EPA-600/2-76-0125
January 1976
Environmental Protection Technology Series
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL STRATEGIES FOR
COMPOUNDS IN PETROLEUM REFINERY STREAMS
Volume II
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
-------
EPA-600/2-76-012b
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL STRATEGIES
FOR COMPOUNDS IN
PETROLEUM REFINERY STREAMS
Volume II. Process Analysis of Petroleum Refinery Streams
by
K.J. Bombaugh, E.G. Cavanaugh, J. C. Dickerman, S.L. Keil
T.P. Nelson, M.L. Owen, and D. D. Rosebrook
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creek Boulevard
Austin, Texas 78766
Contract No. 68-02-1882, Task 32
ROAPNo. 21AFH-025
Program Element No. 1AB015
EPA Project Officer: I. A. Jefcoat
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
January 1976
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
VOLUME I
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES viii
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1
1.0 . INTRODUCTION 15
2.0 . TECHNICAL APPROACH '...." 18
2.1 Sampling and Analytical Strategy 19
2.1.1 General Scheme 19
2.1.2 Specific Applications of the General
Scheme . 28
2.1.2.1 Process Streams from the
Atmospheric Still. 28
2.1.2.2 Streams with a Predominantly
Water Matrix 41
2.1.2.3 Streams Containing Vapor
and Particulate 50
2.1.2.4 Fugitive Emission Samples.. 59
2. 2 Cost and Manpower Requirements 62
2.2.1 Basis for Costing 62
2.2.1.1 Sampling - 63
2.2.1.2 ' Analysis 64
2.2.1.3 Reporting 66
2.2.1.4 Replication 66
2.2.1.5 Start-Up Costs 67
2.2.1.6 Level III Analyses 68
2.2.2 Cost for Comprehensive Sampling &
Analysis 71
111
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont)
2.2.3 Basis for Costing - Excluding
First Time 73
2.2.4 Approximate Cost for Comprehensive
Sampling and Analysis of Similar
Sites Excluding First Time 74
2.2.5 Cost Basis - Fugitive Emissions
Excluded 74
2.2.5.1 Sampling 74
2.2.5.2 Analysis 75
2.2.5.3 Reporting 75
2.2.5.4 Replication 75
2.2.5.5 Start-Up Costs 76
2:2.5.6 Level III Analysis 77
2.2.6 Summary of First Time Costs without
Fugitive Emission Sampling 77
2.2.7 Costs for Level I Only 77
2.2.7.1 Basis 77
2.2.7.2 Sampling 79
2.2.7.3 Analysis 79
2.2.7.4 Reporting 80-
2.2.7.5 One-Time Set-Up 80
2.2.8 Summary of Costs 81
2.2.9 Recommendations for Further Work.... 85
APPENDIX A
SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
VOLUME II
APPENDIX B
PROCESS ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM
REFINERY STREAMS
IV
-------
APPENDIX B
PROCESS ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM
REFINERY STREAMS
v
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1.0 _ INTRODUCTION. .._.__^^ B-l
2.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED REFINERY STREAMS ... B-5
2.1 Refinery Flow Sheet B-5
2.2 Selected Refinery Streams B-ll
2.2.1 Fugitive Atmospheric Emissions From
Atmospheric Crude Distillation B-ll
2.2.2 Atmospheric Still Condensate B-27
2.2.3 API Separator Effluent B-31
2.2.4 Incinerator Tail Gas from the Sulfur
Recovery Unit B-41
2.2.5 Fluidized Catalytic Cracking
Regenerator Off-Gas B-54
3.0 FUGITIVE EMISSIONS. ..... B-69
3.1 Line Sampling . B-69
3.2 Direct Fugitive Emission Sampling. ...... B-71
4.0 CRUDE OIL ANALYSIS B-72
4.1 General Characteristics. . B-72
4.2 Specific Components B-77
5.0 CHEMICALS IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION .... B-80
5 .1 Toxicity of Refinery Stream Compounds B-80
5.1.1 Classification Techniques B-81
5.1.2 Criteria For Table A Compounds. .... B-85
5.2 Components in Refinery Streams B-96
5.3 Additional References for Toxicity and
Mutagenicity B-141
REFERENCES B-177
vxi
-------
APPENDIX B
LIST OF TABLES
Page
TABLE 2.1-1 COMPARISON OF "REPRESENTATIVE" REFINERY
PRODUCT SLATE WITH TOTAL ACTUAL U.S.
PRODUCTION B-9
TABLE 2.1-2 REFINERY PROCESS UNIT CAPACITIES "REPRE-
SENTATIVE" COMPARED TO AVERAGE OF U.S.
.REFINERIES . B-10
TABLE 2.2-1 TYPICAL ATMOSPHERIC CRUDE TOWER FRACTIONS AND
BOILING RANGES B-12
TABLE 2.2-2 FUGITIVE EMISSION FACTORS AND RATES FOR
THE ATMOSPHERIC CRUDE TOWER ........ B-16
TABLE 2.2-3A FUGITIVE LIGHT ENDS EMISSIONS FROM ATMO-
SPHERIC DISTILLATION^COLUMN ... B-18
TABLE 2.2-3B FUGITIVE NAPHTHA EMISSIONS FROM ATMO-
SPHERIC DISTILLATION COLUMN ... B-19
TABLE 2.2-3C FUGITIVE DISTILLATE EMISSIONS FROM ATMO-
SPHERIC DISTILLATION COLUMN B-21
TABLE 2.2-3D FUGITIVE GAS OIL EMISSIONS FROM ATMO-
SPHERIC DISTILLATION COLUMN B-23
TABLE 2.2-3E FUGITIVE TOPPED CRUDE EMISSIONS FROM
ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION COLUMN B-25
TABLE 2.2-4 ATMOSPHERIC STILL CONDENSATE B-29
Vlll
-------
APPENDIX B
LIST OF TABLES (Cont.)
Page
TABLE 2.2-5 API SEPARATOR EFFLUENT - WATER QUALITY
CHARACTERIZATION B-37
TABLE 2.2-6 API SEPARATOR EFFLUENT - POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS B-38
TABLE 2.2-7 API SEPARATOR EFFLUENT - POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS TRACE ELEMENTS AND METALS . . . . B-40
TABLE 2.2-8 SOURCES OF H2S GASES TO THE GLAUS UNIT. . . B-42
TABLE 2.2-9 GLAUS UNIT OPERATING CONDITIONS B-47
TABLE 2.2-10 COMPONENTS POTENTIALLY PRESENT IN GLAUS
UNIT FEEDS B-52
TABLE 2.2-11 INCINERATOR TAIL GAS FROM SULFUR RECOVERY
UNITS B-55
TABLE 2.2-12 FLUDIZED CATALYTIC CRACKING UNIT OPERATING
CONDITIONS B-57
TABLE 2.2-13 THE FCCU REGENERATOR OFF-GAS - MAJOR
COMPONENTS B-59
TABLE 2.2-14 THE FCCU REGENERATOR OFF-GAS - POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS RELEASED BY DIS-
PLACEMENT . B-64
TABLE 2.2-15 THE FCCU REGENERATOR OFF-GAS - POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS RELEASED BY
VOLATILIZATION B-67
IX
-------
APPENDIX B
LIST OF TABLES (Cont.)
TABLE 2.2-16 THE FCCU REGENERATOR OFF-GAS - POTENTIALLY
HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS RELEASED FROM
COMBUSTION
Page
B-68
TABLE 4.1-1 U.S. CRUDE OIL IMPORTS ........... B-73
TABLE 4.1-2 FOREIGN FIELDS USED TO DEFINE AN AVERAGE
FOREIGN CRUDE
B-74
TABLE 4.1-3 DOMESTIC FIELDS USED TO DEFINE AN AVERAGE
UNITED STATES CRUDE. . . . ......... B-75
TABLE 4.1-4 AVERAGE CRUDE OIL CHARACTERISTICS ...... B-76
TABLE 4.1-5 DISTILLATION OF A TYPICAL REFINERY CRUDE . . B-78
TABLE A
TABLE B
TOXICITY OF REFINERY STREAM COMPOUNDS. . . . B-86
IDENTIFIED COMPONENTS OF REFINERY STREAMS. . B-98
TABLE C
REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE .......... B-142
TABLE D
REFERENCES FROM TIRC FILES AND LIBRARY . . . B-169
TABLE E
REFERENCES FROM THE TOXLINE FILE ...... B-171
-------
APPENDIX B
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1-1 BLOCK FLOW DIAGRAM FOR A REPRESENTATIVE
U.S. REFINERY
Page
. B-7
FIGURE 2.2-1 ATMOSPHERIC CRUDE TOWER FUGITIVE EMISSION
SOURCES B-14
FIGURE 2.2-2 ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION COLUMN B-28
FIGURE 2.2-3 API OIL-WATER SEPARATOR INCLUDING POINT
OF SAMPLING
B-32
FIGURE 2.2-4 A TYPICAL MEA ACID GAS REMOVAL UNIT B-44
FIGURE 2.2-5 SOUR WATER STRIPPER WITH AMMONIA SEPARATION
PROCESS B-45
FIGURE 2.2-6 A TYPICAL GLAUS SULFUR RECOVERY PLANT. . . . B-48
FIGURE 2.2-7 FLUIDIZED CATALYTIC CRACKER B-56
FIGURE 4.1-1 API GRAVITY, WEIGHT PERCENT SULFUR AND
DISTILLATION CURVE TEMPERATURE VS. LV%
DISTILLED B-79
XI
-------
APPENDIX B
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The objective of this analysis is to determine
from available literature and through engineering analysis the
potentially hazardous components in five selected effluents
from a typical refinery. These stream characterizations are.
then to be used in developing a comprehensive sampling and
analytical strategy for specific hazardous components in these
streams.
The streams were selected as typical major contrib-
utors to the total refinery emissions. They are representative
of the different types of refinery effluents that might be
encountered. The following are the five streams studied:
fugitive atmospheric emissions from
atmospheric crude distillation,
aqueous condensate from the atmospheric
crude still,
effluent water from the API separator,
tail gas from the sulfur recovery unit,
and
atmospheric emissions from the fluid
catalytic cracking regenerator.
Methodology
As a starting point, a literature survey is made to
determine as completely as possible: (1) all known components
in the selected refinery streams and (2) available toxicity data
B-l
-------
APPENDIX B
for the components. The result of this work is given in Table A
and B of this appendix. The toxicity data given in Table A
is by no means an exhaustive collection of available toxicity
data, nor for data on mutagenicity, teragenicity, and tumor-
icity. Section 5.3 lists additional references which can
be used to develop a much more complete base for describing
the biological effects of the various refinery effluent stream
components. The information given in Table A, however, is
believed to be adequate for the scope of this report as a
starting point in describing the toxicity of the components.
Next, each of the selected refinery streams are
examined for processing characteristics which can be used later
to determine the fate of components in the effluent streams.
These characteristics include operating conditions, type of
equipment used, and identification of the feed stream sources.
With the data given in Table B and from the processing
characteristics, the compositions of the selected refinery streams
are estimated. Where specific information concerning the fate
of certain components is not available, engineering judgement
is applied. In all cases, both stream compositions and process
conditions are considered before making final estimates of
effluent compositions. The complete list of components is com-
pared to the compounds given in Table A to determine which are
potentially hazardous. The result of the comparison is a final
list of potentially hazardous pollutants within each stream.
In addition to the list, the process conditions at each point
of sampling are specified as an aid for planning the sampling
procedures.
The lists of hazardous components derived from the
process analysis are used in several ways. First, they are used
in the development of the sampling and analytical strategy.
B-2
-------
APPENDIX B
This strategy includes specification of sampling techniques,
sample preservation methods, sample preparation and separation
methods, analytical equipment, laboratory test procedures, and
data interpretation. Costs for the sampling and analytical program
are estimated to determine whether it is a cost effective approach.
Another important use of the data from the process
analysis will be in preparation for the actual field tests.
The lists of hazardous pollutants will be used as guidelines
for determining the components for which analyses will be required
and the number of individual tests required. This information
will lead to a more accurate estimate of the total cost of
the field tests.
Fugitive Emission Analysis
The approach suggested in this report for describing
the fugitive emissions from the atmospheric still is unique.
The method assumes fugitive losses from the distillation unit
can be simulated by analyzing product streams from the column
and by defining emission rates at points where emission losses
occur. Ambient temperature at the emission location and the vapor
pressures of the components at ambient conditions are also
factors considered in characterizing fugitive emissions. The
result is a simulated source emission of fugitive losses.
This method is presented as an alternative to various
atmospheric monitoring methods. It provides a means of
identifying potentially hazardous emissions at their sources,
where sampling and analysis are simpler. It is also less costly
than are the direct fugitive emission sampling methods. Details
of this development are given in Section 3.0.
B-3
-------
APPENDIX B
Crude Oil Analysis
Complete and well-documented stream analyses for
crude oil are available from the literature. This information,
used in conjunction with engineering assessment and process
examination, is useful in predicting the components in the many
refinery streams. A discussion of crude oil composition is
presented in Section 4.0 and also in Table B.
B-4
-------
APPENDIX B
2.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF SELECTED REFINERY STREAMS
This section begins by describing the process analysis
used in defining a typical complete refinery. The process flows
were all based on average flows in domestic refineries. Following
the definition of the entire refinery, characterizations of the
five refinery streams selected for this study are given. These
characterizations include descriptions of the processes from which
the selected effluent streams are derived and identification
of hazardous components which are known to be present or suspected
of being present in the effluent streams. The compounds which
have been identified as potentially hazardous are given in
Section 5.0 of this appendix.
The process descriptions consist of a listing of
operating conditions, a process flow scheme, a listing of sampling
conditions and stream compositions. Descriptions of the methods
used to ascertain the presence of hazardous materials in each of
the five effluent streams are also presented. The concentrations
and toxicity data of the hazardous components in the selected
streams are given wherever possible.
2.1 Refinery Flow Sheet
The first step in the process analysis is to define a
representative refinery from which refinery stream samples might
be obtained for analysis. A flow sheet based on this refinery
serves as a reference in identifying hazardous components in
individual refinery streams. .Process units and capacities in
such a refinery are similar to those found in medium to large
size refineries in the United States today. Therefore, a sample
team could expect to enter most domestic refineries and obtain
samples similar to those described in this report. The following
basic assumptions were used in developing the refinery flow sheet:
B-5
-------
APPENDIX B
the refinery is located in the continental
United States,
the refinery processes 15,900 m3/day
(100,000 bbl/day) of crude (this is a
convenient rate for scaling process flows
and capacities to actual refineries
which might be selected for sampling),
the process unit capacities are
consistent with actual capacities
in the United States in 1974,
the process units selected are those in
most common use in the industry today, and
the refinery product slate represents the
national average product slate for the
refining industry in 1974.
To satisfy the above assumptions, the amount of crude
processed during 1974 (US-209), the refinery product yields
during 1974 (US-209), and the capacities of major processing
units for 1974 (CA-236) are .used to describe the representative
refinery. Using this information, a refinery flow sheet has
been prepared showing the major process equipment, major
refinery stream flow rates, and the refinery products all
as functions of current information about U.S. refinery opera-
tions. A block flow diagram for the representative refinery is
presented in Figure 2.1-1.
The representative refinery includes the following
major processing operations: crude and vacuum distillation; crude
desalting; wastewater treatment (API separator); sour water
B-6
-------
APPENDIX B
FIGURE 2.1-1 BtOCK FLOW DIAGRAM .
FOR A REPRESENTATIVE
• U.S. REFINERY
«-OS OIL • ».101 m'liA-
:'- J1I.100 kl/4.;
-------
APPENDIX B
stripping; acid gas removal; sulfur recovery; hydrodesulfurization
units for naphtha., distillate, gas oil and residual oils. Other
facilities included are gas processing; isoraerization; alkylation;
reforming; hydrocracking; fluid catalytic cracking; deasphalting;
asphalt blowing; delayed coking; and associated storage and
blending operations. <
The representative refinery product slate is compared
with the U.S. total refinery product slate with each product
as a volume percent of the total refinery products in Table 2.1-1.
In Table 2.1-2, the representative refinery process unit capacities
are also compared with average process unit capacities in U.S.
refineries.
The trend in modern refineries is toward increased
hydrodesulfurization because of: (1) environmental protection
laws limiting the sulfur levels in fuels; (2) reduction in the
availability of low sulfur crudes; and (3) the undesirable pro-
perties of sulfur compounds including corrosiveness, odor, in-
stability, and catalyst poisoning tendencies. This flow scheme,
however, uses hydrodesulfurization only to the extent it is
currently practiced in domestic refineries,. which is somewhat
less than might be expected in future operations. From informa-
tion on performance of process units, the sulfur removal effi-
ciencies in various HDS and cracking operations were estimated.
The fate of hazardous materials contributing to the
five selected process streams can be determined using the
representative process flow scheme. Using the estimated com-
positions and the specified flow rates, the relative environ-
mental impacts of the five selected effluents can be approximated.
In Section 2.2, each of the five streams is examined in this
manner. '
B-8
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.1-1
COMPARISON OF "REPRESENTATIVE" REFINERY PRODUCT
SLATE WITH
Product
Gasoline
Kerosine
Jet Fuel,
Naphtha type
Kerosine type
Distillate Fuel Oil
Asphalt
Residual Fuel Oil
Marketable Coke
LPG
Petrochemical Feedstocks
Other (Fuels, misc.)
TOTAL ACTUAL U.S. PRODUCTION
Volume Percent of
Representative Refinery
Production
50.3
1.2
',1.5
5;0
20.4
3.4
8.2
1.4
2.4
2.8
3.4
100.0
Total Refinery Products
*Total U.S. Production
49.0
1.2
1.5
4.9
20.4
3.4
8.2
1.3
2.4
2.8
4.9
100.0
*Source: (US-209)
B-9
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.1-2
REFINERY PROCESS UNIT CAPACITIES
"REPRESENTATIVE" COMPARED TO AVERAGE OF U.S. REFINERIES
Unit
Reformer
Fluid Cat Cracker
Hydrocracker
Coking
Asphalt
Isomerization
Alkylation
Naphtha HDS
Distillate HDS
Gas Oil HDS
Resid. Oil HDS
*Source: (CA-236)
Volume Percent of Crude Feedstock
Representative
Refinery
24.6
28.9
5.6
1.4
3.6
0.8
5.6
20.8
11.3 '
3.5
0.04
^Average of
U.S. Refineries
27.3
33.9
6.9
1.7
5.4
1.0
6.8
25.2
13.7
4.2
.05
B-10
-------
APPENDIX B
2.2 Selected Refinery Streams
This section contains descriptions of the processes
from which the five selected effluent streams are derived. The
manner in which materials are separated, transformed, heated,
combusted, and otherwise treated in each process is discussed.
The ultimate effects of these treatments with regard to the fate
of potentially hazardous effluents are considered. . Finally,
a characterization of the selected refinery effluent streams is
made with respect to hazardous compounds which are known or
suspected to be present.
2.2.1 Fugitive Atmospheric Emissions From Atmospheric Crude
Distillation
Process Analysis
Atmospheric crude distillation is the initial major
processing step in refinery operations. The process involves the
separation of hydrocarbon components of the crude petroleum into
fractions of specified boiling point ranges. The type of separa-
tion made is largely governed by the crude petroleum charac-
teristics and the products required (VA-064).
The representative refinery product slate was discussed
in Section 2.1. The crude oil used in the representative re-
finery is a composite of crudes from the major oil fields cur-
rently supplying crudes to domestic refineries. The explanation
of how the crude oil characteristics were chosen is given in
Sect-ion 4.0.
B-ll
-------
APPENDIX B
Based on the desired product slate and the representative
crude processed, the fractions produced in the atmospheric crude
distillation unit were determined. These fractions and their
boiling ranges are presented in Table 2.2-1.
TABLE 2.2-1
TYPICAL ATMOSPHERIC CRUDE TOWER FRACTIONS
AND BOILING RANGES
Fraction Boiling Range
Light Ends <40°C
Naphtha 40°C - 177°C
Distillate 177°C - 304°C
Gas Oil 304°C - 402°C
Topped Crude >402°c'
Atmospheric crude distillation is usually accomplished
in one fractionation stage. The raw crude is desalted and then
heated in a direct-fired furnace to approximately 340°- 370°C
before being fed to the fractionation unit (WA-074).
The fugitive atmospheric emissions from the atmospheric
crude distillation unit are of interest since all of the hazardous
components in crude petroleum are potential atmospheric emissions
at the crude tower. Also, since the general housekeeping at
these units is not always good, the quantity of the fugitive
emissions from this source can be significant.
The potential fugitive emissions at the atmospheric
distillation unit exist at many points in the unit. The major
sources of fugitive emissions are expected to include leaks from
the following types of equipment:
B-12
-------
APPENDIX B
• valve stems (i.e., control valves, block
valves, and other valves in the unit),
pump seals ,
drain vent and sample valves,
• 'relief valves and blowdown systems,
gas compressor seals, and
flanges and fittings.
The location of these fugitive emissions sources and
suggested sampling points are illustrated in Figure 2.2-1 for a
typical atmospheric crude still.
Definition of Fugitive Emissions Basis
Potentially hazardous components in fugitive emissions
from the atmospheric distillation unit are characterized by
the components originally present in the crude oil feedstock.
Therefore, an essential input for definition of such emissions
from the atmospheric still, and from other downstream process
units as well, involves inspection of the crude oil. The crude
oil composition is defined in Section 4.0 and in Table B of
this appendix. The determination of the hazardous components is
discussed in Section 5.0,
Fugitive emissions are defined in this study as a
composite of all fugitive emission sources at the crude tower.
It was assumed that these emissions could be simulated by com-
positing selected process streams in and around the tower.
The process streams examined are: light ends, naphtha, distillate,
gas oil, and topped crude.
B-13
-------
txl-IXMX)-
I
I-1
-p-
APPENDIX B
The major sources of fugitive
emissions, such as valves,
pump seals, and compressor
seals are indicated on this
flow sheet.
Light
Ends
ugitive
ves,
this
1
X - Sampling Points
•-Naphtha
Water
Cohdensate
Distillate
v
Gas Oil
—-|-
tx) 1
Residual
*-
Product
FIGURE 2. 2-1 ATMOSPHERIC CRUDE TOWER FUGITIVE EMISSION SOURCES
-------
APPENDIX B
There are many factors affecting the amount of emissions
from the crude unit that actually become fugitive emissions.
Some of these factors are:
the ambient temperature at the location
of the emission,
.-I
the utilization of an adequate organic
recovery system for leaks, and
the vapor pressure effects of hazardous
components.at ambient conditions.
Crude oil components with boiling points greater than
260°C were not considered to be among the fugitive emissions.
Inspection of the component list indicates that the higher boiling
hazardous materials will not be present in fugitive emissions
above their TLV concentrations at ambient conditions, even be-
fore atmospheric dilution. Potentially hazardous components in
this group were therefore removed from the list. All carcinogens
regardless of boiling points were, however, included on the list.
Base case conditions for fugitive emissions were set
considering vapor pressure effects at ambient temperatures in
excess of 90°F. All fugitive emissions with adequate vapor
pressures were considered to be converted to atmospheric
emissions; in other words, collection and removal of liquid
drips and spills in an organic liquid recovery system was not
assumed to be utilized in reducing fugitive losses .
B-15
-------
APPENDIX B
The fugitive emission sources are shown on Figure
2.2-1 for a typical atmospheric crude still. Pumps, major valves
and piping and the major streams are identified on the figure.
Fugitive emissions have been quantified by applying published
mass emission factors to each potential fugitive emission source
(DA-069). The emission factors and rates are presented in Table
2.2-2 for each stream at the atmospheric tower and for the total
tower emissions.
Emission factors were not available for flanges and
fittings. Also, no attempt was made to estimate the number and loca-
tion of vent, sample, and drain valves, nor were emissions from
blowdowns, turnarounds, and maintenance estimated. For these
reasons, fugitive emissions calculated from sources shown on the
schematic flow sheet will tend to be conservative. To compensate
for these emissions, the calculated emission rate was scaled up by
a factor of three to give a total fugitive emission rate of
approximately 86 kg/day for a 15,900 m3/day refinery.
TABLE 2.2-2
FUGITIVE EMISSION FACTORS AND RATES
FOR THE ATMOSPHERIC CRUDE TOWER
Emission Factor Emission Rates
Source kg/day/valve or seal kg/day
4 Hand Valves (Gas) 0.222 0.888
66 Hand Valves (Liquid) 0.049 3.234
7 Pump Seals 1.915 13.405
7 Relief Valves 1.596 11.172.
TOTAL 28.699
Selected product streams from the atmospheric tower
(light ends, naphtha, distillate, gas.oil, and the topped crude)
were characterized as to temperatures and pressures at sampling
point and by major component categories. They were also characterized
B-16
-------
APPENDIX B
as to the concentrations and TLV's of components known' to be
present in concentrations considered hazardous. This information
is listed in Tables 2.2-3A through 2.2-3E.
The worst case of exposure to hazardous materials
assumes no ambient air dilution. This case could be represented
by an operator working directly over a leaking pump or a purged
vessel in the"immediate area. "Table 2.2-3 includes potentially
hazardous compounds which may have concentrations lower than
TLV concentrations, but which under special circumstances may
reach hazardous levels.
In crude distillation, separations are seldom so sharp
that a particular component will exist entirely in one stream.
Instead, a component will be distributed among several product
streams. However, components tend to concentrate in products
with boiling ranges closest to the component boiling point.
For this study, it was assumed for simplification that each
component will be found only in the particular product stream
whose boiling range includes the boiling point of the component.
The information on trace elements is limited. Most
trace element analyses in the literature did not attempt to
determine the form in which the elements were found. Trace
elements could conceivably exist either in the elemental form
or as organics or organometallic (such as porphyrin) compounds.
In addition, the TLV information on metals is often for the
elemental form in a particular physical state, such as dust or
fumes. For this reason all trace elements that have a hazardous
rating are listed as potentially hazardous regardless of their
physical form. TLV's for trace elements are not reported in
selected streams since specific data as to the form of the
compounds are not given in the literature.
.B-17
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-3A
FUGITIVE LIGHT ENDS EMISSIONS
FROM ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION COLUMN
A. Major Components (Non-Pollutants)
Component Vol. %
Methane
Isobutane
0.2
31.0
TLV (ppm)
10,000
Reference
RO-188
WA-074
B. Known to be hazardous and known to be present
Compound Vol. % TLV (ppm) Reference
n-Butane
Propane
Ethane
H2S
HC1
Me thanethiol
48.6
19.6
1.5
1.0
0.7
0.2
500
500
500
10
5
0.5
C. Potentially hazardous if present
Compound Vol. % TLV (ppm)
Ammonia
25
WA-074
WA-074
WA-074
PE-140, HA-316
PE-140
BE-147, GR-123
Reference
ME-107, KL-032
D. Sampling Conditions^
Temperature - 30°C
Pressure - 2.44-3.14 kg/cm2 (20-30 psig)
B-18
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-3B
FUGITIVE NAPHTHA EMISSIONS FROM
ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION COLUMN
A. Major Components
Components Vol. %
Cs to Cio
Paraffins 40.0
Cs to Cio Cyclo-
TLV (ppm)
Reference
GR-123
paraffins 40.0
Aromatics 20.0
B. Known to be hazardous and
Compound
C5 to C8
n-Alkanes
Cyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclo-
hexane
Benzene
Toluene
Xylenes
Ethylbenzene
Isopropyl-
benzene
1,2,3-Trimethyl-
benzene
1,3,5-Trimethyl-
benzene
Ethane thiol
2-Butanethiol
Mer cap tans
.V.ol, %
16.9-25.7
0.14-1.3
1.83-10.7
0.35-17.5
0.2 -1.23
1.0 -7.4
3.51-9.92
0.19-0.93
0.12-0.33
0.56
0.32-1.34
0.03
0.02
%0.10
GR-123
GR-123
known to be present
TLV (ppm)
100-600
-1
300
400
10
100
100
100
50
25
35
0.5
0.5
_2
Reference
RO-189, CA-227
RO-189
RO-189
RO-188, RO-189
CA-227, RO-189
CA-227, RO-189
RO-189
RO-188, RO-189
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
GR-123
GR-123
GR-123
C. Potentially hazardous if present
Compound
Ci to Ci» Alka-
noic Acids
Cyclohexane
2,2,4-Trimethyl-
pentane
Pyridine
Alkyl Pyridines
Pyrrole
Vol. %
TLV (ppm)
5-10
300
Reference
LO-112
RO-189
RO-189
PE-140
BA-325
PE-140
B-19
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-3B - FUGITIVE NAPHTHA EMISSIONS FROM ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION
COLUMN (Cont.)
P.. Potentially hazardous trace elements
Element
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Magnesium
Mercury
Nickel
Phosphorus
Selenium
Vanadium
Concentration
(yg/ml) TLV5 (ppm)
0.005-<0.5
0.009-<0.028
0.096-4.0
0.5-250
0.01-0.1
<0.5
15
<0.07-<0.1
0.035-<10
Reference
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
E. Sampling Conditions
Temperature - 30°C
Pressure.- 3.14-5.25 kg/cm2 (30-60 psig)
1. Rated as moderately toxic (SA-175).
2. All mercaptans are considered toxic.
3. No TLV data, but assumed as hazardous as pyridine.
4. Reported concentrations for low lead blended gasoline.
5. Refer to Table A, Appendix B, for toxicity data concerning
trace elements.
B-20
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-3C
FUGITIVE DISTILLATE EMISSIONS FROM
ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION COLUMN
A. Major Components
Components
Cu to Cis
Paraffins
Cii to Cis
Cycloparaffins
Cu to Cis
Aromatics
Vol. %
40.0
45.0
15.0
TLV (ppm)
Reference
GR-123
GR-123
GR-123
B. Known to be hazardous and known to be present
Compound
1,2,3-Trimethyl-
benzene
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-
naphthalene
Naphthalene
Vol. %
.44
.11
.06
TLV (ppm)
25
25
10
C. Potentially, hazardous if present
Compound Vol. % TLV (ppm)
l-Methyl-4-iso- 50
propylbenzene
2-Methylnaphtha-
lene
Indoles
Phenol
Cresols
Naphthol
Biphenyl
Quinoline
Alkyl Quino-
lines
Alkyl Pyridines
Octanethiol
carcinogens
5
_4
_5
3
D.
Potentially hazardous trace elements
Concentration
Element
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
(yg/m)
TLV (ppm)'
0.7
0.0545
<0.015
0.045
0.33
Reference
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
Reference
NA-231
RO-188
PE-140
BE-147
FI-083
LO-112
RO-188
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
GR-123
Reference
VO-027
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
B-21
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-3C - FUGITIVE DISTILLATE EMISSIONS FROM ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION
COLUMN (Cont.)
D. Potentially hazardous trace elements (Cont.)
Concentration ,
Element (yg/ml) TLV (ppm) Reference
Copper 0.25 AN-104
Iron 4.96 AN-104
Lead 0.88 AN-104
Manganese 0.08 AN-104
Molybdenum 0.155 AN-104
Nickel 16.1 AN-104
Silver 0.0023 AN-104
Vanadium 49.0 AN-104
E. Sampling Conditions
Temperature - 57°C
Pressure - 3.14-5.25 kg/cm2 (30-60 psig)
1. Limited experiments suggest high toxicity.
2. Rated as moderately toxic (SA-175).
3. Rated as severely toxic (SA-175).
4. Assumed similar in toxicity to quinoline.
5. Some alkyl pyridines have been described as highly toxic.
6. Refer to Table A, Appendix B, for toxicity data concerning
trace elements.
B-22
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-3D
FUGITIVE GAS OIL EMISSIONS FROM
ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION COLUMN
A. Major Components
Components Vol. %
TLV (ppm)
Reference
Cis to
Paraffins
C15 to C2sCyclo-
paraffins
Cis to Cas
Aromatics
30.0 GR-123
50.0 GR-123
20.0 GR-123
B. Known to be hazardous and known to be present
Compound
Phenanthrene s
Perylenes
Benzanthracenes
Chrysenes
Pyrenes
Vol. %
1
II
.1
1
1
TLV (ppm)
carcinogens
carcinogens
carcinogens
carcinogens
carcinogens
C. Potentially hazardous if present
Compound
Vol. %
Anthracene
TLV (ppm)
0.01 mg/m3
D. Potentially hazardous trace elements
Element
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
Concentration
(Ug/ml)
0.021
<0.01
0.025
<0.02
0.10
0.76
0.12
<0.02
0.0034
<0.10
<0.04
0.10
0.09
TLV (ppm)'
Reference
CA-228
CA-228
TY-008
TH-086
DO-074
Reference
DO-074
Reference
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
B-23
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-3D - FUGITIVE GAS OIL EMISSIONS FROM ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION
COLUMN (Cont.)
E. Sampling Conditions
Temperature - 52°C
Pressure - 3.14-5.25 kg/cm2 (30-60 psig)
1. Cited in literature as being present, and therefore it is
deemed a hazard.
2. Refer to Table A, Appendix B, for toxicity data concerning
trace elements.
B-24
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-3E
FUGITIVE TOPPED CRUDE EMISSIONS FROM
ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION COLUMN
A!. Major Components
Components
>C25 Paraffins
>C2S Cyclo-
paraf fins
>C2s Aromatics
Residue
B. Known to be
Compound
Benzopyrenes
Benzfluorenes
Benzanthracenes
Fluoranthenes
Alkyl Pyrenes
C. Potentially
Compound
Vol. %
20.0
45.0
30.0
5.0
present and
Vol. %
TLV (ppm)
Reference
GR-123
GR-123
GR-123
GR-123
known to be hazardous
TLV (ppm)
-1 carcinogens
carcino.gens
-•}• carcinogens
-, carcinogens
- carcinogens
hazardous if present
Vol. %
TLV (ppm)
Reference
TH-086
TY-008
TY-008
TY-008
DO-074
Reference
None; only the carcinogens mentioned above are believed
to be hazardous mainly due to the very low vapor pressure
of the topped crude components.
D. Sampling Conditions
Temperature - 250°C
Pressure - 3.14-5.25 kg/cm2 (30-60 psig)
1. Cited in literature as being present, and therefore, it is
deemed a hazard.
B-25
-------
APPENDIX B
• Sampling Conditions
The product streams from a crude distillation unit can
conveniently be sampled and analyzed for hazardous materials.
Because of this, the natural separation of components in the column
can be used as an aid in simulating the composition of the
fugitive emissions from the general tower area. The hazardous
components in these "simulated" fugitive emissions can in effect
be identified as components in discrete streams before these
streams are emitted from equipment and fittings.
The light ends may be sampled at the compressor from
the overhead accumulator at about 30°C and 2.09-3.14 kg/cm2
(20-30 psig) using a suitable gas phase sampling apparatus. The
liquid naphtha, distillate, and gas oil streams may be sampled
at their product pumps at about 30°G, 57°C, and 52°C, respectively,
and 3.14-5,25 kg/cm2(30-60 psig). The hot topped crude may be
sampled at the bottoms pumps at about 250°C and 3.14-5.25 kg/cm2
(30-60 psig). The sampling points will generally be at ground
level and are shown in Figure 2.2-1.
B-26
-------
APPENDIX B -
2.2.2 Atmospheric Still Condensate
Process Analysis
The atmospheric still condensate includes all steam
used or generated within the atmospheric .still. The sources
are steam used in heavy resid steam distillation, stripping
steam from the side product strippers, and steam produced from
the brine in the incoming refinery crude.
Steam condensed from the tower is collected in an over-
head accumulator drum as shown in Figure 2.2-2. In the drum the
aqueous condensate separates from the organic liquids (naphtha)
and the light ends. The condensate either is pumped or flows
by gravity from the accumulator to the API sewer. The waste-
water is collected in the sewer and later steam stripped.
Definition of Effluent Emissions Basis
The accumulator drum of the atmospheric still contains
aqueous condensate which is in direct contact with the straight
run naphtha. The drum conditions are approximately 30°C and
atmospheric pressure. Water soluble components in the straight
run naphtha are dispersed in the aqueous condensate. Table
2.2-4 lists hazardous components (and their solubilities) which
are potentially found in the straight run naphtha. The TLV's
listed are hazardous concentrations in air and.are not directly
applicable to liquid phase systems. They are used in this case
to indicate degree of hazard involved in handling the components
in either the organic or aqueous liquid phases.
