Environmental Protection Technology Series ABSTRACTS OF THE-1.97.1 -1974 UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN OPEN LITERATURE ON NOISE Part I Office of Research and Development U.S. Envirortmerital Protection Agency Washington, D.C. 20480 ------- RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into five series. These five broad categories were established to facilitate further development and application of environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields. The five series are: 1. Environmental Health Effects Research 2. Environmental Protection Technology 3. Ecological Research 4. Environmental Monitoring 5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and methodology to repair or prevent environmental degradation from point and non-point sources of pollution. This work provides the new or improved technology required for the control and treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161. ------- EPA-600/2-76-016a January 1976 ABSTRACTS OF THE 1971-1974 UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN OPEN LITERATURE ON NOISE Task Report J6331 Part I by E. P. Bergmann I. B. Fieldhouse Contract 68-01-2234 Project Officer E. Berkau U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Industrial Environmental Research Lab. Cincinnati, Ohio 45268 Prepared for Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development Washington, D.C. 20460 ------- ABSTRACT This document is a task report of effort directed toward a search of the open literature to provide some insight into the noise reduction effort outside of the Federal Government and in foreign countries. Abstracts from th* search covered the period 1971 to 1974. Two primary sources were searched for abstracts: The Engineers Index and Pollution Abstracts. Nearly 1300 abstracts from 21 countries were screened and segregated in- to the following categories: Aircraft Noise; Building Noise; General Interest; Machinery Noise; Noise Effects on Health; Noise Measurement Instrumentation; and Transportation Noise. The distribution of abstracts within each technical area is summarized in the report, and a compilation of the abstracts is presented as an appendix and bound separately. It appears that a substantial level of privately sponsored noise research and development is reflected in open literature publications. Industrial or private sponsorship is indicated in areas in which a regulation de- mands attention to the noise problem or a product relating to noise is being "advertised". Government sponsorship is indicated in the areas in which there is a potential benefit to the public. University sponsorship appears to be a small part of the total effort and is directed to particu- lar academic interests. This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of Project Number J6331, Contract Number 68-01-2234, By IIT Research Institute, under sponsorship of the Environmental Protection Agency. Work on this task was completed as of April 1975. ii ------- CONTENTS Page Abstract ii List of Tables iv Acknowlegments v Sections I Conclusions 1 II Recommendations 3 III Introduction 4 IV Aircraft Noise 9 V Building Noise 14 VI General Interest 17 VII Machinery Noise 22 VIII Noise Effects on Health 30 IX Noise Measurement Instrumentation 34 X Transportation Noise 37 iii ------- TABLES Number Page 1 Distribution of Publications by Country and Area J6 2 Summary of Aircraft Noise Publication Distribution 10 3 Aircraft Noise Publication Distribution 11 4 Summary of Building Noise Publication Distribution 15 5 Building Noise Publication Distribution 16 6 Summary of General Interest Paper Distribution 18 7 General Interest Papers on Noise Publication Distribution 19 8 Summary of Machinery Noise Publication Distribution 24 9 * Machinery Noise Publication Distribution 25 10 Summary of Noise Effects on Health Publication Distribution 31 11 Noise Effects on Health Publication Distribution 32 12 Summary of Noise Measurement Instrumentation Publication Distribution 35 13 Noise Measurement Instrumentation Publication Distribution 36 14 Summary of Transportation Noise Publication Distribution 38 15 Transportation Noise Publication Distribution 39 iv ------- ACKNOWLEGMENTS IIT Research Institute staff members working on this task were E. P. Bergmann and I. B. Fieldhouse. Much appreciated technical guidance and assistance were provided by Dr. E. Berkau and S. Cordle of the Environmental Protection Agency. ------- SECTION I CONCLUSIONS Based solely on a review of the abstracts, and recognizing that a review of the publications could significantly alter the viewpoint, the follow- ing conclusions are offered by area: Aircraft Noise. Data in the important technology areas (engine, airframe, etc.) are being distributed into the open literature. The only category which does not appear to have publication is cabin noise. Building Noise. If building noise is structured into function- al areas, such as floors, ceilings, walls, etc., each area ap- ' pears to have some literature associated with it. In general, the publications are fairly evenly distributed over the various categories. Little evidence, however, was found of publications considering the building as a system with the associated inte- gration affects. General Interest. The general interest category can be viewed from two points: all publications within this category should be distributed to particular technology areas; or this category should serve as a repository for multidisciplined, or multi- applicable technologies. Most programs, or problems, are cate- gorized within one area, e.g., aircraft noise. However, it is recognized that multidisciplined programs do exist and that technology developed for one area should be transferrable to other similar areas. It is, therefore, concluded that the gen- eral interest category is desirable but that it should be re- structured, at some point in time to better reflect a multi- discipllned/multiapplicable structure. A review of the abstracts is insufficient for this activity. The publications must be obtained and reviewed. Machinery Noise. Of the 20 industries tabulated under the machin- ery noise category, seven had no noise related publications and five industries had seven or less publications. On this basis only eight industries had more than a token number of publications. ------- Noise Effects on Health. Publications on health effects span the range from annoyance to physical damage. As could be ex- pected, ear