9
<
2
Program Accomplishments
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
2000-2002
-------
Table/ of Contents
A Message from the Administrator 3
To Our Stakeholders . .4
Introduction
Chemical Information and Assessment
Pollution Prevention Approaches 15
Steering and Leveraging 23
Direct Action 29
OPPT on the Web 37
Index. .39
-------
Jam pleased to provide the Program
Accomplishments for 2000-2002 report for
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
(EPA) Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics
(OPPT). The report highlights the Office's
progress and success in helping EPA meet our
goal to make America's air cleaner, water
purer, and land better protected.
More than 25 years ago, Congress passed the
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) with the
goal of addressing toxic pollutants before they
became problems. As the office with primary
responsibility for implementing the law, OPPT
became a pioneer in the development of a
broad array of programs—from the traditional
regulations and standards to innovative vol-
untary testing programs and stakeholder
partnerships.
Today all across the country, the work of OPPT
is making a difference for the quality of our
environment and public health. From chemical
testing programs that support environmental
management decisions to a lead program that
has helped lower blood lead levels in children,
OPPT is helping make our communities
healthier and safer.
As this report makes clear, OPPT's diverse
environmental "portfolio" of programs and
activities holds much that we can be proud
of, and much that we can build upon for our
nation's future.
Christine Todd Whitman
Administrator
-------
During 2000-02, the Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA) Office of
Pollution Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) has
made significant strides in every aspect of our
mission. With the new millennium, we have
entered a new era of environmental steward-
ship. Testing has improved our understanding
of chemical hazards, and we have continued to
make more and more information available to
the public. We know more about persistence in
the environment, bioaccumulation up the food
chain, and exposure pathways, and we have
improved our ability to identify, evaluate, and
reduce risks from toxic pollutants.
Much of this success has come through part-
nerships and voluntary action by industry
to do more chemical testing, and through
forward-looking developments in the design,
manufacture, and use of chemicals and
chemical products.
Our global leadership efforts have greater and
greater implications as we push for harmoniza-
tion of standards and approaches and seek
international cooperation in confronting public
health and ecological threats that show no
respect for political boundaries.
Of course, September 11, 2001 changed the
landscape of risk management and right-to-
know, introducing a whole new array of vital
national security and health protection chal-
lenges for EPA, state and local governments,
and industry.
In the area of chemical testing, OPPT's flagship
chemical right-to-know programs—the High
Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program
and the Voluntary Children's Chemical
Evaluation Program (VCCEP)—are extremely
successful in their progress with our partners.
Our pollution prevention programs continue to
develop and deliver the technical knowledge
and tools for building what EPA Administrator
Whitman calls "the infrastructure of environ-
mental protection to achieve permanent
gains." We are working to reduce the risks of
toxic pollutants that accumulate up the food
chain and linger in the environment for
decades. We are promoting environmental
justice and urban environmental quality. And,
we are "greening" the government through
environmentally preferable purchasing.
In October 2001, we marked the 25th anniver-
sary of the Toxic Substances Control Act and
our achievements over the past 25 years. We
will build on those achievements and our
recent accomplishments as we look forward to
this new era of sustainability and stewardship.
Our future efforts to protect human health and
to safeguard the environment during these
times will require all of us to work smarter and
to work together—more now than ever before.
In closing, I'd like to share that these future
efforts will be led by Charles Auer, formerly
Director of OPPT's Chemical Control Division,
who assumed the position of Director of OPPT
in September 2002.1 wish Charlie and OPPT
well in the future in all that they do.
William H. Sanders III
Dr. PH., PE.
Director, Office of Pollution Prevention
and Toxics
September 2002
-------
Within the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), the Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics (OPPT) has primary
responsibility for evaluating the risks associated
with new and existing chemicals. OPPT devel-
ops guidance, and with EPA's regional offices
and our state and tribal partners, implements
programs to reduce risks from existing pollu-
tants such as lead, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) and asbestos already released into the
environment. At the same time, we work to
eliminate chemical pollution at the source
through our new chemicals screening pro-
gram and innovative pollution prevention
partnerships.
OPPT's congressional mandate derives from
the Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 and
the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990. These
two laws are the foundation of our mission
to provide reliable chemical assessments, risk
management programs, and pollution pre-
vention strategies.
With strong science at the foundation of all its
activities, OPPT uses voluntary partnerships to
guide stakeholders, and leverages resources
when possible. OPPT takes direct regulatory
action when necessary. The information
gathered and analyzed by OPPT, under our
legislative mandates, also supports other EPA
programs such as the Great Lakes National
Program and hazardous air pollutants stan-
dards. Our programs reach a broad mix of
environmental media and sectors of our
society. Taken together, our guidance,
outreach, regulations, technical assistance,
and voluntary initiatives help ensure a safer
future for generations to come.
This report highlights accomplishments
achieved during 2000-02 in key areas of
OPPT's programs that relate to the four major
aspects of our mission: chemical information
and assessment, pollution prevention
approaches, steering and leveraging, and direct
action. For more information on our programs.
visit our homepage, www.epa.gov/oppt, or any
of the other websites listed on pages 37-38 of
this report. =.
-------
Many of OPPTs activities are driven by the
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) . Passed
more than 25 years ago, the law was intended
to protect human health and the environment
through information gathering, assessment of
potential risks, and risk management where
appropriate. Today, our programs in this area
cover a broad range of activities from those
tied directly to specific sections of TSCA to
innovative voluntary programs that enable
industry to generate the data EPA needs to
identify risk reduction and pollution prevention
opportunities that save money and resources.
Our most significant accomplishments for
2000-02 are described below.
H i$fa Production/ Volume/
The High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge
Program encourages the U.S. chemical
industry to provide screening-level hazard
information on chemicals they manufacture or
import in quantities greater than one million
pounds per year. All information is being made
available to the public on EPA's website.
Approximately 347 companies and 101
consortia have made commitments covering
over 2100 chemicals. As of the beginning of
December 2002, the chemical companies
have submitted 151 test plans covering 846
chemicals (72 for categories of chemicals and
79 for individual chemicals) describing their
efforts to identify and make public, basic tox-
icity and environmental fate information that
currently exists and their plans to fill the data
gaps identified through their data search and
adequacy determination activities. Use of such
methodologies as category analysis and struc-
ture activity relationships and the conduct of
new testing, if necessary, are described in the
test plans. Test plans and study summaries for
existing data are made available for 120 days
on the website for public comment. EPA also
reviews and comments on the submissions dur-
ing this time. Program sponsors then generate
the data needed to fill the gaps. Once com-
pleted, companies submit the data to EPA in
study summaries, which are also made public
on the website. All study summaries are
expected to be submitted before the end of
2005. To further address the lack of publicly
available screening-level information on HPV
chemicals, EPA plans to issue rules under
Section 4 of TSCA as needed to address
screening-level data needs unmet in the HPV
Challenge Program. The first such TSCA
-------
Section 4 rule was proposed in December
2000 and addressed 37 HPV chemicals that
had not been "sponsored" under the HPV
Challenge Program. EPA plans to finalize this
TSCA Section 4 rule in 2003.
Ch&wiiccd/ Evaluation/
OPPT's Voluntary Children's Chemical
Evaluation Program (VCCEP) will provide data
to enable the public to better understand the
potential health risks to children associated
with certain chemical exposures. All informa-
tion will be made available to the public on
EPA's website. The VCCEP was launched in
December 2000. Thirty-five companies that
manufacture chemicals to which children may
be exposed have agreed to voluntarily sponsor
20 chemicals in the first tier of a pilot of this
program.
The VCCEP was developed after considering
comments and concerns voiced by a number
of stakeholders during a year-long dialogue
with EPA. Following this dialogue, chemicals
were selected for the program using two crite-
ria: (1) biomonitoring data indicating that
exposure to the general population, including
children, had occurred, and (2) environmental
data indicating possible sources of exposure
from drinking water and indoor air.
To identify chemicals for the VCCER EPA used
existing data sources believed to be especially
relevant to children's chemical exposures, such
as presence of the chemical in human tissues
and fluids (blood, breath, breast milk, urine) as
well as presence in food and water children eat
and drink and in air children breathe. The
chemical identification process did not take
into account the unique aspects of children's
potential for exposure, based on their behav-
iors and activities. Identification does not
mean that EPA has made or will make a
determination that any uses of the 20 pilot
chemicals pose significant risks to children's
health. The level of potential risk to children
will be determined as part of the VCCER
Additional details on how chemicals were
selected for the VCCEP pilot are provided
in the document Chemical Selection
Methodology, which is available on the HPV
website under "Information on VCCEP
Chemicals."
Working with stakeholders, EPA developed a
tiered information collection scheme consisting
of three tiers of progressively more detailed
data on toxicity and exposure that would be
integrated at each tier to estimate a
chemical's potential risk to children. As
a sponsor submits the first tier of data,
it will undergo scientific review in a
Peer Consultation by a panel of 12 to
20 scientists who evaluate the submit-
ted data and give EPA their individual
opinions about its adequacy. If it is
determined that more data are needed,
the sponsors will be asked to provide
the next tier of information. If addi-
tional information is not needed,
EPA and the sponsors will cooperate
to conduct appropriate risk com-
munication and, if necessary, risk
management.
