Environmental Protection Technology Series
                    ABSTRACTS OF THE-1.97.1 -1974
UNITED  STATES AND  FOREIGN  OPEN  LITERATURE
                                           ON NOISE
                                               Part  I
                              Office of Research and Development
                             U.S. Envirortmerital Protection Agency
                                     Washington, D.C. 20480

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                  RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into
five series.  These five broad categories were established to
facilitate further development and application of environmental
technology.  Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in
related fields.  The five series are:

           1.  Environmental Health Effects Research
           2.  Environmental Protection Technology
           3.  Ecological Research
           4.  Environmental Monitoring
           5.  Socioeconomic Environmental Studies

This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series.  This series describes research performed
to develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental degradation from
point and non-point sources of pollution.  This work provides the
new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia  22161.

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                                 EPA-600/2-76-016a
                                 January 1976
ABSTRACTS OF THE 1971-1974 UNITED STATES

  AND FOREIGN OPEN LITERATURE ON NOISE

             Task  Report J6331

                  Part I
                    by

              E. P. Bergmann
             I. B. Fieldhouse
           Contract 68-01-2234
              Project Officer

                 E.  Berkau
   U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
  Industrial Environmental  Research Lab.
          Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
               Prepared for
       Environmental Protection Agency
     Office of Research and Development
           Washington, D.C.  20460

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                                ABSTRACT

This document is a task report of effort directed toward a search of the
open literature to provide some insight into the noise reduction effort
outside of the Federal Government and in foreign countries.  Abstracts
from th* search covered the period 1971 to 1974.  Two primary sources
were searched for abstracts:  The Engineers Index and Pollution Abstracts.
Nearly 1300 abstracts from 21 countries were screened and segregated in-
to the following categories:  Aircraft Noise; Building Noise; General
Interest; Machinery Noise; Noise Effects on Health; Noise Measurement
Instrumentation; and Transportation Noise.  The distribution of abstracts
within each technical area is summarized in the report, and a compilation
of the abstracts is presented as an appendix and bound separately.
It appears that a substantial level of privately sponsored noise research
and development is reflected in open literature publications.  Industrial
or private sponsorship is indicated in areas in which a regulation de-
mands attention to the noise problem or a product relating to noise is
being "advertised".  Government sponsorship is indicated in the areas in
which there is a potential benefit to the public.  University sponsorship
appears to be a small part of the total effort and is directed to particu-
lar academic interests.
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of Project Number J6331,
Contract Number 68-01-2234, By IIT Research Institute, under sponsorship
of the Environmental Protection Agency.  Work on this task was completed
as of April 1975.
                                    ii

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                                CONTENTS






                                                                     Page




Abstract                                                              ii




List of Tables                                                        iv




Acknowlegments                                                         v






Sections




    I     Conclusions                                                  1




   II     Recommendations                                              3




  III     Introduction                                                 4




   IV     Aircraft Noise                                               9




    V     Building Noise                                              14




   VI     General Interest                                            17




  VII     Machinery Noise                                             22




 VIII     Noise Effects on Health                                     30




   IX     Noise Measurement Instrumentation                           34




    X     Transportation Noise                                        37
                                   iii

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                                  TABLES


Number                                                               Page

   1      Distribution of Publications by Country and Area            J6

   2      Summary of Aircraft Noise Publication Distribution          10

   3      Aircraft Noise Publication Distribution                     11

   4      Summary of Building Noise Publication Distribution          15

   5      Building Noise Publication Distribution                     16

   6      Summary of General Interest Paper Distribution              18

   7      General Interest Papers on Noise Publication Distribution   19

   8      Summary of Machinery Noise Publication Distribution         24

   9 *     Machinery Noise Publication Distribution                    25

  10      Summary of Noise Effects on Health Publication
          Distribution                                                31

  11      Noise Effects on Health Publication Distribution            32

  12      Summary of Noise Measurement Instrumentation Publication
          Distribution                                                35

  13      Noise Measurement Instrumentation Publication
          Distribution                                                36

  14      Summary of Transportation Noise Publication Distribution    38

  15      Transportation Noise Publication Distribution               39
                                    iv

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                             ACKNOWLEGMENTS

IIT Research Institute staff members working on this task were E. P.
Bergmann and I. B. Fieldhouse.
Much appreciated technical guidance and assistance were provided by
Dr. E. Berkau and S. Cordle of the Environmental Protection Agency.

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                               SECTION I

                              CONCLUSIONS


Based solely on a review of the abstracts,  and recognizing that a review

of the publications could significantly alter the viewpoint,  the follow-

ing conclusions are offered by area:

   • Aircraft Noise.  Data in the important technology areas  (engine,
     airframe, etc.) are being distributed  into the open literature.
     The only category which does not appear to have publication is
     cabin noise.

   • Building Noise.  If building noise is  structured into function-
     al areas, such as floors, ceilings, walls, etc., each area ap-    '
     pears to have some literature associated with it.   In general,
     the publications are fairly evenly distributed over the  various
     categories.   Little evidence, however, was found of publications
     considering the building as a system with the associated inte-
     gration affects.

   • General Interest.  The general interest category can be  viewed
     from two points:  all publications within this category  should
     be distributed to particular technology areas; or this category
     should serve as a repository for multidisciplined, or multi-
     applicable technologies.  Most programs, or problems, are cate-
     gorized within one area, e.g., aircraft noise.  However, it is
     recognized that multidisciplined programs do exist and that
     technology developed for one area should be transferrable to
     other similar areas.  It is, therefore, concluded that the gen-
     eral interest category is desirable but that it should be re-
     structured,  at some point in time to better reflect a multi-
     discipllned/multiapplicable structure.  A review of the  abstracts
     is insufficient for this activity.  The publications must be
     obtained and reviewed.

   • Machinery Noise. Of the 20 industries  tabulated under the machin-
     ery noise category, seven had no noise related publications and
     five industries had seven or less publications.  On this basis
     only eight industries had more than a  token number of publications.

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• Noise Effects on Health.  Publications on health effects span
  the range from annoyance to physical damage.  As could be ex-
  pected, ear damage, aircraft noise effects and criteria repre-
  sent major areas of interest.

• Transportation Noise.  Motor vehicle related noise is treated
  in 82 percent of the publications, rail systems have 2 percent
  and public transportation 7 percent.  The various functional
  aspects of motor vehicles noise are, apparently, covered.
  Rail system noise is covered only in terms of rail yard noise
  (U.S. publications) and public transportation is generally
  treated.

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                               SECTION II
                            RECOMMENDATIONS

The abstracts are a poor basis for evaluating the noise abatement tech-
nology available to industry because the data is too superficial.  They
do, however, provide a basis for assessing the areas and the countries
with noise related activity.  Many of the publications are two to three
pages in length and probably contain more propaganda information than
real data.  However, a useful task may be to gather the publications and
structure a compendium of noise abatement technology in each of the tech-
nology areas (i.e., aircraft, surface transportation, construction,
machiner and health effects).