damage, aircraft noise effects and criteria repre- sent major areas of interest. Transportation Noise. Motor vehicle related noise is treated in 82 percent of the publications, rail systems have 2 percent and public transportation 7 percent. The various functional aspects of motor vehicles noise are, apparently, covered. Rail system noise is covered only in terms of rail yard noise (U.S. publications) and public transportation is generally treated. ------- SECTION II RECOMMENDATIONS The abstracts are a poor basis for evaluating the noise abatement tech- nology available to industry because the data is too superficial. They do, however, provide a basis for assessing the areas and the countries with noise related activity. Many of the publications are two to three pages in length and probably contain more propaganda information than real data. However, a useful task may be to gather the publications and structure a compendium of noise abatement technology in each of the tech- nology areas (i.e., aircraft, surface transportation, construction, machiner and health effects). ------- SECTION III INTRODUCTION As a part of the program to "Characterize, Evaluate and Coordinate Noise Research Programs in the Federal Government" a search was conducted of the open literature to provide some insight into the noise reduction ef- fort outside of the Federal Government and in foreign countries. Abstracts from the search covered the period 1971-1974. Two primary sources were searched for abstracts: The Engineers Index and Pollution Abstracts. Lists of publications searched in these sources are included as Appendix A of this report. Journals covered by the Engineer- ing Index are listed in Pages 1 through 19 of that appendix. Those covered by pollution abstracts in pages 19 through 57. Pollution Abstracts also cover special publications and conferences and they are listed in pages 58 through 112. Abstracts were gathered and segregated by technical areas. They are com- piled as Appendix B to this report. The technical area segregation cate- gories include: Aircraft Noise, Building Noise, General Interest, Machinery Noise, Noise Effects on Health, Noise Measurement Instrumentation, and Transportation Noise. Nearly 1300 abstracts from 21 countries were screened and segregated. In general, each abstract naturally falls into one of the categories. Some abstracts, however, are sufficiently vague or broad to require the categor- ization to be somewhat arbitrary. Also, the country of origin was dif- ficult to determine on some abstracts. International conferences and seminars are held and abstracts from their proceedings do not always iden- tify the country of origin adequately. Some of the abstracts, then, may be uninentionally attributed to countries other than the country of origin. ------- Table 1 is a summary of compilation of the distribution of the publications by technical area and country. A review of the table illustrates: The distribution is dominated by U.S. publications (82 percent). Foreign publications are predominantly from Germany (88), England (36), Canada (17), Russia (15), Japan (14) and Sweden (10). Most of the publications both U.S. and foreign, are directed to- ward the Machinery Noise category. The U.S. dominates the cate- gory with 240 publications followed by Germany with 32. Fourteen of the 21 countries have publications in this category. Aircraft Noise is the second largest category with 264 abstracts. A significant number of publications are from Germany (15) and England (9). France, which has a viable aircraft industry, has only onfe abstract in this technical area. Nine of the 21 countries have publications in this category. A considerable number of publications (247) are gathered into the General Interest category. It is possible that many of these pub- lications could be recategorized into one of the special technical areas if the publications, rather than the abstracts, are read. Fourteen of the 21 countries have publications in this category. Transportation Noise related abstracts are the fourth largest group with 153. Besides the U.S., with 122 publications, the most abstracts are from Germany (15). Nine of the 21 countries have publications in this category. Noise Effects on Health has 143 abstracts from eight countries. Building Noise has 98 abstracts from seven countries. Noise Measurement Instrumentation has 70 abstracts from four countries. Germany, with 88 abstracts, has publications in each category. Most of the publications are in Machinery Noise (32). Aircraft (15), Transportation (15), Building (10) and Health Effects (10) are additional categories in which German publications dominated the foreign distribution. English publications (36), although concentrated in General Inter- est (13) and Aircraft Noise (9), cover all of the categories ex- cept Noise Measurement Instrumentation. As a part of this study it was the intent to investigate the level in which the private sector is involved in noise research, development and dem- onstration efforts. A screening of the abstracts indicates that insuffi- cient information is contained in the abstracts to draw specific inferences. Some general trends, however, are indicated. ------- Table 1. DISTRIBUTION OF PUBLICATIONS BY COUNTRY AND AREA Country Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czechoslovakia England Finland France Germany India Italy Japan Netherlands Poland Romania Spain Sweden Switzerland United States U.S.S.R. Yugoslavia TOTALS Aircraft Noise 1 2 9 1 15 1 2 228 5 264 Building Noise 1 3 10 3 1 1 79 98 General Interest 10 13 1 3 4 5 1 1 1 1 1 2 203 1 247 Machinery Noise 1 1 1 1 4 4 32 9 2 3 4 240 5 1 308 Noise Effects on Health 2 3 5 2 10 1 118 2 143 Noise _, _ ... Transportation _ Measurement * . E Instrumentation woise 1 4 3 2 15 1 1 3 1 2 66 122 2 70 153 1 3 ! 