Photo by Steve Delaney
-------
Chewwccd/ Te^tln^
Under TSCA Section 4, OPPT develops rules
or negotiates Enforceable Consent Agreements
(EGAs) to require industry to conduct health
and environmental effects studies of existing
chemicals. The ongoing testing actions dis-
cussed below involve chemical substances
that are produced and/or are imported in
high volumes and have substantial human
or environmental exposure:
» Agreements have been finalized for
three Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs),
discussions are under way on five other
HAPs, and alternative testing proposals
have been received on three additional
HAPs and are being reviewed. These
chemicals were among 23 HAPs for
which EPA issued a proposed TSCA
Section 4 Test Rule for comprehensive
health effects testing to support the efforts
of EPA's Office of Air and Radiation
(OAR) under the Clean Air Act. Although
the test rule proposed inhalation testing
of the chemicals, some of the associated
agreements include an alternative
approach to gathering the needed
data (i.e., extrapolation of oral data to
inhalation via physiologically-based
pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling).
Because less testing is conducted under
this alternative approach, fewer labora-
tory animals are used and overall testing
costs to develop the needed data are
minimized.
» Under the terms of a 1999 agreement
with producers of dibasic esters—solvents
used in some consumer paint stripping
products—companies began submitting
studies in 2000 on acute toxicity, sub-
chronic toxicity, and genotoxicity of these
solvents. By 2002, OPFT received the
balance of test results for the initial phase
of testing. OPPT initiated the second
phase of the three-phase testing effort.
Addressing U.S. Consumer Product Safety
Commission needs for health effects data
concerning these chemicals, the ECA
requires both toxicity and dermal pene-
tration rate testing of the esters.
Under TSCA Section 5, OPPT's New
Chemicals Program reviews a notice provided
by industry of a new chemical substance
before it can be manufactured or imported into
the United States. This premanufacture notice
(PMN) must be submitted at least 90 days prior
to the manufacture or import of the chemical.
OPPT received a total of 1509 valid Section 5
notices in 2000 and 1372 in 2001. For 2002,
OPPT received a total of 1471 valid Section 5
notices. In addition, OPPT received human
health and environmental effects data for
112 tests representing 42 unique chemicals
in 2000, 126 tests representing 35 unique
chemicals in 2001, and for 2002. 120 tests
representing 43 unique chemicals.
The New Chemicals Program is also home to
the TSCA Biotechnology Program. This pro-
gram is responsible for the safe commercial
introduction of new microorganisms with
industrial applications, such as bioremediation
or the production of specialty enzymes. Since
the final rule was published in 1997, EPA has
received seven notifications of commercial
intent and 14 applications for experimental
field trials. A multi-disciplinary team of scien-
tists conducts a health and environmental
review of each of these submissions, working
at times closely with the submitter to ensure
that the microorganisms do not present a risk
to human health or the environment. Cases
that have novel issues are further discussed
with EPA's regional representatives in one of
the monthly biotech teleconferences.
In order to support the chemical assessment
activities of the TSCA Interagency Testing
Committee (ITC), EPA can require industry
to provide health, safety, and exposure data
through Preliminary Assessment Information
Reporting (PAIR) rules under TSCA Section 8.
From January 2000 through July 2001, OPPT
issued four PAIR rules covering 93 chemicals.
-------
EPA continues to make every effort to pre-
vent unnecessary use of animals in its testing
programs.
OPPT has incorporated a number of animal
welfare principles into the HPV program and
is making every effort to ensure that efforts are
taken to reduce the number of animals needed
for testing, reduce the pain and suffering of
test animals and, whenever possible, replace
animal testing with non-animal test systems.
OPPT released guidance on this issue to com-
panies participating in the HPV Challenge
Program. This guidance promotes the maxi-
mum use of existing data, and encourages
companies to disclose existing data not previ-
ously made publicly available. Where appropri-
ate, EPA encourages the use of categories to
group similar chemicals and approaches that
allow the use of Structure Activity Relationship
(SAR) methods which establish the relationship
between the property of a chemical and a spe-
cific biological effect of concern. The use of
categories and SAR methods present significant
opportunities for a reduction in the total num-
ber of tests necessary. The guidance also states
that sponsors are encouraged to defer certain
animal tests and use certain in vitro tests to
address endpoints for which adequate existing
data are not available.
The Agency works domestically within the
framework of the Interagency Coordinating
Committee for the Validation of Alternative
Methods (ICCVAM) and internationally with
the Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD) to ensure the scien-
tific acceptability of alternative test methods.
Alternative toxicological tests are those that
either reduce the number of animals in a test,
refine procedures to make them less painful or
stressful, or replace animals with non-animal
systems.
New and revised toxicological test methods
are being developed by incorporating recent
advances in molecular and cellular biology as
well as new research technologies. These
developments hold the promise for further
reduction of animal use in the future.
TSCA Inventory Update/
Since risk is comprised of toxicity and exposure
components, basic exposure information is crit-
ical if the Agency and the public are to identify
potential risk reduction opportunities and to
target resources more efficiently. To address
this concern, EPA recently published amend-
ments to the TSCA Inventory Update Rule
(IUR).
The IUR Amendments (IURA) tailor chemical
substance reporting requirements to more
closely match EPA's information needs, pro-
vide a vehicle for EPA to obtain updated
information relating to the potential human
and environmental exposures of chemical
substances listed on the TSCA Inventory, and
improve the utility of the information reported
under the IUR. The amendments obtain critical
information that enables EPA and other gov-
ernment agencies, industry, and the public to
better screen and assess chemical risks.
Applications of the IURA basic use and expo-
sure information include: informing screening-
level decision making; providing initial expo-
sure information for the development of
Agency and public programs, such as the
Design for the Environment voluntary pro-
gram; complementing hazard information pro-
grams such as the HPV Challenge Program;
and informing a variety of other programs,
such as the TSCA testing program, Office of
Solid Waste program, and National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health program.
The IUR required the submission every four
years of data on approximately 9,000 organic
chemical substances listed on the TSCA
Inventory. These data include company and
plant site identity, technical contact identity,
chemical identity, chemical production volume,
and site-limited status for chemicals produced
-------
in volumes of 10,000 pounds or greater per
chemical per site and listed on the TSCA
Inventory.
The new amendment raises the reporting
threshold to 25,000 pounds or greater. The
amendment also adds reporting of inorganic
chemicals information, industrial processing
and use information, and consumer/commer-
cial use information for manufacturers of
300,000 pounds or greater except for certain
petroleum stream chemicals and other specifi-
cally listed chemicals. Reporting of information
on certain natural gas substances has been
removed. Finally, the amendment requires up-
front substantiation for site identification confi-
dential business information (CBI) claims. This
information will be reported for the first time in
2006.
Through the years. OPPT has developed tools
and models for conducting chemical exposure
assessments. Today these tools and models are
available on OPPT's website with download-
able models and databases that assessors can
use to estimate human and environmental
exposures, physical/chemical properties, and
the fate of chemicals in the environment. The
available tools and models range from priority
setting tools to models for screening-level
assessments to higher tier models for detailed
exposure assessments.
In 2001, OPPT added the Estimation Program
Interface (EPI) Suite, a group of tools that
PoiUtfto-n' fVeve/Kvtton/ (P2) framework Mod&Lfr
OncoLogic
Predicts cancer
hazard potential
EPI Suite™
Estimates physical-
chemical properties and
environmental fate
ECOSAR
Estimates aquatic
toxicity to fish,
invertebrates,
and algae
ChemSTEER
Estimates worker exposure
and exposure to releases
from industrial and
commercial operations
E-FAST
Estimates human exposure via fish,
groundwater, and surface water ingestion;
via ambient and indoor air inhalation; via
dermal contact; and exposure/risk to the
aquatic environment
A
ReachScan
Estimates impact
of surface water
discharges on
drinking water
facilities
-------
allow an assessor to quickly and easily estimate
physical/chemical properties such as vapor
pressure as well as environmental fate and
transport properties such as atmospheric
degradation and bioconcentration. Since virtu-
ally all exposure assessments require estimates
of at least some physical chemical properties
or environmental fate parameters, assessors
find this tool very useful. The Multi-Chamber
Concentration Exposure Model and the Wall
Paint Exposure Model were also added to the
website in 2001.
In 2002, a beta test version of the Internet
Geographical Exposure and Modeling Software
(IGEMS) was made available. IGEMS is an
innovative Internet-based higher tier model
developed by OPPT that can be used to assess
human and environmental exposures from
releases to air, water, and soil/groundwater.
By the end of 2002, OPPT was reviewing
comments from the IGEMS beta-testers to
determine what improvements were needed.
In addition, an improved beta version of the
Chemical Screening Tool for Exposures and
Environmental Releases (ChemSTEER) and
the Indoor Air Source Ranking Database (SRD)
will be made available. ChemSTEER is a
screening-level tool that can be used to devel-
op screening-level workplace exposure and
environmental releases of a chemical during
manufacture and downstream processing and
end-use activities. OPPT is also completing the
final peer review of E-FAST (Exposure, Fate
Assessment Screening Tool) and is conducting
a test of the beta version of the updated E-
FAST Version 2. Work has begun to update
ReachScan, a model that estimates drinking
water exposures. ReachScan will be incor-
porated into E-FAST Version 2.
