Environmental Protection Technology Series
ABSTRACTS OF THE 1971-1974
UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN OPEN LITERATURE
ON NOISE
Part II
Office If Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Prcteciien Agency
Washington, 8.C. 20480
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RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES
Research reports of the Office of Research and Development,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, have been grouped into
five series. These five broad categories were established to
facilitate further development and application of environmental
technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in
related fields. The five series are:
1. Environmental Health Effects Research
2. Environmental Protection Technology
3. Ecological Research
4. Environmental Monitoring
5. Socioeconomic Environmental Studies
This report has been assigned to the ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed
to develop and demonstrate instrumentation, equipment and
methodology to repair or prevent environmental degradation from
point and non-point sources of pollution. This work provides the
new or improved technology required for the control and treatment
of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
This document is available to the public through the National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
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EPA-600/2-76-016b
January 1976
ABSTRACTS OF THE 1971-1974 UNITED STATES
AND FOREIGN OPEN LITERATURE ON NOISE
Task Report J6331
Part II
by
E. P. Bergmann
I. B. Fieldhouse
Contract 68-01-2234
Project Officer
E. Berkau
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Industrial Environmental Research Lab.
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Prepared for
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Develooment
Washington, D.C. 20460
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CONTENTS
Page
APPENDIX A: SOURCES SEARCHED
Publications Indexed by Engineering Abstracts 1
Master List of Serial Publications Used by Pollution Abstracts 19
Master List of Special Publications Used by Pollution Abstracts 58
APPENDIX B: ABSTRACTS
Aircraft Noise 113
Building Noise 195
General Interest Papers on Noise 224.
Machinery Noise 283
Noise Effects on Health 364
Noise Measurement Instrumentation 408
Transportation Noise 428
ii
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APPENDIX A
SOURCES SEARCHED
PUBLICATIONS INDEXED BY ENGINEERING ABSTRACTS
AACE, Trans Natl Meet, 16th, 1972
Acoust Hologr, v 4, Intl Symp, 4th, 1972
Adv Heat Transfer, v 9, 1973
Adv in Comput, v 11, 1971
Adv in Concrete, Symp, Proc, 1971
Adv in Control Syst, Theory and Applications, v 8, 1971
Adv in Corros Sci and Technol, v 2, 1972
Adv in Corros Sci and Technol, v 3, 1973
Adv in Creep Des, A.E.Johnson Mem v, 1971
Adv in Heat Transfer, v 8, 1972
Adv in Info Syst Sci, v 2, 1969
Adv in Nucl Sci and Technol, v 6, 1972
Adv in Welding Process, Conf Proc, 1970
Adv Semin, 1970: Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Applications, Proc
Adv Study Inst on Methods of Prospect for Uranium Miner, Proc, 1971:
Uranium Prospecting Handbook
AIAA Symp on the Aer/Hydroautics of Sailing, 4th, Proc (Ancient Interface
IV), 1973
AIAA/ASME/SAE, Struct, Struct Dyn, and Mater Conf, 14th, 1973, and AIAA
Dyn Spec Conf, Collect of Tech Paper, 1973
AIChE, Engr Construction Contraction, Proc, 1971
AIChE, Loss Prevention, Symp 7, 1972
AIIE Conf and Conv, 23rd Annu, Tech Paper, 1972
AIEE Conf and Conv, 25th Anniv, Tech Paper, 1973
Air Clean Conf, 12th, Proc, 1972
Air Pollut Control in Transp Engines, Symp, 1971
Airports, Key to the Air Transp Syst, Conf, 1971
Amer Ceram Soc, Adv in Nucleation and Crystallization in Glasses, Symp,
73rd Annu, 1971
Amer Ceram Soc, Adv Materials: Composites and Carbon, Symp, 1971: Papers
are from a symposium presented as part of the 73rd annu meet of the soc.
Amer Concr Inst, Cracking, Deflection, and Ultimate Load of Coner Slab
Syst, Symp, 1971
Amer Concr Inst, Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 2, 1972: Notation, Struct
Design, Struct Specifications, Struct Analysis
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Amer Congr on Surv and Mapp, ACSM-ASP Fall Conv, Proc, ACSM Tech Sess,
Paper, 1972
Amer Congr on Surv and Mapp, 32nd Annu Meet, Proc, 1972
Amer Engr Model Soc, Semin, Scale Models in Engr and Des, 1972
Amer Iron Steel Inst, Steel Prod Man, 1973: Wire and Rods, Carbon Steel
Amer Min Congr, Coal Show, Rep on Coal Technol, 1972
Amer Nucl Soc, New Dev in Reactor Math and Appl, Proc, Conf-710302, 1971
Amer Sci Glassblowers Soc, 17th Symp on Art of Glassblowing, Proc, 1972
Amer Soc for Inf Sci, Workshop on Computer Composition, Proc, 1970
Amer Soc of Photogramm, ACSM-ASP Fall Conv, Proc, ASP Tech Sess, Paper,
1972
Amer Soc of Photogramm, Annu Meet, 39th, Proc, Papers, 1973
Amer Soc of Photogramm, Proc of Tech Sess of the 38th Annu Meet, 1972
Ammonia and Related Facil Saf Symp, 15th Annu, Held as Part of AlChe 73rd
Natl Meet, 1972
Annu Rev of Fluid Mech v 4, 1972
Annu Rev of Fluid Mech v 5, 1973
Annu Symp on Instrum for the Process Ind, 27th Proc, 1972
ANS Natl Topical Meet, Proc, 1971: Neutron Sources and Applications
APIC Intl Tech Conf, 15th Annu, Proc, 1972
Appalachian Underground Corrosion Short Course, 16th Annu, Proc, 1971
Appl of Comput to Power Syst Prot and Metering, Conf, Proc, 1970
Appl of Exp and Theor Struc Dyn, Symp, Paper, 1972
Appl of the Finite Elem Method in Geotech Engr, Proc, Symp, 1972
Appl Spatiales des Tubes de P ises de Vues, (Space Applications of Camera
T bes), Collq Intl, 1971
Arct Legist Support Technol, Symp, Proc, Paper, 1971
ASCE, Bienn Spec Conf, 1973: Airports, Challenges of the Future
ASCE, Hydraul Div Spec Conf, 20th Annu, 1972: Bridging the Gap Between
Theory and Practice
ASCE Irrig and Drain Div Spec Conf, 1972
ASCE Natl Water Resour Engr Meet, Prepr, 1973
ASCE, Optimization of Irrigation and Drainage Systems, Conf 1971
ASCE, Performance of Earth and Earth-Supported Struct, Proc, Spec Conf,
1972
ASCE, Rapid Penetration of Terr Mater, Proc, 1972
ASCE-Inst of Civ Engr (London) Jt Conf, Bienn Jt Meet, Prepr, 1972: Public
Works and Society
Asilomar Conf on Circuits and Syst, 6th, Conf Rec, Paper 1972
ASM, Oxidation of Metals and Alloys, Paper, Sem, 1970
ASME, Anthol of Rail Vehicle Dyn, Eff of Train Action and Rail Car Vib,
1972
ASME, Assessment of Lubricant Tech, Spring Lubricant Symp, 1972
ASME, Citrus Engr Conf, Trans, v 19, 1973
ASME, Diesel and Gas Eng Power Div, Annu, Proc, 1971
ASME, Flexible Rotor-Bearing Syst Dyn, Des Engr Div, 2 v in 1, 1972
ASME, Generation of Isochronous Stress-Strain Curves, Presented at Winter
Annu Meet, 1972
ASME :Guide for Gas Transm and Distrib Piping Syst, 2nd Ed, 1973
ASME Orientat and Guide for Use of Metric Units (E58), 3rd Ed, 1973
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ASME, Pressure Vessels and Piping Conf, 3rd Annu, and Petr-Mech Engr
Conf, 27th Annu, 1972
ASME, Pressure Vessel and Piping Div, Paper Presented at Panel Discuss,
1972 Winter Annu Meet
ASME, Pressure Vessel and Piping/1972 Computer Programs Verification:
Air to Developers and Users
ASME Rail Transp Proc, Paper and Discuss from Jt IEEE/ASME Railroad
Conf, 1972, and Winter Annu Meet of ASME, 1971
ASME, Recomm Guide for the Predict of the Dispersion of Airborne Efflu-
ents, 2nd Ed, 1973
ASQC, Tech Conf, 25th Annu, Trans, 1971
ASQC, Tech Conf, 26th Annu, Trans, 1972
ASQC, Tech Conf, 27th Annu, Trans, 1973
Assessment of Airborne Particles, Proc of 3rd Rochester Intl Conf on
Environmental Toxicity, 1970
Assoc Nationale de la Rech Tech, Intl Congr, Proc, 1971: Les Materiaux
Composites, D'Aujourd'Hui et de Demain: Materiaux Nonveaux et Industries
Tradionnelles (Today's and Tommorrow's Composite Materials: New Mate-
rials and Traditional Industries)
Assoc of Amer Railroads, 1973 Proc of the 13th Annu Meet, Adv Rep, 1973
Australia Chem Engr Conf, Paper, 1972: Development and Innovation for
Australian Process Industries
Australia Comput Conf, 5th Proc, 1972
Australia Organiz for Qual Control, Victoria Div, "Profit through Quality"
Conv Papers, 1971
Australas Conf on Hudraulics and Fluid Mech, 4th, Proc, 1971
Australas Inst of Min and Metal, Symp, Paper 1972: Blast Furnace Inject
Autom Multiphasic Health Test, Proc of an Intl Conf on Engr in Medicine,
Engr Found Res Conf, 1970
Automot Electr Equip, Conf, Paper, 1972
Basic Princ of Rotational Molding, Paper, Semin, 1971
Battelle Inst Mater Sci Colloq, 5th, 1970: Critical Phenomena in Alloys
Magnets and Superconductors
Batteries for Traction and Propulsion, Symp, Proc, 1972
Battery Council Intl, 83rd Annu Conv, 1971
Bearings Conf, 1972
Behavior and Utilization of Explosives in Engr Des and Biomech Principles
Applied to Clinical Medicine, Proc of 12th Annu Symp, 1972
Berichte des III, Internationalen Symposiums fuer Photointerpretation,
(Transactions of the 3rd Intl Symp on Photo-Interpretation), 1970
Biennial Conf on Carbon, 10th, Summ of Paper, 1971
Biomech and Its Appl to Autom Des, A Contin Ed Course Dev by SAE Autom
Body Act Passenger Prot Comm, 1973
Biomech Symp, Presented at ASME Jt Meet, 1973: Properties of Biological
Fluids and Solids, Mechanics of Tissues and Organs
Biomed Instrum and Meas, 1973
Biotelemetry, Symp, Proc, 1971
Blast Furnace Technology — Sci and Practice, Proc of C.C. Furnas Mem
Conf on Ironmaking Technol, 1970
Br Cast Iron Res Assoc, Engr Properties and Performance of Modern Iron
Castings, Proc, Symp, 1970
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Br Comput Soc, Rep of Proc, Symp, Paper 1971: On-Line Computer Methods
Relevant to Chemical Engr
Br Nucl Energy Soc, Effects of Environ on Mater Prop in Nucl Syst, Proc,
Intl Conf, 1971
Bull Perm Inst Assoc Navig Congr v 2 n 12, 1972
Bundeminist Forsch Tech, Forschungsber W73-01, 1973: Ein Vergleich
Gemessener Transmissions-Und Emissionss-pektren mit Berchneten Spektren
in der 9,6 -Bande des Ozons (Comparison of Measured Spectra with Cal-
culated Spectra of 9.6 Ozone Micro Region)
Bundesminist Forsch Tech, Forschungsber W73-02, 1973: Die Halbjaechrliche
Dichtevariation der Thermosphaere zur Zeit Ansteigender Sonnenaktivitaet
(Semi-annual Desity Variations within Thermosphere Region during In-
creased Solor Activity)
Bundesminist Forsch Tech, Forschungsber W73-03, 1973: Ein Raketenexperi-
ment zur Bestimmung der Neutralgas-Zusammensetzung in Hochenbereich
Zwischen 85 and 125 KM Durch ein Kryo-Massenspektrometer (Natural Gas
Composition in 85 to 125 km Region as Measured by a Cryogenic Mass
Spectrometer on Airborne Rocket)
Bundesminist Forsch Tech, Forschungsber W73-05, 1973: Messungen an
Germanium-Bolometern im Infrarot bei Temperaturen Zwischen 1.57 K und
4.2 K (Measurements with Germanium Bolometers in Infrared Region at
Temperature Range Between 1.57 K and 4.2 K)
Bundesminist Forsch Tech, Forschungsber W73-06, 1973: Untersuchungen an
Einem Zweistoff-Heissgas-Raketentriebwerk zur Bahn und Lageregelung
Tiroc (Investigation with Dual Propellant Hot Gas Rocket Engine for
Orbit and Altitude Control)
Bundesminist Forsch Tech, Forschungsber W73-07, 1973: Fluor/Ammoniak:
Einsatzmoeglichkeit Fuer Eine Transferstufe und Erste Experimentelle
Erfahrungen (Experimental Results with Fluorine-Ammonia Propellant as
Potential Fuel for the Transfer Stage)
Calif, Legis, Jt Comm on Seismic Safety, Earthquake Risk, Interim Rep
of Spec Subcomm on San Fernando Earthquake Study, Proc, 1971
Calif, Univ, (Berkeley), Coll Engr Fluid Mech Div, Rep FM-72-1, 1972:
Kinetic Theory Analysis of Rarefied Gas Flow Through Finite Length
Slots
Can Commun and EHV Conf (Conference Canadiene Sur Les Communications &
THT), Tech Paper, 1972
Can Inst of Min and Metal, Conf of Metall, Annu, llth, Paper 1972
Can Inst Steel Constr, Handbook of Steel Constr, 2nd Ed, 1970
Can Pulp and Paper Assoc, Tech Sect, Annu Meet, 59th, Prepr of Paper,
1973
Can Pulp and Paper Assoc, Tech Sect Proc, Concluding with 58th Annu
Meet, 1971
Can Pulp and Paper Assoc, Tech Sect Proc, Concluding with 59th Annu
Meet, 1972
Can Rock Mech Symp, Proc, 6th, 1970
Can Rock Mech Symp, Proc, 7th, 1971
Can Steel Ind Constr Counc, Can Struct Engr Conf, Proc, 1972
Cavitation and Polyphase Flow Forum, presented at ASME Jt Meet, 1973
Cell Plast Conf, 3rd, Intl, 1972
Civ Engr Jap, v 11, 1972
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Clean Air Conf, Intl, Proc, 1972
Coal Work Pneumoconiosis, Intl Conf, 1971
Coastal Engr Conf, Intl, 13th, Proc, 1972
Coastal Zone Pollut Manage, Symp, Proc, 1972
Cold Process of Steel, Meet, Proc, 1971 and 1972
Combust Inst, Central States Sect, Spring Meet, Preprints, 1972: Fuel
Composition and Its Effects on Combustion and Emission Problems
Combust Inst, West States Sect, Paper Presented at Spring Meet, 1973:
Polymer Burning and Forest Fires
Comm Role in Electr Power Res, Presented at the IEEE Slimmer Meet, 1972
Comput and Autom, Symp, Proc, Polytech Inst of Brooklyn, Microwave Res
Inst Symp Ser v 21, 1971
Comput Designer's Conf, Tech Program, Proc, 1971
Comput Program for Circle and Strip Loads on Layered Anisotropic Media,
Rep, 1972
Comput Sci and Stat, Symp on the Interface, 5th Annu, Proc, 1971
Comput 72, Tech Conf, "Islands of Appl", Paper, 1972
Comput-Comm Networks and Teletraffic, Symp, Proc, Polytech Inst of
Brooklyn, Microwave Res Inst Symp Ser v 22, 1972
Concr and Reinf Concr in Hot Countries, 2nd, RILEM Intl Symp, Proc, 1971
Conf on Accidental Pollut of Inland Waters, 1971
Conf on Drill and Blasting, 1st, Proc, Paper, 1972
Conf on Fatigue of Welded Struct, Proc, Paper and Discuss, 1970
Conf on Fluid Machinery, 4th, Proc, 1972
Conf on Met Struct Res and Its Appl, Paper, 1972
Conf on Noise and Vib Control for Ind, Paper, 1972
Conf on the Prot of Met in Storage and in Transit, Proc, 1970
Conf on Underground Mining Environ, Proc, 1971
Conf Rec, 5th Asilomer Conf on Circuits and Systems, 1971
Congr Intl de Fonderie, 39th, Off Exch Paper, 1972
Contrib to the Theory of Aircr Struct, 1972
Convegno Intl Sulle Acque Sotterrannee, Atti, (Intl Symp on Ground-Water,
Proc), 1970
Cornell Argric Waste Manage Conf, 4th Annu, Proc, 1972
Cornell Univ, Coll of Engr, High Frequency Generation and Amplification:
Devices and Appl, Proc, 3rd, 1971
Corrosion Inhibitors, 3rd European Symp, 54th Manifistation of the
European Federation of Corrosion, Proc, 1970
Cranfield Inst of Technol, Cent for Transp Stuc, CTS Rep 1: Urban Trans-
port System, Final Rep
Cranfield Inst of Technol, Cent for Transp Stud, CTS Rep 2, 1972: Mag-
netic Suspension and Guidance of High Speed Vehicles, Final Rep
CSIRO, Div Bldg Res, Tech Paper 30, 1972: Optimization Approach to Vis-
cous Damping of Structures
Curved Surfaces in Engr, Comput Methods for Des and Manuf, Proc, 1972
Decis Des and the Comput, Eur Symp, 5th, of the Work Party on "Routine
Comput Programs and the Use of Electron Comput in Cham Engr", 1972
Dependence of the Fracture Toughness of Mild Steel on Temperature and
Crack Velocity, 1971
Des Pract: Passenger Car Autom Transm, SAE Transm Workshop Meet, 2nd Ed,
1973
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Digital Equip Comput Users Soc, Fall Symp, DECUS Proc, Paper and Pres-
entation, 1972
Digital Equip Comput Users Soc, Proc, Paper and Presentations, Symp,
1971
Dimensioning and Strength Gale, Conf, 4th, Proc, 1971
Drill and Prod Inst, Sel Paper, 1973
Dyn of Nucl Syst, Symp, 1970
Dyn Response of Struct, Symp, Proc, 1971
Econ Aspects of Weld Technol, Conf, Proc, Paper, 1971
Econ Constr of Concr Dams, Engr Found Conf, Proc, 1972
Econ Eval of COED Process Plus Char Casif, U S Off ofCoal Res, Res and
Dev Rep 72, 1972
Education and Res in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Based on a Symp, 1970
Eff of Second-Phase Part on the Mech Prop of Steel, Conf, Proc, 1971
Elastomer Inertia Eff in Complaint Surf Bear, Columbia Univ, Lubr Res
Lab, Tech Rep 19, 1972
Electr Install Conf, Proc, 1971
Electr Prop of Polymers, 1972
Electromagn Hazards, Pollut and Environ Qual, Purdue Symp, Proc, 1972
Electron Beam Metall Process Semin, 1971
Electron Beam Process Semin, 2nd, Proc (EB Semin, Europe), 1972
Electron Instrum Conf, 1971
Electron, Ion and Laser Beam Technol, Rec of llth Symp, 1971
Electron Microscopy and Strength of Crystals, Proc, 5th Intl Mater Symp,
1971
Electron Microscopy in Material Sci, "Ettore Majorana" — Intl Cent for
Sci Culture, Intl Sch of Electron Microscopy, NATO Adv Study Inst, 1970
Electron Microscopy Soc of Amer, Proc, 29th Annu Meet, 1971
Electron 1985, Conf, Proc, 1972
Elektronikcentralen, Danish Res Cent for Applied Electron, 1971
Emissions from Contin Comb Syst, Proc, Symp, 1971
Engr Found Conf, Proc, 1972: Women in Engr and Management
Engr Geology and Soils Engr Symp, Annu, Proc, 10th, 1972
Engr Jt Council, Its Organiz and Program, 1973
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71003, 1971: Guide to the Voscosity of Liquid
Petroleum Products
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71004, 1971: Flange Efficiency Factors for
Curved Beams Under Bending in the Plane of Curvature
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71005, 1971: Buckling of Flat Plates in Shear
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71006, 1971: Low-Speed Longitudinal Aerodynamic
Characteristics of Slender Wings
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71007, 1971: Low-Speed Normal Force and Pitch-
ing Moment of Slender Wings in Ground Effect
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71009, 1971: Design Against Fatigue Des Princ
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71010, 1971: Design Against Fatigue Basic Des
Calculations
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71011, 1971: Stress Due to Interference Fit Pins
and Bushes in Plates, Strips of Lugs
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71012, 1971: Fluid Forces on Nonstreamline
Bodies Background Notes and Description of the Flow Phenomena
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Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71013, 1972: Elastic Direct Stresses and De-
flections for Flat Rectangular Plates under Uniformly Distributed
Normal Pressure
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71014, 1971: Local Buckling of Compression
Panels with Flanged Stringers
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71015, 1971: Buckling of Thin Flat Orthotropic
Plates Under Uniaxial Compression
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71016, 1971: Fluid Forces, Pressures and
Moments on Rectangular Blocks
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71017, 1971: Aero-Normalised Stability Deriv-
atives: Effect of Wing on Yawing Moment Due to Yawing
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71018, 1971: Approximate Wave Drag of Rectanular
Planform Fairings at Zero Incidence in Supersonic Flow
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71025, 1971: Frictional and Retarding Forces
on Aircraft Tyres-1: Introduction
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71026, 1971: Frictional and Retarding Forces
on Aircraft Tyres-2: Estimation of Braking Force
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 71027, 1971: Endurance of High Strength Steels
in Bending
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 72005, 1972: Estimation of R.M.S. Stress in
Stiffened Skin Panels Subjected to Random Acoustic Loading
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 72008, 1972: Frictional and Retarding Forces
on Aircraft Tyres-3: Planning
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 72009, 1972: Pressure Drop in Ducts Across
Round-Wire Gauzes Normal to the Flow
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 72010, 1972: Pressure Losses Across Perforated
Plates, Orifice Plates and Cylindrical Tube Orifices in Ducts
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 72011, 1972: Flow through a Sudden Elargement
of Area in a Duct
Engr Sci Data Unit, Item 72018, 1972: Atmospheric Data for Performance
Calculations, Addendum: Height in Ft, Data in SI Units
Environ Engr, Conf on Environ Engr Probl in Ind and Dev Ctry, 1973
Environ Mercury Contamination, Conf, 1970
Environ Res in the Power Ind, the Manuf Role, Presented at the IEEE Winter
Meet, 1972
European Microwave Conf, Proc, 2 v incl Suppl, 1971
European Organiz for Qual Control, 14th Conf, Proc, 1970
Ferrites, Proc of Intl Conf, 1970
Fibrous Concrete: Construction Material for the 70's, Conf Proc, Paper,
1972
Flexible Roads: Materials and Construction, Lect Notes, 1971 and 1972
Flow and Fract of Rocks, Geophys Monogr 16, 1972
Fluid Dyn Meas in Ind and Med Environ, Proc, Disa Conf, 1972
Fluid Mech of Mixing, Symp, Proc, Presented at ASME Jt Meet, 1973
Forum on Geol of Ind Miner, 8th, Proc, 1972
Fr, Dir, des Routes et de Circ Routiere, Colloq, 1972: Colloque Francais
sur les Controles de Qualite en Construction Routiere (French Symp. on
Quality Control in Construction of Roads and Highways)
Fract, Adv Treatise, v 5; Fract Des of Struct, 1969
Fract, Adv Treatise, v 7; Fract of Nonmetals and Composites, 1972
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Fract and Flaws, ASME, Symp, 13th, Annu, Proc, 1973
Fract Toughness, Proc of Natl Symp on Fract Mech, Part 2, 1971
Front of Power Technol, Conf, Proc, 1972: Energy Environ Engr
Gas Compressor Inst, 20th, Annu, Sel Paper, 1973
Gas Turbine Paper, Presented at Tokyo, Jt Inst Gas Turbine Conf and
Prod Show, 1971
Geogr Data Handling, Symp Ed, 1972
Giant Computers, Intl Comput State of the Art Rep, 1971
Going Metric, Engr Prog and Future Programmes, 3rd, Conf Rep, Metrifica-
tion Board Natl Conf, 1971
Heat and Mass Transfer by Combined Forced and Natural Convection, Symp,
1971
Heavy Sect Steel Technol Program, Tech Rep 17, 1971: Three-Dimensional
Elastic-Plastic Analysis for Fracture Mech — 2, Improved Modeling
Holm Semin Electr Contract Phenom, 17th, Annu, Proc, 1971
Human Factors Soc, Annu Meet, 16th, 1972
Human Impact Response, Symp, Proc, 1972
Hydronautics, Inc, Tech Rep 7101-3, 1972: Drag Reduction and Diffusion
Accompanying Thin Slit Injections of a Drag Reducing Polymer on a Flat
Plate at High Reynolds Numbers
Hydronautics, Inc, Tech Rep 7103-2, 1972: Study of the Nonlinear Wave
Resistance of a Two-Dimensional Source Generated Body
Hydronautics, Inc, Tech Rep 7103-4, 1972: Small Froude Number Paradoxes
and Wave Resistance at Low Speeds
IEE Conf, Exhib and Manage Semin on Autom of Test, 1972
IEE Conf on Electr Variable Speed Drives, 1972
IEEE Comput Soc Intl Conf, COMPCON 72, 6th Annu Dig of Paper, 1972
IEEE Comput Soc Intl Conf, COMPCON 73, 7th Annu, Dig of Paper, 1973:
Computing Networkds from Minis through Maxis: Are They for Real?
IEEE Conf on Decis and Control, and Symp on Adapt Processes, llth, Proc,
1972
IEEE Conf on Display Devices, Paper and Abstr, 1972
IEEE Conf on Front in Ed, Dig of Tech Paper, 1971
IEEE Conf on Front in Ed, Proc, 1972
IEEE Conf on Underground Distrib, Conf Rec, Suppl, 1971
IEEE Conf Rec, Intl Conf on Communications, Proc, 1972
IEEE Conf Rec, Intl Semiconductor Power Converter Conf, Paper, 1972
IEEE Conf Rec Intl Switching Symp, 1972
IEEE, Electr Engr Probl in the Rubber and Plast Ind, 24th Annu Conf,
Conf Rec, Paper, 1972
IEEE Electron and Aerosp Syst Conv, Rec, 1972: Eastcon '72
IEEE Electron Components Conf, Proc, 22nd, Annu, 1972
IEEE Ind and Commer Power Syst Tech Conf, Conf Rec, Paper, 1972
IEEE Ind Appl Soc, Annu Meet, 7th, 1972
IEEE Intl Comput Soc Conf, Conf Digest, Proc, Annu, 5th, 1971
IEEE Intl Conv Dis, Synopses of Papers Presented, 1970
IEEE, Intl Symp on Circuit Theory, Proc, 1972
IEEE, Intl Symp on Fault-Tolerant Computing, Digest of Paper, 1971
IEEE, Intl Symp on Fault-Tolerant Computing, Digest of Paper, 1972
8
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IEEE, Intl Symp on Inf Theory, Program and Abstr of Paper, 1972
IEEE, Lect, 1972: Broadcasting Technol, Past, Present and Future
IEEE Mt-West Electromagn Compat, Conf Rec, 1971
IEEE Northeast Electronics Res and Engr Meet, NEREM Record, Tech Appl
Papers, v 12, 1970
IEEE Pet and Chem Ind Conf, 19th Annu, Rec of Conf Papers, 1972
IEEE Photovoltaic Spec Conf, 9th, 1972
IEEE Power Engr Soc, Underground Transm Conf, Proc, Paper, 1972
IEEE Power Engr Soc, Underground Transm Conf, Suppl, 1972
IEEE Pulp and Paper Ind Tech Conf, Annu, Conf Rec, 1973
IEEE Reg 3 Conv, 10th, Annu, Proc, Paper, Southeas 1972: Scanning the
Spectrum
IEEE Reg 6 Conf (U.S. West Reg), 1972
IEEE Reg 6 Conf (U.S. West Reg), 1973: Minicomputers and Their Appl
IEEE, Symp on Electron, Ion and Laser Beam Technol, Rec of llth, 1971
IEEE Vehicle Technol Annu Conf, 23rd,- Tech Dig, 1972
IEEE Workshop on Appl Magn, Proc, 1972
IEEE-GMTT Intl Microwave Symp, Dig of Tech Papers, 1972
IERE conf Proc, Digital Process of Signals in Commun, 1972
IERE Conf Proc, Radio Receivers and Assoc Syst, 1972
IISI, Conf, 6th Annu, Rep of Proc, 1972
111 Inst Technol, Chicago, Res Inst, Scanning Electron Microscopy,
Proc I: 5th Annu SEM Symp, and II: Workshop on Biol Specimen Prep for
SEM, 1972
Impact of Comput on the Pract of Struct Engr in Concr, Symp, 118 from
160 Papers presented at ACI Fall Conv, 1970
Improving Welded Product Design Conf, Proc, Annu Autumn Meet, 1971
Incremental Motion Control Syst and Devices, 1st Annu Symp, Proc, 1972
Incremental Motion Control Syst and Devices, 2nd Annu Symp, Proc, 1973
Ind Meas and Control by Radiant Tech, Intl Conf and Exhib, 1972
Ind Process Des for Pollut control, Proc AlChE Workshop, v 4, 1971
Indian Inst of Met, Silver Jubilee Symp, 1972: Recent Developments in
Metallurgical Sci and Technol: Fabrication and Treatment of Metals
Indian Roads Congr, Semin on Strengthening of Existing Road Pavements,
1971
Inf Process ul, IFIP (Intl Fed for Inf Process) Congr, Proc, 1971
Inf Serv, Inst of Gas Technol, Intl Conf on Liquified Natural Gas (Congres
Intl sur le Gaz Naturel Liquefie), 3rd, Papers, 1972
Inst Chem Engr (London) Symp Ser, 34, Proc, 1971: Chem Process Hazards
with Special Ref to Plat Design, 4th Proc, 1971
Inst Electr Engr, Conf Publ 81: Centralised Control Syst, Intl Conf, 1971
Inst for Briquetting and Agglomeration, 12th Biennial Conf, Proc, 1971
Inst Fr du Pet (Collect Colloq et Semin 23), 1971: Methods de Development
en Mer (Methods for Development of Offshore Oilfields)
Inst Mech Engr, Component Design in High Temp Reactors Using Helium as
a Coolant, Nucl Energy Group Conf, 1972
Inst Mech Engr, Pract Appl of Fract Mech to Pressure-Vessel Technol,
Conft 1971
Inst of Civ Engr, London, Hazards in Construction, Proc, 1971
Inst of Engr, Aust, Conf, Tech Paper, 1971: Materials for the Electrical
and Electronics Industries Conf
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Inst of Engr, Awst, Thermor«Fluida Conf, Paperst 1972; Thermal Discharge:
Engineering and Ecology
Inst of Environ Sci, Annu Tech Meet, 18th, P oc, 1972: Environ Progress
in Sci and Deucation
Inst of Environ Sci, Annu Tech Meet, 19th, Proc, 1973
Inst of Fuel, Natl Conf on Natural Gas for Ind Boiler Firing, 1972
Inst of Fuel, Total Energy Conf, Proc v 1, 1971
Inst of Mech Engr, Symp, 1972: Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication
Inst of Min and Metall, Adv in Extractive Metall and Refining, Proc, Symp,
1971
Inst of Navig, Natl Air Meet, Proc, 1972
Inst of Navig, Natl Mar Meet, Proc, 1972
Inst of Navig, Natl Space Meet, Proc, 1972: Growth and Maturity of Navig
in Space
Inst of Navig, OMEGA Symp, Proc, 1st, 1971
Inst of Nucl Mater Manage, Annu Meet, 13th, Proc, 1972
Inst of Pet, Lead in the Environ, Proc, 1972
Inst of Prod Engr, Group Technol Spec Div Semin, 1971
Inst of Scrap Iron and Steel, Inc, Rep PB 213 577, 1972: Identification of
Opportunities for Increased Recycling of Ferrous Solid Waste
Inst of Water Pollut Control, Discharge of Ind Effluents to Municipal
Sewerage Syst, Proc of Symp, 1971
Instrum in the Aerospace Ind, Proc of 18th Intl ISA Aerospace Div Symp,
1972
Instrum in the Chem and Pet Ind, v 9, ISA Jt Spring Conf, Proc, 1973
Intl Aerosp Instrum Symp, 7th, Proc, 1972
Intl Air Saf Semin, 25th Annu, Tech Summ of the FlightSaf Found, 1972:
Human Threats to Air Safety
Intl Assoc for Bridge and Struct Engr, Rep of the Work Comm, v 8, Symp,
Introd Rep, 1971
Intl Assoc for Bridge and Struct Engr, Congr, 9th, Final Rep, 1972
Intl Assoc for Great Lakes Res, Conf on Great Lakes Res, 15th, Proc, 1972
Intl Assoc for Shell Struct, IASS Calgary, Symp, Proc, 1072: Shell Struct
and Climate Influences
Intl Assoc for Shell Struct, Symp on Folded Plates and Prismatic Struct,
1970
Intl Atomic Energy Agency, Peaceful Nuclear Explosions II: Their Practical
Appl, Panel Proc Ser, 1971
Intl Biodeterioration Symp, 2nd, Proc, 1971
Intl Boradcast Conv, 1972
Intl Clean Air Congr, 2nd, Proc, 1970
Intl Conf on Chem Vapor Deposition, 3rd, Proc, 1972
Intl Conf on Electr Contact Phenom, 6th, Proc, Held in Conjunction with
Holm Semin on Electr Contact Phenom, 18th, Annu, 1972
Intl Conf on Fluid Sealing, Proc, 5th, 1971
Intl Conf on Gas Discharges, 2nd, 1972
Intl Conf on Ion Implantation in Semiconductors, 1st, Proc, Paper, 1970
Intl Conf of Magnetohydrodyn Electr Power Generation, 5th, Proc and Paper,
1971
10
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Intl Conf on Maximising the Yield of Nonferrous Met Process, Proc, 1971
Intl Conf on Metering, Appar and Tariffs for Electr Supply, 2nd, 1972
Intl Conf on Microzonation for Safer Constr Res and Appl, Proc, 1972
Intl Conf on Numerical Methods in Fluids Dyn, Proc, 2nd, 1970
Intl Conf on P ssive Restraints, 2nd, Proc, 1972
Intl Conf on Plast Powder Coatings, 3rd, 1972
Intl Conf on Prod Dev and Manuf Technol, 2nd, Proc, 1971
Intl Conf on Struct Des of Asphalt Pavements, 3rd, 1972
Intl Conf on Transp and the Environ, Part 2, Proc, 1972
Intl Congr for Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning, 5th, Paper, 1971
Intl Congr in Vitreous Enamelling, 7th, 1971
Intl Congr on Acoustics, 7th, Papers, Abstr, Proc, 1971
Intl Congr on Combust Engr, 9th, 1971
Intl Congr on Combust Engr, 10th, 1963
Intl Congr on Electron Microscopy, 7th, Summ of Paper, 1970
Intl Congr on Metallic Corros, 4th, Proc, Natl Assoc Corros Engr, 1969
Intl Congr on Protection Against Accelerator and Space Radiation, Proc,
1971
Intl Congr on Reprogr, 3rd, Proc, 1971
Intl Copper Res Assoc, Inc, Final Rep, INCRA Proj 128C, 1971: Powder
Methods for Production of Wrought High Strength, High Conductivity,
Thermally Stable Copper Base Alloys
Intl Copper Res Assoc, Inc, Final Rep, INCRA Proj 135B, 1972: Thermo-
mechanical Processing and Ultrahigh-Strength, Ductile Copper-Base Alloys
Intl Copper Res Assoc, Inc, Final Rep, INCRA Proj 196, Improved Solders
for Copper Alloy Radiators
Intl Copper Res Assoc, Inc, Final Rep, INCRA Proj 198, 1972: Metall Inves-
tigation of the Incramute I Cast and Heat Treated Bars
Intl Copper Res Assoc, Inc, Final Rep, INCRA Proj 2921, 1972: Thermo-
Mechanical Processing of Oxide Dispersion-Strengthed Copper
Intl Cryog Engr Conf, 4th, Proc, 1972
Intl Electric Vehicle Symp, 2nd, Proc, 1971
Intl Electromagnetic Compatibility Symp Rec, 1972
Intl Electron Packag and Prod Conf, Proc, 1972: Internepcon '72
Intl Fed of Autom Control, Digital Computer Appl to Process Control, Intl
Conf, 3rd, Proc, 1971
Intl Fed of Autom Control, Interfaces with the Process Control Computer:
Operator, Engr and Management, Proc, Symp, 1971
Intl Fed of Autom Control, Symp on Digital Simulation of Continuous Process,
Prepr, 1971
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Paper 25, 1973: Effect of Inhibitors
in Antifreeze on the Corrosion of Heat-Rejection Surfaces
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 32, 1973: Experimental
Evaluation of Local Current Density at Holidays of a Cathodically Pro-
tected Coated Pipeline
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 35, 1973: Well Casing
Interference and Potential Equalization Investigation
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 37, 1973: Appl of Linear
Polarization Measurements to the Study of Corrosion in an Operating
Vehicle
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NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 39, 1973; Progress Rep
on the Repeatability arid Reproductbility of Corrosion Potential and
Galvanostatic Polarization Measurements (as ASTM G01.ll Interlaboratory
Testing Program)
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 55, 1973: Factors Af-
fecting the Sulfide Stress Cracking Performance of High Strengh Steel
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 56, 1973: Laboratory
Testing of Corrosion Inhibitors at Elevated Temp and Pressures
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 62, 1973: Inhibition of
Corrosion under Desalination Conditions — 4. Dynamic Studies in Small
Units Producing Fresh Water from Seawater
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 63, 1973: Laboratory
Experience with Alum Alloys in the Desalting Environment
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 64, 1973: Factors Con-
trolling the Corrosion Behavior of Titanium and Titanium-Nickel Alloys
in Saline Solutions
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 65, 1973: Development
of Ferritic Stainless Steels for Use in Desalination Plants
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 66, 1973: Electro-
chemical Evaluation of Aluminum Allows for Desalination.
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 71, 1973: Cathodic Pro-
tection of Port Alfred Harbor
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 72, 1973: Cathodic Pro-
tection of Internal Surfaces of Pipes Containing Sea Water
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 76, 1973: Corrosion of
Gasoline Pipeline from Lightning Fault Current in the Presence of
Cathodic Protection
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 82, 1973: Electrolytic
Generation of Copper Oxide Surfaces
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 94, 1973: Recent and
Noteworthy Experience with Graphite Anodes
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 95, 1973: Res Spells
Progress for Plastic Gas Piping Syst
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 97, 1973: Effect of Micro-
struct and Environ on Stress Corrosion of 7075 Alumin Alloy
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 99, 1973: Corrosion
Monitoring in N-Reactor
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 102, 1973: Effect of
Aging and Irradiation on the Corrosion of Zr-2.5 wt% Nb
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 106, 1973: Corrosion of
Gas-Scrubbing Equip in Municipal Refuse Incinerators
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 115, 1973: Corrosion
Performance of New Fastener Coatings on Operational Military Aircr
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 124, 1973: Use of Soft
X-Ray Spectroscopy to Study Corrosion and Oxidation Products on Metals
and Alloys
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 126, 1973: Corrosion
Product Deposition in Molten Fluoride Salt Syst
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 127, 1973: Oxidation of
Iron as Studied by Conversion-Electron Moessbauer Spectroscopy
NACE, Conf, Proc, Intl Corros Forum, Prepr Paper 134, 1973: Corrosion in
Domestic Hot Water Syst
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Nat and Behav of Grain Bound, Symp, Proc, at TMS-AIME Fall Meet, 1971
Nat Gas Process Assoc, Annu Conv, 52nd Proc, 1973
Natl Assoc of Corros Engr, Conf, Proc, 1971
Natl Congr on Technol for Prod, Paper on Adhes, 1971
Natl Dairy and Food Engr Conf, 20th Annu, Proc, 1972
Natl Dairy Housing, Conf, Paper 1973
Natl Electronic Packag and Prod Conf, Proc of the Tech Program, 1971
Natl Open Hearth and Basic Oxygen Steel Conf, 55th, Proc, 1972
Natl Res Counc Can, Aeronaut Rep LR-567, 1973: Measurements of the
Statistical Properties of Atmosph Turbulence at Altitudes Below 1000 ft
Natl Res Counc Can, Div Mech Engr, Mech Engr RepMH-110, 1972: Comput
Control and Data Acquisition of a Tidal Model
Natl Res Counc Can, Div Mech Engr, Mech Engr Rep MT-64, 1972: High Speed
Water Jets from Vertically Accelerated Rotating Cones
Natl Scl Found (NSFSP-9), Natl Ocean Sediment Coring Program, 1972: Ini-
tial Rep of the Deep Sea Drilling Proj, v 9
Natl Sci Found (NSFSP-11), Natl Ocean Sediment Coring Program, 1972: Ini-
tial Rep of the Deep Sea Drilling Proj, v 11
Natl Sci Found (NSFSP-12), Natl Ocean Sediment Coring Program, 1972: Ini-
tial Rep of the Deep Sea Drilling Proj, v 12
Natl Sci Found (NSFSP-14), Natl Ocean Sediment Coring Program, 1972: Ini-
tial Rep of the Deep Sea Drilling Proj, v 14
Natl Symp on Rock Fragm, 1st, Paper, 1973
Natl Telecommuni-ations Conf, NTC Rec, 1972
NATO Conf on Reliab Test and Reliab Eval, Proc, 1972
NATO Conf, Proc, 1972: Appl of Operational Res to Transp Probl
NOTA (Natl Cable Telev Assoc) Conv, 20th, Annu, Off Transcript, 1971:
CATV, The Second Generation
New Dev in Grinding, Proc, Intl Grinding Conf, 1972
New Mater in Concr Constr, Conf, Proc, 1972
New York State, Southeast Water Supply Comm, Local Government Conf, Proc:
Series of Meet with Local Officials on a County Basis, 1971 and 1972
New York State, Southeast Water Supply Comm, State Agency Conf, Proc,
Temporary State Comm on the Water Supply Needs of SE New York, State
Agency Conf Held with Various Agencies, 1971
Noise and Vibration Control Engr, Proc of Noise Control Conf, 1971
Norske Ingeniorforening (Norway Soc of Prof Engr), Symp on the Fluoride
Probl in the Primary Alumi Smelting Ind, Intl, Prepr, Paper, 1972
North Amer Rapid Excavation and Tunneling Conf, Proc, 1972
Noyes Data Corp (Pollut Control Rev 11), Fine Dust and Particulates
Removal, 1972
Offshore Technol Conf, 4th, Annu, Prepr, Paper, 1972
Ohio Univ Acid Mine Drainage Workship, Proc, 1971
Ontario Ind Waste Conf, 19th Proc, 1972
Oper of Large BOFfs Tech Sess, Proc, Held after the Autum Gen Meet of
Iron and Steel Inst, Longon, England, 1971
Opt Soc Amer, Topical Meet on Integrated Opt — Guided Waves, Mater, and
Devices, Digest of Tech Papers, 1972
Org for Econ Coop and Dev, Educ and Train for Met Worker of 1980, Final
Rep, Semin, 1968
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Org for Econ Coop and Dey, Proc, Symp on Qual Control of Road Works, 1970
Oxidation of Metals, v 5 n 2, 1972
Ozone in Water and Wastewater Treatment, 1972
Pac Chem Engr Congr, 1st, 1972
Pac Southwest Miner Ind Conf, Paper, Prepr, 1972
Passenger Environ, Conf, 1972
Percept and Appl of Flashing Lights, Intl Symp, 1971
Performance Test Proced: Sodium Recovery Units, Prep by TAPPI Steam
and Power Comm, CA Rep 39, 1972
Period Inst of Pressure Vessels, Conf, Papers, 1972
Personal Rapid Transit, Sel of Papers on Primising New Mode of Public
Transp, Conf, 1st, 1971
Pet Technol Symp, Prepr, Papers, 1972
Phase eransformations, Papers presented at the 22nd ASM Semin, 1968
Phosphates in Food Processing, Symp, 1970
Photogr Sci and Engr in Med: Equip and Tech, Proc, Tutorial, Semin,
Paper, 1972
Phys und Technol des Plasmastrahls in der Schweiss-tech (Physics and
Technol of Plasma Jet Welding Methods), Colloq, 2nd, Paper, 1971
Plansee Seminar, 7th, 1971
Plast Inst (London) Dev in Films for Packaging, Conf, 1972
Plast Inst (London), Filament Winding II, RPG Conf, 1972
Plast Inst (London), Res Proj III, RPG Conf, 1971
Plast Inst/Agrement Board Conf, 1971: Plastics in Fire: Building
Pneum Transp of Solids in Pipes, Intl Conf, 1st, Proc, Paper, 1971:
Pneumotransport I
Porcelain Enamel Inst, Tech Forum, Proc, v 33, 1971
Porcelain Enamel Inst, Tech Forum, Proc, v 34, 1972
Power, Pollution and Public Policy, Issues in Electric Power Production,
Shoreline Recreation, and Air and Water Pollution Facing New England
and the Nation, Mass Inst Technol Rep 24, 1971
Power Sources Symp, 25th, Proc, 1972
Predict of Cool/Freezing Times for Food Prod, Paper Presented at Symp at
ASHRAI Semiannu Meet, 1972
Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Anal "A Decade of Prog", v 2:
Components and Struct Dyn, 1972
Probab Des of Reinf Concr Build, Symp, 5 Papers presented at ACI Annu
Conv, 1971
Product Liability Prevention Conf, Proc, 1971
Prog Astronaut Aeronaut, Fundam of Spacecr Therm Des v 29: Technical
Papers Selected from the AIAA 9th Aerosp Sci Meet, Conf, 1971
Progr in Powder Metall, v 28, Proc of the Natl Powder Matall Conf, 1972
Progr Polym Sci, Japan, v 1, 1971
Progr Polym Sci, Japan, v 2, 1971
Progr Polym Sci, Japan, v 3, 1972
Progr Polym Sci, Japan, v 4, 1972
Progr Polym Sci, Japan, v 5, 1973
Programming and Machine Organiz, Symp, Proc, 1971
Protective Coatings on Metals, v 4, Special Res Rep, 1972
Purdue Univ, School of Ind Engr, Carbide Cutting Tool Sci and Engr Semin,
2nd, 1971
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queen's Univ, Therm Fluid Sci Group, Rep 1/73, 1973; Experimental Study
of Mean Combined Convectiye Heat Transfer Rates from Oblong Cylinders
to Air
Queen's Univ, Therm Fluid Sci Group, Rep 2/73, 1973; Effects of Confining
Walls Upon Natural Convection from a Heated Horizontal Cylinder
Queen's Univ, Therm Fluid Sci Group, Rep 3/73, 1973: Effects of Internal
Conduction of the Determination of Heat Transfer Rates Using Thin Film
Heated Models
Radio Tech Comm for Mar Serv Assem Meet, Symp Paper 63-72/DO-64, 1972,
v 1: Marine Traffic Systems
Radio Tech Comm for Mar Serv Assem Meet, Symp Paper 64-72/DO-65, 1972,
v 2: Safe Ship Operations
Radio Tech Comm for Mar Serv Assem Meet, Symp Paper 65-72/DO-66, 1972,
v 3: Maritime Satellite Systems
Radio Tech Comm for Mar Serv Assem Meet, Symp Paper 66-72/DO-67, 1972,
v 4: Trends in Marine Communications
Railway Cybernetics, 3rd Intl Symp, Proc, 1970
Raman Spectroscopy, Theory and Practice, v 2
Rapid Methods for Measuring Radioactivity in the Environ, Proc of Intl
Symp, 1971
Recryst of Met Mater, Paper presented at Semin of Inst fuer Metallkd of
Univ of Stuttgart and Max-Planck- Inst fuer Metallforsch, 1970
Refrig Syst for Perishable Food Delivery Vehicle, Symp, Paper presented
at ASHRAE Annu Meet, 1971
Relay Conf, 20th, Proc, Paper, 1972
Reliab and Maintainability Symp, Annu, Proc, 1972
Reliab and Maintainability Symp, Annu, Proc, 1973
Reliab Physics, Symp, 10th, Annu, Proc, 1972
Remote Syst Technol, Conf, 20th, Proc, 1972
Residual Gases in Electron Tubes, Proc, 4th Intl, 1971
Rheol of Lubr, Conf, Proc, 1972
RILEM, Intl Symp on Refract Concr, Proc, 1971
RILEM, Symp, Intl, 1971: L'Analyse Experimental des Problemes D'Instabilite
sur Modeles Reduits ou en Vraie Grandeur (Experimental Analysis of In-
stability Problems on Reduced and Full-Scale Models)
River Ecology and Man, Proc, Symp, 1971
Rocky Mt Bioengr Symp, 10th Annu, Proc, 1973
Rubbercon 72, Intl Rubber Conf, Proc, 1972
S African Tunnelling Conf, Technol and Potential of Tunnelling, 1970
SAE Spec Publ SP-377, 1973: Williamsburg Conf on Highway Safety Res, 1972
Saf and Reliab of Met Struct, Spec Conf, 1972
Saf Conf, 4th, Papers, 1972
Saf in High Pressure Polyethylene Plants, Chem Engr Prog, Tech Man, 1973
Sagamore Army Materials Res Conf, 18th, Proc, 1971: Powder Metall for
High-Performance Applications
Salinity and Water Use, Natl Symp on Hydrology, 2nd, 1971
SAMPLE Natl Symp and Exhib, 18th, 1973; New Horizons in Mater and Proc
SAMPLE Tech Conf and Exhib, 4th, Natl, 1972; Nonmetall Mater; Selection,
Processing and Environ Behavior
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San Diego Biomedical Symp, Proc, v 10, 1971
Scand Corros Cong (NKM 6), 6th, Proc, Papers, 1971
Schweissnaht als Konstruktionselem im Chem Apparatebau, (Welding Seams
in Struct Design of Chem Ind Installations), Symp, Paper, 1971
SDCE (Soc of Die Cast Engr) Intl Die Cast Congr, 7th, Trans, 1972
Semicond and Semimetals, v 9: Modulation Techniques, 1972
Semicond/IC Process and Prod Conf, Proc of the Tech Program, 1972
SMPTE, Cable Telev, Proc of the Symp, 1970
SNAME Spring Meet Paper, 1972: Ship Optinomics
Soc of Amer Value Engr, Proc, v 7. Natl Conf, 1972
Soc of Environ Engrs, Envirn Engr Aspects of Pollut Control, Symp, 1971
Soc of Min Engr of AIME, Geotechnical Practice for Stability in Open Pit
Mining, Proc of the 2nd Intl Conf on Stability in Open Pit Mining, 1971
Soc Pet Engr, AIME, Conf on Drill and Rock Mech, 6th, Prepr, 1973
Soc Pet Engr AIME, Prepr, for Meet, Oct 8-11 1972
Soc Pet Engr AIME, Prepr, for Meet, Apr 2-3 1973
Soc Pet Engr AIME, Symp, Prepr, Paper, 1972: Handling of Oilfield Waters
Soil Sci Soc Amer, Proc, v 37 n 2, 1973
Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal, Intl Ed, Proc, 1971
Solvent Extr in Metall Processes, Intl Symp, Proc, 1972
South Water Resour and Pollut Control Conf, 20th, Annu, Proc, 1971
Southamption, England, Univ, Inform Syst for Des, Proc, Symp, 1971
Southeast conf on Theor and Appl Mech, 6th, Proc, 1972
Southwest Res Inst, ORNL, Heavy Sect Steel Technol Program, Tech Rep 18,
1972: Tests of 6 in. Thick Flawed Tensile Specimens, First and Second
Technical Summary Reps
Space Congr, 9th, Proc, 1972
SPE, Annu Tech Conf, 31st, Papers, 1973
SPE, Reg Tech Conf, Tech Papers, Challenge of Thermosets, 1973
SPE, Reg Tech Conf, Tech Paper, Flexible Vinyls and Human Safety: An Ob-
jective Analysis, 1973
SPE, Reg Tech Conf, Tech Paper for Meet Philadelphia Sect 1972: Coloring
of Plastics, VI
SPE, Reg Tech Conf, Tech Paper for Meet Tennessee Valley Sect: Continu
Processing of Molten Plastics, 1972
SPE, Reg Tech Conf, Tech Paper: Plastecology 1972
SPW, Reg Tech Conf, Tech Paper: Thermoset VI Retec, 1972
SPE, Reinforced Plastics-IX, Meet Postprint, 1971
Speech Commun and Process, 1972 Conf Rec
SPIE Semin Proc v 22, 1971: Photo-Optical Instrumentation; Present and
Future Developments
SPIE Semin Proc, v 28, Semin-in-Depth, 1972: Instrumentation in Astronomy
SPIE Semin Proc v 29: Imaging TEchniques for Testing and Inspection, Semin
in-Depth, Proc, 1972
SPIE Semin Proc, v 30, Semin-in-Depth, 1971: Photographic Instrumentation:
A Tool for Solving Highway and Traffic Engr Problems
SPWLA (Soc of Prof Well Log Anal) Logging Symp, 14th, Annu, Trans, Paper,
1973
Stainless Steel, Symp, 8th, Annu, Proc, 1971
Stapp Car Crash Conf, 16th, Proc, 1972
Statens Inst Byggnadsforsk, Natl Swedish Bldg Res, Doc D12, 1972: Sematic
Model for Describing Perceived Environ
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Steel Ind and the Environ^ Proc of the 2nd C,C, Furnas Mem Conf, 1971
STI/PUB/301, Nuclear Power Plant Control and Instrumentation, Proc of
a Working Group Meet, 1971
Steet Salting: Urban Water Quality Workship, Proc, 1971
Stress Analysis and Growth of Cracks, Proc of Natil Symp on Fracture Mech,
Part I, 1971
Symp on Abnormal Subsurface Pore Pressure, 3rd, Soc of Pen Engr, Prepr,
1972
Symp on Air Pollut, Turbulence and Diffusion, Proc, 1971
Symp on Comput, Proc, 1972
Symp on Electrodeposited Met as Mater for Sci Appl, 1971
Symp on Engr Aspects of Magnetohydrodynamics, Proc, 12th, 1972
Symp on Equip for High Pressure Process in Pet Refineries, 1972
Symp on Fundam of Transp Phenom in Porous Media, 2nd, Proc, 1972
Symp on Nonlinear Estimation Theory and Its Appl, 2nd, Proc, 1971
Symp on Nuclear Ships, Proc, 1971
Symp on Polym Sci and Engr, 1972
Symp on Rock Mech, 13th, Proc, 1971: Stability of Rock Slopes
Symp on Rock Mech, 14th, Proc, 1972: New Horizons in Roch Mech
Symp on Small Craft, Proc, Paper, 1971
Symp on Spec Ceram, 5th, Proc, 1970
Symp on Temp, 5th, Proc, Paper, 1971: Temperature: Its Measurememt and
Control in Science and Industry, v 4
Symp on the Future of Conurbation Transp, 6th, 1972
Symp on the Future of Ultrason Spectrosc, Rev of State-of-the-Art, Paper,
1970
Symp on Thermophys Prop, 6th, Proc, 1973
Synthetic Fuels from Coal Conf, 2nd, 1972
Synthetic Lubricants, Chem Process Rev 59, 1972
Syst Build Conf, Proc, 1972
Syst Identification of Vib Struc, ASME, Winter Annu Meet, Paper, 1972
Tall Timbers Fire Ecol Conf, 12th, Annu, Proc, 1972
TAPPI, Alkaline Pulping Conf, 26th, 1972
TAPPI Coating Conf, 23rd, Annu, 1972
TAPPI Coating Conf, 24th, Annu, 1973
TAPPI Corrugated Containers Conf, 1972
TAPPI Corrugated Containers Conf, 1973
TAPPI Engr Conf, 1972
TAPPI Environ Conf, 1972
TAPPI, Finishing Conf, 1972
TAPPI, Graphic Arts Conf, 1972
TAPPI, Intl Sulfide Pulping and Recovery Conf, 1972
TAPPI, Papermakers Conf, 1st, Annu, 1972
TAPPI, Reprography Conf, 2nd, 1972
Techniques Involving Extreme Environ, Nondestructive Techniques, Comput
Methods in Metals Res, and Data Analy — 1, Tech Met Res, v 7, Part 1,
1972
Technol for Metall Ind, Rev Course, Residential Conf, Ser 2, n 6, v 1,
Prepr, v 2, Proc 1972
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Terotechnol in Iron and Steelworks Conf, Proc, 1972
Texas Univ, Cent Res Water Restiur, Tech Paper CRWR^95, 1972; Wastewater
Effluent for Power Plant Cooling
Test Solvent Technoli Update *73r Symp, 1973
Theory of Imperfect Crystalline Solids, Lect Presented at Intl Course at
Trieste, 1970
Theory of Machines and Computations, Proc of Intl Symp, 1971
Tools for Coastal Manage, Proc, 1972
Top in Ocean Engr, v 2, 1970
Toronto Univ, Inst Aerosp Stud, UTIAS Rev 37, 1973: Effect of Resistance
to Skidding on Accidents: Surface Dressing on Elevated Sect of M4 Mtrwy
Transport Theory, 2nd Conf, 1971
Tribology Conv, 1972
TRW Syst Broup (ORNL, Heavy Sect Steel Technol Program, Tech Rep 19), 1972:
Effects of Strain Gradients on the Gross Strain Crack Tolerance of
A533-B Steel
Univ Hawaii, Look Lab Oceanogr Engr, Tech Rep 26, 1972: Swaying, Rolling
and Yawing Response Operators of Moored Vessels
Univ Hawaii, Look Lab Oceanogr Engr, Tech Rep 27, 1972: Diagrams for the
Significant Double Amplitides of the Swaying, Rolling and Yawing Mo-
tions of Moored Ships in Irregular Seals
Univ Hawaii, Look Lab Oceanogr Engr, Tech Rep 28, 1972: Comparison of the
Saying, Rolling and Yawing Response Operators Obtained from Computer
Programs Asymo with Experimental and Theoretical Results
Univ Hawaii, Water Resour Res Cent, Tech Rep 61, 1972: Rainfall Climatolo-
gy of Hilo, Hawaii
US Air Force Mater Lab, A r Force Syst Command, Wright-Patterson AFB,
Ohio, Tech Rep AFML TR-71-237, 1971: Final Rep on Joining Techniques
for Fabrication of High-Temperature Superalloy Blades
US Army Electron Command, Symp on Frequency Control, Annu, Proc, 25th, 1971
US Army Tank Autom Command, TACOM, Mobility Syst Lab, Tech Rep 11758,
Final Rep RE-448, 1973: Appl of Plasticity Theory to the Solution of the
Rigid Wheel-Soil Interaction Probl
US At Energy Comm Off Inf Serv, Forum, 1970-1971: Environ and Ecol Forum
US At Energy Comm, Radiation Induced Voids in Metals, Symp, Proc, 1971
US Environ Prot Agency, Air Pollut Tech Data, APTD 1364, Per, 1972:
Evaluating Transp Controls to Reduce Motor Vehicle Emissions in Major
Metropolitan Areas
US Off of Coal Res, Res and Dev Rep 68, Final Rep, 1971: Feasibility Stud
of a Coal Slurry Feeding Syst for High Pressure Gasifiers
US Off Coal Res, Res and Dev Rep 69, 1972: Prod of Flyash-Based Struct
Mater
Ver Dtsch Eisenhuettenleute Together with Haus der Technik, Essen, Ger,
Lect, 1972: Herstellung Von Halbzung und Warmgewalzten Flacherzeugnissen
(Manufacture of Semifinished Products and Flat Hot-Rolled Products)
Vibration and Noise in Motor Vehicles, Symp, Inst Mech Engr, 1971
Video Cartridge, Cassette and Disc Player Syst, Symp, Proc, 1971
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Vysk Ustav Vodn Hospod, Bratislava, Pr Stud, 58, 1971; Automatika Regulacia
Prietokov A Hladin V Hydraulickom Modelovom Vyskume (Automatic Discharge
and Water Level Regulation Within the Hydraulic Model)
Vysk Ustav Vodn Hospod, Bratislava, Pr Stud, 64, 1972: Vplyv Geologickeho
Podlozia Pri Urcovani Prognozy Kvality Vody V Nadrziach (Interaction of
the Geological Substrate and Reservoir Water Quality Forecasting)
Washington (State) State Univ, Pullman, Symp on Particleboard, Proc, 5th,
1971
Water and Pollut Control Sch, 45th, Annu, Proc, 1971
Water for Texas, Annu Conf, 16th, Proc, 1971: Urban Water Resources Plan-
ning and Management
Water Qual Conf, 14th, Proc, 1972: Groundwater Quality and Treatment
Water's Edge: Grit Probl of the Coastal Zone, Coastal Zone Workshop, 1972
Weldability of Struct and Pressure Vessel Steels, Conf Proc, 1970
West Can Water and Sweage Conf, 23rd Annu Conv, Paper, 1971
West Can Water and Sewage Conf, 24th Annu Conv, Paper, 1972
West Electron Show and Conv, 1972: Wescon Technical Papers, v 16
West Snow Conf, 40th, Annu Meet, Proc, 1972
Westinghouse Electr Corp, Nucl Energy Syst (ORNL, Heavy Sect Steel Technol
Program, Tech Rep 16) 1971: Effect of an Environ of High Temp Primary
Grade Nucl Reactor Water on the Fatigue Crach Growth Character of A533
Grade B Class 1 Plate and Weldment Material
Wind Loads on Struct, Proc of USA-Japan Res Semin, 1970
Women in Engr, Conf, Proc, 1971
Workshop on Microprogramm, 5th, Annu, Prepr, Paper, 1972
World Cong on Theory of Mach and Mech, 3rd, Proc, 1971
Wyo Univ, Water Resour Res Inst, Water Resour Ser 27, 1972: Water Resour
Observatory Climatological Data, Water Year 1971
Wyo Univ, Water Resour Res Inst, Water Resour Ser 32, 1973: Water Resour
Observatory Streamflow Data, Water Year 1972
Wyo Univ, Water Resour Res Inst, Water Resour Ser 33, 1973;
Data Usage in Wyoming
Wyo Univ, Water Resour Res Inst, Water Resour Ser 34, 1973: Water Resour
Observatory Climatological Data, Water Year 1972
Wyo Univ, Water Resour Res Inst, Water Resour Ser 35, 1973: Look Back at
the First Seven Years of Wyo, WRRI (196501971)
Wyo Univ, Water Resour Res Inst, Water Resour Ser 36, 1973: Water Resour
Observatory Wind and Solar Radiation Data Water Year 1972
Wyo Univ, Water Resour Res Inst, Water Resour Ser 42, 1972: Water Resour
Observatory Wind Data, Water Y ars 1970 and 1971
MASTER LIST OF SERIAL PUBLICATIONS USED BY POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
AIAA Bull, (Amer Inst of Aeronau and Astronau Inc.)» N.Y.
