample mean
Standard error of the mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
          Total
Outside  Inside
      7
    2.9
    1.5
      0
     10
      0
  63
18.3
 3.0
  10
 140
   0
                                                       Sector
Statistic

Number of samples
Sample mean
Standard error of mean
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Mall
2
13
17.7
4.8
15
60
0
Mall
3
12
26.7
6.4
28
70
0

East
8
14.4
3.1
15
30
0

West
12
9.2
2.0
8
20
0
South-
east
1
5.0
nca
nc
nc
nc
South-
west
1
5.0
nc
nc
nc
nc
North-
east
2
10.0
5.0
10
15
5
Crystal
City
5
8.0
3.0
5
20
5
Fair-
child
5
24.0
16.7
10
90
0
Fixed
Site
5
45.0
24.6
25
140
0
       nc  = not computed

-------
           APPENDIX H
Results of Full-Scan VOC Analysis
    on Selected VOC Canisters
               H-l

-------
        asm-
         1SMM
X
to
         nut
          FIGURE H-l  GC/MS CHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS'  BUILDINGS SITE 1 -  BEFORE MONITORING

-------
K
             ^y^T^M^^^^

             ..|......... I........., — ,...,|...*,..!•!	,. j..|.,.,,....r.,.).,j.|....,...,|....ri..|...,|....I.,..,..,. j.,..,....j, ..M...-.(
              IT      it      »     20      21      ;?     2;     21      :s      ;(     2?     2t      :s     si
         FIGURE H-l  (Continued)

-------
miw
ISNN
 nm
U
1«
IS
                                                                                IS
 FIGURE H-2  GC/MS CHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS' BUILDINGS SITE 2 - BEFORE MONITORING

-------
                                        o
                                        c
VI
t
3!

Ul
                                                    -
                                                 5  1
                                                 4 -i
                                                  I,
                1?      II       19       20
22       2J      21      25      2«
                                                 21       21
           FIGURE H-2   (Continued)

-------
tSNt
                                                      r»  •
                                                      i  !

j        I                                 .c    j
if                              •   i    i
 I        O                                  ^    ^^
^?        «•                                 ^t    it


 ^•WK*^v4»^^^
                         10    11    12    IS    If   }S    It
 FIGURE H-3 GC/MS GHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS' BUILDINGS SITE 3- BEFORE MONITORING

-------
                                                ^^^
    17
18
'    I    '    I
   1)      28
21
I
22
2$
 I
2S
 I
2T
28
 I
24
'    I
   »
FIGURE H-3  (Continued)

-------
         MM-
sc
i
00
         MM-
         MM
              *wWflii*W^^
II      11
                                                                       li       11      IS      ft      IT
       FIGURE H-4 GC/MS  CHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS' BUILDINGS BLANK CANISTER - BEFORE MONITORING

-------
EG
vo
          4rr*V*^^
            it    it     n    21     «     n
     FIGURE H-4  (Continued)

-------
         MM-
         MM-
         MM
M
O
                                                  It
fi
II
H
                                                                                                     ir
   FIGURE H-5  GC/MS CHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS'  BUILDINGS CALIBRATION CANISTER - BEFORE MONITORING

-------
H
M
                                                       f
                                                       «
                                                       r>

                                     W.^yN(» «»fr* » U^*n JWu
   FIGURE H-5   (Continued)

-------
Fil« >00409 45.0-875.0 *»u. E8762EPR EPB- .. •
TIC
1000
cOWOWV-
700000-

650000-
600000-
650000-

500000
450000
400000

350000
300000
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100000-
50000-




























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8000 ( 3000 , 40,00













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•100

•90

•80

•70

•60

•50

•40

•30

•30
•10
-O
4 k 12 16 £0 84 ' £8 ' 32 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 '
FIGURE H-6  GC/MS CHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS' BUILDINGS SITE 4 - AFTER
            MONITORING
                                    H-12