-------
Over the past 20 years, OPPT has developed
several models for screening new chemicals
when there were no data available. These
include the use of SARs and QSARs
(Quantitative SARs which use statistical analy-
sis to produce a predictive equation). These
SARs and QSARs have been continually
updated and expanded to other chemicals and
classes of chemicals as test data become avail-
able. These models have been put together in
a compendium called the Pollution Prevention
(P2) Framework. After demonstrating the P2
Framework to industry stakeholders, OPPT
partnered with companies representing numer-
ous industry sectors to explore how the models
can be used in the specific sectors.
Eastman Kodak used the models to identify,
early in the product development cycle, new
chemicals for its imaging operations that had
less harmful environmental effects. As a result
of using these tools, Kodak saved thousands of
dollars typically invested in the research, devel-
opment, and regulatory review of new chemi-
cals. Subsequently, Kodak commissioned a
cost-accounting study that demonstrated that
the company saved 13 to 100 percent of
development costs for each $100,000 they
spent in product development for each new
chemical candidate.
PPG Industries completed a validation study of
the method used in the P2 Framework to pre-
dict aquatic toxicity. PPG compared measured
aquatic toxicity data with aquatic toxicity pre-
dictions from the P2 Framework for the same
set of PPG chemicals. The results indicated 87
to 90 percent agreement between the predic-
tions and measured data.
Based on their successful experiences applying
the P2 Framework models, both Kodak and
PPG have announced their plans to incorpo-
rate use of the P2 Framework models into their
corporate research and development chemical
screening efforts.
Si^a^ncible^ futures Project
The success of the P2 Framework for P2
Partners Eastman Kodak and PPG Industries
led OPPT to develop the Sustainable Futures
Voluntary Pilot Project to encourage manufac-
turers to apply pollution prevention principles
during the development of new chemicals
submitted as PMNs under Section 5 of TSCA.
OPPT developed an approach that includes
expedited review as an incentive to participate
in the pilot project. Qualifying companies who
use the P2 Framework, or other scientifically
valid risk screening approaches, can begin to
manufacture qualifying new chemicals in 45
days instead of the normal PMN review period
of 90 days. The goal of this pilot project is to
encourage pollution prevention in the earliest
stages of research and development and the
development of inherently low hazard chemi-
cals. The Agency also seeks to gain additional
data and experience regarding the pollution
prevention, risk reduction, and source reduc-
tion benefits of using hazard, exposure, and
risk screening methodologies such as the P2
Framework in new product development
efforts.
The Agency issued a Federal Register notice in
December 2002 announcing the Sustainable
Futures Voluntary Pilot Project. EPA expects to
begin formal training with industry on the P2
Framework models and answer any follow-up
technical questions. The 2003 target is 25
participants and self-audited new chemical
product alternatives. To date, seven companies
are participating in Sustainable Futures, and 15
self-audited chemical product alternatives have
been completed. £
-------
Increasingly, the nation is coming to under-
stand the value of pollution prevention (P2)
as an environmental strategy, as a sustainable
business practice, and as a fundamental princi-
ple for all our society. It is also a vehicle for
"reinventing" traditional EPA programs and
devising innovative alternative strategies to
protect public health and the environment. The
year 2000 marked the ten-year anniversary of
the Pollution Prevention Act. Through OPPT's
leadership, pollution prevention has become a
key element of initiatives to improve federal
environmental management, empower state
and tribal programs, encourage corporate
stewardship, and better inform the public.
As the single largest consumer, the U.S. gov-
ernment spends approximately $230 billion
annually on a wide variety and large quantity
of products and services. Therefore, by specify-
ing renewable resources in construction, recy-
cled content in office supplies, and low toxicity
in cleaning products, for example, the federal
government can wield its purchasing power to
increase national demand for greener products
as well as to help meet environmental goals
through markets rather than mandates.
OPPT's Environmentally Preferable Purchasing
(EPP) Program aims to "green" government
purchasing by conducting and documenting
pilot projects and providing guidance and tools
that will help federal purchasers incorporate
human health and environmental considera-
tions into their purchasing decisions. Major
efforts of the program are described below:
» In 2000, OPPT completed a market
research study that measures the aware-
ness and success of EPP efforts within the
federal government and identifies what
motivates people to consider the environ-
ment when buying products and services.
The report is available online (see pages
37-38 of this report). In October 2002,
EPA established an ambitious set of goals
for itself to comply with Executive Order
13101, Greening the Government through
Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal
Acquisition, in order to reduce the
Government's ecological footprint. The
market research study report has stim-
ulated increased EPP activity.
* In 2001, OPPT entered into a
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
with the U.S. Postal Service, the
Department of Defense, the Department
of Interior, the Department of Energy, the
Council on Environmental Quality, and
the White House Task Force on Waste
Prevention and Recycling. The MOU will
aid these federal agencies in developing
and implementing environmentally prefer-
able and energy efficient practices and
technologies for electronic equipment,
which is the fastest growing portion of
the municipal solid waste stream.
* OPPT's EPP Program and the National
Park Service (NPS) have launched a new
initiative to integrate green purchasing into
the national parks. Through 20 parks
identified as Centers for Environmental
Innovation (CEI), the NPS will educate
staff and work with EPA to identify the
types of products and services that will
-------
improve the parks' resource stewardship
capacity.
• The federal government spends billions
of dollars on travel and meetings across
the country every year. Meetings can have
significant environmental impacts includ-
ing the smog and greenhouse gas emis-
sions associated with air and ground travel
to the paper, plastic, and food waste asso-
ciated with meals. To encourage environ-
mentally responsible event planning, EPA,
the General Services Administration,
Oceans Blue Foundation, and the Society
of Government Meeting Professionals
have launched an interactive, web-based
tool in partnership with relevant industry
associations, corporate meeting planners,
environmental non-governmental organi-
zations, and federal agencies. The tool
demonstrates opportunities for conference
planners and suppliers (e.g., hoteliers,
convention centers, and food service
providers) to reduce pollution, energy use,
and water use at a conference. The green
meetings tool is available online (see
page 37 of this report).
» In a memorandum of agreement, the
EPA and the Department of the Interior
(DOI) have renewed their commitment to
purchase products from participants in the
Javits-Wagner-O'Day (JWOD) program
for the blind and disabled communities.
JWOD in turn agrees to continue greening
its products, with assistance from the
agencies. This agreement promotes green
procurement across the federal govern-
ment as well as employment opportunities
for individuals who are blind and physically
challenged.
and/ 7c»6u> Pollutcwt Prcnftr
EPA's Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxic
(PBT) Pollutant Program uses a multimedia,
cross-agency approach to reduce risks to
human health and the environment caused
by pollutants such as mercury, dioxins/furans,
and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). During
2000-02, EPA and its partners have made sig-
nificant advancements in the areas of assessing
and addressing the levels of priority PBTs in
the environment.
The EPA campus in Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina,
is the largest facility ever
designed and built by the
Agency. Every major
construction and purchasing
decision factored in cost,
functionality, sustainability,
and environmental impact.
-------
Several of the program's activities have
addressed the challenges posed by mercury.
For example, under the Hospitals for a Healthy
Environment (H2E) project, hundreds of hospi-
tals and healthcare facilities have signed a
pledge to eliminate mercury use by 2005. The
Mercury in Schools program expanded its web-
site content and conducted workshops across
the country to train teachers about mercury
risks and how to remove mercury
from their schools. In the area of
monitoring and measurement,
EPA has established a high-
altitude site on Mauna Loa,
Hawaii, that will improve
the current state of knowl-
edge about the long-range
transport of mercury. The
PBT program has also pro-
vided management and
support for the EPA Dioxin
Exposure Initiative (DEI).
The DEI is an interagency
effort to identify dioxin sources
and quantitatively link them to
human exposure. The DEI will provide
much of the scientific basis for establishing
future dioxin risk management priorities. 2000-
02 accomplishments included completing the
characterization of the uncontrolled burning of
household waste (backyard barrel burning). As
a result of this work, burn barrels have been
identified as the largest contemporary source
of quantifiable dioxin releases to the air. Other
DEI accomplishments include expansion of the
National Dioxin Air Monitoring Network to its
full design of 32 stations, and the initiation of
studies looking at dioxin exposure pathways in
domestic animal feeds.
In addition to the chemical-specific accomplish-
ments listed above, EPA made important
advancements in the measurement of existing
PBTs, as well as efforts to keep new PBT
chemicals from being introduced into the
marketplace:
* New, lower reporting threshold require-
ments for PBTs under the Toxic Release
Inventory (TRI) resulted in the reporting of
emissions of PBT chemicals by 762 addi-
tional facilities, excluding lead. While the
facility information for lead is not yet pub-
licly available, nearly 6,000 facilities that
had not previously reported lead did so
for reporting year 2000.
• The National Health and
Nutrition Examination Survey
found that approximately 10
percent of women of child-
bearing age have blood
mercury concentrations
above the levels EPA
considers safe.
• EPA analyzed the first
year of samples from the
National Fish Tissue Study
for 265 PBT chemicals. EPA's
Office of Water continues to
collect and analyze samples for
the National Fish Tissue Study, a
four-year freshwater fish contamination
study that began sample collection in
2000. The study is expected to produce
important data about the largest group of
PBT chemicals studied in fish to date. The
data set includes all of the priority PBT
chemicals except alkyl-lead. This is the first
fish tissue study to use a random sampling
design on a national level; the resulting
data should allow EPA to develop national
estimates of the mean levels of individual
PBT chemicals in fish tissue. The study
also addresses critical data gaps by defin-
ing background levels for PBT chemicals
in fish and by characterizing the preva-
lence of these chemicals in fish on a
national scale. To date, participating states
and EPA regions have collected fish from
261 lakes in 44 states, and EPA has com-
pleted chemical analysis of the 288 first-
year fish samples. The first-year data sets
will be released on request.