AIAA J, (Amer Inst of Aeronau and Astronau Inc) Easton, PA
AIAA Paper
AIC Review, (Agric Inst of Canada) Ottawa
Academic Des Sci, Paris, Comptes Rendus Serle A
Academic Des Sci, Paris, Comptes Rendus Serie B
Streamflow
Sci Mathematiques
Sci Physiques
Academic Des Sci, Paris, Comptes Rendus Serie C: Sci Chemiques
Academic Des Sci, Paris, Comptes Rendus Serie D; Sci Naturelles
19
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Academy of Natural Sci of Philadelphia, Notulae Naturae
Academy of Natural Sci of Philadelphia, Proc
Achema — Jahrbuch
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, (Amer Inst of Physics), N.Y.
ACTA Adriatica, (Inst Billogicum Oceonographicum; Oceanografski Inst
Split, Yugoslavia
ACTA Anatomia
ACTA Biologica Cracoviensia, Serie Zoologie, (Polask Akademia Nauk,
Komisja Biologiczna), Krakow
ACTA Botanica Fennica
ACTA Hydrobiologica, (Polska Akademia Nauk, Zakland Biologll Wod) Krakow
ACTA Hydrophysica, (Akademia Der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Inst fuer
Physikalische Hydrographie) Berlin
ACTA Medica Romana, (Faculta di Medicina E Chriurgia, Univ Cattolica del
Sacro Cuore) Milan
ACTA Pharmacologica et Toxicologica
ACTA Polytechnica Scandinavica
ACTA Zoologica Lund, Sweden
Acoustica, (Acoust Group of the Physical Soc of London) Stuttgart, Germany
Admiralty Cil Lab, ADL Rep, Cobham, Surrey, England
Adv Metals Res Corp, Rep, Burlington, Mass
Aerojet Booster, (Aerojet-Gen Corp), Azusa, Calif
Aerosol Sci, (Perganon Press), London
Aerosp Medicine (Aerosp Medical Assoc), St. Paul, Minn
Agric Res, (S Carolina, Agric Experiment Station, Clemson)
Agrohemija, (Poslovno Udruzenje Proizvadaca Sredstava Za Hemizaci Ju
Poljoprivrede), Belgrade
Agronomy J, (Amer Soc of Agronomy) Wash, B.C.
Air Pollut Control Assoc, J, Pittsburgh
Ajax Intl Corp, News Release, Santa Barbara, Calif
Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Bull, Atmospheric and Ocenaic Physics Series
(Amer Geophysical Union), Wash, D.C. (English Translation of Akedimiaa
Nauk SSSR, Izvestiia, Fizika Atmosfery I Okeana)
Akademiaa Nauk SSSR, Doklady, Moscow
Alaska, Univ, Goephysical Inst, Final Rep, College
Alaska, Univ, Inst of Arctic Environ Engr, Annu Rep, College
Alaska, Univ, Marine Advisory Bull, College
Albany Law Review
All Clear, Hackensack, NJ
Alternatives
Amer Assoc of Pet Geologists, Bull, Tulsa, Okla
Amer Assoc of Pet Geologists, Map Series, Tulsa, Okla
Amer Astronautical Soc, Paper
Amer Bar Assoc, J
Amer Bar Assoc, J, Chicago
Amer City Magazine
Amer Education, (U.S. Office of Education), Wash DC
Amer Fish Farmer Magazine
Amer Fisheries Soc, Transactions, Wash DC
Amer Forests (Amer Forestry Assoc), Wash DC
Amer Geophysical Union, Transactions, Wash DC
Amer Heritage, The Magazine of History, NY
20
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Amer Ind Hygiene Assoc, J, Ann Aevoe
Amer Inst of Mining, Metal! and Pet Engr, Soc of Pet Engr, Prepr, NY
Amer J of Botany, (Botanical Soc of Amer), NY
Amer J of Epidemiology
Amer J of Intl Law (Amer Soc of Intl Law) NY
Amer J of Public Health and the Nation's Health (Amer Public Health Assoc)
Boston
Amer J of Vet Res, (Amer Vet Medical Assoc).
Amer Leather Chem Assoc, J
Amer Management Assoc, News, NY
Amer Meteorological Soc, Bull, Boston
Amer Microscopical Soc, Transactions, Columbus, Ohio
Amer Midland Naturalist, (Univ of Notre Dame), Notre Dame, Ind
Amer Naturalist (Amer Soc of Naturalists), Chicago, 111
Amer Pet Inst, Publication
Amer Philosophical Soc, Transactions, Philadelphia, Penn
Amer Review of Respiratory Disease
Amer Shore and Beach Preservation Assoc, News Letter, Rockvill, MD
Amer Soc for Oceanography, Amer Oceanography, Newsletter, Houston, Texas
Amer Soc of Agric Engr, Paper, St Joseph, Mich
Amer Soc of Civ Engr, Engr Mech Div, J, EM, Ann Arbor, Mich
Amer Soc of Civ Engr, Hydraulics Div, J, GY, Ann Arbor, Mich
Amer Soc of Civ Engr, Sanitary Engr Div, J, SA, Ann Arbor, Mich
Amer Soc of Civ Engr, Soil Mech and Foundations Div, J, SM, Ann Arbor,
Mich
Amer Soc of Civ Engr, Tech Memorandum, NY
Amer Soc of Civ Engr, Struct Div, J, St, Ann Arbor, Mich
Amer Soc of Civ Engr, Waterways and Harbors Div, J, WW, Ann Arbor, Mich
Amer Soc of Mech Engr, ASME Publ, NY
Amer Soc of Mech Engr, ASME Standard, NY
Amer Soc of Mech Engr, Transactions, Series A: J of Engr for Power, NY
Amer Soc of Mech Engr, Transactions, Series B: J of Engr for Ind, NY
Amer Soc of Planning Officials, Planning Advisory Serv, Inf Rep, Chicago
Amer Trial Lawyers, J
Amer Univ, Wash, DC, Law Review
Amer Vet Medical Assoc, J, NY
Amer Water Works Assoc, J, NY
Amer Zoologist (Amer Soc of Zoologists(, Utica, NY
Analyst, (Soc for Anal Chem), Cambridge, England
Analytical Chem, (Amer Chem Soc) Wash, DC
Analytical Letters
Animal Behavior (Assoc for the Sud of Animal Behavior) London
Animal Ecology
Animal Kingdom (NY Zoological Soc), Bronx, NY
Animals Academiae Scie Fennicae, Series A, Geologica - Geographica,
Helsinki
Annales Botanici Fennici, (Societas Zoologica Botanica Fennica Vanamo)
Helsinki
Annales de L'Institut Oceanographique, Paris
Annales Zoolagici Fennici (Societas Zoologica Botanica Fennica Vanamo)
Helsinki
Annals of Botany, London
21
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Annals of Occupational Hygiene, (British Occupational Hygiene Soc) NY
Annee Biologique, (Federation Francaise des Societes de Sci Naturelles)
Paris
Annuarie Fancais de Droit Intl, (France, Centre Natl de la Recherche
Scientifique) Paris
Antarctic J of the United States (Natl Sci Foundation and Dept of Defense)
Wash, DC
Anticorrosion Methods and Materials, London
Appl Microbiology, (Amer Soc for Microbiology), Baltimore, MD
Appl Optics (Optical Soc of Amer), Wash DC
Aqua, (State Rivers and Watter Supply Comm) , Victoria
Archiv Fuer Fischereiwissenschaft, Hamburg, Germany
Archiv Fuer Hygiene und Bakteriologie
Archiv Fuer Midrobiologie, Berlin
Archives de Zoologie Experimental et Generale, (France, Centre Natl de
la Recherche Scientifique), Paris
Archives of Biochem and Biophysics, NY
Archives of Environ Health (Amer Medical Assoc), Chicago
Archivio di Fisiologia, Florence
Archivio de Oceanografia e Limnologia, (Italy, Centra Nationale de Studi
Talassografici), Venice
Archivio Zoologico Italiano
Arctic, (Arctic Inst of N Amer), Montreal
Argonne Natl Lab, Environ Sci Rep, Argonne, 111
Argonne Natl Lab, Translation, Argonne, 111
Arizona Law Review, (Arizona, Univ, College of Law), Tucson, Ariz
Arkansas, Univ, Water Resour Res Centr, Proj Completion Rep, Fayetteville
Arkansas, Univ, Water Resour Res Centr, Publ, Fayetteville
Arkiv Fuer Mineralogi Och Geologi, (Svenska Vetenskapsakademien) Stockholm
Armed Forces J, Wash, DC
Armed Forces Management, Wash DC
Asian Inst of Tech, Repr, Bangkok
Assoc de Geographes Francais, Paris, Bull
Assoc Intl D'Oceanographie Physique, Publ, Scientifique, Paris
Assoc of Official Analy Chem, J
Astronau and Aeronau, (Amer Inst of Aeronau and Astronau), NY
Atlantic Richfield Manford Co, Rep, Richland, Wash
Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Comm, Marine Resour of the Atlantic
Coast, Leaflet, Tallahassee, Fla
Atmospheric Environ, (Pergamon Press), NY
Atoll Res Bull, (Natl Res Counc, Pacific Sci Board) Wash DC
Atomic Absorption Newslwtter, Norwalk, Conn
Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd, A.E.C.L. Chalk River, Ontario
Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd, Rep, Ottawa
Atomic Energy Law J
Auckland, NZ Univ, Botany Series, Reprint
Audobon (Natl Audobon Soc), NY
Auk, (Amer Ornithologists' Union) Cambridge, Mass
Australia, Atomic Energy Comm, Rep, Canerra
Australia, Water Resour Council, Water Resour Newsletter, Canberra
Austrailia Commonwealth Sci and Ind Res Organiz, Div of Fisheries and
Oceanography, Fisheries Synopsis, Cronulla, N.S.W.
22
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Australia, Commonwealth Sci and Ind Res Organiz, Div of Fisheries and
Oceanography, Oceanographical Cruise Rep, Melbourne
Australia, Commonwealth Sci and Ind Res Organiz, Div of Fisheries and
Oceanography, Rep, Cronulla, N.S.W., Marine Biological Lab
Australian Chem Engr, Sydney
Australian Chem Processing and Engr, Sydney
Australian Fisheries, Canberra
Australian Geographer, (Geographical Soc of N.S.W.) Sydney
Australian J of Marine and Freshwater Res, (Commonwealth Sci and Ind
Res Organiz), East Melbourne
Australian J of Sci, (Australian and New Zealand Assoc for the Adv of
Sci), Sydney
Australian J of Zoology, (Commonwealth Sci and Ind Res Organiz) East
Melbourne
Australian Law J, Rep, Sydney
Australian Meteorolgical Magazine, (Australia, Bureau of Meteorology),
Melbourne
Australian Zoologist, (Royal Zoological Soc of N.S.W.)> Sydney
Automobile Manuf Assoc, Inc, News Release, Detroit
Baltic and Intl Mritime Conf, BIMCO Bull
Baltimore Sun
Barcelona, Institute de Investigaciones Pesqueras, Tech Rep
Battelle Memorial Inst, Columbus, Ohio, Columbus Lab, Final Rep
Battelle Memorial Inst, Columbus, Ohio, Columbus Lab, Phase Rep
Battelle Memorial Inst, Columbus, Ohio, Pacific NW Lab, Rep, Richland,
Wash
Battelle Res Outlook, (Battelle Memorial Inst, Columbus Lab), Columbus,
Ohio
Beauforita, (Zoological Museum, Univ of Amsterdam), Amsterdam
Bechtel Corp, Summary Rep, Vernon, Calif
Behaviour, Leyden, Netherlands
Beitraege Zur Meereskunde, (Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, Inst
fuer Meereskunde), Berlin
Bell Lab Record, NY
Bergen, Norway, Univ, Geophysik Inst, Rep
Bermuda Biological Station for Res, Inc, Special Publ, St Georges West
Betz Indicator
BiJdragen Tot de Dierkunde, (K Zooelogisch Genootschap Natura Artis
Magistra), Amsterdam
Biochem J, (Biochem Soc), London
Biochem Pharmacology, (Pergamon Press), London
Biochem, (Amer Chem Soc), Wash DC
Biologia Gallo — Hellenica, Athens
Biological Bull, (Woods Hole, Mass, Marine Biological Lab), Boston
Bio-Sci, (Amer Inst of Biological Sci), Wash DC
Bird-Banding, A J of Ornithological Investigation, Boston
Boise Cascade Papers
Bollettino di Pesca, Piscicoltura e Idrobiologia, (Italy, Lab Centrale
di Idrobiologia), Rome
23
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Bollettino de Zoologia, (Unione Zoological Italiana), Torino
Bologna, Univ, Inst Zoologico, Lab of Biologia Marine e Pesca-Fano, Note
Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc, Tech Rep, Cambridge, Mass
Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc, Tech Rep, Van Nuys, Calif
Boston College Ind and Commercial Law Review (Boston College, Boston,
Mass, Law School)
Boston Globe
Boston Soc of Civ Engr, J
Bostonica Marina, Hamburg, Germany
Boyce Thompson Inst for Plant Res, Inc, Yonkers, Contributions
Bremerhaven, Germany Inst fuer Meeresforschung, Veroeffentlichungen,
Bremen
Breviora, (Meuseum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College), Cambridge,
Mass
British Chem Engr, London
British Columbia, Univ, Law Undergraduate Soc, Law Review, Vancouver
British J of Ind Medicine, (British Medical Assoc), London
British Phycological J, (British Phycological Soc), Glasgow
British Water Supply (British Waterworks Assoc), London
Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY, Rep
Brooklyn Law Review
Brussels, Univ Libre, Revue
Bucharest, Muzeul Natl de Istorie Naturala "Origore Anipa", Travaux
Buckeye Bull, (Ohio Water Pollut Control Conf)
Buffalo Law Review (Students of the Univ of Buffalo School of Law),
Buffalo
Bull de L'Institut de Geologie du Bassin D'Aquitaine
Bull de L'Institut Oceanographique, Musee Oceanographique, Monaco
Bull Geodesique, (Intl Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, Assoc of Geodesy)
Paris
Bull of Environ Contamination and Toxicology, (Springer-Verlag), NY
Bull of Legal Developments
Bull of Marine Sci, (Marine Lab, Univ of Miami) Coral Gables, Fla
Business Wekk, NY
CSK Preliminary Data Rep, Cooperative Study of the Kuroshio and Adjacent
Regions, (Japanese Oceanographic Data Centr), Tokyo
Cahiers de Biologie Marine, Editions de la Station Biologique de Roscoff,
Roscoff, France
Cahiers du Pacifique, (Paris, Museum Natl D'Histores)
Cahiers O.R.S.T.O.M. Oceanographie, (Office de la Recherche Sci et
Tech Outre-Mer), Paris
Cahiers Oceanographiques, Bull D1Information, (Serv Hydrographique de
la Marine, Comite Central DfOceanographie et D1Etude des Cotest Paris
Cahners Critical Issue Rep, (Cahners Publ Co), Boston
Calif Dep of Fish and Game, Marine Resour Operations, State Fisheries
Lab, Cruise Rep, Terminal Island
Calif Dep of Fish and Game, Marine Resour Operations, State Fisheries
Lab, Flight Rep, Terminal Island
Calif Resour Agency, State Water Resour Control Board, Publ
Calif State College, Humboldt, Rep
24
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Calif, State College, San Diege, Thesis
Calif, State College, San Francisco, Dept of Biology, Finial Tech Rep,
Calif, State Water Resour Control Board, Publ, Sacramento
Calif, Univ, Calif Agriculture
Calif, Univ, College of Engr, Comm on Ocean Engr, Tech Rep, Berkeley
Calif, Univ, College of Engr, Earthquake Engr Lab, Tech Rep, Berkeley
Calif, Univ, College of Engr, Hydraulic Engr Lab, Tech Rep, Berkeley
Calif, Univ, College of Engr, Tech Rep, BErkeley
Calif, Univ, Inst of Marine Resour, IMR Ref, Berkeley, Los Angeles,
La Jola
Calif, Univ, Lawrence Radiation Lab, Livermore, Prepr
Calif, Univ, Lawrence Radiation Lab, Livermore, Translation
Calif, Univ, Lawrence Radiation Lab, Livermore, UCRL (Reps) Berkeley
Calif, Univ, Proj Clean Air, Res Rep, Riverside
Calif, Univ, Sanitary Engr Res Lab, Annu Rep, Berkeley
Calif, Univ, Sanitary Engr Res Lab, News Quarterly, Berkeley
Calif, Univ, Sanitary Engr Res Lab, Oratory, Rep, Berkeley
Calif, Univ, Scripps Inst of Oceanography, La Jola, Bull, Berkeley
Calif, Univ, Scripps Inst of Oceanography, La Jolla, Marine Physical Lab,
Ref
Calif, Univ, Scripps Inst of Oceanography, La Jolla, News Release
Calif, Univ, Scripps Inst of Oceanography, La Jolla, S10 Ref
Calif, Univ, Scripps Inst of Oceanography, La Jolla Visibility Lab, Rep
Calif, Univ, Sea Water Conversion Lab, Rep
Calif, Univ, Irvine, Final Rep
Calif, Univ, Irvine, Prepr
Calif, Univ, Los Angeles, Dept of Engr, Rep
Calif, Univ, Los Angeles, Lab of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Bio, Rep
Calif, Univ, Los Angeles, Sch of Engr and Appl Sci, Biotechnol Lab, Tech
Rep
Calif, Univ, Los Angeles, Sch of Engr and Appl Sci, Water Resour Centr
Desalination Rep
Calif, Univ, Los Angeles, Sch of Law, UCLA Law Review
Calif Academy of Sci, Proc, San Francisco
Calif Air Environ, (Statewide Air Pollut Centr) Riverside
Calif Air Quality Data (Calif Air Resour Board) Berkeley
Calif Air Resourc Board, Annu Rep, Sacramento
Calif Air Resourc Board, Bull, Los Angeles
Calif Engr
Calif Farmer, Los Angeles
Calif Fish and Game, (Calif, Dept of Fish and Game), Sacramento
Calif Inst of Tech, Pasadena, Div of Engr and Appl Sci, Tech Rep
Calif Inst of TEch, Pasadena, Soil Mech Lab, Rep
Calif Inst of Tech, Pasadena, W.M. Keck Lab of Environ Health E gr, Annu
Rep
Calif Inst of Tech, Pasadena, W.M. Keck Lab of Hydraulics and Water
Resourc, Rep
Calif Medicine
Calif Oil World, Los Angeles
Calif State Bar, J
25
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Calif Vector Views, (Calif Bureau of Vector Control) Berkeley
Calif Water Pollut Control Assoc, Bull, Los Angeles
Calif Western Law Review (Calif Western Univ), San Diego
Calif Health, (Calif Dep of Public Health), Berkeley
Cambridge Acoust Assoc, Inc, Final Rep, Cambridge, Mass
Cambridge Law J
Canada, Bedford Inst of Oceanography, Rep A.O.L., Darmouth, N.S.
Canada, Bedford Inst of Oceanography, Rep B.I.O., Ottawa
Canada, Def Res Board, Def Res Establish, Repring, Victoria, B.C.
Canada, Def Res Board, Def Res Telecommunications Establish, Tech Note,
Ottawa
Cadada, Def Res Board, Translation, Ottawa
Cana, Dept of Energy, Mines and Resourc, Inland Waters Branch, Rep Series,
Ottawa
Canada, Dep of Energy, Mines and Resourc, Inland Waters Branch, Sci
Series, Ottawa
Canada, Dept of Energy, Mines and Resourc, Inland Waters Branch, Tech
Bull, Ottawa
Canada, Dept of Fisheries, Resour Dev Branch, Progress Rep, Halifax, N.S.
Cadada, Dept of Fisheries and Forestry, Candadian Forestry Serv, Forest
Products Lab, Inf Rep, Vancouver, B.C.
Canada, Dept of Fisheries and Forestry, Fisheries of Canada, Ottawa
Canada, Dept of Natl Health and Welfare, Radiation Protect Div, Publ,
Ottawa
Canada, Fisheries Res Board, A.R.O., Circular, Halifax, N.S.
Canada, Fisheries Res Board, Bull, Ottawa
Canada, Fisheries Res Board, J, Ottawa
Canada, Fisheries Res Board, Manuscr Rep Series (Oceanographic and
Limnological) Ottawa
Canada, Fisheries Res Board, Tech Rep, Biological Station, Nanaimo, B.C.
Canada, Fisheries Res Board, Translation Series
Canada, Marine Sci Branch, Manuscr Rep Series, Ottawa
Canadian Bar Review
Canadian Counc of Resource Ministers, Refs, Montreal
Canadian Counc of Resource Ministers, Sources, Montreal
Canadian Entomologist
Canadian J of Botany, Ottawa
Canadian J of Chem Engr, (Chem Inst of Canada), Ottawa
Canadian J of Earth Sci, Ottawa
Canadian J of Microbiology, (Natl Res Counc, Canada), Ottawa
Canadian J of Pharmaceutical Sci, (Canadian Pharmaceutical Assoc),
Toronto
Canadian J of Plant Sci, (Agric Inst of Canada), Ottawa
Canadian J of Public Health, (Canadian Public Health Assoc; Ontario
Health Officers Assoc), Toronto
Canadian J of Soil Sci, (Agric Inst of Canada), Ottawa
Canadian J of Zoology, Ottawa
Canadian Medical Assoc, Toronto, J
Canadian Oceanographic Data Centre, Data Record Series, Ottawa
Canadian Plastics, Ontario
26
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Cape Town, Univ of Cape Town, Inst of Oceanography, Collected Repr
CaribbeanJof Sci, (Puerto Rico, Univ, Inst of Caribbean Studies)
Mayaguez
Case Western Preserve Law Review
Catholic Univ of Amer, Civ Engr and Mech Dep, Stress Analy Lab, Rep,
Wash, DC
Catholic Univ of Amer, Hydromech Lab, Final Rep, Wash DC
Catholic Univ of Amer, Inst of Ocean Sci and Engr, Rep, Wash DC
Centr for the Environ and Man, Inc, Rep, Hartford, Conn
Central Marine Fisheries Res Inst, Bull, Mandapan Camp, India
Centrallaboratorium AB, Helsingfors, Finnish Pulp and Paper Res Inst,
Rep
Centre de Recherches de Pau, Bull, France
Centre de Recherches Oceanographiques O.R.S.T.O.M. Cocument Sci Provisoire
Abidjan
Chem 26 Paper Processing, (Hale Publ Co), Stamford, Conn
Chem and Engr News, (Amer Chem Soc), Wash DC
Chem Engr, Albany, NY
Chem Engr Progress
Chem Geology, (Elseview Publ Co), Amsterdam
Chem Processing, Chicago
Chem Processing, London
Chem Week, NY
Chemico World
Chemie Fuer Labor und Betrieb, Frankfurt AM Main
Chem and Ind, (Soc of Chem Ind), London
Chesapeake Sci, (Maryland, Univ, Natural Resourc Inst, Chesapeak Biolog
Lab), Solomons Island, MD
Chicago, Univ, Dept of Geography, Res Paper
Chicago, Univ, Dep of the Geophysical Sci, Tech Rep
Chicago Tribune
Christian Sci Monitor (Western Ed), Boston, Mass
Chromosoma, Berlin, Vienna
Chronmy Przyrode Ojczysta, (Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Panstwomej Rady
Ochrony Przrody), Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
Citrograph, Redlands, Calif
Civ Engr, (Amer Soc of Civ Engr), NY
Clean Air (Natl Soc for Clean Air), Brighton, England
Clean Waters for Ohio (Ohio Water Pollut Control Board) Columbus, Ohio
Clemson Univ, Water Resourc Res Inst, Rep, Clemson, S Carolina
Clinical Toxicoloty, (Marcel Dekker), NY
Coastal Engr in Japan (Japan Soc of Civ Engr), Tokyo
Coastal Res Notes, (Fla State Univ, Dept of Geology, Tallahassee
Colorado, State Univ, Fort Collins, College of Engr, Fluid Mech Program,
Fluid Dyn and Diffusion Lab, Rep
Colorado, State Univ, Fort Collins, Dept of Animal Sci, Tech Progress Rep
Colorado, State Univ, Fort Collins, Sanitary Engr Papers
Columbia Univ, Henry Krumb Sch of Mines, Ocean Engr Div, Tech Rep, NY
Columbia Univ, Hudson Lab, Dobbs Ferry, NY, Tech Rep
Columbia Univ, Lamont Geological Observatory, Palisades, NY Final Rep
27
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Columbia Univ, Lament Geological Observatory, Palisades, NY, Map
Columbia Univ, Lament Geological Observatory, Palisades, NY, Tech Rep
Columbia Univ, Offie of Public Inf, News Release, NY
Columbia Univ, Sch of Law, Law Review, NY
Combustion, (Combustion Publ Co Inc), NY
Combustion Engr Inc, Progress (Combustion Engr Inc), NY
Combustion Sci and Technol, (Gordon and Breach, Sci Publ Ltd), Belfast
Commerce Business Daley
Commercial Fisheries Review, (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv), Wash
Comparative Biochem and Physiology, NY
Compost Sci, Emmaus, Pa
Comptroller General of the United States, Rep, Wash DC
Computing Rep
Condor: A Magazine of Western Ornithology, (Cooper Ornithological Club
of Calif), Santa Clara
Congressional Record
Conn, Univ, Inst of Water Resourc, Rep, Storrs
Conn Waw Review
Conservation Law Notes
Conservation News, (U.S. Natl Wildlife Serv), Wash DC
Conservationist, (N.Y. State Dept of Environ Conservation), NY
Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
Copeia, (Amer Soc of Ichthyologists and Herpetologist), Northridge, Calif
Cornell Univ, Centr for Enciron Quality Management, Rep, Ithaca, NY
Cornell Univ, Law Sch, Law Review
Cornell Univ, NY State Vet College, Final Rep, Ithaca
Cornell Univ, Water Resourc and Marine Sci Centr, Tech Rep, Ithaca, NY
Cornell Vet, (Cornell Univ, NY State Vet College), Ithaca
Corpus Christi Geological Soc, Bull, Texas
Corrosion (Natl Assoc of Corrosion Engr), Houston, Tex
Corrosion Prevention and Control, London
Council of Planning Librarians, Exchange Bibliography
Crolife, Minneapolis
Crustaceana, Leyden, Netherlands
Cupana, Venezuela, Univ de Oriente, Inst Oceanografico, Boletin
Current Digest of Soviet Press, Current Soviet Policies, the Document
Record of the Communist Party Congress, NY
Current Sci (Current Sci Assoc, Bangalore, India
Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Res, Contributions, Wash DC
Dana Rep, (Calsberg Foundations Ocianographical Expedition Round the
World, 1928-30, and Previous "Dana" Expeditions), Copenhagen
Dansk Naturhistorik Forening, Copenhagen, Videskabelige Meodelelser
Das Gas - Unc Wasserfach
Data, Wash DC
Deep-Sea Res and Oceanographic Abstr, London
Delaware, Water and Air Resourc Comm, Progress Rep, Dover
Delaware, Water and Air Resourc Comm, Water Pollut Control Regu, Dover
Delaware, Water and Air Resourc Comm, Report, Dover
Delaware River Basin Comm, Annu Rep, Trenton
Denmark, Atomenergikommissionen, Risce Rep
28
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Denver Post
Desalination, (Elsevier Publ Co), Amsterdam
Detroit News
Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, (Deutsches Hydrographisches Inst)
Hamburg, Germany
Developmental Biology, NY
Dillingham Corp, Appl Oceanography Div, Final Rep, La Jolla, Calif
Dillingham Corp, Appl Oceanography Div, Summary, La Jolla, Calif
Dock and Harbour Authority, London
Dornier Post, English Ed, Munich, Germany
Dow Chem Co, News Released, Midland, Mich
Down to Earth, (Dow Chem Co), Midland, Mich
Duke Law J, (Duke Univ, Sch of Law), Durham, NC
Du Pont de Nemours (E.I.) and Co, Savannah River Lab, Rep, Aiken, SC
Ducuesne Univ, Law Review, Pittsburgh
EG&G Intl, EG&G Monitor, Yearbook
EG&G Intl, Geodyne Div, Davy Jones, Newsletter
Earl and Wright Consulting Engr, Progress Rep, San Francisco, Calif
Earth and Planetary Sci, Letters, Amsterdam
Eastman Kodak Co, Kodak Publ, Rochester, NY
Eastman Kodak Co, News Service, News Release, Rochester, NY
Ecology, (Ecological Soc of Amer) Brooklyn, NY
Effluent fie Water Treatment J, London
Electrochem Soc, J, Baltimore
Electronic Assoc, Inc, Bull, West Long Branch, NJ
Electronics News, NY
Electronics, NY
Electronics Weekly, London
Electronics World, NY
Emu: A Quarterly Magazine to Popularize the Study Protection of Native
Birds, (Royal Australian Ornithological Union), Melbourne
Endeavor, London
Enfo
Energia Nucleare, (Centro Informazioni Tudi Esperienze, Milan)
Engr, London
Engring, London
Engr and Mining J, NY
Engr Foundation, NY, Coordinating Comm on Air Pollut, Lit Search
Engr J, (Engr Inst of Canada), Montreal
Engr News-Record
Engr Opportunities, Evanston, 111
Environ, (Sci Inst for Publid Info)
Environ: Planning and Conservation in Sweden, (Swedish Info Serv), NY
Environ Reporter
Environ Affairs
Environ Control and Safe Management, Morristown, NJ
Environ Design
Environ Engr, (Soc of Environ Engr), London
Environ Quality Magazine, (Environ Awareness Assoc, Inc), Los Angeles
Calif
29
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Environ Res, (Academic Press), NY
Environ Sci and Tech, (Amer Chem Soc), Wash DC
Eripaninos Vestialous, Helsinki
Eernaerungs-Umshau, (Deutsche Gesellschaft Fuer Ernaehrung), Frankfurt AM
Main
ESSA
ESSO Res and Engr Co, Govern Res Div, Rep, Linden, NJ
ESSO Res and Engr Co, News Release, Linden, NJ
European Shipbuilding, Oslo
Evening Tribune, San Diego, Calif
Explorer: A Magazine of the Natural Sci, (Cleveland Museam of Natural
History), Ohio
FAO Fisheries Circular, (Food and Agric Organiza of the United Nations,
Fisheries Div), Rome
FAO Fisheries Rep, (Food and Agric Organiza of the United Nations, Fish-
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FAO Fisheries Synopsis (Food and Agric Organiza of the United Nations,
Fisheries Div), Rome
FAO Yearbook of Fishery Statistics, Annuaire Statistique Des Peches,
Anuario Estadistico de Pesca, Rome
FAO General Fisheries Counc for the Mediterranean, Studies and Reviews,
Rome
Fram and Food Res, Dublin
Fed Law Review, (Australian Natl Univ, Sch of General Studies, Faculty
of Law), Canberra
Fertiliser Assoc of Ireland, Proc
Finland, Merentutkimuslattoksen Julkaisu, Havsforskningsinstitutets
Skrift, Helsinki
Fininish Paper and Timber, (Suomen Puunjalostusteollinsunden Keskuslittoii
Julkaiseme), Helisinfors
Fish Boat, New Orleans, LA
Fish Trades Gazette, London
Fishing News Intl, London
Flinders Univ of S Australia, Horace Lamb Centre for Oceanographical Res,
Survey Paper, Bedford Park, S Australia
Florida, State Dept of Air and Water Pollut Control, Newsletter
Florida, Univ, Gainesville, Dept of Speech, Communications Sci Lab, Rep
Florida, Univ, Gainesville, Engr Progress at the Univ of Florida,
Florida, Univ, Gainesville, Water Resourc Res Centr, Publ
Florida Academy of Sci, Gainesville, Quarterly J, Detroit
Fluoride, (Intl Soc for Fluoride Res)
Food and Cosmetics Toxicology, (British Ind Biological Res Assoc), London
Foras Taluntais, Plant Sci and Crop Husbandry Div, Res Rep, Dublin
Forbes, NY
Ford Foundation, News Release
Forensic Quarterly
Forest Sci: A Quarterly J of Res and Tech Papers, (Soc of Amer Foresters),
Wash DC
Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, Hamburg, Germany
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Fortune, NY
France, Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Mlneres, Bull, Paris
France, Commissariat A L'Energie Atomique, Rapport C.E.A.
France, Commissariat A L'Energie Atomique, Serie 'Bibliographies"
France, Inst Geographique Natl, Cartes en Service
France, Ministere de la Sante Publique et de la Securite Sociale, Service
Central de Protection Contre les Raycnnepents lonisants, Rapport
D'Activitite
France, Office de la Recherche Sci et Tech Outre-Mer, Memoires
Frankfurter Allgemeine
II Friuli Mecico
Frlm the State Capitals, Sweage and Waste Disposal, Rep, Asbury, NJ
Galethea Rep, (Danske Dybhavsekspedition Joiden Rundt, 1950-52; Sci
Results of the Danish Deep-Sea Expedition Round the World, 1950-52),
Copenhagen
Gas-Wasser-Abwasser
General Contractor, (Assoc, of General Contractors of Amer), San Diego
General Dynamics, Convair Div, Rep, San Diego, Calif
General Dynamics, Electr Boat Div, Rep, Groton, Conn
Generay Dynamics, Electr Boat Div, Summary, Groton, Conn
General Elect Co, Major Appliance Div, Tech Info Series
Genetical Res, (Cambridge Univ Press), London
Gejow, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria", Annali
Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, NY
Geographical J, (Royal Geographical Soc), London
Geological Assoc of Canada, Proc
Geological Magazine, Hertord, England
Geological Soc of Amer, Bull, NY
Geological Soc of Amer, Special Papers, NY
Geological Soc of London, Quarterly J
Geologiska Foereningen I Stockholm, Foerhandlingar
Geologist'sAssoc, Proc, Colchester, England
Geonautics, Inc, Final Rep, Falls Curch, VA
Geonautics, Inc, Interim Rep, Falls Curch, VA
Geophysical J, (Royal Astronomical Soc), London
Geophysical Prospecting (European Assoc of Exploration Geophysicists),
The Hague
Geophysics, (Soc of Exploration Geophysicists), Tulsa, Okal
George Washington Univ, Wash DC, Program of Policy Studies in Sci and
Tech, Occasional Paper
George Washington Univ, Wash DC, Program of Policy Studies in Sci and
Tech, Staff Discussion Paper
Georgia, Univ, College of Agric, Rep (of the) Experiment Stations
Georgia Operator
Georgia's Health, (Georgia Dept of Public Health), Atlanta
Georgia State Bar, J
Geotechnique, London
Geotimes, (Amer Geological Inst), Wash DC
Ghent, Rijksfakulteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Mededelingen
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Giorobiologicheskii Zhurnal, (Akademia Nauk URSR, Kiev, Otdelenie Obshchei
Biologii)
Gigiena I Sanitariya
Gt-Brit, Ministry of Tech, Natl Survey of Smoke and Sulphur Dioxide,
Monthly Mummary
Gt Brit Ministry of Tech, Notes on Water Pollution
Gt Brit Ministry of Tech, Warren Spring Lab, Air Pollut Abstr
Gt Brit Ministry of Tech, Warren Spring Lab, Deposit Gauge and Lead
Dioxide Observations
Gt Brit Ministry of Tech, Warren Spring Lab, Monthly Summary of Observa
Gt Brit Ministry of Tech, Water Pollut Res Lab, Tech Paper
Gt Brit Natural Environ Res Council, NERC News J, London
Gt Brit White Fish Authority, Res Bull, London
Ground Water, (Natl Water Well Assoc), Urbana, 111
Gulf General Atomic, Inc, Rep, San Diego, Calif
Gulf Res Rep, (Gult Coast Res Lab), Ocean Springs, Miss
Hach Chem Co, Rep, Ames, Iowa
Haifa, Ha-Tahanah Le-Hecker Ha-Dayig Ha-Yahi, Bull
Harvard Civil Rights Law J
Harvard Intl Law Review
Harvard J on Legislation
Harvard Law Review
Harvard Univ, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Bull, Cambridge, Mass
Harvard Univ, School of Public Health, Harvard Air Cleaning Lab, Cambridge,
Semiannu Progress Rep
Hastings Law J
Hastings Law Review, San Francisco
Hawaii, Univ, Honolulu, Dept of Ocean Engr, J.F.K. Look Lab of Ocean-
ographic Engr, Look Lab/Hawaii
Hawaii, Univ, Honolulu, Final Rep
Hawaii, Univ, Honolulu, Inst of Geophysics, Data Rep
Hawaii, Univ, Honolulu, Inst of Geophysics, Final Rep
Hawaii, Univ, Honolulu, Inst of Geophysics, Rep
Hawaii, Univ, Honolulu, School of Medicine, Dept of Physiology, Sea Grant
Hawaii, Univ, Honolulu, Water Resourc Res Centr, Annu Rep
Hawaii, Univ, Honolulu, Water Resourc Res Centr, Tech Rep
Health Aspects of Pesticides
Health Physics, NY
Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning
Helglolaender Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuschungen, Biologische
Anstalt Helgoland, Hamberg, Germany
Herpetologica, Hokkaido Daigaku, Sapporo, Japan, Rigakubu, Daiso Ken-
kyujo, Muroran, Sci Papers of the Inst of Algological Res
Hokkaido Daigaku, Sapporo, Japan, Suisangakubu, Hakodate, Bull
Hokkaido Daigaku, Sapporo, Japan, Suisangakubu, Hakodate, Memoirs
Honeywell Inc, Syst and Res Div, Res Dept, Final Rep, St Paul, Minn
Houston Chronicle
Hovering Craft and Hydrofoil
Howard Law J, Wash DC
Hubble Way, (Hubble Oil & Refining Co)
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Hydro Delft CDelft Hydraulics Lab), Waterloopkundig Lab, Delft,
Netherlands
Hydrobiologia, The Haugue
Hydrocarbon Processing
Hydronautics, Inc, Tech Rep
Hydroscope, Bull of SW Florida Water Management Distr
Hydrospace (Grampian Press), London
IEEE Spectrum (Inst of Elect and Electron Engr), NY
IEEE Transactions on Aerosp and Electron Syst, (Inst of Elect and Electron
Engr, Group on Aerosp and Electron Syst), NY
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience Electron, (Inst of Elect and Electron
Engr, Prof Tech Group on Geoscience Electron), NY
L'Igiene Moderna, (Univ di Padova, Inst di Igiene)
IMCO Bull, (Itner Governmental Maritime Consultative Organiza) London
ISA J, (Instru Soc of Amer), Pittsburgh, Pa
ISA Transactions (Instru Soc of Amer), Pittsburgh, Pa
IIT Res Inst, Tech Centr, Final Rep, Chicago, 111
IBIS, (British Ornithologists Union), London
Idaho Nuclear Corp, Natl Reactor Testing Station, Rep, Idaho Falls
111 State Geological Survey, Circular, Urbana
111, State Geological Survey, Environ Geology Notes, Naperville
111, State Geological Survey, Repr Series
111, Univ, College of Vet Medicine, Dept of Vet Physiology and Pharma-
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111, Univ, Dept of Theoritical and Appl Mech, T.A.M. Rep, Urbana
111, Univ, Water Resourc Centr, Res Rep, Urbana
111, Water Survey, Rep, Investigations, Urbana
111, Water Survey, Res Rep, Urbana
111 Res, (111 Agric Experiment Station, Urbana)
Indian Academy of Sci, Proc, Section A, Gangalore
Indian Academy of Sci, Proc, Section B, Bangalore
Indian J of Chem, (Council of Sci and Ind Res), New Delhi
Indian J of Environ Health, Nagpur
Indian J of Experimental Biology, New Delhi
Indian J of Meteorology and Geophysics, Delhi
Indian J of Tech, (Council of Sci and Ind Res), New Delhi
Indiana, Univ, Water Resourc Res Centr, Rep of Investigation
Indiana Legal Forum
Industrial and Engr Chem, Fundamentals, (Amer Chem Soc), Wash DC
Indust and Engr Chem, Process, Design and Development, (Amer Chem Soc),
Easton, Pa
Indust and Engr Chem, (Amer Chem Soc), Wash DC
Indust Medicine and Surgery, Miami, Fla
Indust Photography, NY
Indust Res, Chicago
Indust Water Engr, Minneapolis
Innerspace
Inst Fundamental D'Afrique Noire, Bull, Serie A: Sci Naturelles, Dakar
Inst Natl de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Bull, Paris
Inst Royal Meteorologique de Belgique, Inst H'Gygiene et DfEpidemiologie,
Bull Mensuel, Brussels
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Inst of Fuel, London, J
Inst of Marine Engr, London, Transactions
Inst of Navigation, London, J
Inst of Paper Chem, Bibliographic Series, Appleton, Wise
Inst of Retro, London, J
Inst of Water Pollut Control, Conf Paper, London
Inst of Water Pollut Control, J, London
Inst of Civ Engr, London, Paper
Inst of Civ Engr, London, Proc
Inst of Mining and Metall, Mining and Petro Geology Sect, Paper, London
Inst of Public Health Engr, J, London
Inst of Water Engr, London, J
Inst Espanol de Odeanografia, Bull, Madrid
Inst Espanol de Oceanografia, Trafajos, Madrid
Inst Voor Gezondheiostechniek Tno, de Ingenieru, The Hague, Netherlands
Instrument News (Perkin-Elmer Corp), Norwalk, Conn
Instrumentation Tech, (Instrument Soc of Amer), Pittsburgh
Inter-Amer Tropical Tuna Comm, Bull, La Jolla, Calif
Inter-Amer Tropical Tuna Comm, Translation, La Jolla, Calif
Inter-Govern Maritime Consultative Organiz, London, Rep, Annu
Intl and Comparative Law Quarterly, (Soc of Comparative Legislation),
London
Intl Assoc of Theoretical and Appl Limnology, Mitteilungen, Communica-
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Intl Atomic Energy Agency, Prepr, Vienna
Intl Atomic Energy Agency, Radioactivity in the Sea Publ, Vienna
Intl Atomic Energy Agency, Reprint, Vienna
Intl Atomic Energy Agency, Safety Series, Vienna
Intl Comm for the NW Atlantic Fisheries, Spec Publ, Halifax, N.S.