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                             SECTION III
                            INTRODUCTION

As a part of the program to "Characterize, Evaluate and Coordinate Noise
Research Programs in the Federal Government" a search was conducted of
the open literature to provide some insight into the noise reduction ef-
fort outside of the Federal Government and in foreign countries.  Abstracts
from the search covered the period 1971-1974.
Two primary sources were searched for abstracts:  The Engineers Index and
Pollution Abstracts.  Lists of publications searched in these sources are
included as Appendix A of this report.  Journals covered by the Engineer-
ing Index are listed in Pages 1 through 19 of that appendix.  Those covered
by pollution abstracts in pages 19 through 57.  Pollution Abstracts also
cover   special publications and conferences and they are listed in pages
58  through 112.
Abstracts were gathered and segregated by technical areas.  They are com-
piled as Appendix B to this report.  The technical area segregation cate-
gories include:  Aircraft Noise, Building Noise, General Interest, Machinery
Noise, Noise Effects on Health, Noise Measurement Instrumentation, and
Transportation Noise.
Nearly 1300 abstracts from 21 countries were screened and segregated.  In
general, each abstract naturally falls into one of the categories.  Some
abstracts, however, are sufficiently vague or broad to require the categor-
ization to be somewhat arbitrary.  Also, the country of origin was dif-
ficult to determine on some abstracts.  International conferences and
seminars are held and abstracts from their proceedings do not always iden-
tify the country of origin adequately.  Some of the abstracts, then, may
be uninentionally attributed to countries other than the country of origin.

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Table 1 is a summary of compilation of the distribution of the publications

by technical area and country.  A review of the table illustrates:

   • The distribution is dominated by U.S. publications (82 percent).

   • Foreign publications are predominantly from Germany (88), England
     (36), Canada (17), Russia (15), Japan (14) and Sweden (10).

   • Most of the publications both U.S. and foreign, are directed to-
     ward the Machinery Noise category.  The U.S. dominates the cate-
     gory with 240 publications followed by Germany with 32.  Fourteen
     of the 21 countries have publications in this category.

   • Aircraft Noise is the second largest category with 264 abstracts.
     A significant number of publications are from Germany (15) and
     England (9).  France, which has a viable aircraft industry, has
     only onfe abstract in this technical area.  Nine of the 21 countries
     have publications in this category.

   • A considerable number of publications (247) are gathered into the
     General Interest category.  It is possible that many of these pub-
     lications could be recategorized into one of the special technical
     areas if the publications, rather than the abstracts, are read.
     Fourteen of the 21 countries have publications in this category.

   • Transportation Noise related abstracts are the fourth largest
     group with 153.  Besides the U.S., with 122 publications, the
     most abstracts are from Germany (15).  Nine of the 21 countries
     have publications in this category.

   • Noise Effects on Health has 143 abstracts from eight countries.

   • Building Noise has 98 abstracts from seven countries.

   • Noise Measurement Instrumentation has 70 abstracts from four
     countries.

   • Germany, with 88 abstracts, has publications in each category.
     Most of the publications are in Machinery Noise (32).  Aircraft
     (15), Transportation (15), Building (10) and Health Effects (10)
     are additional categories in which German publications dominated
     the foreign distribution.

   • English publications (36), although concentrated in General Inter-
     est (13) and Aircraft Noise (9), cover all of the categories ex-
     cept Noise Measurement Instrumentation.

As a part of this study it was the intent to investigate the level in

which the private sector is involved in noise research, development and dem-

onstration efforts.  A screening of the abstracts indicates that insuffi-

cient information is contained in the abstracts to draw specific inferences.

Some general trends, however, are indicated.

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Table 1.  DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS BY COUNTRY AND AREA

Country
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Czechoslovakia
England
Finland
France
Germany
India
Italy
Japan
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United States
U.S.S.R.
Yugoslavia
TOTALS
Aircraft
Noise


1
2

9

1
15


1




2

228
5

264
Building
Noise





1

3
10



3



1
1
79


98
General
Interest



10

13
1
3
4
5

1
1
1
1

1
2
203
1

247
Machinery
Noise
1
1

1
1
4

4
32


9
2
3


4

240
5
1
308
Noise
Effects
on Health

2

3

5

2
10



1





118
2

143
Noise _, _ ...
„ Transportation _
Measurement * . E
Instrumentation woise



1

4

3
2 15
1
1
3



1
2

66 122
2

70 153
1
3
!•
17
1
36
1
16
88
6
1
14
7
4
1
1
10
3
1056
15
1
1283

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   • Most of the open literature in the aircraft noise category
     appears to be publications of federally sponsored programs.
     Some university and company sponsored work is indicated in
     rare instances.

   • Most of the open literature in the building noise category
     appears to be presentations of the results of privately spon-
     sored work.  Some aircraft noise related publications appear
     to reflect federal or local government sponsorship.

   • Publications in the general interest category reflect private
     sponsorship in the treatment of particular noise problems.
     Government sponsorship is indicated in the areas of surveys,
     community noise, ordinances, standards and planning.
   • Publications in the machinery noise category appear to be
     predominantly privately sponsored.  Some federal sponsor-
     ship is indicated in publications relating to mining
     machinery.

   • Publications in the noise effects on health category are ap-
     parently distributed between government and private sponsor-
     ship.  Private sponsorship is indicated in the areas of:
     industrial noise; guidelines; dosimeters; noise abatement
     engineering; and health aspects in particular industries.
     Government sponsorship is indicated in the areas of criteria,
     exposure and aircraft noise related effects.

   • Publications in the noise measurement instrumentation category
     indicate private sponsorship in the areas of: survey instru-
     mentation; particular instruments; and applications of instru-
     ments.  Governmental sponsorship is indicated in community
     noise surveys.

   • Transportation noise publications indicate private sponsorship
     in: truck related areas such as engine, tire and cooling sys-
     tem noise; SAE Standards; and railyard noise.  Governmental
     sponsorship is indicated in the areas of: tire noise, public
     transportation; traffic noise; highway sound barriers; and
     highway design and planning

In summary, it appears that a substantial level of privately sponsored

noise research and development is reflected in open literature publications,

Unfortunately, the level cannot be quantified, even broadly, by a survey

of the abstracts.  As could be expected, industrial or private sponsorship

is indicated in areas in which a regulation demands attention to the noise

problem (e.g., machinery noise) or a product relating to noise is being

"advertised" (e.g., noise measurement instrumentation).  Government spon-

sorship is indicated in the areas in which there is a potential benefit

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to the public Ce.g«} surveys, ordnances, public transportation).  Univer-
sity sponsorship appears to be a small part of the total effort and is
directed to particular academic interests.
Remaining sections of this report summarize the distributions of abstracts
within each literature search area.
                                   8

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                               SECTION IV

                             AIRCRAFT NOISE


Abstracts relating to Aircraft Noise were reviewed and distributed over

18 specific, technical categories and a general interest category.  A sum-

mary of the publication distribution is given in Table 2 and the distribu-

tion of the publications over the 19 categories is presented in Table 3.