-------
» In September 2002, OPPT released to
the public the "PBT Profiler," an online
screening model developed as a col-
laborative effort with industry and non-
government organizations that is made up
of a subset of the P2 Framework models.
These screens enable companies to deter-
mine — early in the design phase of a new
chemical or in the reformulation of an
existing chemical — if the product presents
"red flag" properties of being persistent,
bioaccumulative, and toxic.
EPA makes the process easy by giving
companies free software, beta tested by
more than 100 participants from industry,
academia, and government and peer
reviewed following EPA's Peer Review
Guidelines, to use in evaluating their
new chemicals for PBT characteristics.
In the first four months, industry partners
evaluated the PBT potential of 8,000
chemicals using the Profiler.
a/Heatihy
The healthcare industry sector generates nearly
one million pounds of waste a day and is the
fourth largest source of mercury releases.
OPPT's Hospitals for a Healthy Environment
(H2E) program is an EPA effort to utilize pollu-
tion prevention practices to help the industry
reduce its environmental impact.
H2E provides healthcare professionals with
the tools and information necessary to reduce
mercury waste, reduce the overall volume of
waste, and identify pollution prevention oppor-
tunities. Under an MOD with the American
Hospital Association, the H2E initiative will
work toward the following:
» Virtually eliminate mercury-containing
waste from hospitals' waste streams by
2005.
* Reduce the overall volume of waste
(both regulated and non-regulated waste)
by 33 percent by 2005 and by 50 percent
by 2010.
» Identify hazardous substances for
pollution prevention and waste reduction
opportunities, including hazardous chemi-
cals and persistent, bioaccumulative, and
toxic pollutants.
In 2000, H2E launched a website of the most
complete healthcare pollution prevention
resources available on the web. In 2001, H2E
launched a list server to exchange healthcare
pollution prevention information among
healthcare professionals and a pledge program
to encourage hospitals and associated indus-
tries to commit to attain the goals of the H2E
program. H2E partners are healthcare facilities
that have pledged to eliminate mercury and
reduce waste consistent with the overall goals
of the program. H2E now has 398 partners
representing 1,329 facilities: 442 hospitals, 719
clinics, 28 nursing homes, and 140 other types
of facilities. In addition, H2E champions are
organizations that assist healthcare facilities
in achieving the national H2E goals. H2E has
39 champions, including approximately 3,893
facilities that promote the H2E program and
implement waste reduction activities at their
own facilities.
Through its awards program to recognize hos-
pitals and healthcare allies, H2E has presented
over 60 awards in three categories. In 2003,
H2E will expand the awards to four categories.
IDC
-------
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, in partnership with the
Department of Health and several local agencies, is providing P2 technical assistance
and outreach for removal of elemental mercury and mercury devices from schools.
Mercury spills account for 25 percent of all school evacuations and can be very costly.
Elemental mercury and mercury-containing devices are found in nurses' offices, science
labs, chemical storage areas, and gymnasium lighting.
The grantee is partnering with the Orange-Ulster Board of Cooperative Educational
Services (BOCES) to conduct a demonstration project to inventory, collect, and recycle
mercury from thirty public and private schools within a local BOCES district. The
grantee will also distribute educational material statewide.
Under the authority of the Pollution Prevention
Act of 1990, EPA provides funds to states and
tribes to address the reduction or elimination
of pollution across air, land, and water, and to
strengthen the efficiency and effectiveness of
state technical assistance programs in providing
source reduction information to businesses.
Since its inception, OPPT has awarded
approximately $75 million through two pro-
grams. The Pollution Prevention (P2) grant
program (previously
known as the Pollution
Prevention Incentives for
States) funds state-based
projects in the areas of technical
assistance and training, education
and outreach, regulatory integration,
research, and demonstration projects.
In 2000, the program awarded 67 grants
totaling $5 million. It awarded 63 grants in
2001 totaling $5 million, and 65 grants in
2002 totaling $5 million.
The goal of the P2 grant program is to fund
state technical assistance programs to assist
businesses and industries in identifying better
environmental strategies and solutions for com-
plying with federal and state environmental
regulations. Successes include decreases in
facility emissions and discharges that lead
to less stringent regulatory and permitting
requirements, increases in production rates
that correlate to decreasing environmental
costs, elevated investments in new and better
technologies, and savings that directly impact
the overall profitability of a business.
The Pollution Prevention Resource Exchange
(P2Rx) grants program awarded $1 million per
year in 2000, 2001, and 2002. These grants
support eight regional P2 information centers
that offer P2 informa-
tion services, including
resources for specific sec-
tors, information collection
and distribution, regional and
state meetings, training, and
newsletters. These activities are
intended to support and complement
activities funded through the P2 grant
program above. In 2002, an additional
$100,000 in grants was committed to devel-
oping a marketing plan for the eight centers,
improving the centers' website, and developing
technology profiles.
OPPT's Design for the Environment (DfE)
program is one of EPA's premier partnership
-------
programs, working with individual industry
sectors to compare their existing products,
processes, and practices with alternatives that
may reduce costs, improve performance, and
reduce human health and environmental risks.
DfE partnership projects promote integrating
cleaner, cheaper, and smarter solutions into
everyday business practices. During 2000-02
the following partnerships made significant
progress:
Automotive Refinishing Partnership. In coop-
eration with the Pennsylvania Small Business
Development Center, DfE sponsored 40 shop
visits by an industrial hygienist and experi-
enced painter who provided hands-on tech-
nical assistance. During 2002, DfE produced
a Best Practices outreach kit and technical
assistance products that were used in train-
ing conducted with Region 3 for technical
assistance providers from Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and the District
of Columbia on how to effect continuous
improvement in collision repair shops.
Computer Display Partnership. In December
2001, the University of Tennessee Center for
Clean Products and Clean Technologies com-
pleted the Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) and
streamlined Cleaner Technologies Substitutes
Assessment (CTSA) for desktop computer
monitors in voluntary partnership with the
Electronic Industries Alliance, individual origi-
nal equipment and component manufacturers,
and EPA risk assessment experts. The final
LCA/CTSA will help industry to identify oppor-
tunities for product improvements that will
reduce potential adverse environmental
impacts.
Industrial and Institutional Laundry
Partnership. To encourage the makers of the
institutional laundry detergents used at hotels,
hospitals, and other healthcare facilities to
improve their formulations, DfE offers informa-
tion on safer ingredients and recognition for
safer products. Industry partners demonstrated
that environmentally reformulated detergents
work well, are affordable, and lead to resource
conservation and longer linen life. One partner,
Noramtech Corporation of Kansas City,
Missouri, changed its formulation, and now
markets its environment-friendly detergent.
Printed Wiring Board (PWB) Partnership.
During 2000-01, the DfE Printed Wiring Board
Partnership conducted a CTSA to evaluate
lead-free surface finish alternatives to the
standard hot air solder leveling process, which
generates significant quantities of excess solder
that must be recycled. EPA expects that the
final CTSA, completed August 2001, will
encourage PWB manufacturers to adopt
cleaner, more environmentally benign and
cost-effective processes.
Integrated Environmental Management
Systems Partnership. During 2000-01, DfE's
Integrated Environmental Management
System (IEMS) partnership published IEMS
Implementation Guide, which describes how
to develop an IEMS, and IEMS: A Company
Manual Template for Small Businesses, which
describes how companies would effectively
develop their IEMS when working with the
Implementation Guide. With EPA's Small
Business Ombudsman, DfE held a workshop
attended by over 50 trade associations,
"Increasing Small Business Competitiveness
Through Environmental Management Systems:
a Workshop on the Role of Associations."
The report, Environmental Management
Systems Case Study #1: Using an Integrated
Environmental Management System (IEMS) to
Manage Environmental Concerns, describes
how Gillespie Decals, Inc. used an IEMS to
lower risk of health and environmental con-
cerns, reduce exposures to solvent chemicals,
and improve training of employees.
The Green Engineering (GE) Program began
in 1998 to incorporate environmentally con-
scious thinking and approaches to the design,
commercialization, and use of chemical
processes and products by the academic and
-------
industrial engineering communities. During
2000-02, the program accomplished several
important projects:
* In September 2001, the GE program
published the textbook, Green
Engineering: Environmentally Conscious
Design of Chemical Processes. The
textbook has been included in
chemical/environmental cur-
ricula at many domestic and
international universities
such as University of
Iowa, University of
Missouri, West
Virginia
University,
University of
Notre Dame,
University of Nevada,
University of Ohio,
Michigan Technological
University, and universities in
Canada and Singapore. The textbook is
expected to be adopted by many more
schools in the near future. In the past
three years, 130 engineering professors
from over 70 universities attended GE
Educators' Workshops.
» Worked with the American Society
of Engineering Education (ASEE) to
further incorporate GE concepts and
approaches into engineering curricula.
In July 2002, OPPT staff participated in
the ASEE's Summer School for Chemical
Engineering, which has been held every
five years since 1931. The training
included several sessions of lectures
and computer labs based on the
material and software in
the GE textbook.