Intl Counc for the Exploration of the Sea, Cooperative Res Rep, Copenhagen
Intl Counc of Sci Unions, Sci Comm on Oceanic Res, Proc, La Jolla, Calif
Intl Hydrographic Review, (Intl Hydrographic Bureau), Monaco
Intl J of Appl Radiation and Isotopes, London
Intl J of Environ Studies
Intl J of Immunochem, (Pergaman Press), Oxford
Intl J of Solids and Struc, NY
Intl Law and Politics
Intl Lawyer, (Amer Bar Assoc, Sect of Intl and Comparative Law)
Intl Legal Materials, Current Documents, Wash DC
Intl Marine Sci, (United Nations Educational, Sci and Cultural Organiz),
Paris
Intl N Pacific Fisheries Comm, Bull, Vancouver
Intl Pacific Halibut Comm, (U.S. and Canada), Rep, Vancouver
Intl Pacific Halibut Comm, (U.S. and Canada) Tech Rep, Vancouver r
Intl Pacific Salmon Fisheries Comm, (U.S. and Canada), Progress Rep,
New Westminister
Intl Shipbldg Progress, Rotterdam
Intl Jahrbuch Chemische Industrie, Solothurn, Switzerland
Interstate Comm on the Potomac River Basin, News Letter, Wash DC
Interstate Sanitation Comm, Rep, NY
Investigation Pesquera, (Spain Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Cientificas, Inst de Investigaciones Pesqueras), Barcelona
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Iowa, State Univ of Sci and Tech, Ames, Ames Lab, Res and Develop Rep
Iowa, Univ, Inst of Hydraulic Res, Progress Rep, Iowa City
Iowa, Univ, State Hygienic Lab, Rep, Iowa City
Iowa Law Review
Israel, S Red Sea Expedition, Rep, Sea Fisheries Res Station, Bull
Italy, Comitato Nazionale per L'Energia Nucleare, Rep, Rome
Italy, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Commissione Italiana del
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Italy, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Commissione Italiana per la
Oceanografia, Serie A: Raccolta Dati Oceanografici, Rome
Italy, Consigio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Commissione Italiana per la
Oceanografia, Serie B: Risorse Marine E del Fondo Marino, Programma
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Izzaak Walton Outdoor Amer
JEEE: Japan Electronic Engr, Tokyo
Japan, Far Seas Fisheries Res Lab, Bull, Shimizu
Japan, Sea Regional Fisheries Res Lab, Niigata, Bull
Japanese Soc of Sci Fisheries, Bull
Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD, Annu Summ Rep
John Hopkins Univ, Chesapeak Bay Inst, Annapolis, MD, Ref
John Hopkins Univ, Chesapeake Bay Inst, Annapolis, MD, Tech Rep
John Hopkins Univ, Dept of Geography and Environ Engr, Rep, Baltimore MD
J de Conchyliologie, Paris
J du Couseil, (Intl Counc for the Exploration of the Sea)
J of Agric and Food Chem, (Amer Chem Soc), Easton, Pa
J of Air Law and Commerce, Chicago
J of Aircr, (Amer Inst of Aeronau and Astronau), Easton, Pa
J of Animal Ecology, (British Ecological Soc), London
J of Appl Bacteriology, (Soc for Appl Bacteriology), London
J of Appl Ecology, (British Ecological Soc), Oxford, England
J of Appl Meteorology, (Amer Meteorological Soc), Boston
J of Appl Physics, (Amer Inst of Physics), NY
J pf Auditory Res, Groton, Conn
J of Bacteriology, (Amer Soc for Microbiology), Baltimore, MD
J of Biological Chem, (Amer Soc of Biological Chem), Baltimore, MD
J of Chem and Engr Data, (Amer Chem Soc), Wash DC
J of Chromatography, Amsterdam
J of Clinical Pharmacology, Albany, NY
J of Dairy Sci, (Amer Dairy Sci Assoc), Baltimore
J of Econimic Entomology, (Entomological Soc of Amer)
J of Environ Health, (Natl Environ Health Assoc), Denver, Colorado
J of Environ Sci, (Inst of Environ Sci), Los Angeles, Calif
J of Experimental Biology, London
J of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, (N Holland Publ Co),
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J of Experimental Zoology, (Wistar Inst of Anatomy and Biology), Philadel-
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J of Fish Biology, (Academic Press), London
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J of Fluid Mech, London
J of Forestry
J of Geology, Chicago
J of Geophysical Res, (Amer Geophysical Union), Wash DC
J of Claciology, (British Claciological Soc), Cambridge, England
J of Hydraulic Res, J de Recherches Hydrauliques, (Intl Assoc for Hy-
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J of Hydronautics (Amer Inst of Aeronau and Astronau), Easton, Pa
J of Hygiene, Cambridge, England
J of Intertebrate Pathology, (Academic Press, Inc), NY
J of Japanese Botany, Tokyo
J of Law Reform
J of Mammalogy, (Amer Soc of Mamalogists), Lawrence, Kansas
J of Marine Res, (Sears Foundation for Marine Res, Bingham Oceanographic
Lab, Yale Univ), New Haven, Conn
J of Marine Sci, (Marine Sci Inst), Byou La Batre, Alabama
J of Maritime Law and Commerce
J of Materials, (Amer Soc for Testing and Materials), Philadelphia, Pa
J of Paleontology, (Soc of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists;
Paleontological Soc), Tulsa, Okal
J of Parasitology, (Amer Soc of Parasitologists), Lawrence, Kansas
J of Petro Tech, (Amer Inst of Mining and Metall Engr, Pefcro Branch),
Dallas, Tex
J of Phycology, (Phycological Soc of Amer), Baltimore
J of Physical Chem, (Amer Chem Soc), Wash DC
J of Protozoology, (Soc of Protozoologists), NY
J of Radiation Res, (Japan Radiation Res Soc), Tokyo
J of Sci and Food Agric
J of Sedimentary Petrology, (Soc of Economic Paleontologists and Mineral-
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J of Ship Res, (Soc of Naval Architects and Marine Engr), NY
J of Soil and Water Conservation, (Soil Conservation Soc of Amer), Balti-
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J of Sound and Vibr, London
J of the Atmospheric Sci, (Amer Meteorological Soc), Boston
J of Urban Law
J of Wildlife Diseases
J of Wildlife Management, (Wildlife Soc), Wash DC
J of Zoology, (Zoological Soc of London), London
Joy Manuf Co, Denver Equip Deiv, Tech Bull, Denver, Colorado
Joy Manuf Co, Western Precipitation Div, Bull, Los Angeles, Calif
Judge Advocate General, J
Kansas, Univ Paleontological Inst, Contributions, Lawrence
Kansas, Univ, Sci Bull, Lawrence
Kansas Academy of Sci, Transactions
Kansas City Law Review, (Univ of Missouri)
Kansas City Star
Kansas City Times
Kellogg World, (W.M. Kellogg Co), Houston, Tex
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Kentucky, Univ, Water Resouc Inst, Res Rep, Lexington
Korrespondenz Abwasser, (Informationsblatt fuer das Abwasserwesen)
Kyoto Daigaku, Inst of Insect Control, Botyo-Kagaku
Kyoto Daigaku, Misaki Rinkai Kenkyojo, Kenkyo Hokoku, Maizuru, Japan,
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La Punta, Puru (Lima), Inst del mar del Puru, Bull
Lab Practice, London
Lance, Boston and London
Land and Water Law Review
Layngoscope
Law and Contemp Problems Series, (Duke Univ, Sch of Law), Dobbs Ferry, NY
Lawyer of the Amer, (Inst for Inter-Amer Legal Studies, Univ of Miami,
Sch of Law)
Leben, (Biologic Verlag), Hamburg
Le Monde, Paris
Let's Live, (Oxford Ind, Inc), Los Angeles
Leyden, Rijksmuseum Van Natuurlijke Historic, Zoologische Verhandelingen
Life, Chicago
Limnology and Oceanography, (Amer Soc of Limnology and Oceanography)
Ann Arbor, Mich
Linnean Soc of London, J, Zoology
Lisbon, Junta do Investigacoes do Ultramar, Centre de Biologia Aquatica
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Litton Syst, Int, Adv Marine Tech Div, Final Rep, Culver City, Calif
Litton Syst, Inc, Environ Syst Div Tech Rep, Bethesda, MD
Lockheed Aircr Corp, Lockheed Missiles and Space Co, Lockheed Res Lab,
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Lockheed Aircr Corp, Lockheed Missiles and Space Co, News Release, Sunny-
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Lockheed Aircr Corp, Lockheed Missiles and Space Co, Ocean Syst Lab, Rep,
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Lockheed Aircr Corp, Lockheed Missiles and Space Co, Underwater Missile
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Los Angeles, Uni of S, Calif, Allan Hancock Foundation, Allan Hancock
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Los Angeles, Univ of S Calif, News Release
Los Angeles Bar Bull
Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, Bull, Sci
Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, Sci Series: Zoology
Los Angeles County Museum, Los Angeles, Tech Rep
Los Angeles Herald Examiner
Los Angeles Times
Louisianna, State Univ and Agric and Mech College, Coastal Studies Inst,
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Louisianna, State Univ and Agric and Mech College, Coastal Studies Inst,
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Louisianna Polytechnic Inst, Dept of Agric Engr, Rep, Boston
Lysekil, Sweden, Havsfiskelaboratoriet, Meddelande
MHSB, (Maryland H rpetological Soc), Baltimore
MITRE Corp, Paper, Franklin Park, 111
MacDonald J
Machine Design, Cleveland, Ohio
Maine Law Review
Malacologia, (Inst of Malacology), Ann Arbor, Mich
Malacological Review, Whitmore Lake, Mich
Malacological Soc of London, Proc
Mammalia, (Laboratoire de Zoologte des Mammiferes, Museum D'Histoire
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Manitoba, Univ, Agassiz Centr for Water Studies, Res Rep, Winnipeg
Manitoba Law School, Winnipeg, Manitoba, J
Marine Biology, (Springer Verlag), Berlin
Marine Engr and Naval Architect, London
Marine Engr/Log, NY
Marine Geology, Amsterdam
Marine Geophysical Res, (Intl J for the Study of the Earth Beneath the
Sea), Dordrecht, Holland
Marine Newsletter, (Coastal Plains Centr for Marine Develop Serv), Wash DC
Marine Observer, (Gr. Britain Meteorological Office), London
Marine Pollut Bull
Marine Tech, (Soc of Naval Architects and Marine Engr), NY
Marine Tech Soc, J
Mariners Weather Log, (U.S. Weather Bureau), Wash DC
Maritime Sediments, (Dalhousie Univ, Inst of Oceanography), Halifax
Maritimes, (Rhode Island, Univ, Grad School of Oceanography), Kingston RI
Martex Mariner, (Mariek Instruments, Inc), Newport Beach, Calif
Maryland, Univ, Water Resourc Res Centr, Completion Rep, College Park
Mass, Univ, Dept of Geology, Coastal Res Group, Tech Rep, Amherst
Mass, Univ, Sch of Engr, Thesis Rep, Amherst
Mass, Univ, Tech Guidance Centr for Ind Environ Control, TGG Bull, Amherst
Mass, Univ, Water Resourc Res Centr, Interim Rep, Amherst
Mass, Univ, Water Resourc Res Centr, Publ, Amherst
Mass Inst of Tech, Charles Stark Draper Lab, Rep, Cambridge
Mass Inst of Tech, Dept of Civ Engr, Water Resourc and Hydrodynamics Lab,
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Mass Inst of Tech, Dept of Meteorology, Progress Rep, Cambridge
Mass Inst of TEch, Dept of Naval Architecture and Marine Engr, Master's
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Mass Inst of Tech, Fluid Mech Lab, Publ, Cambridge
Mass Inst of Tech, Lincoln Lab, Tech Note, Lexington
Mass Inst of Tech, Sea Grant Proj Office, Rep, Cambridge
Materials Engr, (Reinhold Publ Corp), NY
Materials Protection and Performance (Natl Assoc of Corrosion Engr), Tex
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Materials Res and Standards, (Amer Soc for Testing and Materials), Phila-
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Me Donnel Douglas Corp, Douglas Aircr Co, Final Tech Rep, Long Beach, Calif
McGill Univ, Montreal, Mac Donald Physics Lab, Ice Res Proj, Rep
McGill Univ, Montreal, Marine Sci Centr, Rep, (Annu)
McGill Univ, Montreal, Marine Sci Centr, Manuscr Rep
McGraw-Hill Tech Education News
Metals Engr Quarterly, Amer Soc Metals), Novelty, Ohio
"Meteor" Forschungsergenbisse, Reime A: Allyemeines Physik und Chemie des
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"Meteor" Forschungserbebnisse, Reihe B: Meteorologie und Aeronomie,
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Meteorologocal Soc of Japan, J
Meteorologiia I Giorologiia, Moscow
Mexico (City) Univ Nactional, Inst de Biologia, Anales
Miami, Univ of, Coral Gables, Fla, Inst of Marine Sci, Final Rep
Miami, Univ of, Fla, Dorothy H. and Lewis Rosenstiel Sch of Marine and
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Miami, Univ of, Fla, Dorothy H. and Lewis Rosenstiel Sch of Marine and
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Miami, Univ of Fla, Dorothy H. and Lewis Rosenstiel Sch of Marine and
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Miami, Univ of, Fla, Sea Grant Program, Tech Bull
Miami News
Mich, State Univ, E Lansing, Agric Experiment Station, Res Rep
Mich, State Univ, E Lansing, College of Engr, Div of Engr Res, Completion
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Mich, Univ, College of Engr, Dept of Meteorology and Oceanography, Final
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Mich, Univ, College of Engr, Dept of Naval Architecture and Marine Engr,
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Mich, Univ, Sch of Public Health, Rep, Ann Arbor
Mich, Water Resourc Comm, Memo, Lansing
Mich, Water Resourc Comm, News Bull, Lansing
Mich, Water Resourc Comm, Water and Related Resourc Data, Lansing
Mich Conservation
Mich Law Review
Microbio, (Amer Inst of Biological Sci), Wash DC
Midwest Res Inst, Kansas City, Mo, Reprint
Misronesica, (College of Guam), Agana
Micropaleotology, (Amer Museum of Natural History), NY
Midwest Res Inst, Newsletter, Kansas City
Midwest Res Inst, Quarterly, Kansas City
Military Engr, J of the Soc of Amer Military Engr, Wash DC
Millipore Corp, News Release, Bedgord, Mass
Mined-Land Conservation
Mines Magazine, (Colorado Sch of Mines), Golden, Colo
Mining Engr, (Amer Inst of Mining and Metall Engr), NY
Mining Equip Mews, Knoxville, Tenn
Minn, Univ Agruc Experiment Station, Tech Bull
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Minn, Univ, St Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab, Proj Rep
Minn, Univ, Water Resourc Res Centr, Bull, Minneapolis
Minn Law Review
Minn Mining and Manuf Co, Space and Defense Products, Quarterly Rep,
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Minnesota Sci
Mississippi, State Univ, Water Resourc Res Inst, Rep, State College
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Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha, Mitsubishi Tech Bull, Tokyo
Mitsubishi Nippon Heavy-Industries, Tech Review, Tokyo
Monsanto Co, Monsanto Res Corp, Final Rep, Cincinnati, Ohio
Montana Law Review
Monthly Weather Review, (U.S. Weather Bureau), Wash DC
Mosquito News
Motor Industry Res Assoc, Rep, Warwickshire
Municipal Attorney, (Natl Inst of Municipal Law Officers), Wash DC
Mycologia, (Mycological Soc of Amer), NY
NOAA, (U.S. Natl Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin), Wash DC
Naples, Stazione Zoologica, Pubblicazioni
Natal, Town and REgional Planning Comm, Rep, Pietermitzburg
The Nation
Natl Academy of Sci, Comm on Oceanography Nasco Notes
Natl Academy of Sci — Natl Res Council, Natl Academy of Engr, Natl Co-
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Natl Academy of Sci — Natl Res Council, Rep, Wash DC
Natl Asphalt Pavement Assoc, Information Series, Riverdale, MD
Natl Centr for Atmospheric Res, Tech Notes, Boulder, Colo
Natl Fisherman, Camden, ME
Natl Geographic Magazine (Natl Geographic Soc), Wash DC
Natl Observer, (Dow Jones & Co, Inc), NY
Natl Oceanography Assoc, Annu Oceanography Rep, Wash DC
Natl Oceanography Assoc, News Release, Wash DC
Natl Petro Refiners Assoc, Paper, Wash DC
Natl Res Council, Bldg Res Advisory, Fed Construe Council, Tech Rep,
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Natl Res Council, Div of Engr Comm on Pollut Abatement And Control, Rep,
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Natl Sci Foundation, Annu Rep, Wash DC
Natl Shell Fisheries Assoc, Proc
Natl Wildlife, (Natl Wildlife Federation), Milwaukee
Natl Wildlife Federation, Conservation Rep, Wash DC
Natural History, (Amer Museum of Natural History), NY
Natural Resourc J, (Univ of New Mexico, Sch of Law) Albuquerque
Natural Resourc Lawyer, (Amer Bar Assoc Sect of Natural Resourc Law, Chgo
Naturalist, Quarterly J, England
Naturaliste Canadien, (Univ Laval), Quebec
Nature, London
Nature in Focus (European Info Centr for Nature Conservation), Strasbourg
40
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Naturwissenschaften, (Max Planck - Gesellschaft zur Forderung der
Wissenschaften ...), Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Germany
Nautilus, (Amer Malacological Union), Haverton, Pa
Naval Engr J, Wash DC
Naval Res Reviews, (U.S. Office of Naval Res), Wash DC
Navigation, Revue Technique de Navigation Maritime et Aerienne, (Inst
Francais de Navigation), Paris
Navigation, (Inst of Navigation), Wash DC
Navy, (Navy League of the United States), Wash DC
Navy Civ Engr, (U.S. Naval Civ Engr Corps), Wash DC
Nebraska, Univ, Dept of Zoology, Tech Rep, Lincoln
Neotropica, Notas Zoologica Sudamericanas, Buenos Aires
Netherlands J of Sea Res, (Netherlands Inst of Sea Res), Den Helder
New England Interstate Water Pollut Control Comm, Annu Rep, Boston
New England Interstate Water Pollut Control Comm, Guides, Boston
New England Law Review
New England Marine Resourc Infer Program, Pell Marine Sci Library),
Narrafansett, RI
New England Water Pollut Control Assoc, J, Hartford, Conn
New England Water Works Assoc, J
Newfoundland, Memorial Univ, St Johns, Library J
New Hampshire, Univ, Water Resourc Res Centr, Completion Rep, Durham
New Hampshire, Univ, Water Resourc Res Centrf Tech Working Paper, Durham
New Hampshire, Univ, Water Resourc Res Centr, Res Rep, Durham
New Jersey, Middlesex County Planning Board Comprehensive Master Plan
New Jersey Environ Times
New Mexico, State Univ of Agric, Engr and Sci, Univ Part, Engr Experi-
ment Station, Tech Rep
New Mexico, Water Quality Board, Summary
New Sci, London
New Sci and Sci J, London
New York, State Univ, Marine Sci Res Centr, Tech Rep Series, Stony Broox
New York, State Univ College, Fredonia, Lake Erie Environ Studies,
Public Info Rep
New York, State Univ College, Fredonia, Lake Erie Environ Studies,
Tech Data Rep
New York, Univ, Law Review
New York Academy of Sci, Annals, NY
New York Academy of Sci, Transactions, NY
New York Fish and Game J, Albany
New York Ocean Sci Lab, Tech Rep, Montauk
New York State Bar, J
New York (State) College of Forestry, Syracuse, Water Resourc Centr, Rep
New York State Conservation Dept, Div of Conservation Education, Info
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New York State Conservation Dept, Water Rescue Comm, Rep of Investigation,
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New York State Dep of Environ Conservation, News Release, Albany
New York State Dept of Health, Monograph
New York Times
New York Univ, Courant Inst of Math Sci, Rep, NY
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New York Univ, Inst of Environ Medicine, Final Progress Rep, NY
New York Univ, Sch of Engr and Sci, Dept of Meteorology and Oceanography,
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New York Univ, Sch of Engr and Sci, Res Div, Geophysical Sci Lab, Rep, NY
New York Univ J of Intl Law and Politics (N.Y. Univ Intl Law Soc), NY
New Zealand, Dept of Health, Natl Radiation Lab, Rep, Christchurch
New Zealand, Dept of Sci and Ind Res, Bull, Wellington
New Zealand, Marine Dept, Fisheries Tech Rep, Wellington
New Zealand Engr, (New Zealand Inst of Engr, J)
New Zealand J of Agric Res, (New Zealand, Dept of Sci and Ind Res),
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New Zealand J of Botany, (Dept of Sci and Ind Res), Wellington
New Zealand J of Geology and Geophysics, (Dept of Sci and Ind Res)
Wellington
New Zealand J of Marine and Freshwater Res (New Zealand Dept of Sci and
Ind Res), Wellington
New Zealand, J of Sci (New Zealand, Dept of Sci and Ind Res), Wellington
Nickel Topics, (Intl Nickel Co, Inc), NY
Norsk Geografisk Tidssdrift, (Norske Geografiske Selskab), Oslo
Norske Videnskaps-Akademi I Oslao, Hvalradets Skrifter
No Atlantic Treaty Organiz, Advisory Group for Aerosp Res and Develop,
Advisory Rep, (Paris)
No Carolina, Univ, State College of Agric and Engr, Raleigh, Water
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No Carolina, Univ, State College of Agric and Engr, Raleigh, Water Re-
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No Dakota, Agric Experiment Station, Fargo, Res Rep
No Dakota, State Univ of Agric and Appl Aci, Fargo, Cooperative Extension
Serv, Circular,
No Dakota, State Univ of Agric and Appl Sci, Fargo, Water Resourc Res
Inst, Annu Rep
No Dakota, State Univ of Agric and Appl Sci, Fargo, Water Resourc Res
Inst, Res Proj Tech Completion Rep
No Dakota Law Review
Norther Res and Engr Corp, Rep, Cambridge, Mass
Northup Corp, Northrup Notronics, Northrop Syst Lab, Rep, Palos Verdes
Peninsula, Calif
Notre Dame, Ind, Univ, College of Engr, Proj Thesis, Tech Rep
Nouvelle Revue Francaise D'Hematologia, Paris
Nouvi Annali D'Igiene & Microbiologia, Rome
Nova Scotia Bird Soc, Newsletter
Nuclear News, (Amer Nuclear Soc), Chicago
Nucleus, (Parksitan Atomic Energy Comm), Lahore
Nytt Magasin for Botanikk, Oslo
Nytt Magasin for Zoologi, Oslo
Oberflaeche-Surface
OECD Observer (Ograniz for Economic Cooperation and Develop), Paris
Ocean Engr, (Pergamon Press), Long Island City, NY
Ocean Ind, (Gulf Publ Co), Houston, Tex
42
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Ocean Product News, (Chandler Publ, Inc), Chicago
Ocian Sci News, Wash DC
Oceanographical Soc of Japan, J
Oceanology, Wash DC, Translation of the Russion J Okeanologiia
Oceanology Intl, Beverly Shores, Ind
Oceans, Marseille
Oceans Magazine
Oceanus, (Woods Hole, Mass, Oceanographic Inst)
Official Gazette, U.S. Patent Office, Wash DC
Offshore, (Intl Trade Publ), Conroe, Tex
Offshore Tech, London
Ohio, Dept of Health, Water Pollut Control Board, Annu Rep, Columbus
Ohio, State Univ, Columbus, Res Foundation, Inst of Polar Studies, Rep
Ohio State Law J
Oil and Gas J, Tulsa, Okla
Okayama Daigaku, Tamanu Rinkai Jikkensho, Okayama Daigaku Tamano Rinkai
Jikkensho Gyoeski, Contributions for the Tamano Marine Lab, Okayama
Okla, State Univ of Agric and Appl Sci, Stillwater, Centr for Water Res
in Engr, Publ
Okla, State Univ of Agric and Appl Sci, Stillwater, Okla Water Resourc
Res Inst, Proj Completion Rep
Okla, State Univ of Agric and Appl Sci, Stillwater, Okla Water Resouc
Res Station Rep
Okla Law Review
Okla Water Resourc Res Inst, Stillwater, Tech Rep
102 Monitor, (Council on Environ Quality), Wash DC
Ontario, Water Resourc Comm, Div of Res, Paper, Canada
Ontario, Water Resourc Comm, Res Publ, Canada
Ophelia, (Copenhagen, Univ, Marine Biological Lab), Helsingoer, Denmark
Optical Spectra, (Optical Publ Co), Pittsfield, Mass
Ordnance, (Amer Ordnance Assoc), Wash DC
Oregon, Fish Comm, Res Rep, Portland
Oregon, State Board of Health, Oregon Health Bull
Oregon, State Dept of Environ Quality, Air Quality Control Div, Annu Rep,
Portland
Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, Dept of Oceanography, Data Rep
Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, Sch of Sci, Dept of Oceanography, Prepr
Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, Sch of Sci, Dept of Oceanography, Progress
Rep, Res Activities
Oregon, Stare Univ, Corvallis, Sch of Sci, Dept of Oceanography, Tech Rep
Oregon, Univ, Law Review
Ottawa, Dominion Observatory, Gravity Map Series
Our Su, (Sun Oil Co)
Pacific Law J
Pacific NW Sea, Seattle, Wash
Pacific Sci, Honolulu, Hawaii
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, (An Intl J for the
Geo-Sci), Amsterdam
Papers in Meteorology and Geophysics, (Meteorological Res Inst), Tokyo
Parisitology, NY
43
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Paris, Museum Natl D'Histoire Naturelle, Bull
Parke Math Lab, Inc, Sci Rep, Carlisle, Mass
Pediatric News
Pedeatric Digest, (Medical Digest, Inc), Winetka, 111
Penn, Dept of Health Bureao of Housing and Environ Control, Solid Waste
Sect, Publ
Penn, State Univ, Inst for Res on Land and Water Resourc, Res Publ
Penn, Univ, Sch of Civ and Mech Engr, Rep, Philadelphia
Penn, Univ, Univ Museum, Final Rep, Philadelphia
Penn Academy of Sci, Proc
Pergamon Progress Series, NY
Pesticides Monitoring J, (U.S. Public Health Serv, Pesticides Program),
Atlanta
Petro Engr, Dallas, Tex
Petro Review, (Inst of Petro), London
Petro Today, (Amer Petro Inst), NY
Pharmacometrics
Philadelphia Inquirer
Phillippine J of Sci, Manila
Pilips Tech Review, Eindhoven, Netherlands
Phoenix Gazette
Phoenix Quarterly, (Inst of Scrap Iron and Steel, Inc)
Photogrammetric Engr, (Amer Soc of Photogrammetry), Wash DC
Photography, (Foundain Press Ltd), London
Phycologia, (Intl Phycological Soc), Leyden, Netherlands
Phykos, (Phycological Soc of India), New Delhi
Physiologia Plantarum, Copenhagen
Physiological Zoology, Chicago
Physis, (Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales), Buenos Aires
Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, Berlin
Phytopathology
La Pisciculture Francaise D'Eau Vive et D'Etang
The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio
Plant Disease Reporter, Wash
Plastic Rep, (U.S. Plastics Tech Evaluation Centr, Dover, NJ)
Plastics and Polymers, (Plastics Inst), London
Plowshare Civ, Ind and Sci Uses for Nuclear Explosives, Proj Cabriolet,
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Polar Record, (Scott Polar Res Inst), Cambridge
Pollut Abstr, La Jolla, Calif
Pollut Atmospherique, (Assoc pour la Prevention de la Pollut Atmosher-
ique), Paris
Pollut Engr
Pollut Equip News, Waseca, Minn
Poultry Sci, (Poultry Sci Assoc)
Power, Chicago
Power Engr, Barrington, 111
Prace, Morskiego Instytutu Rybackiego: Seria A, Oceanografia I Biologia
Rybacka, Goansk, Poland
Problems of Ichthyology, (Amer Fisheries Soc), Wash DC
Process Biochem, (Grampian Press), London
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Product Engr, NY
Professional Engr, (Natl Soc of Professional Engr,), Wash DC
Professional Sanitation Mgt, (Inst of Sanitation Mgt), Clearwater, Fla
Progress, (Combustion Engr, Inc), NY
Progressive Fish-Culturist, (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv), Wash DC
Public Cleansing, (Inst of Public Cleansing), London
Public Health Rep, (U.S. Public Health Serv), Wash
Public Power, (Amer Public Power Assoc), Wash DC
Puerto Rico, Univ, Dept of Marine Sci, Mayagues, Contrigutions
Pulp and Paper Intl, San Francisco
Purdue Univ, Lafayette, Inc, Engr Bull
Purdue Univ, Lafayette, Ind, Engr Extension Dept Engr Extension Series
Purdue Univ, Lafayette, Inc, Environ Health Inst, Communique
Purdue Univ, Lafayette, Ind, Water Resourc Res Centr, Tech Rep
Purdue Univ, Lafayette, Ind, Event
Pure and Appl Geophysics, Milan
Pure Power, (Amer Public Power Assoc), Wash DC
Pure Water, (City of Chicago, Dept of Water and Sewers, Bureau of Water)
Quebec (Province) Dept of Trade and Commerce, Travaux Sur Les Pecheries
du Quebec
Quest, (Wash State Univ, College of Engr), Pullman
Radar and Electronics (Radar & Electronics Assoc), London
Radiation Botany, (Pergamon Press), NY
Radiation Res, (Radiation Res Soc), NY
Ralph M. Parsons Co, Final Rep, Los Angeles, Calif
Rand Corp, Library Literature Series, Santa Monica, Calif
Rand Corp, Memo, Santa Monica, Calif
Rand Corp, Rep, Santa Monica, Calif
Rand Corp, Publ, Santa Monica, Calif
Readers Digest, Pleasantville, NY
Rechereche Agronomique en Suisse
Remote Sensing of the Environ, (Amer Elseview Publ Co), NY
Rennes, Univ, Faculte des Sci, Serie C: These, Paris
Res Inst for Public Health Engr TNO, Annu Rep, Delft, Netherlands
Res Triangle Inst, Final Rep, N Carolina
Residue Review: Residues of Pesticides and Other Foreign Chem in Foods
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Respiration Physiology, (Royal Netherlands Academy of Sci), Amsterdam
Reviews of Geophysics, (Amer Geophysical Union), Richmond, Va
Revista de Biologia, Revista Brasileira e Portuguesa de Biologia em
Geral, Lisbon
Revue de Geographi Physique et de Geologie Dynamique, Paris
Revue Intl 'Oceanographi Medicale, (Centre D1Etudes et de Recherches de
Biologie et D'Oceanographie Medicale), Supplement, Nice
Revue de Physiologie Subaquatique et Medecine Hyperbare, Review of Sub-
aquatic Physiology and Hyper baric Medicine, (Societe Intl DfEdition
Medicale) Paris
Revue Roumaine de Biologie, Serie de Zoologie, (Akademia Republicii
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Rhode Island, State House, News Release, Providence
Rhode Island, Univ, Dept of Ocean Engr, Sea Grant Publ, Rep
Rhode Island, Univ, Law of the Sea Inst, Occasional Paper, Kingston
Rhode Island, Univ, Law of the Sea Inst, Spec Publ, Kingston
Rhode Island, Univ, Narragansett Marine Lab, Occasional Publ, K-ngston
Richmond, Univ, Law Review
Rio de Janeiro, Inst de Pesquisas da Marinha, Publ
Rivista Italiana D;Igiene, *Univ di Pisa, Inst D'Igiene), Italy
Rivista Italiana di Piscicoltura E Ittiopatologia, (Assoc Piscicoltori
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Rocky Mt Mineral Law Inst, Law J
Royal Inst of Navel Architects, Quarterly Transactions, London
Royal Meteopoligical Soc, Quarterly J, London
Royal Microsopical Soc, J, London
Royal Soc of London, Philosophical Transactions, Series A: Math and
Physical Sci, London
Royal Soc of London, Philosophical Transactions Series B: Biological
Sci, London
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Rutgers Law Review
Rutgers Univ, New Brunswick, N.J. Water Resourc Res Inst, Annu Rep
S.A. Mining and Engr J, Johannesburg
San Diego County Unified Div Def and Disaster Organiz, Info Bull, Santee,
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San Diego Soc of Natural History, Transactions, San Diego, Calif
San Diego Union, Calif
San Francisco, Univ, Law Review
San Francisco Bay Naval Shipyard, Paint Lab, Rep, Vallejo, Calif
San Francisco Chronicle
San Francisco Examiner
Sandia Corp, Albuquerque, N.M., Sandia Labs, Res Rep
Santa Clara Lawyer, (Santa Clara, Calif, Univ, Sch of Law)
Santiago de Chile, Inst de Fomento Pesquero, Bull Cientifico
Santiago de Chile, Inst de Fomento Pesquero, Circular
Sarsia, Bergen, Norway
Saturday Review, NY
Schiffstechnik, Forschungsheft fuer Schiffbau und Schiffsmaschinebau,
Hamburg
Schriftenreihe des Vepeins fuer Wasser- Boden- und Lufthygiene, Berlin-
Dahlem, Stuttgart
Die Schweizer Gemeinde
Schweizerische Zeitschift fuer Hydroologie
Sci, (Amer Assoc for the Advancement of Sci), Wash DC
Sci Affairs, &Youth Serv Foundation), Ottawa
Sci and Tech, NY
Sci J, London
Sci News, Wash DC
Sci Teacher, (J of the Natl Sci Teachers Assoc), Wash DC
Sci Amer, NY
Sci and Citizen, (Greater St Louis Citizens Comm for Nuclear Info) St Louis
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Scotland, Dept of Agric and Fisheries, Marine Res, Edinburgh
Scotland, Dept of Agric and Fisheries, Marine Lab, Translation, Aberdeen
Scott Res Lab, Inc, Final Rep, Perkansie, Pa
Sea Frontiers, (Intl Oceanographic Foundation), Miami, Fla
Sea Harvest and Ocean Sci, (Natl Business Publ), Gardenvale, Quebec
Sea Secrets, (Intl Oceanographic Foundation, Univ of Miami, Marine Lab),
Coral Gables, Fla
Seahorse, (Dillingham Corp, Hydro Products Div), San Diego, Calif
Seascope, (U.S. Naval Undersea Res and Develop Centr), San Diego, Calif
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
Sedimentology, Amsterdam
Seismological Soc of Amer, Bull, Baltimore, Md
Senckenbergiana Maritima, Frankfurt
Seto Marine Biological Lab, Pulb, (Kyoto Univ), Kyoto, Japan
Ship and Boat Intl
Shore and Beach, (Amer Shore and Beach Preservation Assoc), Wash DC
Soc for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Proc
Soc of Naval Architects and Marine Engr, NY, Tech and Res Bull
Soc of Naval Architects and Marine Engr, NY, Tech and Res Rep
Soc of Naval Architects and Marine Engr, NY, Transactions
Soc of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engr, J, Redondo Beach, Calif
Sogreah Info, (Soc Grenobloise D1Etudes et D1Applications Hydrauliques),
France
Soil Conservation
Sound and Vibr, Bay Village, Ohio
So Africa, Div of Sea Fisheries, Fisheries Bull, Pretoria
So Africa, Div of Sea Fisheries, Investigational Rep, Prestoria
So Africa Inst of Mining and Metall, J, Johannesburg
So African J of Sci, (S African Assoc for the Advance of Sci), Johannesburg
So Carolina Law Review
So Dakota, Univ, Completion Rep, Vermillion
So Texas Law J
Southamption, Engr Univ, Inst of Sound and Vibr Res, Memo
So Calif Academy of Sci, Bull, (Los Angeles County Museum), Los Angeles
SW Res Inst, San Antonio, Final Rep
Soviet Geography, Review and Translation, (Amer Geographical Soc of NY),
Soviet Physics, Acoustics, (Amer Inst of Physics) NY
Sperry Rand Engr Review (Sperry Rand Corp), Great Neck, NY
Sperry Rand Res Centr, Final Rep, Sudbury, Mass
Spie - Glass
Sport Fishing Inst, Bull
St Louis Post Dispatch
Standard Oil Co of Calif, Bull
Stanford J of Intl Studies, Stanford, Calif
Stanford Law Review
Stanford Res Inst, Final Rep, Menlo Park, Calif
Stanford Res Inst, Poulter Lab, Tech Rep, Menlo Park, Calif
Stanford Res Inst, Rep, Menlo Park, Calif
Staub-Reinhaltung der Luft, Dusseldorf
Stevens Inst of Tech, Hoboken, NJ, Davidson Lab, Rep
Stevens Inst of Tech, Hoboken, NJ, Ocean Engr Dept, Rep
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Stichting Concawe, Rep, The Hague
Sulphur, (British Sulphur Corp), London
Suomen Limnologinen Yhdistys Limnologiska Foreninger I Finland
Signal, (Armed Forces Communications Assoc), Wash
Skin Diver, Lynwood, Calif
Smithsonian, Wash DC
Smithsonian Inst, Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, Wash DC
Smithsonian Inst, Final Rep, Wash DC
Societa Adnatica di Scienze, Bull, Trieste
Soc for Experimental Stress Analysis, Appl Paper, Westport, Conn
Soc of Automotive Engr, Inc, Paper, NY
Soc of Automotive Engr, Inc, Tech Rep, NY
Soil Sci Soc of Amer, Proc
So African Council for Sci and Ind Res, Annu Rep, Pretoria
SW Naturalist, Austin Tex
Soviet Life, Wash DC
Surveying and Mapping, (Amer Congress on Surveying and Mapping), Wash DC
Surveyor, (Amer Bureau of Shipping), NY
Sweden, Foersvarets Forskningsanstalt, Avdelning 3, FOA 3 Rapport, Stock-
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Sweden, Foersvarets Forskiningsanstalt, FOA Reports, Stockholm
Sweden, Statens Naturvardsverk, Publ, Stockholm
Sweden Now, Stockholm
Swedish Natural Sci Res Council, Ecological Res Comm, Bull, Stockholm
Sybron Corp, Aerochem Res Lab, Final Report, Princeton, NJ
Syracuse Lay Review
Syracuse Univ, Res Inst, Status Rep, NY
Syracuse Univ, Res Inst, Tech Rep, NY
Systematic Zoology, (Soc of Syst Zoology), Baltimore, Md
Tane, (Auckland Univ College Field Club), Auckland, New Zealand
Tanker and Bulk Carrier, (Terminus Publ), London
Techniques du Petrole
Tech Ireland, (Inst for Ind Res and Standards, Tech Info Div), Dublin
Tech Review, (Mass Inst of Tech), Boston
Tectonophysics, Amsterdam
Tellus, Stockholm
Term Academy of Sci, J
Tetra Tech, Inc, Final Rep, Pasadena, Calif
Tetrahedron: The Intl J of Organic Chem), London
Texas Univ, Centr for Res in Water Resourc, Tech Rep, Austin
Texas Univ, Environ Health Engr Res Lab, Tech Rep
Texas, Univ, Hydraulic Engr Lab, Tech Rep, Austin
Texas, Univ, Marine Sci Inst, Contributions to Marine Sci
Texas, Water Comm, Bull, Austin
Texas, Water Develop Board, Info for News Media, Austin
Texas, Water Develop Board, Rep, Austin
Texas A&M Univ, Sea Grant Program, Sea Grant Publ, College Station
Texas Instruments, Inc, Sci Serv Div, Spec Rep, Dallas
Texas Intl Law Forum, (Univ of Texas Intl Law Soc, Univ of Texas Sch of
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Texas J of Sci, (Texas Academy of Sci), Austin
Texas Law Review, (Texas Univ, Sch of Law; Texas Bar Assoc), Austin
Textron, Inc, Dalmo Victor Co, Final Rep, Belmont, Calif
Thailand, Dept of Fisheries, Contrib, Bangkok
Time, the Weekly Newsmagazine, NY
Times-Picayune, New Orleans
Tissue and Cell, London
TNO-Niuws, (Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzdek), Delt, Netherlands
Today's Health
Tohoku J of Agric Res, (Faculty of Agric, Tohoku Univ), Sendai, Japan
Tokai Regional Fisheries Res Lab, Bull
Tokyo, Inst of Public Health, Bull, Japan
Tokyo, Univ, Faculty of Sci, J
Tokyo, Univ of Fisheries, J
Toronto, Univ, Inst for Aerosp Studies, Utias Tech Note
Toronto, Univ, Sch of Law, Law J
Toxicology and Appl Pharmacology, NY
Toxicon, NY
Tracer-Lab/West, Quarterly Rep, Richmond, Calif
Trade Winds, (General Elect Co), NY
Transp Noise Bull, (Natl Academy of Sci, Hwy Res Board, Transp Noise Res
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Travelers Res Corp, Rep, Hartford, Conn
Trout, (Trout Unlimited), State College
TRW Syst, TRW Syst Group, Rep, Redondo Beach, Calif
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Tulsa Law J
Tunisia, Inst Natl Sci et Technique D'Oceanographite et de Peche, Bull,
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UMKC Law Review
UMI To Sora (Marine Meteorological Soc), Kobe, Japan
Undercurrents, (Undercurrents, Inc), New Orleans
Undersea Tech, Wash DC
Undersea Tech; Handbook, Directory, (Compass Publ, Inc), Arlington, Va
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Underwater Letter, (Callahan Publ), Wash DC
Underwater Naturalist, (Amer Littoral Soc), Highlands, NJ
Underwater Sci and Tech J, (Iliff-Nip Inc), NY; Guilford, England
Union Carbide Corp, Nuclear Div, Computing Tech Centr, Rep, Oak Ridge, Term
Union College, Mech Engr Dept, Water Resourc Res Group, Rep, Schenectady,
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Union 'College Synp, (Union Univ, Schenectady, NY)
United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Ind Group, Health and Safety
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U.S. Air Force, Sch of Aerosp Medicine, Review, Brooks AFB, Texas
U.S. Air Force Syst Command, Foreign Tech Div, Ed Marine Translation,
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U.S. Air Force Syst Command, Foreign Tech Div, Translation, Wright-
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U.S. Armed Forces Radiobiology Res Inst, Sci Rep, Bethesda, Dd
U.S. Army Aberdeen Res and Develop Centr, Ballistic Res Lab, Memo Rep,
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U.S. Army Aberdeen Res and Develop Centr, Ballistic Res Lab, Rep, Aber-
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U.S. Army Cold Regions Res and Engr Lab, Res Rep, Hanover, NH
U.S. Army Cold Regions Res and Engr Lab, Tech Rep, Hanover, NH
U.S. Army Cold Regions Res and Engr Lab, Res Rep, Wilmette, 111
U.S. Army Engr Reactors Group, Engr Div, Final Rep, Fort Belvoir, Va
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U.S. Army Engr Waterways Experiment Station, Misc Paper, Vicksburg, Miss
U.S. Army Envirn Hygiene Agency, Air Pollut Engr Study, Edgewood Arsenal,
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U.S. Army Foreign Sci and Tech Centr, Translation, Wash DC
U.S. Army Medical Res Lab, Fort Knox, Ky, Rep
U.S. Army Res Office, Durham, NC, Final Rep
U.S. Army Res Office, Durham, NC, Rep
U.S. Atomic Energy Comm, Health and Safety Lab, Quarterly Summary Rep, NY
U.S. Atomic Energy Comm, Div of Tech Info, Final Rep
U.S. Atomic Energy Comm, Health and Safety Lab, Rep, NY
U.S. Atomic Energy Comm, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Report, Oak Ridge, Tenn
U.S. Board on Geographical Names, Officiel Name Decision, Gazetteer,
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U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Branch of Current Economic Analysis,
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U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Branch of Foreign Fisheries, Trans-
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U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Circular, Wash DC
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fishery Leaflet, Wash DC
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Fishery Ind Res, Wash DC
U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Tropical Atlantic Biological Lab,
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U.S. Bureau of Intl Commerce, Publ, Wash DC
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Bull, Wash DC
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Info Circular, Wash DC
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U.S. Bureau of Mines, Nonmetallic Minerals Program, Tech Progress Rep
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Rep of Investigations, Wash DC
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U.S. BUreau of Naval Personnel, Naval Personnel Res Activity, Res Memo,
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U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Div of Fishery Res, Transla-
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U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Res Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Resourc Publ, Wash DC
U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Tech P pers, Wash DC
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U.S. Coast Guard, Oceanographic Cruise Announcement, Wash DC
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U.S. Coast Guard, Ship Struc Comm, Final Rep
U.S. Coastal Engr Res Centr, CERC Bull and Summary Rep of Res Progress,
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U.S. Coastal Engr Res Centr, Misc Paper, MP (Wash)
U.S. Coastal Engr Res Centr, Reprint, Wash DC
U.S. Coastal Engr Res Centr, Tech Memo, Wash DC
U.S. Dept of Agric, Agric Handboo, Wash DC
U.S. Dept of Agric, Agric Res Serv, Beltsville, Md, Publ
U.S. Dept of Agric, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Forest and Range Experiment
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U.S. Dept of Agric, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Forest and Range Experiment
Station, Inst of Northern Forestry, Res Note, Portland, Oregon
U.S. Dept of Agric, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Forest and Range Experiment
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U.S. Dept of Agric, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Forest and Range Experiment
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U.S. Dept of Agric, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Forest and Range Experiment
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U.S, Dept of Agric, Misc Publ, Wash DC
U.S. Dept of Commerce, Natl Oceanic and Atomospheric Admin, Sci and Engr
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U.S. Dept of Commerce, News Release, Wash DC
U.S, Dept of Health, Education and Welfare, Food and Drug Admin, Publ,
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U.S, Dept of Health, Education and Welfare, News Release
U.S. Dept of the Interior, Conservation Yearbook, Wash, DC
U.S. Dept of the Interior, Dept Library, Bibliography, Wash DC
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U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Control Admin, Div of Water
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U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Control Admin, Middle Atlan-
tic Region, Chesapeake Tech Support Lab, Data Rep
U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Control Admin, Middle Atlan-
tic Region, Chesapeake Tech Support Lab, Tech Rep
U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Control Admin, NE Region,
Res and Develop Program, Edison, NJ
U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Control Admin, NW Region,
Pacific NW Water Lab, Final Rep, Corvallis, Oregon
U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Control Admin, NW Region,
Pacific NW Water Lab, Rep, Corvallis, Oregon
U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Control Admin, NW Region,
Pacific NW Water Lab, Working Paper, Corvallis, Oregon
U.S, Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Control Admin, Office of Pub-
lic Info, Publ, Wash DC
U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Control Admin, Res Series,
Wash DC
51
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U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Control Admin, Robt A. Taft
Water Res Centr, Rep, Cincinnati, Ohio
U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Control Admin, Robt S. Kerr
Water Res Center, Rep, Ada, Okla
U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Quality Admin, NW Region,' Pacific
NW Water Lab, Working Paper, Corvallis, Orgegon
U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Quality Admin, Res Series, Wash DC
U.S. Dept of the Interior, News Release, Wash DC
U.S. Dept of the Interior, Water Resourc Sci Info Centr, Bibliography
Series
U.S. Dept of the Interior, Water Resourc Sci Info Centr, Selected Water
Resourc Abstr
U.S. Environ Protection Agency, Air Pollut Control Offie, Publ, Res
Triangle Park, N Carolina
U.S. Environ Protection Agency, Eastern Environ Radiation Lab, Tech Rep,
Rockvill, Md
U.S. Environ Protection Agency, Environ News, Wash DC
U.S. Environ Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, Tech Rep, Res
Triangle Park, NC
U.S. Environ Protection Agency, Radiation Office, Radiological Health
Data and Rep, Rockville, Md
U.S. Environ Protection Agency, Region X, Tec Rep, Seattle Wash
U.S. Environ Protection Agency, Solid Waste Mgt Office, Rep, Cincinnati
U.S. Environ Protection Agency, Water Quality Office, Tech Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Environ Protection Agency, Water Quality Office, Water Pollut Res
Series, Wash DC
U.S. Environ Sci Serv Admin, Air Resourc Atmospheric Turbulence and Dif-
fusion Lab, Rep, Oak Ridge, Tenn
U.S. Environ Sci Serv Admin, Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological
Analysis Proj Office, Bomex Bull, Rockville, Md
U.S. Environ Sci Serv Admin, Environ Data Serv, Tech Memo, Silver Spring,
Md
U.S. Environ Sci Serv Admin, Inst for Telecommunication Sci, Res Lab,
Tech Memo, Boulder, Colo
U.S. Environ Sci Serv Admin, Pacific Oceanographic Lab, Tech Rep, Miami,
Fla
U.S. Environ Sci Serv Admin, Publ, Wash DC
U.S. Environ Sci Serv Admin, Weather Bureau, Sci Serv Div, Western Region,
Salt Lake City, Utah, Tech Memo
U.S. Fed Council for Sci and Tech, Interdept Comm for Atmospheric Sci,
Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Fed Council for Sci and Tech, Publ, Wash DC
U.S. Fed Maritime Comm, News Release, Wash DC
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv, Data Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv, Fishery Bull, Wash DC
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv, Spec Sci Rep - Fisheries, Wash DC
U.S. Geological Survey, Annu Rep, Menlo Park, Calif
U.S. Geological Survey, Circular, Wash DC
U.S. Geological Survey, Misc Geologic Investigations Map
U.S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper, Wash DC
52
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U.S, Geological Survey, Proj Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resourc Div, Open File Rep, Menlo Park,
Calif
U.S. Joint Publ Res Serv, Tech Translations, Wash DC
U.S. Maritime Admin, Office of ship Construction, Summary Rep
U.S. Natl Aeronau and Space Admin, NASA SP, Wash DC
U.S. Natl Aeronau and Space Admin, Tech Translation, Wash DC
U.S. Natl Aeronau and Space Admin, Tech Utilization Div, Survey
U.S. Natl Bureau of Standards, Spec Publ, Wash DC
U.S. Natl Bureau of Standards, Tech News, Bull, Wash DC
U.S. Natl Museum Bull, Wash DC
U.S. Natl Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin
U.S. Natl Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv,
Fishery Bull, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Spec Sci Rep - Fisheries
U.S. Natl Oceanographic Data Centr, Newsletter, Wash DC
U.S. Natl Oceanographic Instrumentation Centr, Tech Bull, Wash DC
U.S Naval Civ Engr Lab, Tech Note, Port Hueneme, Calif
U.S. Naval Civ Engr Lab, Tech Rep, Port Hueneme, Calif
U.S. Naval Inst, Proc, Annapolis, Md
U.S. Naval Intelligence Command, Naval Intelligence Command Headquarters,
Translation Div, Translation
U.S. Naval Medical Res Inst, Res Rep, Bethesda, Md
U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Bull, Suitland, Me
U.S, Naval Oceanographic Office, Contract Translation, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Informal Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, News Release, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Pilot Chart, Wash DC
U.S, Naval Oceanographic Office, Publ, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Spec Publ, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Tech Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Translation, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Ordnance Lab, Tech Rep, White Oak, Md
U.S. Naval Postgrad School, Masters Thesis, Monterey, Calif
U.S. Naval Postgrad School, Tech Rep, Monterey, Calif
U.S. Naval Radiological Defense Lab, Tech Rep, San Francisco, Calif
U.S. Naval Res Lab, Annu Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Res Lab, Memo Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Res Lab, Progress Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Res Lab, Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Res Lab, Translation, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Res Lab, Underwater Sound Ref Div, Rep, Orlando, Fla
U.S. Naval Sci and Intelligence Centr, Tech Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Ship Res and Develop Centr, Acoustics and Vibr Lab, Res and
Develop Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Ship Res and Develop Centr, Hydromech Lab, Res and Develop Rep,
Wash DC
U.S. Naval Ship Res and Develop Centr, Machinery Lab, Res and Develop
Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Ship Res and Develop Centr, Rep, Wash DC
U.S, Naval Ship Res and Develop Centr, Struc Mech Lab, Res and Develp Rep,
Wash DC
53
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U.S. Naval Ship Syst Command, Navships Translation, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Ship Syst Command, Publ, Wash DC
U.S. Naval Ship Syst Command, U.S. Navy Supervisor of Diving, Rep, Wash
DC
U.S. Naval Submarine Medical Centr, Memo Rep, Submarine Base, Groton, Conn
U.S. Naval Submarine Me'ical Centr, Rep, Submarine Base, Groton, Conn
U.S. Naval Undersea Res and Dev Centr, Tech Note, San Diego, Calif
U.S. Naval Underseas Warfare Centr, Rep, San Diego, Calif
U.S. Navy Experimental Diving Unit, Res Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Navy Underwater Sound Lab, Rep, New London, Conn
U.S. News and World Rep
U.S. Office of Naval Res, London Branch Office, ONR London Conf Rep
U.S. Office of Naval Res, ONR Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Office of Naval Res, Tech Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Office of Saline Water, Desalting Plants Inventory Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Office of Saline Water, Res and Dev Progress Rep, Wash DC
U.S. Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy, Marine Sci Affairs Staff,
Publ, Wash DC
U.S. Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy, Pamphlet, Wash DC
U.S. Pacific Missile Range, Misc Rep, Point Magu, Calif
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environ Control,
Natl Centr for Radiological Health, Rep, Rockville, Md
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Radiological Health, Annu Rep, Rock-
ville, Md
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Radiological Health, Div of Biological
Effects, Rep, Rockville, Md
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Radiological Health, Div of Elect Prod,
Rep, Rockville, Md
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Radiological Health, Div of Environ
Radiation, Rep, Rockville, Md
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Radiological Health,
Health Lab, Tech Rep, Winchester, Mass
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Radiological Health,
al Operations, Rep, Rockville, Md
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Radiological Health,
Health Health and Data Rep, Rockville Md
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Radiological Health, Rep, Rockville, Md
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Radiological Health, Sem Paper, Rock-
ville, Md
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Radiological Health, SW Radiological
Health Lab, Rep, Las Vegas, Nevada
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Solid Waste Mgt, Interim Rep, Cincin-
nati, Ohio
U,S, Public Health Serv, Bureau of Solid Waste Mgt, Operation Test Rep,
Cincinnati, Ohio
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Solid Waste Mgt, Publ, Cincinnati, Ohio
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Solid Waste Mgt, Publ, Rockville, Md
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Solid Waste Mgt, Rep, Rockville, Md
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Solid Waste Mgt, Solid Waste Info
Retrieval Syst, Accession Bull
NE Radiological
Office of Region-
Radiological
54
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U.S. Public Health. Serv, Bureau of Solid Waste Mgt, Tech Abstr, Rockville,
Md
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Solid Waste Mgt, Tech Rep, Cincinnati,
Ohio
U.S. Public Health Serv, Natl Air Pollut Control Admin, Publ, Raleigh, NC
U.S. Public Health Serv, Publ, Rockville, Md
U.S. Public Health Serv, Publ, Wash DC
Univerzitet U Bedgradu, Radova Pooprivreonog Fakulteta, Zbornik,
Yugoslavia
Urgan Georgia
Urban Inst, Paper, Wash DC
URS Res Co, Final Rep, Burlingame, Calif
URS Res Co, Rep, Burlingame, Calif
Utah State Dept of Fish and Game Publ
Utah, State Univ, Water Res Lab, Occasional Paper, Logan
Vaextskydosnotiser, Solna, Sweden
Valparaiso Univ, Law Review
Vatten, Tidskrift for Vattenvard, Lund
Veliger, (Northern Calif Malacological Club), Berkeley, Calif
Venus, (Malagological Soc of Japan), Tokyo
Vie et Milieu, Serie A: Biologie Marine, (Paris, Univ, Lab Arago)
Vie et Milieu, Serie B: Oceanographi, (Paris, Univ, Lab Arago)
Villanova Law Review, Villanova, P
Virginia Forward, (Virginia, Div of Ind Dev and Planning), Richmond
Virginia Inst of Marine Sci, Marine Resourc Advisory Series, Gloucester Pt
Virginia Inst of Marine Sci, Gloucester Pt, News Release
Virginia Inst of Marine Sci, Gloucester Pt, Bull
Virginia Inst of Marine Sci, Gloucester Pt, Spec Rep
Virginia J of Intl Law, (Virginia, Univ, John Bassett Moore Soc of Intl
Law), Charlottesville, Va
Virginia Law Review
Virginia Polytech Inst, Blacksburg, Water Resourc Res Center, Bull
Vitro Corp of Amer, Vitro Lab, Tech Note, Silver Spring, Md
Voprosy Ikhtiologii, (Akademiia Nauk SSSR, Ikhtiologicheskaia Komissiia),
Moscow
Wake Forest Law Review
Wall Street J, NY
Washburn Law J
Wash Academy of Sci, Wash DC
Wash Post, Wash DC
(State) State Univ, Pullman
(State) State Univ, Pullman
Wash
Wash
Wash
Wash
(State)
(State)
State Univ,
State Univ,
Pullman
Pullman
Wash (State) State Univ, Pullman
Wash (State) State Univ, Pullman
Wash (State) State Univ, Pullman
tion Rep
Agric Experiment Station, Circular
College of Engr, Res Div, Bull
College of Engr, Res Div, Rep
Tech Bull, Agric Experiment Station
Water Res Centr, Final Rep
Water Res Centr, Rep
Water Res Centr, Tech Res Proj Comple-
55
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Wash (State) Univ, College ofFisheries, Fisheries Res Inst, Circular,
Seattle
Wash (State) Univ, College of Forest Resourc, Res and Develop Tech Rep,
Seattle
Wash (State) Univ, Dept of Atmospheric Sci, TEch Rep, Seattle
Wash (State) Univ, Div of Marine Resourc, Sea Grant Program, Circular
Wash Sci Trends, Highlights, Wash DC
Wasmann J of Biology, (Univ of San Francisco), Calif
Wasser, Luft und Betried, Mainz
Wasserwirischaft, Berlin, Germany
Waste Age
Waste Trade J, (The Market Autority on Secondary Raw Materials), NY
Water, SW Water Works J
Water and Pollut Control, Ontario
Water and Sewage Works, Chicago
Water and Waste Treatment, Surrey
Water and Wastes Engr, NY
Water for Texas, (Texas Water Develop Board), Austin
Water in the News (Soap and Detergent Assoc), NY
Water J, (Rockwell Manuf Co), Pittsburgh
Water Pollut Control, (Inst of Water Pollut Control, J), London
Water Pollut Control Federation, Deeds and Data, Wash DC
Water Pollut Control Federation, Highlights, Wash DC
Water Pollut Control Federation, J, (Water Pollut Control Federation),
Wash, DC
Water Pollut Control Federation, WFCF Publ, Wash DC
Water and Water Engr, (Fuel and Metall J, Ltd), London
Water Pollut Control Assoc of Penn , Magazine, State College
Water Res, (Intl Assoc Water Pollut Res), NY
Water Res Assoc, Tech Paper, Marlow, England
Water Resourc Bull, (Amer Water Resourc Assoc), Urbana, 111
Water Resourc Res, (Amer Geophysical Union), Wash DC
Water Spectru, -(U.S. Army Corps of Engr), Wash DC
Water Treatment and examination
Water Well J, Urbana, 111
Wayne Law Review
Weather (Royal Meteorological Soc), London
Weatherwise, (Amer Meteorological Soc), Boston
Weed Res, (European Weed Res Council), Oxford, England
Weed Sci, (Weed Sci Soc of Amer), Ithaca, NY; Columbus, Ohio; Urbana, 111
Weeds, (Weed Soc of Amer), Ithaca, NY
Wellington, New Zealand, Oceanographic Inst, Misc Series
West Virginia Univ, Bull
West Virginia, Univ, Water Res Inst, Bull, Morgantown
West Virginia, Univ, Water Res Inst, Res Rep, Morgantown
Westinghouse Elect Corp, News Release, Pittsburgh
Westinghouse Elect Corp, Res Lab, Final Rep, Pittsburgh
Wetter and Legen, Zeitschift fuer Angewandte Meteorologie, (Desterreichi-
sche Gesellschaft fuer Meteorologie), Vienna
What's New in Home Economics
56
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Wildlife Disease Assoc, Bull, Chicago
William and Mary Law Review, (College of William and Mary), Williamsburg,
Va
Wilson Bull
Wise, Dept of Natural Recourc, Publ, Madison
Wise, Dept of Natural Resourc, Res Rep, Madison
Wise, Univ, Dept of Genetics, Tech Progress Rep, Madison
Wise, Univ, Geophysical and Polar Res Centr, Res Rep Series, Madison
Wise Univ, Sea Grant Program, Reprint, Madison
Wise Univ, Sea Grant Program, Tech Rep, Madison
Wise Univ, Water Resourc Centr, Eutrophication Info Program, Literature
Review, Madison
Wise Univ, Water Resourc Centr, Eutrophication Info Program, Occasional
Paper, Madison
Wise, Univ, Water Resourc Centr, Eutrophication Program, Abstr, Madison
Wise Univ, Water Resourc Centr, Hydraulics and Sanitation Lab, Tech
Completion Rep, Madison
Wise Conservation Bill
Wise Law Review
Woods Hole, Mass, Marine Biological Lab, Annu Announcement
Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst, Woods Hole, Mass, Ref
Work Boat, New Orleans
World Data Centr A, Oceanography, Wash DC
World Dredging and Marine Construction, (World Trade Publ Inc), Conroe,
Texas
World Econogy 2000, Wash
World Fishing, London
World Health Organiz, Bull, Geneva
World Health Organiz, Chronicle
World Health Organiz, Public Health Papers, Geneva
World Health Organiz, Tech Rep Series, Geneva
World Meteorological Organiz, RP Rep, Geneva
World Meteorological Organiz, Rep, Geneva
World Meteorological Organiz, Tech Note, Geneva
World Meteorological Organiz, World Weather Watch, Planning Rep, Geneva
World Mining, San Francisco, Calif
World Oil, Houston, Tex
World Petro, NY
World Ports, (Amer Assoc of Port Authorities), Wash DC
Wormley, England (Surrey), Natl Inst of Oceanography , Annu Rep
Wyle Lab, Res Div, Huntsville Facility, Res Rep
Wyoming, Univ, College of Law, Land and Water Law Review
Wyoming, Univ, Water Resourc Res Inst, Rep, Laramie
Yale J of Biology and Medicine
Yale Univ, Law J
Yearbook of Agric, Separate
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MASTER LIST OF SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS USED BY POLLUTION ABSTRACTS
AIAA, Sixth Annu Meet and Tech Display, Selected Papers, (held in Anaheim,
Calif, Oct 20-24, 1969) in: Amer Inst of Aero and Astro, Papers 1101-
1102, 1120, 1122, 1136: 38 p, 1969; Price per paper $1.00, $1.50, non-
members
APRAC Status Rep Coord Res Council, Inc, New York City, 111 p, Jan 1971
The A-8-Seas of Desalting, Booklet, U.S. Dept of the Interior, Office of
Saline Water, Wash DC, 43 p, Price: $0.35
Academic Prog 1969-70, Univ of Fla, Dept of Speech, Communication Sci Lab,
Gainesville, 37 p, 1969
Accelerated Tests for Marine Topside and Submerged Coatings Symp, Papers,
Hamner, Norman E. (ed). (Held in San Fran, Calif, Oct 5-7, 1966). Spon-
sored by Natl Assoc of Corrosion Engr, Western Region Conf, 108 p, 1969,
Price: $12.00, $15.00, nonmembers
Acoust Soc Amer, Annu Meet 81st Sess RR Engr Acoust IV, Instruments for
Air and Water Acoust Measure, Abstracts (held in Wash DC, Apr 23, 1971.