17 1 36 1 16 88 6 1 14 7 4 1 1 10 3 1056 15 1 1283 ------- Most of the open literature in the aircraft noise category appears to be publications of federally sponsored programs. Some university and company sponsored work is indicated in rare instances. Most of the open literature in the building noise category appears to be presentations of the results of privately spon- sored work. Some aircraft noise related publications appear to reflect federal or local government sponsorship. Publications in the general interest category reflect private sponsorship in the treatment of particular noise problems. Government sponsorship is indicated in the areas of surveys, community noise, ordinances, standards and planning. Publications in the machinery noise category appear to be predominantly privately sponsored. Some federal sponsor- ship is indicated in publications relating to mining machinery. Publications in the noise effects on health category are ap- parently distributed between government and private sponsor- ship. Private sponsorship is indicated in the areas of: industrial noise; guidelines; dosimeters; noise abatement engineering; and health aspects in particular industries. Government sponsorship is indicated in the areas of criteria, exposure and aircraft noise related effects. Publications in the noise measurement instrumentation category indicate private sponsorship in the areas of: survey instru- mentation; particular instruments; and applications of instru- ments. Governmental sponsorship is indicated in community noise surveys. Transportation noise publications indicate private sponsorship in: truck related areas such as engine, tire and cooling sys- tem noise; SAE Standards; and railyard noise. Governmental sponsorship is indicated in the areas of: tire noise, public transportation; traffic noise; highway sound barriers; and highway design and planning In summary, it appears that a substantial level of privately sponsored noise research and development is reflected in open literature publications, Unfortunately, the level cannot be quantified, even broadly, by a survey of the abstracts. As could be expected, industrial or private sponsorship is indicated in areas in which a regulation demands attention to the noise problem (e.g., machinery noise) or a product relating to noise is being "advertised" (e.g., noise measurement instrumentation). Government spon- sorship is indicated in the areas in which there is a potential benefit ------- to the public Ce.g«} surveys, ordnances, public transportation). Univer- sity sponsorship appears to be a small part of the total effort and is directed to particular academic interests. Remaining sections of this report summarize the distributions of abstracts within each literature search area. 8 ------- SECTION IV AIRCRAFT NOISE Abstracts relating to Aircraft Noise were reviewed and distributed over 18 specific, technical categories and a general interest category. A sum- mary of the publication distribution is given in Table 2 and the distribu- tion of the publications over the 19 categories is presented in Table 3. The following are observed: Publications identified as pertinent to aircraft noise research total 264. Of those publications: 97 relate to engine noise; 15 to propeller or rotor noise; 14 to aerodynamic noise; 48 to flyover noise; 16 to powered lift (V/STOL) aircraft noise; 26 to airport noise; 14 to noise criteria; and the remaining to ancillary categories. Jet noise is the category with the most publications (47). This category is dominated by U.S. publications with only the Soviet Union (3), France (1) and Germany (1) with foreign abstracts in- dicated in this field. Fan noise, with 22 publications, has the second largest number of engine related abstracts. The only foreign abstract in this category is from Germany. The airport noise category (26 publications) has foreign abstacts from Belgium (1), Canada (1), Germany (2), Japan (1) and Sweden (1). The remaining abstracts (20) are from the United States. Based on the contents of the abstracts and a review of the fed- eral programs related to aircraft noise it appears that many of the technology oriented open literature publications (U.S.) are reports based on federally funded research and development. ------- Table 2. SUMMARY OF AIRCRAFT NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION Publications on Aircraft Noise 1 Belgian publication on airport noise 2 Canadian publications on airport noise and sonic boom 9 English publications on engine and aero- dymanic noise on criteria and prediction methods 1 French publication on jet noise 15 German publications on engine, aerody- namic and airport noise 1 -Japanese publication on airport 'noise 2 Swedish publications on sonic boom and aircraft noise 228 U.S. publications primarily on engine, aerodynamic and airport noise 5 U.S.S.R. publications on jet, flyover and perceived noise 10 ------- Table 3. AIRCRAFT NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION SIC/Industry/ Technology Number of Publications Areas of Publication Engine Inlet Noise 4 Duct Noise - General 3 Sound Absorbent Material 5 Fan Noise 22 Compressor Noise 2 Jet Engine Noise 16 i Jet Noise 47 Four abstr, U.S. Three abstr, U.S. Five abstr; 4 U.S., 1 England Fan Noise Generation (9 abstr, U.S.) Effects (6 abstr; 5 U.S., 1 Germany) Design for Noise Reduction (5 abstr, U.S.) Sonic Fatigue in Structures (1 abstr, U.S.) Transmission of Sound Waves Through Blade Row (1 abstr, U.S.) Two abstr; l^U.S., 1 Germany Refanned Commercial Gas Turbine Engines (1 abstr, U.S.) Gas Turbine Exhaust Model (1 abstr, U.S.) Bypass Lift Engines (1 abstr, Germany) High Bypass Turbofan Engines (6 abstr; 5 U.S., 1 Germany) Noise Reduction Progress (3 abstr, U.S.) Advanced Engines (4 abstr, U.S.) i Directivity of Jet Noise (2 abstr, U.S.) Measurement Techniques (3 abstr, U.S.) Influence of Crossflow (2 abstr, U.S.) Subsonic Jet Noise (9 abstr, U.S.) Supersonic Jet Noise (6 abstr, U.S.) Jets with Combustion (2 abstr, U.S.) Prediction and Correlation (4 abstr, U.S.) Screened Jets (2 abstr, U.S.) General Group (17 abstr; 12 U.S., 3 U.S.S.R., 1 France, 1 Germany) ------- Table 3 (continued). AIRCRAFT NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION SIC/Industry/ Technology Number of Publications Areas of Publication Propeller Noise Helicopter Rotor Noise Aerodynamic Noise Equipment Noise Sonic Boom 4 Four abstr, U.S. 11 11 abstr, U.S. 14 Aerodynamic Noise Theory (1 abstr, Germany) Configuration Related Noise (2 abstr, U.S.) Boundary Layer Associated Noise (3 abstr, U.S.) Wake Vortices (1 abstr, U.S.) Miscellaneous (7 abstr; 6 U.S., 1 England) 4 Four abstr, U.S. 28 Theory (9 abstr, U.S.) Interaction with Water (2 abstr, U.S.) Flight Profile for Avoidance (2 abstr, U.S.) Simulation (2 abstr, U.S.) Measurement (4 abstr, U.S.) Miscellaneous (9 abstr; 5 U.S., 1 Canada, 1 England, 1 Germany, 1 Sweden) Flyover Noise 20 Noise Signatures (3 abstr, U.S.) Flight Path Control (4 abstr; 2 U.S., 1 U.S.S.R., 1 Germany) Flyover Noise Effects on Urban Areas (2 abstr, U.S.) Propagation and Absorption (3 abstr, U.S.) Jet Aircraft Noise Survey (1 abstr, U.S.) Aircraft Noise