» A cooperative agree-
ment was entered into
by OPPT, EPA's Office of
—f Research and Development,
and the American Institute of
Chemical Engineers' (AIChE)
Center for Waste Reduction
Technologies to convert the GE text-
book and training materials into indus-
trial formats and continuing education
courses for practicing engineers. In addi-
tion, the AIChE's Center for Chemical
Process Safety (CCPS) has agreed to
incorporate green engineering into
process safety training at a workshop in
September 2003 at a plant incorporating
these concepts. &
-------
OPPT leads others to implement their own
solutions for reducing risks to environmental
problems by lending our resources and expert-
ise. We influence individuals and organizations
to act in their best interest as well as cooperate
with them to share the wealth of information
and expertise that comes from the lessons
learned by everyone. During 2000-02, OPPT's
programs for leveraging its resources and guid-
ing stakeholders covered a broad range of
activities.
Fomw on/ State/ and/ Tribal/
Toy^cfr Action/
Through the Forum on State and Tribal Toxics
Action (FOSTTA), OPPT continued its partner-
ship with state and tribal leaders to increase
understanding and improve collaboration
among the states, tribes, and EPA on toxics
and pollution prevention issues. In addition
to the existing projects for Tribal Affairs,
Pollution Prevention (P2), and EPA's Office of
Environmental Information's Toxics Release
Inventory, OPPT created the new Chemical
Information and Management Project to focus
on chemical issues in order to increase mutual
understanding of these issues and cooperation
between EPA and the states. Led by an EPA
senior manager, each project includes senior
state and tribal members who provide diverse
views and expertise for each group's discus-
sions of new policies and programs for
chemical safety and pollution prevention.
In 2002, the individual projects accomplished
the following:
* The Tribal Affairs Project developed a
Lead Issue Paper that summarizes lead-
based paint issues in Indian Country to
foster a better understanding of the prob-
lems tribes encounter when they try to
protect their members from lead hazards.
* The Chemical Information and
Management Project (CIMP) is a partner-
ship between OPPT and EPA's regional
offices, and representatives from state
departments of public health and the
environment. It is designed to increase
understanding and improve collaboration
primarily on toxic chemical issues and
action among the states and EPA.
Specifically, the CIMP has conducted in-
depth discussions on the High Production
Volume (HPV) Challenge Program, the
Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation
Program (VCCEP), and EPA's Perfluoro-
octanoic Acid (PFOA) efforts. Discussions
with the CIMP also have centered on
how to facilitate better communication
between the public health and environ-
mental departments, and advance the
CIMP agenda toward developing a clear-
inghouse for exposure information.
Subsequent efforts for the CIMP include
providing input to OPPT on the uses and
presentation of HPV data.
Lead/ poitoninty Prevention/
Grants and/ Outreach/
Activities
Health problems from exposure to lead can
include profound developmental and neuro-
logical impairment in children. Lead poisoning
has been linked to mental retardation, poor
academic performance and juvenile delin-
quency. In the mid-1990s, nearly one million
children in the United States had dangerously
-------
elevated levels of lead in their blood. Because
of the potential dangers, any exposure to dete-
riorated lead-based paint could pose a hazard.
As part of EPA's ongoing efforts to protect chil-
dren from lead poisoning, OPPT funded these
major grants for lead outreach activities during
2000-02:
» The National Council of La Raza
(NCLR) received a nearly $300,000
grant for the development of a Spanish-
language television public service
announcement (PSA) and poster promot-
ing lead testing. Telemundo, one of the
largest Spanish broadcasters in North
America, has committed to airing the PSA.
The posters, which reinforce the message
of the PSA. are being distributed through
NCLR's member agencies and the
National Lead Information Center, and
will be displayed in medical offices, clinics,
and health centers. EPA Administrator
Whitman. Office of Pollution Prevention
and Toxic Substances (OPPTS) Assistant
Administrator Stephen L. Johnson and EPA
Office of Enforcement and Compliance
Assistant Administrator John R Suarez
attended the release event for the cam-
paign, launched during Hispanic Heritage
Month.
* HOPE Worldwide received a $300,000
grant for communicating the hazards of
lead to the general population through
two mechanisms. Through a network of
community partnerships, close to 100,000
pieces of information were distributed in
targeted areas where lead hazards are a
problem. A total of 61 lead education
workshops were held in 12 cities across
the United States.
* The National Coalition for Lead-Safe
Kids received a $339,000 grant to work
with a nationwide network of nine grocery
stores to set up 1,000 floor displays dis-
tributing close to 250,000 copies of lead
hazard information documents in 29
states. The coalition secured the coopera-
tion of five dairies through which over
two million milk cartons carried the lead
poisoning prevention message and
worked with 250 local public agencies
and community organizations to distrib-
ute over two million EPA lead-hazard
information documents in both English
and Spanish targeting high-risk neigh-
borhoods in 233 cities in 44 states.
* Native American Tribes received two
types of grants from EPA. One type of
grant is for testing and analyzing lead in
blood, paint, dust, and soil, and for con-
ducting inspections and risk assessments
of pre-1978 tribal homes for hazardous
lead levels. The other type of grant is for
developing and implementing lead aware-
ness educational outreach activities for
tribes. The grants are administered by
EPA's regional offices.
Since 2000, $2.9 million has supported 59
tribal grant awards.
-------
While OPPT grants leverage resources and
expand the distribution of important informa-
tion to the public, OPPT outreach activities
explore new ideas for encouraging the public
to take action. During 2000-02, OPPT com-
pleted the following activities:
* Revised the Protect Your Family from
Lead in Your Home brochure to include
new lead hazard information. Produced
the fact sheet. Identifying Lead Hazards in
Residential Properties.
* Annually supported over 100 events
nationwide for Lead Poisoning Prevention
Week. EPA coordinated the federal/state/
Jieep your
in the Game
local team of agencies and programs that
devised the strategy for this one-week
celebration.
* Launched a new outreach campaign
focusing on the connection between
lead and nutrition with a brochure, Fight
Lead Poisoning with a Healthy Diet, that
contains lead poisoning prevention tips
for families, nutrition information, and
healthy recipes. Designed to reach over
seven million clients through the Women,
Infants and Children (WIC) Program, this
campaign was developed in cooperation
with the U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Centers for Disease Control, and state and
local partners.
Lead Poisoning^
Can Steal Your
Child's Future
Hundreds of thousands of children
in the U.S. suffer from elevated
levels of lead in their blood. Even low
amounts of lead can cause I"*"
disabilities, behavior proble
and other serious health effects.
Children are at greatest risk if they
live in homes built before 1978.
when lead was used in paint.
Keep your MVP in tne game.
Have your children tested for
lead, even if they seem healthy.
Homes should also be checked
for lead hazards.
For more information
call 1-800-424-LEAD
or log on to www.epa.gov.
A Message From
President George W. Bush /*
and the United States Environmental Protection Agency
* Produced the Lead
Poisoning Prevention Media
Outreach Kit to assist state
and local health, environ-
mental, and housing agen-
cies with working with the
media and with creating
press and outreach materials.
Available through the
National Lead Information
Center, the kit includes a
CD with editable press
materials. New topics will
be announced periodically
to all media kit users.
* In cooperation with the
White House, and EPA's
Office of Prevention,
Pesticides and Toxic
Substances and Office of
Children's Health, President
George W. Bush is featured
in a PSA in the official 2002
magazine of Major League
Baseball. The PSA discusses
the importance of getting
your children tested for lead
poisoning and having your
home checked for lead
hazards.
-------
Category
Academic
Small Business
Alternative Synthetic
Pathways
Alternative Reaction
Conditions
Designing Safer
Chemicals
2001
Professor Chao-Jun Li, Tulane University, designed
a wide variety of transition metal mediated and
catalyzed reactions that can be accomplished in air
and water. Through his development Professor Li
provides an attractive alternative to the inert atmo-
sphere and organic solvents traditionally used in
many synthetic reactions.
EDEN Bioscience Corporation developed technology
for a naturally occurring protein called harpin, that
when applied to crops, increases plant biomass, pho-
tosynthesis, nutrient uptake and root development
and ultimately leads to greater crop yield and quality.
The result of this technology is an EPA-approved
product called Messenger® that has been demon-
strated on more than 40 crops to effectively stimulate
plants to defend themselves against a broad spectrum
of viral, fungal, and bacterial diseases, including
some for which there is no effective treatment.
Bayer Corporation and Bayer AG were selected for
their synthesis of a biodegradable chelating agent,
sodium iminodisuccinate. Because sodium iminodis-
uccinate is a readily biodegradable, non-polluting,
and non-toxic alternative to other chelating agents, it
can be used in a variety of applications that employ
chelating agents such as detergents, agricultural
nutrients, and household and industrial cleaners.
Novozymes North America, Inc., designed an enzy-
matic process for treating cotton textiles that provides
an economical and environmentally friendly alterna-
tive to alkaline scour systems currently used in the
textile industry today.
PPG Industries discovered that the element yttrium
can be used as a substitute for lead in cationic
electrocoatings without any sacrifice in corrosion
performance. As PPG customers use yttrium over
the next several years, approximately one million
pounds of lead (as lead metal) will be removed from
the electrocoat applications of PPG automotive
customers.