The following are observed:

   • Publications identified as pertinent to aircraft noise research
     total 264.  Of those publications: 97 relate to engine noise;
     15 to propeller or rotor noise; 14 to aerodynamic noise; 48 to
     flyover noise; 16 to powered lift (V/STOL) aircraft noise; 26
     to airport noise; 14 to noise criteria; and the remaining to
     ancillary categories.

   • Jet noise is the category with the most publications (47). This
     category is dominated by U.S. publications with only the Soviet
     Union (3), France (1) and Germany (1) with foreign abstracts in-
     dicated in this field.

   • Fan noise, with 22 publications, has the second largest number
     of engine related abstracts.  The only foreign abstract in this
     category is from Germany.

   • The airport noise category (26 publications) has foreign abstacts
     from Belgium (1), Canada (1), Germany (2), Japan (1) and Sweden
     (1).  The remaining abstracts (20) are from the United States.

   • Based on the contents of the abstracts and a review of the fed-
     eral programs related to aircraft noise it appears that many of
     the technology oriented open literature publications (U.S.) are
     reports based on federally funded research and development.

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Table 2.  SUMMARY OF AIRCRAFT NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
                         Publications on Aircraft Noise
      1                   Belgian publication on airport noise

      2                   Canadian publications on airport noise
                         and sonic boom

      9                   English publications on engine and aero-
                         dymanic noise on criteria and prediction
                         methods

      1                   French publication on jet noise

     15                   German publications on engine, aerody-
                         namic and airport noise

      1                  -Japanese publication on airport 'noise

      2                   Swedish publications on sonic boom and
                         aircraft noise

    228                   U.S. publications primarily on engine,
                         aerodynamic and airport noise

      5                   U.S.S.R. publications on jet, flyover
                         and perceived noise
                             10

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                      Table 3.  AIRCRAFT NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
SIC/Industry/
 Technology
  Number  of
Publications
Areas of Publication
Engine Inlet Noise 4
Duct Noise - General 3
Sound Absorbent Material 5
Fan Noise 22
Compressor Noise 2
Jet Engine Noise 16
i
Jet Noise 47
• Four abstr, U.S.
• Three abstr, U.S.
• Five abstr; 4 U.S., 1 England
• Fan Noise Generation (9 abstr, U.S.)
• Effects (6 abstr; 5 U.S., 1 Germany)
• Design for Noise Reduction (5 abstr, U.S.)
• Sonic Fatigue in Structures (1 abstr, U.S.)
• Transmission of Sound Waves Through Blade Row (1 abstr, U.S.)
• Two abstr; l^U.S., 1 Germany
• Refanned Commercial Gas Turbine Engines (1 abstr, U.S.)
• Gas Turbine Exhaust Model (1 abstr, U.S.)
• Bypass Lift Engines (1 abstr, Germany)
• High Bypass Turbofan Engines (6 abstr; 5 U.S., 1 Germany)
• Noise Reduction Progress (3 abstr, U.S.)
• Advanced Engines (4 abstr, U.S.)
i
• Directivity of Jet Noise (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Measurement Techniques (3 abstr, U.S.)
• Influence of Crossflow (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Subsonic Jet Noise (9 abstr, U.S.)
• Supersonic Jet Noise (6 abstr, U.S.)
• Jets with Combustion (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Prediction and Correlation (4 abstr, U.S.)
• Screened Jets (2 abstr, U.S.)
• General Group (17 abstr; 12 U.S., 3 U.S.S.R., 1 France,
1 Germany)

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                      Table 3 (continued).  AIRCRAFT NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
    SIC/Industry/
     Technology
  Number  of
Publications
                      Areas of Publication
Propeller Noise
Helicopter Rotor Noise
Aerodynamic Noise




Equipment Noise
Sonic Boom






4 • Four abstr, U.S.
11 • 11 abstr, U.S.
14 • Aerodynamic Noise Theory (1 abstr, Germany)
• Configuration Related Noise (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Boundary Layer Associated Noise (3 abstr, U.S.)
• Wake Vortices (1 abstr, U.S.)
• Miscellaneous (7 abstr; 6 U.S., 1 England)
4 • Four abstr, U.S.
28 • Theory (9 abstr, U.S.)
• Interaction with Water (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Flight Profile for Avoidance (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Simulation (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Measurement (4 abstr, U.S.)
• Miscellaneous (9 abstr; 5 U.S., 1 Canada, 1 England,
1 Germany, 1 Sweden)
Flyover Noise
     20
Noise Signatures (3 abstr, U.S.)
Flight Path Control (4 abstr; 2 U.S., 1 U.S.S.R., 1 Germany)
Flyover Noise Effects on Urban Areas (2 abstr, U.S.)
Propagation and Absorption (3 abstr, U.S.)
Jet Aircraft Noise Survey (1 abstr, U.S.)
Aircraft Noise Duration (1 abstr, U.S.)
Helicopter Flyover Noise (6 abstr, U.S.)

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                 Table 3 (concluded).  AIRCRAFT NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
    SIC/Industry/
     Technology
  Number of
Publications
                       Areas of Publication
Powered Lift Aircraft
Noise
     16
• STOL Noise (8 abstr; 5 U.S., 2 England, 1 Germany)
• VTOL Noise (6 abstr; 5 U.S., 1 Germany)
• Design Studies (2 abstr, U.S.)
Airport Noise
     25
• Noise Contours (4 abstr; 3 U.S., 1 Japan)
• Particular Airport Noise (5 abstr; 2 U.S., 1 Belgium,
  1 Germany, 1 Sweden)
• L1011 Noise (1 abstr, U.S.)
• Annoyance (6 abstr; 5 U.S., 1 Canada)
• Noise Monitoring (2 abstr, U.S.)
• General Interest (7 abstr, 6 U.S., 1 Germany)
Prediction
and Measurement
              • Aircraft Engine Noise (2 abstr, U.S.)
              • Attenuation & Absorption (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 England)
              • Miscellaneous (3 abstr, U.S.)
Preceived Noise Level
              • Three abstr; 2 U.S., 1 U.S.S.R.
Criteria
     14
• Intl Noise Certification (1 abstr, U.S.)
• Noise Cost Effectiveness (1 abstr, U.S.)
• Proposed Test Method (1 abstr, U.S.)
• Engine Noise (3 abstr; 2 U.S., 1 Germany)
• Aircraft Related (8 abstr; 6 U.S., 1 England, 1 Germany)
General Interest
     19
• Engine Technology (5 abstr; 4 U.S., 1 Germany)
• Technology Applications (3 abstr, U.S.)
• Miscellaneous (11 abstr; 9 U.S., 2 England)

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                                SECTION V

                             BUILDING NOISE


Abstracts from the literature search relating to Building Noise were re-

viewed and their areas of activity distributed over 10 categories.  A

summary of the publication distribution is given in Table 4 and the dis-

tribution of the.publications over the 10 categories is presented in

Table 5.  A review of these tables indicates:

   • Ninety-eight abstracts were identified and distributed by
     functional areas.  Publications are relatively evenly dis-
     tributed over eight of these areas.  Measurements, an ancil-
     lary category, has the least number of abstracts (3); and
     sources of noise, a general category, has the most (23).