-------
TABLE H-l.   LIST OF VOC COMPOUNDS OBSERVED IN SITE 4 CANISTER
teak
Ho.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31 .
Retention Tine
(•in)
2.03
2.87
4.77
6.36
8.43
12.66
12.89
13.29
13.81
15.80
15.90
16.01
17.13
13.55
14.42
15.47
16.25
16.61
17.34
17.70
17.97
18.32
18.51
18.59
18.85
. 19.19
19.34
19.46
19.63
19.80
19.93
Identification
chlorodl f luoronethane
butane
C5H10
C5H8
•ethyl ene chloride
1,1, 1-trlchloroethane
C7H16
C7H16
unknown
unknown
C8H}8
C7H14
unknown
benzene
n-heptane
•ethylcyclohexane
C8H16
C8H16
C8H18
cnH2n+2
C8H16
toluene
C8H16
C8H16
C8Hj8 (prob. octane)
C8H16
C9H18
unknown
cnH2n*2 + tetrachloroethylene
C9H20
fcexane thy 1 cycl otrl s 1 1 oxane
                                    H-13

-------
TABLE H-l.   (Continued)
Nak
Mo.
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
Retention Tine
(Bin)
20.07
20.26
20.42
20.56
21.02
21.18
21.35
21.56
21.86
21.99
22.22
22.37
22.52
22.67
22.98
23.13
23.48
23.62
24.05
24.39
25.43
26.61
27.62
28.27
30.35
33.69
43.45
Identification
C9H20
C9H18
C8Hi6
C9H18
C9H}8 or C8Hj40
C9H18
C9H1S
C9H20
C9H20
octahydropental ene
C9H18
C2-a1kyl benzene + C9Hj8
CnH2n
dlaethyl benzene «• C9Hj8
n-nonane
CjoH2o
C9H18
C9H18
•ethyl octahydropental ene Isomer
propylcyclohexane
CllH24
n-decane
Ca-alkyl benzene
C11H24 4 C10H20
n-undecane
n-dodecane
CuHzftO? (Isoner)
                                  H-14

-------
File >0
14000O
130000
180000-
110000
100000-
90000-
00000-
70000-
60000-
50000-
40000-
30000-
80000-
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4 8 18 16 £0 84 ' 88 ' 3£ ' 36 ' 40 ' 4*4 ' 48 '
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100
90

80
70


•50
•40

•30
•80

•10
•0
FIGURE H-7  GC/MS CHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS'  BUILDINGS SITE 5 - AFTER
            MONITORING
                                  H-15

-------
TABLE H-2   GC/MS CHROMATOGRAM FOR EPA HEADQUARTERS'  BUILDINGS SITE 5 - AFTER
            MONITORING
Peak
                Retention Tine
                                                    Identification
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
10
31
7.17
7.55
8.51
11.38
12.50
12.67
13.56
13.82
15.10
16.12
18.34
19.17
19.93
20.93
21.39
22.05
22.12
22.21
22.41
22.69
22.96
23.42
23.50
23.67
23.98
24.16
24.33
24.46
24.57
25.16
25.45
unknown (tent. tcetoneO
unknown
dlchloronethane
unknown (tent. CfiH^)
unknown
1 i 1 , l-tr1 chl oroethane
unknown (tent, benzene)
unknown
unknown
unknown
toluene
unknown (tent. CnH£n+2)
hexanethyl cycl otrl s 1 1 oxane
unknown (tent. CyH^)
unknown (tent. CgH^g)
CnH2n+2
CnH2n+2
unknown
cnH2n+2 4 tthyl benzene
£-xy1ene
cnH2n+2
unknown (tent. CnH2n+2)
CnH2n+2
n-decane
CnH2n+2
^11^24
CnH2n+2
CnH2n
unknown (tent. CnH2n+2)
CnH2n+2
CllH24
                                   H-16