2002
Professor Eric Beckman, University of Pittsburgh,
designed non-fluorous polymers that can greatly increase
the use of environmentally friendly supercritical fluids
as solvents. Professor Beckman demonstrated the appli-
cability of his approach on the design of po!y(ether-
carbonates), polymers that not only perform well but
also are less toxic and biodegradable.
SC Fluids, Inc. developed SCORR, a supercritical COa
resist remover for the semiconductor and related indus-
tries. The SCORR process decreases the use of haz-
ardous materials associated with traditional processes
by 95-99% by substituting less hazardous, nontoxic, and
high-performing supercritical COa. The SCORR technol-
ogy allows industry to dramatically reduce emissions,
water consumption, and energy use, while enabling it to
achieve its performance goals, now and into the future.
Pfizer, Inc. redesigned the synthesis of sertraline, the
active ingredient in Zoloft®. The new process is signifi-
cantly less energy-intensive and more efficient, with
double the yield of the target compound. The process
also generates significantly less waste, eliminating the
following hazardous materials: 140 metric tons per year
of titanium tetrachloride reagent, 440 metric tons per
year of titanium dioxide waste, 150 metric tons per year
of 35% hydrochloric acid reagent, and 100 metric tons
per year of 50% sodium hydroxide reagent. In addition,
several other solvents, aqueous washes, and high-salt
waste streams have been reduced or eliminated.
Cargill Dow LLC developed an environmentally friendly
process for manufacturing NatureWorks™ polylactic
acid (PLA), bringing these environmentally preferable
products into commercial use. NatureWorks™ PLA is the
first family of polymers derived entirely from annually
renewable resources that can compete head-to-head
with traditional fibers and packaging materials on a cost
and performance basis. Applications for these PLA
polymers are widespread and include clothing, food
containers, wrappers, and home furnishings.
Chemical Specialties, Inc. developed ACQ Preserve®,
an alkaline copper quaternary (ACQ) wood preservative
to replace highly toxic conventional preservatives,
including the chromated copper arsenate products.
ACQ Preserve8, an EPA-registered non-restricted pesti-
cide, eliminates the use of these hazardous substances
entirely by substituting a high-performing, less hazardous
formulation of copper (obtained from recycled copper
scrap) and a quaternary ammonium compound. CSI is
currently producing more than 1 million active pounds
of ACQ Preserve® to treat more than 100 million board
feet of wood, which is specifically eliminating 570,000
pounds per year of arsenic and 910,000 pounds per
year of hexavalent chromium.
-------
The Presidential
Green Chemistry
Challenge
Program recog-
nizes outstanding
innovations in
green chemistry
through an
annual awards
program.
Through national
recognition, this
awards program
demonstrates the benefits that green chemistry
technologies offer and encourages further
development in the area.
Consumer Labeling
"Read the Label FIRST!" is the consumer
education component of the EPA's Consumer
Labeling Initiative (CLI) which was initiated in
March 1996. The CLI's initial focus was on
research—going directly to consumers to find
out whether they read and understood prod-
uct labels. Based on the results of that
research, partner companies developed
more user-friendly labels that are easier
to understand, and help consumers to
purchase the right product for the job.
The research and original CLI work
received enormous cooperation,
resources, and involvement from the
original partners, companies that pro-
duce household insecticides, pesticides
and antibacterial cleaners.
Once the research was done and the new
improved labels were appearing on store
shelves, CLI partners formally launched the
"Read the Label FIRST!" national education
campaign, featuring a logo, brochures, posters
traveling exhibits, a program video, and pro-
motional materials with the campaign message.
Since the Spring of 2000, the CLI team has
undertaken a variety of efforts to educate con-
sumers about the importance of reading labels,
including working with industry partners,
health and safety organizations, retailers, print
and electronic media, youth groups, educators,
the gardening community, veterinarians, pet
owners, and others.
OPPT Tribal/ Program/
OPPT continues to make significant progress
in building an effective partnership with Indian
tribes to protect and safeguard the environ-
ment on native lands. OPPT contributed to the
development of a tribal strategy for the Office
of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances
that serves as the basis for planning and budg-
eting of tribal programs in the future. In 2001.
OPPT hosted five tribal strategy focus groups
with tribal representatives across the country
to gather the tribes' perspectives on OPPT
R A)
.Am
-------
programs and activities. OPPT expanded its
newsletter, OPPT Tribal News, to include
pesticide topics, renamed it OPPTS Tribal
News, and significantly increased its
readership.
OPPT is participating in an Agency effort to
develop a strategy for assisting tribes with
assessments of the risks associated with persist-
ent, bioaccumulative toxics (PBTs) and radio-
nuclides in foods and other materials important
to tribal cultures. Ultimately, tools and guide-
lines will be developed that will enable tribes to
better understand and manage the exposure
pathways and risks arising from the unique cir-
cumstances associated with their culture, reli-
gion, and lifestyle. In April 2003, the National
Tribal Environmental Council and the Alaska
Native Science Commission will convene a
preliminary technical meeting of elders, tribal
scientists, risk assessors, and environmental
directors to develop recommendations on ana-
lytical tools/databases that would be useful for
Indian Country to assess more accurately the
public health impacts of contaminants in their
native foods and cultural materials. ~
-------
V i^ect A ctton/
During the early years of implementing TSCA,
regulations and policy guidance were the pri-
mary tools that OPPT used to promote risk
reduction for new and existing chemicals. As
our programs matured, voluntary initiatives,
outreach activities, and technical assistance
have become a major part of OPPT's total
effort. While these programs have proven very
effective through the years, there are still chal-
lenges that require direct action. During 2000-
02, OPPT undertook the following activities.
In May 2000, 3M Corporation announced that
it would voluntarily phase out the manufacture
of about 90 perfluorooctyl sulfonate (PFOS)
chemicals by the end of 2002. This announce-
ment came after OPPT discussed its concerns
about new data, submitted to the Agency by
3M, which indicated that the chemicals were
persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. The
chemicals could present long-term health and
environmental concerns if they continued to
be manufactured, released, and built up in the
environment even though their current levels
did not appear to be causing immediate harm.
3M was the sole U.S. producer of the chemi-
cals, which were used in products ranging
from Scotchgard'" soil and stain resist-
ance treatments to fire fighting foams
to coatings used in making computer
chips. Under their voluntary phase-out
plan, 3M discontinued over 80 percent
of PFOS production before the end of
2000 and ceased all U.S. manufacture
by the end of 2001.
To prevent any manufacturer or importer
from stepping in after 3M exited the market,
OPPT proposed a Significant New Use Rule
(SNUR) in October 2000. The SNUR would
require anyone to submit a notice to EPA 90
days before manufacturing or importing these
chemicals in order to give EPA a chance to
assess the risks of any new uses and impose
any necessary controls.
On March 11, 2002, OPPT published a final
SNUR on 13 of the chemicals, deleted two
chemicals from the original proposal, and
issued a Supplemental Proposed SNUR on the
remaining 75 chemicals that will allow specific
low-volume uses of the chemicals in the semi-
conductor, aviation hydraulics, and imaging
industries. OPPT published a final rule in
December 2002.
In August 2000. OPPT published the final
report, Sampling and Analysis of Consumer
Garden Products that Contain Vermiculite.
The study sought to determine the risks to
consumers from using garden products such
as potting soil that contained vermiculite.
On November 15, 2000, OPPT finalized
the Asbestos Worker Protection rule, which
extended protection from the health risks of
-------
Current Best Practices for
Vermiculite Attic
Insulation
asbestos to state and
local government
workers who are per-
forming construction
work, custodial work,
and automotive brake
and clutch repair.
Previously these
protections applied
only to private sector
workers. Throughout
2000-02, OPPT has
worked closely with
the Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency
Response's (OSWER)
Superfund program
on the asbestos
cleanup activities
at and near the vermiculite mine in Libby.
Montana. In 2001, OPPT began the first phase
of a preliminary study of potential exposures to
vermiculite attic insulation. Six homes in
Vermont were sampled and monitored and
simulation experiments were conducted in a
10'xlO'xlO' enclosure. Results from this study
and additional consumer guidance will be
issued in early 2003.
In early Spring of 2003, OPPT plans to release
the findings of its preliminary study. Asbestos
Exposure Assessment for Vermiculite Attic
Insulation, a guide for consumers titled,
Vermiculite in the Home, and the findings and
recommendations of an Asbestos Focus Group
formed by the Office.
The consumer guidance advises homeowners
to avoid disturbing vermiculite attic insulation
to prevent the release of asbestos fibers that
may be a contaminant in the vermiculite.
The Asbestos Focus Group met in October
2002 and was comprised of informed stake-
holders (private, government and industry).
Focus Group recommendations will assist the
Agency in determining its future direction with
regard to a range of asbestos issues.
As part of EPA's ongoing efforts to protect
children from lead poisoning, OPPT finalized
new standards in January 2001 to identify dan-
gerous levels of lead in paint, dust, and soil.
These new national standards are more protec-
tive than previous EPA guidance. Under these
new standards, federal agencies, including the
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development (HUD), as well as state, local.
and tribal governments, will have new uniform
benchmarks on which to base remedial actions
taken to safeguard children and the public
from the dangers of lead. These standards also
will apply to the following efforts:
» Other federal lead provisions such as
EPA's real estate disclosure requirements
presently in place for people selling or
renting a home or apartment.
* Other EPA programs that address lead.