Other components found in the overhead condensate
stream include light organics from the crude, ammonia, hydrogen
chloride, salts, trace metals, and hydrogen sulfide.
B-27
-------
APPENDIX B
CRUDE
OIL
OVERHEAD
ACCUMULATOR
DRUM
MID-DISTILLATES
GAS OIL
AQUEOUS
CONDENSATE
TOPPED CRUDE
ENDS
-*~ S.R. NAPHTHA
SAMPLE POINT
TO THE API
SEWER SYSTEM
FIGURE 2.2-2 ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION COLUMN
B-28
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-4
ATMOSPHERIC STILL COMPENSATE
Potentially Hazardous Pollutants
A. Potentially hazardous if presen
Compound
Acetic Acid
Formic Acid
Pyridine
Alkyl Pyridines
Phenol
m-Cresol
o-Cresol
p-Cresol
Methanethiol2
Ethanethiol3
Butanethiol3
t
Solubility1
nig/liter
Miscible I? 15.6°C
Miscible
Miscible g IS.S'C
Very Soluble
82,000 8 15 °C
5,000 9 30°C
25,000 8 30'C
18,000 8 36°C
Soluble
15,000 8 20"C
590
-------
APPENDIX B
The light organics include low boiling point materials,
generally C4 and lighter. Methane, ethane, and propane are
assumed to be non-hazardous in the aqueous phase due to their
high TLV's and low solubilities.
Ammonia is sometimes injected into the distillation
column to neutralize the HC1 and H2S acids (BE-147, PE-140).
Some ammonia is also generated within the column by slight
hydrogenation of nitrogen in the crude feedstock (BE-147).
Hydrogen chloride evolves from the salt brine in the
incoming feedstock. Although the chloride ion exhibits a low
vapor pressure and should theoretically end up in the heavy
ends, it actually appears in all the product streams because
of carry-over in the tower. This carry-over is in the form of
a spray or a foam, and is caused either by excess charging rates
to the fractionator or by fouling of the trays with solids (PE-140)
Other salts in the brine are also carried over in a
similar manner. These salts include sodium, magnesium, calcium,
aluminum, and iron salts of chlorides, bromides, sulfates, and
bicarbonates (PE-140, VE-021).
Carry-over is also a cause of trace metals in side
products streams. Some are also distributed among the various
product streams due to their volatile nature. Table 2.2-4 lists
metals which have been shown to be present in naphtha products
which can potentially exist as organometallic or inorganic metallic
compounds.
Hydrogen sulfide is a potential aqueous contaminant
found in distillation light ends. The H2S is present in the
distillation column and is primarily removed from the column as
part of the light ends stream. The H2S is in contact with the
B-30
-------
APPENDIX B
aqueous condensate while leaving the overhead condenser and entering
the accumulator drum. Sulfides in the condensate have been mea-
sured at 100 to 5,000 ppm (BE-147). The sulfides concentration
will depend greatly on the pH of the condensate.
Conditions in the aqueous condensate may permit the
"formation of an emulsion of the water and hydrocarbon phases.
The emulsion will mean a higher average concentration of poten-
tially hazardous organic compounds in the aqueous layer.
Sampling Conditions
V
If the condensate is pumped to the API sewer system
from the accumulator drum, the conditions at the point of
sampling are approximately 30°C and 3.15-5.25 kg/cm2 (30-60 psig).
However, if no pump is required, the point of sampling will be
at approximately atmospheric pressure and the same temperature.
The condensate is over 99 percent water.
2.2.3 API Separator Effluent
Process Analysis
* API separators are used throughout refineries for
the primary treatment of oil wastewaters. Oil separated from
the wastewater is returned to the refinery for reprocessing.
The effluent waters normally require secondary water treating
before release from the plant. Suspended solids are also re-
moved in these, separators. Figure 2.2-3 shows a typical API
separator used in a refinery.
In the API separator, separations are achieved using
simple gravity settling. The separation efficiency can vary
between 50 and 100 percent, depending on the physical charac-
teristics of the oil. Therefore, considerable oil can still be
released to receiving waters when separation efficiencies are
low.
B-31
-------
APPENDIX B
coven pones*r
» ocsmeo,
I
11.0006 PUMP
OIL PUMP
, ---- -=t ----- li — *-i]
OIL SHIMMtRS
PLIGHT SCRAPED
CHAIN SPROCKET
WOOD H.ICMT
JCBAPCR
Point of
Sampling
OH.-RETENTION DIFFUSION DEVICE
BAFFLE . ( VERTICAL i
Ok CXC-RSTgNTION
SKIMMCR BAFFL6
Point of
Sampling
FIGURE 2.2-3 API OIL-WATER SEPARATOR INCLUDING
POINT OF SAMPLING
Source: (AM-062)
B-32
-------
APPENDIX B
Data on the efficiency of removing suspended solids
are scarce, but is has been estimated that suspended solids
content in the effluent may be twice the oil content (BL-038).
The following process sources represent the main
contributors of water to the API separators:
tank drawoffs
desalters
steam strippers
barometric condensers
A brief discussion of each follows.
Incoming crude to a refinery contains small quantities
of water. The crude is generally pumped to storage tanks
where the water settles out. Approximately one-half gallon of
water per barrel of crude is collected and sent to the API
separators (NA-182). This water contains both oil and salts.
Desalting is generally the first unit operation the
raw crude undergoes. Water is mixed with the crude and heated.
Water, along with dissolved impurities, is separated from the
crude by physical decanting or electrostatic coalescing.
Approximately two gallons of water per gallon of crude charge
is drawn from this unit. The main contaminants are dissolved
solids and inorganic metal salts, although oils, sulfides, and
phenols are also found in the water in lesser concentrations.
Steam stripping is used throughout refineries as an
economical distillation method. Condensate from steam stripping
is a major contributor to API separators.
B-33
-------
APPENDIX B
Processing units included on the flow diagram in
Section 2.1 which typically employ steam strippers are atmospheric
distillation, naphtha HDS, fluid catalytic cracking, catalytic
hydrocracking, residual HDS, coking, and deasphalting. The
steam used for stripping in these processes is condensed and
discharged as an oily (often sour) aqueous effluent.
Many process units employing steam strippers produce
a sour aqueous effluent which is routed to a sour water stripper.
In this unit most of the sulfides, ammonia, and phenols are
removed from the water prior to sending it to the API separator.
Barometric condensers present the largest and most
offensive source of aqueous hydrocarbon emissions. In modern
refineries, barometric condensers are generally replaced by
surface condensers. For purposes of this report, however, it is
assumed that barometric condensers are in use.
Oily water effluent rates of about 310 liters per cubic
meter of charge have been reported (TH-038) with oil and oil
emulsion concentrations up to 1.5 kilograms per cubic meter
of charge (DI-044). Based on this data, an API separator
influent of about 7.95 million, liters/day, (or 500 liters per
cubic meter of crude charged) was calculated for the refinery.
Separator operations were calculated to be about 8570 efficient for
an effluent oil concentration of 140 ppm.
Definition of Effluent Emission Basis
A threefold approach was taken to assess potentially
hazardous pollutants in the water effluent from the API separators
Investigative stages were: (1) a definition of API separator
feed sources, (2) an evaluation of the hazardous materials present
B-34
-------
APPENDIX B
in the feed, and (3) an evaluation of the hazardous materials
present in the API separator effluent. A discussion of each
stage of investigation follows.
A review of all processes listed on the refinery flow
sheet was conducted to determine which processes produced an
oily aqueous effluent that would be routed to the API separator
for oil-water separation. The major process contributors of
water to the API separator were found to be tank drawoffs,
desalters, barometric condensers, and stream strippers.
Published data on hazardous materials in aqueous
streams were sparse. Data were obtained, however, which charac-
terized these streams as to the major contaminants, i.e.,
sulfides, oil content, ammonia, BOD, etc. (BE-147, AM-041,
WI-071).
The hydrocarbon streams from the various processes
which come into direct contact with the oily water were studied
to determine which hazardous materials could be present. Special
emphasis was placed on identifying the properties of the hazardous
compounds that might be present in the hydrocarbon stream.
Engineering judgement was then applied to determine the likeli-
hood of these compounds being present in the aqueous effluent.
The EPA research laboratories in Ada, Oklahoma, and
Athens, Georgia, are currently involved in programs for defining
the composition of API separator effluent wastes. These programs
are to characterize both organic and inorganic trace compounds
within the streams. Presently the study has been devoted to
identification of phenolic and acidic organic compounds and also
trace inorganic elements and metals (KE-151, BU-159).
B-35
-------
APPENDIX B
The results of these individual evaluations were com-
bined to provide the estimated composition of the API separator
effluent shown in Tables 2.2-5, 2.2-6, and 2.2-7. Table 2.2-5
contains a characterization of water quality and Table 2.2-6
lists hazardous pollutants potentially present. The compounds
given are representative of the hazardous chemicals believed
to be present in the API separator effluent. Trace, elements
which are potentially present are shown in Table 2.2-7.
Solubilities of these compounds, to a certain extent,
indicate the likelihood of their presence. The threshold limit
values (TLV) listed are for atmospheric emissions and are in-
tended for use only as references to show relative degrees of
toxicity. Trace elements listed in Table 2.2-7 deserve
a special note. As a class, they are insoluble in their
elemental state. They may, however, form salts in wastewater
systems which, as a rule, are soluble. Organometallics, such
as tetraethyl lead, may also be present in this stream. No
solubility or TLV data is given for trace elements because
the forms in which they may be present are uncertain.
Sampling Conditions
The point of sampling as shown in Figure 2.2-3 will be
the effluent channel through which the separated water passes
on its route toward further processing. Typical water conditions
are approximately 37.8°C and atmospheric pressure (AM-062). The
sampling will be conducted at ground level, and the effluent rate
expected is 500 liters per cubic meter of crude charged to the
refinery.
B-36
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-5
API SEPARATOR EFFLUENT
Water Quality Characterization
Water is greater than 98 volume percent of
total flow.
BOD
COD
Oil
Phenols
Solids
Suspended
Dissolved
Alkalinity
Sulfide
Phosphorus
NH3(N)
P.H
Expected
min.
1
69
3
0.5
-
83
14 .
0.2
0.5
21
6.8
Concentrations
max. a
1,180
3,080 1,
870
335
1,950
15,180 2,
2,620
• 240
6
1.000 .
9.5
the
(ppm)
413
170
140
76
480
630
600
30
3
480
8.2
Sources: (BE-147, DI-044, PE-066,.AM-041)
B-37
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-6
API SEPARATOR EFFLUENT
Potentially Hazardous Pollutants
Compounds
Solubilities
Formic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Acetic acid
Naphthanoic acid
Pyridine
Ammonia
Methanethiol
Ethanethiol
Butanethiol
H2S
o-Cresol
m-Cresol
p-Cresol
Phenol
HCN
Formaldehyde
Benzene
Anthracene
Biphenyl
Naphthalene
1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-
naphthalene
Trimethylbenzene
l-Methyl-4-isopropyl-
benzene
Isopropylbenzene
mg/ liter
Miscible
Miscible @ 15.6°G
Miscible
Slightly Soluble
Miscible @ 15.5°C
74,000 @ 96°C
Soluble
15,000 @ 20°C
590 @ 30°C
Slightly soluble
5,000 @ 30°C
25,000 @ 30°C
18,000 @ 36°C
82,000 @ 15°C
Soluble
Very soluble
1,730 @ 30°C
0.75 @ 15.5°C
7.5 @ 25°C
30 @ 15.5°C
TLV (ppm)
5
10
5
_3
5
25
0.5
0.5
0.5
10
5
5
5
5
10
2
10
0.1 mg/m3
0.2
10
Reference
-
BE-147
_
BU-159
-
BE-147
-
-
-
BE-147
KE-151
KE-151
KE-151
KE-151
-
-
-
-
-
-
Insoluble
20 @ 25°C
Insoluble
80 @ 30°C
25
25
50
50
B-38
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-6 API SEPARATOR EFFLUENT (Cont.)
Compounds
Decahydronaphthalene
Xylene
Ethylbenzene
Toluene
C2-C8 n-Alkanes
Cyclohexane
3-Methyl-2-butene
2-Methyl-2-butene
1-Hexene
Pyrenes
Benzo(a)pyrene
Phenanthrenes
Benzanthracenes
Chrysenes
Fluroanthrenes
Solubilities
mg/liter
Insoluble
189 @ 30°C
200 @ 30°C
665 @ 20f
C
approx. 250-300 @30°C
900 @ 15.5°C
Insoluble
Insoluble
Insoluble
0.16 @ 26.7°C
.004 @ 15.5°C
1.6 @ 15.5°C
.0015 @ 15.5°C
Insoluble
TLV (ppm)
50
100
100
100
100-600
300
_3
_3
_3
Carcinogens
Carcinogens
Carcinogens
Carcinogens
Carcinogens
Carcinogens
Reference''
BU-159
^Solubilities will vary with effects of temperature and pH.
2
If a reference source is given, then the compound has been .
identified as being present. If no reference is given, then
the compound is suspected of being present because it was in
in contact with API separator wastewater within the refinery,
3
Deemed moderately hazardous (see Table A of this appendix).
B-39
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-7
API SEPARATOR EFFLUENT
Potentially Hazardous Trace Elements
Trace elements which have been identified in API effluents
(KE-151):
Barium Fluorine Potassium
Boron Iron Selenium
Chlorine Magnesium Sulfur
Chromium Manganese Vanadium
Cobalt Nickel Zinc
Copper Phosphorus
Trace elements suspected of being present in API effluents:
Antimony Lead Tin
Arsenic Mercury Uranium
Beryllium Molybdenum Zirconium
Cadmium Silver
B-40
-------
APPENDIX B
2.2.4 Incinerator Tail Gas from the Sulfur Recovery Unit
Process Analysis
Sulfur recovery units convert hydrogen sulfide in gas
streams to elemental sulfur. This is accomplished through a
process of controlled combustion and reactions occurring in a
series of catalytic beds. The feed to the Glaus converter
is acid gas removed from light ends in the acid gas removal unit
and some acid gas from the sour water stripper. Most of the
hydrogen sulfide in these streams has been produced from various
types of hydrotreating or cracking units throughout the refinery.
Not all the sulfur will be removed in the Glaus plant. Un-
converted sulfur compounds (primarily hydrogen sulfide) escaping
from the Glaus plant can be oxidized to sulfur dioxide in tail
gas incinerators (GR-145, BE-150).
Estimates of potentially hazardous emissions in the
incinerated tail gas must necessarily include the contributions
of all the Glaus feeds. The units feeding the Glaus unit are
off-gases from the acid gas. removal unit and the sour water
stripper.
Acid Gas Sources
The major source of feed to the sulfur recovery unit
is the acid gas removal unit. The acid gas is contained in
light ends from atmospheric distillation of the crude. This
mixture includes low boiling hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide,
and ammonia. Additional hydrogen sulfide is scrubbed from the
light ends produced by various process units in the refinery.
These sources are listed in Table 2.2-8.
B-41
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-8
SOURCES OF H2S GASES TO THE GLAUS UNIT*
Process Unit
Acid Gas Removal
Atmospheric
Distillation
Naphtha HDS
Distillate HDS
Gas Oil HDS
Residual Oil HDS
Hydrocracker
FCCU 1,
Delayed Coker
Sour Water Stripper
Light
Ends
Produced
(kg/day)
230,000
H2S
Produced
(.kg/day)
1,450
References
MC-078
750
8,650
10,500
19,500
96,850
064,000
144,600
480
7 , 140
5,960
13,590
7,250
36,500
11,130
HY-013
HY-013
HY-013
HY-013
HY-006
WO-025
NE-044
4,500-10,000 BE-147
*Basis: 15,900 m3/day (100,000 bpcd) refinery
B-42
-------
APPENDIX B
A typical acid gas removal process involves amine
scrubbing to separate the acid gas from the hydrocarbons (DI-090)
The major sorbents used are alkanolamines, of which monoethanol-
amine (MEA) is the most common (LO-113). In the regenerator,
hydrogen sulfide is released from the amine solution by heating
in a reboiler. The liberated acid gas is sent to the Glaus unit.
The flow scheme of a typical acid gas removal process is shown
in Figure 2.2-4.
The hydrodesulfurizing units listed in Table 2.2-8. produce
not only light ends for the acid gas removal unit, but also
water which is treated in a sour water stripper. Other units
which contribute to the sour water stripper are the atmospheric
distillation column, the catalytic cracker, the hydrocracker,
and the coker. Sour water is taken from these sources in the
form of steam stripper condensate (BE-147),
A typical sour water stripper consists of a column
and a reboiler which are used to separate acid gas into an
overhead hydrogen sulfide stream and a bottoms product containing
ammonia and water. Hydrogen sulfide is routed to the Glaus
unit. The bottoms stream may be further refined with an ammonia
stripper to produce ammonia. The flow scheme for a typical
sour water stripper is shown in Figure 2.2-5.
The acid gas contribution to the Glaus unit from the
sour water stripper is much less than the feedstock from the
acid gas removal unit, as indicated in Table 2.2-8.
B-43
-------
APPENDIX B
CONDENSER/
100 °C
Ambient Temp.
H2S ond/or C0£
REFLUX ACCUMULATOR
ME A
HEAT
EXCHANGER
Leon MEA
LIQUID
HYDROCARBON
SKIMMER
Condensate
]
CondcnsotO
Sowor
FLASH TANK
FIGURE 2.2-4 A TYPICAL MEA ACID GAS REMOVAL UNIT
Source: (DI-091)
-------
APPENDIX B
w
i
-P-
Ul
HYDROGEN SULFIDE PRODUCT 50 PPM (WT) AMMONIA MAXIMUM
RECYCLE
PCOAfiSED
SOU!} WATER
FPOM STORAGE
IV.N'K
.^flJk*\
1
4
DEAERATEO
CONDENSATE
HYDROGEN
SULFIDE
STRIPPER
^L.
*»-
f
(
:,
-[
>,
<)
^/ 38°C
1^1 . *
Y.J \
i f ~\
( 1 AMMONIA
v .,,, J PURIFICATION
SECTION
AMMONIA AMMONIA PRODUCT 5 PPM (WT)
*—•*£, 1 HYDROGEN SULFIDE MAXIMUM
?'"" lfcH RECYCLE ooo^
TO FEED JO L.
^
STRIPPED WATER PRODUCT TO PROCESS UNITS
50 PPM (WT) AMMONIA, t> PPM (WT) HYDROGEN SULFIDE MAXIMUM
93°C
FIGURE 2.2-5 SOUR WATER STRIPPER WITH AMMONIA
SEPARATION PROCESS
Source: (KL-032)
Reprinted by permission of Gulf Publishing Co.
-------
APPENDIX B
Sulfur Recovery Process
The process involves first combusting the acid gas
from the acid gas removal unit and the sour water stripper with
a substoichiotnetric amount of air. About one-third volume percent
of the hydrogen sulfide is oxidized. The sulfur dioxide formed
reacts with the remaining hydrogen sulfide to form elemental
sulfur (PE-142). The main reaction is as follows:
»
2H2S + S02 •*• | Sv + 2H20.
X X
Sulfur recovered by this process in the furnace accounts for
50-70% of the total plant conversion (BR-110). The elemental
sulfur is condensed and recovered as a liquid.
The remaining acid gas passes through a series of
reactors and condensers to convert the remaining sulfur com-
pounds to elemental sulfur. Two, three, or four reactors are
used to achieve total sulfur conversions between 94 and 97 percent
(BA-166, BE-150). Each reactor consists of a reheater and a
catalytic converter, followed by a condenser. Typical operating
conditions for all the processes in a Glaus unit are given in
Table 2.2-9. A diagram of a two-reactor Glaus unit is- shown in
Figure 2.2-6.
Incinerator Tail Gas
The purpose of the incinerator is to convert all
remaining sulfur compounds in the Glaus tail gas to sulfur
dioxide. This is usually accomplished by burning the tail gas
at 540-650°C (BE-150). Light ends produced in the refinery
are normally used for fuel gas in the -process. The actual
burning takes place in a fire box at the base of the.incinerator
stack.
B-46
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-9
GLAUS UNIT OPERATING CONDITIONS
Stream or Unit Operating Conditions References
Feed
temperature 40°C GR-145
pressure 1.5 kg/cm2 GR-145
flow rate 86,200-95,300 kg/day *
Furnace
temperature 1000°C PE-142
HzS conversion 50-70% BR-110
Reactor (reheater and
catalytic converter)
temperature 245-260°C BE-150
pressure 1-2 kg/cm2 BE-150
HaS conversion 25-45% *
catalysts bauxite, cobalt molybdate PE-142
on alumina BR-110
Condenser
temperature 127-140°C BE-150, GR-145
pressure 1 kg/cm2 GR-145
Incinerator
temperature 540-650°C BE-150
Tail Gas
temperature 400°C GR-145
pressure 1 kg/cm2 GR-145
flow rate 82,000-91,000 kg/day *
Product
elemental sulfur 3,600-4,500 kg/day DI-090
Calculated for a typical (15,900 m3/day) refinery.
B-47
-------
APPENDIX B
AGIO GAS
FEED
250
LPS
C,
BFW
FUEL GAS
i-W-
LEGEND:
B • COMBUSTION AIR SLOWER
RF - REACTION FURNACE
WHB- WASTE i!EAT BOILER
C..C...C,- CONDENSERS
R,. R, - CATALYTIC CONVERTERS
C.-COALESCER
STK • INCIKEHATOn/STACX
HG8P - HOT GAS BY-PASS
HPS - HIGH PRESSURE STEAM
LPS - LOW PRESSURE STEAM
8FV/ - BOILER FEED WATER
V SULFUR LIQUID
FIGURE 2.2-6 A TYPICAL GLAUS SULFUR RECOVERY
PLANT
Source: (GO-107)
Reprinted by permission to Gulf Publishing Co.
B-48
-------
APPENDIX B
Definition o.f Effluent Emissions Basis
Factors which determine the characteristic components
and their concentrations in the incinerator tail gas are the
following: (1) feed streams and process conditions in the acid
gas removal unit, (2) feed streams and process conditions in the
sour water stripper, and (3) acid gas processing in the Glaus
unit. Glaus unit processes involve reactions in the furnace,
reactors (reheaters and catalytic converters), condensers, and
finally, the incinerator. A discussion of the contributions of
these processes to the estimated incinerator tail gas composition
follows.
Acid Gas Removal Unit
Refinery streams which are treated in acid gas removal
units include light end streams from the atmospheric distillation
column, the hydrocracker, fluidized catalytic cracker, delayed
coker, and the various desulfurizing units.
Desulfurizing units in refineries typically process
naphtha, distillate, gas oil, and residual oil streams. The
major components in streams from these units are light hydro-
carbons, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia (DI-090). Hydrogen
sulfide and ammonia are hydrogenation products of the desulfuri-
zation and denitrification processes. Light hydrocarbons are
first scrubbed to remove hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, and then
pass to the fuel gas system. Hydrogen sulfide acid gas and
ammonia are then separated in a steam stripper. The acid gas
is sent to the Glaus unit and the ammonia is further processed
in an ammonia recovery unit. Some carbon dioxide is also poten-
tially present in the acid gas stream (DI-091).
B-49
-------
APPENDIX B
The amine absorption and regeneration process deter-
mine to an extent the feed stream to the Glaus unit. The
major component of the product stream is hydrogen sulfide which
has been removed from the hydrocarbons using the amine sorbent.
The amine sorbent is then recovered in a stripping column which
removes the HaS. Some amine misting occurs which accounts for
significant amounts of ammonia in the feed to the Glaus unit
(ME-107). Light hydrocarbons are never completely separated
from the acid gas. Therefore, small amounts can be expected to
be in the Glaus plant feed (BR-110).
Additional procedures are usually used to limit the
quantities of amines and hydrocarbons present in the acid gas.
An entrainment-separation mesh pad or equivalent device reduces
amine carry-over, but does not eliminate ammonia (GO-107). The
best procedure for reducing hydrocarbons is a flash tank used
to separate both liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons prior to
stripping (BR-110). Nevertheless, significant quantities of
hydrocarbons escape in the Glaus plant feed (GR-145).
Sour Water Stripper
Refinery streams typically treated in a sour water
stripper include water streams from the fluidized catalytic
crackers, hydrocrackers, delayed cokers, and hydrodesulfuriza-
tion units. The major contributions to refinery sour water are
the condensates from steam stripping of light ends from these
units.
The major pollutants in sour water are hydrogen sulfide
and ammonia. They are products of hydrotreating and dissolution
in the steam condensate. Ammonia, which is highly water soluble,
tends to concentrate in the sour water stream, while most of the
hydrogen sulfide, which is less soluble, tends to leave in the
B-50
-------
APPENDIX B
acid gas. Most of the ammonia present has been produced from
nitrogen compounds in catalytic cracking and hydrocracking
units (BR-110, KL-032).
Glaus Unit
A combination of the acid gas and the sour water
stripper gas is fed to the Glaus unit. Ammonia is removed from
the Glaus unit feed by steam stripping. A list of components
potentially present in the sour water and acid gas feed is
given in Table 2.2-10.
The exit stream going into the tail gas incinerator
is affected by performance of the furnace, the catalytic converters,
and condensers within the Glaus unit. Each of these is dis-
cussed in the following pages.
Furnace. The major purpose of the8 furnace is to convert
about one-third of the hydrogen sulfide to sulfur dioxide (DI-090).
Sulfur dioxide then reacts with the remaining hydrogen sulfide
to give elemental sulfur. At the same time ammonia is converted
to nitrogen and water vapor along with small amounts of nitrogen
oxides (BR-110, GO-107).
In furnace side .reactions, light hydrocarbons react
with sulfur to form toxic carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide
(PE-142, BR-110). These compounds are also produced by the
reaction of carbon monoxide with sulfur. Carbon monoxide is
formed in the furnace by carbon dioxide dissociation at high
temperatures (ME-107). It is generally assumed that the heavier
organics, such as the phenols and cresols, are converted to
carbonaceous matter (GO-107). Water as steam vapor passes through
the furnace unchanged.
B-51
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-10
COMPONENTS POTENTIALLY
Component
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Isobutane
Butane
H2S
C02
H20
NH3
HCN
HC1
Phenols
Cresols
Me thane thiol
Ethanethiol
Other Mercaptans
Monoethanolamine
PRESENT IN
TLV (ppm)
10,000 •
500
500
- -
500
10
5,000
-
50
10
5
5
5
0.5
0.5
-
3
GLAUS "UNIT FEEDS
Reference
GR-145, BR-110
GR-145, BR-110
GR-145, BR-110
GR-145, BR-110
GR-145, BR-110
KL-032
KL-032
GR-145
ME-107, KL-032
BR-110
PE-140
GO-107, BR-110, BE-147
GO-107, BR-110
BE-147
BE-147
BE-147, DI-090
HE- 107
B-52
-------
APPENDIX B
Reactors. The reactors convert the remaining sulfur
compounds to elemental sulfur by passing the hot acid gas over
a bauxite or cobalt molybdate catalyst (PE-142). Reheaters are
used to maintain the acid gas temperature of about 250°C (BE-150).
This prevents condensation of sulfur in the reactors (GO-107).
Additional carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide are formed
during reheating. These compounds are unusually difficult to
convert to elemental sulfur and thus constitute a source of
potentially hazardous compounds in the gas passing to the in-
cinerator (BA-166, GO-107).
Catalyst deactiviation results from both aging and
poisoning. Specific catalyst poisons are ammonia, nitrogen oxides,
and carbonaceous matter (PE-142, GO-107).
Condensers. Liquid sulfur is separated from the acid
gas in the condensers. Virtually no reactions occur in the
condensers. It is assumed that virtually all elemental sulfur
is removed from the feed stream to the incinerator (GR-145).
Glaus Unit Tail Gas Incinerator
Remaining hydrogen sulfide is converted to sulfur
dioxide in the incinerator. However, since the combustion pro-
cess is not complete, the incinerator tail gas contains traces
of hydrogen sulfide in addition to carbon monoxide and nitrogen
oxides (GR-145, DA-069). Entrained catalyst particles, which
are potentially hazardous, have been identified in the tail gas,
also. Potentially hazardous components in the tail gas are
significant during incinerator flame-out periods.
3-53
-------
APPENDIX B
Major components (non-pollutants), hazardous compounds
known to be present, and those hazardous if present are given in
Table 2.2-11,
Sampling Conditions
The point of sampling is defined as eight diameters
above the flame at the base of the incinerator stack. Typical
conditions are 400°C and 1 kg/cm2 (GR-145). Calculated tail
gas flow rate for a 15,900 cubic meter per day refinery with a
sulfur content in the crude of 0.851 wt% is 84,000 kg/day. This
value was determined by totaling estimated feeds to the Glaus unit
and then subtracting the amount of sulfur recovered. Factors which
easily affect this rate are: (1) the sulfur concentration in the
crude, (2) the operating conditions of the desulfurizing units in
the refinery, (3) the sulfur conversion rate of the Glaus unit,
and (4) the fuel gas- flow rate in the incinerator.
2.2.5 Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Regenerator Off-Gas
Process Analysis
Fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) is used to convert
distillate oils to: (a) high octane gasoline and raw materials
for alkylate production, (b) petrochemical raw materials,
(c) heating oils and diesel oils, and (d) LPG. A flow diagram of
the typical fluid cat cracking,operation is shown in Figure
2.2-7. The operating conditions for the FCC unit reactor,
regenerator, and waste heat boiler are given in Table 2.2-12.
The distillate oils are preheated before introduction
into the reactor portion of the FCC unit. Upon injection the
oil is vaporized and contacted with the fluidized catalyst bed,
where the heavy gas oil is cracked into lighter fractions.
B-54
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-11
INCINERATOR TAIL GAS FROM
SULFUR RECOVERY UNITS
Major Components (Non-Pollutants)
Compound
N2
H20
02
CO 2
H2
Known to be
Compound
S02
CO
COS
CS2
H2S
Vol 7.
71.07
18.57
7.39
1.45
0.50
hazardous and
Vol 7.
0,89 •
0.10
0.02
0.01
<0.001
TLV (ppm)
known to be
TLV (ppm)
5
50
20
10
Reference
GR-145
GR-145
GR-145
GR-145
GR-145
present
Reference
GR-145
GR-145
GR-145
GR-145
GR-145
Potentially hazardous if present
Compound
Vol 7»
Ci-Ci» n-alkanes
Methanethiol
Ethanethiol
Other Mercaptans
Phenol
Cresols
NO
N02
NH3
HCN
HC1
Monoethanolamine
Bauxite or Cobalt
Molybdate cata-
lyst particulates
TLV (ppm)
500 - 10,000
0.5
0.5
5
25
5
50
10
5
3
5 x 107
particles/
ft3 (A1203)
Reference
GR-145, BR-110
BE-147
BE-147
BE-147
GO-107, BR-110,
BE-147
GO-107, BE-147
DA-069
DA-069
ME-107, KL-032
BR-110
PE-140
ME-107
BR-110
B-55
-------
APPENDIX B
tri.
Ln
POINT OF SAMPLING
Q. I ATM AND ~ 200 °C
CATALYST
REGENERATOR
OVERFLOW
WELL
WASTE HEAT BOILER
FIGURE 2.2-7
FLUIDIZED CATALYTIC
CRACKER
COMBUSTION
AIR
FCCU
PRODUCT
REACTOR
PURGE STREAM
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-12
FLUIDIZED CATALYTIC CRACKING UNIT
OPERATING CONDITIONS
Unit
Reactor
Temperature
Pressure
Catalyst-to-oil ratio1
2
Space Velocity
Operating
Conditions
470-540UC
23.3-29.7 kg/cm2
3.0-12.0:1.0
3.0-100:1.0
References
WO-025,BL-078
BL-078
BL-078, WO-025
WO-025
Regenerator
Temperature
Catalyst Surface
Temperatures
Pressure
Residence time
Wt% coke on catalyst:
Hydrotreated feed
Unhydrotreated feed
Wt% coke remaining on
catalyst
565-675 C
650-700°C
21.9-23.8 kg/cm3
Approx. 40 rain.
2.0-7.1, avg.3.6
4.9-12.6, avg. 6.6
0.2-0.5 CO-111
BL-078, CO-111
GR-123
BL-078
CO-111
Waste Heat Boiler
Inlet temperature
Outlet temperature
Outlet pressure
565-675°C
176-204°C
atmospheric
BL-078, CO-111
1 Defined as the ratio of the weight of catalyst circulated per
hour to the weight .of oil charged (fresh and recycle) per hour.
2 Defined as the ratio of the weight of oil charged (fresh and
recycle) per hour to the weight of catalyst in the reactor
zone.
B-57
-------
APPENDIX B
Also formed during the cracking process is a coke
residue. The coke can be attributed to four sources:
(1) catalytic cracking products, (2) metal contamination,
(3) residue in the feed material, and (4) hydrocarbons re-
maining in the catalyst pores (CO-111). Much of the volatile
hydrocarbon material held within the catalyst pores is removed
in the steam stripping section under the reactor. The
volatile material is not actually stripped but rather is dis-
placed by the steam within the pores. The heavy hydrocarbon
residues from catalytic cracking products, metal contamination,
and residue in the feedstock account for 80-85 wt% of the coke
after steam stripping. The remaining coke is from the volatile
hydrocarbons entrained within the catalyst.
The steam purged catalyst is transferred into the
fluidized catalyst regenerator. Within the regenerator the
heavy coke residue is removed from the catalyst as completely
as possible by combustion. Complete combustion' cannot be
attained because of resulting high temperatures which will sinter
the catalyst. At lower regeneration temperatures the excess
oxygen level is kept low. This operating procedure enhances the
formation of CO. The regenerator off-gas consists of volatile
material and steam released from the catalyst pores combined
with the combustion gases. The major components of off-gas are
listed in Table 2.2-13. The hot flue gases are routed through a
waste heat boiler to recover the sensible heat, then vented to the
r
atmosphere through a stack.
Definition of Effluent Emissions Basis
The four major factors to consider in the determination
of the composition and character of the regenerator off-gas
stream are: (1) the gas oil feed composition, (2) the coke
formation during reactor operations, (3) steam stripping of the
B-58
-------
APPENDIX R
TABLE 2.2-13
THE FCCU REGENERATOR OFF-GAS
Major Components
Reported Concentration Values
Major. Components
C02 (dry basis)
02 (dry basis)
N2 (dry basis)
CO (dry basis)
H20
Particulates
Min.
7.8
2.0
80.2
0
1.8.7
. 0.0174+
Max.
13.4
5.1
84.6
7.8
26.3
0.262+
Avg.
8.5
3.5
82.5
5.4
20.0
-
Ib/ton of catalyst recirculated.
Source: (DA-069)
B-59
-------
APPENDIX B
catalyst before regeneration, and (4) coke burn-off in the
regenerator. The following analysis of these factors is made
in consideration of the potentially hazardous emissions from the
FCCU regenerator.
Feed Composition. The gas oil used as feed material
is typically a hydrocarbon fraction with a distillation range
of approximately 300°C to 450°C (HY-013). Salts, nitrogen
compounds, sulfur compounds, and metallic compounds are also
present in the gas oil stocks.
The salts typically found in the gas oil are sodium
chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride,
and magnesium chloride, with sodium chloride the most common
(PE-140). Aluminum, iron, bromine, and other bicarbonate salts
may also exist (PE-140). The salts appear in the gas oil due
to carry over of residual brine material in the crude distillation
unit. These trace chlorides in the gas oil can be converted to
HC1 which is emitted in the regenerator off-gas. These salt
concentrations can be maintained at very low levels through
use of modern crude desalting techniques.
About 25 to 30 weight percent of the nitrogen compounds
found in the gas oil feed are nitrogen bases, and include such com-
pounds as quinolines and pyridines (PE-140). These nitrogen bases
reduce cracking catalyst activity by occupying the active acid
sites on the catalyst (BR-229). The loss in activity causes
a decrease in conversion, an increase in coke formation, and
an increase in required coke burn-off in the regenerator. The
nitrogen compounds in the feed can be reduced by hydrotreating
the FCCU feed (GU-058). A specific method for reducing the
nitrogen bases is acid treatment of the gas oil feed. This acid
pretreatment will also reduce organometallics in the feed (PE-140)
B-60
-------
APPENDIX B.