In: Acoust Soc Amer J, v 50 n 1, July 1971
Acoust Soc Amer, 78th Meet, Abstracts (held in San Diego, Calf, Nov 4-7,
1969. In: Acoust Soc Amer J, v 47 n 1, Jan 1970, p 54-135
Acoust Soc Amer, 79th Meet, Abstracts (held in San Diego, Calif, Nov 4-7,
1969. In: Acoust Soc Amer J, v 48 n 1, July 1970, p 70-134
Activities of Water Reso Div, Calif Dist in the 1972 Fiscal Year, Rep.,
U.S. Geol Surv, Water Resources Div, Menlo Park, Calif, 1971, 39 p
Actual Capital and Operating Costs for Advanced Waste Treatment, Paper,
Evans, D. R. and Wilson, J. C., 1970, 34 p
The Adoption of Proposed Amendments to the Classifications and Water
Quality Standards Applicable to Surface Waters of North Carolina, Public
Hearing, Rep of Proc held in Raleigh, NC, June 26, 1970, State of NC,
Board of Water and Air Resources, Dept of Water and Air Resources,
Raleigh, NC, 1970, 84 p
Advances in Instru, v 26, parts I, II, III, and IV, Instru Soc of Amer,
Annu Conf, 26th Proc, held in Chicago, 111, Oct 4-7, 1971, 1005 p
Advanced Waste Treat and Water Reuse Symp, Sessions I, II, III* IV and V,
Papers, held in Dallas, Tex, Jan 12-14, 1971, cosponsored by U.S. Environ
Prot Agency, Wash DC, Arkansas Pollut Contr Comm, La Stream Control Comm
New Mexico Health and Soc Serv Dept, Oklahoma Pollut Contr Coord Board
and Texas Water Quality Board, 1971, 481 p
Advanced Water Conf, Proc, held in Stillwater, Okla, March 30-31, 1970,
sponsored by Oklahoma State Univ, Univ Ext, College of Engr, Stillwater,
1970, 114 p
Advances in Instru, v 24, part III, Instru Soc of Amer, 24th Annu Conf,
Proc held in Houston, Tex, Oct 27-30, 1969, 241 p
Advances in Water Pollut Res, Intl Conf on Water Pollut Res, 4th Proc-
Jenkins, S. H. (ed), held in Prague, Czechoslovakia, April 21-25, 1969,
sponsored by Intl Assoc on Water Pollut Res, Pergamon Press, New York,
1969, 936 p. Price: $48.00
Advances in Water Pollut Res, vl, Intl Conf, Proc, Southgate, B. A. (ed),
held in London, Eng, Sept 2, 1962, Cosponsored by Centre Beige D-Etude
et de Documentation Des Eaux, Belgium; Assn Francaise Pour L'Etude des
Eaux, France; Abwassertechnische Vereinigung, Germany; Inst of Sewage
Purification, England; Inst of Public Health Engr, England; Rivers Boards
58
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Assn, England; Scottish River Purification Boards Assn, Scotland;
Soc Chem Ind, England; Foereninger foer Vattenhygien, Sweden; Water
Pollution Cont Federation, US; Amer Chem Soc, US; Amer Tnst Chem Engr,
US; Intl Org for Economic Cooperation and Development; Intl J Air and
Water Pollut and World Health Organ, Geneva. The MacMillan Co, NY,
1964, 378 p
Advances in Water Pollut Res, v II, Intl Conf, Proc, Eckenfelder, W. W.
(ed), held in London, Eng, Sept 1962, cosponsored by Centre Eelge
D'Etude et de Documentation des Eaux, France: Abwassertechnische
V/ereinigung, Germany; Inst of Sewage Purification, England; Inst of
Public Health Engr, England; Rivers Boards Assn, England; Scottish River
Purification Boards Assoc, Scotland; Soc Chem Ind, England; Foereningen
fuer Vattenhygien, Sweden; Water Pollut Control Fed, US; Chemical Engr,
US; Amer Inst Chem Engr, US; Amer Water Works Assoc, US; Intl Organ
for Economic Cooperation and Development; Intl J Air and Water Pollut
and World Health Organ, Geneva. The MacMillan Co, NY, 1964, 582 p
Advances in Water PolHiut Res, v III, Intl Conf, Proc, Pearson, E. A. (ed),
held in London, Eng, Sept 1962, cosponsored by Centre Beige 0'Etude et
de Documentation des Eaux, Belgium; Assoc Franciase Pour L'Etude des
Eaux, France; Abwassertechnische Vereinicung, Germany; Inst of Sewage
Purification, England; Inst Public Health Engr, England; Rivers Boards
Assoc, England; Scottish River Purification Boards Assoc, Scotland;
Soc Chem Indus, England; Foereningen foer Vattenhygien, Sweden; Water
Pollut Control Fed, US; Amer Chem Soc, US; Amer Inst of Chem Engr, US;
Amer Water Works Assoc, US; Intl Organ for Economic Cooperation and
Development; Intl J Air and Water Pollut and World Health Organ, Geneva.
The MacMillan Co, New York, 1964, 441 p
Advances in Water Quality Improvement, Symp, Papers, Gloyna, E. F. and
Eckenfelder, W. W. Jr, (ed), held in Austin, Tex, April 1966, Sponsored
by Univ of Tex Center for Res in Water Resources, Austin Tex, Univ of
Tex Press, Austin, 1968, 524 p, Price: $15.00
Aerodynamic Noise, Symp Proc, Ridner, H. S. (ed) held in Toronto, Canada
May 20-21, 1968, sponsored by U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Res
U,S, Air Force Office of Aerospace Res and Univ of Toronto, Inst for
Aerospace Studies, Canada, Univ of Toronto Press, 1969, 450 p,
Price: $15.00
Aerospace and Marine Corrosion Tech Sem, First Joint, Proc, Jacobs, B. L.
(ed) held in L.A., Calif, July 10-12, 1968, sponsored by Natl Assoc of
Corrosion Engr, Houston Tex, 1968, 130 p, $12.00, $15.00 non-members
Aerophysics of Air Pollut, Selected Papers, Fay, J. A. and Hoult, D. P.,
(ed) AIAA Selected Reprint Series v 9, New York, N.Y., Dec 1969, 126 p,
Price: $2.50
Agriculture and the Quality of Our Environment, Amer Assoc for the Ad-
vancement of Science, Meeting, 153rd Symp, Proc, Brady, N. C, (ed)
held in Wash DC, Dec 26-31, 1966, sponsored by Amer Soc of Agronomy,
Amer Soc of Animal Science; Amer Soc of Plant Physiologists; Entomo-
logical Soc of Amer; Poultry Science Assoc, Soc of Amer Foresters and
Soil Conservation Soc of Amer, Amer Assoc for the Advancement of Sci-
ence Pub 85, Wash, DC, 1967, 460 p, Price: $13.50
Agricultural Chemicals—Harmony or Discord Food, People, Environment,
Symp, Proc, Swift, J. E., (ed), held in Sacremento, Calif, Feb 16-17,
1971, sponsored by Univ of Calif, Div of Agricultural Science, Berkley,
Davis and Riverside, 1971, 151 p
59
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Air and Water Conservation Expenditures of the Petroleum Ind in the U.S.
Rep Crossley, 5-0 Surveys Inc NY, NY, Aug 1968, 31 p
Air and Water Depollut: Roles of Ind Property, innovation and competi-
tion, Conf, Proc, (Held in Wash DC, Mar 31, 19701, Sponsored.by Geo
Wash Univ, PTC Res Inst, Wash, DC, 1970, 141 p
Air and Water Pollut Control Act, State of Miss, Air and Water Pollut
Control Commission, Jackson, 1968, 15 p
Air and Water Pollut Control Act, State of Miss, Air and Water Pollut
Control Commission, Jackson, 1968, 16 p
Air Classification for Reclamation-of Solid Wastes, Pap, Boettcher,
Richard A, 1969, 12 p
Air Pollut, First European Congress on the Influence of Air Pollut,
Workbook, Brodine, Va and Bradford, Albert (eds), Scientists' Inst
for Public Info, NY, NY, 1970, 28 p
Air Pollut and the Compression-Ignition Engine, Pap, Burn, R. W. The
Combustion Inst, Pittsburgh, Pa, 1969, 11 p
Air Pollut and the Regulated Electric Power and Natural Gas Ind, Rep
Federal Power Comm, Wash, DC, Sept 1968, 384 p
Air Pollut Conf, Second Pap, (Held in Johannesburg, S. Africa, Oct. 14-
15, 19701, Sponsored by Council for Scientific and Ind Res, Pretoria,
S. Africa and Natl Assoc for Clean Air, S. Africa, 1971, 82 p
Air Pollut Control Assoc, Annual Meeting, 64th Proc, Digest,,(Held in
Atlantic City, NJ, Jun 27-July 1, 19711, 1971, 166 p.
Air Pollut Control in New S. Wales, Pap, Murphy, R. P., 1969, 24 p
Air Pollut Control Regulation and Sampling, Conf, Proc, (Held in State
College, Pa, May 26, 19701, Spon by Pa State Univ, Continuing Educa-
tion Prog, Center for Air Environment Studies, State College, 1970,
46 p
Air Pollut Effects, Criteria, Standards and Air Resource Mgt, Pap,
Wunderle, Jack A., 13 p
Air Pollut Emergencies, Causes, Controls and Consequences, Tech Conf,
Semi-annual, Proc, (Held in Newark, NJ, 1969, Oct. 17) Sponsored by
Air Pollution Control Assoc, Mid-Atlantic States Sect, Pittsburgh,
Pa, 1969, 86 p
Air Pollut Engr Manual, Air Pollut Control Dist, County of Los Angeles,
Danielson, John A. (ed.) U.S. Public Health Serv, Natl Center for Air
Pollut Control, Cincinnati, 0, 1967, Price: $.65, 897 p
Air Pollut Engr Manual, Danielson, John A. (Ed.) In: U.S. Public Health
Serv, Wash, DC, Publication No, 999-AP-40, 1967, Price: $5.75, 892 p
Air Pollut Experiments for Jr and Sen High School Science Classes, Rep,
Hunter, Donald, C. and Wohlers, Henry C. (eds), Air Pollut Control
Assoc, Mid Atlantic States Sect, Education Committee, Pittsburgh, Pa,
1968, 64 p
Air Pollut in Allegany County, MY, Report, Alkire, H. L. and York, Carl
R. MY State Dept of Health and Mental Hygiene, Div of Air Quality
Control, Baltimore, July 1970, 214 p
Air Pollut in Garrett County, MY, Rep, Alkire, H. L. MY State Dept of
Health, Div of Air Quality Control, Baltimore, March 1969, 30 p
Air Pollut in the San Francisco Bay Area, Final Rep, Stanford Workshop
on Air Pollut, Stanford, Calif, Summer 1970, 386 p
60
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Air Pollut Instrumentation, Symp, Pap, Adams, Donald F. (ed) (Held in
Los Angeles, Calif, Oct 1965) Sponsored by the Instrument Soc of
Amer, Analysis Instru Div, Air Pollut Instru Comm, Pittsburgh, Pa and
Air Pollut Control Assoc, W. Coast Sect, 1966, 79 p
Air Pollut Manual, Pt II - Control Eqpt, Amer Ind Hygiene Assoc, Detroit,
Mich, 1968, Price: $15.00, 150 p
Air Pollut Med Res Conf, Unbound pap, (Held in New Orleans, La, Oct 5-7,
1970), Sponsored by Amer Med Assoc, 1970, Air Pollut on Plants and
Animals, Proceedings, (Held in Wageningen, Neth., Apr 22-27, 1968).
Sponsored by Netherlands Gov and Council of Europe, European Committee
for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Centre for Agri-
cultural Publ and Documentation, Wageningen, 1969, 395 p. Price: DFL
42.50
Air Pollut Meteorology, Conf, Preprints, (Held in Raleigh, NC, Apr 5-9,
1971), Sponsored by Amer Meteorological Soc and Air Pollut Control
Assoc, Amer Meteorological Soc, Boston, Mass, 1971, 169 p
Air Pollut Training Courses Jul 1971 through Jun 1972 and Univ Training
Programs, Bulletin, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Res Triangle
Park, N.C. July 1971, 107 p
Air Quality and Lead, Symp, Pap, (Held in Minneapolis, Minn, Apr 14-15,
1969), Sponsored by Amer Chem Soc, Div of Ind and Engr Chemistry, Div
of Water, Air and Waste and Div of Petroleum Chemistry, In: Environ-
mental Science and Tech, Apr 1970, 4(4): 305-340
Air Quality Reg, Reg APC-S-1, State of Miss, Air and Water Pollut Control
Comm, Jackson, May 8, 1970, 10 p
Air Quality Reg, State of Miss, Air and Water Pollut Control Comm, Jackson,
1970, 9 p
Aircraft Engine Noise and Sonic Boom, Conf Proc, (Held in St Louis, Fr.,
May 27-30, 1969), Spon by N. Atlantic Treaty Organ
Aircraft Noise: Acoustical Duct Treatments for Aircraft, Acoustical Soc
of Amer, 77th Meeting, Symp, Proc, (Held in Philadelphia, Pa, Apr 8,
1969), In: Acoustical Soc of Amer, J, Sept 1970, 48(3): 779-842,
Advisory Group for Aerospace Res and Development (AGARD), Paris, Fr.,
In: NATO Advisory Group for Aerospace Res and Development, Paris, AGARD
Conf Proc No. 42, 1969, 565 p. Price: $3.00
ALGAE, Man, and the Environment, Intl Symp, Proc, Jackson, Daniel F.,
(ed), (Held in Syracuse, NY, June 18-30, 1967), Spon by Syracuse Univ
NY and NY State Science and Tech Foundation, Syracuse Univ Press, NY,
1968, 560 p. Price: $18.00
Ambient Air Quality Standards for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts,
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Dept of Public Health, Div of Environ-
mental Health, Bur of Air Use Management, Boston, Apr 14, 1970, 5 p
Amchitka Island Bioenvironmental Studies, Amer Inst of Biological Studies
Annual Meeting, 21st Symp, Proc, Duke, James A. (ed), (Held in Bloom-
ington, Ind, Aug 26-27, 1970). In: Biosciaence, Jun 15, 1971, 21(12):
595-711
American Astronautical Soc, Natl Meeting, (Held in Las Cruces, NM, Oct.
23-25, 1969). Unbound Pap 1969
American Astronautical Soc (15th Annual) and Operations Res Soc (35th
Natl), Joint Natl Meeting, Selected Preprints, (Held in Denver, Colo,
61
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Jun 17-20, 1969), In: Amer Astronautical Society, Preprints Nos. AAS69-
062 and AAS69-116, 1969, 38 p
Amer Chem Soc, Div of Organic Coating and Plastics Chemistry, 158th NY
Meeting, Pap, (Held in NY, Sept 7-12, 1969), 1969, 563 p.
Amer Chem Soc, Div of Water, Air and Waste Chem, Natl Meeting, 159th Pap,
(Held in Houston, Tex, Feb 22-27, 1970), 1970, 143 p.
Amer Chem Soc, Natl Meeting, 15th, Abstracts of Pap, (Held in Minneapolis,
Minn, Apr 13-18, 1969), 1969, 574 p, Price: $3.00, $4.00 (non-members).
Amer Chem Soc, Natl Meeting, 161st Abstracts, (Held in Los Angeles, Calif,
Mar 28- Apr 2, 1971), 1971, 878 p, Price: $3.00, $4.00 (non-members).
Amer Congress on Surveying and Happing, Annu Meeting, 31st Pap, (Held in
Wash DC, Mar 7-12, 1971), 1971, 798 p
Amer Inst of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Eng, Soc of Petroleum
Eng, Forty-Fourth Annu Fall Meeting, Selected Preprints, (Held in Denver,
Colo, Sept 28 - Oct 1, 1969), In: Amer Inst of Mining, Metallurgical and
Petroleum Eng, Soc of Petroleum Eng, Preprints Nos. SPE 2613-SPE 2614,
SPE 2635- SPE 2639, 1969, 74 p
Amer Inst of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Eng, Inc. Soc of Petroleum
Eng, Inc. Soc of Petroleum Eng, Fall Meeting, 45th Annu Preprints (Held
in Houston, Tex Oct 4-7, 1970) In: Amer Inst of Mining, Metallurgical
and Petroleum Eng, Soc of Petroleum Eng, Preprints Nos. SPE-2943, SPE-
3018, SPE-3019, SPE-3021, SPE-3023, and SPE-3094, 1970, 80 p
Amer Inst of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Eng, Inc Soc of Petroleum
Eng, Fall Meeting, Forty-Fifth Annu, Preprints (Held in Houston, Tex
Oct 4-7, 1970), In: Amer Inst of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum
Eng, Soc of Petroleum Eng, Preprints Nos. SPE-2942, SPE 2944, SPE 2952,
SPE 3024, SPE 3027, SPE 3028, SPE 3046, SPE 3048, SPE 3049, and SPE
3050, 1970, 101 p
Amer Medical Assoc, Air Pollut Medical Res Conf, Ninth, Pap, (Held in
Denver, Colo Jul 22-24, 1968), In: Archives of Environmental Health,
1814): 458-714, Apr 1969
Amer Nuclear Soc, Annu Meeting, Transactions, Farmakes, Ruth (ed) (Held
in Los Angeles, Calif Jun 29-Jul 2, 1970), In: American Nuclear Soc,
Hinsdale, 111. Transactions, 13(1): 452 p, 1970
Amer Petroleum Inst, Div of Production, Pacific Coast District, Spring
Meeting, Preprints (Held in Los Angeles, Calif May 13-15, 1969), 1969
Amer Public Health Assoc and Related Organ Annu Meeting, 96th Abstracts
(Held in Detroit Mich Nov 10-15, 1968), 1968, 397 p
Amer Public Health Assoc and Related Organ Annu Meeting 97th Abstr (Held
in Philadelphia, Pa, Nov 9-14, 1969), 1969, 291 p
Amer Public Health Assoc and Related Organ, Annu Meeting, 98th Abstr
(Held in Houston, Tex, Oct 26-30, 1970), 1970, 338 p
Amer Soc of Civil Eng, Natl Structural Engr Meeting, Selected Preprints,
(Held in Portland, Ore, Apr 6-10, 1970), In: Amer Soc of Civil Eng,
Meeting Preprint Nos. 1171, 1174, 1199, 1220 and 1222, 1970, 124 p
Price Per Preprint: $.50
Amer Soc of Mechanical Eng, Textile Engr Div, Conf, Selected Pap, (Held
in Greenville, SC, Oct 13-14, 1971), In: Amer Soc of Mechanical Eng,
Publication Nos 71-Tex-3 and 71-Tex-4, 1971, 16 p, Price Per Pap,
$1.00, $3.00 (Non-Members)
62
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Amer Soc of Mech Eng, Underwater Tech Div. Third Natl Conf, Selected Pap,
(Held in Los Angeles, Calif, Nov 16-20, 1969), In: Amer Soc of Mech
Eng, ASME Publ No. 69-WA/UNT-1-69-WA/UNT-13: 1969, 103 p, Price Per
Pap, $1.00, $2.00 (Non-Members)
Amer Soc of Photogrammetry, Annu Meeting, Thirty-Sixth, Tech Pap, (Held
in Falls Church, Va, Mar 1-6, 1970), 1970, 778 p
Amer Soci of Zoologists, Annu Meeting, Sixth-Sixth, Abstr (Held in Boston,
Mass, Dec 26-31, 1969), Co-Sponsored by Amer Assock for the Advancement
of Sci, Boston, Mass, In: Amer Zoologist, 914: 1021-1158, Nov 1969
Amer Water Resources Conf, Fourth, Proceedings, Reprint (Held in NY, NY
Nov 18-22, 1968), Spon by Amer Water Resources Assoc, Urbana, 111,
1969, 8 p
Amer Water Wks Assoc, Annu Meeting, Prog and Selected Abstr (Held in Wash,
DC, Jun 21-26, 1970), In: Ind Water Eng, May 1970, 7(5): 56-58
Amer Water Wks Assoc, NC Sect and NC Water Pollut Cont Assoc, Annu Meeting,
Forty-Ninth, Proc (Held in Raleigh, NC, Nov 10-12, 1969), In: Amer Water
Wks Assoc, NC Sect, 1970, J 45(l):3-88
Amer Water Wks Assoc, Ontario Sect, Annu Conf, Tech Pap, (Held in Toronto,
Ontario, Can, Mar 29-31, 1971), 1971, 197 p
Analysis Instru, v 8, Instru Soc of Amer, Symp, 16th Annu Proc, Brochers,
C.E.; Fowler, Lewis and McNiell, G.A. (eds), (Held in Pittsburgh, Pa,
May 25-27, 1970), Instru Soc of Amer, Pittsburgh, Pa, 1970, 269 p
An Anal of the Public Land Law Review Comm Rep, Symp, Pap and Proc, (Held
in Dubois, Wyo, Aug 25-28, 1970), Sponsored by Amer Natl Cattleman's
Assoc, Amer Petrol Inst: Conservation Foundation Izaak Walton League of
Amer, Rocky Mt Center on Environ Rocky Mountain Oil and Gas Assoc, and
US Steel Corp, In: Land and Water Law Review, 1970, 6(1): 473 p
Anal of Ship Data to Predict Long-Term Trends of Hull Bending Moments, Pap,
Band, Edward G. U. Amer Bur of Shipping, NY, Nov 1966, 92 p
Animal Waste Mgt, Cornell Univ Conf on Agricultural Waste Mgt, Proc (Held
in Syracuse, NY, Jan 13-15, 1969), Spons by NY State College of Agri at
Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY, 1969, 420 p
Annu Directory of Environ Info Sources, Kessler, Myer K and Soccolich,
Gene V. (eds), Natl Foun for Environ Control Inc, Boston, Mass, 1971,
286 p, Price: $12.00
Die Anohuren Des Rcten Meeres (Crostacea Decapoda: Paguridea, Galatheidea,
Hippidea), Doctoral Thesis, Lewinsohn, Chanan. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1969,
220 p
Applying Emerging Tech, Natl Conf on Ind Res, Fifth Annu, Proc, Danilov,
Victor J. (ed), (Held in Chicago, 111, Sept 18-19, 1969), Spon by Ind
Res, Inc, Beverly Shores, Ind, 1970, 119 p, Price: $10.00
Arctic Drifting Stations: A Rep on Activities Supported by The Office of
Naval Res, Sump, Proc, Sater, John E, (ed), (Held in Warrenton, Va,
Apr 12-15, 1966), Spon by The Arctic Inst of N Amer, Wash DC, and US
Navy Office of Nav Res, Wash DC, Nov 1968, 462 p, Price: $7.50
Art of Organ of the Coastal States Organ, By-Laws, 1970, 8 p
Ash Fouling and Air Pollut Studies Using a Pilot Plant Test Furnace, Pap,
Gronhovd, G. H., Harak, A. F. and Tufte, P. H. 1966, 29 p
Ash Util, Symp, Second, Proc, Faber, John H, Coates, Neil H. and Spencer,
John D. (eds), (Held in Pittsburgh, Pa, Mar 10-11, 1970), Spons- by Natl
Coal Assoc, Edison Elec Inst, Amer Public Power Assoc, Natl Ash Assoc,
63
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Wash DC, and US Bur of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa, In: US Bur of Mines,
Wash DC, Info Circular No. 8488, 1970, 354p
Aspects of Fish Parasitology, Symp, Pap, Taylor, Angela E. R. and Muller,
R. (eds), (Held in London, Eng, Nov 7 1969), Spon by British Soc for
Parasitology, In: British Soc for Parasitology, Symp v 8, Blackwell
Sci Publ, Oxford, 1970, 171 p, Price: $10.50
Aspects of Sampling Attitudes Towards Solid Waste Problems, Pap, Klee,
Albert J., Aug 1971, 22 p
Atlantis Prog, v II, III and IV, Univ of Miami, Fla and Chrysler Corp,
Space Div, 1968-1969, 359 p
Atmos Trace Constituents and Atmos Circu, Intl Symp, Pap, Turekian, K. K.
and Martell, E. A. (eds), (Held in Heidelberg, Ger, Sept 8-13, 1969),
Spon by Intl Assoc of Meteorology and Atmos Physics, Comm on Atmos
Chem and Radioactivity, In: J of Geophysical Res, May 20, 1970, 75(15):
2875-3146
Atmos Trans Processes, Pt I: Energy Transfers and Transformation, Reiter,
Elmar R., US Atomic Energy Comm, Div of Tech Info, Oak Ridge, Tenn,
1969, 250 p, Price: $3.00
The Augmentation of Sedimentation Tank Efficiency by Upward Flow Clarifi-
cation, Summary, Sparham, V. R., Dec. 1969, 23 p
Australian Waste Disposal Conf, Pap, Kirov, N. Y. (ed), (Held in Sydney,
Australia, Feb 17-19, 1971), Spon by Univ of New South Wales, Dept of
Fuel Tech, Sydney: Local Govt Assoc of New South Wales: Australian Inst
of Health Surveyors: Clean Air Soc of Australia and New Zealand and Inst
of Fuel, Australian Membership, Kingsway Printers Pty, Ltd, Caringbah,
N.S.W. 1971, 211 p
Automated Sur Prep and Pre-Construction Primer, Pap, Schmidt, Alfred,
1970, 7 p
The Auto Air Pollut Conf, Sec Annu (Held in Columbia, Mo., Nov 18, 1969),
Spon by Univ of Missouri, Exten Div, Col of Eng, Columbia and Missouri
Air Conservation Comm, Jefferson City, 1969, 180 p
Auto Disposal, A Natl Problem: Case Studies of Factors that Influence
the Accum of Auto Scrap, US Bur of Mines, Wash DC, 1967, 569 p,
Price: $4.50
Auto Eng Cong, Selected Pap, (Held in Detroit, Mich, Jan 12-16, 1970)
Spon by Soc of Auto Eng, Inc., NY, NY. In: Soc of Auto Engr, Inc. NY,
Pap Nos 700094, 70095 and 70096, 1970, 32 p
An Auto Ind Viewpoint of the Impact of the Air Quality Act of 1967, Panel
Disc, Bowditch, Fred W, Amer Inst of Chem Engr, NYC, 1969, 7 p,
Price: $.75
Barging Ind Liquid Wastes to Sea, Pap, 1970, 13 p
Better Water and Sewer Services for Small Comm in NC, Symp, Proc, (Held
in Chapel Hill, NC, Dec 4, 1968). Spon by Univ of NC, Water Resources
Res Inst and Inst of Govt, Chapel Hill. In: NC, Univ, Water Resources
Res Inst, Rep No. 15, 1969, 119 p
Biochem Toxicology of Insecticides, US-Japan Coop Sci Prog, Keeting, Fifth
Pap, O'Brien, R. D. and Yamamoto, Izurc (eds), (Held in Tokyo, Japan,
Jun 1969), Co-Spon by Japan Soc for the Promotion of Sci and US Natl
Sci Foun, Academic Press, NY, 1970, 218 p, Price: $8.50
64
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Bioenviron and Radiological Safety Feasibility Studies: Atlantic-Pacific
Interoceanic Canal, Estuarine and Marine Ecology, v I, Final Rep, and
App A, Lowman, F. G.; Martin, J. H.; Ting, R. Y., Barnes, S. S.; Swift,
D. J. P.; Seiglie, G. A.; Pirie, R. G.; Davis, R.; Santiago, R. J.;
Me Clinescalera, R.; Gordon, A. G.; Telek, G.; Besselievre, H. L. and
Me Candless, J. B. Battelle Mem Inst Columbus Lab, Ohio, Jun 1971, 143 p
Bioenviron and Radiological, Safety Feas Studies, Atlantic-Pacific Inter-
oceanic Canal, Estuarine and Marine Ecology, v IV, App G through N.
Lowman, F. G; Martin, J. H.; Ting, R. Y.; Barnes, S. S.; Swift, D. J. P.;
Seigle, G. A.; Pirie, R. G.; Davis, R.; Santiago, R. J; Me Clin Escalera,
R., Gordon, A. G.; Telek, G.; Besselievre, H. L. and Me Candless, J. B.;
Battelle Mem Inst, Columbus Lab, Ohio, Jun 1970, 283 p
A Biological Assay of the Effects of Submerged Eng Exhaust Emis, Pap,
Schenck, Norman K. and Weber, Walter J., Jr. 1970, 16 p
Biological Effects of Carbon Monoxide, Conf Pap, Coburn, Ronald F. (ed),
(Held in NYC, Jan 12-14, 1970). Spon by NY Acad of Sci, NYC, In: NY
Acad of Sci, Annals, Oct 5, 1970, 174(1): 1-430, Price: $30.50
Biological Aspects of Thermal Pollut, Natl Symp Proc, Krenkel, Peter A.
and Parker, Frank L. (eds), (Held in Portland, Ore, Jun 3-5, 1968),
Spon by Fed Water Pollut Cont Adm, Nashville, Term, Vanderbilt Univ
Press, 1969, 123 p, Price: $7.95
The Biological Aspects of Water Pollut, Wilber, Charles G., Charles. C.,
Thomas Publ, Springfield, 111. 1969, 304 p, Price: $23.75
Biological-Chem Wastewater Treatment, Pap, Stukenberg, John R., 1970, 28 p
Biological Effects of Carbon Monoxide, Conf, Pap, Coburn, Ronald, F. (ed),
(Held in NYC, Jan 12-14, 1970), Spon by NY Acad of Sci, NYC, In: NY
Acad of Sci, Annu, Oct 5, 1970, 174(1): 1^430, Price: $30.50
The Biolgoical Effects of Oil Pollut on Littoral Comm, Symp, Proc, Carthy,
J.D. and Arthur, Don R. (eds), (Held in Pembroke, Wales., Feb 17-19,
1968), Spon by Field Studies Council, London, Eng, Jul 1968, 203 p
The Biological Impact of Pesticides in the Environ, Symp, Proc, Gillett,
James W. (ed), (Held in Corvallis, Ore, Nov 18-20, 1969), Spon by Oregon
State Univ, Environ Health Sci Center; Dept of Agri Chem, Dept of Fish-
eries and Wildlife; Dept of Entomology and Graduate Res Council,
Corvallis, In: Oregon, State Univ, Corvallis, Environ Health Sci Center,
Environ Health Sci Series No 1, 1969, 210 p, Price: $10.00
Biological Implications of the Nuclear Age, Symp, Proc, (Held in Livermore,
Calif, Mar 5-7, 1969). Spon by Univ of Calif, Lawrence Radiation Lab,
Bio-Medical Div, Livermore and US Atomic Energy Comm, Div of Tech Info
Oak Ridge, Tenn, Dec 1969, 349 p, Price: $3.00 (Pbk.).
The Biological Recovery of the Clinch River Following a Fly Ash Pond Spill,
Pap, Cairns, John, Jr., Grossman, John S. and Dickson, Kenneth L., 1970,
23 p
The Biological Significance of Estuaries, Symp, Pap, Douglas, Phillip, A.
and Stroud, Richard H. (eds), (Held in Houston, Tex, Feb 13, 1970), Spon
by Sport Fishing Inst, Washington, DC: Sportsmen's Clubs of Tex, Inc.
Houston and Natl Wildlife Fed, Wash, DC, Mar 1971, 118 p
The Biology of and Fishery for Tuna and Other Pelagic Fishes of the North-
eastern Pt of the Indian Ocean, Osipov, V. G., US Bur of Sport Fisheries
and Wildlife, Narragansett Marine Game Fish Res Lab, RI, Dec 1968, 15 p,
Price:. $3.00
65
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Biophysical Res on the Cetagean's Ear Bones, Doctoral Thesis; Giraud-
Sauveur, Dominique, Univ of Paris,.Animal Acoustics Lab, France, Oct
1968, 117 p, Price: $.65
Boat Pollut, Interstate Conf, Pap, (Held in NYC, Apr 17, 1968), Spon by
Interstate Sanitation Comm, 1968, 118 p
Bod Removal and Stabilization of Anaerobic Lagoon Effluent Using a Rotat-
ing Biological Contractor, Pap, Chittenden, Jimmie A. and Wells, W.
James, Jr., 1970, 13 p
Bogue Sound Treasure Hunt, Teacher Unit, Hon, Will and Chapman, Frank.
Carteret Cty Publ Schools, Beaufort, NC, 1970, 20 p
A Bird Survey of the Activities of the World Meteorological Organ Re-
lating to Human Environ, Rep, Sec of the World Meteorological Organ,
Geneva, Switzerland, Jun 1970, 24 p
Buffer Zones for Sanitary Landfills, Pap, Me Collough, Jack E. and Pacey,
John G. Terratech, San Jose, Calif, 1970, 20 p
Bur of Leached Hulls at the W Valley Plant, Rep, Nuclear Fuel Serv, Inc,
W Valley, NY, 1969, 34 p
Carles, Connectors and Penetrators for Deep Sea Veh, Meeting, Presenta-
tions and Discussions, (Held in Bethesda, Md, Jan 15-16, 1969), Spon
by US Dept of the Navy, Wash DC, 1969, 390 p
Calif Advisory Comm of Marine and Coastal Resources, 5th Meeting, Proc,
(Held in Sacramento, Calif, Jun 6-7, 1969) State of Calif, 1969, 70 p
Calif Advisory Comm on Marine and Coastal Resources, -6th Meeting, Proc,
(Held in Eureka, Calif, Sept. 19-20, 1969) State of" Calif, 1969,*125 p
Calif Advisory Comm on Marine and Coastal Resources, Eighth Meeting,
Proc, (Held in Santa Cruz, Calif, May 1-2, 1970) State of Calif, 1970,
92 p
Canadian Agric Chem Assoc, Meeting and Conf, Eighteenth Annu, Pap, (Held
in Jasper, Alberta, Can, Sept 13-16, 1970) 1970, 79 p
Canadian Wood Chem Symp, Third, Abstr (Held in Vancouver, BC, Canada,
Jun 24-26, 1970), Jointly Spon by Canadian Pulp and Pap Assoc, Tech
Sec, Montreal and Chem Inst of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 970, 74 p
Carbonate Sedimentation and Environ, Shark Bay, W Australia, Logan,
Brian W.; Davies, Graham, R.; Read, James F. and Cebulski, Donald E,
Amer Assoc of Petrol Geologists, Memoir No 13, Tulsa, Okla, 1970,
230 p
Catalogue of Main Marine Fooling Organisms, v I: Barnacles, Organ for
Econ Co-op and Devel Pts, 1963, 47 p, Price $3.50
Catalogue of Main Marine Fouling Organisms, v II: Polyzoa, Organ for
Econ Co-op and-Devel, Pts, Mar 1965, 83 p, Price: $2.00
Catalogue of Main Marine Fouling Organisms, v III, Serpulids, Organ,
for Econ Co-op and Devel, Pts, 1967, 79 p, Price: $2.00
Catalogue of Main Marine Fouling Organisms, v IV: Ascidians, Organ for
Economic Co-op and Devel, Pts, 1969, 34 p, Price: $4.50
Catalogue of Marine Sci Movies, Filmstrips, and Slides, Chapman, Frank L,
ESEA Title III Publ, Reg Marine Sci Proj, Cateret Cty Publ Schools,
Beaufort, NC, Mar 1969, 36 p
Challenge for Survival, Symp, Pap, Dansereau, Pierre (ed), (Held in NY,
NY, Apr 25-26, 1968), Spon by the NY Botanical Garden, Columbia Univ
Press, NY, 1970, 236 p, Price: $7.95
66
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Challenge: The Environ, Conf on Prob Oriented Approaches to the Environ
by Govt, Ind, Banking, Conser, Law, Rep, De Ville, William B. (ed)
(Held in Bloomington, Ind, Oct 29-30, 1970), Spon by Indiana Univ
Foun, Aerospace Res Appli Center, Environ Systems Applic Center,
Bloomington, 117 p
Changing Environ Hazards: Challenges of Comm Health, Rep of the Task
Force on Environ Health, Natl Comm of Comm Health Serv, Wash DC,
Publ Affairs Press, Wash DC, 1967, 101 p, Price: $2.00
Chem Cone of Pollut Lead Aerosols, Terrestrial Dusts, and Sea Salts in
Greenland and Antarctic Show Strata, Rep, Murdzumi, M.; Chow, Tsalhwa,
J, and Patterson, C, Univ of Calif, Scripps Inst of Oceanography, La
Jolla, 1969, 110 p, Price: $.65
Chem Fallout: Current Res and Persistent Pesticides, Rochester Conf on
Toxicity, Proc, Miller, Morton W. and Berg, George G (eds), (Held in
Rochester, NY, 1968), Spon by Univ of Rochester, School of Medicine
and Dentistry, Dept of Radiation Biology and Biophysics, NY, 1969,
551 p, Price: $22.50 /
Chem Markets in Water and Wastewater Treatment, Rep, Env Sci Serv Corp,
Stamford, Conn, 1968, 80 p, Price: $20.00
Chemurgy—For Better Environ and Profits, Conf, 32nd Annu, Proc, (Held
in Wash DC, Oct 22-23, 1970), Spon by Ehemurgic Council, NYC, 1970,
137 p, Price: $11.00
The Chena River: A Study of a Subarctic Stream, Frey, Paul J.; Mueller,
Ernst W. and Berry, Edward C. US Dept of the Int, Fed Water Qaulity
Adm, Alaska Water Lab, Col, Oct 1970, 105 p
Chick Edema, Statement Before the Subcomm on Energy, Natural Res, and
the Environ of the Senate Comm on Commerce, Verrett, H. Jacqueline.
Apr 15 1970, 14 p
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environ, Rep, Goldberg, Edward C,
Butler, Philip; Meier, Paul, Menzel, David; Paulik, David; Risebrough,
Robert and Stickel, Lucille F. Natl Acad of Sci, Comm on Oceanography,
Panel on Monitoring Pesticides in the Marine Environ, Wash DC, 1971,
47 p .-
Chronological List of Gen Mtrs Contrib to Air Pollut Studies, Pap, Gen
Mtrs Tech Center, Off of Publ Rel, Warren, Mich, Aug 1970, 25 p
Civil Eng in the Oceans, II Conf, Proc, (Held in Miami Beach, Fla, Dec
10-12, 1969), Spon by Amer Soc of Civil Engr, NY, 1970, 1267 p,
Price: $10.00
Clarification-Absorp in the Treatment of Municipal and Ind Wastewater,
Pap, Hager, D. G. and Reilly, P. B. 1969, 15 p
Clean Air Cong: Second Intl, Summ of Activities, Spon by Intl Union of
Air Pollut Prevention Assoc, In: Air Pollut Control Assoc, J, Feb
1971, 21(2): 51-65
A Clean Air Environ for Calif Proj Clean Air, A Prog Rep to the Regents
of the Univ of Calif, Mar 20, 1970, 103 p
Clean Air Yr Bk 1972-72, Natl Soc for Clean Air, Great Britain, 1971,
88 p, Price:.60p
Cleaning our Environ: The Chem Basis for Action, Priority Recomm with
Supporting Discussion, Supplement, Amer Chem Soc, Comm on Chem and
Publ Affairs and Comm on Environ Improvement, Wash DC, Amer Chem Soc,
Wash DC, 1971, 26 p, Price: $1.00
67
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Clean Water in the '70's Anal and Recomm Changes for the Grant-In-Aid
Prog of the Fed Water Pollut Control Act, Pap, Natl League of Cities
and US Conf of Mayors, Wash DC, Jan 1970, 20 p
Cleaner Air Week Workshop, Transcript, (Held in New Brunswick, N.J., Sept
1967), Sponsored by Putgers Univ, College of Agric and Environ Sci, Dept
of Environ Sci, New Brunswick, NJ, 104 pages, 1967
Cleaning Our Envirn: The Chem Basis for Action , Rep, Amer Chem Soc, Comm
on Chem and Public Affairs, Subcomm on Environ Improve, Wash DC,
256 p, Proce: $2.75
Clearing the Air, A Layman's Guide to Atmosph Purity, Amer Petro Inst,
Comm on Public Affairs, NY, NY, 19 p, 1969
Climatic Fluctuations and Their Possible Relations to Interactions Between
the Atmosph-Ocean-Icecaps, Paper, Eriksson, Erik, Intl Meteor Inst in
Stockholm, Sweden, 10 p, 1969
Coal Mine Drainage Res, Symp, Third, Papers, (Held in Pittsburgh, Pa,
May 19-20, 1970), Sponsored by Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Comm,
Coal Ind Advisory Comm, Cincinnati, 413 p, 1970, Price: $7.00
Coast Guard District Civilian Submersible Search and Rescue Conf, Eleventh,
Proc, (Held in Long Beach, Calif, Feb 17, 1970), 133 p, 1970
Coastal and Estuarine Waters in the United States, Index to Res, Dits-
worth, George R., U.S. Dept of the Interior, Federal Water Pollut Contr
Admin, NW Region, 36 p, Sept 1969
Coastal Engr, Eleventh Conf, Proc, v I & II, (Held in London, England,
Sept 1963), Sponsored by Amer Soc of Civil Engr, Coastal Engr Res
Counc, NY and Inst of Civil Engr, London, 2358 p, 1969, Price: $12.00
Coastal Engr in Japan, v Xii, Iwasaki, Toshio (ed), Japan Soc of Civil
Engr, Comm on Coastal Engr, Tokyo, 194 p, Dec 1969, Price: $4.50, (pbk.)
Coastal/Estuaring Pollut, Annotated Bibliography, Sinha, Evelyn, Ocean
Engr Info Serv, Ocean Engr Info Series, v 3, La Jolla, Calif, 95 p, 1970,
Price: $15.00
Coastal Recreation and Holidays, v 1, Special Study Rep, Tanner, M.F.,
Countryside Comm, Coastal Preservation and Development, Her Majesty's
Stationery Office, London, 105 p, 1969, Price: $3.78
The Coastal Resourc Mgt Program of Texas: A Summary, Rep to the 62nd Texas
Legislature, Interagency Natural Resourc Council, Austin, 16 p, Dec 1970
Coastal Wastes Mgt, Study Session, Background Papers, v I, Ludwigson,
John (ed), (Held in Jackson Hole, Wyo, July 6-12, 1969), Spon by Natl
Academy of Sci, Comm on Oceanography and Natl Academy of Engr, Comm on
Ocean Engr, Wash DC, 422 p, 1969
Cod Tagging Experiments in Dutch Coastal Waters, Paper, Daan, N., Intl
Council for the Exporation of the Sea, Depersal Fish (Northern) Comm,
9 p, 1969
Coho Salmon Mortality and Dot in Lake Mich, Paper, Johnson, H. E., and
Pecor, C., Wildlife Mgt Inst, Wash DC, 8 p, 1969
Colloque Intl D'Oceanographi Medicale, Fourth, Proc, (Held in Napes, Italy
Oct 2-5, 1969), In: Revue Intl D'Oceanographie Medicale, 17: 47-210,
1970
Combating Pollut Created by Oil Spills, v 1: Methods, Rep to U.S. Dept of
Transp, U.S. Coast Guard, A. D. Little, Inc, Cambridge, Mass, 163 p,
June 30, 1969, Price: $0.65
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Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Tech, Symp on Storm and Combined Sewer
Overflow, Papers, (Held in Chicago, 111, June 22-23, 1970), Spon by U.S.
Dept of Interior, Federal Water Quality Admin, Wash DC, In: U.S. Dept
of the Interior, Federal Water Quality Admin, Wash DC, Res Series 11024-
06, 340 p, 1970, Price: $3.50
Combustion, Intl Symp, 12th, Abstr, (Held in Poitiers, France, July 14-
20, 1968), Spon by Combustion Inst, Pittsburgh, Pa, 260 p, 1968
Community Action Program for Air Pollut Cont, Booklets, Natl Assoc of
Counties Res Foun, Wash DC, 103 p, 1966
Community Action Program for Water Pollut Cont, Rep, Natl Assoc of Coun-
ties Res Foun, Wash DC, 188 p, July 1967
Composting—Waste Recycling, Natl Conf, 1st, Proc, (Held in Denver, Colo,
May 20-21, 1971), Spon by Keep Colo Beautiful Inc: Denver, Colo and
Rodale Press, Inc, Emmaus, Pa, 127 p, 1971
A Comprehensive Assessment of Solid Waste Problems, Practices, and Needs,
Executive Office of the Pres, Office of Sci and Tech, Wash, DC, 120 p,
May 1969
A Comprehensive Coastal Resourc Plan for the Texas Gulf Coast Region,
Program Guideline, Interagency Natural Resourc Counc, 11 p, 1969
Computers are Better on the Shore, Flittner, G. A., Paper, 6 p, 1969 .
Computers in Oceanography, Paper, Rosenfeld, M. A. and Bowin, C. D., 18 p,
1969
Concepts of Pest Mgt, Conf, Proc, Rabb, R. L. and Guthrie, F. E. (eds),
(Held in Raliegh, NC, March 25-27, 1970), Co-Spon by NC State Univ,
Inst of Biol Sci, Raleigh and Entomological Soc of Amer, College Park,
Md, 252 p, 1970
Conf on Aircr and the Environ, Part I, Proc, (Held in Wash DC, Feb 8-10,
1971), Spon by U.S. Dept of Transp, Wash DC and Soc of Automotive Engr,
Inc., NY City, 309 p, 1971
Conf on Containerization, 9th Annu, Papers, (Held in NY, NY, Jan 28-29,
1969)
Conf on Inorganic Lead, Summary and Papers, Kehoe, R. A. (ed), (Held in
Amsterdam, Netherlands, Nov 28-29, 1968), Spon by Intl Assoc of Occu
Helath, In: Archives of Environ Helath, 23(4): 245-311, Oct 1971
Congress and the Nation's Environ: Environ Affairs of the 91st Congress,
Library of Congress, Congressional Res Serv, Environ Policy Div, Wash,
U.S. Govt Printing Office, Wash, DC, 302 p, Feb 10, 1971, Price: $1.25
Congress of Food Sci and Tech, 3rd, Abstr, (Held in NY, NY, April 26-27,
1970), 124 p, 1970
Congress on Environ Helath, 8th, Sel Papers, (Held in NY,NY, April 26-27,
1971), Spon by Amer Med Assoc, Chicago, 111, 42 p, 1971
Conservation/Environ Organ, Directory, filling, V., Northern States Power
Co, Environ Affairs Dept, Minneapolis, Minn, 136 p, June 1, 1971,
Conservation of Our Air Environ, Teachers' Conf, Proc, (Held in Univ Park,
Pa, April
Consider the Environ Effects of Energy Generation on Lake Mich, Statement,
Fetterolf, C. M., Jr., Mich Dept of Natural Resourc, Grand Rapids, 12 p,
1970
Considerations in Measurement of Community Noise, Paper, Brandforel, P.,
18 p, 1967
Control of Cooling Tower Mist, Paper, Maurer, R. H., 7 p, 1970
69
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Control of Dusts, Smokes, and Noxious Odors, Air Pollut Conf, 3rd Annu,
Proc (Held in Columbia, Mo, Nov 17, 1970), Spon by Univ of Missouri,
Extension Div, College of Engr, Columbia and Missouri Air Conservation
Comm, Jefferson City, 129 p, 1970
Control of Gaseous Emissions, Training Manual, U.S. EPA, Natl Air Pollut
Control Admin, Office of Manpower Devel, Res Triangle Park, NC, 264 p,
1971
Control of Smoke, Visible Emissions and Particulates, Reg 7, Oklahoma
State Dept of Helath Environ Helath Serv, Air Pollut Control Div, Okla-
homa City, 4 p, June 21, 1971
Control of the Emission of Particulate Matter from Indust and Other Pro-
cesses and Operations. Reg 8, Oklahoma State Dept of Helath, Environ
Health Serv, Air Pollut Control Div, Oklahoma City, 6 p, June 21, 1970
Control of Vehicle Emissions after 1974. A rep to the Calif Air Resourc
Board by the Tech Advisory Comm, 41 p, Nov 19, 1969
Cooling Tower Design Criteria and Water Treatment, Paper, Motley, F. W.
and Hoppe, T. C., 16 p, 1970
Cooling Towers, The Environ and the Futhre, Paper, Aynsley, E., IIT Res
Inst, Chicago, 111, 12 p, 1970
Cooling Water Treatment Manual, Natl Assoc of Corrosion Engr, Tech Prac-
tices Comm Publ 1, Houston, Texas, 39 p, 1971
Coordination of Ind Air and Water Quality Programs as an Effective Mgt
Policy, Paper, Tihansky, D. P. In: Rand Corp, Repts Dept, Santa Monica,
Calif, Publ P-4551, 5 p, Jan 1971, Price: $0.50
The Corp and the Environ, Rep, Bolton, R. E. Williams College, Center for
Environ Studies, Williams town, Mass, 43 p, June 1969
The Corrosion of Metals in Aqueons Environ Over Extended Periods, Paper,
Southwell, C. R. and Alexander, A. L., 46 p, 1969
Council on Environ Quality, Address, Cahn, R., 14 p, 1970
Crisis in Oregon Estuaries, A Summary of Environ Factors Affecting Oregon
Estuaries, Wick, W. Q. (Ed), Oregon STate Univ, Maring Advirory Program,
Corvallis, 8 p, 1970
Critique and STudy of the Govt of the State of Fla and its Capability for
Meeting the Ocean Challenge, Rep, Hull, E. W. Seabrook, State of Fla,
Comm on Marine Sci and Tech, 99 p, Aug 15, 1969
Cultivation of Marine Organisms and its Importance for Marine Bio, Intl
Symp, Sel Papers, Kinne, D. and Bulnheim,. H. P. (eds) (Held in Hamburg
Germany, Sept 8-12, 1969), Spon by Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Ham-
berg, Germany, In: Helgoland Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen,
20(1-4): 1-721, May 1970
Culture of Blu, Channel and White Catfish in Brackish Water Ponds, Paper,
Perry, W. Guthrie, Jr. and Avault, J. W., Jr, 23 p, 1969
Current Res into the Effects of Reservoirs on Water Quality, Specialty
Conf, Proc, Elder, R. A.; Krenkel, P. A. and Thackston, E. L. (eds),
(Held in Portland, Ore, July 1965), Spon by Amer Soc of Civil Engr,
Hydraulics Div and Sanitary Engr Div, NY, In: Vanderbilt Univ, Dept of
Environ and Water Resourc Engr, Nashville, Tenn, Tech Rep 17, 397 p,
Jan 1969, Price: $6.00
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Data and Instrumentation for Water Quality Mgt, Natl Symp, Proc, Kerrigan,
J. E., (ed), (Held in Madison, Wise, July 21-23, 1970), Spon by Joint
Comm on Water Quality Mgt Data, Conf of State Sanitary Engr and Univ
of Wise, Water Resourc Centr, Madison, 534 p, Dec 1970, Price: $5.00
Deep Ocean Dumping of Baled Refuse, Sub-Council Rep, Natl Ind Pollut
Cont Council, Prog and Systs Engr Sub-Council, Wash DC, Feb 1971,
15 p, Price: $.20
Deep Ocean Search by Visual, Acous and Magnetic Sensors, Pap, Buchanan,
C. L., 1969, 34 p
Defining the Calif Publ Int in Coastal Zone Mgt, Annu Rep, Second, Calif
Advisory Comm on Marine and Coastal Res, Jan 1970, 104 p
Design and Fab of Pres Hulls for Deep Diving Submerslbles, Pap, Hagan,
Richard H. Sun Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co, Aero/Hydro Space Div,
Chester, Pa, 1969, 30 p
Design of a Completely Mixed Wastewater Treatment Pit, Pap, Thomas,
Ariel A.: Seid, Sol and Arthur, John, 1970, 12 p
Design of a Computer-Assisted Coastal, Info Syst, Rep, Campbell, Robert
D, Matrix Res Co, Area Systs Div, Alexandria, Va, Sept 15, 1969, 130 p,
Price: $.65
Devel in Polography, Sem, Proc, Thompson, Brian J. and De Velis, John B.