   • In terms of foreign publications Germany has abstracts in
     five categories, Netherlands in three categories and France
     in two categories.  England, Sweden and Switzerland have pub-
     lications in one category.
                                   14

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Table 4.  SUMMARY OF BUILDING NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
                    Publications on Building Noise
 1             English publication on noise sources

 3             French publications on rooms and HVAC

10             German publications on damping materials, walls,
               standards, HVAC and sources of noise

 3             Netherlands publications on rooms, floors and
               sources

 1             Swedish publication on measurement

 1             Swiss publication on sources

79             U.S. publications in 10 categories - fairly
               evenly distributed
                            15

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                         Table 5.  BUILDING NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
    SIC/Induatry/
     Technology
 Number  of
Publications
Areas of Publication
Damping and Insulation
Materials
                Wood Framed Buildings (2 abstr, U.S.)
                Plasterboard Panels (1 abstr, U.S.)
                Brick and Masonry (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Materials (4 abstr, 3 U.S., 1 Germany)
Windows
Coupled Rooms
and Corridors
Walls
Ceilings
Floors
Standards and Criteria
Measurement
HVAC Systems
Noise Sources
8
16
8
6
7
11
3
7
23
• Eight abstr, U.S.
• Office Noise (1 abstr, U.S.)
* Laboratory Noise (1 abstr, France)
* Acoustical Flanking (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Corridors and Large Halls (3 abstr; 2 U.S., 1 France)
• Partitions (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Coupled Rooms (7 abstr, 6 U.S., 1 Netherlands)
• Eight abstr; 6 U.S., 2 Germany
• Six abstr, U.S.
• Seven abstr; 6 U.S., 1 Netherlands
• 11 abstr; 9 U.S., 2 Germany
» Three abstr; 2 U.S., 1 Sweden
• Seven abstr; 5 U.S., 1 France, 1 Germany
• General (16 abstr, 10 U.S., 1 Netherlands, 3 Germany,
1 Switzerland, 1 England)
• Mechanical Equipment (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Aircraft Associated (5 abstr; 4 U.S., 1 Germany)

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                               SECTION VI

                            GENERAL INTEREST


General Interest literature represents a collection of abstracts which,
when reviewed, were either difficult to distribute into a particular tech-

nology oriented area or were broad enough in scope to be potentially app-
licable to more than one area.  Accordingly the abstracts compiled under
"General Interest" were distributed over 14 categories.  A summary of the
publication distribution is given in Table 6 and the distribution of the

publications over the 14 categories is presented in Table 7.  A review of
these abstracts indicates:

   • From 14 countries 247 publications were identified.  The two
     categories with the most abstracts are "Laws and Ordinances"
     (37) and "Conferences, Seminars and Bibliographies" (36).
     Categories with the smallest numbers of abstracts are "Equip-
     ment" (3) and "Sport Equipment" (4).
   • The 37 abstracts in the Law and Ordinances category are pri-
     marily U.S. publications (33) dealing with attitudes toward
     legislation (3 abstracts), the laws (18 abstracts), standards
     (3 abstracts), and discussions of standards (9 abstracts).
   • Of the 36 publications on Conferences, Seminars, etc., 19 are
     U.S. abstracts.  The remaining publications are distributed
     over seven countries: Canada (4), England (8), France (1),
     India (1), Romania (1), Switzerland (1) and Russia (1).
   • Foreign publications are mainly in the areas of:  Sources
     of Noise (6), Laws and Ordinances (4), Measurements (4),
     Modeling (2), Planning (6) and Conferences (17).
   • U.S. publications are the only abstracts identified in: Damping
     and Absorption (21), Ducts (10), Equipment (3), Criteria (8)
     and Sport Equipment (4).
                                   17

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 Table 6.   SUMMARY OF GENERAL INTEREST PAPERS DISTRIBUTED
                Publications in the General Interest Category
 10             Canadian publications on surveys,  sources,
                laws,  modeling,  planning and conferences

 13             English publications on sound barriers,  laws,
                technical notes  and conferences (8)

  1             Finnish publication on law

  3             French publications on sources, measurements,
                and conferences

  4             German publications on sources, measurements,
                modeling and planning

  5             Indian publications on sources, planning and
                conferences

  1             Japanese publication on measurement

  1             Netherlands publication on measurement

  1             Polish publication on sources

203             U.S. publications on 14 areas

  1             Swedish publication on planning

  2             Swiss publications on surveys and conferences

  1             Romanian publication on conferences

  1             U.S.S.R. publication on conferences
                              18

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                      Table 7.  GENERAL INTEREST PAPERS ON NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
             SIC/Industry/
              Technology
 Number  of
Publications
                     Areas of Publication
         Damping and Absorption
     21
Damping Materials and Their Application (8 abstr, U.S.)
Theory of Diffusion and Diffusers (1 abstr, U.S.)
Vibration Isolation (3 abstr, U.S.)
Absorption and Attenuation (9 abstr, U.S.)
         Noise Surveys
     12
Noise Source Surveys in Communities (5 abstr; 2 Canada,
1 Switzerland, 2 U.S.)
Community Noise Survey Approaches (2 abstr, U.S.)
State of the Art (2 abstr, U.S.)
General (3 abstr, U.S.)
\o
         Ducts
     10
Theory Measurement and Response of Ducts (2 abstr, U.S.)
Impedances and Reflection Coefficients (1 abstr, U.S.)
Pipe Covering (1 abstr, U.S.)
Lined Ducts (6 abstr, U.S.)
         Sources of Noise
         and Basic Phenomena
     29
Noise Sources in Community (5 abstr; 1 Canada, 2 India,
2 U.S.)
Equipment Sources (3 abstr, U.S.)
Sports Ground Sources (1 abstr, U.S.)
Plate Noise Radiation (3 abstr, U.S.)
Basic Phenomena (17 abstr, 1 France, 1 Poland, 1 Germany,
14 U.S.)
         Design and Sound
         Barriers
     13
Engines, Mufflers and General Practices  (4 abstr, 1 England,
3 U.S.)
Partitions and Enclosures (4 abstr, U.S.)
Barriers (5 abstr, U.S.)