EPA regional education resources—children's
health programs for school.
-------
» Landlords, parents, and childcare
providers with specific levels on which to
make informed decisions regarding lead
found in their homes, yards, or play areas.
Identifying lead hazards through these stan-
dards will allow inspectors and risk assessors
to assist property owners in deciding how to
address problems that may include lead-based
paint abatement, covering or removing soil, or
professional cleaning of lead-based paint dust.
of PC'S
electrical equipment while reducing the regula-
tory and economic burden of reclassification.
PCB
tlectrCcab € qriup went"
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a family
of synthetic organic chemicals manufactured
worldwide and used in thousands of products
and processes where non-flammabiliry, stability
to heat, or effectiveness as a plasticizer are
required. PCBs bioaccumulate and they
have been classified by EPA and other
organizations as probable human car-
cinogens with other significant ecological
and human effects.
As part of an extensive effort to revise
the Agency's PCB regulations based on
data and experience gained since 1982
when the regulations were last revised,
OPPT finalized a rule for Reclassification
of PCB and PCB-Contaminated
Electrical Equipment in May 2001. The
rule amends the requirements for reclas-
sifying transformers, electromagnets,
switches and voltage regulators that
contain PCBs to reduce concentrations
in this equipment.
A major benefit of this rule is that it
helps the United States meet its various
treaty obligations to phase out high
concentration PCB transformers. In
addition, the rule reduces the risk
from PCBs to human health and the
environment by encouraging the
phaseout and removal of PCBs from
Across the United States, many otherwise
usable properties lay dormant or have not
been returned to their full potential use. Some
of these sites are former government facilities
and many others are abandoned private prop-
erties, now the responsibility of local authori-
ties. In 2002, OPPT joined other EPA offices
and the State of California in completing an
agreement allowing the transfer of a former
Naval facility on Mare Island, at the northern
end of San Francisco Bay. The agreement
allows for the continuing assessment of por-
tions of this prime waterfront property, cleanup
of known contaminated areas and immediate
reuse of revitalized areas.
-------
To address contaminated private property,
Congress formally instituted the Brownfields
program in January 2002. OPPT has a direct
and continuing involvement in implementing
this major new program through the develop-
ment of policies and procedures for addressing
PCB contamination at these sites. Other con-
taminates such as asbestos and lead-based
paint are also prevalent at Brownfields sites.
Based on the proposed reuse of a site, the
removal and cleanup standards for asbestos
and lead-based paint may be appropriate
to ensure the health of future users of the
property.
AM&Mfvnfy Mercury
otv a/
Based on the suggestion of EPA and the
Department of State, the United Nations
Environment Programme (UNEP) Governing
Council decided in February 2001 to conduct
a global assessment of mercury. In 2002, the
assessment was completed in collaboration
with governments, intergovernmental and
non-governmental organizations and the
private sector and addressed the following:
* Sources, emissions inventories, long-
range transport, chemical transformations,
and fate of mercury.
* Production and use patterns of mercury
as a global commodity.
* Prevention and control technologies
and practices, with associated costs and
effectiveness.
* Exposures and effects on humans and
ecosystems.
* Ongoing actions and plans for con-
trolling releases and limiting use and
exposures.
» Options for international action.
The UNEP mercury program will assist all
countries, especially developing countries and
countries with economies in transition, with
capacity-building activities to characterize their
mercury pollution problems and to develop
appropriate strategies to mitigate mercury
pollution problems.
Domestically, EPA is working with the
Department of Defense, states, and other
stakeholders on a range of mercury issues.
Under its PBT Initiative, OPPT is also develop-
ing a Mercury Action Plan which will outline
the Agency's current strategy for addressing
multimedia mercury pollution and exposure
over the next several years.
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) are a set
of toxic chemicals that persist in the environ-
ment for long periods of time, accumulate in
the food chain, and travel great distances.
They can cause an array of adverse effects in
humans and animals including cancer, damage
to the central and peripheral nervous systems,
reproductive disorders, and disruption of the
immune system.
To address this concern internationally, the
UNEP sponsored negotiation of a treaty,
known as the Stockholm Convention on
Persistent Organic Pollutants, among 120
countries including the United States. The
Stockholm Convention targets 12 POPs includ-
ing certain pesticides, industrial chemicals,
and unintended by-products of combustion
such as DDT, PCBs and dioxin. Provisions in
the agreement allow for the consideration and
addition of additional POPs, where appropri-
ate. In May 2001, EPA Administrator Whitman
led the U.S. delegation to the diplomatic
conference in Stockholm, Sweden where
representatives of over 90 countries signed
the treaty. President Bush sent the treaty to
the U.S. Senate for its advice and consent
to ratification in April 2002.
-------
aldri
hexac
toxa
In addition to the Stockholm
Convention, the
Administration forwarded
a legislative package to
Congress in April
2002 that would
facilitate imple-
mentation of two
other important
international
environmental
agreements:
the Rotterdam
Convention on
the Prior
Informed
Consent
Procedure for
Certain
Hazardous
Chemicals and
Pesticides in
International Trade,
signed in September
1998, and the Protocol to the
1979 Convention on Long-Range
Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP) on
POPs, signed in June 1998.
The legislative package submitted to Congress
in April 2002 included amendments to
TSCA and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide
and Rodenticide Act targeted to facilitate
implementation of the agreements. The
Administration looks forward to working
with Congress to ensure the development of
legislation that will allow the United States to
fully implement and ratify the Agreements,
including provisions addressing additional
POPs chemicals beyond those currently on
the lists of POPs pollutants under the
Stockholm and LRTAP POPs Agreements.
The Stockholm Convention is intended to
eliminate or restrict the production, use, and/or
release of 12 chemicals that, due to their per-
sistence in the environment, can affect human
health throughout the globe, regardless of the
dieldrin
drin
irex
potyrhterinated biphcnyl
The twelve chemicals covered by the Stockholm
Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.
location of their use. The
convention obligates all
participating countries
to take measures to
eliminate or restrict
the production,
use and trade
of intentionally
produced
POPs; to
develop
action plans
that address
the release
of by-product
POPs such as
using best
available
techniques to
reduce emissions
of POPs from new
sources; and to
address the safe
handling and disposal
of POPs stockpiles and wastes.
ordane
tachlor
oxm
Other OPPT
OPPT continues to be actively involved in
international programs and activities to pro-
mote the sound management of chemicals at
the global level. This involvement ranges from
provisions of domestic legislation specifically
calling for involvement in international work
related to, or affecting, U.S. domestic programs
to participation in basic information exchange.
Taking advantage of experience, expertise, and
research abroad that can contribute to our pro-
grams and sharing EPA expertise and informa-
tion is aimed at a mutual goal of reducing
global and cross-border environmental risk.
OPPT also supports commitments made by the
United States in treaties and other instruments
involving chemicals management at the inter-
national level.
-------
* North American Initiative on the Sound
Management of Chemicals. One of EPA's
major international environment commit-
ments is to participation in the Sound
Management of Chemicals (SMOC) initia-
tive under the North American Agreement
on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC).
The NAAEC was negotiated as a sidebar
to the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) to ensure that envi-
ronmental protection would be enhanced,
rather than compromised, through open-
ing up free trade in North America.
OPPT's participation in SMOC contributes
to the protection of human health and the
environment through concerted trilateral
action on lead, mercury, PCBs, lindane,
DDT, and chlordane.
Between 2000 and 2002, OPPT held the
Chairmanship of the SMOC Working
Group. Significant achievement was
accomplished on the substances of
concern and on ensuring that capacity-
building and emphasis on children's
health are factored into each project.
During this period, an overarching project
on Environmental Monitoring and
Assessment was initiated. This project
will help identify substances of concern
and document the success of management
through reduction or elimination of sub-
stances of concern. An increased emphasis
has been put on protection of human
health and involvement of indigenous
communities through their involvement in
development and implementation of
programs and projects.
» Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical
Safety. The 1992 Rio Earth Summit
produced a detailed list of concerns and
priorities referred to as Agenda 21.
Chapter 19 of Agenda 21 calls for the
sound management of chemicals.
Subsequently, a unique international
organization, the Intergovernmental
Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS), was
created to provide insight and guidance
on how nations, regional and inter-
national organizations, industry, and non-
governmental organizations representing
the environment, labor, and other stake-
holders might best work towards the goals
set out in Chapter 19. OPPT was the
National Focal Point for IFCS, responsible
for all U.S. participation, public and
private in the work of IFCS.
OPPT was actively involved in the devel-
opment of The Bahia Declaration, and the
Priorities for Action Beyond 2000, both
adopted at Forum III in Salvador da
Bahia, Brazil (October 15-20, 2002),
which are widely accepted at the inter-
national level as agreed-on guidance for
implementation of specific programs.
OPPT's commitment to capacity-building
has stimulated IFCS action and the cre-
ation of an EPA-UNEP partnership in that
area, the Chemical Information Exchange
Network (CIEN), for training of officials in
developing countries in the use of infor-
mation resources available on the Internet.
Through IFCS, OPPT is now working with
UNEP in the development of a Strategic
Approach to International Chemicals
Management (SAICM). Through IFCS,
EPA has a voice in the directions of future
implementation strategies for a SAICM.