(eds), (Held in Boston, Mass, Apr 14-15, 1971), Spon by Redondo Beach,
Calif, In: Soc of Photo-Optical Instru Engr, S.P.I.E. Sem Proc, 1971,
254 p
Devel of Air Qual Standards, Symp, Proc, Atkisson, Arthur and Gaines,
Richard S. (eds), (Held in Santa Barbara, Calif, Oct 23-25, 1969),
Spon by Natl Air Conser Comm, Univ of Calif, Air Pollut Cont Inst:
Christmas Seal Agencies of So Calif and Eight Tuberculosis and
Respiratory Disease Assoc of So Calif Environ Res, Inc. Riverside,
Calif, Charles E. Merrill Publ Co, Columbus, 0, 1970, 220 p, Price:
$12.95
Devel in Water Qual Res, Jerusalem Intl Conf on Water Qual and Pollut
Res, Proc, Shuval, Hillel I (ed), (Held in Jerusalem, Israel, Jun
1969), Spon by Natl Coun for Res and Devel, Jerusalem: The Technicon-
Israel Inst of Tech, Haifa; Hebrew Univ of Jerusalem; Israel Assoc of
Architects and Engr and Mekopot Water Co, Tel Aviv, Ann Arbor-Humphrey
Sci Publ, Ann Arbor, 1970, 312 p, Price: $17.50
Diagnosis and Treatment of Deposited Radionuclides, Symp, Proc, Kornberg,
H. A. and Norwood, W. D. (eds), (Held in Richland, Wash, May 15-17,
1967) Spon by US Atomic Energy Comm, Div of Biology and Medicine,
Excerpta Mecica Foun, Monographs of Nuclear Medicine and Biology No. 2
Nov 1968, 681 p, Price: $42.00
Diagnosis of Fluorosis in Cattle, Pap, Shupe, James L., 1966, 14 p
Dimen of Water Mgt, Ohio Water Resources Conf, First Annu, Proc, Drobny-
Neil L. (ed), (Held on Mar 24, 1970), Spon by Amer Water Res Assoc,
Ohio Sect, Columbus and Ohio Dept of Natl Res, Columbus, 1970, 136 p
Directory of Academic Marine Sci Prog in New England, Booklet, New England
Marine Res Info Prog, Narragensett, RI, Dec 1969, 55 p
A Directory of Oceanographers in the US, Vetter, Richard C. Natl Academy
of Sci, Wash DC, 1969, 80 p, Price: $2.50
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Directory of Organ Concerned with Environ Res, Mordy, Wendell, A. and
Sholtys, Phyllis A., State Univ Coll, Lake Erie Environ Studies,
Fredonia, NY, Jan 1970, 150 p, Price: $2.00
The Disaster Lobby, Pamphlet, Sheppard, Thomas R., Jr., 1971, 13 p
Discharge of Selected Rivers of the World, v I, Gen and Regime Character-
istics of Stations Selected, A Contrib to the Intl Hydrological Decade,
United Nations Educational, Sci and Cultural Organ, Paris, 1969, 70 p,
Price: $6.00
A Disc of Recent Res in Air Pollut, Pap, Forrest, J. S. and Mason, B. J.
(eds), (Held in London, Eng, Nov. 14, 1968), In: Royal Soc of London,
Philosophical Transac, Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sci, Nov 13,
1969, 265(1161): 139-318
A Disc of the Origin and Treatment of Noise in Ind Environ, Pap, Richards,
E. J. (ed), (Held in London, Eng, Mar 9-10, 1967). In: Royal Soc of
London, Philosophical Transac, Series A, Math and Phys Sci, Dec 5, 1968,
263(1142):269-480
Disposal Hazards of Certain Chem Warfare Agents and Munitions, Rep, Natl
Academy of Sci, Ad Hoc Advisory Comm, Wash DC, June 24, 1969, 15 p
Disposal of Auto Scrap in Conn, Res and Mkg Study, Conn. Develop Comm,
Business and Ind Develop Div, Hartford, Conn, Feb 1967, 104 p
Disposal of Liquid and Particulate Wastes to the Ocean, Pap, Baumgartner,
D. J. 1969, 30 p
Diurnal Changes in Trawl Catches of Plaice, Dab and Sole, Pap, De Groot,
S. J., Intl Coun for the Explor of the Sea, Gear and Behavior Comm, 1968,
6 p
Diurnal Variation and Seasonal Changes in Trawl Catches of Turbot (Sco-
phthalmus Maximum L.) Pap, De Groot, S. J. Intl Coun for the Explora-
tion of the Sea, Gear and Behavior Comm, 1968, 6 p
1967 Domestic Refinery Effluent Profile, Rep, Amer Petrol Inst, Comm for
Air and Water Conser, Crossley, S-D Surveys, Inc Sept 1968, 67 p
Dredging Seminar, Second, Proc, Herbich, John B. and Basco, David R. (eds)
(Held in Coll Station, Tex, Nov 21, 1969), Spon by World Dredging Assoc,
Gulf Chapter and Tex A&M Univ, Center for Dredging Studies, Coll Station.
In: Tex A&M Univ, Sea Grant Prog, Sea Grant Publ No. 70-113, Jun 1970,
93 p
Drug Residues in Animal Tissues, Symp, Pap, Assoc of Official Analytical
Chem, Eighty-Third Annu Meeting, (Held in Wash DC, Oct 13-16, 1969),
In: Assoc of Official Analytical Chem, J, Mar 1970, 53(2): 211-228, and
May 1970, 53(3): 450-648
A Dynamic Theory for the Design of Oxidation Ponds, Pap, Marais, G.V.R.
Inst of Water Pollu Cont, S African Branch, 1970, 81 p
Earth Sci Symp on Hudson Bay, Proc, Hood, Peter J. (ed), (Held in Ottawa,
Can, Feb 19-20, 1968), Spon by the Natl Advisory Comm on Res in the
Geological Sci, Canada and the Natl Res Council, Associate Comm on
Geodesy and Geophysics, Canada. In: Canada, Geological Survey, Ottawa,
Pap No. 68-53, 1969, 391 p, Price: $5.00
Ecological Effects of Weather Modification: A Prob Analysis, Rep, Cooper,
Charles F. and Jolly, William C. Univ of Mich, School of Natural
Resources, Dept of Resource Planning and Conservation, Ann Arbor, May
1969, 163 p
72
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Ecological Invest Related to Thermal Discharges, Pap, Adams, James R. '•
Gormly, H. James and Doyle, M. J. Jr., 1969, 18 p
Ecological Prob in the Marine Environ, Natl Biological Congress, Preprints,
(Held Nov 10, 1970), Spon by Battelle Memorial Inst, Columbus Lab, Oh,
Amer Inst of Biological Sc, Wash DC, and Fed of Amer Soc for Experi-
mental Biology, 1970, 49 p
An Ecologist's Sugg for Environ Improvement in Oregon, Pap, Cook, Stanton,
A. 1970, 7 p
Ecology and Lane Use of the Supply Ponds Natural Area, Branford, Conn,
Rep, Cooper, Diana S and Hotaling, Wm L, Yale Univ, School of Forestry,
New Haven, Conn, 1970, 62 p, Price: $2.00
Ecology Begins at Home: A Household Environ Handbook, Revised Edition,
San Fernando Valley State Coll, Northridge, Calif, 16 p
Ecology, Environ Quality and Publ Wks, Course Notes, Kerr, Farnum W.,
(Held in Berkeley, Calif, Spring 1971), Spon by Univ of Calif Ext,
Inst of Trans and Traffic Engr, Berkeley, 1971, 94 p, Price: $3.00
Economic Aspects of Clean Air, Pap, Elias, Robert J, 1971, 11 p
Economic Impact of Pollut Abatement, Address, Brimmer, Andrew F, Jun 1971,
20 p
Economics of Clean Water, v I, II, and III, Third Rep to the Congress on
Natl Requirements and Cost of Water Pollut Control, US Dept of the
Interior, Fed Water Pollut Control Admin, Wash DC, Mar 1970, 720 p,
Price: $6.00
Economics of Recycling, Pap, Lehto, Bjorn 0, Jan 1970, 15 p
Economics of Waste Pap Recovery, Pap, Whitfield, W, 1970, 20 p
Educational Syst for Operators of Water Pollut Cont Facilities, Conf,
Proc, Austin, John H and Kesler, John (eds), (Held in Atlanta, Ga,
Nov 3-5, 1969), Spon by US Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Cont
Adm, Atlanta, Ge and Clemson Univ, SC, 1969, 421 p
Effect of Auto Emission Requirements on Gasoline Characteristics, Amer
Soc for Testing and ,ateroa;s. Annu Meeting, Seventy-Third, Symp Pap,
(Held in Toronto, Ont, Can, Jun 21-26, 1970), In: Amer Soc for Testing
and Materials, Phil, Pa, Tech Publ No. 487, Apr 1971, 164 p, Price:
$9.50
Effect of Chronic Exposure to Low Levels of Carbon Monoxide on Human
Health, Behavior, and Performance, Rep, Natl Res Council, Div of
Medical Sci, Comm on Effects of Atmospheric Contaminants on Human
Health and Welfare, Natl Academy of Sci and Natl Academy of Engr,
Wash DC, 1969, 66 p
The Effect of Major Ind Spills Upon Stream Organisms, Pap, Cairns, John
Jr., Grossman, John S, Dickson, Kenneth L, and Herricks, Edwin E,
1971, 26 p
The Effect of Temp in the Spawning, and Nursery Areas on Recruitment of
Autumn Spawning Herring in the North Sea, Pap, Postuma, K. H., Intl
Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 1968, 15 p
Effects and Movements of Paraquat in the Water, Pap, Silvo, Olavi E. J.
1970, 22 p
Effects of Abatement of Domestic Sewage Pollut on the Benthos, Volumes
of Zooplankton, and the Fouling Organisms of Biscayne Bay, Fla, Me
Nulty, J. Kneeland, In: Miami, Univ of Coral Gables, Fla, Inst of
Marine and Atmos Sci, Studies in Tropical Oceanography No. 1, Univ of
Miami Press, Coral Gables, Fla, Mar 1970, 107 p
73
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The Effects of Aerial Forest Fertilization on Water Quality for Two
Streams in the Capitol Forest, Paper, McCall, M., Wash State Dept of
Ecology, 23 p, Oct 1970
The Effects of Air Pollut on Plants and Soil, Webster, C.C., Agric Res,
Council, London, 55 p, 1967
The Effects of Dredging on Water Quality in the NW, Rep, O'Neal, G. and
Sceva, J., U.S. EPA, Office of Water Programs, Region X, Seattle, Wash,
163 p, July 1971
Effects of Fertilizers on Water Quality, A Collection of Abstr and Refs
Dealing with the Relationships Between Fertilization of Agric Lands
and Chem Composition of Surfaces and Ground Waters, Tenn Valey Author-
ity, Natl Fertilizer Devel Centr, Muscle Shoals, Ala, 107 p, 1969
Effects of Microwaves and Radio Frequency Energy on the Central Nervous
Syst, Rep, Frey, A.H., Randomline, Inc., Willow Grove, Pa, 9 p, Sept
1969
Effects of Salinity on Growth and Survival of Channel Catfish, lotalurus
Punctatus (Rafinesque), Eggs Through Yearlings, Dissertation, Allen,
K.D., Louisiana College, Dept of Marine Sci, Baton Rouge, 63 p, 1970
Effects of Watershed Changes on Streamflow, Water Resour Symp, 2nd,
Papers, Moore, W.L. and Morgan, C.W. (eds),(Held in Austin, Tex, Oct,
1968), Spon by Univ of Tex, Centr for Res in Water Resourc, Austin,
Univ of Tex Press, Austin, 289 p, 1969, Price: $12.50
Egg Weights of N Sea Herring (Clupea Harengus L.), Paper, 11 p, 1969
Elements of Marine Ecology, An Intro Course, Tait, R.V., Plenum Press,
NY, 277 p, 1968, Price: $12.50
Emission Inventories: State of Calif, Resourc Agency, Calif Air Resourc
Board, Sacramento, 59 p, Nov 1969
Energy and the Environ, Paper, Winter, T.C., Jr, 35 p, May 1971
The Engr and the Environ, Inst of Elec Engr, Mersey and N Wales Centr,
Session Meet, (Held in 1969-70), 63 p, 1970
Engr Analysis of Emissions Control Tech for Sulfuric Acid Mfg Processes,
v 11, Lit Search, Chem Construction Corp, Consulting Div, NY, NY, 79 p,
March 1970, Price: $3.00
Engr Aspects of Thermal Pollut, Natl Symp, Proc, Parker, F.L. and Krenkel,
P.A. (eds), Held in Nashville, Tenn, Aug 14-16, 1968, Spon by Fed Water
Pollut Control Admin, Wash DC and Vanderbilt Univ, Nashville, Tenn,
Vanderbilt Univ Press, 369 p, 1969, Price: $7.95
Engr for the Deep Ocean, Joint Symp, 1st Annu, (Held in Notre Dame, Ind,
Dec 13-14, 1968), Spon by Univ of Notre Dame, Ind, 37 p, 1969
Engr for the Deep Ocean, Joint Symp, 2nd Annu, Abstr, (Held in North-
ampton, Mass, April 13-14, 1970), Spon by Univ of Notre Dame, Thesis
Projs, Ind and Univ of Mass, Amherst, 34 p, 1970
Engr in the Ocean Environ, Conf, Digest of Tech Papers, 1st ed, Winner,
L. and Winner, B.K. (eds)(Held in Panama City, Fla, Sept 21-24, 1970)
Spon by Inst of Elect and Electronics Engr, Inc, NY City, Lewis Winner,
NY, NY, 259 p, Sept 1970.
Engr in the Ocean Environ, Conf, Record, (Held in San Diego, Calif,
Sept 21-24, 1971), Spon by Inst of Elect and Electronics Engr, Inc,
Oceanography Coordination Comm, NY City, 394 p, 1971, Price: $12.00
(non-members)
74
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Environ and the Food Processor, Food Engr Forum, Proc, (Held in Houston,
Tex, Nov 2-4, 1970), Spon by Dairy and Food Ind Supply Assoc, Inc, Wash
DC and Amer Soc of Agric Engr, St. Joseph, Mich, 116 p, April 1971,
Price: $2.50
Environ: The Quest for Quality, Conf, Proc, Summary, (Held in Wash DC, Feb
18-20, 1970), Spon by: U.S. Natl Comm for the Intl Bio Program and the
Public Affairs Council, Wash DC, 24 p, 1970
Environ 1975 — Pollut in Alberta, Symp, Proc, Brookes, D.A. and Hyres,
M.T. (eds), (Held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, Feb 7, 1970) Spon by Univ
of Calgary, Bio Sci Soc, Alberta, Canada, 64 p, 1970, Proce: $1.00
Environ Assessment of Resourc Devel, Symp, Proc, (Held in Sacramento, Calif,
June 14-15, 1971), Spon by Sacramento State College, Inst for Tech and
Soc, Calif, 190 p, 1971
Environ Awareness, Inst of Environ Sci, Colo Chapter, Annu Session, 2nd,
Papers, Lillywhite, M. and Martin, C. (eds), (Held in Los Angeles, Calif,
April 26-30, 1971), 85 p, 1971
Environ Education: Education that Cannot Wait, Booklet, Whiting, C., U.S.
Dept of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of Education, Wash DC,
48 p, 1970
Environ and Water Resourc Engr Conf, 8th Annu Proc, Thackston, E.L. and
Benedict, B.A. (eds), (Held in Nashville, Tenn, June 5-6, 1969), Co-
Spon by Vanderbilt Univ, Sch of Engr: Tenn Stream Pollut Control Board
and Tenn Dept of Public Health, In: Tenn Dept of Environ and Water
Resourc Engr, Tech Rep 20, 248 p, 1969, Price: $4.00
Environ and Water Resourc Engr Conf, 9th Annu, Proc, Thackston, E.L. and
Benedict, B.A. (eds), (Held in Nashville, Tenn, June 4-5, 1970), Co-
Spon by Vanderbilt Univ, Sch of Engr: Tenn Stream Pollut Control Board
and Tenn Dept of Public Health, In: Vanderbild Univ, Dept of Environ
and Water Resourc Engr, Tech Rep 22, 204 p, 1970, Proce: $4.00
Environ Aspects of Cooling Tower Plumes, Paper, Aynsley, E., IITRI, Chgo,
111, 10 p, 1970
Environ Aspects of Mercury Usage, Indexes, v I, II, & III, ist ed, The Dow
Chem Co, Midland, Mich, 943 p, Aug 1970
The Environ Challenge of the 70's, Inst of Environ Sci, Tech Meet, 16th
Annu, Proc, (Held in Boston, Mass, April 12-16, 1970), 522 p, 1970
Price: $14.00, $20.00 (non-members)
Environ Cost of Elec Power, Workbook, Abrahamson, D.F., Sci Inst for Pub-
lic Info, NY city, 36 p, 1970, Proce: $1.00
Environ Design and Operation Criteria for Sanitary Landfills, Paper,
Lambie, J.S., 4 p, 1970
Environ Design and Risk Criteria in Offshore Operations, A five-day pro-
gram, Papers, (Held in San Francisco, Calif, Oct 12-16, 1970), Spon by
Univ of Calif, Univ Extension, Continuing Education in Engr and Univ of
Calif, College of Engr, Berkeley, 447 p, 1970
The Environ Dilema: Commitment for a Livable World, Hennigan, R,D., Paper,
9 p, 1970
Environ Engr: A Guide to Ind Pollut Control, Deskbook Issue, In: Chem Engr,
NY, 77(9): 1-314, April 1970
Environ Health Prob, Rep, U.S. Dept of Health, Education and Welfare, Pub-
lic Health Serv^ Environ Health Serv, Rockvill, Md, 70 p, 1970
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Environ Improvement (Air, Water, and Soil), Public Lecture Series, Marquis,
R.W. (ed), (Held in Wash DC, May 1966), Spon by U.S. Dept'of Agric,
Graduate School, 112 p, Oct 1966
Environ Mercury Res In Sweden, Rep, Natl Swedish Environ Protection Board,
Res Secretariat, Stockholm, 45 p, June 1970
Environ Mutagen Soc, Annu Meet, 1st, Program and Abstr, (Held in Wash DC,
May 25-27, 1970), 36 p, 1970, Proce: $1.50
Environ Pollut—A Decade for Action, Conf, Sel Unbound Papers, (Held in
NY, NY, May 25-27, 1970), Spon by Amer Mgt Assoc, Inc, 1970
Environ Pollut, Annotated Bibliography, Stern, M.S. and Stern, D.H., Univ
of Miss, Dept of Bio, Kansas City, 19 p, 1970, Price, $0.25
Environ Pollut Instrumentation, Symp, Sel Papers, Chapman, R.L. (ed),
(Held in Philadelphia, Pa, May 19-22, 1968), Spon by Instrument Soc of
Amer, Analysis Instrumentation Div, Pittsburgh, Pa, 171 p, 1969
Environ Preservation, Symp, Papers, (Held in San Diego, Calif, May 20-21,
1970), Spon by U.S. Naval Undersea Res and Devel Centr, San Diego,
Calif, In: U.S. Naval Undersae Res and Dev Centr, San Diego, Calif, Tech
Paper TP215, 184 p, March 1971
Environ Quality Press Conf, Papers, (Held in Coeur D'Alene, Idaho, June
22, 1970), Spon by Outdoor Writers Assoc of Amer, 120 p, 1970
Environ Radioactivity, Symp, Papers, Clopton, J.C.(ed), (Held in Baltimore,
Md, Jan 19-20, 1970) Spon by Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept of Geography and
Environ Engr, Graduate Student Symp Comm, Baltimore, Md, 277 p, Nov 1,
1970
Environ Requirements of Blue-Green Algae, Symp, Proc, (Held in Corvallis,
Ore, Sept 23-24, 1966), Spon by Fed Water Pollut Contr Admin, NW Region,
and Univ of Wash, Seattle, 114 p, 1967
Environ Sci Conf for State Supervisors of Sci, Papers, (Held in Portland,
Ore, May 1-5, 1970), Spon by Natl Sei Foun, Wash DC, Portland State
Univ, Ore: Ore State Dept of Education, Salem and Council of State Sci
Supervisors, 106 p, 1970
Equip for the Working Diver, Symp, Proc, Landeman, D. (ed), (Held in
Columbus, Ohio, Feb 24-25, 1970), Spon by U.S. Navy, Office of the Su-
pervisor of Diving, Springfield, Va, Battelle Memorial Inst, Columbus
Labs, Columbus, Ohio and Marine Tech Soc, Bellview, Wash, 478 p, 1970,
Price: $8.00
Equilibriaum Concepts in Natural Water Systs, Symp, Meet, 151st, Papers,
Gould, R.F. (ed), (Held in Pittsburgh, Pa, March 23-24, 1966), Spon by
Amer Chem Soc, Div of Water, Air, and Waste Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Ad-
vances in Chem Series 67, Wash DC, 344 p, 1967, Price: $8.50
Escarosa: A Preliminary Study of Coastal Zone Mgt Probs and Opportunities
In Escambia and Santa Rosa Counties, Fla, Fla Coastal Coordinating
Council, Tallahassee, 35 p, April 1971
Etude Structurale Du Plateau Continental Au Large Des Cotes Meridionales
De La Bretagne, France, Rep, Bouysse, Fh, and Horn, R., Bureau de
Recherches Geologiques at Mineres, Paris, France, 24 p, 1969
Europaeische Abwassersymposium, Proc, (Held in Munich, Germany, Sept 1969),
In: Abwassertechnische Vereinigung, Munich, Berichte 23, 347 p, 1969
European Conservation Conf, Themes, (Held in Strasbourg, France, Feb 9-12,
1970), Spon by Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France, 223 p, 1970
76
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European Conservation Year 1970, Booklet, Council of Europe, Strasbourg,
France, 33 p, 1970
Eutrophication-Biostimulation Assessment Workshop, Proc, Middlebrooks , E.J.
Maloney, I.E.; Powers, C.F. and Kaack, L.M. (eds) , (Held in Berkeley,
Calif, June 19-21, 1969), Spon by Univ of Calif, Sch of Public Health
and College of Engr, Div of Hydraulic and Sanitary Engr, Sanitary Engr
Res Lab, Berkeley, and U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Con-
trol Assoc, Pacific NW Water Lab, Natl Eutrophication Res Program,
Corvallis, Ore, 280 p, 1969
Evaluation of Kraft Liquor Concentrator Operation, Paper, Groce, A.B.,Jr,
and Harris, A.D., Jr, 18 p, Jan 1970
Evaluation Proc in Water Resourc Planning, Conf, Proc, Whipple, W.,Jr,
Englebert, E.A., and Trock, W.L. (eds), (Held in Milwaukee, Wise, June
14-19, 1970), Spon by Univ of Wise, Milwaukee and Amer Water Resour
Assoc, 160 p, 1970
Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences, Correctives, Intl Symp on Eutrophi-
cation, Proc, (Held in Madison, Wise, June 11-15, 1967), Spon by Natl
Academy of Sci — Natl Res Council; U.S. Atomic Energy Comm; U.S. Dept
of the Interior; Natl Sci Foun and U.S. Office of Naval Res, 666 p,
1969, Price: $13.50
Evaluating Risks of Pesticides to Fish, Paper, Alabaster, J.S., 8 p, 1969
Evaluating the Noises of Transp, Symp, Papers, Chalupnik, J.D. (ed) ,
(Held in Seattle, Wash, March 26-28, 1969), Spon by U.S. Dept of Transp,
Office of Noise Abatement, Wash, DC, Univ of Wash Press, Seattle, 374 p,
1970, Price: $14.50
Evaluations of Emissions and Control Tech in the Graphic Arts Ind, Final
Tech Rep, Gadomski, R.R. , David, M.P., and Blahut, G.A. , Graphic Arts
Tech Foun, Pittsburgh, Pa, 236 p, Aug 1970
An Evaluation of Recent Approaches for the Design of Bio Waste Treatment,
Rep, Graves, Q.B., and Yu, T., Okla State Univ, Okla Water Resourc Res
Council, Stillwater, 142 p, 1969
Evaluation Processes in Water Resourc Planning, Conf, Proc, Whipple, W.,
Jr, Engelbert, E.A. and Trock, W.L. (eds), (Held in Milwaukee, Wise,
June 14-19, 1970), Spon by Univ of Wise, Milwaukee and Amer Water Re-
sourc Assoc, Urbana, 111, In: Amer Water Resourc Assoc, Urbana, 111,
Proc Series 10, 165 p, May 1971
Evidence Submitted by the Inst of Water Engr to the Central Advisory Comm,
Rep, Inst of Water Engr, London, 42 p, Feb 1970
Exhaust Maniforl Thermal Reactors — A Solution to the Automotive Emissions
Prob, Paper, Mikita, J.J. and Cantwell, E.N., 13 p, 1970
FAO, Intl Conf on Investment in Fisheries, (Held in Rome, Italy, Sept 18-
24, 1969), Unbound Papers, 1969
Facteurs Biologiques D'Auto=Epuration, Colloque Intl D'Oceanographie
Medicale, 4th, (Held in Naples, Italy, Oct 2-5, 1969), In: Revue Intl
D'Oceanographie Medieale, 18-19: 29-270, 1970
Factors Affecting the Growth of Najas in Pickwick Reservoir, Martin, J.B.,
Bradford, B.N. and Kennedy, H.G., Tenn Valley Authority, Natl Fertilizer
Devel Centr, Muscle Shoals, Ala, 47 p, 1970
Factors Affecting Wastewater, Eclamation and Recycle, Paper, Sack, W.A.,
16 p, 1969
77
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Farm Wastes, Paper, Wadleigh, C.H., U.S. Dept of Agric, Agric Res Serv,
Beltsville, Md, 7 p, 1969
Farm Wastes, Symp, Papers, (Held in Newcastle Upon Tyne, Enland, Jan 7-8,
1970), Spon by Inst of Water Pollut Control, N Branch, Great Britain and
Univ of Newcastle Upon Tyne, England, 99 p, 1970
Fed and State Action for Clean Waters, Paper, Mennigan, R.C., 23 p, 1969
Fed Expenditures on Res Devel, and Demonstration Related to Pollut for
FY1969 and FY1970, Rep, Prepared by Fed Council on Sci and Tech, Res, De-
vel, and Demonstration Subcomm on Environ Quality, 13 p, 1970
Fed Power Comm Interests Environ Concerns Affecting the Elect Power and
Natural Gas Ind, Rep, Fed Power Comm, Wash DC, 27 p, 1969
Fed Water Pollut Control Act, Oil Pollut Act, U.S. Dept of Interior, Fed
Water Pollut Control Admin, Wash DC, 36 p, 1966
Federation of Scieties for Paint Tech, 49th Annu Meet and 36th Paint Show,
Program, (Held in Detroit, Mich, Oct 27-30, 1971), 129 p, 1971
Fibrous Dust Seminar, Proc, (Held in Pittsburgh, Pa, Nov 22, 1968), Spon
by Ind Hygiene Foun of Amer, Inc, Pittsburgh Pa, IN: Ind Hygiene Foun
of Amer, Inc, Pittsburgh, Pa, Medical Series, Bull 16-70, 81 p, 1970
The Field Approach to Coastal Ecology: The Field Experience, VI, II, III,
& IV, Taylor, B and Yeater, LW, Carteret County Public Schools, Region-
al Marine Sci Proj, Beaufort, NC, 154 p, 1969
Filtration Soc, London, Proc, Reprint, 1969
Fishery Sci and Related Courses in N.Amer Colleges and Univ, Catalogue,
Martin, R.G., Sport Fishing Inst, Wash DC, 35 p, 1969
The Fitness of Man's Environ, Symp, Papers, (Held in Wash DC, Feb 16-18,
1967), Spon by the Smithsonian INst, Wash DC, Smithsonian Inst Press,
Smithsonian Annual II, City of Wash, 250 p, 1968, Price: $5.95
Floating Atomic Power Plant Environ Prob, Paper, Le Menaute, B., 36p, 1969
Fla Rivers and Estuaries, Paper, Bader, R.G., 21 p, 1970
The Flow Properties of Solid Waste Slurries, Paper, Zandi, I. and Hayden,
J.S., 24 p, 1970
Food and Agric Organ of the United Nations, European Inland Fisheries
Advisory Comm, 6th Session, Symp, Rep, (Held in Krakow, Poland, May 18-
22, 1970), 73 p, 1970
Food Processing Wastes, Natl Symp, 1st, Proc, (Held in Portland, Ore,
April 6-8, 1970), Spon by U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Quality
Admin, Pacific NW Water Lab, Corvallis, Ore; U.S. Dept of Agric, W Re-
gional Res Lab, Albany, Calif; Natl Canners Assoc, Berkeley, Calif and
NW Food Processors Assoc, Portland, Ore, IN: U.S. Dept of the Interior,
Fed Water Quality Admin, Wash DC, Res Series 12060, 405 p, 1970, Price:
$3.00
Food Processing Wastes, Natl Symp, 2nd, Proc, (Held in Denver, Colo,
March 23-26, 1971), Co-Spon by U.S. EPA, Pacific NW Water Lab, Corvallis,
Ore and Natl Canners Assoc, Berkeley, Calif, Ore State Univ, Dept of
Printing Continuing Education Publ, Corvallis, 671 p, 1971
Forecasting the Landings of Brown Shrimp (Crangon Crangon) In the Nether-
lands, Paper, Boddexe, R., Intl Council for the Exploration of the Sea,
Shellfish and Benthos Comm, 4 p, 1968
78
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Freshwater Bio and Elect Power Generation, Part 2, Syinp, Papers, (Held
April 22, 1971), Spon by Central Elect Res Lab, Surrey, England, IN: Cen-
tral Elect Res Lab, Surrey, England, Rep RD/L/M 321, 141 p, 1971
Further Review of Certain Persistent Organochlorine Pesticides Used In
Great Britain, Rep by the Advisory Conm on Pesticides and Other Toxic
Chem, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 150 p, 1969, Price: 125 6D
The Fusion Torch: A New Approach to Pollut and Energy Usage, Paper, East-
lund, B.J., and Gough, W.C., 29 p, Nov 7, 1969
The Future of Instru in Water Pollut Cont, Paper, McDermott, J.H.; Ballin-
ger, D.G. and Sayers, W.T., 10 p, 1968
FWPC Methods for Chem Analysis of Water and Wastes, Manual, U.S. Dept of
the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Cont Admin, Div of Water Quality Res, Ana-
lytical Quality Cont Lab, Cincinnati, Ohio, 290 p, Nov 1969
Gas Generation and Movement in Landfills: Probs caused by Gas Produced in
Sanitary Landfills, Paper, Anderson, D.R. and Callinan, J.P., Loyola
Univ, College of Engr, Los Angeles, Calif, 15 p, 1970
The General and Comparative Bio of Toxic Metals and Their Derivatives:
Mercury, Siegel, S.M.; Eshleman, A.; Umeno, I.; Puerner, N. and Smith,
C.W., 34 p, 1971
Geol of Shelf Seas, Inter-Univ Geol Cong, 14th, Proc, Donovan, D.T. (ed),
Oliver & Boyd, London, 165 p, 1968, Price: 845
Georgia Water Cont Act 870 (H.B. 730), State of Georgia, 24 p, 1966
German One-Boat Midwater Trawl (Devel_Since 1959 to the beginning of 1968),
Trans, Scaerfe, J., Natl Sci Foun, Special Foreign Currency Sci Info
Program, 66 p, 1969, Price: $3.00
Global Ocean Floor Analysis and REs, Booklet, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Of-
fice, Wash DC, 34 p, 1969
Gold in Sea Water—Fact of Fancy, Paper, Rosebaum, J.B.; May, J.T. and
Riley, J.M., U.D. Bureau of Mines, Salt Lake City Metall Res Centr, Utah
11 p, FEb 1969
Governor's Conf on Thermal Pollut, Papers, (Held in Traverse City, Mich,
July 18, 1969), Spon by Mich Water Resourc Comm, Lansing, 83 p, 1969
Governor's Environ Quality Conf, Proc, Fite, R.C. (ed), (Held in Stillwater,
Okla, Sept 24-25, 1970), Okla State Univ, Stillwater, 145 p, Nov 1970
The Great Lake as an Environ, Lecture Series, Anderson, D.V. (ed), In:
Toronto, Univ, Great Lakes Inst, Rep PR39, 341 p, Oct 1969
The Greenland Halibut, A Round Flatfish or a Flat Roundfish? Paper, DeGroot,
S.J., Intl Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Demersal Fish (North-
ern) Comm, 3 p, 1968
Growth, Survival, Food Habits, and Sexual Devel of Croaker, Micropogon
Undulatus, In Brackish Water Ponds, Paper, Avault, J.W. Jr; Perry, W.G.
Jr and Birdsong, C.L., 9 p, 1969, Price: $1.50
Guide for the Certification of Cargo Containers, Paper
Guide to the Appraisal and Cont of Mr Pollut, Amer Public Health Assoc,
Inc, NY, NY, 80 p, 1969, Price: $2.50
Guidelines for the Selection of Marine Materials, Rep, Tuthill, A.H. and
Schillmoller, C.M., Into Nickel Co, Inc, NY city, 39 p, 1969
Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Inst, Annu Session, 21st, Proc, Higman, J.B.
(ed), (Held in Miami, Fla, Nov 1968), Univ of Miami, Inst of Marine Sci,
Coral Gables, Fla, 190 p, June 1969
79
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Handling Intl Cargo, Intl Conf, 9th, Proc, (Held in Gothenburg, Sweden,
June 2-5, 1969), Spon by Intl Cargo Handling Co-Ordination Assoc, Gothen-
burg, Sweden, 143 p, 1969
Harbors, Heads, Horrors: A Discussion of the Prob of Shipboard Waste Mgt,
Paper, Anderson, D.R., 6 p, 1971
Hawaii and the Sea: A Plan for State Action, Rep to the Gov Task Force on
Oceanography, State of Hawaii, Dept of Planning and Economic Devel, 112
• p, 1969
Hazardous Chem Handling and Disposal, Symp, 2nd, Proc, Howe, R.H.L. (ed),
(Held in Indianapolis, Ind, April 20-22, 1971), Jointly Spon by Inst of
Advanced Sanitati n Res, Intl: Ind Public Health Assoc; Ind Academy of
Gen Practice; Ind Assoc of Santiarians; Ind Assoc of Public Health
Physicians; Amer Academy of Pediatrics, Ind State Chapter; Ind State
Medical Assoc Comm of Voluntary Health Agencies; Ind State Vet Medical
Assoc and Ind Assoc of Health Educators, Noves Data Corp, Park Ridge,
NJ, 172 p, 1971, Price: $20.00
Hazardous Pollut Substancees Symp, Annex 1, To Study on Cont of Hazard-
ous Pollut Substances, Proc, (Held in New Orleans, La, Sept 14-16,
1970), Spon by U.S. Coast Guard, Wash DC, 558 p, 1970
Health Physics Soc, Annu Meet, 16th, Abstr, (Held in NY, NY, July 11-15,
1971), 68 p, 1971
Hearing Before the Subcomm on Oceanography of the Comm on Merchant Marine
and Fisheries, House of Repre, 91st Cong, 1st Session, U.S. Govt Print-
ing Office, Wash, 202 p, 1969
The Heat Equation as a Model for Air Pollut, Paper
Heat Exchange Between the Atomsph and the Ocean, Symp, Paper, (Held in
Kobe, Japan, Jan 21, 1969), Spon by Marine Meteor Soc; Oceanographical
Soc of Japan and Global Atomosph Res Programme (GARP) Subcomm on Air-
Sea Interaction, In: Umi to Sora, Kobe, Japan 45(2-3): 47-122, Dec 1969
The Helium Soc, Symp, Proc, Blizin, J.S. (ed), (Held in Wash DC, March 23-
24, 1970), 431 p, 1970
High Density Compaction Processes for Solid Wastes, Paper, Carver, P.T.,
22 p, 1970
The History of the Earth's Crust, Symp, Contrib, Phinney, R.A. (ed),
(Held in NY NY, Nov -1-12, 1966), Spon by Columbia Univ, Dept of Geo,
Palisades, NY and Goddard Inst for Space Studies, NY city, 244 p, 1968
Price: $13.50
The History of the World's Oceans, Conf, Abstr, (Held in Moscow, USSR,
Dec 1969), Spon by Moscow Assoc of Res in the Natural Sci, USSR and
Academy of Sci UDDR, Earch Sci Sect, Moscow, In: Oceanology, 9(5): 725-
743, 1969
Hydrolab Surveyor Brochure, Hydroload Corp, Austin Tex, 10 p, 1970
Hydrology of the Coastal Waters of NC, Symp, Proc, (Held in Raleigh, NC,
May 27, 1967), In: NC, Univ, State College of Agric and Engr, Raleigh,
Water Resourc Res Inst, Rep 5, 154 p, 1967
Identifying Sea-Birds of the NW Atlantic Ocean, An Intro for Ships at
Sea, Paper, Brown, R.G.B., Hills, E.L., Hills, A.H. and Pocklington, R.,
Dalhousi Univ, Inst of Oceanography, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 39 p,
1968
80
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Impact of Mr Pollut on Vegetation, Conf, Proc, (Held in Toronto, Canada,
April 7-9, 1970), Spon by Air Pollut Cont Assoc, Ontario Sect and TR-7
Agric Comm and Ontario Dept of Energy and Resourc Mgt, Air Mgt Branch,
Canada, k89 p, 1970
Impact of Waste Heat on Aquatic Ecology, Paper, Carlson, C.L., Cornell
Univ, Conservation Dept, Ithaca, NY, 15 p, 1969
Implementing the Standards and Criteria Program of the Natl Air Pollut Cont
Admin, Paper, Megonnell, W.M., 13 p, 1969
Index to Res on Coastal and Estuarine Waters in the U.S., Ditsworth, G.M.,
U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Cont Admin, NW Region, Corval-
lis, Ore, 36 p, Sept 1967
Ind Coal Conf, Sel and Unbound Papers (Held in Lexington, Hy, April 8-9,
1970), 1970
Ind Process Design for Water Pollut Cont, Workshop, Proc, (Held in San
Francisco, Calif, March 31-April 2, 1970), Spon by Amer Inst of Chem
Engr, Water Comm, NY city, 119 p, 1971
Ind Process Design for Water Pollut Contr, v II, Workship, Proc, (Held in
Houston, Tex, April 24-25, 1970), Spon by Amer Inst of Chem Engr, Water
Comm, NY city, 102 p, 1970, Price: $6.00, $12.00 (non-members)
Ind Waste and Pollut Cont Conf and Advanced Water Conf, 22nd & 3rd, Proc,
(Held in Stillwater, Okla, March 29-30, 1971), Spon by Okla State Univ,
Univ Ext, Stillwater, 210 p, 1971
Ind Waste Conf, Part 1, 23rd, Proc, (Held in Lafayette, Ind, May 7-9,1968),
Spon by Purdue Univ, Lafayette, Ind and Ind State Board of Health,
Indianapolis, IN: Purdue Univ, Lafayette, Ind, Engr Ext Series 132, 625
p, 1968, Price: $16.00
Ind Waste Guide on Thermal Pollut, Rep, U.D. Dept of the Interior, Fed
Water Pollut Cont Assoc, NW Region, Pacific NW Water Lab, Corvallis,
Ore, 118 p, Sept 1968
Ind Wastes and Salvage, v II, Pollut Incineration and Salvage, 2nd ed.
Directory, Atlas Publ Co, NY NY, 213 p, 1971
Influence on Water Quality in Chesapeake Bay in Treatment Plant Design and
Outfall Siting—A Case Study in Decision Making, Paper, Pritchard, D.W.,
24 p
Info About... Recycling Resourc, New Raw Materials and Solid Waste, Rep,
Natl Assoc of Secondary Material Ind, Inc, NY city, 12 p, Aug 1970
Initial Rep of the Deep Sea Drilling Proj,
The Inst and Its Tranditions, Address, Stanbridge, NH, Inst of Water Pollut
Cont, Johannesburg, S. Africa, 28 p, April 1970
Inst of Public Cleansing, Annu Conf, 72nd, Proc, (Held in Torbay, England,
June 1970), IN: Public Cleansing, 60(8): 361-468, Aug 1970
Inst of Water Pollut Cont, Annu Conf, Proc, (Held in Blackpool, England,
Sept 8-11, 1970), IN: Water Pollut Control, 70(3): 243-337, 1971
Inst of Water Pollut Cont, S. African Branch, Biennial Conf, Proc, (Held
in Cape Town, S. Africa, March 16-20, 1970), IN: Water Pollut Cont,
70(2): 123-240, 1971
Inst on Oil and Gas Law and Taxation, 20th Annu, Paper, 1969
Instream Aeration of Pollut Rivers, Rep, Whippke, W., Jr; Junter, J.V.;
Davidson, B.; Dittman, F and Yu, S., Rutgers Univ, Water Resourc Res
Inst, New Brunswick, NJ, 309 p, Aug 1969, Price: $2.00
81
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Instru Soc of Amer, Annu Conf and Exhibit, Sele Preprints, (Held in Hous-
ton, Tex, Oct 27-30, 1969), IN: Instru Soc of Amer, Preprints 69-632,
69-637, 37 p, 1969, Price per Preprint: $1.00, $1.50 (non-members)
Instru in the Chem and Petro Ind—v 6, Instru Soc of Amer, Chem and Petro
Instru Symp, llth Annu, Proc, Bajek, W.A. (ed), (Held in Chgo, 111,
April 8-10, 1970), Instru Soc of Amer, Pittsburgh, Pa, 85 p, 1970
Instru in the Pulp and Paper Industry — v II
Instru Soc of Amer, Pulp and Paper Instru Intl Symp, llth, Proc, Johnson,
R.K. (ed), Held in Greenville, SC, April 15-17, 1970, Instru Soc of
Amer, Pittsburgh, Pa, 112 p, 1970
Insurance as a Regulation, Paper, 13 p, 1970
Interdisciplinary Res Topics in Urban Engr, Rep, Hafferty, W.M.; Hess,
R.W. and McGregor, R.G. (eds), Amer Soc for Engr Education, Urban Engr
Study Comm, Wash DC, 320 p, Oct 1969, Price: $5.00
Internal Waves in a Weak Sheer in the Presence of Rotation, Paper,
Frankignoul, C.J., Paper, Intl Council for the Exploration of the Sea,
10 p, 1969
Intl and Interstate Regulation of Water Pollut, Conf, Proc, O'Malley, C.
K. (ed), (Held in NY City, March 12-13, 1970), Spon by Columbia Univ
School of Law, Intl Legal Res and Columbia Univ, School of Law Parker
School of Foreign and Comparative Law, NY City, Columbia Univ, School
of Law, Columbia J of Transl Law, NY, NY, 321 p, 1970
Intl Assoc of Ports and Harbors, 6th Conf, Proc, (Held in Melbourne,
Victoria, Australia, March 3-8, 1969), 307 p, 1969, Price: $10.00
Intl Conf on Geophysics of the Earth and the Oceans, Abstr, (Held in
Sydney, Austrailia, Jan 19-23, 1970), Spon by Australian Inst of Phys-
ics, New S. Wales Branch, 17 p, 1970
Intl Cong on Ind Waste Water, Unbound Papers, (Held in Stockholm, Sweden,
Nov 2-6, 1970), Spon by Intl Cong on Ind Waste Water, Drottning Kristinas,
Stockholm, Sweden, 1970
Intl Conf on Planktonic Microf-ssils, 1st, v 1, Proc, Bronniman, P. and
Renz, H.H. (eds), (Held in Geneva, Switzerland, Sept 27-Oct 3, 1967),
E.J. Brill, Leiden, 745 p, 1969, Price: GLD 500
Intl Cong of Parasitology, 2nd, Proc, Resumes, Part I, (Held in Wash DC,
Sept 6-12, 1970), Spon by World Fed of Parasitologists, IN: J of Para-
sitology, 56(4): 1-389, Aug 1970.
Intl Cong of Hyperbaric Medicine, 4th, Program (Held in Sapporo, Japan,
Sept 2-4, 1969), Spon by Sapporo Medical College, Dept of Thoracic and
Cardiovascular Surgery, Japan, 88 p, 1969
Intl Legal Conf on Marine Pollut Damage, Final Act, Inter-Govt Maritime
Consultative Organ, 48 p, 1969
Intl Marine and Shipping Conf, 15 Sees, Preprints, (Held in London, Eng-
land, June 10-20, 1969), Spon by the Inst of Marine Engr, London, 1969
Intl Navigation Cong, 22nd, Section II: Ocean Navigation, 6 v, Rep, (Held
in Paris, France, 1969), Spon by Permanent Intl Assoc of Navigation
Cong, Brussels, Belgium, 1331 p, 1969
Intl Oceanology Conf, Sel Paper, 1969
Intl Tug Conf, 1st, Proc, Troup, K.D. (ed), (Held in Teddington, England,
Oct 7-9, 1969), Spon by Ship & Boat Intl, Thomas Reed Publ Ltd, London,
England, 387 p, 1970, Price: 10 pounds 10's
82
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Intl Union of Geddesy and Geophysics, Gen Assembly, 15th, Sel Papers, IN:
Amer Geophysical Union, Transac, 52(6): 225-425, June 1971
Intl Water Conser Exhibition, Conf, (Held in Jonkoping, Sweden, Sept 2-4,
1970) Spon by Natl Swedish Environ Protect Board, Stockholm and Council
of Europe, 492 p, 1970
In the Matter of Pollut of Lake Mich and its Tributary Basin in the States
of Wise, 111, Ind, and Mich, V I, II & III, Conf, 3rd Session, Proc,
(Held in Chgo, 111, Marcy 24-25, 1971), Spon by U.S. EPA, Water Quality
Office, Wash DC, 1021 p, 1971
Intro to Antarctica, 1969 ed, Rep, U.S. Naval Support Force, Antarctica,
History and Res Div, Wash DC, 56 p, July 1969, Price: $0.60
Into to World Data Centr A, Oceanography
Invest and Resourc of the Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Regions, Symp, Reps
and Abstr of Papers, Saetersdale, G (ed), (Held in Willenstad, Curacao,
Netherlands Antilles, Nov 18-26, 1968), Spon by United Nations Educa-
tional, Sci and Cultural Organ, Food and Agric Organ of the United
Nations and World Meteorological Organiz, IN: FAO Fisheries Reps 71.1,
165 p, Dec, 1969
Invest of FAllout 137C's in Norway 1962-1967, Paper, Stromme, A, Statens
Radiologisk-Fysike Lab, Oslo, Norway, 84 p, 1967
Invest: Mercury in Wash State, Rep, Lee, R.A., State of Wash, dept of
Ecology, Olympia, 25 p, Jan 1971
Invest on Gynodinium Breve Toxins in Shellfish, Rep, Cummins, J.M. and
Stevens, A.A., U.S. Public Health Serv, Environ Health Serv, Gulf Coast
Water Hygiene Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama, 85 p, March 1970
Invest in Pollut Cont for the 70*s, Info Sheet, Merrill Lynch, Pierce,
Fenner & Smith, Inc, Securities Res Div, NY City, 20 p, Jan 1970
ION Exchange in the Process Ind, Conf, Papers, (Held inLondon, England,
July 16-18, 1969), Spon by Soc of Chem Ind, London, 454 p, 1970
Is There Evidence for an Assoc of Radioactive Fallout to Leukemia and
Fetal Mortality in NY State? Paper, Creenwald, P. and Kinch, S, NY State
Dept of Health, Albany, 25 p
Is Water Quality Enhancement Feasible? Specialty Conf, Unbound Papers,
(Held in Wash DC, March 13, 1970), Spon by Amer Soc of Civil Engr,
Sanitary Engr Div, NY City, 1970
Jet Noise Seminar, Minutes, (Held in Wash DC, Oct 8-9, 1969), Spon by
Town of Hemptead, NY and City of Inglewood, Calif, 120 p, 1969
Joint Group of Experts on the Sci Aspects of Marine Pollut (GESAMP), 1st
Session, Rep, (Held in London, England, March 17-21, 1969), Inter-Govt
Maritime Consultative Organiz (IMCO): Food and Agric Organiz of the
United Nations (FAO) United Nations Educational, Sci and Cultural Organiz,
(UNESCO) and World Meteorological Organiz (WMO), 57 p, July 17, 1969
Joint Group of Experts on the Sci Aspects of Marine Pollut (GESAMP), 2nd
Session, Rep, (Held in Paris, France, March 2-6, 1970), Inter-Govt
Maritime Consultative Organiz (IMCO); Food and Agric Organiz of the
United Nations (FAO); United Nations Educational, Sci and Cultural
Organiz (UNESCO); World Meteorological Organiz (WMO); World Health Or-
ganiz (WHO) and Intl Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 69 p, June 20, 1970
Junk Auto Disposal and Clean Air Legislation, Paper, Consumer Protect and
Enfiron Health Serv, Natl Air Pollut Cont Admin, Durham, NC, 14 p, 1970
83
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Junk Car Disposal, Subcouncil Rep, Natl Ind Pollut Cont Council, Wash DC,
54 p, 1970, Price: $0,40
Lake and River Pollut: An annotated Bibliography, Sinha, E., Ocean Engr
Info Serv, Ocean Engr Info Series 4, La Jolla, Calif, 92 p, 1971,
Price: $15.00
Land-Use Probs in 111, Amer Assoc for the Advance of Sci, Meet, 137th,
Symp, Papers, (Held in Chgo, 111, Dec 26-31, 1970), IN: 111, State
Geol Survey, Environ Geol Notes 46, 42 p, May 1971
Landesanstalt Fuer Immissions - Und Bodennutzungsschultz Des Landes
Nordrehein-Westfalen, Booklet, 16 p
Large Scale and Long Term Water Protect Planning, Symp, Papers, (Held in
Delft, Netherland, Oct 23-25, 1969), Spon by European Fed for the
Protect of Waters (EFPW) , Zurich and Nederlandse Vereniging Tegen
Water-, Bodem-En Luchtverontreiniging, Delft, IN: European Fed for the
Protect of Waters Zurich, Info Bull 17, 69 p, Sept 1970
Large-Scale Photo Assessment of Smog-Damaged Pines, Paper, Heller, R.C.,
14 p, 1969
Law and the Coastal Margin, Wrokshop, Sel Papers, (Held in Oct 1968),
Spon by Gulf Univ Res Corp, Houston, Tex, In: Tex A&M Univ, Sea Grant
Program, Sea Grant Publ 108, 83 p, 1970
Law and the Municipal Ecology: Air, Water, Noise, Over-Population, Lewin,
S.F.; Gordon, A.H.; and Hartelius, C.J., IN; Natl Inst of Municipal Law
Officers, Wash DC, Res Rep 156, 258 p, 1970
The Law of the Sea: Natl Policy Recommendations, Law of the Sea Inst,
Annu Conf, 4th, Proc, Alexander, L.M. (ed), Spon by Univ of Rhode Isl
Graduate School of Oceanography, Dept of Geography, Kingston, RI, 539 p
1970, Price: $7.50
Laws of NC relating to Water and Air Resourc, NC Dept of Water and Air
Resourc, 91 p, 1968
Laws of NC relating to Water and Air Resourc, NC Dept of Water and Air
Resourc, 38 p, 1970
Laws Relating to Planning, Amer Inst of Planners, Mich Chapter, Exec Of-
fice of the Gov, Office of Planning Coordination, Legislative Serv
Bureau, Publ 94, 398 p, 1968
Leaf Structure as Related to Absorption of Pesticides and Other Compounds,
Hull, H.M., In: Residue Rev, 31: 1-155, 1970
Lectures on the Fluid Dyn of Air-Sea Interaction, A Short Course at the
Von Rarman Inst for Fluid Dyn, Briscoe, M.B.; Pesaresi, R.; Shonting,
D.A.; Woods, J. and Wu, J. (Held in Rhode-St.-Genese, Belgium, Jan 26-
30, 1970), 287 p, 1970
Legal Aspects of Junk Auto Disposal, Rep, N Va Regional Planning Comm,
40 p, July 1968
Legal Probs in Constructive Use of Fed-State Jurisdictional Limits, Annex,
Wilkes, D., Rep of the Gov's Tech Comm on Narragansett Bay and the
Coastal Zone of RI, 71 p, 1970
A Limnological Reconnaissance of an Impoundment Receiving Heavy Metals,
with Emphasis on Diatoms and Fish, Paper, Benoit, R.J.; Cairns, J.,Jr,
and Reimer, C.W., 31 p, 1968
84
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List of Publ on Herring (Clupea Harengus L.) In the Years 1965, 1966,
and 1967. Paper, Zijlstra, J.J., Intl Council for the Exploration of
the Sea, 20 p, 1969
Lit Refs to Highways and Their Environ Considerations, Rep, U.S. Bureau
of Public Roads, Office of Right-of-Way and eocation, Environ Devel
Div, U.S. Dept of Transp, Fed Highway Admin, Wash DC, 92 p, July 1,
1969
Livestock Waste Mgt and Pollut Abatement, Intl Symp, Proc, (Held in
Columbus, Ohio, April 19-22, 1971), Spon by Amer Soc of Agric Engr,
St. Joseph, Mich and Ohio State Univ, Centr for Tomorrow, Columbus,
360 p, 1971
Living in Our Environ, Inst of Environ Sci, Tech Meet, 17th Annu, Proc,
(Held in Los Angeles, Calif, April 26-30, 1971), 508 p, 1971
La. Looks at the 70's: The Corp and the Environ, Address, Cannon, D.W.,
18 p, April 1970
Low Pollut Power Systs Devel, Conf, Summary of Proc, (Held in Eindhoven,
Netherlands, Feb 23-25, 1971), Spon by N Atlantic Treaty Organiz,
Comm on the Challenges of Modern Soc, U.S. EPA; Air Pollut Cont Office,
Rockville, Md, 28 p, 1971
Luchtverontreiniging Door Stof, Zwavelodioxyde en Stikstofoxyden in de
Westelijke Minjnstreek, Rapport, Merrman, P.G., 11 p
The Main Coast: Prospects and Perspectives, Symp, (Held in Brunswick,
Maine, Oct 20-22, 1966), Spon by Bordoin College, Centr for Resourc
Studies, Brunswick, 106 p, 1967
The Maine Coast: Time of Decision, Bowdoin College, Centr for Resourc
Studies, Brunswick, Maine, 29 p, 1967
Maine Law Affecting Marine Resourc: Regulation of the Coast: Land and
Water Uses, v III, Par Rep, Spon by Univ of Maine, School of Law,
Portland and Natl Sci Fouh, Office of Sea Grant Programs, Wash DC,
217 p, 1970
Maine Law Affecting Marine Resourc: Resourc from the Sea and Fed Limita-
tions on State Cont, v IV, Part Rep, Spon by Univ of Maine, School of
Law, Portland and Natl Sci Foun, Office of Sea Grant Programs, Wash
DC, 288 p, 1970
Maine Law Affecting Marine Resourc: State Govt Organiz: Agencies Deal-
ing with Marine Resourc; Part Rep, Univ of Maine, School of Law,
Portland and Natl Sci Foun, Office of Sea Grant Programs, Wash DC,
164 p, 1969
Maine Law Affecting Marine Resources: State, Public and Private Rights,
Privileges, and Powers, v II, Part Rep, Univ of Maine, School of Law,
Portland and Natl Sci Foun, Office of Sea Grant Programs, Wash DC,
270 p, 1970
Maintaining Clean Water Syst with Chem Additives, Paper, Curtis, S.D.
and Silverstein, R.M., Drew Chem Corp, Process Chem Div, Parsippany,
NJ, 3 p, 1970
Maintenance of Effort, Remarks, Hennigan, R.D., 9 p, 1969
85
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Man and His Environ: Interaction and Interdependence, Conf 1, Proc, Wang,
J.Y. (ed), (Held in San Jose, Calif, 1969), Spon by Natl Sci Foun, Wash
DC; Sierra Club, Loma Prieta Chapt; Santa Clara Valley Audobon Soc and
San Jose State College, Environ Sci Inst, Calif, 178 p, 1969
Man and the Quality of His Environ, Western Resourc Conf, Papers, Flack,
J.E. and Shipley, M.C. (eds), (Held in Boulder, Colo, July 5-7, 1967),
Spon by Colo State Univ, Colo, Univ of Colo Press, Boulder, 229 p,
1968
Man in Cold Water, A Conf on Undersea Operations in the Canadian Environ,
Proc, (Held in Montreal, Canada, May 12-13, 1969), Spon by McGill Univ,
Montreal Canada and Dept of Ind, Trade and Commerce of Canada, Canadian
Soc of Oceanology, Oceanology Series 1, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 52 p,
Dec 1969, Price: $5.00
Man, Land, Williams College Centr for Environ Studies the 1st Two Years,
Rep, Carney, W., Williams College, Centr for Environ Studies, Williams-
town, Mass, 61 p, Dec 1969, Price: $2.00
Man's Control of the Environ to Determine His Survival...Or to Lay Waste
His Planet, Collected Papers, Nease, J. (ed), Congr Quarterly, Wash DC,
95 p, Aug 1970, Price: $4.00
Man's Impact on the Global Environ: Assessment and Recommendations for
Action, Rep of the Study of Critical Environ Problems, (Held in Wil-
liamstown, Mass, July 1970), Spon by Mass Inst of Tech, Cambridge,
340 p, 1970, Price: $2.95
Mgt of the Natural Environ of Europe, Declaration, Council of Europe,
Strasbourg, France, 6 p, 1970
Mgt of Water in the Iron and Steel Ind, Iron and Steel Inst, Annu Gen
Meet, Proc, (Held in London, England, May 6-7, 1970), IN: Iron and
Steel Inst, London, Publ 128, 141 p, 1970, Price: 9.75 pounds
Mgt Presentation to Security Analysts, Meet, Papers, (Held in Chattanooga,
Tenn, June 24-25, 1971), IN: Combustion Engr, Inc, Progress No 2: 1-64,
1971
Managing the Environ: 9 States Look for New Answers, Rep, Haskell, E.H.;
Price, V.; Matthews, W.; Cook, R.; Davidson, J. and Booth, R., 598 p,
1971
Manpower and Training Needs for Air Pollut Control, Rep of the Secretary
of Health, Education and Welfare to the Cong of the United States,
Richardson, E.L., 50 p, Aug 7, 1970, Price: $0.25
Manual for Evaluating Public Drinking Water Supplies, U.S. Public Health
Serv, Consumer Protect and Environ Health Serv, Environ Control Admin,
Bureau of Water Hygiene, Cincinnati, Ohio, 70 p, 1969, Price: $0.40
Manual for Evaluating Public Drinking Water Supplies, A Manual of Prac-
tice Recommended by the Public Health Serv, U.S. Public Health Serv,
Consumer Protect and Environ Health Serv, Environ Control Admin, Bureau
of Water Hygiene, Cincinnati, Ohio, 70 p, 1969, Price: $0.65
Manual on Methods for Measuring Primary Production in Aquatic Environ
Incl a Chapter on Bacteria, Vollenweider, R.A.; Tailing, J.F. and West-
lake, D.F. (eds), Blackwell Sci Publ, Intl Bio Programme Handbook 12,
Oxford, 213 p, Price: 45S
Manual on Water, 3rd ed, Amer Soc for Testing and Materials, ASTM Spec
Tech Publ 442, Philadelphia, Pa, 369 p, 1969, Price: $16.50
86
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Marine Coatings Based on Polyurethanes, Paper, Kubitza, W., 4 p, 1970
Marine Devel in Japan, Rep, Interministerial Marine Sci and Tech Comm,
Tokyo, Japan, 44 p, March 1970
Marine Ecology, A High School Course, Unit 1: INtro, Scarff, J.M. Carter-
et Public Schools, Regional Marine Sci Proj, Beaufort, N.C., 156 p, Aug
1969
Marine Environ—A Glossary—A Profile, Papers, Inst of Environ Sci, Mt.