-------
                      Table 7 (continued).   GENERAL INTEREST PAPERS ON NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
              SIC/Industry/
               Technology
  Number  of
Publications
                     Areas of Publication
          Equipment
                Sound Generation and/or Reduction Equipment (3 abstr, U.S.)
          Law,  Ordinances,  Etc.
     37
  Attitudes Toward Legislation (3 abstr, U.S.)
  Laws and Ordinances (22 abstr; 18 U.S., 2 England, 1 Finland,
  1 Canada)
  Standards (3 abstr, U.S.)
  Discussions on Standards (9 abstr, U.S.)
to
o
          Criteria
              • Evaluation and Use (1 abstr, U.S.)
              • Loudness and Annoyance (1 abstr, U.S.)
              • Trends (1 abstr, U.S.)
              • Level (1 abstr, U.S.)
              • Quality and Economic Factors (2 abstr, U.S.)
              • Frequency Analysis (2 abstr, U.S.)
          Technical Notes
                Miscellaneous Subjects (7 abstr; 6 U.S., 1 England)
                Glossary (1 abstr, U.S.)
         Measurement
     22
  Insulation Measurement (2 abstr, U.S.)
  Soundfields (2 abstr, U.S.)
  Community Noise (2 abstr, U.S.)
  Transmission Loss (2 abstr, U.S.)
  Reverberant Chamber (4 abstr, U.S.)
  Miscellaneous (10 abstr; 6 U.S., 1 France, 1 Germany,
  1 Japan, 1 Netherlands)
         Modeling
     15
• Reduction of Atomospheric Noise Data (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Reverberation Room Data Reduction (3 abstr, U.S.)
• Miscellaneous Studies (10 abstr, 8 U.S., 1 Canada, 1 Germany)

-------
           Table 7 (concluded).  GENERAL INTEREST PAPERS ON NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
    SIC/Industry/
     Technology
  Number  of
Publications
               Areas of Publication
Planning
     29
Control (3 abstr, U.S.)
Bibliography (1 abstr, U.S.)
Loudness Ratings and Assessment  (4 abstr, U.S.)
General Discussion (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 Sweden)
Planning (19 abstr; 14 U.S., 2 India, 1 England, 1 Germany,
1 Canada)
Conferences, Seminars,
Compendia and
Bibliographies
     36
Canada (4 abstr)
England (8 abstr)
France (1 abstr)
India (1 abstr)
Romania (1 abstr)
Switzerland (1 abstr)
U.S. (19 abstr)
U.S.S.R. (1 abstr)
Sport Equipment
                Boats (1 abstr, U.S.)
                Snowmobiles (3 abstr, U.S.)

-------
                               SECTION VII

                             MACHINERY NOISE


Abstracts from the literature search relating to machinery noise were

reviewed and their areas of activity distributed over the 20 industries.

Abstracts which indicate apparent application to several industries were

distributed into a "mixed category".  A summary of the publication dis-

tribution is given in Table 8 and the distribution of the publications

over the 21 categories is presented in Table 9.  Briefly, the following
comments are given:

   • Identified as pertinent to machinery noise research are 308
     publications; 248 are primarily industry oriented and 60 are
     in the mixed category.  The majority (240) are U.S. publica-
     tions.  Sixty-eight foreign publications from 13 countries are
     identified.

   • United States publications are distributed into 13 of the 20
     industrial categories.  No publications were identified in:

       Tobacco manufacturing
       Apparel manufacturing
       Furniture and fixtures
       Printing and publishing
       Leather and leather goods
       Electrical machinery
       Transportation equipment
     The industry with the most publications is chemical and al-
     lied products with 63 publications.  Machinery, except elec-
     trical, has 35, petroleum and coal products has 31 publications,
     utilities has 26 and construction 24.  Of the 11 publications
     in primary metals, only 3 are from the United States.

   • Foreign publications are primarily from Germany (32), and
     Japan  (9).  Both of these countries' publications are broad-
     ly scattered throughout the categories but pockets of concen-
     tration appear in primary metals and fabricated metal products
     industries and in the mixed category.
                                  22

-------
 •  The  review of  the  abstracts  resulted  in virtually no  quanti-
   tative  technical information which  could be used in either
   assessing  machine  noise  levels, nose  reduction  techniques,  or
   the  effectiveness  of  the application  of technology.   The  re-
•  ports must be  gathered and reviewed before any  assessment of
   this type  can  be made.

 •  Generic noise  problems seem  to be treated by several  industries.
   For  instance:

    Valve Noise  reduction  activity is evident in  the  util-
    ities and in chemical  and  allied  products.

    Pump  Noise is treated  by chemical and allied  products
    in the mixed category.

    Piping System Noise reduction techniques are  used by
    utilities and chemical and allied products.

    Combustion Noise has literature in  petroleum  and  coal
    products,  utilities and chemical  and allied products
    and in the mixed category.

    Fan Noise reduction activity is identified with petrole-
    um and coal  products,  utilities and in the mixed  category.

   It would appear, therefore,  that the  transfer of the  noise  re-
   duction technology across industries  should be  effective  and
   research activities could be defined  which have relatively  broad
   applicability  to several industries.
                                23

-------
   Table 8.  SUMMARY OF MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
                       Publications on Machinery Noise
(248)        (publications which are primarily industry oriented)

(60)        (publications in mixed categories applicaboe to several
            industries)

  1         Australian publication on fan noise

  1         Austrian publication on industrial noise survey

  1         Canadian publication on underground operations of coal
            mines

  1         Czechoslovakian publication on power plant turbines

  4         English publications on chemical and allied products,
            primary metals, utilities and plant noise control

  4         French publications on construction equipment, chem-
            ical and allied products and HVAC

 32         German publications in 11 Clll areas with emphasis on
            chemical and allied products, primary metals and mach-
            inery except electrical

  9         Japanese publications on chemical and allied products,
            fabricated metal products, machinery except electrical,
            utilities, criteria and HVAC

  2         Netherlands publications on utilities

  3         Polish publications on chemical and allied products
            and machinery except electrical

  4         Swedish publications on food and kindred products,
            primary metals and fabricated metal products

240         U.S. publications broadly scattered

  5         U.S.S.R. publications primarily on utilities

  1         Yugoslavian publication on metal cutting
                               24

-------
                            Table 9.  MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
            SIC/Industry/
             Technology
  Number  of
Publications
Areas of Publication
N)
Ui
Construction Equipment 24
Food and Kindred 13
Products
Tobacco Manufacturers None
Textile Mill Products 6 <
Construction Site Noise (6 abstr; 5 U.S., 1
Pneumatic Rock Drill (3 abstr, U.S.)
Pile Drivers (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 Germany)
General Discourse (4 abstr, U.S.)
Construction Equipment in General (3 abstr,
Cooling Systems (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 France)
Compressors (2 abstr, U.S.)
Pneumatic Equipment (2 abstr, U.S.)
Agricultural Machinery (10 abstr; 9 U.S., 1
Brewery Noise (1 abstr, U.S.)
Cap Manufacturing Plant (1 abstr, U.S.)
Processing Operations (1 abstr, U.S.)

i Rotating Textile Spindles (1 abstr, U.S.)
Germany)
U.S.)
Sweden)