Sulfur is present in the gas oil as sulfate salts,
thiophenes, and thiols. Most of the hydrogen sulfide formed
during the cracking operations comes from the thiols (WO-025).
Most of the remaining sulfur ends up in the cycle oil, with small
amounts distributed between the gasoline and coke-on-catalyst.
Approximately 9570 of the sulfur in the cracked cycle oil is in
the form of thiophenes and multiringed thiophenes. The cycle oil
is sometimes recycled back into the FCC unit which tends to cause
an increase in the amount of sulfur going to coke-on-catalyst
(WO-025).
Most of the metals entering with the gas oil feed are
in the form of organometallies such as porphyrin complexes (PE-140).
The main organometallics are heavy metals, nickel, vanadium,
chromium, iron, magnesium,manganese, arsenic, and zinc. The heavy
metals include molybdenum, lead, and mercury (PE-140). Other
metals potentially present include cadmium and cobalt (VO-027).
About 570 of the metals contained in the crude distillation feed
end up in the side product streams other than the resid (PE-140).
The metals in the gas oil deposit on the FCCU catalyst and reduce
activity'. The metal contamination will cause an increase in
coke formation and also an increase in gas production (especially
hydrogen). The coke produced due to the effects of contaminant
metals is on the order of 15 to 30 weight percent of the total coke
formed (CI-011).
Recycling gas oils will affect the ultimate products from
the catalytic cracker. The cycle stock is generally richer in aro-
matic hydrocarbons, has a lower hydrogen-carbon ratio, has a higher
concentration of thiophenes, and has a lower end point than the
fresh FCCU charge stock (GR-123). Mixing the recycle oil with the
fresh feed increases the overall conversion, but it also increases
coke laydown on the catalyst (BU-079). The coke also has a some-
what higher sulfur content because of high concentrations of hard-
to-crack thiophenes (WO-025). Modern designs include dual reactors
B-61
-------
APPENDIX B
(riser type); one reactor for fresh feed, the other for recycle
feed. The net result of this operation is a decrease in the coke
production at equivalent conversions.
Coke Formed During Reactor Operations. The coke
formation in the reactor can be divided into four categories:
catalytic, cat-to-oil, carbon residue, and contaminant coke
(GI-011). Catalytic coke results directly from the cracking of
hydrocarbons on the acidic catalyst. Cat-to-oil coke is a measure
of hydrocarbons retained by the pores in the catalyst. This
coke can be reduced through use of an efficient steam stripping
section.
Carbon residue is formed from heavy material in the gas
oil feed. Included in the residue are asphaltenes, which are
colloidally dispersed amorphous molecules made up of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, vanadium and nickel. The
asphaltenes have a molecular weight on the order of 3,000 to 5,000
(RE-141). Contaminant coke is coke resulting from catalyst
poisoning by nitrogen bases and metals.
Coke formation in the reactor is dependent on the
operating conditions, catalyst used, and feed materials. Coke
formation is enhanced at elevated temperatures and pressures
(GR-123). Other operating variables affecting the rate of coke
formation are catalyst-to-oil ratios, space velocity, and process
time.
Generally speaking, the more active catalysts will
have less coke formation. This is mainly attributed to the
higher conversion rates required for active catalysts which allow
for greater space velocities. Feed materials containing heavy
residues tend to promote coke formation. Heavier feeds also
generally have more trace metals which deactivate catalysts
and result in greater coke production.
B-62
-------
APPENDIX B
Steam Stripping of Catalyst. After passing through
the FCCU reactor section, the catalyst enters the steam stripping
section for removal of entrained hydrocarbons. This is actually
a displacement-type operation in which hydrocarbons retained in
the porous catalyst are displaced by the steam. Steam stripping
rates are carefully regulated to minimize dilution of the reactor
products and to achieve maximum displacement of hydrocarbons
(BU-079).
Hydrocarbons remaining after steam stripping are be-
lieved to be a major source of potentially hazardous air pollu-
tants . The regenerator is operated at a higher temperature than
the reactor-stripper and thus can potentially release many of
the entrained hydrocarbons. Also, combustion gases release hydro-
carbons in much the same manner as the stripping steam in displacing
hydrocarbons from spaces in the catalyst bed.
Coke Burn-Off. Three basic mechanisms operating to
release hazardous compounds from the coke into the regenerator
off-gas are: (1) displacement, (2) volatilization, and (3) com-
bustion. Specific hazardous compounds found in the off-gas
because of these mechanisms can be predicted.
The displacement of hydrocarbons trapped in the catalyst
pores is accomplished in much the same manner as in the stripping
section of the reactor. .The hydrocarbons are stripped or dis-
placed by the upx^ard flowing combustion gases. The elevated
temperatures within the regenerator tend to enhance the stripping
action. Table 2.2-14 lists hazardous compounds which could
potentially be displaced. These compounds are representative of
cracked products carried over in the catalyst from the reactor.
B-63
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE: 2.2-14
THE FCCU REGENERATOR OFF-GAS
Potentially Hazardous Pollutants
Released by Displacement
Pollutant
Saturates
Ca-Cs n-Alkanes
Cyclopentane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclohexane
Olefins
2-Methyl-l-butene
3-Methyl-l-butene
2-Methyl-2-butene
1-Hexene
Monocyclic Aromatics
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
p-Xylene
Isopropylbenzene
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
Polycyclic Aromatics
Naphthalene
Biphenyl
Anthracene
Phenanthrenes*
TLV (ppm)
100-600
300
400
10
100
100
100
100
100
50
35
. 25
10
0
0.1 mg/m3
carcinogens
Reference
HY-013, ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
, ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
HU-114
HU-114
HU-114
TY-008
B-64
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 2.2-14 THE FCCU REGENERATOR OFF-GAS (Cont.)
Pollutant
Polycyclic Aromatics
(Cont.)
Benzofluorenes
Bensanthracenes
Pyrenes* (Benzo-
.phenanthrenes)
Heterocyclics
Thiophene
Alkyl pyridines
Quinoline
Alkyl Quinoline
Phenols
Phenol
o-Cresol
ra-Cresol
p-Cresol
Trace Metals
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron
Lead
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Vanadium
Zinc
TLV (ppm)
carcinogens
carcinogens
carcinogens
Reference
TY-008
TY-008
TY-008
-
-
-
-
5
5
5
5
WO-025
LO-112
'LO-112
LO-112
ME- 1.08
ME- 108
ME- 108
ME- 10 8
PE-140
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
PE-140
PE-140
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
AN-104
PE-140
PE-140
PE-140
*Found in the gas oil feed and therefore potentially present
in the regenerator.
-------
APPENDIX B
The FCCU regenerator is operated typically some 85°
0
to 110 C hotter than the reactor. At the increased temperatures,
some of the heavy components layed down on the catalyst in the
reactor are volatilized. Among the components identified
in this stream are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Table 2.2-15
lists the hazardous components potentially released by volatili-
zation.
The combustion of the coke-on-catalyst within the
regenerator is a very complicated reaction. Not only are the
usual combustion gases formed, but additional heavier hydrocar-
bons and nitrogen and sulfur compounds are released due to crack-
ing of the agglomerated, amorphous coke structure. These heavier
components may also combust after cracking from the coke. This
afterburning, which may occur if excess oxygen is present,
enhances the formation of CO2, NO2, and SO3 over CO, NO, and SO2.
Afterburning is promoted by metal contaminants such as vanadium
and nickel. Table 2.2-16 lists hazardous chemicals potentially
formed during combustion in the regenerator.
The high temperature and excess oxygen in the regenerator
provide a favorable oxidizing environment. As a result of this
most of the trace metals which are listed in Table 2.2-14 will
probably exit the regenerator in a simple, oxidized, inorganic
form.
Sampling Point and Conditions
Sensible heat is recovered from the off-gases from the
regenerator by means of a waste heat boiler. High boiling point
materials in the off-gas can condense in the boiler. Some of
this condensate is re-entrained in the gases and eventually
emitted with the stack gases. The sample to be used in analyzing
the gas composition is taken from the waste heat boiler stack
as shown in Figure 2.2-7. The conditions in the stack are approxi-
mately 200 C and atmospheric pressure.
B-66
-------
APPENDIX B
' TABLE 2.2-13
THE_ FCCU REGENERATOR OFF-GAS
Potentially Hazardous Pollutants
Released By Vo 1 ati 11 T.ation
Pollutant
Perylen.es
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo (e)pyrene
Benzo (ghi) perylenes
TLV (pou)
Carcinogens
Carcinogen
Carcinogen
Carcinogens
Ref crcn
HA-011
TY-008
TY-008
M-011
B-67
-------
APPENDIX B
Pollutants
1
CO
C02
S02
S03
COS
CS2
H2S
2
Mercaptans
Aldehydes (as _
formaldehyde)
Cyanides ,
(as HCN)
NO as N02
x
NO
NH3
KC1
Formic Acid
Acetic Acid
TABLE 2.2-16
THE FCCU.REGENERATOR OFF-GAS
Potentially Hazardous Pollutants
Released from Combustion
Flue Gas
Cited in
78,
Concentration
Literature (ppra)
0 - 78,000
000 - 134,000
308 - 2,190
25.6
9 - 190
0-2
0-12
60 - 169 .
TLV (ppm)
50
5,000
5
-
-
2
10
0.5
Reference
DA-069
DA-069
DA^-069
DA-069
RE-142
RE-142
RE-142
RE-142
3 - 130 '
0.19 - 0.94
8 - 394
11 - 310
67 - 675
Not Cited
Not Cited
5
10
5
25
50
5
5
10
DA-069
DA-069
DA-069
DA-069
DA-069
PE-140
DA-069
DA-069
Also various hydrocarbons and nitrogen and sulfur compounds resulting from
cracking of the amorphous coke.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.0 mg/m as
Potentially methanethiol, ethanethiol, and 1- and 2-butanethiol
Potentially formaldehyde and acetaldehyde
Potentially HCN and methylcyanide
Cited as organic acids in the effluent from a CO boiler
B-68
-------
APPENDIX B
3.0 FUGITIVE EMISSIONS
Fugitive emissions are unique among the five refinery
effluents selected for study in this program. By definition,
fugitive emissions are not characteristic of any one emission
source, but rather are representative of many, perhaps hundreds,
of small leaks from process equipment. The extent of these
emissions and the degree of hazard associated with a specific
emitting area are determined in part by the process operating
temperatures and pressure, the nature of compounds being processed
(toxic, non-toxic, carcinogenic, etc.), and the general house-
keeping in the process area. Good housekeeping comes down to
the number of leaks the operator will allow in his process plant.
Obviously, this is a highly variable, but very significant
factor.
In this program, two sampling techniques were considered.
One method is to sample the emission source in the process
piping before the fugitive losses occur. The other method
is to sample the emissions from the work environment or unit
area after the emissions have been leaked into the atmosphere.
There are advantages and disadvantages to each method. The process
analysis was performed so that either of the two sampling methods
could be considered in developing the sampling and analytical
strategy.
3.1 Line Sampling
The first approach is based on drawing five samples
from product lines leaving the atmospheric crude tower. These
samples are representative of the heaviest (topped crude) to
the lightest (off-gas) products leaving the tower. The rationale
behind selecting these four liquid streams and the one gas stream
is that all such material leaked from the operating equipment
B-69
-------
APPENDIX B
through pump seals, valves, etc. will ultimately vaporize, thus
generating a "composite" fugitive emission characteristic of
that area occupied by the atmospheric crude still. It was
assumed, however, that a portion of the heaviest (highest boiling)
hydrocarbons would not vaporize and thus would not contribute
to fugitive air emissions.
The advantages of the line sampling method are as
follows:
1) Sampling is simple and inexpensive.
2) Samples can be held for relatively long
periods without degradation or reaction
of components before analysis.
3) The sample contains potential pollutants
in much higher concentration than do
unit area samples which have been highly
diluted with air.
4) Because of the fractionation that occurs in
the crude tower, a certain amount of sample
"pre-separation" is performed which benefits
the analyst.
A disadvantage of line sampling is that it does not
directly represent the hazardous components emitted at any
given time. It is also necessary to apply emission factors to
the process in question in order to determine the rough quantity
of emissions expected.
B-70
-------
APPENDIX B
3.2 Direct Fugitive Emission Sampling
The advantage, of the fugitive emission sample is that
samples are taken directly from the atmosphere in the emission
area as the emissions are occurring. There are strong overriding
disadvantages to this approach, however. These disadvantages
are summarized as follows:
1) A network of relatively complicated unit
area sampling stations must be set up,
calibrated, and operated.
2) It is an expensive method.
3) It is unpredictable because of the strong
effects of changing wind currents,
•
4) Long sampling periods are required because
of the highly dilute samples being
collected.
5) Reactions of sample components are likely
because of long exposure in the air stream.
6) Background interference from other process
units is highly likely.
Conclusion. The line sampling technique appears to
be the more feasible approach for characterizing fugitive
emissions from crude still process areas.
B-71
-------
APPENDIX B
4.0 CRUDE OIL ANALYSIS
Crude oil is .the primary source of chemicals in re-
finery products and by-products. The methods of characterizing
crudes typically used in domestic refineries are outlined in
this section.
4.1 General Characteristics
As a means of typifying domestic refinery crudes,
average feedstock characteristics were determined based on both
foreign and domestic crude production. The foreign crudes
analyzed came from the seven leading exporting nations. Quanti-
ties of crudes from these sources in 1974 are shown in Table
4.1-1. These countries accounted for 91.27<> of all U.S. oil
imports. The average characteristics of the foreign crudes are
based on the analyses of the major producing fields within the
countries and also on their respective production rates. These
fields and their yearly productions are given in Table 4.1-2.
The domestic fields used in the development of an
average domestic crude are listed in Table 4.1-3. These fields
were chosen on the basis of both production and location.
The largest producing fields were selected as were fields from
every major producing area. The total production from the
fields chosen represents approximately 27% of the total U.S.
production. The average domestic crude charcteristics are
based on the properties and production rates of this represen-
tative mix of crude oils.
The average characteristics of the domestic and
foreign crudes and a combination of the averages are given in
Table 4.1-4. The distillation data for these crudes is given
B-72
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 4.1-1
U.S. CRUDE OIL IMPORTS
FROM SELECTED COUNTRIES
1974 Crude Oil Imports
Country (1,000 bbl) % of Crude Imports
Algeria 65,764 5.18
Canada 288,763 22.75
Indonesia 103,482 8.15
Iran 168,956 13.31
Nigeria 254,358 20.04
Saudi Arabia 159,827 12.59
Venezuela 116,437 9.17
Total 1,157,587 91.19
All Countries 1,269,155 100
Source: (US-209).
B-73
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 4.1-2
FOREIGN FIELDS USED TO DEFINE
AN AVERAGE FOREIGN CRUDE
Country
Algeria
Canada
Indonesia
Iran
Nigeria
Saudi Arabia
Venezuela
Field
Hassi Messaoud
Golden Spike
Swan Hills
Minas
Agaha Jari
Gach Saran
Meren
Abquaiq
Ghawar
Safaniya
Bachaquero
LaGunilles
Lama
Tia Juana
Source: (FE-100)
* 1969 production rates.
1970 Production
(1,000 bbl)
144,185
14,819*
10,437*
138,113
315,459
292,090
19,919
266,275
553,845
213,173
282,552
322,639
141,591
. 132,598
B-74
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 4 .1-3
State
Alaska
California
Colorado
Louisiana
Oklahoma
Texas .
'
Utah
Wyoming
DOMESTIC FIELDS USED TO
AN AVERAGE UNITED STATES
Field
Swanson River
Huntington Beach
Kern River
Wilmington
Rangely
Calliou Island
Bay Marchano (Block 2)
Eugene Island
(Block 330)
Grand Isle (Block 43)
West Delta (Block 30)
Sho-vel-tum
Tom O'Connor (Dist. 2)
Hastings East and West
(Dist. 3)
Conroe (Dist. 3)
Webster (Dist. 3)
Van and Van Shallow
(Dist. 5)
• East Texas (Dist. 6)
Hawkins (Dist. 6)
Kelly-Snyder (dist. 8-9)
Seminole (Dist. 8-9)
Slaughter (Dist. 8-9)
Wasson (Dist. 8-9)
Yates (Dist. 8-9)
Spraberry Trend (Dist 8-9)
Greater Altamont
Salt Creek
Source: (HE-119)
DEFINE
CRUDE
1974
Production
(1,000 bbl)
9,741
19,035
26,765
65,382
20,284
18,023
32,632
19,747
20,999
22,586
34,250
25,667
27,912
21,737
24,762
16,264
72,312
39,630
76,433
20,102
47,033
86,784
18,192
18,190
21,898
13,284
819.644
% of Total
U.S. Production
0.3186
0.6228
0.8757
2.1394
0.6635
0.5393
1.0677
0.6461
0.6871
0.7392
1.1208
0.8397
0.9132
0.7113
0.8102
0.5321
2.366
1.2967
2.5010
0.6579.
1.5389
2.8397
0.5954
0.5951
0.7166
0.4348
26.82
B-75
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 4.1-4
AVERAGE CRUDE OIL CHARACTERISTICS
United States
Crude
0.8728
0.8625
0.0840
on
8.268
2.877
Foreign
Crude
0.8552
0.8151
0.0918
8.168
2.523
Average
Crude*
0.8702
0.8511
0.0866
8.263
2.780
Specific Gravity
Wt% Sulfur
Wt% Nitrogen
Wt% Conradson Carbon
- Residuum
- Crude
*Based on 70.65% United States crude and 29.35 % foreign crude.
Source: (FE-100, MC-154)
B-76
-------
APPENDIX 3
in Table 4.1-5. The data used f'or determining the character-
istics came from Bureau of Mines laboratories (FE-100, MC-154).
Based on 1974 statistics the United States crudes accounted
for 70.65% of the total refinery crudes used in the U.S. (US-209).
This percentage was used to obtain weighted averages shown in
Table 4.1-4. The calculated typical United States refinery
crude feed distillation curve is plotted along with API0 gravity
and weight percent sulfur in Figure 4.1-1. This data was used
in determining product flows in the representative refinery
described in Section 1.0 of this appendix.
4. 2 Specific Components
The specific components of the refinery crude and
components formed during refinery operations were defined as
completely as possible through literature data. Sources such
as API Project No. 6, Project No. 48, and Project No. 52 were
used in the definition. The general categories of the components
included: (1) straight chain paraffins and olefins, (2) cyclic
paraffins and olefins, (3) monoaromatics, (4) polyaromatics,
(5) sulfur compounds, (6) nitrogen compounds, (7) phenols,
(8) organic acids, (9) organic bases, (10) trace metals, and
(11) salts. A complete list of the specific compounds and ele-
ments and their reference sources is given in Table B of this
appendix.
B-77
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE 4.1-5
DISTILLATION OF A
TYPICAL REFINERY CRUDE
(at 760 mm Hg)
Fraction
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
.
Residuum
Cut Temp.
°C
50
75
100.
125
150
175
200
225
250 '
275
308
336
364
392
419
United
Vol%
1.164
2.191
4.321
5.007
4.528
4.199
4.107
4.766
5.866
7.258
3.460
6.451
5.846
5.287
5.589
28.785
States Crude
Sp . Gr .
0.6357
0.6812
0.7216
0.7492
0.7684
• 0.7919
0.8013
0.8186
0.8338
0.8507
0.8654
0.8753
0.8878
0.9028
0.9121
0.9756
Foreign
Vol%
1.873
2.611
4.624
5.731
5.360
5.165
4.648
4.844
5.579
5.810
4.090
5.883
5.244
5.799
3.518
27.042
Crude Average
Sp.Gr .
0.6402
0.6693
0.7158
0.7426
0.7631
0.7814
0.7956
0.8089
Vol%
1.372
2.314
4.410
5.219
4.772
4.482
4.265
4.789
0.8244 5.782
0.8368
0.8553
0.8636
0.8767
0.8886
0.8976
6.833
3.645
6.284
5.669
5.144
4.981
0.9743 28.274
Crude*
Sp.Gr.
0.6370
0.6777
0.7199
0.7473
0.7669
0.7888
0.7996 '
0.8157
0.8311
0.8466
0.8624
0.8719
0.8845
0.8986
0.9078
0.9753
*Based on 70.65% United States Crude and 29.35% foreign crude.
Source: (FE-100, MC-154)
B-78
-------
APPENDIX B
? u. x o.
_«!-«•> S
a. a: o '" u o
< o "> s- i- °
120
80-
40-
0 -
2.0-
1.5-
1.0-
0.5-
4OO-
3OO-
200-
100-
FIGURE
API GRAVITY, WEIGHT PERCENT SULFUR
AND DISTILLATION CURVE TEMPERATURE
VS. LV% DISTILLED
10
—i—
20
30 40 5O 60
LVZ DISTILLED OR MID LV%
70
60
90
4OO
300
•200
• IOO
100
-------
APPENDIX B
5.0 CHEMICALS IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION
This section includes the hazardous chemicals identified
in this study and a complete listing of the components identi-
fied in the refinery streams. The components are listed in
tabular form. Appropriate information concerning toxicity
is included in Table A, Section 5.1.1. The complete component
listing along with selected physical properties is given in Table
B, Section 5.2.
5.1 Toxicity of Refinery Stream Compounds
The amount of data published on the toxicity of the
specific components found in the refinery effluent streams is
very large. This data is also sometimes hard to relate in terms
which describe their specific degree of hazard to man. Due to
these facts and the limited scope of this project, it is relatively
impossible for this report to describe all known adverse bio-
logical effects of the components on man. A preliminary attempt
was made, however, in defining the relative hazard of the known
refinery chemicals resulting in the toxicity data and references
given in Table A. The references listed in Section 5.3 are to
be used if additional work is desired to determine more com-
pletely the toxicity along with the mutagenicity, teragenicity,
or tumoricity of the refinery effluent components. Specific
toxicity data was found for relatively few of the many compounds
identified.
The toxicity data given in Table A is for airborne
emissions only. The toxic chemicals are assumed absorbed into the
body by inhalation or through the skin. No convenient method was
found for classifying the relative hazard of the chemicals by
ingestion. Generally, however, chemicals are less toxic by in-
gestion than by inhalation. Good examples of this are the
B-80
-------
APPENDIX B
carcinogens such as pyrene and benzo(a)pyrene. If additional
research is desired, many references in Tables C, D, and E give
information on the relative hazards of chemicals which are found
in aqueous streams such as in the refinery.
5.1.1 Clarification Techniques
The primary toxicity indicator used in this report is
the Threshold Limit Value (TLV). The American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) defines the TLV as
"conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers
may be repeatedly exposed day after day, without adverse affect"
(SA-175). For gases the TLV is given in parts per million (ppin) .
For fumes and mists and for some dusts the TLV is usually given
as milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3).
N. Irving Sax in his book entitled Dangerous Properties
of Industrial Materials rates hazardous compounds on a scale
of zero to three (and U for material for which there is no
known toxicology data) (SA-175). A explanation of the toxicity
ratings is given in the following paragraphs:
U = Unknown^ This designation is given to substances
falling into one of the following categories:
No toxicity information could be
found in the literature and none was
known to the authors (Sax et al.).
B-81
-------
APPENDIX B
Limited information based on animal
experiments was available but in the
opinion of the authors this information
could not be applied to human
exposures. In some cases this in-
formation is mentioned so that the
reader may know that some experimental
work has been done.
Published toxicity data were felt
by Sax to be of questionable
validity.
0 = No Toxicity. This designation is given to materials
which fall into one of the following categories: .
Materials which cause no harm under any
conditions of use.
Materials which produce toxic effects
on humans only under the most unusual
conditions or by overwhelming dosage.
1 = Slight Toxicity. This designation applies to the
materials producing the following effects:
Acute Local. Materials which on single
exposure's lasting seconds, minutes or
hours cause only slight effects on the
skin or mucous membranes regardless of
the extent of the exposure.
B-82
-------
APPENDIX B
Acute Systsmic. Materials which can be
absorbed into the body by inhalation
or through the skin and which produce
only slight effects following single
exposures lasting seconds, minutes, or
hours regardless of the quantity
absorbed or the extent of exposure.
In general, those substances classified as having
"slight toxicity" produce changes in the human body which are
readily reversible and x^hich will disappear following termination
of exposure, either with or without medical treatment.
2 = Moderate Toxicity. This designation applies to
materials producing the following effects:
Acute Local. Materials which on single
exposure lasting seconds, minutes or
hours cause moderate effects on the skin
or mucous membranes. These effects may
be the result of intense exposure for a
matter of seconds or moderate exposure
for a matter of hours.
Acute Systemic. Materials which can be
absorbed into the body by inhalation or
through the skin and which produce
moderate effects following single
exposures lasting seconds, minutes or
hours.
B-83
-------
Those substances classified as having "moderate
toxicity" may produce irreversible as well as reversible changes
in the human body. These changes are not of such severity as
to threaten life or produce serious permanent physical impairment
3 = Severe Toxicity. This designation applies to
materials producing the following effects:
Acute Local. Materials which on single
exposures lasting seconds or minutes
cause injury to skin or mucous membranes
of sufficient severity to threaten life
or to cause permanent physical impair-
ment or disfigurement.
Acute Systemic. Materials which can be
absorbed into the body by inhalation
or through the skin and which can cause
injury of sufficient severity to
threaten life following a single exposure
lasting seconds, minutes or hours.
B-84
-------
APPENDIX B
5.1.2 Criteria For Table A Compounds
For the purposes of the study the following criteria
were used to define a compound as hazardous. First, any compound
with a Threshold Limit Value will be hazardous. Secondly,
all carcinogenic compounds in concentrations above ten ppb are
considered hazardous. And finally, compounds which have a
rating of two or three for either the acute local inhalation
rating or the acute systemic inhalation rating or both will be
hazardous in concentrations above one ppm.
Along with the TLV and Sax's rating system, additional
comments are given in Table A. These comments are to aid the
reader in drawing conclusions as to the relative toxicity of
various components. This information includes data on the car-
cinogenic compounds, nature of the biological effect of the
compound to man, and mention of the lack of toxicity data for
certain compounds.
B-85
-------
APPENDIX B
i
O3
TABLE A -TOXICITY OF REFINERY STREAM COMPOUNDS
Page 1
(*< impounds
ALIPHATIC
HYDROCARBONS
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Isobutane
2,2-Dlmcthyl-
propane
n-Butane
2-Methyl butane
n-Pentane
Cyclopentane
2,2-Dimethyl-
butane
2,3-Dimetiiyl-
butane
2-Hethyl-
pentane
3-Mcthyl-
pentane
n-Hexane
Cyclohexane
2,1-ntmetliyl-
pentane
2,3-Dlmethyl-
pentane
n-lleptane
Methylcyclo-
hexane
2,4-Diraethyl-
hexane
2,3-Dlmethyl-
hexane
2,2,4-Trlnethyl-
pentane
2-Methyl-
hcptane
Cycloheptane
TLV
(ppm)
10.0001
500
500
500
(600?)
600*
100
300
400
4002
Acute Local
Inhalation Rating
0
0
0
0
U
0
U
U
U
U
U
U
1
U
U
U
U
U
1
U
Acute Systemic
Inhalation Rating
. 1
2
1
1
U
2
1
2
U
U
U
U
1
2
U
U
2
U
U
2
U
Comments
An asphyxiant
An asphyxiant
Hazardous to the eye
An asphyxiant
Probably Irritant and narcotic in high
concen t ra t ions
Simple asphyxiant, L.C. (rat)>3 -
658 mgVm3
Same as n-pentane
Narcotic in high concentrations,
L.C. (mice)1" - 13Z
High concentrations have narcotic
action
Probably is irritant and narcotic
in high cone.
Probably Is Irritant and narcotic
In high cone.
May have narcotic or anesthetic
properties
May have narcotic or anesthetic
propert Les
1,400 ppm
Can cause skin Irritation
Probably irritant and narcotic In
high coniientrutlcna
Probably Irrltnnt aiul narcotic lit
high concentrations
Toxic concentration for man Is
1,000 ppm
L.C.13 (rabbit) - 15,000 ppm
high concentrations
Probably .Irritant and narcotic in
high concentrations
High concentrations can cause
narcosis
Same aa 2,2,4-Trlmethylpentnne
References
PL-033 , SA-175
AM-030, SA-175
DR-039, SA-175, AM-131
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175, DR-039, CH-217
SA-l/i
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175, CII-217
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175, CH-217
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
-------
APPENDIX B
TAEl.E A-TOX1CITY OF KEFJKERY STKEAM COMrolli.'l)S (Cone.)
!•„£ui:ds
ALii'ILVriC UYUitO-
CAKKONS (Cone.)
2.2,5-Trimaehyl-
liexnne
r.-Gctanc-
f^.-^.f. ')' ,-.'. ir-lff.
naphthalene
n-Undticr.nc
n~f)odccanc
n-'i ridocanc
ii-Jiox.'icifcoaric-
C:i.'"fr.:s
Slh.-.r.a
i'rosijr.e
!.'j;;hii:on.-
.l-.liir.L-r;..'
ci>: :, trur..*,-
3-Ki-lir/i-l-
Biitcnc:
l-';..-nLune
2-:-Sifhyl-
l-l',ut.unc-
ci:: i trans-
-- £'cnii:nc
'J-.n.j tcne
1 , J-!iuC:iCior.i;
i-iv:a._nf
2-:a-u:yl-
2-:;t.thyi-
1- t'.jnct:nt:
l-(Iu:
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE A-TOXICITY OF RRFIHERY STREAM COHl'OUNDS (Cont.)
Page 3
I
00
oo
Compounds
OLEFINS (Cont.)
n-Heptene
3-Ethylhexene
n-Octene
Cyclohexene
Cyclopentene
Methylcyclo-
htxtne
C»+dicyclo-
olcf ins
MONOAROMATICS
Benzene
Toluene
Ettiylbenzune
o,m,p~Xylene
Isopropyl-
hfrixtrne
n-Prupyl-
1,3,5-Trimethyl-
bunzeiic
1,2.3-Trlnothyl-
benzone
1.2,4-Trlmethyl-
benzene
I-Met.hyl-4-
leopropyl-
benzene
1,2,3,4-Tetra-
lene
t-Butylbenzene
Isobutylbenzene
TLV
(ppm)
300
10*
100
100
100
50
" 35
25
25
501
251
Acute Local
Inlialaclon Rating
U
U
2
i U
1
1
1
1
1
U
1
2
U
U
Acute Systemic
Inhalation Rating
• • u
U
2
U
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
U
U
Comments
2-£thyl C6* tiua au acute systcfflic
inhalation rating of 2
Extreme fire hazard, 50 mg/1 is toxic
for animals
Cyclopentadienc has a TLV - 75 ppa
Probably irritant and narcotic in high
cone .
Dicyclo penUidlene has a TLV ~ 5 ppm
Eye irltant, L.D. (rat)l* - 4080 rag /kg
Eye irritant, narcotic in high
nccntrut Jt na
Eye Irritant, L.D. (rdt)IJ - 4,000 ppm,
0.2t causes dizziness to humans.
Eye irritant, L.U. (rat)1" - t, g/kg
L.C. (mice) - 2,000 ppm, nerve
depressant
Limited animal experiments show
L.C. (mice)13 - 0.4Z
Narcotic and causes disturbances In
the blood
Can cause CNS depression, anemia, or
bronchitis
L.D. (rat) - 5,000 mg/kg
An Irritant, narcotic In high
May be similar to ethylbenzene
Probably Irritant and narcotic in
high concentration!*
References
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175, FA-092
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175, AM-131, Cll-217
SA-175, AM-U1
SA-17S, AJ1-131, CH-217
SA-175, AM-131
SA-175, Cll-217, SA-034
SA-175
SA-175, PL-033, DR-039
SA-175, AM-030
SA-175
CH-217, CE-066
SA-175, l'L-033. UE-006
SA-175
SA-175
-------
APPENDIX B
TABI.F. A-TOXICITY OF REFINERY STREAM COMPOUNDS (Cont.)
Pag., 4
I
CO
VO
Compounds
HOMOAROMAT1CS
(Cont.)
sec-Butylbcn-
zene
l-Methyl-4-
loobutyl-
hcnzene
PHENOLS
Phenol
o,m,p-Cresol
1,3,5,-Xylenol
NaphLhol
m-Ethylphenul
o-r.tiiyl phenol
2,'.-lii-l:.Tt-
l>utyl-p-
POLVIIUCI.EAK
AROI1ATICS
Naphthalene
Anthracene
Phcnanthrene
Blpheny.l
1-Methylnaph-
thalr-ne
2-Mi'thyl naph-
thalene
Pcry 1 ene
Benzo(n) -
pyrene
Benzo(e)-
pyrenc
Hethylcholan-
threne
Benzanthra-
cencs
Chrysene
Indolc
TIM
(ppm)
5
5
10
0.1
mg/m'
0.2
Acute Local
Inhalation Rating
U
3
2
2
1
2
1
1
U
Acute Local
Inhalation Rating
U
3
2
2
2
U
U
2
Comments
Hay be similar to ethylbenzenu
l-Methyl-4-t-Butylbenzene has a TLV •
JO ppm
Eye Irritant, affects mainly the central
nervous system
Eye Irritant. L.D. (rnt)I* • 4W mg/kg
Eye Irritant, I..D. (rabbit)"' - 9 gAg
Similar toxlcity to phenol
A chemical prer.crv:) tlvc food additive
Limited anim.il experiments suggest low
liixtclty
•
Eye irritant, niay cause many t:ypos of
ayijtcnilc disorders
A recoguliicd carcinogen of the ttkln,
eye jrritaut
Causes skin photoseusltizat Ion and Ic a
carcinogen
Experimentally in animals causes paraly-
sis and convulsions
Details unknown, sec 2-Methyliiapluha-
lene
Limited animal experiments suggest high
toxicity
A strong carcinogen
A carcinogen
A carcinogen
A carcinogen
A carcinogen
A carcinogen
References
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175, AM-131
SA-17S, AM-131
Cll-217, AM-131
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-173, AM-131
SA-175, PL-033, AM-131
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
KO-059
11A-011
TV -008
KO-059
KO-059
1IA-264
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE A-TOXICITY OF HEFINERY STREAM COMPOUNDS (Cont.)
Page 5
Compounds
POLY:;UCLEAS ARO-
MATICS (Cone.!
Pyrenc (Eenzo-
phenanthrcne)
Fluor ant hone
Benzof luorenes
Benzo(ghi)-
pcry lene
SULFUR COMPOUNDS
H;S
Methancthlol
Ethanethiol
1-Propanethiol
2-Propanethiol
1-Cutancthiol
2-Bul.-,m.-tl>lol
3-Merhyl-2-
Thiohutane
Thlophene
2-Methylthio-
|»)|4-.[IC
3-Mi:tliylthlo-
phcne
Merc.-ipt.-ins
(In general)
CYANIDES
I1CN
Methylcyanlde
Cyanides
(in general)
ACIDS AND
AMIIYDRIDES
Acids:
Formic
Acetic
TLV
(ppm)
10
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
10
< / >10
5 me/en'
5
10
Acuce Local
Inhalation Rating
3
2
2
U
U
2
2
3
2
1
2
2
Acute Systemic
Inhalation Rating
3
2
2
U
U
2
2
3
3
3
2
U
Comments
A carcinogen
Limited animal experiments suggest
moderate toxlclty, a carcinogen
A carcinogen
A carcinogen
An irritant and an asphyxiant
In air L.C. (racs)l3 - 1Z
L.D. (mouse)'* - 25 mg/kg
Probably toxic
Probably toxic
(Isopropyl mercaptan) Toxic
Animal experiments suggest moderate
toxicity, L.D. (rabbits) - 830 mg/kg
L.D. (mouse)'* - 500 mg/kg
L.D. (inouse)l* - 500 mg/kg
High concentrations can produce
unconsciousness
Trace protoplasmic poisons
Highly toxic. L.D. (rots)1* - 3.8 g/kg
Inhibits tissue oxidation and caused
death through asphyxia
Irritant to the mucous membrane
Caustic, irritating, can cause burns,
dermatitis, and ulcers
References
SA-175
SA-175, TY-008
TY-008
SA-168
SA-175
SA-175
Cll-217, SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
CH-217
Cll-217
SA-175
SA-175. AM-030
SA-175
SA-175, AM-030
SA-175, AM-030
SA-175. IIA-264
-------
APPENDIX B
TAIILE A-TOXIC1TY OF REFINERY STIIEAM COMPOUNDS (Cont.)