-------
TABLE H-2   (Continued)
Peak
No.
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Reten(iln)T1iie Identification
25.86 CnH24
25.96 CnH2n+2
26 .16 Cn^2 n+2
26.36 C12H26
26.66 Ci2H26
26.78 CnH2n+2
26.95 CllH24
27.41 C|)H2n+2
91 %* *• |j_ _
•' • ' *n"2n+2
28.04 Ci2H26
28.30 Ci2H26
28.54 CnH2n2
30.75 CnH9n+9
                                    H-17

-------
                  APPENDIX I
  Results of Internal and External laboratory
VOC and Pesticide Quality Assurance Procedures
                     1-1

-------
TABLE 1-1.  BACKGROUND LEVEL EVALUATION OF CLEANED VOC CANISTERS  (Mg/m3)

1
Vinyl cfcloMdt
Vinyl 1«ana cMorttft
Ntthyltna Chloride
Jrj2f-l .2-OtChlorotthant
l.HMeMorotthana
£ll-1.2-C*ehloroathane
CMorofora
1 .1 ,l-7McMorotthant
Cartoon tttrachloMde
••nztnt
TncMorotthyltne
Toluont
ft-Octant
Tttrachlorotthyltnt
1 .2-Ottoroaoatthane
CMoraotnztnt
Ithyltotniane
f-Xyltnt
fXyltne
Styront
1 . 1 . 2 . 2-Tatraeh lorotthan*
fi"0tc*nt
f-01ch lor ototnzane
t-01cMorobtnztnt
f-OlcMorotoanzana
f-0odecan«
4-fhtny'eyclphaiana J
Toul Tarott Uvtl tl

too
tng/L) 1
.02
.71
.12
.15
.20
.25
.25
.14
.71
.06
.11
.72
.15
.24
.18
.09
.24
.59
.25
.17
.04
.70
.44
.41
.M
.11
1^3
(.01

tri
11483 1
.0
.0
.2
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.6
.0
.1
.0
.s
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
UrH»t<
m
M4T7 1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.1
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
tr
tl
»1<
.t
r
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
*
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
.
.
.
,
Coat
ri
146 1
;




























m
»1454 I
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
.2
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0

m i
(1474 I
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.s
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.1
.0

Itan
KGD •angc
.0
.0 '
.2 0.6-1.2
.1 0.0-0.1
.0
.1 0-0-0.2
.1 0.0-0.1
.0
.0
.2 1.1-1. 1
.0
.0 0.2-0.1
.0
.1 0.0-0.1
.0
.0
.0 0.0-0.0
.0 0.1-0.1
.0 6.0-0.1
.0 0.0-0.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2 0.0-0.4
.0 0.0-0.1
.4 2.0-4.0
                                      1-2

-------
TABLE 1-1.   BACKGROUND LEVEL EVALUATION OF CLEANED VOC  CANISTERS
                                    CONTINUED
                                              CanUttr Cedt
                      LOO
                             SO
PA
43   10
IPA
tO   t7
03
CM  IPA
77   t3A   43
1276
Vinyl chloride
VlnyKfltnt ehloMdt
Utthyltnt chloride
fr*n*-\ .2-01ch1orotthana
I.Mhchlorotthant
£il-l .2-OlcMorotthan«
CMerefer*
l.l.l-7McMorotthar»
Carton tttrachlorlde
•atutnt
THcMorotthylant
Tolutot
ft-Octana
Tttrach loretthy 1«nt
CMorobtnitnt
Ethy1t«n*«na
fXylant
ftyrtnt
1 . 1 .2.2-7«trach1orotthana
f-Olch lercbanitna
f-Oetfaean*
4-fhtnylcyetohaxtne 1
Total Tarott Lavtl !
.02
.73
.12
.15
.20
.25
.25
.14
.71
.«
.11
.72
.15
.24
.It
.09
.24
.59
.25
.17
.M
.70
.44
.43
.54
.11
I.2S
It. 03






0.1 0.1

l.t 1.4






0.1 0.1






l.t l.t


0. 0 .0




0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6
0 0.0
l.S 2.1 t.O 1.1 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.1
0 .0 .0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0