Prospect, 111, 21 p, 1967, Price: $2.00, $3.50 (non-members)
Marine Pollut and Its Effects on Living Resourc and Fishing, Tech Conf,
Rep, (Held in Rome, Italy, Dec 9-18, 1970), Spon by Food and Agric
Organiz of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, IN: FAO Fisheries Rep 99,
191 p, June 1971
Marine Res—Fiscal Year 1968, A Catalog of Unclassified Marine Res Ac-
tivities Spon During FY 1968 by Fed and Non-Fed Organiz, Exec Office
of the President, Natl Council on Marine Resourc and Engr Devel, 744 p,
July 1, 1969, Price: $5.50
Marine Sci Affairs—A Year of Broadened Participation, 3rd Rep of the
President to the Cong on Marine Resourc and Engr Devel, U.S. Govt Print-
ing Office, Wash DC, 250 p, Jan 1969, Price: $1.25
Marine Sci Affairs—Selecting Priority Programs, Annu Rep of the Presi-
dent to the Cong on Marine Resourc and Engr Devel, Together with the
Rep of the Natl Council on Marine Resourc and Engr Devel, U.S. Govt
Printing Office, Wash DC, 295 p, April 1970
Marine Tech 1970, v I, Conf and Exposition, 6th Annu, Prepr, (Held in
Wash DC, June 29-July 1, 1970), Spon by Marine Tech Soc, Wash DC, 763 p,
1970, Price: $8.50
Marine Tech 1970, v II, Conf and Exposition, 6th Annu, Prepr, (Held in
Wash DC, June 29-July 1, 1970), Spon by Marine Tech Soc, Wash DC, 806 p,
1970, Price: $8.50
Marine Tech Soc, Annu Meet, 7th, Prepr, (Held in Wash DC, Aug 16-18, 1971)
729 p, 1970, Price: $15.00
Maritime Navigation, Intl Symp, Papers, (Held in Sandejord, Norway, Sept
24-26, 1969), Spon by the Norwegian Soc of Professional Engr in Co-
Operation with the Norwegian Shipowners' Assoc, 189 p, 1969
Maritime Transport, A Study of the Maritime Transport Comm, Organiz for
Economic Cooperation and Devel, Paris, 147 p, 1969, Price: $3.25
Mass Integrated (SIC) Statewide and Regional Air Pollut Cont Program,
Paper, Dallas, J.L., 5 p, Dec 1969
Math Model of the Columbia River from the Pacific Ocean to Bonnevile Dam,
Part II, Input-Output and Initial Verification Procedures, Rep, Calla-
way, R.J. and Byram, K.V., U.S. EPA, Water Quality Office, NW Region,
Pacific NW Water Lab, Corvallis, Ore, 135 p, Dec 1970
The Measurement of Dust Nuisance Emitted by Chimneys, Paper, Crosse, P.A.E;
Lucas, D.H. and Snosill, W.L., 13 p, 1960
Mercury Contamination in the Natural Environ, Bibliography, Barnes, M.E.
(ed), U.S. Dept of the Interior, Office of Library Sci, Wash DC, 39 p,
July 1970
Measurement of Noise Pollut and Approaches to Solutions, Paper, Lyons,
D.W. and McKee, E., 27 p, 1969
87
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The Mercury Pollut Prob in Mich and the rower Great Lakes Area, A Summary
of Info and Action Programs, Mich Water Resourc Comm, Lansing, 12 p,
May 1, 1970
Metallgesellschaft, Address, Wittgenstein, C., 12 p, 1969
Meteorology and Atomic Energy 1968, Slade, D.H. (ed) , U.S. Atomic Energy
Comm, Div of Tech Info, Oak Ridge, Tenn, 495 p, July 1968, Price: $3.00
Methods for Chem Analysis of Waters and Wastewaters, Manual, Traversy, W.
J., Canadian Dept of Fisheries and Forestry, Inland Waters Branch,
Water Quality Div, Ottawa, 174 p, 1971
Methods in Air Pollut and Ind Hygiene Studies, Conf, 10th, Agenda and
Papers, (Held in San Francisco, Calif, Feb 19-21, 1969), Cospon by
Calif State Dept of Public Health, Air and Ind Hygiene Lab, Berkeley
and Calif State Air Resourc Board, Sacramento, 418 p, 1969
Methods in Air Pollut and Ind Hygiene Studies, Conf, llth, Unbound Papers,
(Held in Berkeley, Calif, March 30-April 1, 1970), Cospon by Calif
State Dept of Public Health, Sacramento; Calif Mr Resourc Board, Sacra-
mento; Univ of Calif, Berkeley and U.S. Natl Air Pollut Cont Admin,
Wash DC, 1970
Methods in Air Pollut and Ind Hygiene Studies, Conf, 12th, Proc, (Held in
Los Angeles, Calif, April 6-8, 1971), Cospon by Calif Air Resourc Board,
Sacramento; Univ of S Calif, Air Pollut Cont Inst, Los Angeles and
Calif State Dept of Public Health, Sacramento, 260 p, 1971
Methods, MOdels & Instruments for Studies of Aquatic Pollut: An Annotated
Bibliography, Sinha, E., Ocean Engr Info Serv, Ocean Engr Info Series
v 5, La Jolla, Calif, 32 p, 1971, Price: $6.50
Methods of Detection, Measurement and Monitoring of Pollut in the Marine
Environ, Seminar, Rep, (Held in Rome, Italy, Dec 1970), Spon by Food
and Agric Organiz of the United Nations, Rome, Italy; United Nations
Economic, Social and Cultural Organiz, Paris; Intl Atomic Energy Agency,
Vienna; Sci Comm on Ocean Res and World Meteorological Organiz, Geneva.
IN: FAO Fisheries Rep 99-Suppl I, 126 p, Aug 1970
Methods of Detection, Measurement and Monitoring of Pollut in the Marine
Environ, Seminar Rep, (Held in Rome, Italy Dec 4-10, 1970), Spon by
Food and Agric Organiz of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. IN: FAO
Fisheries Rep 99 Suppl 1, 126 p, Aug 1971
Methods of Dredging and Long-Distance Meteral (SIC) Carrying in Japanese
Civil Engr Proj, Rep, Rinkai Civil Engr Construe Co, Limited, Japan,
10 p, 1969
Methods of Estimating the Production of Aquatic Animals, Handbook and
Papers, Winberg, G.G. (ed), IN: Canada. Fisheires Res Board, Transla-
tion Series FRB 1170-11, 220 p, 1968
Methods of Radiochem Analysis, World Health Organiz, Geneva, 163 p, 1966
Methylmercury Toxieity: A Probablistic Assessment, Paper, Spear, R.C. and
Wei, E., 13 p, 1971
Microbiol Prob Relating to Cold Storage of Fish and Shellfish, Symp, Sum-
maries, Rawabata, T.; Shimidu, U. and Yokozeki, M. (eds), (Held in
Tokyo, Japan, April 5, 1969), IN: Japanese Soc of Sci Fisheries, Bull,
35(8): 837-841, Aug 1969
88
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Microorganic Matter in Water, Symp, Amer Soc for Testing and Materials,
Annu Meet, 71st, (Held in San Francisco, Calif, June 23-28, 1968), IN:
Amer Soc for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa, Special Tech
Publ 448, 129 p, 1969, Price: $7.40, $9.25 (non-members)
Mich's Water Pollut Cont Act, Summary, Water Resourc Comm, Mich, 2 p,
Peb 1969
Mineral Waste Utilization Symp, 2nd, Proc, (Held in Chgo, 111, March 18-
19, 1970), Cospon by U.S. Bureau of Mines, Wash DC, and IITRI, Chgo
111, 373 p, 1970, Price: $15.00
Mississippi River Possution Abatement, Paper, Mattel, P.F., 11 p, 1970
Mississippi Water Resourc Conf, Proc (Held in Jackson, Miss, April 11-
12, 1967), SponbyMiss State Univ, Water Resourc Res Inst, State Col-
lege, 154 p, 1967
Mississippi Water Resourc Conf, Proc, (Held in Jackson, Miss, April 9-
10, 1968), Spon by Miss State Univ Water Resourc Res Inst, State Col-
lege, 139 p, 1968
Mississippi Water Resourc Conf, Proc, (Held in Jackson, Miss, April 8-9,
1969), Spon by Miss State Univ, Water Resourc Res Inst, State College,
169 p, 1969
Mississippi Water Resourc Conf, 6th Proc, (Held in Vicksburg, Miss, April
13-14, 1971), Spon by Miss State Univ, Water Resourc Res Inst, State
College, 86 p, 1971
Mississippi Water Resourc Conf, Proc, (Held in Jackson, Miss, April 14-
15, 1970), Spon by Miss State Univ, Water Resourc Res Inst, State Col-
lege, 191 p, 1970
Mixing of Water Supply Reservoirs for Quality Cont, A State-of-the-Art
Paper, Symons, J.M.; Carswell, J.K. and Robeck, G.G., U.S. Public
Hearlth Serv, Consumer Protect and Environ Health Serv, Environ Cont
Admin, Bureau of Water Hygiene, 61 p, Nov 1969
Motor Veh Air Pollut Cont, Symp, Proc, (Held in London, England, Nov 25-
26, 1968), Spon by British Tech Council for the Motor and Petro Ind;
Inst of Petro and Inst of Mech Engr, Auto Div, IN: Inst of Mech Engr,
London, Proc, 183 (3E): 1-212, 1969, Price: 5 pounds
Municipal Refuse Disposal, 3rd Ed, Public Admin Serv, Chgo, 111, 552 p
1970
Natl and Intl Environ Monitoring Activities, Directory, Smithsonian Inst,
Wash DC, 306 p, Oct 1970, Price: $10.00
Natl Assoc of Corrosion Engr, 35th Conf, Proc, (Held in Houston, Tex,
March 10-14, 1969), 716 p, 1970
Natl Conf on Packaging Wastes, 1st Proc, (Held in San Francisco, Calif,
Sept 22-24, 1969), Cospon by U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Solid
Waste Mgt and Packaging Ind, Advisory Comm, U.S. EPA, Wash DC, 255 p,
1971, Price: $2.00
Natl Estuary Study, v 1-7, U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife
Serv, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife and Bureau of Commercial
Fisheires, Wash DC, 1210 p, Jan 1971, Price per v: $1.75(1); $3.00(11);
$4.75(111); $2.25(IV); $2.25(V); $2.00(VI); $1.50(VII)
Natl Exec Conf on Water Pollut Abatement, Unbound Papers, (Held in Wash
DC, Oct 23-24, 1969), Spon by U.S. Dept of the Interior, Wash DC, 1969
89
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Natl Ground Water Quality Symp, Proc, (Held in Denver, Colo, Aut 25-27,
1971), Jointly Spon by EPA, Wash DC and Natl Water Well Assoc, Colum-
bus, Ohio, 35 p, 1971
Natl Incinerator Conf, 1970, Proc., (Held in Cincinnati, Ohio, May 17-
20, 1970), Spon by Amer Soc of Mech Engr, NY, 336 p, 1970
Natl Marine Sci in Education, Conf, Proc, (Held in Santa Catalina Island,
Calif, Oct 3-5, 1969), Spon by Orange County Dept of Education, Santa
Ann, Calif; Calif State College, Fullerton and Univ of S Calif, Marine
Bio Lab, Santa Catalina Isl, 48 p, 1970
Natl Pollut Cont and Exposition, Papers, (Held in San Francisco, Calif,
April 1-3, 1970), Spon by Houston Jr Chamber of Commerce and United
States Yaycees, 133 p, 1970
The Natl Shrimp Cong Story 1956 to 1965, Neblett, W.R., Ring Power Corp,
Jacksonville, Fla and Diesel Engine Sales, Inc, St. Augustine, Fla,
19 p, 1966
Natl Spec Conf on Disinfection, Proc, (Held in Amherst, Mass, July 8-10,
1970), Spon by Amer Soc of Civil Engr, Sanitary Engr Div, NY City;
Univ of Mass, Dept of Civil Engr, Environ Engr Program, Amherst and
Univ of Mass, Water Resourc Res Gentr, Amherst, Amer Soc of Civil Engr,
NY, NY, 710 p, 1970, Price: $10.00
Natl Telemetering Conf, Record, (Held in Wash DC, April 22-24, 1969), IN:
Inst of Elect and Electronic Engr, Inc, Publ 69 C 4-NTC, 335 p, 1969,
Price: $17.50, $20.00 (non-members)
Natural Gas Fueled Veh: Exhaust Emissions and Operational Characteristics,
Paper, McJones, R.W. and Corbeil, R.J., 23 p, 1970
The Natural History and Behavior of the Calif Sea Lion, Peterson, R.S.
and Bartholomew, G.A., The Amer Soc of Mammalogists, Spec Publ 1, 79 p,
1967, Price: $3.50
Natural Resourc, Environ Mgt, and Agric Address, Guy, W.L., y p, 1969
Nature Conservation, Spec Sudy Reps—v II, Countryside Comm, Coastal
Preservation and Devel, Great Britain, Her Majesty's Stationary Office,
London, 114 p, 1969, Price: $5.85
Natural Gas Turbine and Diesel Propulsion Symp, Abstr, (Held in London,
England, Oct 7. 1969), Spon by the Ministry of Defence, Great Britain,
IN: Marine Engr and Naval Architect, London, 92(1124): 448-469, Nov 1969
Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program—1971, 1st Session, Hearing Before the
Joint Comm on Atomic Energy, 92nd Cong of the United States
The Nero Devel Programme, v I & II, Final Reps, Bogaardt, M.; DeBruin, C.;
Heyboer, R.J.; Van Den Berg, P.C.; and Van Den Bergh, J.W., In:
Reactor Centrum Nedsrland, Petten, Final Rep 97, 818 p, May 1968,
Price per v: $3.00
Netherlands Ship Model Basin Ship Handling and Mandeuvring Simulator,
Info Meet, Papers, (Held in Wageningen, Netherlands, Oct 22, 1969 and
NY, NY, Nov 7, 1969), in: Intl Shipbuilding Progress, Rotterdam, 17(185)
3-18, Jan 1970
Neturon Activation Analysis for the Determination of Mercury in Environ
Samples, Paper, Filby, R.H.; Davis, A.I. and Shah, K.R., 14 p, 1971
A New Course in Marine Sci, Midyear Rep, Cohen, M., 4 p, Feb 1970
New Directions in Solid Wastes Processing, Proc of an Inst, Litsky, W.;
Gunner, H.B., and Kreplick, R. (eds), (Held in Framingham, Mass, May
12-13, 1970), Spon by Univ of Mass, Tech Guidance Centr for Ind Environ
90
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Cont; Assoc Ind of Mass; Mass Dept of Commerce and Devel; Mass Dept of
Public Health; Mass Dept of Public Works and U.S. Bureau of Solid Waste
Mgt, 205 p, 1970
The New England Coastal Zone Mgt Conf, Proc, Forste, R.H. (ed), (Held in
Durham, NH, April 28-29, 1970), Spon by New England Council, Inc; New
England Marine Resourc Info Program; S New England Centr for Continuing
Education; New England River Basins Comm; New England Regional Comm;
Natl Sci Foun, ©ffice of Sea Grant College Programs, 162 p, Dec 1970
New Horizons for Chem and Ind in the 1990's, Symp, Proc, (Held in Lancas-
ter, England, July 7-11, 1969), Spon by Soc of Chem Ind, London, 199 p,
1970
New Jersey, A Case in Noise Legislation, Paper, Soporowski, J.J., Jr, 6 p,
1969
New Jersey Municipal Noise Ordinance Surveys: A Rep, Soporowski, J.J., Jr,
3 p, 1968
A New Shrimp Sieve, Paper, Boddeke, R., Intl Council for the Exploration
of the Sea, Gear and Behavior Comm, 3 p, 1968
NY (State) Dept of Environ Conservation, Albany, News Release
New Trends in the Purification of Effluents from Pulp Mfg, Paper, Ruzic-
kova, D, 8 p, 1969
New Zealand Water Conf 1970, Spon by: New Zealand Inst of Engr, Welling-
ton, In: New Zealand Engr, 25(4): 89-93, April 15, 1970
1969-1970 Saline Water Conversion Rep, Exec Summary, U.S. Dept of the
Interior, Office of Saline Water, Wash DC, 28 p, 1970, Price: $0.75
The 1969 Summary Survey of the Personnel Inventory of Marine Tech, Chan,
G.L., College of Marine Press, Kentfield, Calif, 16 p, March 1970
The 1970's Decade of Decision, Address, Mac Mullen, R.A., 11 p, 1970
Nitrate and Water Supply: Source and Cont, Sanitary Engr Conf, 12th,
Proc, Snoeyink, V. and Griffin, V. (eds), (Held in Urbana, 111, Feb 11-
12, 1970), Spon by Univ of 111, Dept of Civil Engr and 111 Dept of Pub-
lic Health, Div of Sanitary Engr, In: 111, Univ, Urbana, Bull, 68(2):
1-195, Aug 5, 1970
The Nitrojgen Cycle in the Sea, Paper, Dugdale, R.C., 3 p, 1969
No Deposit—Do Return, Man and His Environ: A View Toward Survival, Natl
Conf, 13th, Papers, Johnson, H.D. (ed), (Held in San Francisco, Calif,
Nov 1969), Spon by United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural
Organiz, U.S. Comm, Addison-Wesley Publ Co, Menlo Park, Calif, 351 p,
1970
Noise Pollut Conf, Proc, (Held in New Brunswick, NJ, May 22, 1968), Spon
by Rutgers Univ, College of Agric and Environ Sci, Dept of Environ Sci,
New Brunswick, NJ, 38 p, 1968
NE Regional Antipollut Conf, Annu, Proc, Spliesgarot, U. (ed), (Held in
Kingston, R.I., July 22-25, 1969), 106 p, 1969, Price: $10.00
N Pacific Fur Seal Comm Rep on Investigations from 1964 to 1966, Head-
quarters for the Comm, Wash DC, 161 p, April 1969
Note on Spawning Potential, Larval Abundance and Recruitment in Dogger-
bank Herring, Paper, Zijlstra, J.J., Intl Council for the Exploration
of the Sea, 1 p, 1968
Nuclear Power and the Environ, U.S. Atomic Energy Comm, Div of Tech Info,
Wash DC, 30 p, 1969, Price: $0.50
91
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Nutrient Removal from Wastewater by Physical—Chem Processes, Paper,
Cohen, J.M., 50 p, March 1971
Nutrient Removal from Wastewater by Physical—Chem Processes, Paper,
Cohen, J.M., 26 p, 1971
OECD at Work for Environ, Booklet, Organiz for Economic Cooperation and
Devel, Info Serv, Paris, France, 32 p, Oct 1971
OECON, 1st Intl Offshore Exploration Conf, Middle East, Proc, (Held in
Athens, Greece, Dec 4-6, 1968), 465 p, 1968, Price: $20.75
Observations on Alaskan Environ Policies, Influences, and Issues, Paper,
Hickok, D.M., 46 p, Dec 1969
Observations on Marine Affairs in Alaska, Paper, Hickok, D.M. and Wun-
nicke, E.G., 50 p, Feb 1970
The Occurrence of Bothriocephalus Scorpii Muller (Cestoda) in Turret and
Brill from Dutch Coastal Waters, Paper, De Groot, S.J., Intl Council
for the Exploration of the Sea, Demersal Fish (Northern) Comm, 4 p,
1969
The Ocean and the Investor, Annu Conf, Papers, (Held in Los Angeles,
Calif, April 1968), Spon by Amer Soc for Oceanography, Pacific Western
Region, 144 p, 1969
Ocean Engr, Conf, Proc, (Held in Wash DC, Sept 23-25, 1969), Spon by U.S.
Naval Facilities Engr Command, Wash DC, 136 p, 1969
Ocean Engr Education, Workshop, Proc, Gaither, W.S. (ed), (Held in New-
ark, Del, Oct 21-22, 1968), Spon by Univ of Del, College of Engr, Dept
of Civil Engr, Div of Tech Serv, Newark, 166 p, 1969, Price: $6.50
Ocean Outfall Design: Part I, Lit Review and Theoretical Devel, Rep,
Baumgartner, O.J. and Trent, D.S., U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water
Quality Admin NW Region, Pacific NW Water Lab, Corvallis, Ore, 135 p,
April 1970
Ocean-Space: Europe's New Frontier—Toward a Long-Range, Concerted Pro-
gramme for Exploitting the Resourc of the Sea, Pamphlet, Reed, L., Bow
Publ, Ltd, London, 60 p, 1969, Price: 6S
Ocean Temperature Measurements for Power Plant Design, Paper, Cheney, W.
0., and Richards, G.V., 35 p, 1965
Oceanographic Activities of the San Diego Div of Naval Undersea Warfare
Centr, Sept 1967-Sept 1968, Rep, 55 p, Oct 1968
Oceanography and the Continental Shelf Resourc of Alaska, Paper, Scott,
W.H., 9 p, Dec 1969
Oceanography Curricula, Compilation, Natl Oceanography Assoc, Wash DC,
8 p, 1969
Oceanography and Marine Bio: An Annu Review, v 6, Barnes, H. (ed), Haf-
ner Publ Co, NY, 563 p, 1968, Price: $22.00
Oceanography in S Africa — 1970, Symp, Papers, (Held in Durban, S Africa
Aug 4-6, 1970), Spon by S African Natl Comm for Oceanographic Res,
Pretoria, 680 p, 1970
Odors: Their Detection, Measurement and Control, Air Pollut Cont Assoc,
Mic-Atlantic States Sect, Semiannu Tech Conf, Proc, (Held in New Bruns-
wick, NJ, May 13, 1970), 100 p, 1970
Offshore Mineral Resourc: A Challenge and an Opportunity, 2nd Rep of the
Presidents Panel on Oil Spills, Exec Office of the Pres, Office of Sci
and Tech, Wash DC, 18 p, 1969, Price: $0.30
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Offshore Tech Conf, 2nd Annu, Prepr, v I, (Held In Houston, Tex, April
22-24, 1970), Spon by Amer Inst of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petro
Engr; Amer Assoc of Petro Geologists; Amer Inst of Chem Engr; Amer Soc
of Mech Engr; Amer Soc of Civil Engr, Inst of Elec and Electronic Engr;
Marine Tech Soc; Soc of Exploration Geophysicists and Soc of Naval
Architects and Marine Engr, 768 p, 1970
Offshore Tech Conf, 2nd Annu, Prepr, v II (Held in Houston, Tex, April
22-24, 1970), Spon by Amer Inst of Mining, Metallurgical and Petro
Engr; Amer Assoc of Petro Geologists; Amer Inst of Chem Engr; Amer Soc
of Mech Engr; Amer Soc of Civil Engrs; Inst of Elect and Electronic
Engr; Marine Tech Soc; Soc of Exploration Geophysicists and Soc of
Naval Architects and Marine Engr, 858 p, 1970
Offshore Tech Conf, 3rd Annu, Prepr, v I, (Held in Houston, Tex, April
19-21, 1971), Spon by Amer Inst of Mining, Metallurgical and Petro
Engr; Soc of Mining Engr, Metallurgical Soc and Soc of Petro Engr;
Amer Assoc of Petro Geologists; Amer Inst of Chem Engr; Amer Soc of
Mech Engr; Amer Soc of Civil Engr; Inst of Elect and Electronic Engr;
Marine Tech Soc; Soc of Exploration Geophysicists and Soc of Naval
Architects and Marine Engr, 926 p, 1971
Offshore Tech Conf, 3rd Annu, Prepr, v II, (Held in Houston, Tex, April
19-21, 1971), Spon by Amer Inst of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petro
Engr; Soc of Mining Engr, Metallurgical Soc and Soc of Petro Engr;
Amer Assoc of Petro Geologists; Amer Inst of Chem Engr; Amer Soc of
Mech Engr; Amer Soc of Civil Engr; Inst of Elect and Electronic Engr;
Marine Tech Soc; Soc of Exploration Geophysicists and Soc of Naval
Architects and Marine Engr, 928 p, 1971
Oil on the Sea, Symp, Proc, Hoult, D.P. (ed), (Held in Cambridge, Mass,
May 16-1969), Spon by Mass Inst of Tech, Cambridge and Woods Hole Ocean-
ographic Inst, Woods Hole, Mass, Plenum Press, NY, 119 p, 1969, Price:
$8.75
Oil Pollut Defense Syst, Rep, Harding Pollut Cont Corp, West Hempstead,
NY, 15 p
Oil Pollut in the Tay Estuary, 1968 Following the Tank Duchess Incident,
Rep of the Tech Advisory Comm, Corp of the City of Dundee Publ Dept,
Scotland, 27 p, 1968
Oil Pollut of the Sea, Intl Conf, Proc, Barclay-Smith, P. (ed), (Held in
Rome, Italy, Oct 7-9, 1968), Spon by British Advisory Comm on Oil Pol-
lut of the Sea; Italian Natl Comm on Oil Pollut of the Sea and Nordic
Union for the Prevent of Oil Pollut of the Sea, Sweden, 413 p, 1968
Oil Spill Cont Survey for Onshore and Offshore Facilities, Rep, Amer
Petro Inst, NY, Crossley Surveys, Inc, 376 p, March 1970
The Oil Spill Problem, 1st Rep of the Pres Panel on Oil Spills, Exec Of-
fice of the Pres, Office of Sci and Tech, Wash DC, 32 p, 1969, Price:
$1.25
Oil Spill Reconnaissance Using Remote-Sensing Techniques, Paper, Terry,
S.A.; Buckmeier, F.J. and Watson, J.A., Paper, 16 p, 1971
Okla Ind Waste Conf, 21st, Proc, (Held in Stillwater, Okal, March 30-31,
1970), Spon by Okla State Univ, School of Civil Engr, Engr and Ind Ext;
Okla Water and Pollut Cont Assoc; Amer Water Works Assoc, SW Sect; Okla
State Dept of Health; Water Pollut Cont Fed; Okla Water Resourc Board;
Okla Wildlife Comm; Okla Municipal League; U.S. Fed Water Pollut Cont
Admin and Okla Corp Comm, 122 p, 1970
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Ontario Ind Waste Conf, 18th, Abstr, (Held In Niagara Falls, Ontario,
Canada, June 13-16, 1971), Spon by Ontario Water Resourc Comm, Toron-
to, Canada, 19 p, 1971
On Sensory Evaluation of Odorous Air Pollut Intensities, Measurements
of Odor Intensity in the Lab and in the Field with Special Ref to Ef-
fluents of Sulfate Pulp Factories, Rep, Lindvall, T., In: Nordisk
Hygienisk Tidskrift, Stockholm, Suppl 2, 181 p, 1970
On the Condition of Herring Larvae in the Central and Sothern N Sea, Pa-
per, Vilela, M.H. and Zijlstra, J.J., Intl Council for the Exploration
of the Sea, 7 p, 1968
On the Formation of Internal Waves Caused by Tidal Flow Over a Bottom
Irregularity, Rep, Mork, M., Univ of Bergen, Geophysical Inst, Norway,
30 p, 1968
On the Herring Larvae in the Dutch Waddensea 1967-1969, Paper, Postuma,
K.H., Intl Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 7 p, 1969
On the Mackerel in the NE North Sea, Paper, Postuma, K.H., Intl Council
for the Exploration of the Sea, Pelagic Fish (Northern) Comm, 13 p,
1969
On the Recruitment to the Downs Herring, Paper, Zijlstra, J.J. and Pos-
tuma, K.H., Intl Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 3 p, 1968
Organic/Inorganic Polymers—A New Treatment for Cooling Water Syst, Paper,
Puckorius, P.R., 14 p, 1971
Organic Pesticides in the Environ, Symp, Papers, Gould, R.F. (ed), (Held
in Atlantic City, NJ, Sept 13-15, 1965), Spon by Amer Chem Soc, Div of
Water, Air and Waste Chem and Div of Agric and Food Chem, Pesticide
Subdiv, Amer Chem Soc, Advances in Chem Series 60, Wash DC, 309 p, 1966
Price: $8.50
Organotin Antifoulants, Lecture, Freiman, A., 11 p, 1970
Our Environ Battles Water Pollut, Booklet, Renn, C.E., Lamotte Chem Prod
Co, Chestertown, Md, 32 p, March 1969
Our Nation and the Sea: Recommendations in the Marine Sci Comm, Rep,
Ocean Sci and Tech Advisory Comm, (OSTAC) and Natl Security Ind Assoc
(NSIA), 40 p, Jan 1970
The Oxidation Ditch for Sanitary and Ind Waste Treatment, Paper, Wallace,
A.R., Pumps & Softeners, Ltd, London, Canada, 23 p, Sept 29, 1967
Package Plant Criteria Devel, Parti: Extended Aeration, Rep, Natl Sanita-
tion Foun, Ann Arbor, Mich, 56 p, Sept 1966
Package Sewage Treatment Plant Criteria Devel, Part II: Contact Stabili-
zation, Rep, Natl Sanitation Foun, Ann Arbor, Mich, 29 p, June 1968
Packaging and Shipping of RAdioactive Materials, Symp Summary, Aldrich,
L.K., III (ed), (Held in Fort Belvoir, Va, March 11-12, 1969), Spon by
U.S. Aemy Engr Reactors Group, Fort Belvoir, Va, 72 p, March 12, 1969
Pan Amer Cong of Naval Engr and Maritime Transp, 2nd, (Held in Rio De
Janeiro, Brazil, June 1-7, 1969), Spon by Pan-Amer Inst for Naval Engr,
880 p, 1969
Passenger Transp at Low Supersonic Speeds, Bradley, E.S,; Johnston, W.M.;
and Von Keszycki, C.H., Lockheed-Georgia Co, Preliminary Design Organiz,
Marietta, Ga, 11 p
Payette Lake Study 1967-1969, State of Idaho, Dept of Health, Environ Im-
prove Div, Water Pollut Cont Sect, 22 p, May 1970
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Perspective on the Regulation of Underground Injection of Wastewaters,
Monograph, Cleary, E,J, and Warner, D,L,, Ohio River Valley Water Sani-
tation Comm, Cincinnati, 115 p, Dec 1, 1969, Price: $3.00
Pesticide Chem, Intl Cong, 2nd, Abstr, (Held in Israel, Feb 1971), 151 p
1971
Pesticides, Workbook, Brodine, V. and Bradford, A. (eds), Sci Inst for
Public Info, NY, NY, 24 p, 1970
Pesticides and Other Related Chem, Organiz for Economic Cooperation and
Devel, Environ Comm, Ad Hoc Meet, Rep, (Held in Paris, France, Jan 27-
29, 1971), 30 p, 1971
Pesticides and Their Relationship to Environ Health, Part I & II, Rep on
the Secretarys Comm, U.S. Dept of Health, Education & Welfare, Wash DC,
677 p, Dec 1969, Price: $3.00
Pesticides and Their Relationship to Environ Health, Rep of the Secretary
Comm, Parts I & II, U.S. Dept of Health, Education & Welfare, U.S. Govt
Printing Office, Wash DC, 690 p, Dec 1969, Price: $3.00
Pesticides in Surface Waters of the United States. A 5-Year Summary 1964-
1968, Lichtenberg, J.J.; Longbottom, J.E.; Eicheiberger, J.W.; and
Dressman, R.C., U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Water Pollut Cont Admin,
Div of Water Quality Res, Analytic Qualuty Cont Lab, Cincinnati, Ohio,
36 p, Sept 1969
Pesticides in the Soil: Ecology, Degradation & Movement, Intl Symp, Papers,
(Held in East Lansing, Mich, Feb 25-27, 1970), Spon by Mich State Univ,
Pesticide REs Centr, E Lansing, 144 p, 1970
Pesticides - New Facts, Old Problems: A Panel, New Devel in Forest Insect
Problems, Paper, Moore, A.D., 1969
Pesticides—Where Are We Today? Symp, Annu Meet, 65th, Papers, (Held in
Gainesville, Fla, June 1970), Spon by Amer Dairy Sci Asso, Drugs and
Chem Comm and Inter-Soc Comm on Drugs and Chem, In: J of Dairy Sci,
54(5): 695-734, May 1971
Photo-Optical Instrumentation for the 70's, Tech Symp, 15th Annu, Proc,
v III, (Held in Anaheim, Calif, Sept 14-17, 1970), Spon by the Soc of
Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engr; U.S. Air Force Syst Command and
U.S. Army Materiel Command, 583 p, 1971
Physical Processes in the Spread of Oil on A Water Surface, Paper, Fay,
J.A., 5 p, 1971
Physics of Aerody Noise, Trans, Rimskiv-Korsakov, A.V. (ed), In: U.S.
Natl Aeronau and Space Admin, Wash DC, Tech Trans F-538, 107 p, Ndv
1969
Physiology, Environ, and Man, Symp, Sel Papers, Lee, D.H.K. and Hinard,
D. (eds), (Held in Aug 1966), Spon by Natl Academy of Sci—Natl Res
Council, Academic Press, Interdisciplinary Monograph Series, NY, 451 p,
1970
The Pine Creek and Mill River Watersheds Fairfield, Conn: An Ecological
Guide to Open Space, Land Use, Rep, Beals, W. and Westover, R., Yale
Univ, School of Forestry, New Haven, Conn, 78 p, 1971
Plan a Career in Pesticide Tech, Pamphlet, Ferris State College, Big
Rapids, Mich, 4 p
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Plastics and Ecology: Influence on Pollut, Flammability and Safety, Re-
gional Tech Conf, Tech Papers, Whitney, A.; Rad, E,; Wickson, E. and
Ringwood, R. (eds), (Held in Cherry Hill, NJ, Oct 27-28, 1970), Spon
by Soc of Plastics Engr, Inc, Palisades Sect, 135 p, 1970
The Plastics Ind and Solid Waste Mgt, Position Statement, Soc of the
Plastics Ind, Inc, NY City, 10 p, Sept 1970
Platforms and Veh of the Marine Physical Lab at the Scripps Inst of Ocean-
ography Univ of Calif, San Diego, Pamphlet, 7 p
A Pledge & A Promise, Booklet, Anheuser-Busch, Inc, St. Louis, MO, 26 p
Plume Rise, Briggs, G.A., U.S. Atomic Energy Comm, Div of Tech Info, Oak
Ridge, Tenn, 86 p, 1969, Price: $3.00
Policy of the NC Board of Water and Air Resourc Relating to the Protect
of Environ Quality, Statement, State of NC, Dept of Water and Air Re-
sourc, Raleigh, 4 p, Oct 13, 1970
Pollut: What it is ... What it Does ... What Can be Done About it, Series
of Lectures, Maunder, W.J. and Foster, H,D. (eds), Univ of Victoria,
Evening Div, Victoria, B.C., 114 p, 1969, Price: $1.50
Pollut Abatement in Fertilizer Plants, Paper, Barber, J.C., 6 p, 1969
Pollut and Economic Growth: An Ecosystem for Ind Design, Paper, Gordon,
M, 19 p, 1970
Pollut and Livestock Feeding in MO, Paper, McNabb, C.G., 9 p, 1970
Pollut and Our Environ, Natl Conf, Background Papers and Proc, Devos, A.;
Pearson, N.; Silveston, P.L. and Drynan, W.R. (eds), (Held in Montreal
Canada, Oct 31-Nov 4, 1966), Spon by Canadian Council of Resourc Mini-
sters, Harvest House, Montreal, 264 p, 1968, Price: $3.50
Pollut and the Human Environ, Seminar, Proc, (Held in Bombay, India, Aug
26-27, 1970), Spon by Bhabha Atomic Res Centr, Cost Working Group on
Human Environ, Bombay, India, 589 p, 1971
Pollut by Pesticides, Some Not Very Well Calculated Risks and Some Altera-
tions for Better Regulation., The Conservation Foun, Wash DC, 32 p,
1969, Price: $0.50
Pollut Control and Related Res in the United Kingdon, Paper, Downing, A.
L., 17 p, 1968
Pollut Cont and the Marine Ind, Conf, Proc, Ives, J.S., Jr, (ed) , (Held
in New Orleans, La, April 1-3, 1971), Spon by Intl Assoc for Pollut
Cont, Bethesda, Md, 231 p, 1971
Pollut Cont in Steelmaking: Fact or Fiction? Paper, Tihansky, D.P., In:
Rand Corp, Rept Dept, Santa Monica, Calif, Publ P-4552, 6 p, Jan 1971,
Price: $0.50
Pollut Cont: Now or Never, Tech Intl Cong, Sel Abstr, (Held in NY, NY,
Nov 2-4, 1970), SpOn by Tech Instruments Corp, Tarrytown, NY, 18 p,
1970
Pollut of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and the Intl Sect of the St Lawrence
River, Rep, v I, Summary, Campbell, N.J.; Bruce, J.P.; Hendrickson,
J.K.; Higgins, P.H.; Penderton, C., Jr.; Steggles, W.A. and Vallentyne,
J.R. (eds), Intl Lake Erie Water Pollut Board and Intl Lake Ontario-St.
Lawrence River Water Pollut Board, 327 p, 1969
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Pollut of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and the Intl Sect of the St. Lawrence
River, Rep, v II, Lake Erie, Campbell, N.J.; Bruce, J.P.j Hendrickson,
J.F.; Higgins, P.Mr; Pemberton, C., Jr; Steggles, W.A. and Vallentyne,
J.R. (eds), Intl Lake Erie Water Pollut Board and Intl Lake Ontario-St.
Lawrence River Water Pollut Board, 327 p, 1969
Pollut of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and the Intl Sect of the St. Lawrence
River, Rep, v III, Lake Erie, Campbell, N.J.; Bruce, J.P.; Hendrickson,
J.F.; Higgins, P.M.; Pemberton, C., Jr; Steggles, W.A. and Vallentyne,
J.R. (eds), Intl Lake Erie Water Pollut Board and Intl Lake Ontario-St.
Lawrence River Water Pollut Board, 340 p, 1969
Pollut of the Interstate Waters of the Potomac River (Wash Metropolitan
Area) District of Columbia-Maryland-Virginia, Conf, Proc, v I & II,
(Held in Arlington, Va, Dec 8-9, 1970), Spon by U.S. EPA, Water Quality
Office, Wash DC, 416 p, 1970
The Potomac: Partners in Progress, Rep, Interstate Comm on the Potomac
River Basin, 33 p, 1971
Potato Waste Treatment, Symp, Proc, (Held in Corvallis, Ore, March 8,
1968), Cospon by U.S. Dept of the Interior Fed Water Pollut Cont Admin,
NW Region, Pacific NW Water Lab, Corvallis, Ore and Univ of Idaho,
Moscow, 91 p, 1969
The Potential Role of Radiation in Wastewater Treatment, Paper, Ballan-
tine, D.S., 19 p, 1969
The Power Industry's Requirement for Cooling Towers, Paper, Crutchfield,
B.C., 10 p, 1970
Practical Remote Sensing: The Use of a Thermal Mapper in Studies of Cool-
ing Water Discharged from Operating Thermal Power Plants, Paper, Doyle,
M.J., Jr, and Cartwright, V.W. ,14 p, 1969
The Practice of Water Pollut in Bio, Mackethun, K.M., U.S. Dept of the
Interior, Fed Water Pollut Cont Admin, Div of Tech Support, Wash DC,
281 p, 1969, Price: $1.50
Preservation of Fish by Irradiation, Panel Proc, (Held in Vienna, Austria,
Dec 15-19, 1969), Spon by Food and Agric Organiz of the United Nations,
Rome Italy and Intl Atomic Energy Agency, Div of Atomic Energy in Food
and Agric, Vienna, Austria, 167 p, 1970, Price: $5.00
The President's Message on Environ, Excerpts Relating to Solid Waste,
Nixon, R.M., 4 p, Feb 10, 1970
Pressure Sewerage.Syst: Summer Street Separation Study Area, Boston, Mass,
Rep, Amer Soc of Civil Engr, Combined Sewer Separation Proj, NY City and
Camp, Dresser & McKee, Consulting Engr, Boston Mass, 87 p, Sept 1968,
Price: $0.65
Preventing Ind Pollut, Conf, Papers, (Held in London, England, June 22-23,
1971), 161 p, 1971
Prevention and Cont of Oil Spills, Joint Conf Proc, (Held in NY, NY, Dec
15-17, 1969), Cospon by Amer Petro Inst and U.S. Fed Water Pollut Cont
Admin, Wash DC, In: Amer Petro Inst, Publ 4040, 345 p, 1969
Prevention of Air Pollut by Refinery Sulfur Plants, Paper, Beavon, D.K.;
Ralph M. Parsons Co, Los Angeles, 16 p, 1971
Prevention of Air Pollut by Sulfur Plants, Paper, Beavon, O.K.; Ralph M.
Parsons Co, Los Angeles, 13 p, 1970
A Primer on Agric Pollut, Individual Papers, In: J of Soil and Water Con-
servation, 26(2): 44-65, March-April 1971
97
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A Primer on Air Pollut, 2nd ed, Mobil Oil Corp, NY, NY, 22 p, Spring 1970
A Primer on Water Quality, Wwenson, H.A, and Baldwin, HfL., U.S. Geo
Survey, Wash DC, 30 p, 1965, Price: $0.30
Problem 1: Financing of Water Mgt Costs in Sweden, Paper, Hakerman, B.
and Helmersson, B., 7 p, 1970
The Problem of Air Pollut, Paper, Murphy, R.P., 10 p, 1969
Program for the Devel of Sci and Tech for the Devel of the Ocean, Rep of
the Marine Sci and Tech Council in Response to the Prime Ministers Re-
quest, 14 p, Oct 21, 1968
Problems Associated with the Use of Lagoons for Stabilizing Lead Mining
Wastewaters, Paper, Jennett, J.C. and Wixson, B.C., 23 p, 1971
Problems in Disposal of Waste Heat from Steam-Elect Plants, Rep, Fed Pow-
er Comm, Bureau of Power, Wash DC, 58 p, 1969
Programming—Ultimate Tool for Echo-Sounding, Paper, Zabloudil, K.F.,
18 p, Sept 1968
Progress in Environ Quality, Paper, Winter, T.C., Jr, 35 p, Aug 1971
Progress in the Chem of Fats and Other Lipids, v 10, part 4, Holman, R.T.
(ed), Pergamon Press, Pergamon Progress Series, NY, 102 p, 1969
Progress of the NASA Res Relating to Noise Alleviation of Large Subsonic
Jet Aircraft, Conf, Papers, (Held in Hampton, Va, Oct 8-10, 1968), Spon
by U.S. Natl Aeronau and Space Admin, Office of Tech Utilization, Sci
and Tech Info Div, Wash DC, In: U.S. Natl Aeronau and Space Admin, Wash
DC, Spec Publ SP-189, 346 p, 1968, Price: $3.00
Progress Toward Achiving, The Wuater Quality Goals for Boston Harbor, Rep,
New England River Basins Comm, Boston Harbor Coordinating Group, Boston
19 p, Oct 1970
Progress Toward Pollut-Free Cars, Booklet, Gen Motors Corp, Detroit, Mich,
16 p, Oct 1970
Projection and Distribution of Waste Thermal Energy, Paper, Greenfield,
S.M., In: Rand Corp, Rep Dept, Santa Monica, Calif, Publ 4540, 6 p,
Dec 1970, Price: $0.50
Properties and Products of Algae, Symp, Proc, Zajjc, J.E. (ed), (Held in
NY city, Sept 7-12, 1969), Spon by Amer Chem Soc, Div of Microbial Chem
and Tech, NY, Plenum Press, NY, 154 p, 1970, Price: $12.50
Proposed Ambient Air Standards for Air Quality Control Region 1, Okla,
Rep, Okla State Dept of Health, Environ Health Serv, Air Pollut Cont
Div, 12 p, Nov 2, 1970
Proposed Effluent Guidelines, MO Water Pollut Board, Jefferson City, 13 p,
Jan 1971
Prospects for Breeding Ornamental Scotch Pines Resistant to Air Pollut,
Paper, Gerhold, H.D. and Palpant, E.H., 3 p, 1968
The Prospects for Elect Trucks, Paper, Starkman, E.S., 15 p, 1967
The Protection of the Environ: The Fight Against Pollut, Presented to Par-
liment by the Secretary of State for Local Govt and Regional Planning,
The Secretary of State for Scotland and the Secretary of State for Wales
by Command of Her Majest, Her Majestys Stationery Office, London, 29 p,
May 1970, Price: $0.60
Providing Quality Environ in Our Communities, Public Lecture Series, (Held
in Wash DC, Nov-Dec 1967), Spon by U.S. Sept of Agric, Graduate School,
155 p, 1968, Price: $3.00
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Public Policy and Air Pollut Cont, Paper, Middleton, J,T,, U,S, Dept of
Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Serv, Consumer Protect and
Environ Health Serv, Arlington, Va, 7 p, 1969
Public Health and Water Reclamation, Rep, Deaner, D.G,, Calif State Dept
of Public Health, Bureau of Sanitary Engr, Sacramento, 42 p, May 1970
Public Hearing Concerning the Classification of Streams Having Segments
Heretofore Classified "E", Proc, Rep, (Held in Raleigh, NC, Jan 7, 1971)
State of NC, Board of Water and Air Resourc, Raleigh, 99 p, March 1,
1971
Pulse Position Modulation Communication via the Underwater Acoustic Commu-
nication Channel, Paper, Ritter, S., 5 p, 1970
Radioactivity and A Proposed Power Plant on Cayuga Lake, Paper, Citizens
Comm to Save Cayuga Lake, Ithaca, NY, 16 p, Nov 1968
Radionuclides in the Environ, Amer Chem Soc, Meet, 155th, Symp, Papers,
Gould, R,F. (ed), (Held in San Francisco, Calif, April 1-3, 1968) Spon
by Amer Chem Soc, Div of Nuclear Chem and Tech, Amer Chem Soc, Advances
in Chem Series 93, Wash DC, 536 p, 1970, Price: $15.00
A Rational Program for Cont of Lead in Motor Gas, Rep, Calif State Air
Resourc Board, Tech Advisory Comm, Sacramento, 17 p, March 12, 1970
Reaction by the Investment Community, Speech, Mayforth, F.R., 8 p, 1970
Ref Methods for Marine Radioactivity Studies, Intl Atomic Energy Agency,
Tech Rep Series 118, Vienna, 290 p, 1970, Price: $7.00
Recent Changes in Growth and Fecundity in the Common Sole in the Eastern
North Sea, Paper, De Veen, J.F., Intl Council for the Exploration of the
Sea, 9 p, 1969
Reclamation of Maine's Eying Lakes, Werkshop-Conf, Proc, (Held in Bangor,
Maine, March 24-25, 1971), Spon by Univ of Maine, Water Resourc Centr,
Bangor; Depositors Trust Co; Cobbosseecontee Yacht Club; Central Maine
Power Co and Maine State Planning Office, In: Maine, Univ, Water Re-
sourc Centr, Bangor, Conf Rep 2, 117 p, June 1971
Recommendations for the Disposal of Ind Effluent Waters, Booklet, Inst for
Ind Res and Standards, Dublin, 15 p, Io70, Price: 8D
Recommended Procedures for Measuring the Productivity of Plankton Stand-
ing Stock and Related Oceanic Properties, Rep, Natl Res Council, Div of
Earth Sci, Comm on Oceanography, Bio Methods Panel Natl Academy of Sci,
Wash DC, 66 p, 1969, Price: $3.25
Recording the World Beneath the Sea, Appl Notes: For Multiple Use of OSR-
Records, Aabloudil, K.F., 1969
Recycling Day in New York, Conf, Proc, (Held in NY, NY, Feb 2, 1971), Spon
by New York Board of Trades Natl Business Council on Environ and Natl
Assoc of Secondary Materials Ind, Inc, 118 p, 1971
Refuse Disposal for the Small Community, Booklet, Colo Dept of Health,
Denver, 9 p, Sept 1968
The Regional Marine Sci Proj of the Carteret County, NC, Public Schools,
Rep, Hon, W., Carteret County Public Schools, Beaufort, NC, 31 p, 1970
The Regional Marine Sci Proj of the Carteret County, NC, Public Schools
A 3-Year Summary, 1967-1970, Carteret County Public Schools, Beaufort,
NC, 7 p, 1970
A Regulation Relating to Water Quality Standards for Intrastate Waters of
the State of Wash and a Plan for Implementation and Enforcement of Such
Standards, State of Wash, Water Pollut Cont Comm, 27 p, Jan 8, 1970
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A Regulation Relating to Water Quality Standards for Interstate and Coast-
al Waters of the State of Wash and a Plan for Implementation and In-
forcement of Such Standards, State of Wash, Water Pollut Cont Comm,
25 p, Dec 4, 1967
Regulations and Emission Cont Standards for Suspended Particulates and
Sulfur Oxides, Proposed for Adoption by Board of Water and Air Resourc,
Dept of Water and Air Resourc, Raleigh, NC, 12 p
Regulations for the Cont of Air Pollut in the Metropolitan Boston Air
Pollut Cont District, Commonwealth of Mass, Dept of Public Health Div
of Environ Health, Bureau of Air Use Mgt, Boston, 21 p, July 1, 1970
Regulations Governing Water Pollut Cont in New Mexico, Excerpt, Water
Quality Cont Comm, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 3 p
Die Reinigung von Abwaessern Aus Schlachthoefen und Krankenhaeusern,
Liebmann, H. (ed) , Verlag R. Oldenbourg, Munich, 258 p, 1970, Price:
DM 98
Relationship of Agric to Soil and Water Pollut, Conf on Agric Waste Mgt,
Papers, (Held in Rochester, NY, Jan 19-21, 1970), Spon by NY State
College of Agric, Statutory College of the State Univ, At Cornell Univ,
Ithaca, NY, 274 p, 1970
Remote Sensing of Environ, v I, II, & III, Intl Symp, 6th, Proc and Sum-
mers, (Held in Ann Arbor, Mich, Oct 13-16, 1969), Spon by Univ of Mich,
Inst of Sci and Tech, Centr for Remote Sensing Info and Analysis, Wil-
low Run Lab, Ann Arbor, U.S. Geo Survey, Wash DC; U.S, Dept of Agric,
Agric Res Serv, Wash DC; U.S. Environ Sci Serv Admin, Wash DC; and
U.S. Coast Guard, Wash DC, 1558 p, 1969, Price: $15.00
The Removal of Carbonaceos Phosphatic, and Nitrogenous Pollut by Bio
Treatment, Paper, Tenney, M.W.; Echelberger, W.F.; Guter, K,J. and
Carberry, J.B., 40 p, 1971
Removal of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides from Stack Gases by Ammonia, Paper,
Shale, C.C.; Simpson, D.G. and Lewis, P.S., 20 p, 1969, Price: $0.75
Renovated Waste Water: An Alternative Source of Municipal Water Supply
in the United States, Johnson, J.F., Univ of Chgo, Dept of Geography,
Research Paper 135, 111, 163 p, 1971, Price: $4.50
Rep on Marine Sci and Tech, Presented to Parliament by the Lord Pres of
the Council by Command of Her Majesty, Her Majestys Stationery Office,
London, 55 p, April 1969, Price: $1.10
A Rep on Operating Experience with Multiple Hearth Injection at Nut Isl
Sewage Treatment Plant, The Commonwealth of Mass, Metropolitan District
Comm, Paper, Jones, R.A., 7 p, 1970
Rep on Status of Fed Gegu on Cont of Hazardous Materials Sect 1501.57,
1502.57, and 1503.57: Safety and Health Regulations for Shipyards,
La Rocca, J.J., U.S. Dept of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, Office
of Evaluation, Wash DC, 5 p, 1970
Rep on the Intl Trawling Survey for Immature Herring in the North Sea,
1968 Paper, Postuma, K.H., Intl Council for the Exploration of the Sea,
Pelagic Fish (Northern) Comm, 3 p, 1968
Rep of the Swedish Deep-Sea Expedition 1947-1948, Table of Contents, 10 v,
Petterson, H.; Kullenberg, B; and Jerlov, N,G. (eds), Swedish Natural
Sci Res Council, Editorial Serv, Stockholm, Royal Soc of Arts and Sci,
Gothenburg, Sweden, 1969, Price: $145
100
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Res in Coastal and Ocean Engr, Paper, Herblch, J,B,} 40 p, 1970
Res in Environ Quality Cont, Booklet, Battelle Memorial Inst, Columbus
Labs, Columbus, Ohio, 35 p, 1968
Res on Wave Action, Symp, Proc, v I, Held in Delft, Netherlands, March
24-26, 1969, Spon by Delft Hydraulics Lab, Netherlands, 149 p, 1969
Res on Wave Action, Symp, Proc, v II, (Held in Delft, Netherlands, March
24-26, 1969), Spon by Delft Hydraulics Lab, Netherlands, 118 p, 1969
Res on Wave Action, Symp, Proc, v III, (Held in Delft, Netherlands, March
24-26, 1969), Spon by Delft Hydraulics Lab, Netherlands, 95 p, 1969
Res on Wave Action, Symp, Proc, v IV, (Held in Delft, Netherlands, March
24-26, 1969), Spon by Delft Hydraulics Lab, Netherlands, 1969
Reservoirs: Problems and Conflicts, Seminar, (Held in Corvallis, Ore,
Fall 1968), Spon by Ore State Univ, Water Resourc Res Inst, Corvallis,
131 p, Jan 1969
Resourc and Man. A Study and Recommendations by Natl Academy of Sci —
Natl Res Council, Div of Earth Sci, Comm on Resourc and Man, Wash DC,
W. H. Freeman and Co, San Francisco, 259 p, 169, Price: $5.95
Reuse and REcycle of Wastes, NE Regional Antipollut Conf, 3rd Annu, Proc,
(Held in Kingston, R.I., July 21-23, 1970), Technomic Publ Co, Inc,
Stanford, Conn, 247 p, 1971
Review of Analytical Methods for the Determination of Pollut in Indoor
Air, Atmospheric Air and In Water, Booklet, Res Inst for Public Health
Engr, Delft, Netherlands, 15 p, June 1970
Revitalizing Water the Natural Way, Paper, Hinde, J.N., 18 p, 1970
A River and a Nuclear Power Plant, Rep, Judd, P.H., NE Utilities Serv Co,
30 p, 1970
Role of Fed Govt in the Cont of Toxic Substances, Paper, Winter, T.C., Jr,
30 p, Aug 1971
The Role of Ind in Pollut Cont, Conf, Proc, (Held in East Brunswick, NJ,
Sept 23-24, 1970), Spon by Amer Inst of Plant Engr, Holmdel, NJ, 43 p,
1970
The Role of Man in Navigation, Inst of Navigation, Annu Meet, Proc, (Held
in Colo Springs, Colo, July 1-3, 1970), 549 p, 1970
The Role of the Local Health Dept in Solid Waste Disposal, Paper, Mafrici,
D., 7 p, 1970
The Role of the State Legislature in Air Pollut Abatement, Paper, Zimmer-
man, J.F., 34 p, 1970
The Role , Sources and Cont of Nitrogen Oxides in Air Pollut, Paper,
Peters, M.S., 34 p, 1968
Routine Dust Measurement Methods Devel at C.E.R.L., Paper, Lucas, D.H.