Page 6
to
I
Compound
ACIDS AND
ANHYDRIDES
(Cont.)
Proprlonic
Isohutyrlc
n-Butyric
n-pantanoic
2-Methylpen-
tanoic
n-Ilcxanoic
n-Heptanotc
n-Octanolc
n-Nonanoic
n-Decanolc
Benzole Acid
N'TpliLlmic
Hydro-
chloric
Anhydrides:
Dimethyl-
maleic
Amines
Ammonia
Monocthyl-
a:n I ne
CARBONYL
COMPOUNDS
Formalde-
hyde
Aldehydes
(In general)
TLV
(ppm)
5
25
3
2
Acute Local
Inhalation Rating
2
2
1'
U
U
3
U
U
U
1
2
3
3
2
3
3
Acute Systemic
Inhalation Rating
1
U
U
1
U
U
U
2
3
U
2
3
2
Comments
Data based on auimnls show low toxlclty
Data based on Halted animal experiments
A synthetic flavoring substance and
adjuvant
Animal experiments suggest low toxlcity
and hlgli Irritation
Data baaed on animal experiments
LJiaitcd animal experiments suggest low
toxicl ty
Hxpcrtmental data suggest luw toxlclty
Limited data suggest low toxlclty and
high skin Irritation
Limited animal experimentation suggest
moderate toxicity and irritation
A chemical preservative food additive
Irritant to mucous membranes of the eye
and respiratory tract
Haleic anhydride has a TLV - 0.25
Irritating to eyes and mucous membranes
L.U. (rat)'" - 2 g/kg
Irritant, suspected carcinogen of the
lung
tants, low molecular weights are cost
toxic
References
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE A-TUX1CITY OK KKFINKKY STHEAM COMPOUNDS
Page 7
(Cent.)
Compound
COMBUSTION
CASES
C02
CO
COS
NO
N02
S02
SO,
CSj
H2S
Mercaptans
Aldehydes
Cyanides
HETKKOCYCLICS
Thiophene
2-Methyl-
thfophene
3-Herhyl-
thiophene
2-Methyl-
pyrtdlnelZ
3-Mechyl-
pyr idine!2
«-Hethyl-
pyrldine!2
2,6-Dlmethyl-
pyridlnel2
4-Ethyl-
pyridlne"
Methyl-ethyl-
pyrldlne!2
Quinollne
2-Hethyl-
quinoline
Pyrrole
TLV
(ppm)
5,000
50
25
5
5
20
10
Acute Local
Inhalation Kating
0
0
I
3
3
3
1
3
u
u
u
u
u
3
u
Acute Systemic
Inhalation Nat ing
1
3
3
3
U
U
3
3
U
U
U
U
3
3
2
Commc-nts
A simple asphyxiant
Inhibits the blood from carrying oxygen
N.-ircoclc In hlgti concentrations
Irrll'int, may caune pulmonary edema
Highly toxic, see HO above
Eye Irritant, can cause edema of the
lungs
Sulfurlc acid (H2SO,) has a TLV of 1.0
mg/m'
system
Roth an irritant and an asphyxiant
See SULFUR COMPOUNDS in this tnble
See CAKBONYL COMPOUNDS In this table
Sec CYANIDES in this table
Animal experiments suggest moderate
toxlclty, L.U. (rabbits)l* - 830 nig/kg
L.D. (mouse) 1* - 500 mg/kg
L.U. (mouse) 1* - 5UO mg/kg
A respiratory in leant, L.D. (rats)'* -
1.4 e/kg
See 2-Methylpyridine
See 2-Methylpyridine
See 2-Mcthylpyridlne
Sec 2-Mcthylpyrldlne
Variable, some isomers highly toxic,
some not
May produce retlnltis, L.D. (raLo)'1" -
460 mg/kg
Data based on animal experiments
L.D. (mice) 1' - 60.5 g/kg
References
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-17S
SA-175
Cll-217
CII-217
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE A-TOXICITY OF REFINERY STKEAM COMPOUNDS (Cont.)
Page B
VD
Compound
TRACE ELEMENTS
Ag
Al
As
Au
B
Ba
Be
Ca
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
Ca
US (organic)
K
La
Mg
Mn
Mo
Ha
Nd
Nt
1
fb
TLV3
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE A-TOXICITY Of REFINERY STREAM COMPOUNDS (Cone.)
Page 9
Compound
TRACE ELEMENTS
(Cont.)
Kb
S
Sb
Sc
SI
Sn
Sr
Tl
U
\
in
Zt
INORGANIC
SALTS
Al*++
Ba-H-
Bc+*
Ca*-*
Cd"
TLV3
(mg/m1)
0.5
0.1
2
0.05
0.05°
55
5
Acute Local
Inhalation Rating^
2
2"
1
0
1
3
1
Acute Systemic
Inhalation Rating
3
2-3
o'J
U
1
3
3
U
Comments
Toxicity of rubidium compounds Is almost
Variable, depends on the specific
material
animals, an Irritant
Some organoselenium compounds have high
toxic ity
Chief cause of pulmonary dust disease
Alkyl tin compounds may be highly
toxic and produce skin rashes
Has a low order of toxicity
Considered physiologically inert
A recognized carcinogen and highly
toxic on an acute basis
Variable toxicity but mainly irritants
Zinc compounds generally have low toxi-
city
Most compounds are Insoluble and con-
sidered inert
Generally not considered an industrial
poison
Barium salts are. somewhat toxic.
Causes dermatitis and skin ulcers
Generally toxic when combined with a
toxic anion
See toxicity data for Cd as a trace
element
References
SA-175, AM-030
SA-175
SA-175, TII-080
SA-175, AM-130, Tll-080
SA-175
SA-175, AM-030
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175, PL-033, DR-039
SA-175
SA-175, /Ul-030
SA-175, AM-130
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE A-TOXICm OF REFINERY STREAM COMPOUNDS (Cont.)
Pogc 10
Ui
Compound
Inorganic
Salts
(Cont.)
Br~
ci-
CN~
r~
SO,'
s-
Fe-M-
1C*
LI*
HS*+
Na+
NLH-
TLV
log/01)
5
2.5
O-l'
Acute Local
Inhalation Rating4
2
I
3
2
3
2
1
Acute Systemic
nhalatlon Rating
3
3
2
H
2
2
Coraoentri
Produce depression and in severe cases
mrnlnl tK-lcrlurut Ion
Varies widely, some have low toxlcity,
some high
Inhibits tissue oxidation and causes
death through asphyxia
Generally highly Irritant and toxic
Variable, toxlcity generally determined
by cation
Irritant, Is rapidly oxidized to sulfate
1..D. (flfih>'/! - 1-6 ppiiTln u.itt-r
I rr it, -ml H, L.D. (rat)'* - 900 mB/kK
estimated L.D. (man)1'' - 400 mjj/kg
Toxlcity Is almost always that of the
anlon
High central nervous system toxiclty
Toxlcity is usually determined by
the anlon
Variable, sodium Ion Is practically
non-toxic
Many nickel compounds are recognized
carcinogens
References
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175, AM-030
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175, BK-147
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
SA-175
.Approximate value
3New proposed TLV values which should be considered trial limits that will remain in the listing for a period of at least two years (from 1974).
^TI.V for pure- Qu:tul elements unless otherwise utatcd.
cBased on m^tal compounds not pure metals.
6As ZnO
?AM V20S fumes. VjO5 dust has a TLV of 0.5 mg/m3.
..As bsron oxide.
nArgyrla is a general greying of the skin pigment due'to long exposures (2 to 25 years) of silver compounds.
'gor silica dioxide.
j,5 mg/rn3 as - CN.
Given as the ions which are potentially present.
JjPyrldlnc has a TLV - 5 ppn (SA-175).
L.C. (Lethal Concentration) is the statistical concentration of the particular compound which ia required to kill 50Z of an infinite
^population of the test animal stated.
L.D. (Luthal Dose) ia a statistical estimate of the oral dosage necessary to kill SOX of au infinite population of the test animal stated.
-------
APPENDIX B
5.2 Components in Refinery Streams
Table B is a collection of specific compounds reported
to be present in various refinery streams. Physical properties
and concentrations of these compounds, where such data are
known, are also listed. Literature sources for the table entries
are provided.
Explanations of the table headings are given in the
following paragraphs:
Component. All individual compounds are listed under
class headings in the order of increasing boiling points. The
two exceptions to this rule are the combustion gases and the
trace elements. In these cases the components are listed
alphabetically according to their symbols or formulas.
Molecular weight. Molecular weights were obtained
from standard references (CH-134, HA-264).
Boiling points. Atmospheric boiling points were
found in the standard references (CH-134, HA-264) or from ref-
erences citing component concentration data. All temperatures
are listed in degrees centigrade.
Solubility. Water solubilities for the components
were also found in the same references (CH-134, HA-264). The
varying degrees of solubility are indicated by the following
symbols: insoluble (IS), slightly soluble (SS), soluble (S),
very soluble (VS), miscible (M), decomposes (D). The tempera-
ture is assumed to be room temperature unless it is noted as
cold water (CW) or hot water (HW). Solubilities of many compo-
nents will be affected by temperature and pH.
B-96
-------
APPENDIX B
Concentration. Literature values for concentrations
are listed usually as volume per cent of the stream in which
they are found. In many cases a concentration range is given
because of different literature sources or because different
processes affect the stream. The ranges always include the
maximum and minimum values found. Some other terms used to
describe the concentration are weight per cent (wt), parts per
million (ppm)., micrograms per milliliter (yg/ml) or per gram
(yg/g) and nanograms per gram (ng/g). Where the concentrations
of components were not available, the following designations
are used: probably present (p), identified (i), and trace
amounts (t).
Stream. The streams in which the components were
identified were grouped into major refinery streams and numeri-
cally identified as follows:
1. Crude
2. Naphtha
3. Distillate
4. Gas Oil
5. Res id
6. Catalytically Cracked Naphtha
7. Blended Gasoline
8. Cracked Still Gasoline
9. Reformate
10. Deasphalted Oil
11. Glaus Plant Feed
12. Catalytic Cracker Off-gas
13. API Separator Wastewater
Reference. The reference number identifies the data
source from which concentration data was obtained.
B-97 "
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B
IDENTIFIED COMPONENTS OF REFINERY STREAMS
Component
MW
Boiling
Point (°C)
Solubility
Cone.
(Vol.
Stream
Ref.
w
i
vo
co
Acids and Anhydrides
Hydrochloric 36
Formic 46
Acetic 60
Propanoic • 74
2-Methylpropanoic 88
n-Butanoic 88
2,2-Dimethylpropanoic 102
2-Methylbutanoic 102
3-Methylbutanoic 102
Methylethylacetic 102
Trimethylacetic 102
n-Pentanoic 102
2-Methylpentanoic 116
3-Methylpentanoic 116
4-Methylpentanoic 116
n-Hexanoic 116
3-Ethylpentanoic 130
Cyclopentanecarboxylic 114
2-Methylhexanoic 130
3-Methylhexanoic 130
5-Methylhexanoic 130
4-Methylhexanoic 130
2-Methylcyclopentane- 114
carboxylic
3-Methylcyclopentane- 114
carboxylic
Cyclohexanecarboxylic 114
n-Heptanoic 130
-85
101
118
141
153
163
164
176
177
186
199
200
205
212
214
215
216
217
232
233
VS
M
M
M
VS
M
SS
ss
s
ss
ss
IS
ss
M
SS
ss
ss
ss
0.0009-0.022 wt. %
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
P
P
i
i
i
. i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
13
1
13
1
1
1
13
1
13
1
13
1
13
1
13
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
13
PE-140
LO-112
LO-112
LO-112
LO-112
LO-112
LO-112
LO-112
BU-159
LO-112
BU-159
LO-112
LO-112
LO-112
BU-159
LO-112
BU-159
LO-112
BU-159
LO-112
BU-159
LO-112
BU-159
LO-112
LO-112
LO-112
LO-112
LO-112
LO-112
LO-112
LO-112
LO-112
LO-112
BU-15.9
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Boiling Cone.
Component: MW Point (°C) Solubility (Vol. %) Stream Ref .
Acids and Anhydrides (cont)
Cyclopentaneacetic 128 i 1 LO-112
3-Methylcyclopentane- 142 i 1 LO-112
acetic
1,2,2-Trimethylcyclo- 142 i 1 LO-112
pentanecarboxylie
n-Octanoic 144 239 SS-HW i 1 LO-112
i 13 BU-159
2,3-Dimethylcyclo- 156 i 1 LO-112
pentaneacetic
Chaulrnoogric 280 247 IS p 1 LO-112
Benzoic 122 249 SS i 13 BU-159
n-Nonanoic 158 255 IS i 1 LO-112
6-Methyloctanoic 158 (250-260) i 13 BU-159
p-Hexahydrotoluic 128 i 1 LO-112
2-Methylbenzoic 136 258-9 IS i 13 BU-159
n-Decanoic 172 270 SS i 1 LO-112
1,2,2-Trimethylcyclopen- 172 i 1 HU-114
' tane-1,3-dicarboxylic
2,4-Dimethylbenzoic 150 Sublimes @ SS i 13 BU-159
267
3-Methylbenzoic 136 Sublimes (9 SS i 13 BU^159
275
2,6-Dimethylbenzoic 150 275 SS i 13 BU-159
2,4,5-Trimethylbenzoic 164 SS-HW i 13 BU-159
2,4,6-Trimethylbenzoic 164 SS i 13 BU-159
3,4,5-Trimethylbenzoic 164 SS-HW i 13 BU-159
Naphthoic 172 >300 SS-HW i 13 BU-159
Methylnaphthoic 186 i 13 BU-159
Dimethylnaphthoic 200 i 13 BU-159
Dimethylmaleic 144 i 1 HU-114
Hydronocarpic P 1 LO-112
Bicyclic acids P 1 LO-112
Dimethylmaleic 126 223 SS i 1 LO-112
anhydride
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Amines
Ammonia
Monoethanolamine
Inorganic Salts
Sulfates (as Na2S04)
Chlorides (as NaCl)
Other Salts1 (Ca+Mg)
Carbonyl Compounds
i Ketones and Aldehydes
o Acetyl-1-isopropyl-
° methylcyclopentane
Alkylf luorenones
Formaldehyde
Combustion Gases
CO
C02
COS
CS2
H2
H20
N2
NO
N02
NO ..(as N02)
MW
17
61
168
30
28
44
60
76
2
18
28
30
48
Boiling
Point (°C)
-33
170
320-330
-21
-190
Sublimes @
78
-50
46
-252
100
-196
-88
21
Solubility
VS
M
S
SS
S
S
SS
SS
M
SS
SS
s-cw
Cone .
(Vol. 70)
i
67-675 ppm
i
<0.0031 wt. 70
0.043 wt. 70
<0.068 wt. 7o
0.026 wt. 70
0.0005 wt. 70
i
i
0.01
0-78,000 ppm
1.45
78,000-134,000
ppm
0.02
9-140 ppm
0.01
0-2 ppm
0.50
18.57
0.08-0.66
i
11-310 ppm
i
8-394 ppm
Stream
11
12
11
I
I
3
1
1
1
12
11
12
11
12
11
12
11
12
11
11
1
11
12
11
12
Ref .
ME- 10 7
DA-069
ME-107
PE-140
PE-140
PE-140
PE-140
BR-217
LA- 162
DA-069
GR-145
DA-069
GR-145
DA-069
GR-145
RE-142
GR-145
RE-142
GR-145
GR-145
DU-082
DA-069
DA-069
DA-069
DA-069
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Carbonyl Compounds (cont)
Combustion Gases (cont)
02
S02
so.
MW
32
64
80
Boiling
Point (°C)
-183
-10
45
Solubility
S
S
D
Cone.
(Vol. %)
7.39
0.89
308-2190 ppm
25.6 ppm
Stream
11
11
12
12
Pef .
GR-145
GR-145
DA-069
DA- 069
Heterocyclic
Pyridines
Pyridine(s)2
79
i
M
O
2-Methylpyridine 93
3-Methylpyridine 93
4-Methylpyridine 93
2,6-Dimethylpyridine 107
2,5-Dimethylpyridine 107
2,4-Dimethylpyridine 107
2,3-Dimethylpyridine 107
3,4-Dimethylpyridine 107
4-Ethylpyridine 107
2.,3,4-Trimethylpyridine 121
2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 121
3,5-Dimethylpyridine 107
2,3,6-Trimethylpyridine 121
2-Methyl-5-ethylpyridine 121
2-Methyl-4-ethylpyridine 121
2-Methyl-6-ethylpyridine 121
3-Methyl-5-ethylpyridine 121
2,3,5-Trimethylpyridine 121
3-Cyclopentylpyridine 147
4-Cyclopentylpyridine 147
5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquino- 133
line
2,3-Dimethyl-6-isopropyl- 147
pyridine
dl-2-sec-Butyl-4,5- 163
dimethylpyridine
115
129
144
145
146
157
159
163
164
168
170
172
177
178
179
187
222
M
VS
M
M
M
VS-HW
VS
S
ss
S
S
S
S-HW
SS-HW
S
SS
SS
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
1,3,6
6
3,6
6
3,6
3,6
3,6
3,6
6
6
3
6
6
6
6
6
6
3
3
3
3
3
PE-140,
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
I
o
Component
Heterocyclic (cont)
Pyridines (cont)
2 , 4-Dimethyl-6- (2,2,6-
Trimethylcyclohexyl) -
pyridine
Pyrroles
Pyrrole(s) 2
Cyclic Sulfides
Thiacyclopentane
2-Methylthiacyclopentane
3-Methylthiacyclopentane
Thiacyclohexane
trans- 2. 5-Dimethylthia-
cyclopentane
cis-2 , 5-Cimethylthia-
cyclopentane
2 , 4-Dimethylthiacyclo-
pentane
2 , 3-Dimethylthiacyclo-
pentane
2 , 5-Ditnethylthiacyclo-
pentane
2-Methylthiacyclohexane
2-Ethylthiacyclopentane
2,3, 5-Trimethylthiacy-
clopentane
3-Methylthiacyclohexane
MW
231
67
88
102
102
102
116
116
116
116
116
116
116
130
116
Boiling
Point (°C)
130
121
133
139
142
142
142
148
148
153
156
156
158
Solubility
SS
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
I) .
Cone .
(Vol. 70)
i
i
000077 wt. 7o
8
0023 wt. 7o
i
191 wt. %
00046 wt. 7o
i
504 wt. 7,
00032 wt. %
i
122 wt. 7»
0025 wt. 7c
i
0024 wt. 7o
i
344 wt. 70
516 wt. 7o
i
0029 wt. 7o
i
i
055-0.29 wt. 7,
i
49-1.24 wt. 70
000024 wt. 7.
i
Q^^-jt .^L
Stream
3
1
1
2
1
2
3
I
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
3
3
1
1
2
3
3
1
3
1
2
3
Ref .
BA-325
PE-140
GR-123
BA-324
GR-123
BA-324
BI-057
GR-123
BA-324
BI-057
GR-123
BA-324
BI-057
GR-123
BA-324
GR-123
BA-324
BI-057
BI-057
HA- 3 17
GR-123
BA-324
BI-057
BI-057
HA-317
BI-057
GR-123
BA-324
ut-nc.7
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Heterocyclic (cont)
Cyclic Sulfides (cont)
4-Methylthiacyclohexane
3 , 4-Dimethylthiacyclo-
hexane
and/or
2,3, 4-Trimethylthiacy-
clopentane
2 , 6-Dimethylthiacyclo-
hexane
and/or
2-Methyl-5-ethylthiacy-
clopentane
3-Methyl-4-ethylthiacy-
tjj clopentane
^ and/or
o 3-Isopropylthiacyclo-
1-0 pentane
2 , 3-Dimethyl-5-ethyl-
thiacy clopentane
and/or
2 , 4-Diethylthiacyclo-
pentane
and /or
2,3, 6-Trimethylthia-
cyclopentane
2 , 5-Dimethyl-3-ethyl-
thiacy clopentane
and/or
2 , 3-Diethylthiacyclo-
pentane
MW
116
130
130
130
130
130
130
144
144
130
144
144
Boiling
Point ( C)
159
164
164
164
164
180
180
180
180
180
180
180
Cone .
Solubility (Vol. 70)
0'. 000048 wt. 7o
i
0.014-0.4 wt. 7,
~) l
1
\ 0.73 wt. 7,
-'
•) i
/
( 0.52 wt. °L
i
J
') i
/
\ 0.60 wt. 7,
_\
"~\ i
i
/ 0.30 wt. 70
i
| i
|
,
i
~i j
'
( 0.18 wt. %
\ i
"'
Stream
1
2
3
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
1
Ref .
GR-123
BA-324
BI-057
HA-317
BI-057
HA-317
HA-317
BI-057
HA-317
HA-317
BI-057
HA-317
HA-317
BI-057
HA-317
HA-317
BI-057
HA-317
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cent)
Component
Heterocyclic (cont)
Bicyclic Sulfides
2-Thia[3.3.0]bicyclo-
octciriG
8-Thia [3.2.1 ]bicyclo-
cis-1-Thiahydrindane
trans- 1-Thiahydrindane
3-Methyl- 2- thia [3.3.0 ]-
bicyclooctane
or
6-Thia[4.3.0]bicyclo-
nonans
4-Me thy 1- 2- thia [3.3.0]-
bicyclooc tane
7* 2-Thia[4.3.0]bicyclo-
g nonane
-P- 3,4-Dimethyl-2-thia
[3.3. 0]bicyclooctane
4-Ethyl-2-thia[3. 3.0]-
bicyclooctane
or
9-Methyl-6-thia[4.3.0]-
bicyclononane
Thiadamantane
Thiophenes
Thiophene
2-Methylthiophene
3-Methylthiophene
2-Ethylthiophene
3-Ethylthiophene
2 , 3-Dimethylthiophene
3 , 4-Dimethylthiophene
2,3, 4-Trimethylthiophene
MW
128
128
142
142
142
142
142
142
156
156
156
84
98
98
112
112
112
112
126
Boiling
Point (°C) Solubility
187-91
•
84
112 IS
115 IS
134 IS
136 IS
141 IS
175-8
Cone.
(Vol. %)
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
0.034 wt. %
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
Stream
1
3
3
3
1
1
I
1
1
1
3
1
1,6
1,6
6
6
6
6
1.3
Ref .
HA-317
BI-057
BI-057
BI-057
HA-317
HA-317
HA-317
HA-317
HA-317
HA-317
HA-317
BI-057
HA-317
HA-317,
- MC-157
HA-317,
MC-157
MC-157
MC-157
MC-157
MC-157
HA-317
BI-057
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Heterocyclic (cont)
Thiophenes (cont)
2,4-Dimethyl-3-ethyl-
thiophene
3,4-Dimethyl-2-ethyl-
thiophene
2 , 3 -Dime thy 1-4- ethyl-
thiophene
2,3,4, 5-Tetramethyl-
thiophene
2,3, 4-Trimethyl-5-ethyl-
thiophene
3,4,5-Trimethyl-2-ethyl-
thiophene
w Others
^-> Tricyclic sulfides
g Tetracyclic sulfides
Pentacyclic sulfides
Hexacyclic sulfides
Thienobicyclic sulfides
Thienotricyclic sulfides
Thienotetracyclic sul-
fides
Thienopentacyclic sul-
fides
Thienohexacyclic sul-
fides
Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Boiling
MW Point (°C) Solubility
140 187-91
140 187-91
140 193
140 193
154
154 205
-t s- 1 f 1 C
16 -161 b
30 -89 IS
44 -42 S
Cone.
(Vol. %)
i
i
0.03-0.05 wt. %
0.4 wt. y0
.
i
.
i
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
-I
39.2-44.8
i
16.2-21
i
0.13
Stream
3
3
1,3
1,3
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
1
J_
8
1
6
Ref .
BI-057
BI-057
HA-317,
BI-057
HA-317,
BI-057
HA-317
BI-057
DO-074
DO-074
DO-074
DO-074
DO-074
DO-074
DO-074
DO-074
i DO-074
RO-188
GR-123
RO-188
GR-123
RO-188
ME- 108
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cone)
Boiling Cone.
Component MW Point (°C) Solubility (Vol. %) Stream Ref.
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Aliphatic (cont)
Propane 7.4-16.2 8 GR-123
2-Methylpropane '58 -12 IS i 1 RO-188
0.2 2 CA-227
0.08-0.81 6 CA-227,
ME-108
n-Butane 58 -1 S i 1 RO-188
2.1 2 CA-227
0.77-3.1 6 CA-227
2,2-Dimethylpropane 72 9 IS 0.045 6 CA-227
2-Methylbutane . -72 28 IS i 1 RO-188
4.29 2 CA-227
19.9 6 CA-227
n-Pentane 72 36 IS i 1 RO-188
' 5.41 2 CA-227
1.14-16.0 6 ME-108,
CA-227
Cyclopentane 70 49 IS 0.05 1 RO-188
0.14-1.3 2 RO-189
0.2-1.09 6 RO-189,
CA-227
2,2-Dimethylbutane 86 50 IS 0.04 1 RO-188
0.11-0.8 2 RO-189
0.2 6 RO-189
2,3-Dimethylbutane 86 58 IS 0.08-0.1 1 RO-188,
TO-039
0.08-1.5 2 SM-094,
RO-189
0.28-3.2 6 CA-227
2-Methylpentane 86 60 IS 0.37-0.65 1 RO-188,
TO-039
1.1-5.9 2 RO-189
1.71-10.2 6 ME-108,
CA-227
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Boiling Cone.
Component MW Point (°C) Solubility (Vol. °/,) Stream Ref.
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Aliphatic (cont)
3-Metfi"ylpentane 86 63 IS 0.2-0.35 1 TO-039,
RO-188
1.04-3.6 2 RO-189
1.31-6.5 6 ME-108,
CA-227
n-Hexane 86 69 SS 1.8 1 RO-188
2.A-7.7 2 RO-189,
CA-227
0.43-5.95 6 ' ME-108,
CA-227
Methylcyclopentane 84 72 IS 0.87 1 RO-188
2.6-3.7 2 RO-189,
CA-227
w 1.3-3.9 6 CA-227,
^ RO-189
o 2,2-Dimethylpentane 100 79 IS 0.02 1 RO-188
^ 0.06-1.4 2 RO-189
<0.35-0.9 6 CA-227,
RO-189
2,4-Dimethylpentane 100 80 IS 0.08 1 RO-188
0.11-14 2 CA-227,
RO-189
0.22-0.9 6 ME-108,
RO-189
2,2,3-Trimethylbutane 100 81 IS t 2 RO-189
Cyclohexane 84 81 IS 0.71 1 RO-188
1.83-10.7 2 RO-189
0.25 6 CA-227
3,3-Dimethylpentane 100 86 IS t 2 RO-189
0.13 6 CA-227
1,1-Dimethylcyclo- 98 88 0.16 1 RO-188
pentane 0.43-7.0 2 RO-189
0.04-0.2 6 CA-227,
RO-189
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component MW
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Aliphatic (cont)
2,3-Dimethylpentane 100
2-Methylhexane 100
1, trans- 3-Dimethylcyclop 98
pentane
w
^ 1 ,cis-3-Dimethylcyclo- 98
o pentane
CO
3-Methylhexane • 100
1 , trans-2-Dimethylcyclo- 98
pentane
3-Ethylpentane 100
n-Heptane 100
2 ,2, 4-Trimethylpentane 114
Boiling
Point (°C) Solubility
90 IS
90 IS
.
91
92
92 IS
. 92
93 IS
98 IS
99 IS
Cone.
(Vol. ' %•)'
0.15
0.21-9.2
0.088-3.6
0.73
2.18-9.2
<0.77-3.6
0.87
1.09-7.0
0.13-3.7 '
0.21
0.63-7.0
<0.36-3.7
0.51
<0.45-9.2
0.77-2.5
0.48
1.44-7.0
1.45-3.7
0.06
0.18-1.5
2.3
3.3-7.0
0.46-1.3
t
1.65 wt. %
Stream
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
1
2
6
2
6
Ref.
RO-188
RO-189
ME- 108,
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
ME -108,
RO-189
RO-188
CA-227,
RO-189
CA-227,
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
ME -10 8
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108,
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
CA-227,
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189,
CA-227
ME-108,
RO-189
RO-189
PU-033
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Aliphatic (cont)
1, cis-2-Dimethylcyclo-
pentane
Methylcyclohexane
Ethylcyclopentane
1,1, 3-Tr imethylcyclo-
pentane
2 , 2-Dimethylhexane
2 , 5-Dimethylhexane
1, trans -2 , cis^-Tri-
inethylcyclopentane
2 , 4-Dimethylhexane
Boiling
MW Point (°C) Solubility
98 99
98 101 IS
98 103 IS'
112 105
114 107 IS
114 109 IS
112 109
114 109 IS
Cone.
(Vol. 70)
t
t
0.11-0. 33
1.6
0.35-17.5
1.3-2.6
0.16
0.06-2.2
0.26-0.6
0.30
1.6-2.2
0.061-0.4
0.01
0.03-2.4
0.1
0.06
0.165-2.4
0.2-0.6
0.22
0.66
0.072
0.06
0.16-2.4
0.11-0.6
Stream
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
6
Ref .
R0^189
RO-189
ME-108,
CA-227
RO-188
RO-188,
RO-189
CA-227,
RO-189
RO-188
SM-094,
RO-189
CA-227,
RO-189
RO-188
CA-277,
RO-189
ME-108,
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108,
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108,
RO-189
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Boiling
MW Point (°C) Solubility
Cone.
(Vol. %)
Stream
Ref.
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Aliphatic (cont)
2,2,3 Trimethylpentane 114
l,trans-2,cis-3-Tri- 112
methylcyclopentane
3,3-Dimethylhexane 114
2,3,4-Trimethylpentane 114
w1,1,2-Trimethylcyclo- 112
1 pentane
M
°2,3,3-Trimethylpentane 114
2,3-Dimethylhexane 114
2-Methyl-3-ethylpen- 114'
tane
l,cis-2,trans-4-Tri- 112
methylcyclopentane
l,cis-2,trans-3-Tri- 112
ethyIcyclopentane
l,cis-2,cis-4-Trimeth- 112
ylcyclopentane
110
110
112
113
114
115
116
116
117
117
117
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
0.004
0.012
1.15 wt. %
0.26
0.78
0.057
0.03
0.09
<0.8
0.005
0.015
0.06
0.18
0.01
0.006
0.018
0.07
4.0
0.10-0.8
0.06
0.18
<0.8
0.01
0.03-0.096
0.07
0.21
0.019
t
t
0.035
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
1
2
6
1
2
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
1
2
6
1
2
6
RO-188
•RO-189
PU-033
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108
RO-188
RO-189
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108,
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189,
ME-108
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108
RO-189
RO-189
ME-108
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cent)
Component
Boiling
MW Point (°C)
Solubility
Cone.
(Vol. %)'
Stream
Ref.
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Aliphatic (cont)
l-Methyl-cis-3-ethyl- 112
cyclopentane
l-Methyl-trans-2-ethyl- 112
cyclopentane
1-Methyl-l-ethylcyclo- 112
pentane
1, l,cis-3,trans-4-tetra- 12"6
methylcyclopentane
2,2,4,4-Tetramethyl- 128
pentane
1,cis-2,cis-3-trimethyl- 112
cyclopentane
l,trans-2-Dimethylcyclo- 112
hexane
2,2,5-Trimethylhexane 128
1,cis-4-Dimethylcyclo- 112
hexane
1,trans-3-Dimethylcy- 112
clohexane
n-Octane 114
Isopropylcyclopentane 112
121
121
122
122
123
123
123
124
124
124
126
126
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
<0.12
<0.36
<0.28
0.14
0.42
0.021
0.03
0.09
0.04
0.12
t
t
t
t
0.31
0.93-1.2
0.05-3.15
0.002
0.006
0.21 wt. !
0.09
0.27
0.06
0.07
0.21
0.066
1.9
5.7
0.22
0.01
0.03
0.022
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
6
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-189
RO-189
RO-189
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189,
CA-227
ME--108,
CA-227
RO-188
RO-189
PU-033
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108,
PU-033
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Boiling
MW Point (°C) Solubility
Cone.
(Vol. 7.)
Stream
Ref.
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Aliphatic (cont)
2,2,4-Trimethylhexane 128
l,trans-2,cis-3,trans-4- 126
Tetramethylcyclopen-
tane
l-Methyl-cis-2-ethyl- 112
cyclopentane
1,cis-2-Dimethylcyclo- 112
hexane
n-Propylcyclopentane 112
2,3,5-Trimethylhexane 128
Ethylcyclohexane 112
2,6-Dimethylheptane 128
1,1,3-Trimethylcyclo- 126
hexane
2,3-Dimethylheptane 128
4-Methyloctane 128
2-Methyloctane 128
3-Methyloctane 128
n-Nonane 128
127
127
128
130
131
131
132
135
137
140
142
143
144
151
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
t
t
0.11
0.33
0.04
0.12
0.031
0.06
0.1.8
0.004
0.06
0.18
0.03
0.09
0.09 wt
0.37
1.1-2.3
0.05
0.15
0.2
0.6
0.05
0.15
0.1
0.3
0.4
1.2
0.1
0.3
1.8
5.4
0.7
1
2
1
2
1
2
6
1
2
6
1
2
1
2
6
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
6
RO-189
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
ME--108
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
PU-033
RO-188
RO-189,
CA-227
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-189
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
MW
Boiling
Point (°C) Solubility
Cone.
(Vol.
Stream
Ref.
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Aliphatic (cont)
4-Metnylnonane
2-Methylnonane
3-Methylnonane
n-Decane
trans-Decahydro-
naphthalene
n-Undecane
n-Dodecane
n-Tridecane
n-Tetradecane
n-Pentadecane
n-Hexadecane
n-Heptadecane
n-Octadecane
n-Nonadecane
n-Eicosane
n-Heneicosane
n-Docosane
n-Tricosane
n-Tetracosane
142
142
142
142
138
156
170
184
198
212
226
240
254
268
282
296
310
324
338
166
167
168
174
187
196
216
235
287
302
316
330
343
357
369
380
391
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS*
IS
IS
IS
0.
0
0.3
0.9
0
0
1,
5
1.6
1.4
1.2
i
1.0
i
0.8
i
0.7
i
0.6
i
i
i
i
0.32
0.28
0.24
0.21
1
2
1
2
1
2
I
2
1
1
1
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-188
RO-188
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-388
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-188
RO-188
RO-188
GR-123
GR-123
GR-123
GR-123
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Olefins
Ethene
Propene
2-Methyl-l-propene
1-Butene
1. 3-Butadiene
trans -2-Butene
cis-2-Butene
1 , 2- Butadiene
3-Methyl-l-butene
Cd
' 1-Pentene
i—1
h- '
•^ 2-Methyl-l-butene
t rans - 2 -B entene
cis-2-Bentene
2-Methyl-2-butene
3 , 3-Dimethyl-l-butene
1, 3-Pentadiene
Cyclopentene
3 -Me thy 1 - 1 - pent ene
4-Methyl-l-pentene
2 , 3-Dimethyl-l-butene
4-Methy 1-2 -pent ene
MW
28
42
56
56
54
56
56
54
70
70
70
70
70
70
84
68
68
84
84
84
84
Boiling
Point (°C)
-104
-47
-7
-6
-4
1
4
10
20
30
31
36
37
39
41
42
44
41
54
56
56
Solubility
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
Cone.
(Vol. %)
4.0
7.4-14.2
0.05-0.91
0.14-0.64
<1.3
0.77-1.35
1.05
<1.3
0.23
0.81-1.20
0.71-2.93
0.43-3.54
3.97
4.61-6.66
0.21
0.05 wt. %
0.4-0.69
<0.53
0.27-0.53
0.53-0.98
0.91
Stream
8
8
6
6
8
6
6
8
6
e'
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Ref .