.0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0
.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1
.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0
.1 . . .0 .0 0.0 0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0
.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 l.t 1.1 0.0

                                       1-3

-------
TABLE 1-1.  BACKGROUND LEVEL EVALUATION OF CLEANED VOC CANISTERS
                                   CONTINUED
CanUttr Codt
LOO
<«g/L)
tfnyl c* lor tot
V1ny110tnt eMeridt
Ntthyltnt Chloride
yant-1 .2-OlcMorotthant
l.HMchlorotthar*
Cli-1 .MXchlorottMnt
CMoroforo
l.l.MrlcMorotthaiw
Careen tttracMoridt
•tnztnt
TrfcMorotthylont
Tolutnt
B-Octant
TttrocMorotthyltnt
1.2-OtoroMMthant
CMorooenztnt
fthylbtnitnt
fXyltnt
ff-XytoM%
Styrtnt
1 . 1 .2.2-TotracMoro»thant
ft-0tc«nt
f-01eMoro6tnxtnt
f-Olctilorebtnxtnt
t-0iehlor«b«nxon«
A-Oodteant
•* Wnoy icyc lohoxctw
Total Tarott Uvtl tl
.02
.71
.12
.15
.20
.25
.25
.14
.71
.te
.11
.72
.15
.24
.11
.OS
.24
.59
.25
.17
.*4
.70
.44
.43
.14
.11
.23
(.03
CM
ms

0.0



0.2

1.7


.1
.0
.0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.0

0.0

0.0

ttt
17

0.0



0.1

1.1


.2
.0
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0

0.0

0.0

PA
1265

0.0



i 0.1

1.7


.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0

0.0

0.0

PA
11






0.2

1.1


O.I
o.o
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0

e.o

0.0

PA
0117






0.0

1.7


.1
.0
.1
.1
.1
.1
.0

0.0

0.0

PA
1471






o.s

1.0


.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0

0.0

0.1

PA
0117
o.o




0.0

1.1


.2
.0
.0
.1
.2
.1
.0
.0

o.o

0.1

PA
IA
o.o
•

o.o

0.5

1.1


.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0

0.0

0.1

PA
0710
o.o

o.o
0.0
0.1
o.o
1.7


.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.1
.1
.0

0.0
0.0
0.1

                                     1-4

-------
TABLE 1-1.   BACKGROUND LEVEL EVALUATION OF CLEANED VOC CANISTERS
                                    CONTINUED
100 IP* IW IP* HMn
ny icyc lofwxatM
.02
.71
.12
.15
.20
.25
.25
.14
.11
.16
.11
.72
.15
.24
ie
.09
.24
.89
.25
.17
.14
.70
.44
.41
.84
.11
.23
.
.
•
.
•
.
.0
.0
.
•
•
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
•
.

1.

















.
•
•
•

.
•
.

.

.
•

.
.

.
.

.

.
.
.
.
•



























.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
9 1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1 0.0 • 1.7
.0
.0
.0
.2 0.0 - 0.8
.0
.0
.4 0.9-15.
.0
.1 .1-0.5
.1 .0 - .1
.1 .0 - .1
.0
.0 .0 - .1
.0 ' .0 • .1
.1 .0- .2
.0 .0 - .1
.0 .0 • .1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1 0.0 - 1.2
Total TarQtt Laval
18. OJ
I.I
M.I
S.8
1S.I
1.8 - 16
                                        1-5