Duration (1 abstr, U.S.) Helicopter Flyover Noise (6 abstr, U.S.) ------- Table 3 (concluded). AIRCRAFT NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION SIC/Industry/ Technology Number of Publications Areas of Publication Powered Lift Aircraft Noise 16 STOL Noise (8 abstr; 5 U.S., 2 England, 1 Germany) VTOL Noise (6 abstr; 5 U.S., 1 Germany) Design Studies (2 abstr, U.S.) Airport Noise 25 Noise Contours (4 abstr; 3 U.S., 1 Japan) Particular Airport Noise (5 abstr; 2 U.S., 1 Belgium, 1 Germany, 1 Sweden) L1011 Noise (1 abstr, U.S.) Annoyance (6 abstr; 5 U.S., 1 Canada) Noise Monitoring (2 abstr, U.S.) General Interest (7 abstr, 6 U.S., 1 Germany) Prediction and Measurement Aircraft Engine Noise (2 abstr, U.S.) Attenuation & Absorption (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 England) Miscellaneous (3 abstr, U.S.) Preceived Noise Level Three abstr; 2 U.S., 1 U.S.S.R. Criteria 14 Intl Noise Certification (1 abstr, U.S.) Noise Cost Effectiveness (1 abstr, U.S.) Proposed Test Method (1 abstr, U.S.) Engine Noise (3 abstr; 2 U.S., 1 Germany) Aircraft Related (8 abstr; 6 U.S., 1 England, 1 Germany) General Interest 19 Engine Technology (5 abstr; 4 U.S., 1 Germany) Technology Applications (3 abstr, U.S.) Miscellaneous (11 abstr; 9 U.S., 2 England) ------- SECTION V BUILDING NOISE Abstracts from the literature search relating to Building Noise were re- viewed and their areas of activity distributed over 10 categories. A summary of the publication distribution is given in Table 4 and the dis- tribution of the.publications over the 10 categories is presented in Table 5. A review of these tables indicates: Ninety-eight abstracts were identified and distributed by functional areas. Publications are relatively evenly dis- tributed over eight of these areas. Measurements, an ancil- lary category, has the least number of abstracts (3); and sources of noise, a general category, has the most (23). In terms of foreign publications Germany has abstracts in five categories, Netherlands in three categories and France in two categories. England, Sweden and Switzerland have pub- lications in one category. 14 ------- Table 4. SUMMARY OF BUILDING NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION Publications on Building Noise 1 English publication on noise sources 3 French publications on rooms and HVAC 10 German publications on damping materials, walls, standards, HVAC and sources of noise 3 Netherlands publications on rooms, floors and sources 1 Swedish publication on measurement 1 Swiss publication on sources 79 U.S. publications in 10 categories - fairly evenly distributed 15 ------- Table 5. BUILDING NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION SIC/Induatry/ Technology Number of Publications Areas of Publication Damping and Insulation Materials Wood Framed Buildings (2 abstr, U.S.) Plasterboard Panels (1 abstr, U.S.) Brick and Masonry (2 abstr, U.S.) Materials (4 abstr, 3 U.S., 1 Germany) Windows Coupled Rooms and Corridors Walls Ceilings Floors Standards and Criteria Measurement HVAC Systems Noise Sources 8 16 8 6 7 11 3 7 23 Eight abstr, U.S. Office Noise (1 abstr, U.S.) * Laboratory Noise (1 abstr, France) * Acoustical Flanking (2 abstr, U.S.) Corridors and Large Halls (3 abstr; 2 U.S., 1 France) Partitions (2 abstr, U.S.) Coupled Rooms (7 abstr, 6 U.S., 1 Netherlands) Eight abstr; 6 U.S., 2 Germany Six abstr, U.S. Seven abstr; 6 U.S., 1 Netherlands 11 abstr; 9 U.S., 2 Germany » Three abstr; 2 U.S., 1 Sweden Seven abstr; 5 U.S., 1 France, 1 Germany General (16 abstr, 10 U.S., 1 Netherlands, 3 Germany, 1 Switzerland, 1 England) Mechanical Equipment (2 abstr, U.S.) Aircraft Associated (5 abstr; 4 U.S., 1 Germany) ------- SECTION VI GENERAL INTEREST General Interest literature represents a collection of abstracts which, when reviewed, were either difficult to distribute into a particular tech- nology oriented area or were broad enough in scope to be potentially app- licable to more than one area. Accordingly the abstracts compiled under "General Interest" were distributed over 14 categories. A summary of the publication distribution is given in Table 6 and the distribution of the publications over the 14 categories is presented in Table 7. A review of these abstracts indicates: From 14 countries 247 publications were identified. The two categories with the most abstracts are "Laws and Ordinances" (37) and "Conferences, Seminars and Bibliographies" (36). Categories with the smallest numbers of abstracts are "Equip- ment" (3) and "Sport Equipment" (4). The 37 abstracts in the Law and Ordinances category are pri- marily U.S. publications (33) dealing with attitudes toward legislation (3 abstracts), the laws (18 abstracts), standards (3 abstracts), and discussions of standards (9 abstracts). Of the 36 publications on Conferences, Seminars, etc., 19 are U.S. abstracts. The remaining publications are distributed over seven countries: Canada (4), England (8), France (1), India (1), Romania (1), Switzerland (1) and Russia (1). Foreign publications are mainly in the areas of: Sources of Noise (6), Laws and Ordinances (4), Measurements (4), Modeling (2), Planning (6) and Conferences (17). U.S. publications are the only abstracts identified in: Damping and Absorption (21), Ducts (10), Equipment (3), Criteria (8) and Sport Equipment (4). 17 ------- Table 6. SUMMARY OF GENERAL INTEREST PAPERS DISTRIBUTED Publications in the General Interest Category 10 Canadian publications on surveys, sources, laws, modeling, planning and conferences 13 English publications on sound barriers, laws, technical notes and conferences (8) 1 Finnish publication on law 3 French publications on sources, measurements, and conferences 4 German publications on sources, measurements, modeling and planning 5 Indian publications on sources, planning and conferences 1 Japanese publication on measurement 1 Netherlands publication on measurement 1 Polish publication on sources 203 U.S. publications on 14 areas 1 Swedish publication on planning 2 Swiss publications on surveys and conferences 1 Romanian publication on conferences 1 U.S.S.R. publication on conferences 18 ------- Table 7. GENERAL INTEREST PAPERS ON NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION SIC/Industry/ Technology Number of Publications Areas of Publication Damping and Absorption 21 Damping Materials and Their Application (8 abstr, U.S.) Theory of Diffusion and Diffusers (1 abstr, U.S.) Vibration Isolation (3 abstr, U.S.) Absorption and Attenuation (9 abstr, U.S.) Noise Surveys 12 Noise Source Surveys in Communities (5 abstr; 2 Canada, 1 Switzerland, 2 U.S.) Community Noise Survey Approaches (2 abstr, U.S.) State of the Art (2 abstr, U.S.) General (3 abstr, U.S.) \o Ducts 10 Theory Measurement and Response of Ducts (2 abstr, U.S.) Impedances and Reflection Coefficients (1 abstr, U.S.) Pipe Covering (1 abstr, U.S.) Lined Ducts (6 abstr, U.S.) Sources of Noise and Basic Phenomena 29 Noise Sources in Community (5 abstr; 1 Canada, 2 India, 2 U.S.) Equipment Sources (3 abstr, U.S.) Sports Ground Sources (1 abstr, U.S.) Plate Noise Radiation (3 abstr, U.S.) Basic Phenomena (17 abstr, 1 France, 1 Poland, 1 Germany, 14 U.S.) Design and Sound Barriers 13 Engines, Mufflers and General Practices (4 abstr, 1 England, 3 U.S.) Partitions and Enclosures (4 abstr, U.S.) Barriers (5 abstr, U.S.) ------- Table 7 (continued). GENERAL INTEREST PAPERS ON NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION SIC/Industry/ Technology Number of Publications Areas of Publication Equipment Sound Generation and/or Reduction Equipment (3 abstr, U.S.) Law, Ordinances, Etc. 37 Attitudes Toward Legislation (3 abstr, U.S.) Laws and Ordinances (22 abstr; 18 U.S., 2 England, 1 Finland, 1 Canada) Standards (3 abstr, U.S.) Discussions on Standards (9 abstr, U.S.) to o Criteria Evaluation and Use (1 abstr, U.S.) Loudness and Annoyance (1 abstr, U.S.) Trends (1 abstr, U.S.) Level (1 abstr, U.S.) Quality and Economic Factors (2 abstr, U.S.) Frequency Analysis (2 abstr, U.S.) Technical Notes Miscellaneous Subjects (7 abstr; 6 U.S., 1 England) Glossary (1 abstr, U.S.) Measurement 22 Insulation Measurement (2 abstr, U.S.) Soundfields (2 abstr, U.S.) Community Noise (2 abstr, U.S.) Transmission Loss (2 abstr, U.S.) Reverberant Chamber (4 abstr, U.S.) Miscellaneous (10 abstr; 6 U.S., 1 France, 1 Germany, 1 Japan, 1 Netherlands) Modeling 15 Reduction of Atomospheric Noise Data (2 abstr, U.S.) Reverberation Room Data Reduction (3 abstr, U.S.) Miscellaneous Studies (10 abstr, 8 U.S., 1 Canada, 1 Germany) ------- Table 7 (concluded). GENERAL INTEREST PAPERS ON NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION SIC/Industry/ Technology Number of Publications Areas of Publication Planning 29 Control (3 abstr, U.S.) Bibliography (1 abstr, U.S.) Loudness Ratings and Assessment (4 abstr, U.S.) General Discussion (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 Sweden) Planning (19 abstr; 14 U.S., 2 India, 1 England, 1 Germany, 1 Canada) Conferences, Seminars, Compendia and Bibliographies 36 Canada (4 abstr) England (8 abstr) France (1 abstr) India (1 abstr) Romania (1 abstr) Switzerland (1 abstr) U.S. (19 abstr) U.S.S.R. (1 abstr) Sport Equipment Boats (1 abstr, U.S.) Snowmobiles (3 abstr, U.S.) ------- SECTION VII MACHINERY NOISE Abstracts from the literature search relating to machinery noise were reviewed and their areas of activity distributed over the 20 industries. Abstracts which indicate apparent application to several industries were distributed into a "mixed category". A summary of the publication dis- tribution is given in Table 8 and the distribution of the publications over the 21 categories is presented in Table 9. Briefly, the following comments are given: Identified as pertinent to machinery noise research are 308 publications; 248 are primarily industry oriented and 60 are in the mixed category. The majority (240) are U.S. publica- tions. Sixty-eight foreign publications from 13 countries are identified. United States publications are distributed into 13 of the 20 industrial categories. No publications were identified in: Tobacco manufacturing Apparel manufacturing Furniture and fixtures Printing and publishing Leather and leather goods Electrical machinery Transportation equipment The industry with the most publications is chemical and al- lied products with 63 publications. Machinery, except elec- trical, has 35, petroleum and coal products has 31 publications, utilities has 26 and construction 24. Of the 11 publications in primary metals, only 3 are from the United States. Foreign publications are primarily from Germany (32), and Japan (9). Both of these countries' publications are broad- ly scattered throughout the categories but pockets of concen- tration appear in primary metals and fabricated metal products industries and in the mixed category. 22 ------- The review of the abstracts resulted in virtually no quanti- tative technical information which could be used in either assessing machine noise levels, nose reduction techniques, or the effectiveness of the application of technology. The re- ports must be gathered and reviewed before any assessment of this type can be made. Generic noise problems seem to be treated by several industries. For instance: Valve Noise reduction activity is evident in the util- ities and in chemical and allied products. Pump Noise is treated by chemical and allied products in the mixed category. Piping System Noise reduction techniques are used by utilities and chemical and allied products. Combustion Noise has literature in petroleum and coal products, utilities and chemical and allied products and in the mixed category. Fan Noise reduction activity is identified with petrole- um and coal products, utilities and in the mixed category. It would appear, therefore, that the transfer of the noise re- duction technology across industries should be effective and research activities could be defined which have relatively broad applicability to several industries. 23 ------- Table 8. SUMMARY OF MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION Publications on Machinery Noise (248) (publications which are primarily industry oriented) (60) (publications in mixed categories applicaboe to several industries) 1 Australian publication on fan noise 1 Austrian publication on industrial noise survey 1 Canadian publication on underground operations of coal mines 1 Czechoslovakian publication on power plant turbines 4 English publications on chemical and allied products, primary metals, utilities and plant noise control 4 French publications on construction equipment, chem- ical and allied products and HVAC 32 German publications in 11 Clll areas with emphasis on chemical and allied products, primary metals and mach- inery except electrical 9 Japanese publications on chemical and allied products, fabricated metal products, machinery except electrical, utilities, criteria and HVAC 2 Netherlands publications on utilities 3 Polish publications