GR-123
GR-123
CA-227,
ME- 108
CA-227,
ME- 108
GR-123
CA-227,
ME- 108
ME- 108
GR-123
CA-227,
PU-033
CA-227,
ME- 108
ME-108,
CA-227
ME-108,
CA-227
ME-108,
PU-033
ME-108,
CA-227
ME-108
PU-033
ME-108,
CA-227
CA-227
ME-108,
CA-227
CA-227;
ME-108
CA-227,
PU-033
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cent)
Component
Boiling
MW Point (°C) Solubility
Cone.
(Vol. %)
Stream
Ref .
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Olefins (cont)
2-Methyl-l-pentene 84
1-Hexene 84
Methylcyclopentenes 82
2-Ethyl-2-butene 84
2-Ethyl-l-butene 84
3-Methyl-l-cyclopentene 82
4-Methyl-l-cyclopentene 82
3-Hexene 84
3-Methyl-2-pentene 84
^ 2-Methyl-2-pentene 84
01 2-Hexene 84
4,4-Dimethyl-l-pentene 98
2,3-Dimethyl-2-butene 84
2,2-Dimethylpentenes 98
1-Methyl-l-cyclopentene 82
2,4-Dimethylpentenes 98
Cyclohexene
2,3-Dimethylpentenes
3-Methylhexenes
3-Ethylpentenes
2-Methylhexenes
82
98
98
98
98
61
63
64-76
65
65
66
66-67
67-70
67
68-69
72
73-77
73-77
75
81-83
83
84-97
84-94
85-95
86-95
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
0.61-1.76
0.14-0.57
0.75
0.51 xvt. %
0.25-0.99
0.67
<0.53
<1.79
0.49-2.55
0.85-1.97
<1.79
0.18 wt. %
0.08
0.40
0.006
<0.53
0.11
0.015-0.11
0:43
<1.42
0.13
1.24
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
ME-108,
CA-227
CA-227,
ME-108
ME-108
PU-033
ME-108,
CA-227
CA-227
CA-227
ME-108
CA-227 ,
ME-108
ME-108,
CA-227
ME-108
PU-033
CA-227
ME-108,
PU-033
ME-108
CA-227
ME-108,
PU-033
ME-108,
CA-227
ME-108,
PU-033
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Boiling
MW Point (°C>
Solubility
Cone.
(Vol. 7o)
Stream
Ref.
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Olefins (cont)
1,3-Dimethylcyclopen- 96
tenes
n-Heptenes 98
2-Ethylpentenes 98
Ethylcyclopentenes 96
3-and 4-Methyl-l-cyclo- 96
hexene
Trimethylpentenes 112
Dimethylhexenes 112
Methylcyclohexenes 96
1,2-Dimethylcyclopen- 94
tenes
1,1-Dimethylcyclopen- 96
tenes
1-Methyl-l-cyclohexene 96
3-Ethylhexenes 112
3-Methylheptenes 112
2-Methylheptenes 112
4-Methylheptenes 112
n-Octenes 112
1,3-Dimethylcyclohexenes 110
1,4-Dimethyicyclohexenes 110
1,2-Dimethylcyclohexenes 110
1,1-Dimethylcyclohexenes 110
Trimethylcyclopentenes 110
1-Methyl-l-ethylcyclo- 110
pentenes
l-Methyl-2-ethylcyclo- 110
pentenes
Aromatics
Benzene 78
92
93-98
94
98-107
102
102-116
102-122
106
110
110-121
111-122
112-122
112-122
122-126
127
128
138
IS
80
SS
<1.58
1.2
<1.42
0.26
0.44
<0.41
<0.41
0.42
<1.58
0.012
0.13
0.088
0.73
0.45
0.40
0.23
<0.15
<0.15
<0.15
0.051
0.48
0.047
0.14
0.15
0.20-1.23
0.21-1.8
0.536 wt. %
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1
2
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
CA-227
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
CA-227
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
ME-108
RO-188
CA-227,
RO-189
ME-108,
RO-189
NA-231
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Boiling
MW Point (°C) Solubility'
Cone.
(Vol. %)
^tream
Ref.
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Aromatics (cont)
Toluene
92
111
IS
Ethylbenzene
106
p-Xylene 106
(1,4-Dimethylbenzene)
m-Xylene 106
(1,3-Dimethylbenzene)
o-Xylene 106
(1, 2-Dimethylbenzene)
Isopropylbenzene
n-Propylbenzene
120
120
136
138
139
144
, 152
159
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
0.51
0.988-7.37
1.26-8.5
7.77 wt. %
0.19
0.19-0.93
1.07
3.35 x*t. %
0.10
0.50-1.78
0.84-3.4
3.69 wt. %
0.51
1.93-6.1
2.30-8.8
8.58 wt. %
0.27
0.88-2.04
1.20-4.0
4.82 wt. %
0.07
0.12-0.33
0.18-0.A
0.335 wt.
0.09
0.28-0.46
0.16-0.4
1.34 wt. %
1
2
9
1
2
6
9
1
2
6
9
1
2
6
9
1
2
6
9
1
2
6
9
1
2
6
RO-188
CA-227,
RO-189
CA-227,
RO-189
NA-231
RO-188
RO-188,
RO-189
ME-108
NA-231
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108,
RO-189
NA-231
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108,
RO-189
NA-231
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108,
RO-189
NA-231
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108,
RO-189
NA-231
RO-188
RO-189
ME-108,
RO-189
NA-231
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
OO
Component
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Aroraatics (cont)
1-Methyl- 3-ethylbenzene
l-Methyl-4-ethylbenzene
1,3, 5-Trimethylbenzene
1-Methyl- 2- ethylbenzene
tert-Butylbenzene
1,2, 4-Trimethylbenzene
Isobutylbenzene
sec-Butylbenzene
l-Methyl-3-isopropyl-
benzene
1,2, 3-Trimethylbenzene
1-Methyl -4- isopropylben-
zene
1-Methyl- 2 -isopropylben-
MW
120
120
120
•120
134
120
134
134
134
120
134
134
Boiling
Point (°C)
161
162
165
165
169
169
173
173
175
176
177
178
Solubility
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
Cone.
(Vol. %')
0.17
0.57-1.47
<3.6
3.6 wt. %
0.06
0.26-0.49
<3.6
1.74 wt. 70
0.12
0.32-1.34
<2.5
1.94 wt. 7,
0.09
0.24-0.32
<2.5
1.41 wt. 7o
0.01
0.02-0.05
<3.6
0.51
1.18-2.56
3.6
6.97 wt. %
±
0.20 wt. 7o
i
0.20 wt. 7o
i
0.27 wt. "L
0.12
1.47 wt. 7o
0.067 wt. 7o
t
Stream
1
2
6
9
1
2
6
9
1
2
6
9
1
2
6
9
1
2
6
1
2
6
9
1
9
1
9
1
9
1
9
9
9
Ref .
RO-188
RO-189
•RO-189
NA-231
RO-188 .
RO-189
RO-189
NA-231
RO-188
RO-189
RO-189
NA-231
RO-188
RO-189
RO-189
NA-231
RO-188
RO-189
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-189
NA-231
RO-188
NA-231
RO-188
NA-231
RO-188
NA-231
RO-188
NA-231
NA-231
NA-231
zene
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Boiling
MW Point (°C) Solubility
Cone.
(Vol. 7o)
Stream
Ref .
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Aromatics (cont)
Indan 118
1,3-Diethylbenzene 134
l-Methyl-3-n-propylben- 134
zene
n-Butylbenzene 134
l-Methyl-4-n-propyl- 134
benzene
1,2-Diethylbenzene 134
l,3-Dimethyl-5-ethylben- 134
zene
134
134
1,4-Diethylbenzene
1-Methyl-2-propyl-
benzene
l-Phenyl-2,2-dimethyl- 148
propane
l,4-Dimethyi-2-ethyl- 134
benzene
2-Methylindan 132
1-Methylindan 132
1,3-Dlmethy1-4-ethyl- 134
benzene
178
181
181
183
183
183
184
184
185
186
187
187
188-190
188
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
0.003
0.60 wt.
0.47 wt.
i
1.27 wt.
i
0.47 wt.
i
<0. 74 wt.
i
i
0.067 wt
i
1.14 wt.
i
<0. 74 wt.
i
i
0.47 wt.
i
i
i
0 . 80 wt .
<0.067 wt
<0.067 wt
i
i
0.74 wt.
7
/o
7
/o
7
/o
7
10
7
la
7
la
7
to
7
la
"1
10
7
to
7
to
7
lo
7
10
1
9
9
1
9
3
9
3
9
1
3
9
3
9
3
9
1
3
9
3
1
3
9
9
9
1
3
9
RO-188
NA-231
NA-231
RO-188
NA-231
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
NA-231
RO-188
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
NA-231
RO-188
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
NA-231
NA-231
NA-231
RO-188
RO-189
NA-231
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Boiling
MW Point (°C) Solubility
Cone.
(Vol. %)
Stream
Ref.
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Aromatics (cont)
l-PKenyl-3-methylbutane 148
l-Methyl-3-tert-butyl- 148
benzene
l,2-Dimethyl-4-ethyl- 134
benzene
l,3-Dimethyl-2-ethyl- 134
benzene
3-Phenylpentane 148
2-Phenyl-2-methylbutane 148
l-Ethyl-3-isopropylben- 148
zene
2-Phenyl-3-tnethylbutane 148
wl-Ethyl-2-isopropylben- 148
M zene
gl-Methyl-4-tert-butyl- 148
benzene
2-Phenylpentane 148
l,2-Dimethyl-3-ethyl- 134
benzene
l-Methyl-3-isobutyl- 148
benzene
l-Methyl-3-sec-butyl- 148
benzene
l,3-Dimethyl-5-isopro- 148
pylbenzene
l-Methyl-4-sec-butyl- 148
benzene
l-Methyl-4-isobutyl- 148
benzene
188
189
190
190
191
192
192
193
193
193
194
194
194
194
195
196
IS
IS
i
i
i
i
1.34 wt. °L
i
i
t
i
i
i
0.064 wt.
i
i
0.17 wt. %
i
i
i
i
0.268 wt.
i
0.16 wt.
i
0.085 wt
i
3
3
1
3
9
1
3
0
3
3
3
9
3
3
9
3
3
1
3
9
3
3
9
3
9
3
RO-189
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
NA-231
RO-188
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
RO-189
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
RO-189
, RO-188
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
RO-189
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Aromatics (cont)
1 -Methyl- 2 -sec- butyl-
benzene
l-Methyl-2-isobutyl-
benzene
1, 4-Dimethyl-2-isopro-
pylbenzene
l-Ethyl-4-isopropyl-
benzene
1-Methy 1-4- sec -butyl-
benzene
l-Phenyl-2-methyl- .
butane
1, 3-Dimethyl-2-isopro-
pylbenzene
1 , 3-Dimethyl-4-isopro-
pylbenzene
1,2 , 4,5-Tetramethyl-
benzene
1,2,3, 5-Tetramethyl-
benzene
1-Phenyl- 3-methylbutane
l-Methyl-2-tert-butyl- .
benzene
l-Methyl-3 , 5-diethylben-
zene
1 -Ethyl -3-n-propylben-
zene
1 , 3-Dimethyl-5-n-propyl-
benzene
1,2, -Dimethyl-4-isopro-
pylbenzene
5-Methylindan
1-Methy 1-2 , 3-diethyl-
benzene
MW
148
148
148
148
148
148
148
148
134
134
148
148
148
148
148
148
132
134
Boiling
Point (°C) Solubility
196 IS
196
196
196
197 IS
197
197
197
197 IS
198 IS
199
200
20C
201
202
202
202
202
Cone.
(Vol. %)
i
0.06 xvt. %
i
i
t
i
0.007 wt. %
i
0.039 wt. %
i
i
i
0.01 wt. %
i
i
0.74 wt. %
i
i
1.07 wt. %
i
i
i
0.21 wt. %
i
0.27 wt. %
i
i
0.40 wt. %
i
Stream
3
9
3
3
9
3
9
3
9
3
3
3
9
1
3
9
]
3
9
3
3
3
9
3
9
3
3
9
3
Ref ,
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
RO-189
N A- 231
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
NA- 231
RO-189
RO-189
RO-189
NA-231
RO-188
RO-189
NA-231
RO-188
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
RO-189
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
NA- 231
RO-189
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Aromatics (cont)
1 , 2-Dimethyl-3-isopro-
•pylbenzene
1-Me thy 1-3,4- diethyl-
benzene
l-Ethyl-2-n-propylben-
zene
1-Me thy 1-3-n-butylben-
zene
1, 4 -Dimethyl- 2 -propyl-
benzene
4-Methylindan
1,2,3, 4-Tetramethy 1-
cd benzene
i
i — '
10 l-Ethyl-4-n-propyl-
benzene
l-Methyl-2,4-diethyl-
benzene
n-Pentylbenzene
1 , 3-Dimethyl-4-n-propyl-
benzene
1-Me thy 1-4-n-butyl-
benzene
1,2,3, 4-Tetrahydro-
naphthalene
1 , 2-Dimethyl-4-n-propyl-
benzene
Trimethylethylbenzene
6-Methyl-[l, 2,3,4-
tetrahydronaphthalene ]
MW
148
148
148
148
148
132
134
148
148
148
148
148
132
148
148
146
Boiling
Point (°C) Solubility'
203
203
203
204 IS
204 IS
204
205 IS
205 IS
205
205
207
207
208
209
212
229
Cone.
(Vol. %)
i
i
i
0.06
i
i
i
0.87 wt. 70
0.2
i
0.34 wt. %
i
i
i
0.03
i
i
0.03
i
0.067 wt. %
0.03
0.04
0.09
.Stream
3
3
3
>
3
3
1
9
1
3
9
3
3
3
1
3
3
1
3
9
1
1
1
Ref .
RO-189
RO-189
RO-189
RO-138
RO-189
RO-189
BA-325
NA-231
RO-188
RO-189
NA-231
RO-189
RO-189
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
RO-189
RO-188
RO-189
NA-231
RO-188
RO-188
RO-188
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Boiling Cone.
Component MW Point (°C) Solubility (Vol. %)' Stream Ref.
Hydrocarbons (cont)
Aromatics (cont)
5-Methyl-[l,2,3.4- 146 234 . 0.08 1 RO-188
tetrahydronaphthalene]
2-Methyl-[l,2,3,4- 146 - 234 0.04 • 1 RO-188
tetrahydronaphthalene]
Biphenyl(s) 154 255 IS i • 1 RO-188,
H y • . DO-074
Naphthenobiphenyls p 1 DO-074
Dinaphthenobiphenyls p 1 DO-074
Trinaphthenobiphenyls pi DO-074
Tetranaphthenobiphenyls p 1 DO-074
Pentanaphthenobiphenyls p 1 DO-074
Hexanaphthenobiphenyls p 1 DO-074
• Heptanaphthenobiphenyls p 1 DO-074
£ Triphenylenes p 1 DO-074
^ Naphthenotriphenylenes P 1 DO-074
Dinaphthenotriphenylenes p ' 1 DO-074
Indanes .pi DO-074
Tetralins . P 1 DO-074
Dinaphthenobenzenes P 1 DO-074
Trinaphthenobenzenes P 1 DO-074
Tetranaphthenobenzenes P 1 DO-074
Pentanaphthenobenzenes P ^ DO-074
Hexanaphthenobenzenes P 1 DO-074
Heptanaphthenobenzenes P 1 DO-074
Octanaphthenobenzenes P 1 DO-074
Nonaphthenobenzenes P 1 DO-074
Lactones
Oxyallobetul-2-ene 438 i 3 BA-313
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
MW
Boiling
Point (°C)
Sblublllty
Cone.
(Vol. %)
Stream
Ref.
ro
Phenols
Thiophenol
Phenol
Methylpropylphenol
o-Cresol
o-Thiocresol
p-Cresol.
m-Cresol
o-Ethylphenol
2,5-Xylenol
DimethyIphenol
m-EthyIphenol
2,3-Xylenol
3,5-Xylenol
3,4-Xylenol
2,4-Xylenol
Isopsuedocuminol
2-Ethy1-4-methyIphenol
MethylethyIphenol
Tr ime t hyIpheno1
.2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-
cresol
Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Naphthalene
2-Methylnaphthalene
1-Methylnaphthalene
2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene
Dimethylnaphthalenes
Trimethylnaphthalenes
Anthracene(s)b
110
94
134
108
126
108
108
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
136
138
136
136
206
169
182
182-185
191
194
202
203
207
210
210-225
214
218
220
225
225
233
Sublimes @
^221,232
128
142
142
156
156
170
178
218
241
245
262
262-70
285-88
340
IS
S
S-HW-
IS
S-HW
S
SS
SS
SS
SS
S
SS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
i
0.0006 wt. %
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
6
6
13
13
6
13
1
6
6
13
13
6
13
1
6
6
6
6
6
1
13
13
0.06
0.74 wt.
0.2
0.1
i
i
i
i
13
1
9
1
1
1
1
1
1
GA-141
ME-108
KE-151
KE-151
FI-083
KE-151
LO-112
FI-083
FI-083
KE-151
KE-151
FI-083
KE-151
LO-112
FI-083
FI-083
FI-083
FI-083
FI-083
LO-112
KE-151
KE-151.
KE-151
RO-188
NA-231.
RO-188
RO-188
RO-188
RO-188
RO-188
DO-074
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cent)
Boiling Cone.
Component MW Point (°C) Solubility (Vol. %) .Stream Ref.
Polynuclear (cont)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (cont)
P.henanthrene 178 340 IS i 1 CA-228
Perylene 252 Sublimes @ IS i 1 CA-228
' • 350-400
2,6-Dimethylanthracene 206 350-357 i 1 CA-228
2,7-Dimethylanthracene 206 350-360 i 1 CA-228
1,3,5,7-Tetramethyl- 234 380-382 • i 1 CA-228
anthracene
1,3,6,7-Tetramethyl- 234 385-387 . i 1 CA-228
anthracene . •
2,3,6,7-Tetramethyl- 234 385-387 i 1 CA-228
anthracene
3-Methylchrysene 242 . i 1 CA-228
Naphthalenes p 1 DO-074
Naphthenophthalenes • pi DO-074
Dinaphthenonaphthalenes p 1 DO-074
Trinaphthenonaphthalenes p 1 DO-074
Tetranaphthenonaphtha- p 1 DO-074
lenes
Pentanaphthenonaphtha- p 1 DO-074
lenes
Hexanaphthenonaphtha- p . 1 DO-074
lenes
Hepthanaphthenonaphtha- p 1 DO-074
lenes
Octanaphthenonaphtha- p 1 DO-074
lenes
Phenanthrenes . * pi DO-074
Acenaphthalene p 1 TH-086
Naphthenoacenaphtha- P 1 DO-0/4
lenes or naphtheno-
fluorenes
Dinaphthenoacenaphtha- . p .1 DO-074
lenes or dinaphtheno-
fluorenes
Trinaphthenoacenaphtha- p 1 DO-074
lenes or trinaphtheno-
fluorenes
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cone)
Boiling Cone.
Component MW Point (°C) Solubility (Vol. %)' Stream Ref.
Polynuclear (cont)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (cont)
Trinaphthenoacenaphtha- p 1 DO-074
lenes or phenylbenzoin-
danes or indanylnaph-
thalenes
Tetranaphthenoacenaphtha- p 1 DO-074
lenes or naphtheno- ,
phenylbenzoindanes or
naphthenoindanyInap-
thalenes
Pentanaphthenoacenaphtha- p 1 DO-074
lenes or dinaphtheno-
phenylbenzoindanes or
dinaphthenoindanylna-
phthalenes •.
Hexanaphthenoacenaphtha- pi DO-074
lenes or trinaphtheno-
phenylbenzoindanes or
trinaphthenoindanylnaph-
thalenes
Tetranaphthenophenyl- . • p 1 DO-074
benzoindanes or tetra-
naphthenoindanyl-
naphthalenes
Pentanaphthenophenylben- p 1 DO-074
zoindanes or pentanaph-
thenoindanylnaphtha-
lenes
Hexanaphthenophenyl- p 1 DO-074
benzoindanes or hex-
anaphthenoindanyl-
naphthalenes
Phenanthrenes/anthra- p 1 DO-074
cenes
Naphthenophenanthrenes/ p 1 DO-074
anthracenes
Dinaphthenophenan- p 1 DO-074
threnes/anthracenes
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Boiling Cone.
Component MW Point (°C) Solubility (Vol. %) .Stream Ref.
Polynuclear (cont)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (cont)
Trinaphthenophehan- P 1 DO-074
threnes/anthracenes
Tetranaphthenophenan- P 1 DO-074
threnes/anthracenes
Pentanaphthenophenan- pi DO-074
threnes/anthracenes
Diacenaphthalenes p 1 DO-074
Naphthenodiacenaphtha- p 1 DO-074
lenes • .
Dinaphthenodiacenaphtha- p 1 DO-074
lenes
Pyrenes P 1 DO-074
Naphthenopyrenes or chry- p 1 TH-086
senes ;
Naphthenochrysenes p 1 TH-086
Dinaphthenochrysenes p 1 TH-086
Benzopyrene P 1 TH-086
Benzofluorenes i . 5 TY-008
Benzanthracenes i 5 TY-008
Benzophenanthrenes . • i 5 TY-008
Fluoranthenes i 5 TY-008
Aza Arenes
Quinoline 129 238 S-HW i 6 BA-325
Isoquinoline(s)2 129 243 IS i 1 PE-140
.i 6 BA-325
3-Methylisoquinoline 143 246 SS 'i 6 BA-325
2-Methylisoquinoline 143 i 6 BA-325
1-Methylisoquinoline 143 248 SS i 6 LO-112
2-Methylquinoline 143 248 SS i 6 BA-325
8-Methylquinoline 143 249 SS i 6 BA-325
Indole(s)2 117 254 S-HW i 1 PE-140
2,8-Dimethylquino- 157 255 SS i 3,6 BA-325
line
7-Methylquinoline 143 258 SS i 6 BA-325
3-Methylquinoline 143 260 SS i 6 BA-325
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
oo
Component
Polynuclear (cont)
Aza Arenes (cont)
4-Me thy Iquino line
Methylindole
2 , 4-Dime thy Iquinoline
2 , 3-Dimethylquinoline
2,4, 8-Trimethy Iquinoline
2,3, 8-Trimethylquinoline
2 -Me thy 1-8- ethy Iquinoline
2 , 3-Dimethyl-8-ethyl-
quinoline
2 , 4-Dimethyl-8-ethyl-
quinoline
2,3,4, 8-Tetramethyl-
quinoline
2 , 3-Dimethyl-8-n-propyl-
quinoline
2 ,4-Dimethyl-8-n-propyl-
quinoline
2,3, 4-Trimethyl-8-ethyl-
quinoline
2,3, 8-Trimethyl-4-ethyl-
quinoline
2,3, 4-Trimethyl-8-n-
propy Iquino line
2,3,4-Trimethyl-8-
isopropy Iquino line
2,3-Dimethyl-4,8-
die thy Iquinoline
2 , 4-Dimethyl-8-sec-
buty Iquino line
2 , 3-Dimethyl-4-ethyl-
8 -n-propy Iquino line
2 , 3-Dimethylbenzo (h) -
quinoline
Carbazole(s) 2
2-Methylcarbazole
Porphyrin
Boiling
MW Point (°C) Solubility
143 264 SS
131 265-272 SS
157 266 SS
157 IS
171 288
171
171
185
185
185
199
199 '
199
199 •
213
213
213
213
227
207
167 355 IS
181
Cone.
(Vol. %)
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i •
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
12-380 ppm
9 ppm
Stream
6
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
4
Ref .
BA-325
RO-188
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325 ,
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
BA-325
PE-140
DU-082
DU-070
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cent)
Boiling Cone.
Component MW Point (°C) Solubility (Vol. %) Stream Ref.
Polynuclear (cont)
Thio Arenes
Monocyclic sulfides p 1 DO-074
Bicyclic sulfides p 1 DO-074
Tricyclic sulfides . pi DO-074
Tetracyclic sulfides , pi DO-074
Pentacyclic sulfides p 1 DO-074
Hexacyclic sulfides p 1 DO-074
Heptacyclic sulfides pi DO-074
Thiaindanes/thiatetra- p 1 DO-074
lins
Naphthenothiaindanes/ pi DO-074
thiatetralins
Dinaphthenothiaindanes/ p . 1 DO-074
thiatetralins
Trinaphthenothiaindanes/ pi DO-074
thiatetralins
Benzothiophenes P 1 DO-074
Naphthenobenzothiophenes p 1 DO-074
Dinaphthenobenzothio- pi DO-074
phenes
Trinaphthenobenzothio- p 1 DO-074
phenes
Tetranaphthenobenzothio- P 1 DO-074
phenes
Pentanaphthenobenzothio- p 1 DO-074
phenes
Dibenzothiophenes p 1 DO-074
Naphthenodibenzothio- p 1 DO-074
phenes
Dinaphthenodibenzothio- . pi DO-074
phenes
Trinaphthenodibenzothio- p 1 DO-074
phenes
Diphenyl disulfides . p 1 TH-086
Naphthenodiphenyl disulfides p 1 TH-086
Dinaphenodiphenyl disulfides p 1 TH-086
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Boiling Cone.
Component MW Point (°C) Solubility' ' (Vol. %) ,Stream Ref.
Polynuelear (cont)
Thio Arenes (cont)
Trinaphthenodiphenyl p 1 TH-086
disulfides
Tetranaphthenodiphenyl p 1 TH-086
disulfides
Thienocyclic sulfides , p 1 DO-074
Naphthenothienocyclic p 1 DO-074
sulfides
Dinaphthenothienocyclic p 1 . DO-074
sulfides
Thienoindenes p ' 1 TH-086
Dibenzothiophenes p 1 DO-074
Naphthenodibenzothio- p 1 DO-074
phenes
Dinaphthenodibenzo- p 1 DO-074
thiophenes
Thienoacenaphthalenes p 1 DO-074
Thienonaphthenoacenaphtha- p . 1 DO-074
lenes or thienophenan-
threnes/anthracenes
Thienodinaphthenoace- • pi DO-074
naphthalenes or thieno-
naphthenophenanthrenes/
anthracenes
Thienotrinaphthenoace- pi DO-074
naphthalenes or thienodinaph-
thenophenanthrenes/an- . . •
thracenes
Thienotetranaphthenoace- p 1 DO-074
naphthalenes or thieno-
trinaphthenophenan-
threnes/anthracenes
Naphthalene cyclic sulfides p 1 TH-086
Naphthalene dicyclic p 1 TH-086
sulfides
Naphthalene tricyclic p 1 TH-086
sulfides
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Boiling Cone.
Component MW Point (°C) Solubility (Vol. %) Stream Ref.
Polynuclear (cont)
Thio Arenes (cont)
Naphthalenotetracyclic P.I DO-074
sulfides
Naphthalenopentacyclic . P 1 DO-074
sulfides
Naphthalenohexacyclic P 1 DO-074
sulfides
Naphthalenoheptacyclic P 1 DO-074
sulfides
Naphthalenooctacyclic P 1 • DO-074
sulfides
Thienodiacenaphthalenes P 1 DO-074
Thienopyrenes P 1 DO-074
Thienonaphthenodiace- P 1 DO-074
w naphthalenes
^ Thienonaphthenopyrenes P 1 DO-074
u> Thienochrysenes p 1 DO-074
*"" Thienotriphenylenes P 1 TH-086
Thienonaphthenochrysenes P 1 DO-074
Thienobenzopyrenes p 1 DO-074
Thienodibenzothio- • P 1 DO-074
phenes
Thienonaphthenodibenzo- P 1 DO-074
thiophenes pi DO-074
Thienodinaphthenodibenzo- P 1 DO-074
thiophenes
Dithienoacenaphthalenes P 1 DO-074
Dithienonaphthenoace- P 1 DO-074
naphthalenes or di-
thienophenanthrenes/
anthracenes
Dithienodinaphtheno- P 1 DO-074
acenaphthalenes or
dithienonaphtheno-
phenanthrenes/anthra-
cenes
Dithienotrinaphthenoace- p 1 DO-074
naphthalenes or dithieno-
dinaphthenophenanthrenes/
' nnf'hr.n rr^nor;
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Boiling Cone.
Component MW Point (°C) Solubility (Vol. 7.) Stream Ref.
Polynuclear (cont)
Thio Arenes (cont)
Dithienotetranaphtheno- p 1 DO-074
acenaphthalenes or di-
thienotrinaphthenophenan-
threnes/anthracenes
Thienonaphthalene cyclic p 1 TH-086
sulfides
Thienonaphthalene bi- P 1 TH-086
cyclic sulfides
Thienonanphthalene tri- p 1 . TH-086
cyclic sulfides
Thienonaphthalenotetra- p 1 DO-074
cyclic sulfides
Thienonaphthalenopen- p ' 1 DO-074
tacyclic sulfides
Thienonaphthalenohexa- p 1 DO-074
cyclic sulfides
Thienonaphthalenohepta- p 1 DO-074
cyclic sulfides .
Dithienopyrenes p 1 D.0-074
Dithienonaphthenopyrenes p 1 DO-074
Dithienochrysenes p 1 DO-074
Dithienodibenzothiophenes p 1 DO-074
Dithienonaphthenodiben- p 1 DO-074
zothiophenes
Dithienodinaphthenodibenzo- p 1 DO-074
thiophenes
Trithienoacenaphtha- p 1 DO-074
lenes
Dibenzodithiophenes pi TH-086
Dinaphthenodibenzodi- p 1 TH-086
thiophenes
Dithienonaphthelene cy- pi TH-086
• clic sulfides
Dibenzotrithiophenes p 1 TH-086
Naphthenodibenzotri- p 1 TH-086
thiophenes
Dinaphthenodibenzotri- p 1 TH-086
> he MM
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
u>
Component
Polynuclear (cont)
Thio Arenes (cent)
Trithienoacenaphthalene
Oxa Arenes
Naphthol
Alkyl Fluorenones
Sulfur Compounds
H2S, Mercaptans
H2S
Methanethiol
Ethanethiol
2-Propanethiol
2-Methyl-2-propane-
thiol
1- Propane thiol
2 -Butane thiol
2-Methyl-l-pro-
panethiol
1- Butane thiol
3-Methyl-l-butane-
thiol
2,2-Dimethyl-l-pro-
panethiol
2-Methyl-2-butane-
thiol
3-Methyl-2-butane-
thiol
2-Pentanethiol
3-Pentanethiol
1 - Pen tane thiol
MW
144
34
48
62
76
90
76
90
90
90
104
104
104
104
104
104
,.-104
Boiling
Point (°C) Solubility
288 SS-HW
320-330
-60 S
6 SS-HW
35 SS
53 SS
64 IS
68 SS
85
89 SS
98 SS
IS
99
110
113
114
127 IS
Cone.
(Vol. 7c)
P
P
i
0.49 wt. 70
<0.018 wt. 7o
<0.001
<12 pp.m
0.0024 wt. 7o
0.0053 wt. 7o
0.00199 wt. 7o
0.00055 wt. 7o
0.0041 wt. 70
0.00386 wt. 7o
0.00003 wt. 70
t
i
i
0.00064 wt. 7o
i
0.0014 wt. 7o
i
0.00057 wt. 7o
i
i
.Stream
1
1
1
/«-
/2
/3i
11
\12/
^~'
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
Ref .
TH-086
LO-112
LA- 162
HA-316
PE-140
GR-123
\RE-142
GR-123
GR-123
GR-123
GR-123
•
GR-123
GR-123
GR-1.23
GR-123
HA-317
HA-317
GR-123
GR-123
GR-123
BA-324
GR-123
BA-324
HA-317
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Boiling
MW Point (°C) Solubility
Cone.
(Vol. 70)
Stream
Ref.
Sulfur Compounds (cont)
H2S, Mercaptans (cont)
2-Methyl-l-pentane- 118
thiol
2-Methyl-3-pentane- 118
thiol
3-Methyl-3-pentane- 118
thiol
4-Methyl-2-pentane- 118
thiol
Cyclopentanethiol 102
2-Hexanethiol 118
1-Hexanethiol 118
3-Hexanethiol 118
Cyclohexanethiol 116
2-Methylcyclopentane- 116
thiol
2-Octanethiol 146
Isoamylthiol 104
Amylthiol 104
Hexylthiol 118
Sulfides
2-Thiapropane 62
2-Thiabutane 76
3-Methyl-2-thiabutane 90
3-Thiapentane 90
2-Thiapentane 90
3,3-Dimethyl-2- 104
thiabutane
2-Methyl-3-thiapentane 104
3-Thiahexane 104
132
142
151
159
186
IS
IS
37
67
85
92
96
99
107
118
IS
IS
SS
S
i
i
i
0.0028 wt. 70
i
i
i
0.0012 wt. 7o
i
i
i
i
i
i
0.00088 wt. 7o
0.00222 wt. 7o
0.00064 wt. 7o
0.00075 wt. 7o
i
0.0003 wt. 7o
i
i
0.00012 wt. 7o
1
1
1,2
1,2
1,2 -
1
2
1
1,2
1
2
1,2
1
1
1
1
HA-317
HA-317
BA-324
BA-324
BA-324
GR-123
BA-324
HA-317
BA-324
GR-123
BA-324
BA-324
GR-123
HA-317
HA-317
HA-317
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
GR-123
GR-123
GR-123
GR-123
BA-324
GR-123
BA-324
GR-123
GR-123
GR-123
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Boiling
MW Point (°C) Solubility
Cone.
(Vol. '
Stream
Ref.
U)
Ln
Sulfur Compounds (cont)
Sulfides (cont)
2,2-Dimethyl-3-thia-
pentane
2,4-Dimethyl-3-thia-
pentane
2-Thiahexane
2,4-Dimethyl-3-thia-
hexane
2-Methyl-3-thiahexane
-4-Methyl-3-thiahexane
2,3-Dithiapentane
4-Thiaheptane
3-Thiaheptane
3-Thiaoctane
5-Thianonane
2,6-Dimethyl-4-thia-
heptane
5-Thiadecane
6-Thiaundecane
7-Thiatridecane
Diphenyldisulfide
Trace Elements ... .
Metals
Ag~
Al
As
118
118
104
132
118
118
108
118
118
132
146
146
160
174
198
120
120
123
132
134
142
144
189
230
230
IS
IS
IS
IS
108
27
75
0.000058 wt. 7o
0.00053 wt. %
0.0006-0.1 ppm 5
<0.001-0.3 yg/ml 7
i 1
0.140 yg/ml 13
0.005-0.142 ppm 1
54.5 ng/g 3
21 ng/g A
0.2-1.0 ppm 5
<0.02-200 yg/ml 7
GR-123
GR-123
0.
0.
0.
0.
000077 wt. 7o
i
000078 wt. %
i
0005 wt. 7o
i
i
i
000078 wt. 7o
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
P
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
GR-123
HA-317
GR-123
BA-324
GR-123
BA-324
HA-317
HA-317
GR-123
BA-324
HA-317
HA-317
HA-317
HA-317
HA-317
HA-317
TH-086
VO-027
VO-027
GR-123
KE-151
VE-021
AN-104
AN-104
VO-027
VO-027
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Boiling
MW Point (°C) Solubility
Cone.
(Vol. 7.T
Stream
Ref.
Trace Elements (cont)
Metals3(cont)
Au"
B
Ba
Be.
Ca
^ Cd
U>
Co
Cr
197
11
137
9
40
112
60
52
Cu
63
<0. 002-0. 2 ppm
<0. 02-2.0 yg/ml
0.020 yg/ml
1-3.6 ppm
0.3-5 ppm
0.001-10 yg/ml
0.300 yg/ml
0.005-0. 5 ppm
0.0001-0.02
7-400 ppm
<0. 05-20 yg/ml
2.6 yg/ml
<15 ng/g
10 ng/g
0.003-1 ppm
0.001-20 g/g
0.28 ppm
0.37 yg/g
<0.02 yg/g
0.015 yg/ml
0.08-01
0.045 yg/g
0.025 yg/g
0.7-4 ppm
0.001-0.5 yg/g
0.170 yg/ml
< 0.1-2. 3 ppm
0.25 yg/g
0.10 yg/g
41 ppm
0.2-1 ppm
0.005-10 yg/ml
0.4 ppm
0.030 yg/ml
1
5
7
13
1
5
7
13
5
7
5
7
13
3
4
5
7
1
3
4
13
1
3
4
5
7
13
1
3
4
5
5
7
10
13
KA-167
VO-027
VO-027
KE-151
MA-279
VO-027
VO-027
KE-151
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
KE-151
AN-104
AM-104
VO-027
VO-027
VE-021
AN-104
AN-104
KE-151
MA-279
AN-104
AN-104
VO-027
VO-027
KE-151
VE-021
AN-104
AN-104
BA-161
VO-027
VO-027
BA-161
KE-151
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Boiling
MW Point (°C) Solubility
Cone.