-------
TABLE 1-2.    RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF  CANISTER FIELD BLANKS
T«rgtt Cttpound 1
Vinyl cMoridt
Vinylifent cMoHdt
Hithyltt* cMoHdt
JCttl-1 .2-CHcMorotthyltnt
I,l-0
-------
TABLE 1-3.  RECOVERY OF TARGET COMPOUNDS FROM FIELD CONTROL CANISTERS
                            Percent Recovery, Corrected for Background
Tit-get Compound            fCl  FC2  FC3  FC4  FC5  FC6  FC7  Mean  SRSD
Vinyl chloride              72  74   70   55   73   74   67   69
Vinyl tdene chloride        102  103  106  110  108  115   99  106    4.7
Nethylene chloride          92  89   95  106   92  100   97   96    5.6
trans-1.2-D1chloroethyltne 100  106  108  115  109  114   97  107    5.9
1,1-Dlchloroethane         102  102  102  102  102  106   94  102    3.3
£ls-l,2-D1chloroethylene   104  108  103  105  107  113   99  106    4.0
Chloroform                  92  98   96  101   98  102   92   97    4.0
1,1,1-Trlchloroethane       96  102  100  100   99  109   94  100    4.5
Carbon tetrachlorlde       105  71  108  103    0    0  110   71   65.6
Benzene                    105  93   98   91   95  100   69   96    5.5
Trlchloroethylene          102  106  101  104  106  113   93  104    5.2
Toluene                     97  98  106  100   99  103   93   99    3.7
fi-Octane                   104  100  104  104  104  107   96  103    3.3
Tetrachloroethylene        100  115  104  102  100  112  100  105    5.6
1,2-Dlbronoethane          107  114  114  117  110  118  115  113    3.2
Chlorobenzene              103  109  107  108  103  109   99  105    3.2
Ethylbenzene               111  109  108  111  108  110  102  108    2.7
g-Xylene                   108  105  105  108  107  110   99  106    3.2
g-tylene                   117  113  109  109  107  110  102  110    4.1
Styrene                    107  95   57  107  115  118  102  100   19.1
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane  111  111  106  103  100  108  101  106    4.0
fi-Oecane                   208  170   97  115  111  106   97  129   30.7
5-Dlchlorobenzene          182  157  124  138  114  117  107  134   18.7
fc-DI Chlorobenzene          176  150  126  128  117  119  117  133   15.2
£-D1chlorobenzene          190  161  115  122  109  113  109  131   22.3
t-Dodecane  .               171  145     6   70   92   69   50   86   60.3
4-Phenylcyclohexene         28  25   -1   29   64   28   16   27   66.7
                                     1-7

-------
TABLE 1-4.   PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION FOR DUPLICATE CANISTER ANALYSIS
•
Staples

Vinyl chloride
V1ny11dene chloride
Methyl ene chloride
trans-1 , 2-01 chl oroe thane
1,1-01 chloroethane
c1s-l , 2-01 chl oroethene
Chloroform
1,1, 1-Trl chl oroethane
Carbon tetrachlorlde
Benzene
Tr1 chl oroe thylene
Toluene
it-Octane
Tetrachl oroethy 1 ene
1,2-Dlbronoe thane
Chlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
£-Xylene
o-Xylene
Styrene
1, 1, 2, 2-Tetrachl oroe thane
ji-Decane
••01 chl orobenzene
£-01 Chlorobenzene
N»
.c
-
8
-
-
-
-
11
-
1
1
9
4
11
-
-
10
11
11
-
-
2
-
•»
Mean
IRSD
-
-
9.3
•
•
•
•
2.4
•
8.2
5.4
2.2
2.1
4.5
-
•
3.2
3.4
3.1
-
-
4.3
-
•
Held
Controls
N*








2
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Mean
IRSD
6.6
3.1
6.9
4.9
5.7
1.9
3.6
3.5
5.8
7.7
2.0
10.2
2.4
11.1
7.9
6.4
2.9
2.7
2.6
8.4
4.7
4.5
12.4
14.0
Field
Hanks
Mb
•>
-
3
-
•
•
3
-
-
2
-
2
-
-
-
1
1
2
2
1
•
-
1
•
Mean
tRSD
-
•
61.5
-
•
-
12.7
-
-
60.0
-
51.6
-
•
-
15.7
0
28.2
29.5
7.4
-
-
28.3
-
                                     1-8