and Snowsill, W.L., 15 p, 1968
Routine Surveillance for Radionuclides in Air and Water, World Health
Organiz, Geneva, 60 p, 1968, Price: $2.75
Rules and Regulations Governing the Cont of Air Pollut, Rep, Dept of Water
and Air Resourc, Board of Water and Air Resourc, Raleigh, NC, 27 p,
1971
Rules for Building and Classing Offshore Mobile Drilling Units, Amer Bur-
eau of Shipping, NY, NY, 72 p, 1968, Price: $5.00
Rules of the Geo Water Quality Cont Board, Chapt 730, State of Geo, 34 p,
1970
101
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Rules, Regulations, Classifications and Water Quality Standards Appl to
the Surface Waters of NC, State of NC, Board of Water and Air Resourc,
Dept of Water and Air Resourc, Raleigh, NC, 19 p, 1970
Safe Use of Pesticides, A Mannual for Public Health Personnel, Amer Pub-
lic Health Assoc, Comm on Environ Health, Subcomm on Pesticides of the
Program Area Comm, NY city, 103 p, 1967, Price: $3.00
Safety in the Use of Airless Spraying Equip, Paper, Pitt, F.R,, 9 p,
1970
Saline Water—A Valuable Resourc, Amer Geophysical Union, Annu Meet, 15th,
Symp, Papers, (Held in Wash DC, April 24, 1969), Spon by Amer Geophys-
ical Union, Groundwater Comm, Sect of Hydrology, In: Water Resourc Res,
6(5): 1441-1531, Oct 1970
Sanitary Landfill Bull, Booklet, Gahr, W,N., Colo Dept of Health, Denver,
15 p, Aug 1969
Sanitary Landfill Location Study, Rep, Stark County Regional Planning
Commission, Canton, Ohio, 96 p, Sept 1969, Price: $0,65
Sci and Tech and its Appl to the Problems of Pollut, Transp and Employ-
ment, Western States Conf, Public Sci Policy: Background Reading (Held
in Salt Lake City, Utah, March 9-11, 1970), Spon by Fed of Rocky Mt
States, Inc, Denver, Colo and Western Governors Conf, Denver, 41 p, 1970
Sci and the Environ—I, Symp, Proc, (Held in Wash DC, Jan 21, 1971), Spon
by Wash Academy of Sci, Wash DC and Amer Ordnance Assoc, In: Wash Aca-
demy of Sci, Wash DC, J, 61(2): 54-147, June 1971
Sci and the Sea, v II, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Wash DC, 85 p,
1969, Price: $0.75
Sci News Yearbook 1970, Sci Serv, Inc (eds), Charles Scribner's Sons, NY,
373 p, 1970, Price: $9.95
Sci Fundamentals of the Eutrophication of Lakes and Flowing Waters, and
Particular Ref to Nitrogen and Phosphorus as Factors in Eutrophication,
Bibliography, Organiz for Economic Cooperation and Devel, Paris, 61 p,
Sept 1970
Sci Fundamentals of the Eutrophication of Lakes and Flowing Waters, with
Particular Ref to Nitrogen and Phosporous as Factors in Eutrophication,
Rep, Vollenweider, R.A., Organiz for Economic Cooperation and Devel,
Pans, 254 p, Sept 1970
The Sea and Its Boundaries, Teacher Unit, Chapman, F.L., Carteret County
Public Schools, Beaufort, NC, 13 p, 1970
The Sea and Modern Man, Teacher Unit, Chapman, F.L., Carteret County Pub-
lic Schools, Beaufort, NC, 38 p, 1970
Sea Clutter Measurements by a 4-Frequency Radar, Paper, Laing, M.B., 8 p,
1969
Sea Flavor, Programs About Coastal Resourc for Your Civil Club, Directory,
Regional Marine Sci Proj, Carteret County Public Schools, 12 p, Feb 1970
Sea Floor Spreading and Deep Sea Drilling, Von Herzen, R,P. and Maxwell,
A.E., Paper, 7 p, 1969
Seawater Encroachment in Hawaiian Ghyben-Herzberg Syst, Paper, Lau, L.S.,
13 p, 1967
Sedimentation: Annotated Bibliography of Foreigh Lit for 1967 and 1968,
Survey 5, Natl Sci Foun, Spec Foreigh Currency Sci Info Program, Wash
DC, 400 p, 1969, Price: $3.00
102
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A Selected Bibliography on Public Environ Policy and Admin, Henning, D,H.,
Univ of New Mexico, Law School, Alburquerque, 15 p, 1970
Selected Refs on the Geology of the Gulf of Alaska Tertiary Province and
Neighboring Areas, Alaska, Bibliography, Flafker, G, and Cobb, E.H.,
U.S. Geol Survey, Alaskan Geol Branch, Menlo Park, Calif, 10 p, May 1969
Seminar on Environ Arts and Sci, 3rd Session, Proc, Summary, (Held in As-
pen, Colo, June 27-July 2, 1969), Spon by Thome Ecological Foun, Bould-
er, Colo, 32 p, 1970
Sensing of of Environ Pollut, Joint Conf, Unbound Papers, (Held in Palo
Alto, Calif, Nov 8-10, 1971), Spon by Amer Chem Soc; Amer Inst of Aero
and Astro; U.S. EPA; Inst of Elect and Electronic Engr; Instrument Soc
of Amer; U.S. Natl Aero and Space Admin and U.S. Natl Oceanographic and
Atmosph Admin, In: AIAA Papers 71-1029, 71-1036, 71-1039, 71-1041, 71-
1057, 71-1059, 71-1064, 71-1066, 71-1069, 71-1071, 71-1073, 71-1075
71-1078, 71-1079, 71-1081, 71-1083, 71-1088, 71-1098, 71-1101, 71-1103,
71-1104, 71-1106, 71-1108, 71-1116, 71-1119, 71-1121, 71-1124, 71-1126,
and 71-1128, 1971, Price per Paper: $1.50, $2.00 (non-members)
Serum Esterases in Mackerel, Scomber Scombrus, L., Paper, Jamieson, A.;
De Ligny, W. and Naevdal, G., Intl Council for the Exploration of the
Sea, 16 p, 1969.
Seven-City Study of Air and Population Lead Levels, Interim Rep, Tepper,
L,B., 11 p, May 1971
Sewerage and Sewage Treatment: State of the Art Abstr, Stone, R. (ed) ,
Amer Soc of Civil Engr, Comm on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment, In: Amer
Soc of Civil Engr, Sanitary Engr Div, J, 96(SA1): 35-48, Feb 1970
Ship Model Testing, Phillips-Birt, D. John De Graff Inc, Tuckahoe, NY,
95 p, 1970
Simulation—Decision Aid in Planning Desalting Appl, Paper, Westrope, J.
S,, 27 p, 1969
Sludge Accumulation and its Bio Significance in the Vicinity of a Marine
Wastewater Outfall, Paper, Chen, C.W. and Orlob, G.T., 25 p, 1971
Soc of Auto Engr, Air Transp Meet, Sel Papers, (Held in NY, NY, April 29-
May 2, 1968), In: Soc of Auto Engr, Inc, NY, Papers 680339, 680345-
680348, 58 p, 1968
Soc of Auto Engr, Auto Engr Cong, Sel Papers, (Held in Detroit, Mich,
Jan 8-12, 1968), In: Soc of Auto Engr, Inc, NY, Papers 680081, 680108-
680110, 680113 and 680123, 87 p, 1968
Soc of Auto Engr, Auto Engr Cong, (Held in Detroit, Mich, Jan 12-16, 1970)
In: Soc of Auto Engr, Papers 700074, 700078, 70010, 700105-700108,
700145-700147, 161 p, 1970
Soc-of Auto Engr, Auto Engr Cong, Sel Papers, (Held in Detroit, Mich,
Jan 12-16, 1970), In: Soc of Auto Engrs Inc, NY, Papers 700109, 700149,
and 700151, 40 p, 1970
Soc of Auto Engr, Auto Engr Cong, Sel Reprints, (Held in Detroit, Mich,
Jan 11-15, 1971), In: Soc of Auto Engr Inc, NY, Reprints 710009, 710011,
710060-710062, 710069-710072, 710075, 142 p, 1971
Soc of Auto Engr, Auto Engr Cong, Sel Papers, (Held in Detroit, Mich,
Jan 11-15, 1971), In: Soc of Auto Engr In, NY, Papers 710010, 710012,
710014, and 710219, 63 p, 1971
103
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Soc of Auto Engr, Central 111 Sect, Earthmoving rnd Conf, Sel Papers,
(Held in Peoria, 111, April 14-15, 1970), In: Soc of Auto Engr, Inc,
NY, Papers 700551 and 700552, 15 p, 1970
Soc of Auto Engr, Combined Natl Farm, Construe and Ind Machinery and
Powerplant Meet, Sel Papers, (Held in Milwaukee, Wise, Sept 14-17, 1970)
In: Soc of Auto Engr Inc, NY, Papers 700708, and 700734, 30 p, 1970
Soc of Auto Engr, Intl Auto Engr Cong, Sel Papers, (Held in Detroit, Mich,
Jan 13-17, 1969), In: Soc of Auto Engr Inc, NY, Papers 690014, 690017,
690010, 690087, 690088, 690138, 690141 and 690164, 166 p, 1969
Soc of Auto Engr, Mid-Year Meet, Sel Papers, (Held in Detroit, Mich, May
20-24, 1968), In: Soc of Auto Engr Inc, NY, Papers, 680398, 680400,
680402, 680420, 680421, 680443-680445 and 680463, 140 p, 1968
Soc of Auto Engr, Natl Combined Fuels and Lubricants and Transp Meet. Sel
Papers, (Held in Houston, Tex, Nov 4-7. 1969), In: Soc of Auto Engr Inc,
NY, Papers 690763-690765, 31 p, 1969
Soc of Auto Engr, West Coast Meet, Sel Papers, (Held in San Francisco,
Calif, Aug 12-15, 1968), In: Soc of Auto Engr Inc, NY, Papers 680527-
680529, 35 p, 1968
Soc of Exploration Geophysicists, 39th Annu Meet, Abstr, (Held in 1969),
In: Geophysics, 34(6): 966-1020, Dec 1969
Soc of Naval Architects and Marine Engr, Annu Meet, 77th, (Held in NY,NY,
Nov 12-14, 1969), In: Soc of Naval Architects and Marine Engr, Trans-
actions, 77: 386 p, 1970
Soc of Petro Engr, 40th Annu Calif Regional Meet, Sel Papers, (Held in
San Francisco, Calif, Nov 6-7, 1969), In: Soc of Petro Engr, Preprints
SPE 2737, SPE 2752-SPE 2753, SPE 2757 and SPE 2799, 46 p, 1969
Soc of Toxicology, Annu Meet, 9th, Abstr, (Held in Atlanta, Ga, March
15-19, 1970), In: Toxicology and Appl Pharmacology, 16(3): 1-89, May
1970
Soc of Toxicology, Annu Meet, 10th, Abstr
Sogreah Info, English Ed, Brochure, Sogreah, Grenoble, France, 8 p, 1971
Solid Waste Disposal, Paper, Heaney, F.L.; Reane, C.V., 13 p, 1970
The Solid Waste Fact Book, Booklet, Glass Mft Inst Inc, Comm on Public
Affairs, NY City, 24 p
Solid Waste Mgt: A List of Available Lit, U.S. Public Health Serv, Con-
sumer Protect and Environ Health Serv, Environ Cont Admin, Bureau of
Solid Waste Mgt, Cincinnati, Ohio, 27 p, Dec 1969
Solid Waste Mgt: Study and Plan, Tuscaloosa Area Council of Local Govt,
Alabama, 115 p, April 1970
Solid Waste Operations Mgt, Training Course Manual, U.S. EPA, Solid Waste
Mgt Office, Div of Tech Operations, Training Branch, Cincinnati, Ohio
Solid Waste Practices in Berkshire County: The Problems and Possibilities
of Community Disposal Facilities, Schweighauser, C.A., Williams College,
Centr for Environ Studies, Williamstown, Mass, 68 p, June 1969
Solid Waste Res and Devel, v III, Conf, Papers, (Hend in Beaver Dam, Wise,
July 22-26, 1968), Spon by Engr Foun, NY, NY, 178 p, 1968
Solid Waste Symp, 3rd Annu, Unbound Papers, (Held in San Jose, Calif,
March 4-5, 1971), Spon by City of Santa Clara, Calif; San Jose State
College, Calif and Govern Refuse Collection and Disposal Assoc, 1971
104
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A Solid Wastes Mgt Syst for the Bay Region, Rep, Planning and REs Assoc,
San Francisco, Calif, 34 p, 1970
A Solid Wastes Mgt Syst for the Bay Region, Rep, San Francisco Planning
and Urban Renewal Assoc, Calif, 117 p, 1971
Solutions for Pollut in an Urban Environ, Conf, Abstr, (Held in Montreal,
Quebec, Canada, Nov 30-Dec 1, 1970), Spon by Canadial Soc for Chem Engr
and Chem Inst of Canada, Chem Economics Subdiv, 52 p, 1970
Some BioGeoChem Considerations on the RAdioactive Contamination of Marine
Biota and Environ, Paper, Fukai, R,, Pergamon Press, NY, 4 p, 1968
Something in the Air, Paper, Schaefer, V.J., 9 p
Sonic Boom Res, 2nd Conf, Proc, Schwartz, I.R. (ed) , (Held in Wash DC,
May 9-10, 1968), Spon by U.S. Natl Aero and Space Admin, Office of Ad-
vanced Res and Tech, Res Div, In: U.S. Natl Aeronau and Space Admin,
Wash DC, Spec Publ SP-180, 193 p, 1968
A Sound Approach to Noise, Paper, Soporowski, J.J., Jr, 6 p, 1969
The Source Identification of Marine Hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography,
Paper, Ehrhardt, M. and Blumer, M., 31 p, 1971
S African Association for the Advancement of Sci, Capetown Cong, Program
and Abstr, (Held in Capetown, S. Africa, June 29-July 5, 1970), 23 p,
1970
SW Pacific Geological Survey, Conf, Papers, Bodley, F.A. and Sutherland,
N. (eds), (Held in Fiji, March 1966), In: New Zealand J of Geology and
Geophysics, 13(1): 7-294, March 1970
Space-Age Metals and Ocean Tech, Paper, Brown, B.F., 5 p, Nov 5, 1969
Special Studies for Incenerators for the Govt of the Dist of Columbia,
In: U.S. Public Health Serv, Consumer Protect and Environ Health Serv,
Environ Cont Admin, Solid Wastes Program, Cincinnati, Ohio, Publ 1748,
82 p, 1968
Standing Tech Comm on Synthetic Detergents, of Papers, (Held in Wash DC,
March 7-11, 1971), In: Toxicology and Appl Pharmacology, 19(2): 8,
384 p, 1969, Price: $20.00
Progress Rep, llth, Ministry of Housing and Local Govt, Her Majesty's
Stationery Office, London, 37 p, 1970
Status of Air Pollut From Mobile Sources with Recommendations for Further
Action, Rep of the NJ Clean Air Council, NJ State Dept of Environ Pro-
tect, Trenton, 53 p, June 1970
Stomatopod Crustacea of the W Atlantic, Manning, R.B., In: Miami, Univ
of, Coral Gables, Fla, Inst of Marine Sci, Tropical Oceanography
The Structure and Function of Fresh-Water Microbial Communities, Symp,
Papers, Cairns, J., Jr, (ed) , (Held in 1969), Spon by Amer Microscopical
Soc, Columbus, Ohio, In: Va Polytechnic Inst and State Univ, Res Div,
Blacksburg,, Monograph 3,300 p, 1970
Structure and Functioning of Estuarine Ecosyst Exposted to Treated Sewage
Wastes, Annu Rep and Phase Rep, Kuenzler, E.J. and Chestnut, A.F. (eds)
Univ of NC, Inst of Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, In: NC, Univ, Inst of
Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, Annu Rep, 345 p, Feb 1971
Student Conf on Environ, Resolutions and Summaries of Other Regional Conf,
(Held in Oakland, Calif, Dec 30, 1969), Spon by U.S. Dept of the Inter-
ior, Fed Water Pollut Cont Admin, Pacific NW Region, Corvallis, Ore,
125 p, 1970
105
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A Study as to the Numbers and Characteristics of Oceanographic Personnel
in the United States, 1967, Summary, Intl Oceanographic Foun, Miami,
Fla, 77 p, Dec 1967, Price; $0,65
Study of Critical Environ Problems, Summary of Major Findings and Recom-
mendations, (Held in Wllliamstown, Mass, July 30-31, 1979). Spon by
Mass Inst of Tech, Cambridge, 33 p, 1970
Study of Strip and Surface Mining in Appalachia, An Interim Rep to the
Appalachian Regional Comm, U.S. Dept of the Interior, Wash DC, 78 p,
1966, Price: $1,00
Sub-Bottom Penetration with Sonar, Paper, Zabloudil, K.F, and Caulfield,
D.D., 14 p, Oct 1969
Suggested Model Waste Water Regulations for Coin Laundry Wastes, Paper,
Natl Automatic Laundry and Cleaning Council, Chgo, 111, 36 p, 1969
A Summary of Environ Studies on Water Problems by Investor-Owned Elect
Utility Companies Recently Completed, Underway, and Proposed, Edison
Elect Inst, NY City, 60 p, March 1971
Summary of Present Knowledge of the Chem of Air Pollut, Paper, Peters, M,
S., 22 p, 1969
A Summary of Sanitary Landfill Guidelines, Brunner, D.R, and Keller, D.J.
U.S. Public Health Serv, Bureau of Solid Waste Mgt, 15 p, 1970
Support for Sci—Antarctica, 1968 ed, Rep, U.S. Naval Support Force, Ant-
arctica, History and Res Div, Wash DC, 52 p, Feb 1968, Price: $0.45
Surface Mining and Our Environ. A Spec Rep to the Nation, U.S. Dept of
the Interior, Wash DC, 124 p, 1967, Price: $2.00
Surface Water Temp Measurements by Airborne Infrared Thermometry, Paper,
Doyle, M.J., Jr., 4 p, Nov 1966
Symp on Air Quality Criteria, Proc, (Held in NY, NY, June 4-5, 1968),
Spon by Air Pollut Cont Assoc; Amer Ind Hygiene Assoc; Amer Petro Inst;
Ind Medical Assoc and Occupational Health Inst, In: J of Occupational
Medicine, 10(9): 1-135, Sept 1968
Symp on Indian Ocean, Proc, (Held in New Delhi, India, March 2-4, 1967),
Spon by Natl Inst of Sci of India and Indian Natl Comm on Oceanic Res,
In: Natl Inst of Sci of India, Bull 38: 1-562, 1968, Price: R35.10
Symp on Machinery Noise, Amer Soc of Mech Engr, 1969 Winter Annu Meet,
Papers, (Held in Los Angeles, Calif, Nov 17-19, 1969), Spon by Amer
Soc of Mech Engr, Fluids Engr Div; Gas Turbine Power Div and Biochem
and Human Factors Div, NU City, In: Amer Soc of Mech Engr, ASME Publs
69-WA/FE-30, 69-WA/GT-4, 69-WA/GT-6, 69-WA/FT-13, 156 p, 1969, Price:
$15.00, $25.00 (non-members)
Symp on Toxic Wastes, Inst of Water Pollut Cont, Annu Conf, Proc, (Held
on Douglas Isle of Man, England, Sept 16-19, 1969), In: Water Pollut
Cont, 69(3): 235-352, 1970
Symp on Water Quality Criteria to Protect Aquatic Life, Amer Fisheries
Soc, Annu Meet, 96th, Papers, Cooper, E.L. (ed), (Held in Kansas City,
MO, Sept 1966), In: Amer Fisheries Soc, Spec Publ 4, 37 p, 1967, Price:
$1.25
TVA Activities Related to Study and Cont of Eutrophication in the Tenn
Valley, Meet, Papers, (Held in Muscle Shoals, Ala, April 29-30, 1970),
Spon by Joint Ind/Govt Task Force on Eutrophication, In; Tenn Valley
Authority, Natl Fertilizer Devel Centr, Muscle Shals, Ala, Bull Y-ll,
92 p, Sept 1970
106
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Taken for Granted, Rep, Ministry of Housing and Local Govt, Welsh Office,
Working Party on Sewage Disposal, Great Britain, Her Majesty's Station-
ery Office, London, 71 p, 1970 .Price: $2,10
Tanker Conf, 15th Annu, Addresses, (Held in Absecon, NJ, April 27-19,
1970), Spon by Amer Petro Inst, Div of Transp, Central Comm on Transp
by Water, Wash DC, 177 p, 1970
Tay Estuary Oil Pollut Scheme, Conf, Papers, (Held in Dundee, Scotland,
April 15-16, 1970), 46 p, 1970
Tech and Social Problems of Air Pollut, Symp, Papers, Eloib, A, (ed),
(Held in NY, NY, Feb 24, 1966), Spon by Metropolitan Engr Council on
Air Resourc and Engr Foun, NY; Amer Inst of Chem Engr, NY; Amer Inst
Mech Engr, NY; Amer Soc of Civil Engr, NY; Amer Soc of Mech Engr, NY;
and Inst of Elect and Electronics Engr, NY, 95 p, 1966, Price: $2.00
Tech Assoc of the Pulp and Paper Ind, Water and Air Conf, 7th, Abstr,
(Held in Minneapolis, Minn, June 7-10, 1970), In: Ind Water Engr, 7(7):
6-7, 9, July 1970
Tech Aspects of Joint Waste Treatment, Municipal/Ind, Inst, Proc, Litsky,
W.; Gunner, H.B. and Kreplick, R. (eds), (Held in Farmingham, Mass,
March 5-6, 1969), Spon by Univ of Mass, Tech Guidance Centr for Ind
Water Pollut Cont, Amherst and Assoc Ind of Mass, 197 p, 1969, Price:
$3.00
Technik Der Abfallbeseitigung, Band 2, Feld, E. and Knop, W., Buchreihe
"Wasser Luft und Betrieb", Krausskopf-Verlag, Mainz, 198 p, 1967
Tech and Mgt of the Environ, Seminar, Papers, (Held in Corvallis, Ore,
Spring 1971), Spon by Ore State Univ, Water Resourc Res Inst, Corvallis,
91 p, July 1971
Tech for the Future to Cont Ind and Urban Wastes, Symp, Proc, (Held in
Rolla, MO, Feb 8-9, 1971), Spon by Univ of MO Continuing Education
Series, Rolla, 125 p, 1971
Tell Me About Water Pollut. Questionnaire, Tex Water Quality Board, Austin,
6 p, July 1970
Teririary Treatment of A Combined Wastewater with Granular Activated Car-
bon, Paper, Zanitsch, R.H. and Morand, J., 14 p, 1969
Tex Marine Resourc and the Sea Grant Program, Conf, Proc, (Held in Col-
lege Station, Tex, Jan 16-17, 1969), Spon by Tex A&M Univ, Sea Grant
Program, College Station, In: Tex A&M Univ, Sea Grant Program, Sea Grant
Publ 104: 168 p, Oct 1969
Thermal Criteria—A Measure to Cont Thermal Pollut, Paper, Mathur, S.P.
and Stevens, D.B., 10 p, 1969
Thermal Effects and Calif's Water, Paper, Adams, J.R., 13 p, 1969
Thermal Effluent Info Meet, Transactions, (Held in Boise, Idaho, July 9,
1970), Spon by Idaho Nuclear Energy Comm, 86 p, 1970
Thermal Pollut—The Effectiveness of Cooling Towers and Sprays as Solu-
tions, Paper, Pita, E.G., 26 p, 1970
Thermal Pollut Notes, Seminar, 2nd, Papers, (Held in Chgo, 111, Oct 20-
22, 1970), Spon by Inst of Environ Sci, Mt Prospect, 111, 83 p, 1970,
Price: $10,00
Thermal Pollut of Cayuga Lake by a Proposed Power Plant, Paper, Citizens
Comm to Save Cayuga Lake, Ithaca, NY, 12 p, 1968
107
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A Thermal Profile of the Water of NY State, Rep, NY State Atomic and
Space Devel Authority, 24 p, 1970
'Torrey Canyon' Pollut and Marine Life, A Rep by the Plymoutn'Lab of the
Marine Bio Assoc of the United Klngdon, Smith J.E, (ed) . The Unlv Press,
Cambridge, 196 p, 1968, Price; $9,50
Toward a Cleaner Environ. A Rep on Chrysler Corp Efforts to Combat Pol-
lut, Chrysler Corp, Press Info Serv, 28 p, May 1970
Toward a Quieter City, Rep of the Mayor's Task Force on Noise Cont, NY
Board of Trade, 55 p, 1970, Price: $1.75
Trace Analysis, Chem Inst of Canada, Analytical Chem Div, 1970 Summer Symp
Abstr of Papers, (Held in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, Aug 20-21, 1970),
7 p, 1970
Trace Inorganics in Water, Amer Chem Soc, Meet, 153rd, Symp, Papers, Gould,
R,F. (ed), (Held in Miami Beach, Fla, April 10-13, 1967), Spon by Amer
Chem Soc, Div of Water, Air and Waste Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Advances in
Chem Series 73, Wash DC 396 p, 1968, Price; $12,50
Trace Metals in Waters of the United States. A 5-Year Summary of Trace
Metals in Rivers and Lakes of the United States (Oct 1, 1962-Sept 30,
1967), Kopp, J.F. and Kroner, R.C., U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Wat-
er Pollut Cont Admin, Div of Pollut Surveillance, Cincinnati, Ohio,
211 p, 1968
Trace Substances in Environ Health, Conf, 1st Annu, Proc, (Held in Colum-
bia, MO, July 10-11, 1967), Spon by Univ of MO, Environ Health Centr
and Ext Div, Columbia, 241 p, 1967
Trace Substances in Environ Health, Conf, 2nd Annu, Proc, Hemphill, D.D.
(ed), (Held in Columbia MO, June 24-26, 1969), Spon by Univ of MO,
Environ Health Centr and Ext Div, Columbia, 403 p, 1970
Trace Substances in Environ Health, Conf, 4th Annu, Abstr, Hemphill, D.D.
(ed), (Held in Columbia, MO, June 23-25, 1970), Spon by Univ of MO,
Environ Health Centr and Ext Div, Columbia, 62 p, 1970
Training Inst of the Environ Cont Admin, Bull of Courses July 1970 to
Dec 1971, U.S. Dept of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health
Serv, Environ Health Serv, Cincinnati, Ohio 82 p, 1970
The Transp of Radioactive Material, Conf, Proc, (Held in Charlottesville,
Va, Oct 26-28, 1969), Spon by Univ of Va, Dept of Conf and Inst, Char-
lottesville, 80 p, 1969, Price: $3.00
The Treatment and Disposal of Ind Effluent, Conf, Papers, (Held in London,
England, Feb 16, 1970), Spon by Inst of Mech Engr, Process Engr Group,
London, England, 97 p, 1970
The Treatment and Disposal of Wastes from Vegetable Processing: Progress
and Res Needs, Conf, Proc, (Held in New Orleans, La, Aug 26, 1969),
Jointly Spon by La Sweetpotato Comm; La State Univ, Dept of Horticulture
Baton Rouge and U.S. Dept of Agric, Southern Utilization Res and Devel
Div, New Orleans, La, In: U.S. Dept of Agric, Agric Res Serv, Publ ARS
72-80, 67 p, March 1970
Trends in Thermal Pollut Cont Requirements, Paper, Bregman, J.I,, Water
Pollut Res and Appl, Inc, Wash DC, 13 p, 1970
Tsunamis and Their Occurrence Along the San Diego County Coast, Paper,
Joy, J.W., 61 p, June 1968
Turning Points in Time: Land/Water/People, Soil Conservation Soc of Amer,
Annu Meet, 25th, Symp, Major Papers, (Held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada,
Aut 9-12, 1970), 79 p, 1970
108
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The United Nations and Ocean Mgt, Conf, 5th Annu, Proc, Alexander, L,M,,
(ed), (Held tn Kingston, R.I., June 15^19, 1970), Spon by Univ of R,I.
Law of the Sea Inst, Kingston, 390 p, 1971
The United Nations and the Issue of Deep Ocean Resources Together with
Hearings by the Subcomm on Intl Organiz and Movements of the Comm on
Foreign Affairs, House of Repre, Interim Rep, U,Sf Govt Printing Office,
Wash DC, 307 p, 1967
United States Intl Bio Program, Thermal Workshop, 2nd, Proc, (Held in
Solomons, Md, Nov 3-7, 1968), Spon by Natl Academy of Sci, Wash DC, In:
Chesapeake Sci, 10(3-4): 125-341, Sept-Dec 1969
The Univ's Role in Natl Water Policy, Conf, Proc, Flack, J.E, (ed) , (Held
in Blacksburg, Va, July 27-28, 1970)
Univ, Natl Labs, and Mans Environ, Conf, Proc, Jared, D. (ed), (Held in
Chgo, 111, July 27-29, 1969), Spon by Argonne Univ Assoc, Chgo, 111,
U.S. Atomic Energy Comm, Div of Tech Info, Oak Ridge, tenn, 167 p,
Nov 1969, Price: $3.00
Univ Council in Water Resourc, 133 p, 1970
Univ Curricula in the Marine Sci and Related Fields: Academic Years 1969-
1970 and 1970-1971, Rep, Office of the Oceanographer of the Navy, Ma-
rine Sci Affairs Staff, Wash DC, 270 p, 1969, Price: $2.00
Univ of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmosph Sci and Gulf and
Caribbean Fisheries Inst, Coral Gables, Fla, Annu Session, 22nd, Proc,
(Held in Miami Beach, Fla, Nov 1969), 163 p, May 1970
The Univ of Tex Marine Sci Inst of Port Arkansas, Res and Graduate In-
struction, Booklet, 16 p
The Univ Response to the Environ Crisis, Pamphlet, Univ of Colo, Comm on
Environ Studies, Boulder, 13 p, 1970
Urban Air Pollut Damage Functions: Theory and Measurement Final Rep,
Crocker, T.D., 187 p, 1971
Urban Climates, Symp on Urban Climates and Building Climatology, v I,
Proc, (Held in Brussels, Belgium, Oct 1968), Jointly Spon by World
Health Organiz, Geneva, Switzerland and World Meteorological Organiz,
Geneva, Switzerland. In: World Meteorological Organiz, Geneva, Tech
Note 108, 414 p, 1970, Price: $14.00
Urban Demands on Natural Resourc, Western Resourc Conf, Proc, (Held in
Denver, Colo, 1970), Spon by Univ of Denver, Colo, 295 p, 1970
Urban Noise Evaluation and Cont, Paper, Kryter, K.D., 2 p, 1968
Use and Conservation of Biosphere, Intergovt Conf, Proc, (Held in Paris,
France, Sept 13, 1968), Spon by United Nations Educational Sci and Cul-
tural Organiz, Paris France; United Nat_ons Educational Sci and Cultur-
al Organiz, Natural Resourc Res Series v 10, Paris, 272 p, 1970, Price:
$6.00
Use of a Ventilation Index in Air Quality Cont, Paper, Sandberg, J.S.,
15 p, 1967
The Use of Polymers for Water Treatment, Paper, Sexsmith, D.R.; Savinelli,
E.A.; and Beecher, J.S., Drew Chem Co, Process Chem Div, Boonton, NJ,
9 P, 1969
U.S. Navy Symp of Military Oceanography, 7th, v I, Proc, (Held in Annapo-
lis, Md, May 12-14, 1970), Spon by Oceanographer of the Navy, U.S. Naval
Ship Res and Devel Centr, Annapolis, Md, 324 p, 1970
109
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U.S. Navy Symp on Military Oceanography, v I, Proc, (Held In Seattle,
Wash, May 26~28, 1969), Spon by Oceanographer of the Navy, Unlv of Wash,
Appl Physics Lab, Seattle, 409 p, 1969
USSR Rep on Natural and Fallout Radioactivity, Translations, U.S. Atomic
Energy Comm, Health and Safety Lab, NU, 145 p, 1970
Vectors, Paper, Ham, R.K., 25 p, 1970
Virus and Water Quality: Occurrence and Cont, Water Quality Conf, 13th,
Proc, Sndeyink, V and Griffin, V, (eds), (Held in Urbana, 111, Feb 15-
16, 1971), Sp\on by Univ ov 111, Dept of Civil Engr, Urbana-Champaign
and 111 EPA, 226 p, 1971, Price: $4.50
Waste Water Mgt in Metropolitan Toronto, Paper, dough, D.A., 23 p
Water and Sewer Charges as Related to Water Use and Waste Cont, Workshop,
Proc, (Held in Rougemont, NC, Oct 1, 1969), Spon by Univ of NC, Water
Resourc Res Inst, Chapel Hill. In: NC, Univ, Water Resourc Res Inst,
Rep 30, 124 p, 1969
Waste Disposal, Intl Cong, 4th, Papers, (Held in Basel, Switzerland, June
2-5, 1969), Spon by Intl Res Group on Refuse Disposal, In: Schweizer-
ische Zeitschrift Fuer Hydrologie, 31(2): 185-783, Dec 31, 1969
Waste Disposal From Water and Wastewater Treatment Processes, Sanitary
Engr Conf, 10th, Proc, Austin, J.H. and Weise, U, (eds), (Held in Ur-
bana, 111, Feb 6-7, 1968), Spon by Univ of 111, Dept of Civil Engr,
Urbana and 111 Dept of Public Health, Div of Sanitary Engr, Springfield
152 p, 1968, Price: $4.00
Waste TReatment Lagoons, Intl Symp, Proc, McKinney, Ross, E. (ed), (Held
in Kansas City, MO, June 23-25, 1970), Spon by MO Basin Engr Health
Council, Kansas City and U.S. Dept of the Interior, Fed Quality Admin,
Wash DC, 404 p, 1970
Water—1969, Symp, Papers, Cecil, L.K. (ed), Spon by Amer Inst of Chem
Engr, NY City. In: Amer Inst of Chem Engr, Chem Engr Progress Symp
Series, 65(97): 313 p, 1969
Water and Air Conf, 7th Abstr of Papers, (Held in Minneapolis, Minn,
June 7-10, 1970), Spon by Tech Assoc of the Pulp and Paper Ind. In:
Ind Water Engr, 7(7): 6-7, 9, July 1970
Water and Ore's Ecology, Seminar, Papers, (Held in Corvallis, Ore, Fall
1970), Spon by Ore State Univ, Water Resourc Res Inst, Corvallis, 171 p
Jan 1971
Water ans Sewer Studies, A Master Plan Rep for the Atlantic County Plan-
ning Board, Atlantic City, NJ, 60 p, Oct 1969, Price: $0.65
The Water Chem Program at the Univ of Wise, Paper, Univ of Wise, Water
Chem Lab, Madison, 15 p
The Water Planet, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Wash DC, 50 p, 1969
Price: $1.00
Water Pollut, Paper, Hennigan, R.D., 12 p, 1969
Water Pollut, Workbook, Berg, G.A., Scientists Inst for Public Info, NY,
NY, 32 p, 1970, Price: $1.00
Water Pollut by Oil, Seminar, Unbound Prepr, (Held in Aviemore, Scotland,
May 4-8, 1970), Spon by Inst of Water Pollut Control; Inst of Petro,
London, England and World Health Organiz, Regional Office for Europe,
1970
110
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Water Pollut Cont Activities and the Interstate Air Pollut Program Rep,
Interstate Sanitation Comm, 74 p, 1970
Water Pollut Cont: Exper Procedures for Process Design, Eckenfelder, W.W,
and Ford, D.L., The Perberton Press, Jenkins Publ Co, Austin, 269 p,
1970, Price: $12.50
Water Pollut Cont Fed, Conf, 43rd Annu, Papers, (Held in Boston, Mass,
Oct 4-9, 1970), In: Water Pollut Cont Fed, Wash DC, J, 42(9): 1585-
1722, Sept 1970
Water Pollut Cont Fed, Statement to the U.S. House of Repre, Comm on Pub-
lic Works, Canham, R.A,, 9 p, July 27, 1971
Water Pollut Cont in Coastal AReas, Symp, Abstr, (Held in Bournemouth,
England, May 20-20, 1970), Spon by Inst of Water Pollut Cont, Kent,
England. In: Water Pollut Cont, 70(5): 575-577, 1971
Water Pollut in the Greater NY Area, Symp, Proc, Johnson, A,A. (ed),
(Held in NY, NY, Dec 13, 1969), Spon by NU City Oceanographic Advisory
Comm and NY State, Dept of Water Resourc, Gordon and Breach, Sci Publ,
NY, 222 p, March 1970
Water Pollut Problems and Cont Programs in Mich Portion of the Great Lakes
Rep, Mich Water Resourc Comm, 6 p
Water Pollut Res, Intl Conf and Exhibition, 5th, Abstr, (Held in San
Francisco, Calif, July 26-Aug 1, 1970 and Honolulu, Hawaii, Aug 2-5,
1970), In: Ind Water Engr, 7(6): 59-72, June 1970
Water Pollut Res 1968, The Rep of the Water Pollut Res Lab Steering Comm
with the Rep of the Director of Water Pollut Res, Her Majesty's Sta-
tionery Office, London, 200 p, 1969, Price: 17S. 6D
Water Production Engr in Tex, Symp, Proc, (Held in Austin, Tex, May 3,
1966), Spon by Univ of Tex, Dept of Mech Engr Program Austin, 128 p,
1966, Price: $3.00
Water Quality Behavior in Reservoirs, A Compilation of Publ Res Papers,
Symons, J.M. (eds), In: U.S. Public Health Serv, Publ 1930, 616 p, 1969,
Price: $3.25
Water Quality Cont, Short Course, Papers, (Held in Amherst, Mass, March
23-25, 1970), Cospon by Univ of Mass, School of Engr, Dept of Civil
Engr, Environ Engr Program; and Univ ov Mass, Tech Guidance Centr for
Ind Environ Cont, 308 p, 1970
Water Quality Criteria for Interstate and Coastal Waters, Regulation 1-
67A, State of Mississippi, Air. and Water Pollut Cont Comm, Jackson,
12 p, March 1968
Water Quality Improvement by Physical and Chem Process, Water Resourc
Symp 3, Papers, Gloyna, E.F. and Eckenfelder, W.W., Jr, (eds), (Held in
Austin, Tex, April 1969), Spon by Univ of Tex, Centr for Res in Water
Resourc, Austin, Univ of Tex Press, Austin, 448 p, 1970, Price: $15.00
Water Quality Standards for Interstate and Coastal Waters of the State of
Wash and a Plan for Implementation and Enforcement of Such Standards,
Regulation, State of Wash, Water Pollut Cont Comm, 25 p, Feb 1970
Water REfuse Survey of Petro Refineries, Paper, Weil, R.V. and Jackson,
G.F., 14 p, 1969
Water Resourc Mgt in the Upper Potomac, Interstate Comm on the Potomac
River Basin, Annu Fall Public Meet, Papers, (Held in Harrisonburg, Va,
Nov 5-6, 1970), 132 p, 1970
111
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Water Resourc Res Conf, 5th Aimu, Rep, (Held in Wash DC, Feb 3-4, 1970),
Spon by U.S. Dept of the Interior, Office of Water Resourc Res, Wash
DC, 261 p, 1970
Water Resourc—The Role of the Univ Community, Univ-Wide Conf, Sel Proc,
Henniggn, R.D. and Hawkins, R,H. (eds), (Held in Syracuse, NU, March
12-14, 1969), Spon by State Univ of NY, Water Resourc Center, Syracuse.
In: NY (state) College of Forestry, Syracuse, Water Resourc Centr, Rep
4, 59 p, Sept 1969
Water Quality Criteria for Interstate Waters, Regulation, State of Missis-
sippi, Air and Water Pollut Cont Comm, Jackson, 13 p, 1970
The Water Situation in Sweden 1969, Rep, Natl Swedish Environ Protect
Board, Solna, 19 p, 1969
The Water Situation in Sweden 1970, Rep, Natl Swedish Environ Protect
Board, Solna, 18 p, 1970
Water: Solutions to a Problem of Supply and Demand, Overman, M., Aldus
Books, Aldus Sci and Tech Series, London, 192 p, 1968, Price: 16S
Water Treatment Plant Design, Amer Soc of Civil Engr, Amer Water Works
Assoc, and Conf of State Sanitary Engr, Amer Water Works Assoc, Inc,
NY, NY, 353 p, 1969, Price: $7.50, $15,00 (non-members)
Watersheds: Framework for Community Action, Natl Watershed Cong, 16th,
Papers, (Held in Louisville, Ky, June 8-11, 1969), 163 p, 1969
Weeds and Weed Cont, Swedish Weed Conf, llth, Proc, (Held in Uppsala,
Sweden, Jan 27-28, 1970), Spon by College of Agric, Dept of Plant Hus-
bandry and Res Info Centr, Uppsala, Sweden, 167 p, 1970
Weeds and Weed Cont, Swedish Weed Conf, 10th, Proc, (Held in Uppsala,
Sweden, Jan 22-23, 1969), Spon by College of Agric, Dept of Plant Hus-
bandry and Res Info Centr, Uppsala, Sweden, 76 p, 1969
Weeds and Weed Cont, Swedish Weed Conf, Papers, (Held in Uppsala, Sweden,
Jan 28-29, 1971), Spon by College of Agric, Dept of Animal Husbandry
and Res Info Centr, Uppsala, Sweden, 200 p, 1971
Western Soc of Naturalists, 15th Annu Meet, Abstr of Symp and Contributed
Papers, (Held in Los Angeles, Calif, Dec 27-20, 1969), Abstracts Avail
from Calif State Polytechnic College, San Luis Obisop, 32 p, 1969
"What Price Environ", Paper, Livermore, N.B., Jr, 24 p, May 1970
Workshop on Marine Wire Rope, Papers, (Held in Wash DC, Aug 11-13, 1970),
Spon by Office of Naval Res; Naval Ships Command (Supervisor of Sal-
vage) ; Catholic Univ of Amer and Natl Oceanographic Instrumentation
Centr, 102 p, 1970
World Distribution of Thunderstorm Days, II, Tables of Marine Data and
World Maps, Rep, World Meteorological Organiz (WMO), Geneva, Switzer-
land, 72 p, 1955, Price: $6.50
Yell-0-Pages: Environ Resourc, Directory, Howell, E; Holshouser, L. and
Puglisi, G. (eds), Environ Resourc Ind, Wash DC, 247 p, 1971, Price:
$10.00
You and Your Environ. Pamphlet, Amer Assoc of Univ Women, San Diego
County Brances, Calif 20 p, 1971
112
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APPENDIX B
ABSTRACTS
AIRCRAFT NOISE
Engine Inlet Noise
Fathy, A. B.; Lumsdaine, E.
NEW METHOD OF SOLVING ONE-DIMENSIONAL UNSTEADY FLOW EQUATIONS AND ITS
APPLICATION TO SHOCK WAVE STABILITY IN SONIC INLETS
Midwest Mech Conf, 13th, Proc, Univ of Pittsburgh, Pa, Aug 13-15, 1973,
Paper 12, p 153-166. Available from Univ of Pittsburgh, Sch of Engr, Pa,
1973
A new procedure of solving one-dimensional unsteady flow problems, when
the assumption of small perturbations is permissible, is presented. The
method is illustrated through its application to the problem of shock
wave stability in sonic inlets and was found to adequately predict the
dynamic characteristics of the inlet whenever the one-dimensional approx-
imation is acceptable. It also showed that sonic inlets are essentially
stable. 13 refs.
Hancock, R. N.
INLET DUCT SONIC FATIGUE INDUCED BY THE MULTIPLE PURE TONES OF A HIGH
BYPASS RATIO TURBOFAN
Inst of Environ Sci, Annu Tech Meet, 19th, Proc, Anaheim, Calif, Apr 2-5,
1973. Available from Inst of Environ Sci, Mt. Prospect, 111, 1973,
P 313-319
Requirements for the redesign of an engine inlet duct to withstand sonic
fatigue prompted the measurement of the duct acoustic environment for-
ward of a 6.2 bypass ratio turbofan. Several axial and circumferential
positions were utilized to characterize the noise incident on the inter-
nal nacelle structure. These data are briefly related to other measure-
ments from a 0.75 bypass ratio fan. These measurements are summarized,
including waveform, harmonic content and amplitude for various duct lo-
cations and fan operating conditions. A shaker test procedure was devised
to test redesigned duct components to withstand sonic fatigue. This pro-
cedure, duplicating high frequency modal response, is discussed. 7 refs.
113
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Livesey, J. L.; Odukwe, A. 0.
SOME EFFECTS OF PIPE FLOW GENERATED ENTRY CONDITIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF
STRAIGHT WALLED CONICAL DIFFUSERS WITH HIGH SUBSONIC ENTRY MACH NUMBER
ISR J Technol, v 11 n 4, 1973, p 217-222
The inlet Mach number was varied from 0.3 to choking while the Reynolds
number varied between 4.0x10^ and 1.07x10^. The diffuser inlet condi-
tion is defined in the absence of the diffuser and ineffectively infinite-
ly long pipe; thus the effect of the sharp transition is correctly attrib-
uted to the diffuser in the assessment of its losses. The results indicate
a deterioration and then improvement in diffuser performance as the entry
length increases. Contrary to previously obtained results, the effect of
inlet Mach number is neither consistently advantageous nor disadvantageous.
refs.
Zallen, D. M.
ENGINE INLET NOISE RESULTING FROM SHOCK WAVE IMPINGEMENT
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, 1972, p XV-XXV
Gas dynamic disturbances in an engine inlet duct and at the compressor
face that would result from a blast wave impinging on a moving aircraft
were analyzed. The dynamic wave system with accompanying overpressure and
maximum distortion were predicted. The basic study considers the shock
wave strength modification due to capture area ratio, duct area change,
and wave reflection at the compressor face. The results of this engine
inlet analysis can be used as input into methods, e.g., dynamic engine
simulation, for determining engine response to such noise.
Duct Noise - General
Baumeister, K. J.
APPLICATION OF FINITE DIFFERENCE TECHNIQUES TO NOISE PROPAGATION IN JET
ENGINE DUCTS
ASME Paper 73-WA/GT-10 for Meet Nov 11-15, 1973,
A finite difference formulation is presented for wave propagation in a
rectangular two-dimensional duct without steady flow. The difference
technique, which should be used in the study of acoustically treated in-
let and exhausts ducts used in turbofan engines, can readily handle acous-
tical flow field complications such as axial variations in wall impedance
and cross section area. In the numerical analysis, the continuous acoustic
field is lumped into a series of grid points in which the pressure and
velocity at each grid point are separated into real and imaginary terms.
An example calculation is also presented for the sound attenuation in a
two-dimensional straight soft-walled suppressor. 9 refs.
114
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Goldstein, M.; Rice, E.
EFFECT OF SHEAR ON DUCT WALL IMPEDANCE
J Sound and Vibr, v 30 n 1, Sept 8, 1973, p 79-84
Information on the reduction of turbofan engine noise is provided. The
solution to the equation governing the propagation of sound in a uniform
shear layer is expressed in terms of parabolic cylinder functions. This
result is used to develop a closed form solution for acoustic wall impe-
dance which accounts for both the duct liner and the presence of a bound-
ary layer in the duct. The effective wall impedance can then be used as
the boundary condition for the much simpler problem of sound propagation
in uniform flow.
Tarn,
ON FINITE AMPLITUDE SPINNING ACOUSTIC MODES AND SUBSONIC CHOKING
J Sound Vibr, v 16 n 3, June 8, 1971, p 393-405
The propagation of small but finite amplitude spinning acoustic wave modes
in an annular duct is studied. The usual frequency dispersion relation of
linear theory is extended to include the nonlinear effect of amplitude
dispersion. A perturbation procedure in which the frequency, wavenumber,
and amplitude relation is represented . It is found that nonlinear effects
are not negligible for wave modes of moderate amplitude. The phenomenon
of 'subsonic choking1 of these waves due to finite amplitude effect are
investigated. The physical aspects of this phenomenon are also discussed.
13 refs.
Sound Absorbent Material
Ko, S.-H.
SOUND ATTENUATION IN LINED RECTANGULAR DUCTS WITH FLOW AND ITS APPLICA-
TION TO THE REDUCTION OF AIRCRAFT ENGINE NOISE
Acous Soc Amer J, v 50 n 6, Dec 1971, p 1418-1432
Sound attenuation in a rectangular duct with two sides lined and with a
uniform steady flow is investigated. The fundamental mode is not neces-
sarily the least attenuated in lined ducts. Sound attenuation is influ-
enced by the fluid flow: tuning frequency shifts to higher frequency with
decreasing peak attenuation for downstream propagation and to lower fre-
quency with increasing peak attenuations for upstream propagation. The
effect of acoustic impedance on sound attenuation for a given duct geom-
etry is presented as well as the effect of duct geometry on sound atten-
uation for a given acoustic impedance. Theoretically predicted attenua-
tion spectra are compared with experimental results. The predicted
attenuation spectra are in a very good agreement with the experimental
results for downstream propagation. However, the present theory over-
predicts the sound attenuation for upstream propagation.
115
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Mangiarotty Civil Aviation RA
REDUCTION OF AIRCRAFT ENGINE FAN-COMPRESSOR NOISE USING ACOUSTIC LININGS
J Sound Vibr, v 18 n 4, Oct 22, 1971, p 565-76
The development of a method is described for reducing the approach-
landing noise of commercial jet transports by means of acoustic linings
for attenuating the noise generated by the fan-compressor in turbofan
engines and radiated from the intake and fan-exit ducts. A brief discus-
sion is given on the general characteristics of aircraft subjective noise
spectra, engine noise reduction techniques, results of research and de-
velopment on acoustic linings, lining technology and full scale testing.
Finally, a summary of areas of lining research and technology requiring
further investigation is given. 6 refs.
Hanson, L. ; Lieberman, S.
SOUND PROPAGATION AND ABSORPTION IN FOAM. A DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER MODEL
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 50 n 4, pt 1, Oct 1971, p 1075-80
A better understanding of the mechanisms of sound absorption in foams was
sought in a mechanical model of bubble pulsation and coupling and the
development of a distributed-parameter mechanical analog. Sound propaga-
tion and absorption mechanisms were shown to be accurately described by
the resonant response of individual bubbles coupled to neighboring bubbles.
Application is to noise reduction in aircraft jet engines. 14 refs.
McDaniel, 0. H.
PERFORMANCE OF ABSORPTIVE LINERS IN THE PRESENCE OF SPINNING MODES
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, 1972, p XV-XXV
The radiated noise due to jet engine fans and compressors can be reduced
by the application of absorptive treatment to the engine inlet and exhaust
ducts. A research program is being conducted to develop theoretical and
experimental methods to make optimum use of various absorption mechanisms
in order to obtain maximum noise reduction at a minimum loss in the air-
craft performance. Some results of the first phase of the program which
deal with the performance of liners made of several absorptive materials
in the presence of spinning modes in the linear region are presented, and
these results are compared with absorption coefficient measurements made
with an impedance tube and using a free field technique.
Woodall, J. F.
QUIETING THE JT3D POWERED 707
SV Sound Vibr, v 8 n 2, Feb 1974, p 20-25
Flightweight, flightworthy, acoustically treated engine nacelles have been
developed for the Boeing 707. The analytical techniques, predicted acous-
tics performance. Ground test data, and flight test data confirmed that a
retrofitted aircraft can comply with the noise requirements prescribed by
the Federal Aviation Agency for certification. 8 refs.
116
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Ban Noise
Noise Generation-
Barry, B.; Moore, C. J.