(Vol.
Stream
Ref.
Trace Elements (cont)
Metals 3(cont)
Fe"
56
Ga
Ge
Hg
dd
i
M
LO
La
Li
Mg
Mn
Mo
Na
70
73
200
39
139
7
24
55
96
23
0.11-32 ppm 1
4.96 yg/g 3
0.76 yg/g 4
10-20 ppm 5
<0.1-0.6 yg/ml 7
0.300 yg/ml 13
i 1
0.015 yg/ml 13
i 1
2.3 ng/g 3
3.4 ng/g 4
0.002-0.4 ppm 5
0.008-0.1 7
yg/ml
0.8-5 ppm 5
0.1-75 yg/ml 7
0.800 yg/ml 13
i 1
0.02-3 ppm 5
0.001-0.6 7
g/g
2-3 ppm 5
0.01-250 yg/ml 7
3.6 yg/ml 13
<1 ppm 1
0.08 yg/g 3
<0.02 yg/g 4
0.21-1 ppm 5
0.005-1 yg/g 7
0.020 yg/ml 13
1 ppm 1
0.155 yg/g 3
<0.10 y cr/g 4
0.42-36.2 ppm 1
<0.4-30 ppm 5
0.1-500 yg/g 7
MA-279
AN-104
AN-104
VO-027
VO-027
KE-151
KA-167
KE-151
KA-167
AN-104
AN-104
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
KE-151
GR-123
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
KE-151
MA-279
AN-104
AN-104
VO-027
VO-027
KE-151
MA-279
AN-104
AN-104
VE-021
VO-027
VO-027
-------
APi'ENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
Component
Boiling
MW Point (°C) Solubility
Cone.
(Vol.
Stream
Ref.
Trace Elements (cont)
Nd~
Ni
Metals 3(cont)
144
w Pb
s
UJ
oo
Rb
Sb
Se
Si
Sn
Sr
Ti
U
31
207
85
122
79
28
119
88
48
238
. i 1
<1-109 ppm 1
16.1 yg/g 3
<0.04 yg/g 4
• 300 ppm 5
20-90 ppm 5
<0.01-6 yg/g 7
18 ppm 10
0.003 yg/ml 13
0.2-15 yg/g 7
0.200 yg/ml 13
0-88 yg/g 3
0.12 yg/g 4
1-4 ppm 5
2-650 yg/ml 7
0.080 yg/ml 13
0.003-0.5 ppm 5
0.0004-1 yg/g 7
0.02-0.15 ppm 5
0.001-0.2 yg/g 7
0.001 yg/ml 13
8-30 ppm 5
0.5-50 yg/g 7
<1 ppm 1
0.01-5 ppm 5
0.003-7 yg/ml 7
<0.4-0.5 ppm 5
<0.001-75 yg/g 7
0.480 yg/ml 13
i 1
0.0009 ppm 1
0.008 ppm 5
0.002 ppm 10
GR-123
MA-279,
VE-021
AN-104
AN-104
BA-161
VO-027
VO-027
BA-161
KE-151
VO-027
KE-151
AN-104
AN-104
VO-027
VO-027
KE-151
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
KE-151
VO-027
VO-027
MA-279
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
VO-027
KE-151
GR-123
BA-161
BA-161
BA-161
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
i
i—1
u>
Component
Trace Elements (cont)
Metals3 (cont)
V
Zn
Zr
Monmetals3
Br
Cl
F
elemental
Cyanides
Hydrogen cyanide
Methyl cyanide
Boiling
MW Point (°C) Solubility
51
65
-• 91
35
35
19
32
27 26 M
41
Cone.
(Vol. %)'
0.008-430 ppm
49 yg/g
0.10 yg/g
• 330 ppm
2.3-855 ppm
0.0001-10 ,jg/g
18 ppm
0.010 yg/ml
0.6-2 ppm
0.7 yg/g
0.09 yg/g
0.4-2 ppm
0.1-4 yg/ml
0.017 yg/ml
i
<0. 01-0. 32 ppm
2.8-8.3 ppm
0.080 yg/ml
0.004 pom
<0.0003 yg/ml
0.160 yg/ml
<0.49 wt. %
33 yg/ml
i
i
i
Stream
1
3
4
5
5
7
10
13
1
3
4
5
7
13
1
1
9
13
5
7
13
2
13
11
12
12
Ref.
MA-279 ,
VE-021
AH- 104
AM-104
BA-161
NE-042
VO-027
BA-161
ICE- 151
VE-021
All -104
AN -104
VO-027
VO-027
KE-151
GR-123
VE-021
CA-226
KE-151
VO-027
VO-027
KE-151
HA- 3 18
KE-151
BR-110
DA-069
DA-069
Other
Water
18
100
M
0.05-0.97
PE-140
-------
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX B
TABLE B (cont)
FOOTNOTES
i
Other elements that can potentially occur as salts are listed
as trace elements. They include Al, Ba, Be, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl, F,
Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, and Ni. The cyanide ion can also occur as a
salt. Others mentioned include Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Na salts
(PE-140).
2
These compounds are assumed to be present since their groups are
cited as being present.
3
Boiling points and solubilities are not given because the phy-
sical form of the trace metals or elements is not known.
B-140
-------
APPENDIX B
5.3 Additional References for Toxicity and Mutagenicity
A literature s.earch was conducted by the Toxicology
Information Response Center located at Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, for select references on muta-
genicity and other mammalian toxicological information. The
references found were divided into two groups: (1) Mutagenic
references and (2) General toxicological references. The general
toxicological information was obtained from secondary sources
including books, monographs, reviews, and government reports.
The TOXLINE computer system was also searched.
Sources Searched: EMIC1 file; TIRC2 files and
library; TOXLINE
Terms Searched: Mutagenicity; Metals; Petroleum
wastes; Hydrocarbons
Tables C, D, and E list the information found in the EMIC file,
the TIRC files and library and the TOXLINE file, respectively.
Environmental Mutagen Information Center
2
Toxicology Information Response Center
B-141
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C
REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE
Abelson, Philip H., "Methyl'Mercury", Science (Washington): 169, P. 237
(1970).
(Mercury)
Aksyutina, M. S., Lipchina, L. P., Spryshkova, N. A., and Yablonovskaya,
L. Y. A., "A Radioautographic Analysis of Cell Proliferation in Primary
Gliomas of Rats Induced by 9,10-Dimethyl-l,2-Benzanthracene", (Russian-
English Summ.), Tsitologiya: 13, P. 850-860 (1971).
(DimethyIbenzanthracene)
Alexandrov, Kroum, Vendrely, Colette, and Vendrely, Roger, "A Comparative
Study of the Action of Carcinogenic Substances on the RNA Synthesis In
Mouse Skin", Cancer Res.: 30, P. 1192-1196 (1970).
(Benzpyrene)
Alexandrov, K., "Action of Carcinogenic Substances on RNA Synthesis In
Mouse Skin", C. R. Acad. Bulg. Sci.: 23, P. 847-849 (1970).
(Benzpyrene)
Alfred, L., and Hanifin, V., "Supression of 'Early' DNA Synthesis In Hydro-
carbon Carcinogen-Treated Cultured Animal Cells", Proc. Amer. Ass.
Cancer Res.: 7, P. 2 (1966).
(Carcinogen)
Allanson, M., and Deanesly, R., "Observations On Cadmium Damage and Repair
In Rat Testes and the Effects On the Pituitary Gonadotrophs", J. Endocrinol,
24, P. 453-462 (1962).
(Cadmium)
Allison, A. C., and Mallucci, L., "Uptake of Hydrocarbon Carcinogens By
Lysosomes", Nature (London): 203, P. 1024-1027 (1964).
(Anthracene, Dibenzanthracene)
Altanerova, Veronika, "Virus Production Induced By Various Chemical Carcino-
gens In A Virogenic Hamster Cell Line Transformed By Rous Sarcoma Virus",
J. Nat. Cancer Inst.: 49, P. 1375-1380 (1972).
(Carcinogens)
Anonymous, "Primitive Tribes Found With Chromosome Damage, High Mercury
Levels", Bioscience: 24(2), P. Ill (1974).
(Mercury)
Barilyak, I. R., and Vasileva, I. A., "Antimitotic and Cytogenetic Activity
of Carbon Bisulfide and Hydrogen Sulfide In Small Concentrations",
Cytol. Genet. (USSR-English Transl. Tsitol. Genet.): 8(2), P. 24-27 (1974).
(Translated from Tsitol. Genet.: 8, P. 126-129 (1974)).
(Carbon Bisulfide, H2S)
B-142
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cent.)
Page 2
Bauchinger, M., Schmid, E., and Schmidt, D., "Chromosome Analysis of Police-
men With Increased Blood Lead Level", (German-English Summ.), Mutat. Res.:
16, P. 407-412 (1972).
(Lead)
Benedict, William F., "Early Changes In Chromosomal Number and Structure
After Treatment of Fetal Hamster Cultures with Transforming Doses of
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons", J. Nat. Cancer Inst.: 49, P. 585-590 (1972).
(Polycyclic Aromatics)
Benedict, W. F., Gielen, J. E., and Nebert, D. W., "Polycyclic Hydrocarbon-
Produced Toxicity, Transformation and Chromosomal Aberrations As A
Function of Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Activity In Cell Cultures",
Int. J. Cancer : 9, P. 435-451 (1972).
(Polycyclic Aromatics)
Benedict, W. F., Considine, N., and Nebert, D. W., "Genetic Differences
In Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Induction and Benzo(a)pyrene Produced
Tumorigenesis In the Mouse", Mol. Pharmacol.: 9, P. 266-277 (1973).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
Bertalanffy, Felix D., "Comparison Between the Rates of Porliferation of
Induced Malignancies and Their Normal Tissues of Origin", Recent Result
Cancer Res.: 17, P. 136-146 (1969).
(Benzopyrene)
Biedler, J. L., "Chromosomal Patterns In Chemically Induced Tumors In Mice",
Proc. Amer. Ass. Cancer Res.: 3, P. 304 (1962).
(Dibenzanthracene)
Biedler, June Lee, Old, Lloyd, J., and Clarke, Donald A., "Chromosomal
Lesion Associated With Carcinogen-Induced Tumors In Mice", Nature (London)
192, P. 286-288 (1961).
(Dibenzpyrene)
Biesele, John J., Grey, Clifford E., and Mottram, Frances C., "Some Early
Effects of Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons On Mouse Skin", Ann.N. Y. Acad. Sci.:
63, P. 1303-1320 (1956).
(Carcinogens, Benzene, Polycyclic Aromatics)
Biesele, J. J., "Chromosomal Changes In Epidermal Carcinogenesis", J. Nat.
Cancer Inst.: 4, P. 373-384 (1944).
(Carcinogens)
Bils, R. F., and Booher, J., "Cytological Effects of Low Concentration
Nitrogen Dioxide On Rat Lung Cells In Culture", J. Cell. Biol.: 55,
P. 19A (1972).
(Nitrogen Dioxide)
B-143
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 3
Biscaldi, G. P., Robustelli Delia Cuna, G., and Pollini, G., "Signs of
Developing Leukemia In Benzene Blood Dyscrasia", (Italian-French and
English Summ), Haematologica: 54, P. 579-589 (1970).
(Benzene)
Bittner, Jiri, and Puza, Vladimir, "Reaction of Cell Cultures To Metal
Alloys Used In Fixed Prostheses", (Czech-English and Russian Summ.),
Sb. Ved. Pr. Lek. Fak. Karlovy. Univ. Hradci. Kralove.: 14, P. 309-314
(1971).
(Silver)
Blakeslee, J. R., Milo, G. E., Hart, R. W., and Yohn, D. S., "Promotion of
SV40 Transformation of Human Cells By Chemical Carcinogens", Proc. Amer.
Ass. Cancer Res.: 15, P. 129 (1974).
(Carcinogens, Polycyclic Aromatics)
Bornkamm, George W., and Sonnenbichler, Johann, "Electron-Microscopic
Structure of Nucleoprotein Fibrils From Methaphase Chromosomes Treated
With Salt", Chromosoma.: 43, P. 261-268 (1973).
(Sodium Chloride)
Bouchard, Jacques, "Individual Sensitivity of Epidermal Tumors Treated In
Vitro With An Antimitotic: Colchicine", (French-English and Spanish
Summ.), Bull. Cancer: 58, P. 495-510 (1971).
(3,4-Benzopyrene)
Boulos, B. M., Carnow, B., Naik, N., Bederka, J. P., Jr., Kauffman, R. F.,
and Azarnoff, D. L., "Placental Transfer of Lithium and Environmental
Toxicants and Their Effects On the Newborn", Fed. Proc.: 32(3PT1),
P. 745 (1973).
(Lithiam, Boron, Lead)
Bowden, G. T., Slaga, T. J., Shapas, B. G., and Boutwell, R. K., "The Role
Of Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase In Skin Tumor Initiation By 7,12-
Dibenzanthracene Using DNA Binding and Thymidine-3H Incorporation Into
DNA As Criteria", Cancer Res.: 34, P. 2634-2642 (1974).
(Dibenzanthracenes)
Boyland, E., "The Mechanism Of Tumor Induction By Aromatic Amines and Other
Carcinogens", Z. Krebsforsch: 65, P. 378-384 (1963).
(Carcinogens,Naphthalene)
Brandom, W. F., Saccomanno, G., Archer, P. C., and Archer, V. E.,
"Cytogenetics of Uranium Miners Exposed To 222 Radon", Mutat. Res.:
21, P. 212 (1973).
(Uranium)
B-144
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 4
Brookes, P., and Lawley, P.. D., "Evidence for the Binding of Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbons To the Nucleic Acids of Mouse Skin: Relation
Between Carcinogenic Power of Hydrocarbons and Their Binding To
Deoxyribonucleic Acid", Nature (London): 202, P. 781-784 (1964).
(Polynuclear Aromatics, Naphthalene)
Brookes, P., and Duncan, Margaret E., "Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons and Human
Cells In Culture", Nature (London): 234, P. 40-43 (1971).
(Carcinogens)
Buselmaier, W., Roehrborn, G., and Propping, P., "Mutagenicity Investiga-
tions With Pesticides In the Host-Mediated Assay and the Dominant Lethal
Test In Mice", (German-English Summ.), Biol. Zentralbl.: 91, P. 311-325
(1972).
(Nickel Chloride)
Calcutt, G., and Payne, S., "The Intracellular Distribution of 3, 4-
Benzpyrene During Metabolism In the Mouse Liver", Brit. J. Cancer: 7,
P. 279-282 (1953).
(3,4-Benzopyrene)
Carlassare, F., Antonello, C., Baccichetti, F., and Malfer, P., "On the
Binding of Benz(a)pyrene to DNA 'In Vivo1", Z. Naturforsch.: 27,
P. 200-202 (1972).
(Benz(a)pyrene)
Chanda, Subir K., and Cherian, M. George, "Isolation and Partial Characteri-
zation of a Mercury Binding Nonhistone Protein Component From Rat
Kidney Nuclei", Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.: 50, P. 1013-1019 (1973).
(Mercury)
Chang, L. W., Desnovers, P. S., and Hartmann, H. A., "Changes In RNA
Composition of Neurons After Mercury Intoxication", Fed. Proc.: 31,
P. 665 (1972).
(Mercury)
Cho, Wan Kyoo, Stern, Samuel, and Biggers, John D., "Inhibitory Effect
of Dibutryl Camp on Mouse Oocyte Maturation in Vitro", J. Exp. Zool.:
187, P. 383-386 (1974).
(Butyric Acid)
Choie, David D., and Richter, Goetz W., "Cell Proliferation In Rat Kidney
Induced by Lead Acetate and Effects of Uninephrectomy on the Proliferation",
Amer. J. Pathol.: 66, P. 265-275 (1972).
(Lead)
B-145
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 5
Choie, David D., and Richter, G. W., "Stimulation of DNA Synthesis In Rat
Kidney By Repeated Administration of Lead", Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.:
142, P. 446-449 (1973).
(Lead) -
Chu, E. H. Y., Bailiff, E. G., and Mailing, H. V., "Mutagenicity of Chemical
Carcinogens In Mammalian Cells", Int. Cancer. Congr. Abst.: 10, P. 62-63
(1970).
(Benzpyrene)
Creech, E. Marie Hearne, "Carcinogenic and Related Noncarcinogenic Hydro-
carbons In Tissue Culture.1", Amer. J. Cancer: 35, P. 191-202 (1939).
(Carcinogens)
Crocker, T. Timothy, Nielsen, Beryl Ingram, and Lasnitzki, Use, "Carcino-
genic Hydrocarbons: Effects on Suckling Rat Trachea In Organ Culture",
Arch. Environ. Health: 10, P. 240-250 (1965).
(Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons)
Crocker, T. Timothy, O'Donnell, Thomas V., and Nunes, Lora L., "Toxicity
of Benzo(a)pyrene and Air Pollution Composite for'Adult Human Bronchial
Mucosa In Organ Culture". Cancer Res.: 33, P. 88-93 (1973).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
Curtis, Howard J., and Tilley, John, "The Role of Calcium In Chromosomal
Stability and Aging In Mammals", J. Gerontol.: 25, P. 1-3 (1970).
(Calcium)
Debaun, Jack R., Smith, Jacqueline, Y. R., Miller, Elizabeth C., and Miller,
James A., "Reactivity in Vivo of the Carcinogen N-Hydroxy-2-Acetylamino-
fluorene: Increase By Sulfate Ion", Science (Washington): 167, P. 184-
186 (1970).
(Sulfate Ions)
De Boni, U., Scott, J. W., and Crapper, D. R., "Intracellular Aluminum
Binding: A Histochemical Study", Histdchemistry: 40, P. 31-37 (1974).
(Aluminum)
De Estable-Puig, R. F., Estable-Puig, J. F., and Romero, C., "Nuclear
Changes In Glial Cells After Aluminum Hydroxide", Virchows Arch. Abt.
B. Zellpathol.: 8, P. 267-273 (1971).
(Aluminum)
Deknudt, G., Leonard, A., and Ivanov, B., "Chromosome Aberrations Observed
In Male Workers Occupationally Exposed to Lead", Environ. Physiol.
Biocheia.: 3, P. 132-138 (1973).
(Lead, Cadmium, Zinc)
B-146
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cent.)
Page 6
De Maeyer-Cuignard, Jacqueline, and De Maeyer, Edward, "Effect of Carcinogenic
and Noncarcinogenic Hydrocarbons On Interferon Synthesis and Virus
Plaque Development", J. Nat. Cancer Inst.: 34, P. 265-276 (1965).
(Carcinogens, Polycytic Aromatics)
Dietz, Michael H., and Flaxman, B. Allen, "Toxicity of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
On Normal Human Epidermal Cells In Vitro", Cancer Res.: 31, P. 1206-1209
(1971).
(Aromatics)
Dipaolo, J. A., and Donovan, P. J., "Properties of Syrian Hamster Cells
Transformed In the Presence of Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons", Exp. Cell.
Res.: 48, P. 361-377 (1967).
(Carcinogenic, Polycyclic Aromatics)
DiPaolo, J. A. Nelson, R. L., and Donovan, P. J., "Characteristics of Primary
Tumors Induced by Carcinogenic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons In Syrian Hamsters",
J. Nat. Cancer Inst." 46, P. 171-181 (1971).
(Carcinogens, Polycyclic Aromatics)
Dipaolo, J. A., Donova, P. J. and Nelson, R. L., "In Vitro Transformation of
Hamster Cells by Polycyclic Hydrocarbons: Factors Influencing the Number
of Cells Transformed", Nature New Biol.: 230, P. 240-242 (1971).
(Polycyclic Aromatics)
Dipaolo, J. A. , Nelson, R. L., and Donovan, P. J., "Morphological, Oncogenic,
and Karyological Characteristics of Syrian Hamster Embryo Cells Trans-
formed In Vitro by Carcinogenic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons", Cancer Res.:
31, P. 1118-1127 (1971).
(Carcinogen, Polycyclic Aromatics)
Dipaolo, J. A., Donovan, P. J., and Nelson, R. L., "Transformation of Hamster
Cells In Vitro By Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Without Cytotoxicity", Proc.
Nat. Acad. Sci. USA: 68, P. 2958-2961 (1971).
(Polycyclic Aromatics)
Dipaolo, Joseph A., Nelson, Richard L., Donovan, Paul J., and Evans, Charles
H., "Host-Mediated In Vivo-In Vitro Assay for Chemical Carcinogenesis",
Arch. Pathol.: 95, P. 380-385 (1973).
(Carcinogens, Polycyclic Aromatics)
Dobrokhotov, V. B., "Mutagenic Action of Benzene and Toluene Under Experi-
mental Conditions", (Russian-English Suram.), Gig. Sanit.: 37(10),
P. 36-39 (1972).
(Benzene, Toluene)
B-147
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 7
Doyle, J. J., Pfander, W. H., Crenshaw, D. B., and Snethen, J. M., "Induction
of Chromosomal Hypodiploidy In Sheep Leukocytes By Cadmium", Interface:
31(1), P. 9 (1974).
(Cadmium)
Dubini, F., and Bolloli, A., "Antimitotic Activity of Lithium on Human
Leukocytes Cultured In Vitro", (In Italian-English Summary), Arch.
Ital. Patol. Clin. Tumori.: 12, P. 79-82 (1969).
(Lithium)
Duncan, Margaret E., and Brookes, P., "The Relation of Metabolism To
Macromolecular Binding of the Carcinogen Benzo(a)pyrene By Mouse
Embryo Cells In Culture", Int. J. Cancer: 6, P. 496-505 (1970).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
Duncan, Margaret E., and Brookes, P., "Metabolism and Macromolecular
Binding of Dibenz(a,c)anthracene and pibenz(a,h)anthracene by Mouse
Embryo Cells In Culture", Int. J. Cancer: 9, P. 349-352 (1972).
(Dibenzanthracene)
Elgjo, Kjell, "Growth Kinetics of the Mouse Epidermis After A Single
Application of 3,4-Benzopyrene, Croton Oil or 1,2-Benzopyrene", Acta.
Pathol. Microbiol. Scand.: 73, P. 183-190 (1968).
(Benzopyrene)
Epstein, S. S., "A Practical Test for Chemical Mutagens In Mammals",
Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.: 14, P. 653 (1969).
(Mutagens)
Epstein, S. S., and Mantel, N., "Carcinogenicity of Tetraethyl Lead",
Experientia.: 24, P. 580-581 (1968).
(Tetraethyl Lead)
Epstein, S. S., "A Practical Test for Chemical Mutagens In Mice", Proc.
Amer. Ass. Cancer Res.: 10, P. 22 (1969).
(Mutagens)
Epstein, Samuel S., Arnold, Elsie, Andrea, Joan, Bass, Willa, and Bishop,
Yvonne, "Detection of Chemical Mutagens by the Dominant Lethal Assay
In the Mouse", Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.: 23, P. 288-325 (1972).
(Mutagens)
Erdogan, Guelten, and Aksoy, Muzaffer, "Cytogenetic Studies In Thirteen
Patients with Pancytopenia and Leukemia Associated with Long-Term
Exposure to Benzene", New Istanbul Contrib. Clin. Sci.: 10(4), P. 230-
247 (1973).
(Benzene)
B-148
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 8
Estable-Puig, Juan F., De Estable-Puig, Rosita F., and Romero, Cesar,
"Ultrastructure and Cellular Pathology of Medullary Lesions Induced by
Aluminum Hydroxide", (French), Laval. Med.: 42, P. 468-481 (1971).
(Aluminum)
Estable-Puig, J. F., Romero, C., and De Estable-Puig, Rosita F., "Cellular
Pathology of Chronic Medullary Lesions Induced By Aluminum Hydroxide",
(Spanish-English Summ.), Acta. Neurol. Lat. Amer.: 17, P. 245-255 (1971).
(Aluminum)
Evans, Michael J., Cabral, Linda J., Stephens, Robert J., and Freeman, Gustave,
"Renewal of Alveolar Epithelium In the Rat Following Exposure To NOa
(Nitrogen Dioxide)", Amer. J. Pathol.: 70, P. 175-198 (1973).
(Nitrogen Dioxide)
Evans, Michael J., Cabral, Linda J., Stephens, Robert J., and Freeman,
Gustave J., "Cell Division of Alveolar Macrophages In Rat Lung Following
Exposure to N02" (Nitrogen Dioxide), Amer. J. Pathol.: 70, P. 199-208 (1973)
(Nitrogen Dioxide)
Feller, I., "Gonadotropic and Mutagenic Action of Grade BR-1 (Galosha)
Gasoline", (Russian-English Summ.), Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol.: 16(8),
P. 25-28 (1972).
(Gasoline)
Forni, Alessandra, and Moreo, L., "Chromosome Studies In a Case of
Benzene-Induced Erythroleukaemia", Eur. J. Cancer: 5, P. 459-463 (1969).
(Benzene)
Forni, Alessandra, Pacifico, Emma, and Limonta, Antonio, "Chromosome
Studies In Workers Exposed to Benzene or Toluene or Both", Arch. Environ.
Health: 22, P. 373-378 (1971).
(Benzene, Toluene)
Forni, Alessandra M., Cappellini, Anna, Pacifico, Emma, and Vigliani,
Enrico C., "Chromosome Changes and Their Evolution In Subjects with
Past Exposure to Benzene", Arch. Environ. Health: 23, P. 385-391 (1971).
(Benzene)
Freese, Ernst, "Molecular Mechanisms of Mutations"» Chemical Mutagens,
Principles and Methods for Their Detection: 1, P. 1-56 (1971).
(Aldehydes, Heavy Metals)
Friedrich, Ursula, and Nielsen, Johannes, "Lithium and Chromosome Abnormali-
ties", Lancet.: 2, P. 435-436 (1969).
(Lithium)
B-149
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 9
Gaeth, J., and Thiess, A. M., "Chromosome Studies on Chemical Workers",
(German), Zentralbl Arbe'itsmed Arbeitsschutz: 22, P. 357-362 (1972).
(Lead)
Gaudin, David, Gregg, Robert S., and Yielding, K. Lemone, "DNA Repair
Inhibition: A Possible Mechanism of Action of Co-Carcinogens",
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Cotnmun.: 45, P. 630-636 (1971).
(Azobenzene)
Gauze, G. G., Dudnik, Yu. V., and Dolgilevich. S. M., "Suppression of
Nucleic Acid Synthesis by Sibiromycin", (Russian-English Summ.),
Antibiotiki: 17, P. 413-419 (1972).
(Magnesium Ions)
Gelboin, Harry V., Huberman, Eliezer, and Sachs, Leo, "Enzymatic Hydroxy-
lation of Benzopyrene and Its Relationship To Cytotoxicity", Proc.
Nat. Acad. Sci. USA: 64, P. 1188-1194 (1969).
(Benzopyrene)
Genest, P., and Villeneuve, A., "Lithium, Chromosomes, and Miotic Index-
Letter", Lancet: 1, P. 1132 (1971).
(Lithium)
Gileva, E. A., Plotko, E. G., and Gatiyatullina, E. Z., "Mutagenic Activity
Of Inorganic Fluorine Compounds", (Russian-English Summ.), Gig. Sanit.:
37(1), P. 9-12 (1972).
(Fluorine Compounds)
Gofmekler, V. A., Pushkina, N. N., and Klevtsova, G. N., "Some Biochemical
Aspects of the Embryotropic Effect of Benzene and Formaldehyde", Hyg.
Sanit. (USSR-Eng. Transl.): 33(7/9), P. 112-116 (1968), (Translated from
Gig. Sanit. 33(7) (1968)).
(Benzene, Formaldehyde)
Goncharuk, G. A., "Experimental Investigations of The Effect of Organomercury
Pesticides on Generative Functions and On Progeny", Hyg. Sanit. (USSR-
English Transl.): 36(7/9), P. 40-43 (1971), (Translated from Gig. Sanit.:
36(7), P. 32-35 (1971)).
(Mercury)
Goshman, Lorna M., and Heidelberger, Charles, "Binding of Tritium-Labeled
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons to DNA of Mouse Skin", Cancer Res.: 27, P. 1678-
1688 (1967).
(Polycyclic Aromatics)
Grunicke, Hans, Bock, Karl W., Becher, Horst, Gaeng, Volker, Schnierda,
Joerg, and Puschendorf, Bernd, "Effect of Alkylating Antitumor Agents
On the Binding of DNA to Protein", Cancer Res.: 33, P. 1048-1053 (1973).
(Potassium)
B-150
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 10
Guerin, M., Lazar, P., and Chouroulinkov, I., "Inhibitory Action of Chemical
Carcinogens On Mitosis of Rat Lung Cell Cultures.2. Comparative Study
of Carcinogenic and Noncarcinogenic Substances", (French), C. R. Seances-
Soc. Biol. Filiales.: 165, P. 2255-2258 (1971).
(Carcinogens, Benzene)
Gunn, Samuel A., Gould, Thelma Clark, and Anderson, W. A. D., "Strain
Differences In Susceptibility of Mice and Rats To Cadmium-Induced Testi-
cular Damage", J. Reprod. Fert.: 10, P. 273-275 (1965).
(Cadmium)
Haberlandt, Walter, and Mente, Barbara, "Aberrations In the Chromosome
Count and Structure of Industrial Workers Exposed To Benzene", (German),
Zentralbl Arbeitsmed Arbeitsshutz: 21(11), P. 338-341 (1971).
(Benzene)
Hagenfeldt, K., and Johannisson, E., "The Effect of Intrauterine Copper
On the DNA Content In Isolated Human Endometrial Cells", Acta Cytol.:
16, P. 472-477 (1972).
(Copper)
Harman, Denham, Curtis, Howard J., and Tilley, John, "Chromosomal Aberrations
In Liver Cells of Mice Fed Free Radical Reaction Inhibotors", J. Gerontol.:
25, P. 17-29 (1970).
(Sodium Bisulfide)
Harris, Curtis C., Kaufman, David G., Sporn, Michael B., Boren, Hollis,
Jackson, Frank, Smith, Joseph M., Pauley, Judith, Dedick, Paul, and
Saffiotti, Umberto, "Localizaton of Benzo(a)pyrene-3H and Alterations
In Nuclear Chromatin Caused By Benzo(a)pyrene-Ferric Oxide In the
Hamster Respiratory Epithelium", Cancer Res.: 33, P. 2842-2848 (1973).
(Ferric Oxide, Benz(a)pyrene)
Harris, Curtis C., Kaufman, David G., Boren, Hollis G., and Wright, Edith C.,
"Altered Incorporation of H3-Thymidine In Hamster Tracheal Epithelium
Caused by Respiratory Carcinogens", Fed. Proc.: 33, P. 601 (1974).
(Carcinogens)
Hartwich, G., Schwanitz, G., and Becker, J., "Chromosome Anomalies In A
Case of Benzene Leukemia", Ger. Med. Mon.: 14, P. 449-450 (1969),
(Translated from Deut. Med. Wochenschr.: 94, P. 1228-1229 (1969)).
(Benzene)
Kellstroem, K. E., "Chromosomal Studies On Primary Methylcholanthrene-
Induced Sarcomas In the Mouse", J. Nat. Cancer Inst.: 23, P. 1019-1033
(1959).
(Methylchloranthrene)
3-151
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMI.C FILE (Cont.)
Page 11
Hickey, R. J., Clelland, R. C., Boyce, D. E., and Bowers, E. J., "Atmospheric
Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen' Dioxide and Lead As Mutagenic Hazards To
Human Health", Mutat. Res.: 26, P. 445-446 (1974).
(SOz, NOa, Lead)
Hills, P. R., and Berry, R. J., "Cytotoxicity of Carbohydrates Heavily
Irradiated In Solution", Nature (London): 215, P. 309 (1967).
(Formic Acid)
Hollander, W. F., and Strong, L. C., "Further Studies On Mutations From
Methylcholanthrene-Treated Mice", Cancer Res.: 9, P. 565 (1949).
(Methylcholanthrene)
Hood, Ronald D., and Bishop, Sally L., "Teratogenic Effects of Sodium
Arsenate In Mice", Arch. Environ. Health: 24, P. 62-65 (1972).
(Sodium Arsenate)
Huberman, Eliezer, and Sachs, Leo, "Cell Susceptibility to Transformation
and Cytotoxicity By the Carcinogenic Hydrocarbon Benzo(a)pyrene",
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA: 56, P. 1123-1129 (1966).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
Huberman, .Eliezer, Aspiras, Lourdes, Heidelberger, Charles, Grovers,
Philip L., and Sims, Peter, "Mvitagenicity to Mammalian Cells Of Epoxides
and Other Derivatives of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons", Proc. Nat. Acad.
Sci. USA: 68, P. 3195-3199 (1971).
(Polycyclic Aromatics)
Huberman, Eliezer, Kuroki, Toshio, Marquardt, Hans, Selkirk, James K.,
Heidelberger, Charles, Grover, Philip L., and Sims, Peter, "Transformation
of Hamster Embryo Cells By Epoxides and Other Derivatives of Polycyclic
Hydrocarbons", Cancer Res.: 32, P. 1391-1396 (1972).
(Polycyclic Aromatics)
Huberman, Eliezer, and Sachs, Leo, "Cell-Mediated Mutagenesis of Mammalian
Cells with Chemical Carcinogen", Int. J. Cancer: 13, P. 326-333 (1974).
(Carcinogens, Polycyclic Aromatics)
Huot, J., Nosa., Gl., and Radouco-Thomas, S., "Effects of Lithium Chloride
On Normal and Neoplastic Cells In Vitro", Experientia: 28, P. 456-457
(1972).
(Lithium)
Irlin, I. S., and Parkomenko, I. I., "Prolonging the Life Span In Vitro
Of Hamster Embryonal Cell Cultures Treated with Chemical Carcinogens",
(Russian-English Summ.), Vop. Onkol.: 17(11) P. 62-68 (1971).
(Anthracene, Pyrene)
B-152
-------
APPENDIX S
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 12
Iversen, Simon, and Edelstein, J. M., "On the Mechanism of Experimantal
Carcinogenesis.4. The Early Mitotie Effect of 9,10-Dimethy1-1,2-
Benzanthracene and of 1,2,5,6-Dibenzanthracene on Epidermal Cells of
the Mouse Ear", Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand.: 30, P. 213-222 (1952).
(Dibenzanthracenes)
Jagiello, G., and Lin, J. S., "An. Assessment of the Effects of Mercury
On the Meiosis of Mouse Ova", Mutat. Res.: 17, P. 93-99 (1973).
(Mercury)
Jagiello, Georgiana, and Lin, Jashein, "Sodium Fluoride as Potential Mutagen
In Mammalian Eggs", Arch. Environ. Health: 29, P. 230-235 (1974).
(Sodium Fluoride)
Jarvik, Lissy, F., Bishun, Nutan P., Bleiweiss, Herman, Kato, Takashi, and
Moralishvili, Emilia, "Chromosome Examinations In Patients on Lithium
Carbonate", Arch. Gen. Psychiat.: 24, P. 166-168 (1971).
(Lithium)
Jobst, K., and Kellermayer, N., "Sodium-Induced Changes In the Nuclei
of Monolayer Hela Cultures", J. Cell. Sci.: 11, P. 669-673 (1972).
(Sodium Ions)
Jung, E., "Molecular Biological Investigations of Chronic Arsenic Poisoning",
(German), Z. Haut. Geschlechskrankh: 46(2), P. 35-36 (1971).
(Arsenic)
Kaminetzky, Harold A., and Jagiello, Georgiana M., "Differential Chromosomal
Effects of Carcinogenic and Noncarcinogenic Substances: An Experimental
Study on the Mouse", Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol.: 98, P. 349-355 (1967).