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TABLE 1-4.  PERCENT RELATIVE STANDARD DEVIATION FOR DUPLICATE CANISTER ANALYSIS
                                  CONTINUED
                                              Field         Field
                              Simples        Controls        Blinks
•

£-D1ch1orobenzene
g-Dodecane
4-Phcny 1 cycl ohexene

N'
-
-
-
Mean
XRSD
-
-
-

N»
3
3
3
Mean
SRSO
13.5
13.5
63.6

N*>
2
3
3
Mean
SRSD
12.6
41.4
46.8
•N • Number of pairs where both have Measurable data.
*N • Number of pairs where both values are greater than 0.00
*- • One or both values of pair below quantifiable limit (samples,
 controls); one or both values 0.00 (blanks).
                                     1-9

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TABLE 1-5.   RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION VOC SAMPLES
Anount Spiked, ppb
Target Compound
Vinyl chloride
Chloroform
Carbon tetrachlorlde
Methyl ene chloride
1,2-Dlchloroethane
Trlchloroethylene
Benzene
Tttrachl oroethyl ene
Brononethane
Tr1 chl orof 1 uorone thane
1,1, 1-Trl chl oroethane
1,2-Dlchloropropane
1,2-Dlbronoe thane
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethyl benzene
£-fylene
1000
B788
4.2
4.0
3.9
3.5
4.2
.4.4
4.3
4.5
3.7
3.8
4.2
4.2
4.1
4.4
4.4
4.0
4.0
B800
8711
3.1
3.0
3.0
2.6
3.2
3.3
3.2
3.4
2.8
2.9
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.0
3.0
8740
8763
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.6
1.6
8734
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.4
2.4
                                     1-10

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TABLE 1-5.  RESULTS OF ANALYSIS OF EXTERNAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION VOC SAMPLES
                                  CONTINUED
Results, Expressed as I Bits*
Target Compound
Vinyl chloride
Chloroform
Carbon tetrachlorlde
Hethylene chloride
Trlchloroethylene
Benzene
Tetrachl oroethy 1 ene
1,1, l-Tr1 chl oroethane
1,2-01 bromoethane
Toluene
Chlorobenzene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
1000
-76
-15
2.6
-5.7
-20
-26
-20
-21
-24
-18
-25
-22
-18
8788
-55
-18
2.6
-5.7
-23
-19
-24
-19
-24
-23
-25
-25
-20
8800
-58
-17
0.0
0.0
-24
-16
-35
-22
-32
-24
-33
-30
-23
8711
-45
-13
6.7
7.7
-18
-16
-21
-19
-26
-21
-27
-20
-20
8740
-53
-12
12
14
-22
-29
-5.6
-12
-19
-18
-28
-19
-19
8763
*-29
-12
6.2
7.1
-22
-18
-17
-18
-25
-18
-28
-25
-19
8734
-48
-12
0.0
9.5
-23
-15
-30
-16
-25
-19
-31
-17
-21
*„-,_- _ Amount Sotted - Amount Found 	
                     )unt Spiked
                                     i-li

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TABLE 1-6.
PESTICIDE MATRIX SPIKE RECOVERY DATA
           EXTRACTION DATE (MS-1): 03/08/89
                             (MS-2): 03/14/89

            OCN RECOVERIES (MS-1): 98 %
                             (MS-2): 107%
•
» COMPOUND
ALNA'IMC
KXACNlOtOKIOENE
KPTACNIOI
OlORPYtlPOS
RIltMII
mrauF *
DIAZtKH *
via trvEi
Cnt/plug)
100
150
100
1000
too
BOO
800
ewe. K-I
M.S
1S2.T
W9.4
oe.3
HO
BOO
BOO
SKCOVRT
7»
102
f5
•ft
ts
f2
100
ewe. w-2
T0.3
Ut.«
m.t
lf$.T
111.4
tooo
MOO
SKCOVEtT
70
99
•8
•0
91
•0
4t
•tl. •
XOtff. •
•
s
T
S
S
u
•44
                                 1-12

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