on chemical and allied products and machinery except electrical 4 Swedish publications on food and kindred products, primary metals and fabricated metal products 240 U.S. publications broadly scattered 5 U.S.S.R. publications primarily on utilities 1 Yugoslavian publication on metal cutting 24 ------- Table 9. MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION SIC/Industry/ Technology Number of Publications Areas of Publication N) Ui Construction Equipment 24 Food and Kindred 13 Products Tobacco Manufacturers None Textile Mill Products 6 < Construction Site Noise (6 abstr; 5 U.S., 1 Pneumatic Rock Drill (3 abstr, U.S.) Pile Drivers (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 Germany) General Discourse (4 abstr, U.S.) Construction Equipment in General (3 abstr, Cooling Systems (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 France) Compressors (2 abstr, U.S.) Pneumatic Equipment (2 abstr, U.S.) Agricultural Machinery (10 abstr; 9 U.S., 1 Brewery Noise (1 abstr, U.S.) Cap Manufacturing Plant (1 abstr, U.S.) Processing Operations (1 abstr, U.S.) i Rotating Textile Spindles (1 abstr, U.S.) Germany) U.S.) Sweden) Textile Machinery Noise (2 abstr, U.S.) Manufacturer's Noise Sources (1 abstr, U.S.) Guidelines for Noise Control (2 abstr, U.S.) Apparel Manufacturers None Lumber and Wood Products General Interest (2 abstr, U.S.) Saws (3 abstr; 2 U.S., 1 Germany) Planers (2 abstr, U.S.) Furniture and Fixtures None ------- Table 9 (continued). MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION SIC/Industry/ Technology Number of Publications Areas of Publication Paper and Allied Products Health Aspects (2 abstr, U.S.) Paper Converting Machinery (1 abstr, U.S.) Nylon Gears (1 abstr, U.S.) Printing and Publishing None Chemical and Allied Products 63 10 Valve Noise (24 abstr; 22 U.S., 1 France, 1 Germany) Piping Noise (2 abstr, U.S.) Combustion Noise (12 abstr; 8 U.S., 1 England, 3 Germany) Compressors (4 abstr; 3 U.S., 1 Germany) Pumps (7 abstr; 4 U.S., 1 Japan, 2 Poland) Heat Exchangers (1 abstr, U.S.) Stock Preparation Machinery (2 abstr, U.S.) Feeder Noise (1 abstr, U.S.) Process Noise (10 abstr, U.S.) Petroleum and Coal Products 31 Process Machinery Noise (6 abstr, U.S.) Fans (1 abstr, U.S.) Burners (1 abstr, U.S.) Steam Pipelines (2 abstr, U.S.) Stacks (1 abstr, U.S.) Flares (2 abstr, U.S.) Refinery (8 abstr, U.S.) Drilling (1 abstr, U.S.) Coal Preparation Plants (3 abstr, U.S.) Underground Operations (5 abstr; 4 U.S., 1 Canada) Coal Unloading (1 abstr, U.S.) Rubber and Plastic Products Plant Noise Sources (1 abstr, U.S.) Machinery (3 abstr, U.S.) Materials Handling Systems (1 abstr, U.S.) ------- Table 9 (continued). MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION SIC/Industry/ Technology Number of Publications Areas of Publication Leather and Leather Goods None Stone, Clay and Glass Products Ball Mills (1 abstr, U.S.) Cement Plant (3 abstr; 1 U.S., 2 Germany) Primary Metals 11 Steel Plant Noise (2 abstr; 1 England, 1 Germany) Forging (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 Germany) Foundry (7 abstr; 2 U.S., 4 Germany, 1 Sweden) Fabricated Metal Products 20 S3 Impact Machines (2 abstr, U.S.) Metal Forming (2 abstr; 1 Japan, 1 U.S.S.R.) Riveting Machine (2 abstr, U.S.) Cablemaking Machine (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 Germany) Conveyor (1 abstr, Germany) Presses (5 abstr; 3 U.S., 2 Sweden) Boiler Room (1 abstr, U.S.) General Equipment (5 abstr; 4 U.S., 1 Germany) Machinery Except Electrical 35 Impact (3 abstr, U.S.) Measurements (5 abstr, U.S.) Gears (8 abstr; 6 U.S., 1 Poland, 1 Japan) Miscellaneous Sources (1 abstr, Germany) Damping (1 abstr, U.S.) Bearings (2 abstr, U.S.) Belt Drive (1 abstr, Japan) Grinding (1 abstr, Germany) Hammering (1 abstr, Germany) Cutting (1 abstr, Yugoslavia) Clutch (1 abstr, U.S.) General (10 abstr; 8 U.S., 2 Germany) ------- Table 9 (continued). MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION SIC/Industry/ Technology Number of Publications Areas of Publication Electrical Machinery None Transportation Equipment None Utilities N) 00 26 Steam Piping (1 abstr, U.S.) Fans (1 abstr, Japan) Power Plants (2 abstr, U.S.) Valves (1 abstr, U.S.) Machinery (2 abstr, U.S.) New Plant Planning (1 abstr, U.S.) Turbines (10 abstr; 7 U.S., 1 Czechoslovakia, 1 U.S.S.R., 1 Japan) Compressor Stations (6 abstr; 2 Netherlands, 3 U.S.S.R., 1 England) Cooling Tower (1 abstr, U.S.) Furnace (1 abstr, Germany) Mixed Category 16 3 4 3 2 4 Industrial Noise Sources Plant Noise Control (5 abstr; 3 U.S., 1 England, 1 Germany) Criteria (3 abstr, U. S.) Noise Surveys (5 abstr; 3 U.S., 1 Germany, 1 Austria) Community Reactions (2 abstr, U.S.) Health Effects (1 abstr, U. S.) Noise Measurement Techniques (3 abstr, U.S.) Noise Criteria and Standards (4 abstr; 3 U.S., 1 Japan) Mechanical Equipment (3 abstr, U. S.) Pneumatic Equipment (2 abstr, U.S.) Hydraulic Equipment (4 abstr, U.S.) ------- Table 9 (concluded). MACHINERY NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION SIC/ Industry/ Technology Mixed Category (concl) Number of Publications 5 22 Areas of Publication Acoustic Treatment (5 abstr; 4 U.S., 1 Germany) Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning ro \o Compressors (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 Germany) Fans (9 abstr; 1 Australia, 6 U.S., 2 Japan) Chillers (2 abstr, U.S.) Pumps (1 abstr, Germany) Air Conditioning Cabinet (1 abstr, Germany) Heat Exchangers (1 abstr, U.S.) Exhaust Vent (1 abstr, U.S.) HVAC Systems (5 abstr; 2 U.S., 2 France, 1 Germany) ------- SECTION VIII NOISE EFFECTS ON HEALTH Abstracts from the literature search relating to noise effects on health were reviewed and their areas of activity distributed over 17 categories. A summary of the publication distribution is given in Table 10 and the distribution of the publications over the 17 categories is presented in Table 11. A review of these tables indicates: Publications identified as related to noise effects on health totaled 143. From the United States 113, and 30 were from seven foreign countries. One-third (10) of the foreign publications were German. These abstracts were distributed over five categories. England had five publications distributed over three categories. The re- maining foreign countries had between one and three publications identified. The ear damage category had the most abstracts (30). This was about three times the number of any other technical category. Ear damage also had the most foreign abstracts (9) from four countries (Austria, 2; England, 3; Germany, 3; and Russia, 1). Other categories with eight or more abstracts are: General In- terest (17), Criteria (10), Aircraft Noise Related (10), Pro- tection (9), Nonauditory Effects (9), Psychological Effects (8), and Impulsive Noise (8). Only seven categories had solely U.S. publications; Exposure (5), Effects on Sleep (1), Intermittent Noise (4), Intense Noise (4), Loudness (9), Masking (7), and Dosimeter (4). None of the categories is dominated by foreign publications. 