(Carcinogens)
Kasputis, David, Neu, Richard L., and Gardner, Lytt I., "Lack of Damage To
Human Chromosomes and Dimethyl Mercury", Arch. Environ. Health: 24,
P. 378 (1972).
(Mercury)
Kato, Rei, "Chromosome Breakage Induced By A Carcinogenic Hydrocarbon In
Chinese Hamster Cells and Human Leukocytes In Vitro", Hereditas: 59,
P. 120-141 (1968).
(Phenanthrene)
Kaufman, David G., Genta, Valerio M., Harris, Curtis C., Smith, Joseph M.,
Sporn, Michael B., and Saffiotti, Umberto, "Binding of 3H-Labeled
Benzo(a)pyrene to DNA in Hamster Tracheal Epithelial Cells", Cancer
Res.: 33, P.' 2837-2841 (1973).
(Ferric Oxide)
B-153
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 13
Kennedy, G., Arnold, D., Keplinger, M. L., and Calandra, J. C., "Mutagenic
and Teratogenic Studies with Lead Acetate and Tetraethyl Lead", Toxicol.
Appl. Pharmacol.: 19, P. 370 (1971).
(Tetraethyl Lead)
Kennedy, Gerald L., and Arnold, Dennis W., "Absence of Mutagenic Effects
After Treatment of Mice with Lead Compounds", Ems. Newsl.: 5, P. 37 (1971).
(Lead)
Kennedy, G. L., Jr., Arnold, D. W., and Keplinger, M. L., "Mutagenic Response
of Known Carcinogens", Mutat. Res.: 21, P. 224-225 (1973).
(Carcinogens, Polycyclic Aromatics)
Khan, H., and Khan, M. H., "Cytogenetic Studies Following Chronic Exposure
To Benzene", (German-English Summ.), Arch. Toxicol.: 31, P. 39-49 (1973).
(Benzene)
Kida, M., "Triphalangeal Thumb. A Case Report and An Attempt In Pursuit
Of Possible Causative Factors", Teratology: 8, P. 97 (1973).
(2,4-Benzpyrene)
B-154
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 14
Kimura, Yanagi and Makino, Sajiro, "Cytological Effect of Chemicals on
Tumors, 16, Effect of Some Inorganic Compounds on the MTK-Sarcoma III
in Vivo", Gann (Jap J Cancer Res): 54, P. 155-161 (1963).
(Inorganic Carcinogens)
Kinoshita, Nadao and Gelboin, Harry V., "Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase and
Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Tumorigenesis: Effect of the Enzyme Inhibitor
7, 8-Benzoflavone on Tumorigenesis and Macromolecule Binding", Proc.
Nat. Acad. Sci. USA: 69, P. 824-828 (1972).
(Polycyclic Aromatics)
Kislova, N. M. , "Cytogenetic Study of the Mutagenic Effect of Carcinogens
and Their Noncarcinogenic Analogs on Primary Monolayer Cultures from
Newborn Rates'1, (Russian, English Summ.), Tsitologiya: 14, P. 1398-1404
(1972).
(Carcinogens, Dibenzantracene)
Kissling, M. and Speck, B., "Chromosome Aberrations in Experimental Benzene
Intoxication", Helv. Med. Acta.: 36, P. 59-66 (1971).
(Benzene)
Kleijer, W. J., Hoeksema, Jetty L., Sluyter, Milou L., and Bootsma, D.,
"Effects of Inhibitors on Repair of DNA in Normal Human and Xeroderma
Pigmentosum Cells After Exposure to X-Rays and Ultraviolet Radiation",
Mutat, Res.: 17, P. 385-394 (1973).
(Potassium)
Kodama, Masahiko and Nagata, Chikayoshi, "Binding of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
to DNA by Photo-Irradiation", Int. Cancer Congr. Abst.: 10, P. 10 (1974).
(Aromatics)
Kouri, Richard E., Lubet, Ronald A., and Brown, Darrell Q,, "Effects of X-Rays
On Uptake of a Carcinogenic Chemical, Benzo(a)pyrene, in Individual
Cells in Culture", Radiat. Res.: 43, P. 262-263 (1970).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
Kreig, Liselotte; Kuehlmann, Ilona; and Marks, Friedrich, "Effect of Tumor-
Promoting Phorbol Esters and of Acetic Acid On Mechanisms Controlling
DNA Synthesis and Mitosis (Chalones) and On Biosynthesis of Histidine-
Rich Protein in Mouse Epidermis", Cancer Res.: 34, P. 3135-3146 (1974).
(Acetic Acid)
Kuroki, Toshio and Heidelberger, Charles, "The Binding of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons to the DNA, RNA, and Proteins of Transformable Cells in
Culture", Cancer Res.: 31, P. 2168-2176 (1971).
(Polycyclic Aromatics)
B-155
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 15
Kuroki, Toshio; Huberman, Eliezer; Marquardt, Hans; Selkirk, James K.;
Heidelberger, Charles; Grover, Philip L.; and Sims, Peter, "Binding of
K-Region Epoxides and Other Derivatives of Benz(a)anthracene .and .
Dibenz(a, h)anthracene to DNA, RNA, and Proteins of Transformable
Cells", Chem.-Biol. Interactions: 4, P. 389-397 (1972).
(Benz(a)anthracene, Phenol Derivatives)
Lau, Thomas J., Hackett, Raymond L., and Sunderman, F. William, Jr., "The
Carcinogenicity of Intravenous Nickel Carbonyl in Rats", Cancer Res.: 32,
P. 2253-2258 (1972).
(Nickel Carbonyl)
Lee, Insu P. and Dixon, Robert L., "Effects of Cadmium on Spermatogenesis
Studied By Velocity Sedimentation Cell Separation and Serial Mating",
J. Pharmacol, Exp. Ther.: 187, P. 641-652 (1973).
(Cadmium, Zinc)
Lee, I. P. and Dixon, R. L., "Effects of Cadmium Chloride on Mouse
Spermatogenesis Studied By Velocity Sedimentation Cell Separation and
Serial Mating", Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.: 22, P. 313-314 (1972).
(Cadmium)
Leonard, A., Deknudt, G. H., and Debackere, M., "Cytogenetic Investigations
on Leukocytes of Cattle Intoxicated With Heavy Metals", Toxicology: 2,
P. 269-273 (1974).
(Metals, Cadmium, Chromium, Zinc)
Leonard, A., Linden, G., and Gerber, G. B., "Genetic and Cytogenetic Effects
of Lead Contamination in Mice", (French, English Summ.), Proc. Int. Symp.
Environ. Health Aspects Lead (1972), P. 303-309 (1973).
(Lead)
Lin, S. S. and Dao, Thomas L., "Binding of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons to Rat
Mammary Gland Cellular Macromolecules in Vivo", Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.
Med.: 138, P. 814-816 (1971).
(Anthracene, Benz(a)anthracene)
Litterst, Charles L. and Lichtenstein, E. Paul, "Effects and Interactions of
Environmental Chemicals on Human Cells in Tissue Culture", Arch. Environ.
Health: 22, P. 454-459 (1971).
(Napthol)
Lyapkalo, A. A., Genetic Activity of Benzene and Toluene", (Russian, English
Summ.), Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol.: 17(3), P. 24-28 (1973).
(Benzene, Toluene)
B-156
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (ConC.)
Page 16
Makino, Sajiro and Tanaka, Tatsuya, "The Cytological Effects of Chemicals
on Ascites Sarcomas, 2, Selective Damage to Tumor Cells by Calcium
Chloride, Aluminum Chloride and Hydrogen Peroxide", Gann. (Jap. J. Cancer
Res.): 44, P. 39-46 (1953).
(Aluminum, Calcium)
Mailing, H. V. and Chu, E. H. Y., "Carcinogenic and Noncarcinogenic Poly-
cyclic Hydrocarbons in Neurospora Crassa and Chinese Hamster Cells:
Their Photodynamic Effects", Cancer Res.: 30, P. 1236-1240 (1974).
(Carcinogens, Polycyclic Aromatics)
Mandzhgaladze, R. N. and Vashakidze, V. I., "Action of Some Chemical Com-
pounds on Rat Progeny and Sex Ratios", (Russian, English Summ.), Soobshch
Akad Nauk Gruz: 65, P. 485-488 (1972).
(Magnesium)
Manna, G. K. and Das, R. K., "Chromosome Aberrations in Mice Induced by
Aluminum Chloride", Nucleus (Calcutta): 15, P. 180-186 (1972).
(Aluminum)
Marcotte, J. and Witschi, H. P., "Synthesis of RNA and Nuclear Proteins
in Early Regenerating Rat Livers Exposed to Beryllium", Res. Commun.
Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol.: 3, P. 97-104 (1972).
(Beryllium)
Marquardt, Hans and Heidelberger, Charles, "Stimulation of DNA Synthesis
in Hydrocarbon-Transformable Hamster Embryo Cells by the K-Region
Epoxide of Benz(a)anthracene", Chem.-Biol. Interactions: 5, P. 69-72
(1972).
(Benzene(a)anthracene)
Marquardt, Hans; Kuroki, Toshio; Huberman, Eliezer; Selkirk, James K.;
Heidelberger, Charles; Grover, Philip L.; and Sims, Peter, "Malignant
Transformation of Cells Derived from Mouse Prostate by Epoxides and Other
Derivatives of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons", Cancer Res.: 32, P. 716-720
(1972).
(Polycyclic Aromatics)
Marroquin, Fernando and Farber, Emmanuel, "Binding of 2-Acetylaminofluorene
To Rat Liver Ribonucleic Acid in Vivo", Cancer Res.: 25, P. 1262-1269
(1965).-
(Fluorene)
Mason, Marcus M., Gate, C. C. , and Baker, John, "Toxicology and Carcino-
genesis of Various Chemicals Used in the Preparation of Vaccines", Clin.
Toxicol.: 4, P. 185-204 (1971).
(Pyridine)
B-157
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 17
Matsushima, T. and Weisburger, J. H., "Inhibitors of Chemical Carcinogens
as Probes for Molecular Targets: DNA as Decisive Receptor for Metabolite
from N-Hydroxy-N-2-Fluorenylacetamide", Chem.-Biol. Interactions: 1,
P. 211-221 (1969).
(Carcinogens, Indole)
Medina, D., Adamson, R., and Banerjee, M. R., "DNA Synthesis, Its Relationship
to 3-MethyIcholanthrene(MCA)Tumorigenes is in Mouse Mammary Module",
Proc. Amer. Ass. Cancer Res.: 12, P. 29 (1971).
(Methylcholanthrene)
Meek, E. S., "Cellular Changes Induced By Cadmium in Mouse Testis and Liver",
Brit. J. Exp. Pathol.: 40, P. 503-506 (1959).
(Cadmium)
Michaelson, I.A., Verschoyle, R. D., and Kennedy, C. R., "Effects of Inorganic
Lead on RNA, DNA and. Protein Content of Developing Neonatal Rat Brain",
Fed. Proc.: 32, P. 728A (1973).
(Lead)
Mickey, George H. and Holden, Henry, Jr., "Chromosomal Effects of Chlorine
on Mammalian Cells in Vitro", EMS Newsl.: 4, P. 39-41 (1971).
(Chlorine)
Mieler, I., Kittler, G., and Mieler, W., "Behavior of the Mitotic Coefficient
in Interdental Papillae After Application of Fluorides", (German, Russian
and English Summ.), Deut. Stomatol.: 22, P. 841-844 (1972).
(Fluorides)
Mironescu, Stefan and Love, Robert, "DNA Synthesis and Transformation In-
duced in Density-Inhibited Cultures of Hamster Embryo Cells by the Car-
cinogen Benzo(a)pyrene", Cancer Res.: 34, P. 2562-2570 (1974).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
Mnatsakanov, S. T. and Pogosyan, A. S., "Mutagenic Activity of Benzene in
Human Cells in Vitro (Russian, Armenian Summ.)," Biol. Zh. Arm.: 26(12),
P. 38-43 (1973).
(Benzene)
Mondal, Sukdeb; Embleton, M. J.; Marquardt, Hans; and Heidelberger, Charles,
"Production of Variants of Decreased Malignancy and Antigenicity from
Clones Transformed in Vitro By Methylcholanthrene", Int. J. Cancer: 8,
P. 410-420 (1971).
(Methylcholanthrene)
Morgan, J. I. and Ferris, A. D., "Estrogen Effects on Calcium and Magnesium
Induced Mitosis in Isolated Rat Thymic Lymphocytes", J. Endocrinol: 61,
P. R77 (1974).
(Calcium, Magnesium)
B_
158
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 18
Morimura, Yoshiyuki; Kotin, Paul; and Falk, Hans L., "Photodynamic Toxicity
of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Tissue Culture", Cancer Res.: 24,
P. 1249-1259 (1964).
(Anthracene, Benz(a)anthracene, Fluoranthene)
Moses, Harold L.. Spelsberg, Thomas C., and Benz, Edmund W., Jr., "Cellular
Uptake and Chromatin Binding of Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Carcinogens and
Noncarcinogens in Mouse Embryo Cells in Vitro", J. Cell. Biol.: 59, P. 235A
(1973).
(Carcinogens, Polycylic Aromatics)
McClain, R. M. and Becker, B. A., "Effects of Organolead Compounds on Rat
Embryonic and Fetal Development", Toxicol. Appl, Pharmacol.: 21, P. 265-
274 (1972).
(Organolead Compounds)
Nashed, N., "A Cytogenetic Test Using Rat Peritoneal Cells in Vivo", Mutat.
Res.: 21, P. 43-44 (1973).
(Magnesium Ions)
Nashed. N., "The Effect of Low Daily Doses of Cyclophosphamide on Rat
Peritoneal Cell Chromosomes", Mutat. Res.: 21, P. 197-198 (1973).
(Magnesium Sulfate)
Neshkow, N. S., "The Effect of Chronic Poisoning With Ethylated Gasoline on
Spermatogenesis and Sexual Function in Men (Russian)", Gig. Tr. Prof.
Zabol.: 15(2), P. 45-46 (1971).
(Gasoline)
Newell, G. W. and Maxwell, W. A., "Study of Mutagenic Effects of Sodium
Meta-Bisulfite", U.S. Nat. Tech. Inform. Serv., PB Report No. 221825/3
(1972).
(Sodium Meta-Bisulfite)
"Nitrogen Mustards, Heterocyclic; Sulfur Mustards, Heterocyclic; Quinolines;
Acridine S; Azaacridines; Benzacridines; Aza Benzacridines Antitutnor and
Mutagenic Properties of a Variety of Heterocyclic Nitrogen and Sulfur
Mustards", J. Med. Chem.: 15, P. 739-746 (1972).
(Quinolines)
Obe, Guenter and Slacik-Erben, Renate, "Suppressive Activity by Fluoride
on the Induction of Chromosome Aberrations in Human Cells with Alkylating
Agents in Vitro", Mutat. Res.: 19, P. 369-371 (1973).
(Fluorides)
O'Brien, Ridhard L., Stanton, Rufus, and Craig, Rhea L., "Chromatin Binding of
Benzo(a)pyrene and 20-Methylcholanthrene", Biochim. Biophys. Acta ; 186,
P. 414-417 (1969).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
B-159
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 19
O'Riordan, M. L. and Evans, H. J., "Absence of Significant Chromosome
Damage in Males Occupationally Exposed to Lead", Nature (London): 247,
P. 50-53 (1974).
(Lead)
Page, Robert C., "Cytologic Changes in the Skin of Mice During Application
of Carcinogenic Agents", Arch. Pathol.: 26, P. 800-813 (1938).
(Carcinogens)
Parizek, J., "Sterilization of the Male By Cadmium Salts", J. Reprod. Fert.
1, P. 294-309 (1960).
(Cadmium Salts)
Parkhomenko, I. I. and Konovalova, N. P., "Stimulation of Cell Growth by
Carcinogenic Hydrocarbons", Dokl. Biol. Sci. (Engl. Transl.): 204,
P. 308-310 (1972), (Translated from Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR: 204(6), P. 1496-
1498 (1972).
(Carcinogens, Polycyclic Aromatics)
Paton, Gillian R. and Allison, A. C., "Chromosome Damage in Human Cell
Cultures Induced by Metal Salts", Mutat. Res.: 16, P. 332-336 (1972).
(Antimony, Arsenic).
Paton, G. R., "Effects of Certain Metal Ions on DNA Repair in Mammalian
Cells", Mutat. Res.: 21, P. 199 (1973).
(Metal Ions)
Ferris, A. D. and Whitfield, J. F. , "Calcium and the Control of Mitosis in
the Mammal", Nature (London): 216, P. 1350-1351 (1967).
(Calcium)
Petres, J., Schmid-Ulrich, K., and Wolf, U., "Chromosome Aberrations in
Human Lymphocytes in Cases of Chronic Arsenic Poisoning (German)",
Deut. Med. Wochenschr: 95(2), P. 79-80 (1970). '
(Arsenic)
Petres, J. and Berger, A., "The Effect of Inorganic Arsenic on DNA Synthesis
of Human Lymphocytes in Vitro", (German, English Summ.), Arch. Dermatol.
Forsch: 242, P. 343-352 (1972).
(Arsenic)
Petres, J., "Influence of Inorganic Arsenic on DNA Synthesis of Human
Lymphocytes in Vitro (German)", Hautarzt: 23, P. 464 (1972).
(Arsenic)
Philip, Preben and Krogh Jensen, Mogens, "Benzene Induced Chromosome Ab-
normalities in Rat Bone Marrow Cells", Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Scand
Sect. A: 78, P. 489-490 (1970).
(Benzene)
B-
160
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 20
Plamenac, Pavle; Nikulin, Aleksandar; and Pikula, Branko, "Cytologic Changes
of the Respiratory Tract In Young Adults as a Consequence of High Levels
of Air Pollution Exposure", Acta Cytol.: 17, P. 241-2^4 (1973).
(Pollutants)
Plassara, M. , Politis, G., and Sideris, E., "High Frequency of Euploid
Mitotic Divisions in Peritoneal Cells of Rabbits Injected with Paraffin
Oil", J. Reticuloendothelial Soc.: 12, P. 340-342 (1972).
(Paraffin Oil)
Pogosianz, H. E., Brujako, E. T., and Sokova, 0. I., "Susceptibility of the
Dzungarian Hamster to Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Action of Some Chemical
Carcinogens and Tumor Viruses", Int. Cancer Congr. Abst.: 10, P. 237-
238 (1970).
(Carcinogens, Mutagens)
Pollini, G., Biscaldi, G. P., and Robustelli Delia Cuna, G., "Chromosome
Changes in Lymphocytes Five Years After Benzene Haemopathy", (in Italian,
English and German Summ.), Med. Lav.: 60, P.. 743-758 (1969).
(Benzene)
Prodi, Gidrgio; Rocchi, Paola; and Grilli, Sandro, "Binding of 7, 12-
Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and Benzo(a)pyrene to Nucleic Acids and Proteins
of Organs in Rats", Cancer Res.: 30, P. 1020-1023 (1970).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
Prodi, G., Grilli, S., Rocchi, P., and Ferreri, A. M. , "Isolation of In
Vivo Interaction Compounds of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons with Nucleic Acids
and Proteins", Arch. Sci. Biol.: 54(2/3), P. 129-140 (1970).
(Polycyclic Aromatics)
Rasmussen, Ronald E., and Crocker, T. Timothy, "The Effect of Benzo(a)pyrene
on Repair Replication of DNA in Cultured Mouse Embryo Cells", J. Cell
Biol.: 43, P. 113A (1969).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
Razavi, Lawrence and Freed, Curt, "Increased Condensation of Lymphocyte
Metaphase Chromosomes after Treatment with Lithium: Theoretical Impli-
cations and Practical Utility", Genetics: 74, P. 226S (1973). •
(Lithium)
Rees, E. Douglas, Majumdar, S. K., and Shuck, Amy, "Changes in Chromosomes
of Bone Marrow After Intravenous Injections of 7, 12-Dimethylbenz(a)-
anthracene and Related Compounds", Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA: 66, P. 1228-
1235 (1970).
(Benzo(e)pyrene, TrimethyIbenz(a)anthracene)
B-161
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 21
Reller, Helen C. and Cooper, Zola K., "M totic Incidence in the First 48
Hours of Methylcholanthrene Epidermal Carcinogenesis", Cancer Res.: 4,
P. 236-240 (.1944).
(Methylcholanthrene)
Richter, Kenneth M. and Saini, Virender K., "UV-Fluorescence Studies on the
In Vitro Intracellular Accumulation of Carcinogenic Hydrocarbon", Amer.
J. Anat.: 107, P. 209-223 (1960).
(Carcinogen)
Robbins, Elliott and Pederson, Thoru, "Iron: Its Intracellular Localization
and Possible Role in Cell Division", Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA: 66,
P. 1244-1251 (1970).
(Iron)
Robustelli Delia Cuna, G.; Favino, A.; Biscaldi, G.; and Polini, G.,
"Transformation of Acute Leukemia in a Case of Benzene-Induced Hypo-
plastic Anemia", (Italian, English Summ.), Haematologica: 57(1/2), P. 65-
89 (1972).
(Benzene)
Roehrborn, G., "The Activity of Alkylating Agents 1, Sensitive Mutable Stages
in Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis Chemical Mutagenesis in Mammals and
Man", P. 294-316 (1970).
(Benz(a)pyrene)
Rohrbach, R., Elgjo, K., Iversen, 0. H., and Sandritter, W., "Effects of
Methylcholanthrene on Epidermal Growth Regulators. 1. Variations in the
M-Factor", Beitr. Pathol.: 147, P. 21-27 (1972).
(Methylcholanthrene)
Rohrbach, R. and Laerum, 0. D., "Variations of Mitosis-Inhibiting Chalone
Activity in Epidermis and Dennis After Carcinogen Treatment", Cell
Tissue Kinet: 7, P. 251-257 (1974).
(Carcinogens)
Roots, Ruth and Okada, Shigefumi, "Evaluation of Radiation Damage in Mammalian
Cells Due to the Hydroxyl Radical", Radiat. Res.: 43, P. 267 (1970).
(Thiol Compounds, Alcohols)
Roots, R. and Okada, S., "Protection of DNA Molecules of Cultured Mammalian
Cells from Radiation-Induced Single-Strand Scissions By Various Alcohols
and SH Compounds", Int. J. Radiat. Biol.: 21, P. 329-342 (1972).
(Methanol, Alcohols, Thiol Compounds)
Rosen, Philip, "Theoretical Significance of Arsenic as a Carcinogen",
J. Theor. Biol.: 32, P. 425-426 (1971).
(Arsenic)
B-162
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 22
Roth, Daniel and Oppenheim, Abraham, "Synergistic Effect of Mutagens and
Incorporated DNA in Vitro:• Analogy for Buccopharyngeal Cavity", Arch.
Environ. Health: 22, P. 482-486 (1971).
(Mutagens, Polycyclic Aromatics)
Roth, Daniel and Manjon, Maria L., "Effect of Exogenous DNA on Response
of Mammalian Cells to Epoxides and Aromatic Hydrocarbons", Proc. Amer.
Ass. Cancer Res.: 11, P. 68 (1970).
(Aromatics)
Ruehl, Hartmut; Kirchner, Holger; and Bochert, Gudrun, "Kinetics of the
Zn"1"*" - Stimulation of Human Peripheral Lymphocytes", Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.
Med.: 137, P. 1089-1092 (1971).
(Zinc)
Rumsey, T. S., Cabell, C. A., and Bond, James. "Effect of an Organic Phosphorous
Systemic Insecticide on Reproductive Performance in Rats", Amer. J. Vet.
Res.: 30, P. 2209-2214 (1969).
(Xylene)
Rusch, H. P., Bosch, Dorothy, and Boutwell, R. K., "The Influence of
Irritants on Mitotic Activity and Tumor Formation in Mouse Epidermis",
Acta Unio. Int. Contra. Cancrum.:.11, P. 699-703 (1955).
(Phenol)
Sanders, F. K., "Effect of Some Nonviral Oncogenic Agents on Mammalian Cells
in Vitro Topics in Chemical Carcinogenesis", Proc. Int. Symp.: 2nd, P. 429-
444 (1972).
(Carcinogens)
Schwanitz, G., Lehnert, G., and Gebhart, E., "Chromosome Damage After
Occupational Exposure to Lead", (in German, English Summary), Deut. Med.
Wochenschr: 95, P. 1636-1641 (1970). '
(Lead)
Schweppe, J. S., Kot, E., and Jungmann, R. A., "Effects of Gonadectomy on
the Uptake of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons by Rat Liver Nuclei, DNA, and Histones",
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.: 138, P. 167-170 (1971).
(Polycyclic Aromatics)
Sellyei, M. and Kelemen, E., "Chromosome Study in a Case of Granulocytic
Leukemia with Pelgerisation 7 Years After Benzene Pancytopenia", Eur. J.
Cancer: 7, P. 83-85 (1971).
(Benzene)
Shiraishi, Yukimasa; Kurahashi, Hiromu; and Yosida, Tosihide H., "Chromosomal
Aberrations in Cultured Human Leukocytes Induced by Cadmium Sulfide",
Proc. Jap. Acad.: 48, P. 133-137 (1972).
(Cadmium)
B-163
-------
APPENDIX B
TA3LE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 23
Shires, T. K., "A Fluorescence Microscopic Study of Methodologic Effects
on the Intranuclear Distribution of Benzo(a)pyrene", Cancer Res.: 29,
P. 1277-1287 (1969).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
Shires, T. K. and Richter, K. M., "The Distribution of 3, 4-Benzo(a)pyrene
in Replicating Mammalian Cells in Vitro", Exp. Cell Res.: 44, P. 617-620
(1966).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
Sims, Peter; Grover, Philip L.; Kuroki, Toshio; Huberman, Eliezer; Marquardt,
Hans; Selkirk, James K.; and Heidelberger, Charles, "The Metabolism of
Benz(a)anthracene and Diebenz(a,h)anthracene and Their Related K-Region
Epoxides, Cis-Dihyrodiols and Phenols by Hamster Embryo Cells", Biochem.
Pharmacol.: 22, P. 1-8 (1973).
(Benz(a)anthracene)
Skerfving, Staffan; Hansson, Kerstin; and Lindsten, Jan, "Chromosome Breakage
in Humans Exposed to Methyl Mercury Through Fish Consumption", Arch.
Environ. Health: 21, P. 133-139 (1970).
(Mercury)
Skerfving, S., Hansson, K., Mangs, C., Lindsten, J., and Ryman, N. ,
"Methylmercury-Induced Chromosome Damage in Man", Environ. Res.: 7,
P. 83-98 (1974).
(Mercury)
Sokolov, V. V., Gorizontova, M. N., and Chulina, N. A,, "Structure and
Composition of Bone Marrow Cells Under the Effect of Certain Physical
and Chemical Factors", Sov. Genet. (Engl. Transl.): 6, P. 840-843 (1970)
(Translated from Genetika: 6(6), P. 174-177 (1970).
(Lead)
Somogyi, A., Banerjee, S., Jacobson, M. M., Spranger, J., Achor, L., Kuntzman,
R., and Conney, A. H., "Studies on the Metabolism and Carcinogenicity of
Benzo(a)pyrene in the Skin of Various Strains of Mice", Proc. Amer.
Ass. Cancer Res.: 14, P. Ill (1973).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
Skram, R. J., "The Influence of Chemical Substances on the Genetic Load of
Man", (in Czech., English Summary), Cesk. Hyg.: 16, P. 262-268 (1971).
(Polycyclic Aromatics)
Skram, R. J. and Bencko, V., "Evaluation of the Genetic Risk of Exposure to
Arsenic", (Czech, Russian and English Summ.), Cesk. Hyg.: 19, P. 308-315
(1974).
(Arsenic)
B-164
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 24
Stambrock. P. J., Sachs, H. G., and Ebert, J. D., "The Effect of Potassium
on the Cell Membrane Potential and the Passage of Cells Through the
Cell Cycle: A Block in Gl", Carnegie Inst. Wash. Year Bk.: 72, P. 64-69
(1973).
(Potassium)
Stich. H. F. and San, R. H. C., "DNA Repair Synthesis and Survival of Repair
Deficient Human Cells Exposed to the K-Region Epoxide of Benz(a)anthracene",
Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. : 142, P. 155-158 (1973).
(Benz(a)anthracene)
Strong, Leonell C., "Genetic Analysis of the Induction of Tumors by
Methylcholanthrene. 12. Effects of Selection Toward Resistance", Yale
J. Biol. Med.: 18, P. 145-155 (1945).
(Methylcholanthrene)
Strong, Leonell C., "Genetic Analysis of the Induction of Tumors by
Methylcholanthrene. 13. Increase of Susceptibility to Fibrosarcoma",
Yale J. Biol. Med.: 18, P. 359-365 (1945).
(Methylcholanthrene)
Strong, Leonell C., "Genetic Analysis of the Induction of Tumors by
Methylcholanthrene. 11. Germinal Mutations and Other Sudden Biological
Changes Following the Subcutaneous Injection of Methylcholanthrene".,
Prbc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA: 31, P. 290-293 (1945).
(Methylcholanthrene)
Strong, L. C., "Genetic Analysis of the Induction of Tumors by
Methylcholanthrene. 8. Two Mutations Arising in Mice Following
Injection of Methylcholanthrene", Arch. Pathol.: 39, P. 232-236 (1945).
(Methylcholanthrene)
Strong, Leonell C., "Carcinoma of Mammary Gland Following Injection of
Methylcholanthrene into Mice of NHO Strain", Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol.
Med.: 59, P. 217-220 (1945).
(Methylcholanthrene)
Sugiyama, T. and Kurita, Y., "Specific Chromosomal Abnormalities in
Hydrocarbon-Induced Rat Leukemia", Proc. Amer. Ass. Cancer Res.: 10,
P. 90 (1969)
(Trimethylbenzanthracene)
Sugiyama, Taketoshi and Brillantes, Filomena P., "Cytogenetic Studies of
Leukemia Induced by 6, 8, 12- and 7,8, 12-Trimethylbenz(a)anthracene",
J. Exp. Med.: 131, P. 331-341 (1970).
(Trimethylbenz(a)anthracene)
B-165
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 25
Sugiyama, Taketoshi, "Specific Genome Change in Hydrocarbon-Induced Rat
Leukemia", Int. Cancer Congr. Abst.: 10, P. 64 (1970).
(Trimethylbenz(a)anthracene)
Sugiyama, T., "Cytogenetic Effects of Hydrocarbon Carcinogens on Rat Bone
Marrow Cells", Proc. Amer. Ass. Cancer Res.: 12, P. 61 (1971).
(Trimethylbenzanthracene)
Sugiyama, Taketoshi, "Chromosomal Aberrations and Carcinogenesis by Various
Benz(a)anthracene Derivatives", Gann(Jap. J. Cancer Res.): 64, P. 637-
639.
(Benz(a)anthracene)
Sykes, A. K. and Basrur, P. K., "Ultrastructural Changes in Cultured Rat
Embryo Myoblasts Exposed to Nickel Sulfide in Vitro: 6, P. 377 (1971).
(Nickel Sulfide)
Takayama, Susumu and Ojima, Yoshio, "Photosensitizing Activity of Carcinogenic
and Noncarcinogenic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons on Cultured Cells", Jap. J.
Genet.: 44, P. 231-240 (1969).
(Polynuclear Aromatics)
Taylor, Tossie E., Jr. and Fisher, Harold W., "Ultrastructural Changes in
Cells Treated with Toxic Chemicals in Culture", J. Cell Biol.: 55, 257A
(1972). ,
(Cadmium, Pollutants)
Tejning. S., "Biological Effects of Methyl and Ethyl Mercury Compounds Used
As Disinfectants for Seed Grain on Domestic and Wild Life", Meded. Fac.
Landbouwwetensch Rijksuniv Gent.: 36, P. 50-56 (1971).
(Mercury)
Til, H. P., Feron, V. J., and De Groot, A. P., "The Toxicity of Sulfite. 1.
Long-Term Feeding and Multigeneration Studies in Rats", Food Cosmet.
Toxicol.: 10, P. 291-310 (1972).
(Sulfite)
Timson, J. and Price, D. J., "Lithium and Mitosis", Lancet.: 2, P. 93
(1971).
(Lithium)
Timson, J., "Action of Sodium Sulfite on the Mitosis of Human Lymphocytes",
Chromosomes Today: 4, P. 211-214 (1973).
(Sodium Sulfite)
Timson, J. and Price, D. J., "Lithium and Mitotic Index", Lancet.: 1, P. 449
(1972).
(Lithium)
B-166
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 26
Torainaga, T., Libby, P., and Dao, T., "An Early Effect of 7, 12-Dimethly-
benz(a)anthracene on Rat Mammary Gland DNA Synthesis", Proc. Amer. Ass.
Cancer Res.: 10, P. 94 (1969).
(Phenanthrene)
Tominaga, Takeshi; Libby, Paul R.; and Dao, Thomas L., "An Early Effect of
7, 12-DimethyIbenz(a)anthracene on Rat Mammary Gland DNA Synthesis",
Cancer Res.: 30, P. 118-122 (1970).
(Phenanthrene)
Tough, I. M., Smith, P. G., Court Brown, W. M., and Harnden, D. G.,
"Chromosome Studies on Workers Exposed to Atmospheric Benzene: The Possible
Influence of Age", Eur. J. Cancer: 6, P. 49-55 (1970).
(Benzene)
Vakhtin, Yu. B. and Borkhsenius, T. V., "Variability and Selection in
Clonal Populations of Hela Cells. 3. The Frequency of Genome Mutations",
(Russian, English Summ.), Tsitologiya: 14, P. 97-103 (1972).
(Sodium Chloride)
Voroshilin, S. I., Plotko, E. G., Gatiyatullina, E. Z., and Gileva, E. A.,
"Cytogenetic Effect of Inorganic Fluorine Compounds on Human and Animal
Cells in Vivo and in Vitro", (Russian, English Summ.), Genetika: 9(4),
P. 115-120 (1973).
(Fluorine Compounds)
Waltschewa, W., Slatewa, M., and Michailow, IW., "Testicular Changes Due
to Long-Term Administration of Nickel Sulfate in Rats", (German, English
Summ.), Exp. Pathol. (Jena): 6, P. 116-120 (1972).
(Nickel Sulfate)
Weser, U., and Huebner, L., "Cadmium, Managanese and Zinc Ion-Induced Synthesis
of Nuclear RNA in the Livers of Normal and Adrenalectomized Rats",
Febs. Letters: 10, P. 169-174 (1970).
(Cadmium, Manganese, Zinc, Cobalt, Chromium)
Wiest. Walter G. and Heidelberger, Charles, "Interaction of Carcinogenic
Hydrocarbons with Tissue Constituents. Part 2.1, 2, 5, 6- Dibenzanthracene-
9,10 - C14 in Skin", Cancer Res,: 13, P. 250-254 (1953).
(Dibenanthracene)
Wiest, Walter G. and Heidelberger, Charles, "Interaction of Carcinogenic
Hydrocarbons with Tissue Constituents. Part 3.1, 2, 5, 6-Dibenz-
anthracene-9,10- C14 in the Submaxillary Gland", Cancer Res.: 13, P. 255-
261 (1953).
(Dibenzanthracene)
B-167
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE C - REFERENCES FROM EMIC FILE (Cont.)
Page 27
Witschi, H. P., "Effects of Beryllium on Deoxyribonucleic Acid-Synthesizing
Enzymes in Regenerating Rat Liver", Biochem. J.: 120, P. 623-634 (1970).
(Beryllium)
Wolfe, Richard N.', Lowry, John Q.; Shuck, Amy E.J and Rees, E. Douglas,
"Chromosome Damage and Experimental Polycyclic Hydrocarbon Carcinogenesis",
Fed. Proc.: 33, P. 595 (1974).
(Trimethylbenz(a)anthracene)
Wu, S. H., Oldfield, J. E., and Whanger, P. D., "Effect of Selenium, Chromium
and Vitamin E on Spermatogenesis", J. Anim. Sci.: 33, P. 273 (1971).