                                                • Textile Machinery Noise  (2 abstr, U.S.)
                                                • Manufacturer's Noise Sources  (1 abstr, U.S.)
                                                • Guidelines for Noise Control  (2 abstr, U.S.)
        Apparel Manufacturers
    None
        Lumber and Wood
        Products
              • General Interest (2 abstr, U.S.)
              • Saws (3 abstr; 2 U.S., 1 Germany)
              • Planers (2 abstr, U.S.)
        Furniture and Fixtures
    None

-------
                          Table 9 (continued).   MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
            SIC/Industry/
             Technology
  Number  of
Publications
                 Areas of Publication
        Paper and Allied
        Products
              • Health Aspects (2 abstr, U.S.)
              • Paper Converting Machinery (1 abstr, U.S.)
              • Nylon Gears (1 abstr, U.S.)
        Printing and Publishing
    None
        Chemical and Allied
        Products
     63
10
Valve Noise (24 abstr; 22 U.S., 1 France, 1 Germany)
Piping Noise (2 abstr, U.S.)
Combustion Noise (12 abstr; 8 U.S., 1 England, 3 Germany)
Compressors (4 abstr; 3 U.S., 1 Germany)
Pumps (7 abstr; 4 U.S., 1 Japan, 2 Poland)
Heat Exchangers (1 abstr, U.S.)
Stock Preparation Machinery (2 abstr, U.S.)
Feeder Noise (1 abstr, U.S.)
Process Noise (10 abstr, U.S.)
       Petroleum and  Coal
       Products
     31
Process Machinery Noise (6 abstr, U.S.)
Fans (1 abstr, U.S.)
Burners (1 abstr, U.S.)
Steam Pipelines (2 abstr, U.S.)
Stacks (1 abstr, U.S.)
Flares (2 abstr, U.S.)
Refinery (8 abstr, U.S.)
Drilling (1 abstr, U.S.)
Coal Preparation Plants (3 abstr, U.S.)
Underground Operations (5 abstr; 4 U.S., 1 Canada)
Coal Unloading (1 abstr, U.S.)
       Rubber and Plastic
       Products
                Plant Noise Sources (1 abstr, U.S.)
                Machinery (3 abstr, U.S.)
                Materials Handling Systems (1 abstr, U.S.)

-------
                           Table 9 (continued).   MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
            SIC/Industry/
             Technology
  Number  of
Publications
                 Areas of Publication
        Leather and Leather Goods
    None
        Stone,  Clay and Glass
        Products
                Ball Mills (1 abstr, U.S.)
                Cement Plant (3 abstr; 1 U.S., 2 Germany)
        Primary Metals
     11
Steel Plant Noise (2 abstr; 1 England, 1 Germany)
Forging (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 Germany)
Foundry (7 abstr; 2 U.S., 4 Germany, 1 Sweden)
        Fabricated Metal Products
     20
S3
Impact Machines (2 abstr, U.S.)
Metal Forming (2 abstr; 1 Japan, 1 U.S.S.R.)
Riveting Machine (2 abstr, U.S.)
Cablemaking Machine  (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 Germany)
Conveyor (1 abstr, Germany)
Presses (5 abstr; 3 U.S., 2 Sweden)
Boiler Room (1 abstr, U.S.)
General Equipment (5 abstr; 4 U.S., 1 Germany)
       Machinery Except
       Electrical
     35
Impact (3 abstr, U.S.)
Measurements (5 abstr, U.S.)
Gears (8 abstr; 6 U.S., 1 Poland, 1 Japan)
Miscellaneous Sources  (1 abstr, Germany)
Damping (1 abstr, U.S.)
Bearings (2 abstr, U.S.)
Belt Drive (1 abstr, Japan)
Grinding (1 abstr, Germany)
Hammering (1 abstr, Germany)
Cutting (1 abstr, Yugoslavia)
Clutch (1 abstr, U.S.)
General (10 abstr; 8 U.S., 2 Germany)

-------
                         Table 9 (continued).  MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
            SIC/Industry/
             Technology
  Number  of
Publications
                    Areas of Publication
        Electrical Machinery
    None
        Transportation Equipment
    None
        Utilities
N)
00
     26
• Steam Piping (1 abstr, U.S.)
• Fans (1 abstr, Japan)
• Power Plants (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Valves (1 abstr, U.S.)
• Machinery (2 abstr, U.S.)
• New Plant Planning (1 abstr, U.S.)
• Turbines (10 abstr; 7 U.S., 1 Czechoslovakia, 1 U.S.S.R.,
  1 Japan)
• Compressor Stations (6 abstr; 2 Netherlands, 3 U.S.S.R.,
  1 England)
• Cooling Tower (1 abstr, U.S.)
• Furnace (1 abstr, Germany)
        Mixed Category
     16
                                        3
                                        4
                                        3
                                        2
                                        4
  Industrial Noise Sources
  Plant Noise Control (5 abstr; 3 U.S., 1 England, 1 Germany)
  Criteria (3 abstr, U. S.)
  Noise Surveys (5 abstr; 3 U.S., 1 Germany, 1 Austria)
  Community Reactions (2 abstr, U.S.)
  Health Effects (1 abstr, U. S.)

  Noise Measurement Techniques (3 abstr, U.S.)

  Noise Criteria and Standards (4 abstr; 3 U.S., 1 Japan)

  Mechanical Equipment (3 abstr, U. S.)
  Pneumatic Equipment (2 abstr, U.S.)

  Hydraulic Equipment (4 abstr, U.S.)

-------
                            Table 9 (concluded).  MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION

SIC/ Industry/
Technology
Mixed Category (concl)
Number of
Publications
5
22
Areas of Publication
Acoustic Treatment (5 abstr; 4 U.S., 1 Germany)
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
ro
\o
Compressors (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 Germany)
Fans (9 abstr; 1 Australia, 6 U.S., 2 Japan)
Chillers (2 abstr, U.S.)
Pumps (1 abstr, Germany)
Air Conditioning Cabinet (1 abstr, Germany)
Heat Exchangers (1 abstr, U.S.)
Exhaust Vent (1 abstr, U.S.)
HVAC Systems (5 abstr; 2 U.S., 2 France, 1 Germany)

-------
                             SECTION VIII

                       NOISE EFFECTS ON HEALTH


Abstracts from the literature search relating to noise effects on health

were reviewed and their areas of activity distributed over 17 categories.

A summary of the publication distribution is given in Table 10 and the

distribution of the publications over the 17 categories is presented in

Table 11.  A review of these tables indicates:

   • Publications identified as related to noise effects on health
     totaled 143.  From the United States 113, and 30 were from
     seven foreign countries.

   • One-third (10) of the foreign publications were German.  These
     abstracts were distributed over five categories.  England had
     five publications distributed over three categories.  The re-
     maining foreign countries had between one and three publications
     identified.

   • The ear damage category had the most abstracts (30).  This was
     about three times the number of any other technical category.
     Ear damage also had the most foreign abstracts (9) from four
     countries (Austria, 2; England, 3; Germany, 3; and Russia, 1).