30 ------- Table 10. SUMMARY OF NOISE EFFECTS ON HEALTH PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION Publications on Noise Effects on Health 2 Austrian publications on ear damage 3 Canadian publications; two on aircraft noise related effects, and one general paper 5 English publications on nonauditory effects, protec- tion and ear damage 2 French publications on impulsive noise and protection 10 German publications on aircraft noise effects, psycho- logical effects, annoyance, measurement and ear damage 1 Netherlands publication on criteria 118 U.S. publications on 17 areas 2 U.S.S.R. publications; one on ear damage, and one general paper 31 ------- Table 11. NOISE EFFECTS ON HEALTH PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION to SIC/Industry/ Technology Number of Publications Areas of Publication Criteria Exposure Impulstive Noise Effects on Sleep Intermittent Noise Aircraft Noise Related Psychological Effects Intense Noise Annoyance Loudness 10 5 8 1 4 10 8 4 4 9 Damage-Risk Criteria (7 abstr, U.S.) Industrial Noise (3 abstr, 2 U.S., 1 Netherlands) Five abstr, U.S. TTS from Impulsive Noise (2 abstr, U.S.) Susceptibility to Damage (2 abstr, U.S.) Perceived Levels and Differences (2 abstr, U.S.) Pathological Effects (1 abstr, France) Conchlear Degeneration (1 abstr, U.S.) One abstr, U.S. Four abstr, U.S. f Effects of Aircraft Noise on Sleep (3 abstr, U.S.) Noise Disturbance Prediction (1 abstr, U.S.) Hearing Acuity with Age and Flying Time (1 abstr, Germany) Sonic Boom Effects (5 abstr; 3 U.S., 2 Canada) Eight abstr; 6 U.S., 2 Germany Four abstr, U.S. Four abstr; 3 U.S., 1 Germany Nine abstr, U.S. ------- Table 11 (concluded). NOISE EFFECTS ON HEALTH PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION co CO SIC/Industry/ Technology Nonauditory Effects Masking Measurement Dosimeter Protection Ear Damage General Interest Number of Publications 9 7 4 4 9 30 17 * Areas of Publication Nine abstr ; 8 U.S., 1 England Seven abstr, U.S. Four abstr; 2 U.S., 2 Germany Four abstr, U.S. Nine abstr; 7 U.S., 1 France, 1 England Kryter's Impairment to Hearing from Exposure to Noise and Comments and Countercomments (5 abstr, U.S.) Industrial Noise Effects (5 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 England, 3 Germany Effects on Animals (2 abstr, U.S.) TTS (4 abstr, U.S.) Medical Aspects (3 abstr; 1 U.S., 2 Austria) General (11 abstr; 8 U.S., 2 England, 1 U.S.S.R.) 17 abstr; 14 U.S., 1 Canada, 1 Germany, 1 U.S.S.R, ------- SECTION IX NOISE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION Abstracts from the literature search relating to noise measurement instru- mentation were reviewed and distributed into nine categories. A summary of the publication distribution is given in Table 12 and the distribution of the abstracts over the nine categories is presented in Table 13. A review of these tables indicates: Seventy publications are identified as relating to noise measurement instrumentation. Only four of these publications are foreign; one Canada, two Germany, and one India. The nine categories are dominated by: Instruments with 21 publications; Diagnostic Techniques with 17 publications; and Noise Survey Instrumentation with 11 abstracts. The Diagnostic Technique category, with 17 publications, has abstracts on such a variety of subjects that further sub- grouping is difficult without a review of the publication. Noise Survey Instrumentation, with 11 abstracts, has publica- tions almost evenly divided between Instrumentation and In- dustrial Noise Surveys (6) and Instrumentation for Community Noise Surveys (5). The category on instruments, with 21 abstracts, has abstracts which treat topics such as: Laser Analysis (1), Microphones (2), Shock Tubes (1), Space Averaged Measurements (1), Wedge Design (1), and Impulse Sound Measurement (3). 34 ------- Table 12. SUMMARY OF NOISE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTIONS >__» Publications on Noise Measurement Instrumentation 1 Canadian publication on dosimeter 2 German publications on diagnostic techniques and instru- ments 1 Indian publication on diagnostic techniques 66 U.S. publications primarily on instruments, diagnostic techniques and surveys 35 ------- Table 13. NOISE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION a* SIC/ Indus try/ Technology Noise Survey Instrumentation Sound Power Instrumentation Sound Pressure Instrumentation Dosimeter Loudness Measurements Diagnostic Techniques Noise Rating Methods t Instruments Number of Publications 11 4 1 4 4 17 2 21 Areas of Publication Industrial Noise Survey Instrumentation (6 abstr, U.S.) Community Noise Survey Instrumentation (5 abstr, U.S.) Four abstr, U.S. One abstr, U.S. Four abstr ; 3 U . S . , 1 Canada Four abstr, U.S. 17 abstr; 1 Germany, 15 U.S., 1 India (Variety of Subjects) Two abstr, U.S. Laser Analysis (1 abstr, U.S.) Microphones (2 abstr, U.S.) Shocktubes (1 abstr, U.S.) Space Averaged Measurements (1 abstr, U.S.) Wedge Design for Anechoic Chamber (1 abstr, U.S.) Impulse Sound Measurement (3 abstr, U.S.) General (12 abstr; 1 Germany, 11 U.S.) Standards General (6 abstr, U.S.) ------- SECTION X TRANSPORTATION NOISE Abstracts from the literature search relating to transportation noise were reviewed and their areas of activity distributed over 15 categories. A summary of the publication distribution is given in Table 14 and the distribution of the publications over the 15 categories is presented in Table 15. The following comments relative to these tables are offered: Abstracts identified totaled 153; 133 were U.S. publications and 31 were from seven foreign countries. Diesel Engine Noise, with 26 abstracts, represents the cate- gory with the most publications. Noise reduction efforts are directed toward Techniques (17 abstracts), Operational Changes (4 abstracts) and Covers and Shields (5 abstracts). Seven foreign publications were identified: Germany (6) and Japan (1). Vehicle Design had 24 abstracts associated with this category. Specific subtopics included: Damping Materials (1); Noise Sources (1); Engine Encapsulation (2); Passenger Compartment Treatment (6); and Noise Reduction in General (5). Only three foreign publications were identified in this category: England (1), France (1), and Germany (1). Highway planning and design had 21 publications on a wide vari- ety of subtopics. Four foreign abstracts were identified from "" Germany (3) and Spain (1). Nine out of the 15 categories are associated with motor vehicle transportation. In terms of publications, 126 of the 153 ab- stracts are distributed through these nine categories. Rail transportation is associated with two categories and three abstracts (U.S., 2 and Sweden, 1). Public transportation is treated in one category with 10 publi- cations . Foreign publications are directed, mainly, to Engine Noise (11), Traffic Noise (5), Highway Design and Planning (4), and Vehicle Design (3). 