(Chromium, Selenium)
Yerganian, G. and Lavappa, K. S., "Procedures for Culturing Diploid Cells
and Preparation of Meiotic Chromosomes from Dwarf Species of Hamsters",
Chemical Mutagens: Principles and Methods for Their Detection: 2,
P. 387-410 (1971).
(Mutagens)
Yuspa, Stuart H. and Bates, Richard R., "The Binding of Benz(a)anthracene
to Explicating and Nonreplicating DNA in Cell Culture", Proc. Soc.
Exp. Biol. Med.: 135, P. 732-734 (1970).
(Benz(a)anthracene)
Zamenhof, Stephen; Griboff, Gertrude; and Marullo, Nicasio, "Studies on the
Resistance of Desoxyribonucleic Acids to Physical and Chemical Factors",
Biochem. Biophys. Acta.: 13, P. 459-470.
(Ferrous Ions, Phenol, Sodium Chloride, Ammonium Ions)
B-168
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE D
REFERENCES FROM TIRC FILES AND LIBRARY
Christensen, Herbert E., and Thomas T. Luginbyhl, Eds., The Toxic Substances
List, 1974 Edition, Rockville, MD, NIOSH (July, 1974).
Criteria For A Recommended Standard...Occupational Exposure To Benzene,
Rockville, MD, NIOSH (1974).
Criteria For A Recommended Standard...Occupational Exposure To Carbon Monoxide,
Rockville, MD, NIOSH, HEW (1972).
Criteria For A Recommended Standard...Occupational Exposure To Toluene,
Rockville, MD, NIOSH (1973).
Dreisbach, Robert H., Handbook of Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment,
7th Ed., Los Altos, CA, Lange Medical Publications (1971).
Gerarde, Horace W., "Noxious Gases and Vapors. Ft. 2, Hydrocarbons and
Hydrocarbon Mixtures", in Drill's Pharmacology in Medicine, Joseph
R. DiPalma, Ed., 4th Ed., N. Y., McGraw-Hill (1971).
Gordon, Arnold J., and Richard A. Ford, The Chemist's Companion. A
Handbook of Practical Data, Techniques, and References, N. Y., Wiley (1972).
Grant, W. Morton, Toxicology of the Eye, 2nd Ed., Springfield, 111., Charles
C. Thomas (1974).
Hamilton, Alice, and Harriet L. Hardy, Industrial Toxicology, 3rd Ed., Acton,
MA, Publishing Sciences Group (1974).
Manufacturing Chemists Association, Guide for Safety in the Chemical
Laboratory, 2nd Ed., N. Y., Van Nostrand (1972).
Moore, George Evan, et_ al_., "Some Problems Concerning Analysis of Polycyclic
Hydrocarbons in Particulate Pollution Samples'^ in Analysis of Carcinogenic
Air Pollutants, Symposium, Natl. Cancer Institute, Monograph #9
(August, 1972).
National Academy of Sciences, Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric
Pollutants, Lead. Airborne Lead in Perspective. Washington, D.C. (1972).
National Acedamy of Sciences, Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric
Pollutants, Particulate Polycyclic Organic Matter. Biologic Effects of
Atmospheric Pollutants, Washington, D.C., National Academy of Sciences
(1972).
National Acedemy of Sciences, Committee on Biological Effects of Environmental
Pollutants, Vanadium, Washington, D.C. (.1974).
B-169
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE D - REFERENCES FROM TIRC FILES AND LIBRARY (Cont.)
Page 2
National Fire Protection Association, Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous
Materials, 5th Ed., Boston, MA (1973).
Oak Ridge Natl. Laboratory, Industrial Hygiene Manual. Procedures and
Practices for Protection Against Chemical and Physical Stresses, Contract
No. W-7405-eng.-26, Oak Ridge, TN (July, 1975).
Parts, Leo, et_ al^., An Assessment of Instrumentation and Monitoring Needs
For Significant Air Pollutants Emitted By Air Force Operations and
Recommendations for Future Research on Analysis of Pollutants, Interim
Report, December,..1972-January, 1974, ARL 74-0015, Dayton, Ohio,
Monsanto Research Corp. (February, 1974).
Patty, Frank A., Ed., Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, 2nd Revised Edition,
2 Vols., N. Y., Wiley-Interscience (1963).
Rubin, Edward S., and Francis C. McMichael, "Impact of Regulations on
Coal Conversion Plants", Env. S.ci. Tech. £(2), P. 112-17 (1975).
Shubik, Philippe, Survey of Compounds Which Have Been Tested For Carcinogenic
Activity, Supplement 2, James A. Peters, Editor, Omaha, Nebraska,
Univ. of Nebraska, College of Medicine (1969).
Spector, William S., Ed., Handbook of Toxicology, Vol. 1, Philadelphia,
W. B. Saunders Co. (1956).
Thompson, John I. and Co., Survey of Compounds Which Have Been Tested
For Carcinogenic Activity, 1968-1969 Volume, Contract No. NIH-69-2086,
Publication No. (NIH) 72-35, PHS 72-35, Rockville, MD.
B-170
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE E
REFERENCES FROM THE TOXLINE FILE
Babanov, G. P., Gurov, Y. A., Skobei, N. A., Verkhovskii, L. G., Abramyan,
G. G., Troitskaya, I. A., and Isakhanov, A. L., "Disadaption Symptoms
Under the Periodic Effect of Peak Concentrations of Toluene", Toksicol.
Gig. Prod. Neftekhim. Neftekhim, Proizvod, P. 32-45 (1972).
(Toluene)
Ballard, W. E., "Some Environmental Problems of the Metal Spraying Processes",
Ann. Occup. Hyg.:15(l), P. 101-107 (1972).
(Silicon)
Beleitskii, G. A., and Yaguzhinskii, L. S., "Effect of Benz(a)anthracene As
An Oxidase Inductor on the Toxic and Antitumor Action of n.n-Bis:
2-Chloroethyl:Aniline", Byull. Eksp. Biol. Med.: Vol. 73, Iss. 6, P. 72-4
(1972).
(Benzo(a)anthracene)
Boehlen, P., Schlunegger, U. P., and Lauppi, E., "Uptake and Distribution
of Hexane in Rat Tissues", Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol.; 25(2), P. 242-249
(1973).
(n-Hexane)
Bonashevskaya, T. I., and Partsef, D. P., "Biological Effect of Trace
Concentrations of a Pentane-Hexane Mixture in the Air", Gig. Sanit.:
Vol. 36, Iss. 9., P. 11-15 (1971).
(n-Pentane)
Bothe, J., Braun, W., and Doenhardt, A., "Effect of Mineral Oil in Hydro-
carbon Poisoning in Mice", Arch. Toxikol.: Vol. 30, Iss. 3, P. 243-50
(1973).
(Octane)
Braier, L., "Comparative Study of Isocyclic Hydrocarbons in Animals and
In Man", Haematologica:. Vol. 8, Iss. 7-8, P. 491-500 (1973).
(n-Hexane, Cyclohexane)
Charpin, J., "Atmospheric Pollution and Bronchopulmonary Pathology",
J. Eur. Toxicol.: 6(2), P. 65-69 (1973).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
Chernukha, T. M., "Complex Action of Benzene During Its Introduction Into
The Body by Oral and Respiratory Routes", Gig. Sanit., Iss. 4, P. 18-21
(1974).
(Benzene)
Cline, R. E., "Lethal Effects of Aqueous Formulations Containing Fatty
Amines or Acids Against Eggs and Larvae of Aedes Aegypti", J. Econ.
Entomol.: Vol. 65, Iss. 1, P. 177-81 (1972).
(n-0ctano.ic Acid)
B-171
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE E - REFERENCES FROM THE TOXLINE FILE (Cont.)
Page 2
Decinega, V. G., "On Some Peculiarities of Reaction of the Body of Albino
Rats to Hypoxia During Inhalation of Methane-Oxygen Mixtures", Farmakol
Toksik: 31, P. 49A-7 (July-August, 68).
(Methane)
Drew, R. T., and Fouts, J. R., "Lack of Effects of Precreatment with
Phenobarbital and Chlorpromazine on the Acute Toxicity of Benzene in
Rats", Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.: Vol. 27, Iss. 1, P. 183-93 (1974).
(Benzene, Propane)
Filatova, A. S., Kapitul-Skii, V. B., and Kuz-Minykh, A. I., "Standardizing
Carcenogenic Substances in the Air of Industrial Premises", Gig. Sanit.:
37(2), P. 91-93 (1972).
(Benzo(a)anthracene, Chrysene)
Filatova, A. S., Kuz-Minykh, A. I., and Kapitul-Skii, V. B., "Determination
of Some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Air of Coal Tar
Processing Shops",-Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol.: 17(5), P. 49-52 (1973).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
Graf, W., "Danger of Carcinogenic Substances in the Environment", Oeff.
Gesundheitswes: 33(3), P. 121-133 (1971).
(Benzo(a)anthracene)
Griffiths, W. D., Lipsky, M., Rosner, A., and Martin, H. F., "Rapid
Identification of and Assessment of Damage by Inhaled Volatile Substances
In the Clinical Laboratory", Clin. Biochem.: 5(4) P. 222-231 (1972).
(n-Hexane, Toluene)
Grin, N. V., "Redistribution of Silicon, Iron, Copper, and Cobalt in
Albino Rats in the Course of Inhalation Poisoning with Dust Containing
Quartz", Gig. Sanit.: Vol. 36, Iss. 8, P. 100-2 (1971).
(Silicon, Iron, Copper, Cobalt)
Herskowitz, A., Ishii, N., and Schaumburg, H., "N-Hexane Neuropathy: A
Syndrome Occurring as a Result of Industrial Exposure", N. Engl. J. Med.:
285(2), P. 82-85 (1971).
(n-Hexane)
Hine, C. H., and Zuidema, H. H., "The Toxicological Properties of Hydrocarbon
Solvents", Industr. Med. Surg.: 39, P. 215-20 (May, 1970).
(Cyclopentane)
Huberman, E., and Sachs, L., "Cell-Mediated Mutagenesis of Mammalian Cells
with Chemical Carcinogens", Int. J. Cancer: Vol. 13, Iss. 3, P. 326-33
(1974).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
B-172
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE E - REFERENCES FROM THE TOXLINE FILE (Cont.)
Page 3
Ikoma, T., "A Study On Sudden Death From Inhalation of Propane Gas for
Household Use", Nichidai'Igaku Zasshi: 31(2), P. 71-81 (1972).
(Propane)
Kan, P. T., Simetskii, M. A., and Il-Yashchenko, V. I., "Effect of Organic
Acaricide Solvents on the Skin and Ocular Conjunctiva of Rabbits",
Tr., Vses. Nauch.-Issled. Inst. Vet. Sanit.: Vol. 39, P. 369-72 (1971).
(Xylenes)
Kihara, F., Takahasi, Y., Masumoto, H., Sugimoto, S., and Kurata, Y.,
"Clinical Experience in Acute Anoxia Due to Methane Gas Flow in Coal
Mine", Naika: 24, P. 939-44 (November, 1969).
(Methane)
Kim, S., Kim, H., Yi, Y., and Yu, P., "Four Cases of Acute Pneumonia
Induced by Chemical Agents", Korean J. Intern. Med.: 15(10), P. 21 (1972).
(Methane)
Kimura, E. T., Ebert, D. M., and Dodge, P. W., "Acute Toxicity and Limits
of Solvent Residue for Sixteen Organic Solvents", Toxicol. Appl.
Pharmacol.: 19(4), P. 699-704 (1971).
(n-Hexane, Cyclohexene)
Kojima, T., and Kobayashi, H., "lexicological Study on Toluene Poisoning
by Inhalation", Nippon Hoigaku Zasshi: Vol. 27, Iss. 4, P. 282-6 (1973).
(Toluene)
Kojima, T., and Kobayashi, H., "Toxicological Study on Toluene Poisoning
By Inhalation. Death Due to Toluene Poisoning, and the Toluene Tissue
Levels", Nippon Hoigaku Zasshi: Vol. 27, Iss. 4, P. 258-62 (1973).
(Toluene)
Kozik, I. V., "Hygienic Features of A Flotation Reagent, STSM-2", Gig.
Sanit.: Vol. 32, Iss. 10, P. 13-18 (1967).
(Carbonyl Sulfide)
Kraemer, A., Staudinger, H., and Ullrich, V., "Effect of N-Hex.ane Inhalation
on the Monooxygenase System in Mice Liver Microsomes", Chem.-Biol.
Interactions: Vol. 8, Iss. 1, P. 11-18 (1974).
(n-Hexane)
Krasovitskaya, M. L., and Malyarova, L., "Chronic Action of Small Concentra-
tions of Ethylene and Trichloroethylene on Newborn Animals", Gig. Sanit.:
Vol. 33, Iss. 5, P. 7-10 (1968).
(Ethylene)
B-173
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE E - REFERENCES FROM THE TOXLINE FILE (Cont.)
Page 4
Kreis, H., Frese, K., and Wilmes, G., "Physiological and Histological
Changes in Rates Fed Benzoic Acid", Food Cosmet. Toxicol.: Vol. 5,
Iss. 4, P. 505-511 (1967).
(Benzoic Acid)
Lapshin, E. A., "Silicosis Hazards in Mining and Concentration of Tin Ore",
Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol.: 15(6) P. 26-28 (1971).
(Silicon)
Major, I., "Correlation of Initial Changes in the Mouse Epidermal Cell
Population with Two-Stage Carcinogenesis A Quantitative Study", Brit.
J. Cancer: Vol. 24, Iss. 1, P. 149-163 (1970).
(Benzo(a)anthracene)
Martin, A., "Metabolism of Benzoic Acid by Sheep", J. Sci. Food Agr.:
Vol. 17, Iss. 11, P. 96-500 (1966).
(Benzoic Acid)
Mikulski, P. I., Wiglusz, R., Bublewska, A., and Uselis, J., "Investigation
of Exposure of Ships Painters to Organic Solvents", Br. J. Ind. Med.:
29(4), P. 450-453 (1972).
(Xylenes)
Nikiforova, A. A., "Reversible Damage to the Skin of Experimental Animals
Subjected to the Inhalation of Butadiene and Alpha-Methylstyrene",
Mater. Nauch. Sess., Posvyashch. 50-Letiyu Obrazov. SSSR, Omsk. Gos.
Med. Inst., P. 871-3 (1972).
(Butadiene)
Olyunin, I. V., "Reciprocal Changes in the Sensitivity of An Organism
To Organic Solvents", Mater. Obi. S-Esca Gig. Sanit. Vrachei,. E.:
P. 39-43 (1970).
(Octane)
Partisef, D., "Effect on Animals of Components of Automobile Exhaust
Gases", Gig. Sanit.: Vol. 31, Iss. 9, P. 11-15 (1966).
(n-Pentane)
Pattle, R. E., Schock, C., and Battensby, J., "Effects of Anesthetics
on Lung Surfactant", Brit. J. Anaesth.: Vol. 44, Iss. 11, P. 1119-27
(1972).
(Cyclohexene)
Prior, B. A., Fennema, 0. R., and Marth, E., "Effect of Gas Hydrate Formers
On Microorganisms", Appl. Microbiol.: Vol. 20, Iss. 1, P. 139-144
(1970).
(Propane)
B-174
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE E - REFERENCES FROM THE TOXLINE FILE (Cont.)
Page 5
Pushkina, N. N., Zibireva, I. A., and Khikmatullaeva, S. H. S., "Effect
Of Small Concentrations Of Thiophene and Chloroisocyanates On the
Ascorbic Acid Content in Rat Organs", Gig. Sanit.: Vol. 32, Iss. 10,
P. 103-105 (1967).
(Thiophene)
Sardarova, G. L., "Hygienic and Toxicological Assessment of Some Brands
Of Rubber Used in Household-Drinking Water Supply Systems", Gig. Sanit.:
Iss. 4, P. 103-4 (1974).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
Savelova, V. A., and Sergeev, A. N. , "The Toxicity of Caprolactam Industry
Products in Separate and Joint Action", Gig. Sanit.: 35(7), P. 21-25 (1970)
(Cyclohexene)
Sgibnev, A. K., and Orlova, T. A., "Toxicity of Indole", Probl. Kosm.
Biol. A: Vol. 16, P. 190-5 (1971).
(Indole)
Shirabe, T., Tsuda, T., Terao, A., and Araki, S., "Toxic Polyneuropathy
Due to Glue-Sniffing: Report of Two Cages with a Light and Electron-
Microscopic Study of .the Peripheral Nerves and Muscles", J. Neurol.
Sci.: 21(1) P. 101-113 (1974).
(n-Hexane)
Shugaev, B., "Distribution and Toxicity of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Body
Tissues", Farmakol. Toksikol. (Moscow): Vol. 31, Iss. 3, P. 360-363 (1968).
(Isobutene)
Sice, J., "Tumor-Promoting Activity of N-Alkanes and 1-Alkanols", Toxicol.
Appl. Pharmacol.: Vol. 9, Iss. 1, P. 70-74 (1966).
(Octane)
Sidorov, K. K., "Evaluation of the Cumulative Effect of Chemical Compounds
Under Various Inhalation Conditions", Gig. Sanit.: 37(5), P. 93-95 (1972).
(Xylenes, Thiophene)
Stolk, J. M., "Proceedings: Rubidium Salts Animal Toxicity Studies",
Phychopharmacol Bull: 10, P. 32-8 (January, 1974).
(Rubidium)
Tomingas, R., Pott, F., and Dehnen, W., "Biological Test for Carcenogenicity
Of Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons", Arch. Geschwulstforsch.: Vol. 42,
Iss. 4, P. 298-306 (1973).
(Benzo(a)pyrene)
B-175
-------
APPENDIX B
TABLE E - REFERENCES FROM THE TOXLINE FILE (Cont.)
Page 6
Truhaut, R., Boudene, C., Jouany, J-M, Tabuteau, F., and Bouant, A.,
"Modifications of the Acute Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide in the Rabbit
In the Presence of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons", J. Eur. Toxicol.: 6(1),
P. 36-41 (1973).
(Octane)
Natl. Inst. Occup. Saf. Health (USA), "Occupational Exposure to Coke Oven
Emissions: Criteria For A Recommended Standard", U.S. Public Health
Serv. Publ.: (DHEW HSM-73-11016), Various Pagings (1973).
(Benzo(a)anthracene)
Vargaftig, B. B., Coignet, J. L., Walmetz, J. L., and Lefort, "Critical
Evaluation of Three Methods for the Study of Adrenergic Beta-Blocking
and Antiarrhythmic Agents", Eur. J. Pharmacol.: Vol. 6, Iss. 1, P. 49-55
(1969).
(Methane)
Yakushevich, Yu E., "Experimental Data on Hygienic Assessment of Continuous
and Intermittent Action of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene", Gig. Sanit.:
38(4), P. 6-10 (1973).
(Xylenes)
B-176
-------
APPENDIX B
REFERENCES
B-177
-------
APPENDIX B
REFERENCES
AM-030 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values for Substances
in Workroom Air^3rd ed. ,Cincinnati, Ohio(1971).
AM-041 American Petroleum Inst., Div. of Refining, Recommended
Rules for Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-
Pressure Storage Tanks, API Standard 620, Washington,
B.C. (1970).
AM-062 American Petroleum Inst., Div. of Refining, Manual On
Disposal of Refinery Wastes, Volume on Liquid Wastes,
First edition, Washington, B.C. (1969).
AM-130 American Industrial Hygiene Association, Hygienic Guide
Series, Detroit, Michigan (1955).
AM-131 American Medical Association and the American Academy
of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, Toxic Eye Hazards,
Publication No. 494, N.Y., National Society for the
Prevention of Blindness, Inc.
AN-104 Andersson, Jun and Peringe Grennfelt, Determination of
Heavy Metals in Fuel Oils and an Estimation of the
Emissions of Heavy Metals From Oil Combustion, Gothen-
burg"]Germany,Institute for Vatlen-Och Luftvardsforsk-
ning (Jan., 1973).
BA-161 Ball, John S., et al., "Metal Content of Twenty-four
Petroleums", J.~ghem. Eng. Data 5(4). 553 (1960).
BA-166 Barry, Charles B., "Reduce Glaus Sulfur Emission",
Hydrocarbon Proc. 51(4), 102-6 (1972).
BA-313 Barton, D. H. R., W. Carruthers, and K. H. Overton,
"Triterpenoids, Part 11, A Triterpenoid from Petroleum",
J.. Chem. Soc. 1956, 788.
BA-324 Ball, J. S., et al., "API Research Project 48, Synthesis,
Properties , and" Tclentif ication of Sulfur Compounds in
Petroleum", API Proc. 34(Sect. 6), 106 (1954).
BA-325 Ball, J. S., et al., "API Research Project 52 - Nitrogen
Constituents In Fetroleum", API Proc. 34(Sect. 6), 152
(1954).
BE-147 Beychok, Milton R., Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and
Petrochemical Plants, N.Y., Wiley (1967).
B-179
-------
APPENDIX B
REFERENCES (Cont.)
BE-150 Beavon, David K. , "Abating Sulfur Plant Tail Gases",
Pollut. Eng. 4(1). 34-5 (1972).
BI-057 Birch, S. F., et al . , "Sulfur Compounds in Kerosine
Boiling Range of' Middle East Crudes", I & EC 47(2), 240
(1955).
BL-038 Blokker, P. C., Prevention of Water Pollution From
Refineries , Report No. 3/70, The Hague, Netherlands,
Stichting Concawe (1970) .
BL-078 Bland, William F. and Robert L. Davidson, Eds., Petroleum
Processing Handbook, N.Y. , McGraw-Hill (1967). *
BR-110 Bryant, H. S., "Environment Needs Guide to Refinery
Sulfur Recovery", Oil Gas J. (March 26, 1973).
BR-217 Brandenburg, C. F. , et al . , "Identification of a Cyclo-
alkyl Ketone in Wilmington Petroleum Through Use of
Chromatography andSpectroscopy" , ACS, Div. Petrol. Chem.
Prepr. 8(4), C-53 (1963) .
BR-229 Brooks, Benjamin T., et al. , eds . , The Chemistry of
Petroleum Hydrocarbons , Vol. 2, N.Y. , Reinhold (1954) .
BU-079 Bunn, D. P., et al . , "Texaco's Fluid Catalytic Cracking
Process", CEP~67^ , 88 (1969).
BU-159 Burlingame, A. L., Private Communication, Univ. of
California Berkeley (May, 1975).
CA-227 Cady, Wm. E. , Robert F. Marschner, and Wendell P. Cropper,
"Composition of Virgin Thermal and Catalytic Naphthas
from Mid-Continent Petroleum", I & EC 44(8) , 1859 (1952).
CA-228 Carruthers , W. , "The Constituents of High-Boiling
Petroleum Distillates", Part 3, Anthrcene Homologues in
A Kuwait Oil", J. Chem. Soc. 1956, 603.
CA-236 Cantrell, Aileen, "Annual Refining Survey", Oil Gas J.
7, 96 (April 1975).
B-180
-------
APPENDIX B
REFERENCES (Cont.)
CH-134 Chemical Rubber Co., Handbook of Chemistry & Physics,
55th ed., Cleveland, Ohio, CRC (1973).
CH-217 Christensen, Herbert E., e_t al. , eds. , The Toxic Sub-
stances List, 1972 Edition, Rockville, MD, NIOSH (June,
1972).
CI-011 Cimbalo, R. N., R. L. Foster, and S. J. Wachtel,
"Deposited Metals Poison FCC Catalyst", Oil Gas J.,
112 (May 15, 1972)
CO-111 "Controlling Cat-Cracker Emissions", Oil Gas J., 76,
(March 22, 1971).
DA-069 Danielson, John A., Comp. and Ed., Air Pollution Engineer-
ing Manual, 2nd ed., AP-40, Research Triangle Park, N.C.,
EPA, Office of Air and Water Programs (1973).
DI-044 Diehl, Douglas S., et al., "Effluent Quality Control at
a Large Oil Refinery", J. WPCF 43_, 2254-70 (1971).
DI-090 Dickerman, J. C., T. D. Raye, and J. D. Colley, The
Petroleum Refining Industry. EPA Order No. 5-02-(5609B,
Austin, TX, Radian Corp. (May, 1975).
DI-091 Dingman, J. C., D. L. Allen, and T. F.' Moore, "Minimize
Corrosion in MEA Units", Austin, TX, Jefferson Chemical
Co., Inc.
DO-074 Dooley, J. E., et al., "Analyzing Heavy Ends of Crude",
Hydrocarbon Proc. 57(4) (1974).
DR-039 Driesbach, Robert H., Handbook of Poisoning Diagnosis
and Treatment, 4th ed., Los Altos, CA, Lange Medical
Publication (1963).
DU-070 Dunning, H. N., ejt al., "Metals in Petroleum", ACS,
Div. Petrol. Chem. Prepr. 5(1), 169 (1960).
DU-082 Dunning, H. N., et al., "Porphyrin, Nickel, Vanadium,
and Nitrogen in Petroleum", J. Chem. Eng. Data 5(4),
546 (1960).
FA-092 Fairhall, Lawrence T., Industrial Toxicology, 2nd ed.,
Baltimore, MD, Williams and Wilkins (1957) .
FE-100 Ferrero, E. P. and D. T. Nichols, Analyses of 169 Crude
Oils From 122 Foreign Oil Fields. I. C. 8542, Bureau of
Mines (1972).
B-181
-------
APPENDIX B
REFERENCES (Cont.)
FI-083 Field, Edward, F. H. Dempster, and G. E. Tilson,
Phenolic Compounds from Petroleum Sources", I & EC
32(4), 489 (1940).
GE-066 Gerarde, Horace W., Toxicology and Biochemistry of Aromatic
Hydrocarbons, N.Y., Elsevier (1960).
GO-107 Goar, Gene, :Impure Feeds Cause Glaus Plant Problems",
Hydrocarbon Proc. 53(7), 129-32 (1974).
GR-123 Gruse, W. A. and D. R. Stevens, Chemical Technology of
Petroleum, 3rd ed. N.Y., McGraw-Hill (1960).
GR-145 Groenendaal, W. and H. C. A. Van Meurs, "Shell Launches
Its Glaus Off-Gas Desulfurization Process", Petrol.
Petrochem. Int. 12(9), 54 (1972).
GU-058 Gully, A. J. and W. P. Ballard, "Hydrogenation of Catalytic
Cracking Charge Stocks", in" Advances in Petroleum Chemistry
and Refining, Volume 7, John J. McKetta, Jr., ed..
N.Y., Interscience (1963).
HA-011 Hangebrauck, R. P., e_t al_. , "Sources of Polynuclear
Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere", 999-AP-33, Public
Health Service (1967).
HA-264 Hawley, Gessner G., rev., Condensed Chemical Dictionary,
8th ed., N.Y., Van Nostrand-Reinhold (1971).
HA-316 Hale, J. H., et al. , "Distribution and Type of Sulfur
Compounds in STraight-Run Naphthas", Anal. Chem. 23(20,
287 (1951) .
HA-317 Hartough, Howard D., "Chemistry of the Sulfur Compounds
in Petroleum", in Advances in Petroleum Chemistry and
Refining, Vol. 3, John J. McKetta, Jr., ed., N.Y. ,
Wiley-Interscience, pp. 419 ff (1960).
HA-318 Hamersman, J. W. and S. R. Reynolds, Tentative Procedures
for Process Measurements, Lurgi Coal Gasification Process,
Review Copy, Contract 68-02-1412, Task 3, Redondo Beach,
CA, TRW Systems Group (March, 1975).
HE-119 "Here Are the Big U.S. Reserves", Oil Gas J. 27., 116
(Jan., 1975).
HU-114 Hunt, R. H. and M. J. O'Neal, Jr., "The Composition of
Petroleum", in Advances in Petroleum Chemistry and
Refining, Vol. 10., John J. McKetta, ed., N.Y., Inter-
science (1965) .
B-182
-------
APPENDIX B
REFERENCES (Cont.)
HY-013 "Hydrocarbon Processing Refining Process Handbook",
Hydrocarbon Proc. 53_(S) (1974) .
KA-167 Kalichevsky, Vladimir A. and Kenneth A. Kobe, Petroleum
Refining with Chemicals, N.Y., Elsevier (1956).
KE-151 Keith, L. H., Private Communication, EPA, Southeast
Research Lab. (May 8, 1975).
KL-032 Klett, Rob't. J., "Treat Sour Water for Profit", Hydro-
carbon Proc. 11(10), 97-9 (1972).
KO-059 Kotin, Paul and Hans L. Falk, "Atmospheric Factors in
Pathogensis of Lung Cancer", Advan. Cancer Research ]_,
475 (1963).
LA-162 Latham, D. R., C. R. Ferrin, and J. S. Ball, "Identifica-
tion of Fluorenones in Wilmington Petroleum by Gas-
Liquid Chromatography and Spectrometry", Anal. Chem.
34(3), 311 (1962).
LO-112 Lochte, Harry L. and E. R. Littmann, The Petroleum Acids
and Bases, N.Y., Chemical Publishing (1955).
LO-113 Love, Don, "Quick Design Charts for Diethanolamine Plants",
Oil Gas J. 17, 88 (Jan., 1972).
MA-279 Magee, E. M., H. J. Hall, and G. M. Varga, Jr., Potential
Pollutants in Fossil Fuels, PB 225-039, EPA-R2-73-249,
Contract No. 68-02-0629, Linden, N.J., Esso Research and
Engineering Co. (1973).
MC-078 McKinney, C. M., "Sulfur in Products vs. Crude Oil",
Hydrocarbon Proc. 51(10). 117 (1972).
MC-154 McKinney, C. M., E. P. Ferrero, and W. J. Wenger,
Analyses of Crude Oils from 546 Important Oil Fields
in the United States, R. I. 6819, Bureau of Mines (1966).
MC-157 McKittrick, D. S., "Sulfur Compounds in Pressure-Cracked
Naphtha and Cracked Naphtha Sludge", I & EC 21(6),
585 (1929).
ME-107 Meisen, Axel and Howard A. Bennett, "Consider All
Glaus Reactions", Hydrocarbon Proc. 53(11), 171-74 (1974).
ME-108 Melpolder, F. W. , e_t al. , "Composition of Naphtha from
Fluid Catalytic Cracking", I & EC 44(5), 1142 (1952).
B-183
-------
APPENDIX B
REFERENCES (Cont.)
NA-182 Nack, H., et al., Development of an Approach to Identifica-
tion of Emerging Technology and Demonstration Opportunities,
EPA 650/2-74-048, Columbus, Ohio, Battelle-Columbus
Labs. (1974).
NA-231 Nakamura, E. and K. Koguchi, "Production of Heavy
Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Catalytic Reforming, I. Composi-
tion of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Reformate of Heavy
Naphthas", Int. Chem. Eng. 10(3). 497 (1970).
NE-042 Nelson, W. L., "Metal Contaminants in Petroleum", Oil
Gas J. 56(51). 75-6 (1958).
NE-044 Nelson, W. L., Petroleum Refinery Engineering, 4th ed.,
McGraw-Hill Series in Chemical Engineering, N.Y., McGraw-
Hill (1958).
PE-066 Peoples, R. F., P. Krishnan, and R. N. Simonsen,
"Nonbiological Treatment of Refinery Wastewater", J.
Water Poll. Control Fed. 44(11). 2120 (1972).
PE-140 Petrolite Corp., Impurities in Petroleum, Long Beach, CA,
Petreco.
PE-142 Pearson, M. J., "Developments in Glaus Catalysts",
Hydrocarbon Proc. 52(2), 81 (1973).
PL-033 Plunkett, Edmond R., Handbook of Industrial Toxicology,
N.Y., Chemical Pub lishing (1966) .
PU-033 Pugach, I. A. and A. Z. Dorogochinskiyi, "Certain Character-
istics of the Chemical Composition of the Products of
Catalytic Cracking Over a Zeolite Catalyst", Int. Chem.
Eng. 12(4), 722 (1972).
RE-141 Reis, Thomas, "To Coke, Desulfurize and Calcine, Pt.
2, Coke Quality and Its Control", Hydrocarbon Proc.
1975(6), 97.
RE-142 ''"Refining Experts Solve Problems", Oil Gas J. 19 Feb.
1973, 30.
RO-188 Rossini, Frederick D. and Sherman S. Shaffer, "API
Research Project 6 - Analysis, Purification, and Properties
of Petroleum Hydrocarbons", API Proc. 34(Sect. 6), 14
(1954).
RO-189 Rossini, Frederick D., Beveridge J. Mair, and Anton J.
Streiff, Hydrocarbons from Petroleum, ACS Monograph
Series No. 121, N.Y., Reinhold (1953).
B-184
-------
APPENDIX B
REFERENCES (Cont.)
SA-034 Sax, N. Irving, Dangerous Properties of Industrial
Materials, 3rd ed., New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold (1968).
SA-175 Sax, N. Irving, Dangerous Properties of Industrial
Materials, 4th ed. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold
(1975).
SM-094 Smith, Harold M. and H. T. Rail, "Relationship of
Hydrocarbons With Six to Nine Carbon Atoms", I & EC
45/7), 1491 (1953).
TH-038 Thomson, Sidney J., "Techniques for Reducing Refinery
Waste Water", Oil. Gas J. 68(40), 93-8 (1972).
TH-080 Thienes, Clinton H. and Thomas J. Haley, Clinical Toxi-
cology, 4th ed., Philadelphia, Lea and Febiger (1964).
TH-086 Thompson, C. J., et al., "Analyzing Heavy Ends of Crude",
Hydrocarbon Proc.^2l9") , 123 (1973).
TO-039 Tongberg, C. 0. and M. R. Fenske, "Composition of Straight-
Run Pennsylvania Gasoline, Pt. 3, Isolation of Pure
Hydrocarbons", I & EC 24(7), 814 (1932).
TY-008 Tye, Russell, et al., "Carcinogens in a Cracked Petroleum
Residuum", ArcHT Env. Hlth. 13, 202 (1966).
US-209 U.S. Bureau of Mines, Crude Petroleum, Petroleum Products,
and Natural Gas Liquids, December 1974, Mineral Industry
Surveys, Petroleum Statement, Monthly Washington, B.C.
(April, 1975).
VA-064 Van Winkle, Matthes, Distillation, New York, McGraw-Hill
(1967).
VE-021 Veal, Dean J., "Nondestructive Activation Analysis of
Crude Oils for Arsenic to One Part Per Billion, and
Simultaneous Determination of Five Other Trace Elements",
Anal. Chem. 38/8) , 1080-3 (1966).
VO-027 Von Lehmden, Darryl J., Robert H. Jungers, and Robert E.
Lee, Jr., "Determination of Trace Elements in Coal, Fly
Ash, Fuel Oil, and Gasoline—A Preliminary Comparison
of Selected Analytical Techniques", Anal. Chem. 46(2),
239 (1974).
B-185
-------
APPENDIX B
REFERENCES (Cont.)
WA-074 Watkins , R. N., "How to Design Crude Distillation",
Hydrocarbon Proc . 48(12) (1969).
WI-071 Wigren, A. A. and F. L. Burton, "Refinery Wastewater
Control", J. W.P.C.F. 44(1), 117 (1972).
WO-025 Sollaston, E. G. , W. L. Forsythe, and I. A. Vosalos ,
"Sulfur Distribution in FCU Products", Oil Gas J.
(Aug. 2, 1971).
B-186
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-60Q/2-76-012b
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. T,TL£ AND SUBTITLE Sampling and Analytical Strategies for
ompounds in Petroleum Refinery Streams--Volume n,
Process Analysis of Petroleum Refinery Streams
5. REPORT DATE
January 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO,
K. J. Bombaugh et al.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creek Boulevard
Austin, Texas 78766
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1AB015; ROAP 21AFH-025
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1882, Task 32
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
EPA, Office of Research and Development
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOC
Task Final; 5/74-8/74
ND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
s. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Project officer I. A. Jef coat is no longer with EPA; for details,
contact G.Tucker, Mail Drop 63, Ext 2745.
16. ABSTRACT This voiume Of tne report contains Appendix B, entitled: Process Analysis
of Petroleum Refinery Streams.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution Mass Spectroscopy
Petroleum Refining Electrodes
Sampling Cost Analysis
Analyzing
Hazardous Materials
Gas Chromatography
Air Pollution Control
Stationary Sources
Process Streams
Atomic Absorption
13B
13H 09A
14B 14A
11G
07D
3. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report;
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
87 + 163
20. SECURITY CLASS /This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
SPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
------- |