* Organization of Economic Cooperation
and Development. OPPT has had signifi-
cant participation in the Organization of
Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) Environment, Health and Safety
Program since the late 1970s. The major
emphasis in 2001 was on harmonization,
work sharing and tools for decision mak-
ing. Work on harmonization includes
development of test guidelines, hazard
classification systems for health and the
environment, and exposure assessments.
One of the major accomplishments in
n n
-------
2001 was the deletion of the old test
guideline for acute oral toxicity and its
replacement by three alternatives. These
alternatives use fewer animals per test and
lead to less physical pain in the animals.
With regard to harmonization of clas-
sification systems, the OECD published
the final document on endpoints for
human health effects and ecological
effects. The results of this effort were
integrated into the new United Nations
globally harmonized classification system
(GHS).
Work sharing includes testing of HPV
chemicals and assessing new chemicals.
Progress continued on the testing of HPV
chemicals and on the initial assessment of
these chemicals. Industry began a pilot
project to determine if they could carry
out some of the testing and assessments.
With regard to new chemicals, member
countries and the chemical industry began
sharing notification and assessment infor-
mation on several chemicals. This was the
beginning of an approach to reduce the
burden of new chemical notification and
assessment schemes.
Tools for decision making include methods
for risk assessment and risk management.
With regard to risk assessment, the OECD,
along with the UNEP held a workshop
on the use of multimedia models for esti-
mating overall environmental persistence
and long-range transport in assessing
PBTs/POPs. OECD also published several
documents, including a guidance docu-
ment on the use of socioeconomic analy-
sis and a guidance document for govern-
ments who plan to develop their own
programs to promote research and
development in sustainable chemistry.
A database was established which con-
tains information on 100 models which
are computerized or capable of being
computerized for predicting health and
environmental effects, exposure potential,
or possible risk.
Uomelcwd/ Security
OPPTS is taking an active role in responding
to the Agency's Strategic Plan on Homeland
Security by leading efforts to: broaden tech-
nical expertise on chemicals; use pollution
prevention to minimize vulnerabilities; share
data with state, tribal, and local governments;
ensure chemicals are safeguarded from threats;
ensure food safety; and increase lab testing
capacity for pesticides in food. OPPT is pro-
viding technical expertise on chemicals to other
EPA programs to help them meet their home-
land security responsibilities under EPA's
Strategic Plan.
OPPT continues to develop Acute Exposure
Guideline Limits (AEGLs) for hazardous sub-
stances. The AEGL program is developing
short-term exposure limits for about 475 haz-
ardous substances for purposes of chemical
emergency response, planning, and preven-
tion. Thus far, AEGLs have been developed for
about 90 chemicals—ten are final; 53 interim,
21 proposed, and 18 draft or on hold because
of insufficient data. Approximately 380 chem-
icals remain to be addressed.
OPPT will continue to fill information gaps
through the many programs described
throughout this Report, such as the High
Production Volume Chemicals program, the
existing and new chemicals programs, and pol-
lution prevention efforts that promote replacing
high risk chemicals and processes with safer
alternatives, i
-------
OPPT on/ tJve' Web-
vu \o\o. epa/.
Asbestos
www. epa . go v/asbestos
Brownfields
www. epa . gov/swerosps/bf/topics . htm
Chemical Testing Program
www.epa.gov/oppt/chemtest
Consumer Labeling Initiative (CLJ)
www.epa.gov/oppt/labeling
Design for the Environment (DfE)
www.epa.gov/dfe
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPP)
www. epa . gov/oppt/epp
Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Report
www.epa.gov/oppt/epp/pubs/EPPreport-Web.pdf
Exposure Assessment Tools and Models
www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure
Fact Sheets - EPA Region 10
www.epa.gov/rlOearth
Forum on State and Tribal Toxics Action (FOSTTA)
www.epa.gov/oppt/tribal
Green Meetings
www.bluegreenmeetings.org
Green Engineering (GE) Program
www.epa.gov/oppt/greenengineering
High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program
www.epa.gov/oppt/chemrtk/volchall.htm
Homeland Security
www.epa.gov/epahome/downloads/epa_homeland_security _strategic_plan.pdf
Hospitals for a Healthy Environment (H2E)
www.h2e-online.org
Lead
www. epa . gov/lead
-------
Mercury
www.epa.gov/mercury
National Fish Tissue Study
www.epa.gov/waterscience/fishsrudy
National Lead Information Center
www.epa.gov/lead/nlic.htm
OPPT International Activities
www.epa.gov/oppt/international
OPPT Tribal Program
www. epa.gov/oppt/tribal
Perfluorooctyl Sulfonates (PFOS)
www. epa .gov/oppt/chemtest
Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxics (PBTs)
www. epa. gov/oppt/pbt
PBT Profiler
www.pbtprofiler.net
Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
www.pic.int
www.pops.int
www. UNECE. org/env/lrtap/pops_h 1. htm
Pollution Prevention (P2) Programs
www.epa.gov/p2
Pollution Prevention (P2) Framework
www. epa. gov/oppt/p2frame work
Pollution Prevention (P2) Grants
www. epa. gov/p2/grants
Pollution Prevention Resource Exchange (P2Rx)
www.p2rx.org
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
www. epa. gov/oppt/pcb
Presidential Green Chemistry Awards
www.epa.gov/greenchemistry
TSCA Biotechnology Program
www.epa.gov/oppt/biotech
Vermiculite
www. epa. gov/asbestos
Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program (VCCEP)
www. epa. gov/opp t/chemrtk/vccep
-------
AIChE, see American Institute of Chemical Engineers 21
American Hospital Association 18
Asbestos 5, 29, 30, 32
ASEE, see American Society of Engineering Education 21
Automotive Refintshing Partnership 20
Brownfields 32
CBI, see confidential business information 11
CCPS, see Center for Chemical Process Safety 21
CE1, see Centers for Environmental Innovation 15
Chemical Testing 4, 9
ChemSTEER, see Chemical Screening Tool for Exposures and Environmental Releases 11, 12
CIMP, see Chemical Information and Management Project 23
Computer Display Partnership 20
CLI, see Consumer Labeling Initiative 27
CTSA, see Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment 20
DEI, see Dioxin Exposure Initiative 17
DfE, see Design for the Environment 19, 20
DOI, see Department of the Interior 16
E-FAST, see Exposure, Fate Assessment Screening Tool 11, 12
EGA, see Enforceable Consent Agreement 9
EPI Suite, see Estimation Program Interface Suite 11
EPP, see Environmentally Preferable Purchasing 15
Exposure Assessment Tools and Models 11
FOSTTA, see Forum on State and Tribal Toxics Action 23
GE, see Green Engineering Program 20, 21
Green Meetings 16
H2E, see Hospitals for a Healthy Environment 17, 18
HAPs, see Hazardous Air Pollutants 5, 9
Homeland Security 35
HOPE Worldwide 24
HPV, see High Production Volume 4, 7, 8, 10, 23, 35
HUD, see Department of Housing and Urban Development 30
IEMS, see Integrated Environmental Management System 20
IFCS, see Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety 34
IGEMS, see Internet Geographical Exposure and Modeling Software 12
Industrial and Institutional Laundry Partnership 20
IUR, see Inventory Update Rule 10
JWOD, see Javits-Wagner-O'Day program 16
LCA, see Life-Cycle Assessment 20
Lead Poisoning Prevention Grants and Outreach Activities 23
Lead Hazard Standards 30
Mercury 16,17,18,19,32,34
MOU, see Memorandum of Understanding 15, 18
National Coalition for Lead-Safe Kids 24
-------
National Fish Tissue Study 17
National Lead Information Center 24, 25
Native American Tribes 24
NCLR, see National Council of La Raza 24
Non-Animal Testing 10
NFS, see National Park Service 15
OAR, see Office of Air and Radiation 9
OECD, see Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development 10, 34, 35
OPPT, see Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics 3, et al.
OPPT International Activities 33, 34, 35
OPPTS, see Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxic Substances 24, 28, 35
OSWER, see Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response 30
P2, see Pollution Prevention 15, 19, 23
P2 Framework 11, 13, 18
P2 Grants 19
P2Rx, see Pollution Prevention Resource Exchange 19
PAIR, see Preliminary Assessment Information Reporting 9
PBPK, see physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling 9
PBT Profiler 18
PBTs, see Persistent, Bioaccumulative, and Toxics 16, 17, 18, 28, 32
PCB Property Revitalization - Mare Island 31
PCBs, see polychlorinated biphenyls 5, 16, 31, 32, 34
PFOA, see perfluorooctanoic acid 23
PFOS, see perfluorooctyl sulfonates 29
PMN, see Premanufacture Notice 9, 13
POPs, see Persistent Organic Pollutants 32, 33, 35
Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards 26, 27
PSA, see public service announcement 24, 25
PWB, see Printed Wiring Board 20
Reclassification of PCB and PCB-Contaminated Electrical Equipment 31
SMOC, see Sound Management of Chemicals 34
SNUR, see Significant New Use Rule 29
SRD, see source ranking database 12
Sustainable Futures Project 13
TRI, see Toxic Release Inventory 17
Tribal Affairs Project 23
Tribal Program 27
TSCA, see Toxic Substances Control Act 3, et al.
TSCA Inventory Update Rule Amendments 10
UNEP, see United Nations Environment Programme 32, 34, 35
VCCEP, see Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program 4, 8, 23
Vermiculite 29, 30
WIC, see Women, Infants and Children 25
------- |