37 ------- Table 14. SUMMARY OF TRANSPORTATION NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTIONS ,.. ,-,v Publications on Transportation Noise 4 English publications on vehicle design, tire noise, engines and intake and exhaust noise 3 French publications on vehicle design, public transpor- tation and highway sound barriers 15 German publications primarily on diesel engines, traffic and highway design and planning 1 Italian publication on general interest 3 Japanese publications on engine and traffic noise 1 Spanish publication on highway design and planning 2 Swedish publications on locomotive and traffic noise 122 U.S. publications on 14 areas primarily on vehicle de- sign, diesel engine noise and highway design and planning 2 U.S.S.R. publications on engine noise 38 ------- \Table 15. TRANSPORTATION NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION SIC/Industry/ Technology Number of Publications Areas of Publication Vehicle Design 24 Application on Damping Material (1 abstr, U.S.) Identification of Noise Sources (10 abstr; 8 U.S., 1 France, 1 Germany) Engine Noise Encapsulation (2 abstr; 1 U.S., 1 England) Passenger Compartment Noise (6 abstr, U.S.) Noise Reduction (5 abstr, U.S.) VO Tire Noise 12 Tire Noise Characteristics (3 abstr, U.S.) Preliminary Investigations (2 abstr; 1 England, 1 Germany) Standards and Practices (2 abstr, U.S.) Subjective Evaluations (3 abstr, U.S.) "Good Tire" Characteristics (1 abstr, U.S.) Effects of Operating Parameters (1 abstr, U.S.) Diesel Engine Noise 26 Noise Reduction Techniques (17 abstr; 14 U.S., 3 Germany) Operational Changes (4 abstr; 3 U.S., 1 Japan) Covers and Shields (5 abstr; 2 U.S., 3 Germany) Other Engines Seven abstr; 3 U.S., 1 England, 1 Japan, 2 U.S.S.R. Intake and Exhaust Noise 10 Ten abstr; 8 U.S., 1 England, 1 Germany Automotive Equipment Cooling System (2 abstr, U.S.) Air Bag (1 abstr, U.S.) Transmission (1 abstr, U.S.) Axle Gear (1 abstr, U.S.) Magnetic Propulsion One abstr, U.S. ------- Table 15 (concluded). TRANSPORTATION NOISE PUBLICATION DISTRIBUTION SIC/Industry/ Number of . , ,._, Technology Publications AreaS °f Publication Locomotive Noise Rail Yard Noise Public Transportation Noise Traffic Noise Highway Sound Barriers Highway Design and Planning Regulations and Standards General Interest 1 2 10 15 6 21 4 9 One abstr, Sweden Two abstr, U.S. Ten abstr; 9 U.S., 1 France Design and Planning (2 abstr; 1 Germany, 1 Sweden) Control (3 abstr; 2 U.S., 1 Germany) Modeling (5 abstr; 4 U.S., 1 Germany) Surveys (4 abstr, U.S.) Annoyance (1 abstr, Japan) Six abstr; 5 U.S., 1 France 21 abstr; 17 U.S., 3 Germany, 1 Spain j X 9 Four abstr, U.S. Nine abstr; 8 U.S., 1 Italy ft U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975210-810:71 ------- TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing) 1. REPORT NO. EPA-600/2-76-016a 2. 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOI*NO. 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE ABSTRACTS OF THE 1971-1974 UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN OPEN LITERATURE ON NOISE - Part I 5. REPORT DATE January 1976 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7. AUTHOR(S) E. P. Bergmann, I. B. Fieldhouse 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS IIT Research Institute 10 W. 35th Street Chicago, Illinois 60616 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO. 11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO. 68-01-2234 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED Final 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE EPA-ORD 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 16. ABSTRACT This document is a task report of effort directed toward a search of the open litera- ture to provide some insight into the noise reduction effort outside of the Federal Government and in foreign countries. Abstracts from the search covered the period 1971 to 1974. Two primary sources were searched for abstracts: The Engineers Index and Pollution Abstracts. Nearly 1300 abstracts from 21 countries were screened and segregated into the following categories: Aircraft Noise; Building Noise; General Interest; Machinery Noise; Noise Effects on Health; Noise Measurement Instrumentation; and Transportation Noise. The distribution of abstracts within each technical area is summarized in the report, and a compilation of the abstracts is presented as an appendix and bound separately. It appears that a substantial level of privately sponsored noise research and develop- ment is reflected in open literature publications. Industrial or private sponsorship is indicated in areas in which a regulation demands attention to the noise problem or a product relating to noise is being "advertised". Government sponsorship is indi- cated in the areas in which there is a potential benefit to the public. University sponsorship appears to be a small part of the total effort and is directed to particu- laracademic interests. 17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS DESCRIPTORS b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group Accoustic Noise Aircraft noise Noise reduction Abstracts Transportation noise Foreign abstracts Noise measurement Building noise 1971-74 01C 13F 21E 05B 18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Release to Public 19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport) Unclassified 21. NO. OF PAGES 20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage) Unclassified 22. PRICE EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73) ------- |