   • Other categories with eight or more abstracts are: General In-
     terest (17), Criteria (10), Aircraft Noise Related (10), Pro-
     tection (9), Nonauditory Effects (9), Psychological Effects
     (8), and Impulsive Noise (8).

   • Only seven categories had solely U.S. publications; Exposure
     (5), Effects on Sleep (1), Intermittent Noise (4), Intense
     Noise (4), Loudness (9), Masking (7), and Dosimeter (4).

   • None of the categories is dominated by foreign publications.
                                  30

-------
Table 10.  SUMMARY OF NOISE EFFECTS ON HEALTH PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
                     Publications on Noise Effects on Health
     2        Austrian publications on ear damage

     3        Canadian publications; two on aircraft noise related
              effects, and one general paper

     5        English publications on nonauditory effects, protec-
              tion and ear damage

     2        French publications on impulsive noise and protection

    10        German publications on aircraft noise effects,  psycho-
              logical effects, annoyance, measurement and ear damage

     1        Netherlands publication on criteria

   118        U.S. publications on 17 areas

     2        U.S.S.R. publications; one on ear damage,  and one
              general paper
                                31

-------
                            Table 11.  NOISE EFFECTS ON HEALTH PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
to
            SIC/Industry/
             Technology
 Number of
Publications
Areas of Publication
Criteria
Exposure
Impulstive Noise
Effects on Sleep
Intermittent Noise
Aircraft Noise Related
Psychological Effects
Intense Noise
Annoyance
Loudness
10
5
8
1
4
10
8
4
4
9
• Damage-Risk Criteria (7 abstr, U.S.)
• Industrial Noise (3 abstr, 2 U.S., 1 Netherlands)
• Five abstr, U.S.
• TTS from Impulsive Noise (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Susceptibility to Damage (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Perceived Levels and Differences (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Pathological Effects (1 abstr, France)
• Conchlear Degeneration (1 abstr, U.S.)
• One abstr, U.S.
• Four abstr, U.S.
f
• Effects of Aircraft Noise on Sleep (3 abstr, U.S.)
• Noise Disturbance Prediction (1 abstr, U.S.)
• Hearing Acuity with Age and Flying Time (1 abstr, Germany)
• Sonic Boom Effects (5 abstr; 3 U.S., 2 Canada)
• Eight abstr; 6 U.S., 2 Germany
• Four abstr, U.S.
• Four abstr; 3 U.S., 1 Germany
• Nine abstr, U.S.

-------
                      Table 11 (concluded).  NOISE EFFECTS ON HEALTH PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
co
CO

SIC/Industry/
Technology
Nonauditory Effects
Masking
Measurement
Dosimeter
Protection
Ear Damage
General Interest
Number of
Publications
9
7
4
4
9
30
17
*
Areas of Publication
• Nine abstr ; 8 U.S., 1 England
• Seven abstr, U.S.
• Four abstr; 2 U.S., 2 Germany
• Four abstr, U.S.
• Nine abstr; 7 U.S., 1 France, 1 England
• Kryter's Impairment to Hearing from Exposure to Noise and
Comments and Countercomments (5 abstr, U.S.)
• Industrial Noise Effects (5 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 England,
3 Germany
• Effects on Animals (2 abstr, U.S.)
• TTS (4 abstr, U.S.)
• Medical Aspects (3 abstr; 1 U.S., 2 Austria)
• General (11 abstr; 8 U.S., 2 England, 1 U.S.S.R.)
• 17 abstr; 14 U.S., 1 Canada, 1 Germany, 1 U.S.S.R,

-------
                               SECTION IX

                  NOISE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION


Abstracts from the literature search relating to noise measurement instru-

mentation were reviewed and distributed into nine categories.  A summary

of the publication distribution is given in Table 12 and the distribution

of the abstracts over the nine categories is presented in Table 13.  A

review of these tables indicates:

   • Seventy publications are identified as relating to noise
     measurement instrumentation.  Only four of these publications
     are foreign; one Canada, two Germany, and one India.

   • The nine categories are dominated by:  Instruments  with 21
     publications; Diagnostic Techniques  with 17 publications;
     and Noise Survey Instrumentation with 11 abstracts.

   • The Diagnostic Technique category, with 17 publications, has
     abstracts on such a variety of subjects that further sub-
     grouping is difficult without a review of the publication.

   • Noise Survey Instrumentation, with 11 abstracts, has publica-
     tions almost evenly divided between Instrumentation and In-
     dustrial Noise Surveys (6) and Instrumentation for Community
     Noise Surveys (5).

   • The category on instruments, with 21 abstracts, has abstracts
     which treat topics such as:  Laser Analysis (1), Microphones
     (2), Shock Tubes (1), Space Averaged Measurements (1), Wedge
     Design (1), and Impulse Sound Measurement (3).
                                   34

-------
     Table  12.   SUMMARY OF NOISE MEASUREMENT  INSTRUMENTATION
                   PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTIONS
>__»           Publications  on Noise Measurement  Instrumentation


  1        Canadian publication on  dosimeter

  2        German publications on diagnostic  techniques and  instru-
          ments

  1        Indian publication on diagnostic techniques

 66        U.S. publications primarily on  instruments, diagnostic
          techniques and surveys
                               35

-------
                        Table  13.  NOISE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
a*

SIC/ Indus try/
Technology
Noise Survey
Instrumentation
Sound Power
Instrumentation
Sound Pressure
Instrumentation
Dosimeter
Loudness Measurements
Diagnostic Techniques
Noise Rating Methods
t
Instruments

Number of
Publications
11
4
1
4
4
17
2
21

Areas of Publication
• Industrial Noise Survey Instrumentation (6 abstr, U.S.)
• Community Noise Survey Instrumentation (5 abstr, U.S.)
• Four abstr, U.S.
• One abstr, U.S.
• Four abstr ; 3 U . S . , 1 Canada
• Four abstr, U.S.
• 17 abstr; 1 Germany, 15 U.S., 1 India (Variety of Subjects)
• Two abstr, U.S.
Laser Analysis (1 abstr, U.S.)
Microphones (2 abstr, U.S.)
Shocktubes (1 abstr, U.S.)
Space Averaged Measurements (1 abstr, U.S.)
Wedge Design for Anechoic Chamber (1 abstr, U.S.)
Impulse Sound Measurement (3 abstr, U.S.)
General (12 abstr; 1 Germany, 11 U.S.)
       Standards
General (6 abstr, U.S.)

-------
                                SECTION X

                          TRANSPORTATION NOISE


Abstracts from the literature search relating to transportation noise

were reviewed and their areas of activity distributed over 15 categories.

A summary of the publication distribution is given in Table 14 and the

distribution of the publications over the 15 categories is presented in

Table 15.  The following comments relative to these tables are offered:

   • Abstracts identified totaled 153; 133 were U.S. publications
     and 31 were from seven foreign countries.

   • Diesel Engine Noise, with 26 abstracts, represents the cate-
     gory with the most publications.  Noise reduction efforts are
     directed toward Techniques (17 abstracts), Operational Changes
     (4 abstracts) and Covers and Shields (5 abstracts).  Seven
     foreign publications were identified:  Germany (6) and Japan
     (1).
   • Vehicle Design had 24 abstracts associated with this category.
     Specific subtopics included:  Damping Materials (1); Noise
     Sources (1); Engine Encapsulation (2); Passenger Compartment
     Treatment (6); and Noise Reduction in General (5).  Only three
     foreign publications were identified in this category:  England
     (1), France (1), and Germany (1).

   • Highway planning and design had 21 publications on a wide vari-
     ety of subtopics.  Four foreign abstracts were identified from
  ""  Germany (3) and Spain (1).

   • Nine out of the 15 categories are associated with motor vehicle
     transportation.  In terms of publications, 126 of the 153 ab-
     stracts are distributed through these nine categories.

   • Rail transportation is associated with two categories and three
     abstracts (U.S., 2 and Sweden, 1).
   • Public transportation is treated in one category with 10 publi-
     cations .

   • Foreign publications are directed, mainly, to Engine Noise (11),
     Traffic Noise (5), Highway Design and Planning (4), and Vehicle
     Design (3).

                                    37

-------
Table 14.  SUMMARY OF TRANSPORTATION NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTIONS
  ,.. ,-,v           Publications on Transportation Noise


    4        English publications on vehicle design, tire noise,
             engines and intake and exhaust noise

    3        French publications on vehicle design, public transpor-
             tation and highway sound barriers

   15        German publications primarily on diesel engines, traffic
             and highway design and planning

    1        Italian publication on general interest

    3        Japanese publications on engine and traffic noise

    1        Spanish publication on highway design and planning

    2        Swedish publications on locomotive and traffic noise

  122        U.S. publications on 14 areas primarily on vehicle de-
             sign, diesel engine noise and highway design and planning

    2        U.S.S.R. publications on engine noise
                                 38

-------
                             \Table 15.  TRANSPORTATION NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION
           SIC/Industry/
            Technology
  Number  of
Publications
                      Areas of Publication
       Vehicle Design
     24
  Application on Damping Material (1 abstr, U.S.)
  Identification of Noise Sources (10 abstr; 8 U.S., 1 France,
  1 Germany)
  Engine Noise Encapsulation (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 England)
  Passenger Compartment Noise (6 abstr, U.S.)
  Noise Reduction (5 abstr, U.S.)
VO
       Tire Noise
     12
• Tire Noise Characteristics (3 abstr, U.S.)
• Preliminary Investigations (2 abstr; 1 England, 1 Germany)
• Standards and Practices (2 abstr, U.S.)
• Subjective Evaluations (3 abstr, U.S.)
• "Good Tire" Characteristics (1 abstr, U.S.)
• Effects of Operating Parameters (1 abstr, U.S.)
       Diesel Engine Noise
     26
  Noise Reduction Techniques (17 abstr; 14 U.S., 3 Germany)
  Operational Changes (4 abstr; 3 U.S., 1 Japan)
  Covers and Shields (5 abstr; 2 U.S., 3 Germany)
       Other Engines
                Seven abstr; 3 U.S., 1 England, 1 Japan, 2 U.S.S.R.
       Intake and Exhaust Noise
     10
• Ten abstr; 8 U.S., 1 England, 1 Germany
       Automotive Equipment
              • Cooling System (2 abstr, U.S.)
              • Air Bag (1 abstr, U.S.)
              • Transmission (1 abstr, U.S.)
              • Axle Gear (1 abstr, U.S.)
       Magnetic Propulsion
              • One abstr, U.S.

-------
Table  15 (concluded).   TRANSPORTATION NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION

SIC/Industry/ Number of . , „ ,._,
Technology Publications AreaS °f Publication
Locomotive Noise
Rail Yard Noise
Public Transportation
Noise
Traffic Noise
Highway Sound Barriers
Highway Design
and Planning
Regulations and Standards
General Interest
1
2
10
15
6
21
4
9
• One abstr, Sweden
• Two abstr, U.S.
• Ten abstr; 9 U.S., 1 France
Design and Planning (2 abstr; 1 Germany, 1 Sweden)
Control (3 abstr; 2 U.S., 1 Germany)
Modeling (5 abstr; 4 U.S., 1 Germany)
Surveys (4 abstr, U.S.)
Annoyance (1 abstr, Japan)
• Six abstr; 5 U.S., 1 France
• 21 abstr; 17 U.S., 3 Germany, 1 Spain
j
X
9 Four abstr, U.S.
• Nine abstr; 8 U.S., 1 Italy
                                                       ft U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975—210-810:71

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                                  TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                           (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
    EPA-600/2-76-016a
                             2.
                                                          3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOI*NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
 ABSTRACTS OF  THE 1971-1974 UNITED STATES AND  FOREIGN
 OPEN LITERATURE ON NOISE - Part I
             5. REPORT DATE
                January 1976
             6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
 E. P. Bergmann,  I.  B.  Fieldhouse
                                                          8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

  IIT Research Institute
  10 W.  35th  Street
  Chicago,  Illinois 60616
                                                           10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
             11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.

               68-01-2234
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
 Office of  Research and Development
 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
 Washington,  DC  20460
             13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
                   Final
             14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE

                   EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
 This  document is a task report of  effort directed toward a search of the open litera-
 ture  to provide some insight into  the noise reduction effort outside of the Federal
 Government and in foreign countries.   Abstracts from the search  covered the period
 1971  to 1974.  Two primary sources were searched for abstracts:   The Engineers Index
 and Pollution Abstracts.
 Nearly 1300 abstracts from 21 countries were screened and segregated into the
 following categories:  Aircraft Noise;  Building Noise; General Interest; Machinery
 Noise;  Noise Effects on Health; Noise Measurement Instrumentation;  and Transportation
 Noise.   The distribution of abstracts within each technical area is summarized in the
 report, and a compilation of the abstracts is presented as an appendix and bound
 separately.
 It appears that a substantial level of privately sponsored noise research and develop-
 ment  is reflected in open literature  publications.  Industrial or private sponsorship
 is indicated in areas in which a regulation demands attention to the noise problem or
 a product relating to noise is being  "advertised".  Government sponsorship is indi-
 cated in the areas in which there  is  a potential benefit to the  public.  University
 sponsorship appears to be a small  part of the total effort and is directed to particu-
 lar—academic interests.
17.
                               KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                  DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS  C. COSATI Field/Group
  Accoustic Noise
  Aircraft noise
  Noise reduction
  Abstracts
Transportation noise
Foreign abstracts
Noise measurement
Building noise
1971-74
01C
13F
21E
05B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

  Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
  Unclassified	
                                                                         21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
  Unclassified
                                                                        22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)

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