SUBSONIC FAN NOISE
J Sound Vibr, v 17 n 2, July 22, 1971, p 207-20
Helicopter rotor noise theories are used to determine the noise of sub-
sonic fans produced solely by the rotor, which results from aerodynamic
Intake flow distortions. It is shown that the aerodynamic interaction of
intake distortions with the blades will result in both rotor order tones
and broad-band noise. The dominance of the one over the other depends on
the space-time correlation of the distortions and the magnitude of typi-
cal fan length and time scales. Modulation effects are considered.
Benzakein, M. J.
RESEARCH ON FAN NOISE GENERATION
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 5, part 1, May 1972, p 1427-1438
Various aspects of multiple-pure-tone broadband noise generation in high
speed fans are discussed and an analytical model presented. Such noise
generation does not seem to depend on the presence of shock waves. The
"broadband" noise is shown to be not actually broadband in character but
could be attributed to modulation of blade-passing-frequency tones, their
subharmonics and higher harmonics.
Burdsall, E. A.
RECENT STUDIES OF FAN NOISE GENERATION AND REDUCTION
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, 1972, p 2-4
Discrete tone, broadband and combination tone noise in aircraft engine
fans is discussed, and the development of an accurate fan noise prediction
system that enables selection of proper acoustical design choices for en-
gines is described. Noise reduction in a modern high tip speed fan vehicle
is also investigated.
Cumpsty, N. A.; Lowrie, B. W.
CAUSE OF TONE GENERATION BY AERO-ENGINE FANS AT HIGH SUBSONIC TIP SPEEDS
AND THE EFFECT OF FORWARD SPEED
ASME Paper VN 73-WA/GT for Meet Nov 11-15, 1973,
Modern aero-engine fans (without inlet guide vanes) produce a tone at
blade passing frequency by interacting with the inlet flow distortion.
Because the distortion is altered by focward motion of the aircraft the
tone is also different under static and inflight conditions. At low tip
relative Mach numbers (less than about 0.85) the significant source of
distortion is the intake wall boundary layer. At higher tip Mach numbers
the principal distortion under static conditions is the atmospheric tur-
bulence drawn into the intake, but in flight this reduces and other forms
of distortion may then dominate. 6 refs.
117
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Lowson, M. V.
SOME EXPERIMENTS ON FAN NOISE AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS
Acous Soc Amer, New York J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Noise output from an open rotor was measured in an anechoic room. Simul-
taneously measurements of the aerodynamic input to the fan were made. The
aeroacoustic transfer function was thus measured and compared to various
theoretical models. The fan noise output is due to three sources: dis-
torted inflow, turbulent inflow, and self-generated tip noise. The latter
source is significant at higher frequencies and may dominate subjective
noise levels for both ventilating fans and low-speed geared fans for air-
craft use. This noise source can be successfully attacked via blade-tip
modifications which can give noise reductions of over 10 dB.
Mather, J.S.B.; Savidge, J.; Fisher, M. J.
NEW OBSERVATIONS ON TONE GENERATION IN FANS
J Sound Vibr, v 16 n 3, June 8, 1971, p 407-18
A theory to describe the generation of discrete tone noise by the aero-
dynamic interaction of rotor and stator rows in turb©machinery when the
rotor blades are not precisely identical is presented. Experimental data,
taken from measurements of the far-field of a number of free vortex tran-
sonic compressors, confirms the predictions of the theory and shows that
this type of interaction may be expected to occur in all fans and com-
pressors in current aeroengines.
Metzger, F. B.; Hanson, D. B.
LOW PRESSURE RATIO FAN NOISE EXPERIMENT AND THEORY
ASME Paper 72-GT-40 for Meet Mar 26-30, 1972
The Q-Fantm, a new low pressure ratio, low noise propulsor, is currently
under intensive development. Since the operating regime of the Q-fan dif-
fers from that of the turbofan, the dominant noise sources also differ.
This paper includes a summary of the results of extensive noise tests on
a Q-fan model, a discussion of the sources of various components of mea-
sured fan noise, and the results of analytical studies using a new theory
to define minimum noise fan configuration. 13 refs.
Mugridgf, B. D.; Morfey, C. L.
SOURCES OF NOISE IN AXIAL FLOW FANS
J Acous Soc Amer, v 51 n 5, part 1, May 1972, p 1411-1426
A review is given of experiments and theory relating to fan noise sources
and the physical processes for the flow processes analyzed for the case
of axial flow machines. The mode of generation of unsteady lift by turbu-
lence is included. Order-of-magnitude sound power estimates are compared
where possible with experimental results. 55 refs.
118
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Reethof, G.
AIRCRAFT FAN AND COMPRESSOR NOISE GENERATION — A REVIEW
Noise Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, 1972, p XV-XXV
Over the last 10 years the understanding of the nature of noise sources
In fans and compressors has increased as has the understanding of propa-
gation of the complex acoustic modes in ducts and from duct exits.' The
experience of the aircraft industry indicates that only a systems ap-
proach can result in significant noise reductions without unacceptable
performance degradations and weight increases of aircraft. The mechanisms
of noise generation in fans and compressors and analytical considerations
are discussed, and the state of the art of noise prediction methods is
briefly reviewed. It is noted that prediction techniques based on pub-
lished data for fans and compressors appears to be considerably behind
the current state of understanding of the mechanism of noise generation
and propagation.
Effects -
Hanson, D. B.
UNIFIED ANALYSIS OF FAN STATOR NOISE
Acous Soc of Amer J, v 54 n 6, Dec 1973, p 1571-1591
A theory is developed which predicts the acoustic radiation of an axial-
flow fan stator due to interaction with rotor viscous wakes. Calculations
are compared in detail with experimental data. Both the harmonic and
broadband noise-spectrum components are calculated from a unified model
using methodology from the theories of random pulse amplitude modulation
(PPM). The stator is modeled as a circular array of pulsed dipales. The
amplitude and arrival time of each pulse are random variables whose means
correspond to the values calculated from harmonic rotor-stator interac-
tion theory. The SD's of these random variables are measures of the tur-
bulence levels in the blade wakes. For the proposed model the solution
is exact; when PAM is imposed on a periodic stator source, new broadband
energy is generated whose spectrum shape is similar to the envelope of
harmonics at high frequencies and the harmonic radiation is unchanged;
however, when PPM occurs, new broadband energy is radiated but at the ex-
pense of harmonic energy. At frequencies significantly above duct cutoff,
the spectrum is essentially independent of the number of stator vanes for
a fixed stator solidity.
Krishnappa, G.
BLADE INTERACTION NOISE FROM LIFT FANS
J Acous Soc Amer, v 51 n 5, part 1, May 1972, p 1464-1470
Discrete frequency noise radiation from a single-stage lifting fan is
analytically estimated from measured steady and unsteady aerodynamic data
on the fan and compared with measured noise levels under controlled con-
ditions. Viscous wakes shed by rotor blades are measured and viscous in-
terference noise 'estimated. The relative importance of potential-flow
interaction and viscous wake is also discussed, 11 refs.
119
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Sofrin, T. G.
FAN NOISE MECHANISMS AND CONTROL—I
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, 1972, p 2-4
Three processes are involved in aircraft fan noise: generation, duct prop-
agation, and radiation. Fan Noise is generated at the rotating blades and
stationary vanes; discrete frequency blade passage noise and multiple pure
tone noise generated by fan aerodynamic loads take the form of coherent
periodic acoustic wave patterns in fan inlet and exit ducts. These pat-
terns propagate in spiral paths to the free ends and they radiate to free
space. Control of fan noise has been accomplished by eliminating inlet
vanes; increasing the spacing between rotating and stationary blade rows;
reducing fan tip speed; eliminating the second stage fan and its inter-
stage stator; and using a stator vane number to control interaction ef-
fects. Prediction of fan noise is considered.
Lowson, M. V.
FAN NOISE MECHANISMS AND CONTROL—II
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, 1972, p 2-4
Noise measurements were made on a low speed fan mounted in an an echoic
room and three principal source components were established: discrete fre-
quencies governed by inflow distortion, LF broadband noise controlled by
inflow turbulence and HF broadband noise regulated by blade tips. Con-
trol of fan noise at its source appears to be a matter of minimizing
nonuniformities in the fan inflow and choosing an optimum tipshape.
Semrau, W. R.
EFFECTS OF BLADE-VANE SPACING ON FAN NOISE
Acous Soc Amer, New York J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
Definitive experimental knowledge of discrete-frequency noise reduction,
which can be obtained in an aircraft turbofan engine through increased
axial spacing between the fan rotor and outlet guide vanes, has been lack-
ing. Using a unique heavy-gas scale model anechoic test facility, reaward
radiated discrete frequency and broadband noise was investigated for a
scale model fan. Data have been obtained for fan tip Mach numbers of 0.7
to 1.4, and rotor to OGV spacings of 0.13, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 rotor chords.
Discrete frequency noise reductions up to 17 dB were obtained. At close
spacing, discrete frequency reduction was at a rate greater than 6 dB/
double spacing. Relative harmonic content was not influenced by spacing
and reduction was independent of rotor speed. No significant change in
broadband noise was observed.
120
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Weidmann, J.
ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONS BETWEEN ACOUSTIC AND AERODYNAMIC PARAMETERS FOR
A SERIES OF DIMENSIONALLY SIMILAR CENTRIFUGAL FAN ROTORS (BEITRAG ZUR
ANALYSE DER BEZIEHUNGEN ZWTSCHEN DEN AKUSTISCHEN UND STROEMUNGSTECHNISCHEN
PARAMETERN AM BEISPIEL GEOMETRISCH AEHNLICHER RADIALVENTILATOR-LAUFRAEDER)
Deut Luft Raumfahrt, Forschungsber 71-12, 1971
Experimeats were made with a fan blowing against a sharp edge. It was
shown that the frequency dependence of the sound pressure established in
the free field is essentially determined by velocity fluctuations on the
edge and, independently thereof, by the dimension to the wavelength ratio.
27 refs. In German with English abstract.
Design for Noise Reduction-
Chanaud, Robert C.
NOISE REDUCTION IN PROPELLER FANS USING POROUS BLADES AT FREE-FLOW
CONDITIONS
Acous Soc Amer J, v 51 n 1, Jan 1972, p 15-18
Experiments were conducted on propeller fan blades at free-flow condi-
tions to determine the noise reduction associated with the use of rigid
porous materials as the blade material in lieu of solid material. The re-
sults suggest that significant reduction can be achieved with no loss
of pumping efficiency when the pitch angle is increased from normal.
Coleman, H. J.
HAWKER SIDDELY, ROLLS TO TEST HS.125 WITH SOUND SUPPRESSION
Avia Wk & Space Tech, v 99 n 13, Sept 24, 1973, p 57-58, 63
An HS.125 business jet fitted with a variety of sound suppression devices
aimed at bettering Federal Aviation Regulations Part 36 by the mid-1974
compliance date is being tested. The plan is to develop a comprehensive
and cost effective hush kit program involving existing Rolls-Royce Viper
600 series engines, with current engineering work already underway on
fundamental design changes that could include a redesigned fan and compres-
sor to give d higher mass flow. Preliminary testing, projected test pro-
grams, complementary projects, and anticipated results are discussed.
Loeffler, I. J.; Lieblein, S.; Stockman, N. 0.
EFFECT OF ROTOR DESIGN TIP SPEED ON NOISE OF A 1.21 PRESSURE RATIO MODEL
FAN UNDER STATIC CONDITIONS
ASME Paper 73-WA/GT-ll for Meet Nov 11-15, 1973
Preliminary results are presented for a reverberant-field noise investi-
gation of three fan stages designed for the same overall total pressure
ratio of 1.21 at different rotor tip speeds (750, 900, and 1050 fps).
The stages were tested statically in a 14-in. diam model lift fan in-
stalled in a wind pod located in the test section of a wind tunnel.
121
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Although the fan stages produced essentially the same design pressure
ratio, marked differences were observed in the variation of fan noise with
fan operating speed. At design speed, the forward-radiated sound power
level was approximately the same for the 750 and 900 fps stages. For the
1050 fps stage, the design speed forward-radiated power level was about
7 dB higher due to the generation of multiple pure tone noise.
Metzger, F. R.; Worobel, R.
NEW LOW PRESSURE RATIO FANS FOR QUIET BUSINESS AIRCRAFT PROPULSION
SAE Paper 730288 for Meet Apr 3-6, 1973
In this paper an alternative to the propeller as a propulsor for general
aviation aircraft is discussed. This is the subsonic tip speed low-
pressure ratio fan which can be mated to turboshaft, rotary combustion,
or reciprocating engines to provide a low noise propulsor in a small
package. Information is presented which shows tradeoffs among noise,
weight, size, cost, and performance. Examples are included to show the
influence of various noise targets on fan configuration and engine muffler
requirements. 11 refs.
Thomas, W. W.
TURBOTIP LIFT FAN DESIGN
ASME Paper 72-GT-lll for Meet Mar 26-30, 1972
Discusses the basic design approach and features of the turbotip lift fan
concept, initially developed for application in the XV-5 VTOL research air-
craft. Design changes necessary to meet the requirements of the proposed
NASA V/STOL transport research aircraft and future commercial transport
systems are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the effects of acoustic, in-
stallation, control response and life/maintenance objectives on component
design and lift fan geometry.
Sonic Fatigue in Structures-
Holehouse, I.
SONIC FATIGUE OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES DUE TO JET ENGINE FAN NOISE
J Sound Vibr, v 17 n 3, Aug 8, 1971, p 287-98
The effects on aircraft structures of high frequency fan noise from high
by-pass ratio turbofan engines is discussed. Actual case histories and
investigative details are presented. Considerations essential to a proper
failure diagnosis are outlined and precautionary measures for future de-
sign efforts are suggested.
122
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Transmission of Sound Waves-
Koch, W.
ON THE TRANSMISSION OF SOUND WAVES THROUGH A BLADE ROW
J Sound Vibr, v 18 n 1, Sept 8, 1971, p 111-28
The problem of the transmission and reflection of plane sound waves Inci-
dent upon a single cascade of finite plates is solved using the Wiener-
Hopf technique. The results are given in explicit form containing an
infinite number of constants. These constants, which are related to the
attenuated waves in the 'duct1 formed by two adjacent blades, have to be
determined from an infinite system of linear, algebraic equations. An
iterative solution is possible and converges rapidly in most cases. But
even without taking these attenuated modes into account (equivalent to a
zeroth approximation) good agreement with previous results is obtained.
16 refs.
Compressor Noise
Moravec, Z.
EINIGE ERKENNTNISSE UEBER DIE ENTSTEHUNG DES SIRENENLAERMS DER AXIALEN
VERDICHTERSCHAUFELSTUFE (SOME FINDINGS RELATED TO THE ORIGIN OF THE SIREN-
LIKE NOISE OF THE BLADE STATE OF AXIAL COMPRESSOR)
Oesterr Ing-Z, v 15 n 7, Jul 1972, p 199-203
10 refs. In German.
Oslac, M. J.; Seiner, J. M.
AN INVESTIGATION OF COMPRESSOR NOISE BY USE OF A SPINNING MODE SYNTHESIZER
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf Proc, 1972, p XV-XXV
Commerical fan engines or model test rigs have exhibited limiting factors
in studies attempting to relate the pertinent parameters of spinning modes
or waves to the acoustical characteristics of various duct treatments. The
spinning mode synthesizer, developed at Permyslvania State University, was
designed to provide a means for making induct measurements of the radial,
axial and circumferential modal distributions. The results of experiments
conducted with the synthesizer are presented and give excellent justifica-
tion for utilizing the device for testing the absorptive qualities of duct
liners in the presence of spinning waves. It further enables more basic
research to be done in the area of complex modes in variable geometry
cylindrical ducts.
123
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Jet Engine Noise
Refan-
McRae, G. M.
REFANNED COMMERCIAL GAS TURBINE ENGINES
SAE Paper 730346 for Meet Apr 24-26, 1973
A NASA sponsored program to develop noise reduction modifications for the
JT3D and JT8D engines was initiated in August 1972. New higher flow single
stage fans are attractive and result in higher bypass ratios with improved
thrust and fuel consumption and reduced jet velocities. Flyover noise re-
ductions as great as 20 EPN dBare shown for the modified engines with
nacelle treatment. Engine certification can be completed and production
hardware for fleet retrofit or new airplanes can be provided by late 1975.
Gas Turbine Exhaust-
Cummins, J. R.
ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS TURBINE EXHAUST MODEL
ASME Paper 73-WA/GT-5 for Meet Nov 11-15, 1973
To investigate the sources of acoustic radiation from a gas turbine ex-
haust, a one-seventh scale model has been constructed. The model geomet-
rically scales the flow path downstream of the rotating parts including
support struts and turning vanes. A discussion and comparison of differ-
ent kinds of aerodynamic and acoustic scaling techniques are given. The
effect of the temperature ratio between model and prototype is found to
be an important parameter in comparing acoustical data.
Bypass Lift Engine-
Kurzke, J.
ZUR LAERMENTWICKLUNG UNO AUSLEGUNG VON BYPASS-HUBTRIEBWERKEN. (NOISE
DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN OF BYPASS LIFT JET ENGINES)
Z Flugwiss, v 21 n 10, Oct 1973, p 337-345
Noise development of bypass lift jet engines influences considerably
their design. In order to be able to make statements on some important
parameters, a relationship between aerodynamic and acoustic data must be
provided. The first part of this paper deals with noise radiation in the
outlet part of bypass engines. An application of the previously derived
correlations to an aft-fan lift engine of special construction follows in
the second part. Moreover, it appeared that, with prescribed noise limits,
the maximum technically attainable turbine inlet temperature does not
necessarily lead to the most favorable specific thrust and consumption
values. 24 refs. In German.
124
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High Bypass Turbofan Engines -
Benzakein, M. J.; Smith, E. B.
TURBINE NOISE GENERATION AND SUPPRESSION
ASME Paper 73-WA/GT-7 for Meet Nov 11-15, 1973
An analytical method for the prediction of turbine generated noise is
discussed. The method links the duct acoustic modes with the turbomachin-
ery aerodynamics. The results of the analysis are compared with turbine
component and engine results. Component data on the effects of the varia-
tion of axial spacing between blade rows on turbine aerodynamics and
acoustics are presented. The results of an experimental evaluation of the^
relative importance of turbine noise on highly suppressed bypass turbo-
fans are discussed. The development of high temperature acoustic treatment
and its application to high bypass turbofans are presented. 8 refs.
Hoover, R. M.
LOW FREQUENCY NOISE OF GAS TURBINES
Acous Soc Amer, New York J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-292
With many electric utility gas turbine installations, the most difficult
noise problem has been the control of LF noise radiated to the community
from the turbine exhaust. A number of case histories are discussed lead-
ing to some suggestions for noise control design goals for the 31.5 Ez
octave band. Some material is presented on noise spectra, noise control
measures, and noise specifications for gas turbines pertinent to low
frequencies.
Hourmouziadis, J.
OPTIMERUNG DES ZWEIKREISTRIEBWERKS UNTER BERUECKSICHTIGUNG DES LAERMS
(OPTIMIAZATION OF TURBOFAN CYCLE PARAMETERS WITH RESPECT TO NOISE ABATEMENT
Konstr Masch App Geraetebau, v 25 n 10, Oct 1973, p 377-382
Design criteria for a quieter engine design using the bypass pressure
equalization method are discussed. Test results of various jet engines
with different modifications for noise suppression are given. Design as-
pects of a three-cycle engine are evaluated. 8 refs. In German.
McCune, J. E.; Kerrebrock, J. L.
NOISE FROM AIRCRAFT TURBOMACHINERY
In Annu Review Fluid Mech, v 5, Ed by M. VanDyke
Reduction of noise in modern, high-bypass turbofans is discussed, and
prediction of noise levels from blading geometry is emphasized. The con-
nection between noise production and performance measured in terms of
thrust/unit of airflow and thrust/unit of engine weight is examined. Jet
and turbomachinery acoustical efficiency is considered, along with the
importance of specific thrust. Noise sources and suppressors in super-
sonic jets are described, and rotor and compressor noise is analyzed.
125
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Plucinsky, J. C.
"QUIET" ASPECTS OF THE PRATT & WHITNEY AIRCRAFT JT150 TURBOFAN
SAE Pr.epr 730289 for Meet Apr 3-6, 1973
This paper describes the engine design details of the Pratt & Whitney
JT15D-1 Engine as related to noise generation. Design principles and fac-
tors contributing to the very low noise levels on the Cessna Citation
aircraft are illustrated. Noise testing experiences and data from static
tests on the United Aircraft of Canada Ltd. (UACL) flight test aircraft
and from both static and flight tests on the Citation aircraft are dis-
cussed. Lessons learned from these tests and some future probabilities
are outlined. 12 refs.
Tucker, R. H.; Nelson, M. D. ; Gregg, G. E.; Palmer, F. I.
DEVELOPMENTAL DESIGN, FABRICATION, AND TEST OF ACOUSTIC SUPPRESSORS
FOR FANS OF HIGH BYPASS TURBOFAN ENGINES.
NASA Contract REP CR-2338, Jan 1974
The acoustic design goal was a 10 dB reduction in effective perceived fan
noise levels during takeoff and approach, through improved nacelle design.
The acoustic design goal for each nacelle was 15 dB reductions in per-
ceived fan noise levels from the inlet and fan duct. A three-ring inlet,
one ring fan duct design using a broadbased acoustic lining, provided the
best performance. Estimates of peak attenuation are 12.8 and 9.4 EPN dB in
the inlet and fan duct radiated noise, respectively. 15 refs.
Noise Reduction Progress -
Blumenthal, V. L.; Huntington, W. S.; Streckenbach, J. M.
NOISE-REDUCTION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: 1972 PROGRESS
Boeing Company, Com Airplane Divn, Docu D6-60199, Mar 1973
Noise reduction at Boeing Commercial Airplane Company is discussed and im-
portant areas that need urgent attention and adequate funding to ensure a
continued improvement in the community noise situation are highlighted.
Specific progress in the research and development of noise control in the
low-bypass-ratio turbofan fleet (including the 727,.707 and 737 airplanes)
and the 747 airplane is described. Advances have been made in the tech-
nologies of quieter engine design and the acoustic treatment of engine
installations to attenuate engine-generated noise. Recent studies and
flight tests of large commercial airplanes strongly indicate that a new
constraint must be considered, that of airframe noise for at least the
approach condition.
126
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Siddon, T. E.
JET NOISE RESEARCH—PROGRESS AND PROGNOSIS
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, 1972, p 2-3
The evolution of turbofan engine technology is outlined and research on
noise generation mechanisms and noise reduction is reviewed. Diagnostic
techniques and Instrumentation are described, and the fluid dynamics of
noise production by subsonic jet engines is discussed.
Tedrick, R. N.; Heldenbrand, R. W.
PROGRESS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OPTIMALLY QUIET TURBOFAN ENGINES AND
INSTALLATIONS
SAE Paper 730287 for Meet Apr 3-6, 1973
A program, under the sponsorship of the U.S. Air Force Aero Propulsion
Laboratory, is now under way to provide the computational tools necessary
to predict noise signatures for small turbopropulsion engines and to de-
sign attenuation equipment as required to meet specific low noise goals.
The 24-month program, scheduled for completion in August 1973, involves
the analysis of turbine engine noise prediction and attenuation methods,
as well as the experimental verification of these analyses with full scale
hardware. This paper reviews the methodology development phases and exam-
ines acoustical data from bare and attenuated engine tests.
Advanced Engines -
Behelm, M. A.; Antl, R. J.; Povolny, J. H.
ADVANCED PROPULSION CLEANER AND QUIETER
Astronaut Aeronaut, v 10 n 8, Aug 1972, p 37-43
Advanced propulsion could make an airliner much more acceptable to the
community around the airport and still push it to Mach 0.98 cruise speed
at little extra cost. Problems of acoustical noise and engine emissions
are discussed and solutions proposed both through improved aerodynamics
design and the use of improved materials. 2 refs.
Gerend, R. P.; Roundhill, J. P.; Welliver, A. D.
ENGINE CYCLE CONSIDERATIONS FOR FUTURE TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT
SAE Prepr 730345 for Meet Apr 24-26, 1973
Recent noise technology advancements have provided an increased under-
standing of true engine noise "floor" levels. This has led to changes
in necessary engine cycle requirements for low-noise commercial airplanes.
Updated prediction techniques for the core and jet noise sources are de-
scribed, and lining technology Improvements are reviewed. Core engine
noise rather than jet noise may determine the noise floor for engines
with bypass ratios much above BPR = 5-7. Thus, the ability to reach very
low noise levels with higher bypass ratio engines may not be as great as
previously predicted.
127
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BENEFITS OF ADVANCED PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY FOR THE ADVANCED SUPERSONIC
TRANSPORT
SAE Prepr 730896 for Meet Oct 16-18, 1973
This paper will cover the promising propulsion systems including vari-
able cycle engine concepts for long range supersonic commercial transport
application. The benefits of applying advanced propulsion technology to
solve the economic and environmental problems will be reviewed. The ad-
vanced propulsion technologies to be covered will be in the areas of
structures, materials, cooling techniques, aerodynamics, variable engine
geometry, jet noise suppressors, acoustic treatment, and low emission bur-
ners. The results of applying the advanced propulsion technology will be
presented in terms of improvement in overall system takeoff gross weight
and return on investment.
Kramer, J. J.
NASA QUIET ENGINE
SAE Paper 710774 for Meet Sept 28-30, 1971
Development of the high-bypass ratio engine with its low jet noise signa-
ture, improved understanding of the fan noise generation process and de-
velopment of nacelle acoustic lining technology have all contributed to
the feasibility of reducing noise levels associated with the 707/DC8 air-
craft by approximately 15 to 20 PNdB 13 refs.
Jet Noise
Directivity -
Chu, W. T.; Petersen, R. A.; Kao, K.
DIRECTIVITY OF JET NOISE
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 3, Part 1, Mar 1972, p 830-832
Communication to the editor shows how Ribner's proposed basic directivity
of jet noise and also the modified Lighthill's convection effect can be
used to predict the acoustic power of subsonic jets from a single point
intensity measurement at 90 deg from the jet axis. The prediction was
very good from low subsonic speeds to near sonic speeds for a 2-in. diam
model jet.
Ribner, H. S.; MacGregor, G. R.; Lam, H.
BASIC DIRECTIVITY OF JET NOISE WITH IMPROVED CORRECTION FOR REFRACTION
In an earlier work of Grande, experimental jet noise polar plots were cor-
rected for refraction (by experiment) and for convection (by theory) to
yield the experimental basic directivity in narrow frequency bands. The
experimental correction for refraction at each frequency was obtained from
the difference in the directional patterns of a point source placed in the
air jet with jet off and jet on. Before refraction, this point source will
128
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produce a spherical directional pattern, but the narrow-band jet noise will
have an elongated pattern owing to convection. It was realized belatedly
that the refractive change in intensity at corresponding angles cannot be
taken as the same for the two different initial polar patterns. There is
some violation of energy conservation. To avoid this error, later unpub-
lished measurements by Mac Gregor were reworked by Lam, incorporating a
correction to the refraction effect measured with the point source. The
correction was specified by an assumed functional form as a polar plot;
the amplitude was then dictated by the requirement of conservation of
energy. The measured jet noise data processed along the lines of Grande,
led to much improved agreement between experiment and theory.
Measurement -
DeBelleval, J. F.; Perulli, M.; Gauffre, G.
COMPUTATION OF THE SOUND FIELD OF A JET FROM CHARACTERISTIC TURBULENCE
PARAMETERS MEASURED BY CROSSED BEAM TECHNIQUES
Opto-Electron, v 5 n 1, Jan 1973, p 65-69
The sound field radiating from a jet is strongly dependent upon the turbu-
lence in the jet. To describe the sound sources in a hot jet, a method has
been developed, based upon the measurement of infrared radiation of the jet,
and a hybrid processing of the measured signal which enables the computation
of characteristic properties of the turbulence at various points inside
the jet. From these quantities the acoustic far field can be mapped, as a
function of the polar distribution of the spectrum, the turbulence intensity
and the total sound pressure field. 15 refs.
Salant, R. F.; Wu, J.H.T.; Handa, H.; Sorrow, J. W.
HOLOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE DISTURBANCES GENERATING SUPERSONIC JET NOISE
Acous Soc of Amer New York J, v 53 n 1, 1973, p 291-392
Optical holography has been used to study the noise generating disturbances
within supersonic N and He laboratory scale tests. Mach angle measurements
indicate that the average convection velocity of such disturbances is 77
percent of the jet velocity for the N jet in the Mach number range of 2.8
to 3.4, and is 67 percent of the jet velocity for the He jet in the Mach
number range of 1.5 to 3.0. The length scale of the disturbances in the
N jet has been found to contain a primary peak at 0.20 to 0.45 jet diame-
ters. The amplitude of the secondary peak, relative to the primary peak,
increases in the downstream direction. In addition, the real length scales
shift upwards in the downstream direction.
Salant, R. F.; Zaic, G. F.; Kolesar, R. R.
HOLOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE MACH WAVE FIELD GENERATED BY A SUPERSONIC TURBULENT
JET
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc. 1972, p XV-XXV
Holographic interferograms of supersonic cold air jet indicate the dominant
form of radiation from such a jet is Mach wave radiation. The conical wave
fronts are clearly visible, extending from the edge of the supersonic core
129
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into the ambient fluid. They appear to originate from disturbances at the
edge of the potential core, and are not observed to be generated down-
stream of the tip of the potential core. Experiments in which a wedge was
inserted into the subsonic mixing region of the jet, indicate that region
plays little, if any, role in the Mach wave generation process.
Crossflow-
Cole, J. E. Ill
INFLUENCE OF A CROSSFLOW ON JET NOISE
ASA Contr Rep CR-2169, Nov 1972
The acoustic field which is generated by a circular jet in the presence of
a low speed crossflow is calculated. The solution is obtained for a
quadrupole source located in a uniformly moving acoustic medium. Ribner's
work on straight jets is used to model the flow in the turbulent cross-
flow jet. the movement of the acoustic medium results in the acoustic
intensity being further upstream of the jet flow than at an equal distance
downstream. A summary is also presented of the analysis for the acoustic
intensity of a crossflow jet which is in motion through a stationary
acoustic medium. This analysis is applicable to the noise generated by
the lift jet of a V/STOL aircraft under takeoff or landing conditions.
The results of these two configurations provide a comparison of the
directional distribution of acoustic intensity measured in a wind tunnel
test of a crossflow jet and in a corresponding flight test. 14 refs.
Cole, John E. Ill
NOISE CHARACTERISTICS OF A TURBULENT CROSSWIND JET
AIAA J, v 12 n 2, Feb 1974, p 198-202
The turbulent flow which results when a circular jet issues into a cross-
wind is a noise source which is encountered during takeoff .and landing of
certain types of V/STOL aircraft. The acoustic intensity of the noise from
this flow is calculated by extending a previous freejet model to those
crosswind jets for which the ratio of jet velocity to crosswind velocity
is between 6 and 10. The extended model accounts for the noncircular cross
section. The shortened potential core region, and the flow characteristics
in the initial mixing region of the crosswind jet. The result of this an-
alysis is an expression for the directivity function of the acoustic in-
tensity from a crosswind jet of a V/STOL aircraft in flight. 11 refs.
Subsonic Jet Noise -
Bordovishyn, y. a.
COMPACT SUBSONIC GAS JET AERODYNAMIC NOISE SUPPRESSOR
Sov Aeronaut, v 16 n 1, 1973, p 83-84
Results are presented of full scale tests of a compact noise suppressor for
a subsonic jet which provides reduction of the noise level over the entire
audio frequency range. The suppressor operating principle and construction
are described. Use of the suppressor is recommended for reducing the noise
130
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level of the exhaust gas jet of marine gas turbine installations, gas tur-
bine electric generation stations, and gas turbine engine test stands.
2 refs. 026751
Bushnell, K. W.; Ahuja, K. K.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SUBSONIC JET NOISE AND COMPARISON WITH THEORY
J Sound Vibr, v 30 n 3, Oct 8, 1973
Measurements of the noise field from three subsonic cold air jets are pre-
sented. The tests were conducted in the anechoic chamber of the National
<3as Turbine Establishment, Pyestock, England, on a test rig with a very
large contraction ratio (maximum, 250:1; minimum, 70:1) and with an air
supply system which produces a jet having a low turbulence leve} just up-
stream of the nozzle exit and whose noise is dominated by pure jet mixing
noise. Comparison of the results is made with the theory by analyzing
them in detail by determining both the jet velocity dependence and the
directivity of the intensity of the radiation in 1/3 octave bands at
particular values of the doppler corrected Strouhal frequency.
Chu, W. T.; Laufer, J.; Kao, K.
NOISE SOURCE DISTRIBUTION IN SUBSONIC JETS
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr. Proc. 1972, p 2-4
' A directional microphone system based on the imaging principle of a spheri-
cal concave reflector was used to quantitatively determine noise source
distribution in subsonic jets. Higher frequency noise is generated by sources
located close to the nozzle exit. Numerical improvement is obtained by spa-
tial resolution of the directional microphone system at lower frequencies.
Crighton, D. G.
EXCESS NOISE FIELD OF SUBSONIC JETS
J Fluid Mech, v 56, part 4, Dec 28, 1972, p 683-694
The sound field generated by the interaction of spatial instabilities on
the shear layer shed from a duct with the nozzle lip is studied. It is shown
that the intensity varies with direction theta from the exhaust and with the
subsonic exhaust speed U according to I similar U6(l-cos9)2 and I similar
U^sin^O for the axisymmetric and first aximuthal (sinuous) modes respectively.
The first of these results is interpreted in terms of monopole and dipole
sources at the exit plane, representing the acoustic effect of fluctuating
mass flow and axial thrust across the exit plane, and the second in terms of
a transverse dipole at the exit plane, corresponding to fluctuations in cross
stream thrust. 13 refs.
131
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Davies, P.O.A.L.; Ko, N.W.M.
THE NEAR FIELD WITHIN THE POTENTIAL CONE OF SUBSONIC COLD JETS
J Fluid Mech, v 50 n 1, Nov 15, 1975, p 49-78
The components of the near pressure field in the potential cone of a sub-
sonic circular turbulent jet in which the potential flow condition exists
within the first four and a half diameter downstream appear to be moving
with a phase velocity equal to the local speed of sound. The direction of
propagation is roughly normal to the shear layer surrounding the cone.
Some components of the hot wire signal can be associated with the jet
structure as a simple complex source, while others are related to the local
characteristics of turbulence. Differences in the characteristics of the
pressure field within the potential cone exist between the vortex generated
noise at very low jet velocity and the eddy generated noise at higher velocity
Maestrello, L.; McDaid, E.
ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A HIGH-SUBSONIC JET
AIAA J, v 9 n 6, June 1971, p 1058-66
The acoustic source regions of a subsonic cold jet were traced as far as
the periphery of the jet by means of the pressure field on a plane rigid
surface located in the vicinity of the jet. The centers of these regions
were determined to be from 4 to 18 diam downstream of the exit. Additional
measurements were made of flow variables within the jet. From these measure-
ments, the downstream kinetic energy dissipation rate was calculated.. Finally.
the acoustic radiation characteristics of several simple nozzle configuration;
were measured. Results indicate that only limited reductions in total sound
power resulted. 35 refs.
Munin, A. G.; Shchepochkin, M. A.
ACOUSTIC POWER SPECTRUM OF A SUBSONIC JET
Sov Phys Acous, v 18 n 2, Oct-Dec 1972, p 241-245
The spectral distribution of the radiated acoustic power from an axisymmetric
choked jet is investigated. Expressions are derived for the noise spectral
in the initial and main segments of the jet. The solution is extended to the
case of an arbitrary segment of the jet from the nozzle orifice to a particu-
lar fixed segment. The results can be used for calculations of the emission
spectrum for noise from any segment of a jet between two fixed cross sections
5 refs.
Tanna, H. K.
ON THE EFFECT OF SWIRLING MOTION OF SOURCES ON SUBSONIC JET NOISE
J Sound and Vibr, v 29 n 3, Aug 8, 1973, p 281-293
The general result for the sound field of a point acoustic stress in arbi-
trary motion is applied to study the effect of uniform circular source mo-
tion on the farfield sound radiation from a randomly oriented point
quadrupole of random time variation. By using the moving source approach,
closed form results are obtained for the overall radiation directly,
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without involving the radiation spectrum. A uniform axial motion is then
superimposed and the sound field of a point quadrupole in helical motion
is evaluated by applying retarded time transformations to the circular mo-
tion results. The effects of acceleration of the sources, due to steady
convection in a helical path, on the familiar linear motion results for
subsonic jet noise are established.
Yu, J. C.
FAR NOISE FIELD OF A SUBSONIC AIR JET
Acous Soc of Amer New York J, v 53 n 1, 1973, P 291-392
A far-field noise survey, conducted in the open field, was made for a 2 in.
circular subsonic cold air jet. The exit velocity range investigated varied
from 350 to 800 ft/sec. The contoured converging nozzle used had a contrac-
tion ratio of 50. In order to eliminate possible upstream acoustic contamina-
tion of the jet noise, a blow-down technique was used to generate jet flow
with a large acoustically treated settling chamber. Results are presented in
the form of overall and spectral directivity, power spectrum, total power
radiated, and their dependence on mean flow parameters. Correlation was made
with the existing theories of subsonic jet noise.
Supersonic Jet Noise -
Barna, P. S.
PERFORMANCE AND NOISE GENERATION STUDIES OF SUPERSONIC AIR EJECTORS
NASA Contract Report CR-2056, Jun 1972
Experimental investigations are conducted to determine the aerodynamic per-
formance and noise generation characteristics of five ejectors having sub-
sonic secondary flow. Primary nozzles with equal exit area for Mach numbers
1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 produces a variety of noise and pumping effects= The
pumping capacity, specific power and noise generation of the Mach 1 nozzle
is the highest and its mass augmentation is the lowest among the nozzles
tested. The Mach 3 nozzle is found superior in mass augmentation and it also
produces the lowest noise, however its pumping capacity and specific power
was the lowest. 15 refs.
Dasanjh, D. S.; Yu, J. C. ; Abdelhamid, A. N.
REDUCTION OF NOISE FROM SUPERSONIC JET FLOWS
AIAA J, v 9 n 12, Dec 1971, p 2346-2353
Acoustic characteristics and flow behavior of interacting coaxial super-
sonic jets have been investigated experimentally. A number of arrangements
of inner and outer coaxial nozzles were used. Far field acoustic measure-
ments and preliminary near field measurements were made. Substantial reduc-
tions in both peak sound pressure and total radiated power were obtained
over a range of operating conditions of coaxial jet flows. Spark-shadowgraphs
recorded at these operating conditions revealed consistent appearance of a
characteristic pattern of shock structure which effectively eliminates usual
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repetitive shock cells associated with supersonic jet flows. Corresponding
velocity profiles deduced from pilot-pressure surveys of coaxial jet flows
indicate that large mean shear at the inner boundary of the outer annular
jet as well as mixing are favorably modified owing to interaction of inner
and outer jet flows. Dependence of measured noise reduction on observed
flow changes is discussed.
Liu, J.T.C.
NOISE RADIATION FROM TURBULENT SHEAR LAYER INSTABILITY WAVES IN SUPERSONIC
JET EXHAUSTS
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, 1972, p XV-XXV
Supersonic exhaust flows are investigated. It is contended that the Mach
wave radiation field is generated by super son ically traveling waves, rather
than randomly occurring and disappearing eddies, which are inherent in the
dynamically "unstable" supersonic turbulent free shear flow. The mechanisms
which are responsible for the volution of these waves in a developing tur-
bulent free shear flow are discussed. The acoustic energy flux normal to
the shear layer first increases and then decreases in the streamwise direc-
tion. The contributions from the higher Strouhal number waves occur over
a squashed streamwise distance closer to the start of the free shear layer,
and from the lower Strouhal number waves over a stretched out streamwise
distance further downstream. The Strouhal number being the wave frequency
made dimensionless by the exit velocity and the initial boundary layer
thickness.
Nagamatsu, H. T.; Sheer, R. E. Jr; Gill, M. S.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTITUDE MULTISHROUD SUPERSONIC JET NOISE SUPPRESSOR
IAA J, v 10 n 3, Mar 1972, p 307-313
Supersonic jet noise suppressor with 191 tubes and 191 hexagonal shrouds
was investigated at jet Mach numbers of 1.4 and 0.71. The effects of the
length of the multishrouds and the lo'cation of the shroud leading edge from
the tube exits were determined. Comparison is made with the equivalent
1-9/16 in. diam convergent nozzle, and the acoustic data were analyzed by
means of a supersonic jet noise theory. The overall sound power level re-
duction and the percentage thrust loss for various multishroud configura-
tions were determined. 9 refs.
Pao, S. P.
GENERALIZED THEORY ON THE NOISE GENERATION FROM SUPERSONIC SHEAR LAYERS
J Sound Vibr, v 19 n 4, Dec 22, 1971, p 401-410
The present paper, generalization to Phillips' theory, is presented. Both
Mach wave radiation and non-Mach noise radiation mechanisms are considered
The range of validity of Phillips' theory has been expanded to include the
low supersonic arid transonic ranges. It is found that the low frequency
noise is refracted by the mean flow while the high frequency noise is re-
fracted and attenuated by the mean flow. For each given noise frequency,
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the source is limited to a finite layer of the jet. Incidentally, the major
portion of the noise spectrum can be analytically classified as high fre-
quencies. The noise generation mechanisms in a supersonic jet are found to
differ from those in a subsonic jet in general. 14 refs.
Yu, J. C.: Dosanjh. D. S.
NOISE FIELD OF A SUPERSONIC MACH 1.5 COLD MODEL JET
J Acous Soc Amer, v 51 n 5, part 1, May 1972, p 1400-1410
Systematic surveys were made of near and far noise fields for a supersonic
cold model jet with nozzle design for Mach 1.5- Experiments showed that
the strongest source for the shock-free jet was located in the region
between the laminar core tip and the supersonic core tip. For the under-
expanded jet the strongest source was near the middle of the flow region
containing repetitive shock waves.
Jets with Combustion -
Abdelhamid, A. N.; Harrje, D. T. ; Plett, E. G. ; Summerf ield, M.
NOISE OF HIGH SPEED JETS WITH ROUGH COMBUSTION
Acous Soc of Amer, New York, J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
An experimental program to demonstrate the effect of unsteady combustion
processes in a combustion-augmented jet flow is described. Characteristics
of noise for several combustors, having different flame holders and several
lengths, operating in a jet temperature range from 1100 C to 1500 C and
a jet Mach number range from 0.2 to 0.35 (jet exit velocity ranging between
400 and 800 ft/sec) are presented. Data were collected from 6 B&K 1/4 in.
microphones positioned at an angular separation of 15 deg in a quadrant of
50 ft radius from the 2-in. diam nozzle exit. Kistler Type 601 pressure
transducers are mounted in the duct wall of the combustor which is held on
a Pylon 12 ft above the ground. A directivity pattern with a nearly circular
pattern, which has a peak in the vicinity of 45 to 60 deg from the jet axis
is shown. Comparison of internal pressure fluctuations with the far field
noise shows many similarities in the spectrum, an observation which is
verified by the strong cross correlation between the two signals. Combustor
and flame holder geometry are found to affect the level and frequency con-
tent of the noise.
NOISE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBUSTION AUGMENTED JETS AT MIDSUBSONIC SPEEDS
AIAA J, v 12 n 3, Mar 1974, p 336-347
Noise generation by a subsonic flow discharging from a combustion chamber
is examined with regard to the relative importance of combustion as a
source of noise in such a flow system. Measurements of pressure fluctua-
tions inside the combustor are compared with far field noise measurements
by direct cross correlation. The corss correlations and derived cross
spectral densities verify that much of the noise originates inside the
combustor. A fluid mechanic perturbation model is used to predict exit
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plane velocity fluctuations due to internal pressure fluctuations. This
unsteadiness at the exit plane is assumed to behave as an acoustic monopole
which radiates to the far field. Far-field noise levels estimated on this
basis are in good agreement with measured values. The overall noise level
from the combustor/jet is found to be 10 to 20 dB higher than for an equiva-
lent clean, cold jet at the same exit velocity in the range of 500 to
700 fps. 13 refs.
Prediction and Correlation -
Ahuja, K. K.
CORRELATION AND PREDICTION OF JET NOISE
J Sound Vlbr, v 29 n 2, July 22, 1973, p 155-168
Measurements of subsonic jet noise made on a model jet rig in an anechoic
chamber are presented. Jet noise spectra for three nozzles of diameters
2.84, 2.4 and 1.52 in. were obtained. Care was taken to ensure that un-
wanted noise from sources such as valves and ducting upstream of the noz-
zle were insignificant compared with the jet mixing noise. Data points were
collapsed onto one curve by normalizing the 1/3 octave and overall sound
pressure levels for the theoretical parameters from Lighthills1 theory and
by presenting empirical schemes to collapse the data for all the angles and
the frequencies. The schemes presented predict noise accurately for cold
and clean jets.
Bushel1, K. W.
SURVEY OF LOW VELOCITY AND COAXIAL JET NOISE WITH APPLICATION TO PREDICTION
J Sound Vibr, v 17 n 2, July 22, 1971, p 271-82
Noise correlations are given which show that at low jet velocities, the
low frequency exhaust noise which is commonly referred to as jet noise,
emitted from the fan stream of a turbofan engine is considerably lower in
level than that from the (HTO) center stream. From this result, a new pre-
diction procedure for coaxial jet noise of turbofan engines is then
developed, 18 refs.
Lee, H. K.; Ribner , H. S.
DIRECT CORRELATION OF NOISE AND FLOW OF A JET
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52 n 5, part 1, Nov 1972, p 1280-1290
Measurements show a direct correlation between the flow and noise of a
jet. Two kinds of correlation explored were the broadband turbulence signal
with the broadband acoustic signal and the narrowband filtered turbulence
signal with the narrowband filtered acoustic signal. The correlations were
analyzed in terms of an extension of Proudman's form of Lighthill's inte-
gral for aerodynamic noise.
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SIMPLE PRESSURE SOURCE MODEL OF JET NOISE
J Acous Soc Amer, v 51 n 1, part 2, Jul 1972, p 399-412
An analytical and experimental study is made of the simple-pressure-source
model of the sound radiated by a sonic jet. An input-output relation is
derived for the ratio of the radiated sound-power frequency spectrum to
the jet-pressure spectrum. Measurements provide jet-pressure spatial, spec-
tral, and cross-correlational data for a small scale, cold Mach-1 jet.
Implications of the model for noise suppression in aircraft engines are
discussed. 32 refs.
Screened Jets
Arndt, R.E.A.; Tran, N. C.; Barefoot, G. L.
FURTHER STUDIES OF THE AEROACOUSTICS OF JETS PERTURBED BY SCREENS
Acous Soc Amer, New York J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
The placement of a screen across the exit plane of a jet nozzle results
in a substantial reduction in noise intensity over what would be realized
with an equivalent unperturbed jet. In the past, the general features of
this phenomenon were analyzed experimentally utilizing both farfield pres-
sure measurements and velocity (hot-wire) measurements. The measurement of
nearfield pressure, along with a more extensive program of hot-wire mea-
surements, was investigated. Nearfield pressure measurements were made
with a static pressure probe. These data are used to determine the distribu-
tion of sound source in the screen perturbed jet. The nearfield pressure
measurements give comparable information about the effect of the screen
on the acoustics sources. Extensive hot-wire data indicate that there is
a major change in the characteristics of the flow field of a screen per-
turbed jet. The potential core in the mixing region extends farther down-
stream and turbulent intensities are reduced to a lower level. The strength
of the quadrupole sources (assumed proportional to Reynolds stresses) is
changed from a maximum value of 0.011 to less than 0.008 near the center
of the mixing region. The acoustic power is proportional to the fifth
power of the longitudinal scale of the flow.
Arndt, R.E.A. ; Tran, N. C. ; Barefoot, G.
TURBULENCE AND ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SCREEN PERTURBED JETS
AIAA J, v 12 n 3, Mar 1974, p 261-262
A previous study
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General Group -
Anon
ESTIMATION OF NEARFIELD SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS DUE TO JET NOISE
Eng Sci Data Unit Item 72002, Jan 1972
Charts and equations provide data for estimating sound pressure levels in
the vicinity of a gas turbine jet and estimation of acoustic fatigue life
of structure near a jet exhaust. Estimation of cabin noise levels is. de-
scribed. 5 refs.
Antonov, A. N.; Shalafv, S. P.; Yudelovich, M. Y.
VLIYANIF DISKRETNOI SOSTAVLYAYUSCHEI AKUSTICHESKIKH KOLEBANII NA TECHNIE
V NEARASCHETNOI SVERKHZVUKOVOI STRUE. (INFLUENCE OF THE DISCRETE COMPONENT
OF ACOUSTIC OSCILLATIONS ON THE FLOW IN AN OFF-DESIGN SUPERSONIC JET).
IZV Akad Nauk (SSSR), Mekh 7HIDK Gaza n 4, July-Aug 1973, p 142-148
Results are given of an experimental Investigation of the flow in an axi-
symmetrical off-design air jet streaming out of a sonic or supersonic
nozzle into a submerged space. It is shown that reflecting boards posi-
tioned in the external field at the nozzle end face strengthen the discrete
component of the acoustic field. Reduce the length of the initial jet sector
and its range characterized by the dependence of the velocity head at the
jet axis on the distance to the nozzle end face. The ranges of off-design
flow are determined for which there exists a discrete component in the jet
with the reflecting boards at different values of the Mach number M at the
nozzle end face. It is shown experimentally that by appropriately selecting
the position of the axisymmetrical board or mutual position of half-boards
it is possible to influence the jet range and change the value of the dis-
crete component. In Russian.
Banerian, G.
JET NOISE - THE STATE OF THE ART
Sv Sound Vibr, v 8,n2, Feb 1974, p 30-34
A reivew about the jet noise generation, levels, and abatement is presented.
8 refs.
Chan, Y. Y.
SIMPLE MODEL OF SHOCK CELL NOISE GENERATION AND ITS REDUCTION
Natl Res Council Can, Aeronaut Report LR-564, Oct 1972
Based on the data of nearfield surveys of the sound pressure from a choked
jet, a simple model is proposed for the mechanism of the screech genera-
tion. A convected wave propagates downstream along the jet boundary and is
modulated by its interaction with the shock-expansion waves of the jet.
These interactions generate strong dipole radiations. Using this model,
an excellent reproduction of the essential features of the experimental
results is obtained. By preventing the formation of shock waves inside the
jet, the strong dipole radiation and hence the screech noise can be
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eliminated. Design data for perforated nozzles to achieve full expan-
sion of the jet are provided. This avoids the mechanical complication
of an adjustable convergent-diver gent nozzle. 10 refs.
Chu, W. T.
MOVING-FRAME ANALYSIS OF JET NOISE
J Acous Soc Amer, v 53 n 5, May 1973, p 1439-1440
Communication to the editor shows how utilizing the spectral representa-
tion, a simple mathematical procedure can be used to derive the moving-
frame formulation jet noise.
Hoch, R. G.; Duponchel, J. P.; Cocking, B. J.; Bryce, W. D.
STUDIES OF THE INFLUENCE OF DENSITY ON JET NOISE
J Sound Vibr, v 28 n 4, June 22, 1973, p 649-668
Two independent research programs on model convergent nozzles were con-
ducted with advanced research facilities to study the effect of density
by varying the jet temperatures at velocities from 150 to 800 m/sec.
Data for the sound power and peak noise levels are presented with a range
of spectra and directivity patterns. At high jet velocities the jet noise
decreases with decreasing density t at low velocities the trend is re-
versed. The noise data can be empirically correlated by using a velocity-
dependent function of the fully expanded jet density.
Lee, B.H.K.; Westley, R.
EFFECTIVE SOURCE DISTRIBUTION IN A CHOKED SCREECH JET
Natl Res Counc Canada, Aero Report LR-548, May 1971
Using experimental measurements of the sound pressure and phase in the
near field of a choked screech jet, a method is proposed for computing the
effective source positions, their strengths and phases. Two models are con-
sidered. The first .assumes a distribution of point sources along the j'.et
axis and the second assumes ring sources along the jet boundary instead.
A technique of minimization due to Powell is used and a solution is ob-
tained when the sum of squares reaches a minimum. Results for a choked
jet at a screech frequency of 3170 c/s are presented. 19 refs.
Lyutyi, V. A.; Novikov, L. V.; Shvets, A. I.
PUL'SATSII DAVLENIYA V KOL1 TSEVKYH SOPLAKY (PRESSURE PULSATIONS IN
ANNULAR NOZZLES)
Izv Akad Nauk (SSSR) Mekh Zhidk Gaza N 5, September-October 1973, p 126-132
Fluctuations of base pressures in the flow of jets depend on many factors.
The most important of them are: quasi-stationary restructuring of the flow
in annular jets or multinozzle arrangements, acoustic radiation of the
jets and the nonstationary character of the flow in the BSE region. In
this article, results are presented of investigations into the pulsations
of base pressure at the end of an annular nozzle due to acoustic radiation
139
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of supersonic jets. Experiments on slot nozzles with the outer diameter
equaling 110 mm and the inner diameter 88 mm are described. 14,refs.
In Russian.
Manson, L.; Burge, H. L.
JET-NOISE REDUCTION THROUGH LIQUID BASE FOAM INJECTION
J Acous Soc Amer, v 50 n 4, part 1, Oct 1971, p 1067-74
An experimental study was made of the sound-absorb ing properties of
liquid base foams and of their ability to reduce jet noise when injected
into the periphery of the exhaust jet. Protein, detergent, and polymer
foaming agents were used in water solutions. Sound emitted by subsonic
and supersonic jets was reduced up to 10 PNdB. 10 refs.
Michalke, A.
AN EXPANSION SCHEME FOR THE NOISE FROM CIRCULAR JETS
Z Flugwiss, v 20 n 6, June 1972, p 229-237
An expansion scheme for the noise from circular jets is derived which
takes account of the geometrical configuration of circular jets and of
recent observations of jet turbulence. It is found that only a relatively
small number of turbulence components, characterized by their frequency
and azimuthal wave number, contribute essentially tot the far field noise.
A jet thickness parameter and a convection parameter strongly influence
the sound radiation. Most of the phenomena of jet noise known from experi-
ments can be explained by this very general solution. Theorectical results
derived previously by means of the "Eddy model" of turbulence are also
contained in the present solution. Both these results are very special,
since they were obtained under very restricting assumptions. 21 refs.
Morris, P. J.; Richarz, W.; Ribner, H. S.
REDUCTION OF PEAK JET NOISE USING JET REFRACTION
J Sound Vibr, v 29 n 4, Aug 22, 1973, p 443-455
The directivity pattern of sound generated by a subsonic jet exhibits a
peak at angles between 15 and 45 deg to the jet axis, decreasing to a
minimum on the jet axis. Theoretical and experimental investigations pre-
viously demonstrated that this minimum is due to refraction of sound by
the jet flow. The effect of the introduction of a second jet of smaller
exit area near to the main jet is considered. The small jet imposes its
own heart-shaped directivity pattern on that of the first jet. Alteration
of the angle between the two jets leads to a reduction in the peak sound
level. Directivity patterns for unf iltered and filtered measurements are
presented for changes in the jet velocities and temperature ratios. Cal-
culations of the perceived noise level radiated by one and two jets of
larger scale are made. The changes in ground area effected by various
noise levels are given for an aircraft taking off and using a number of
alignments of auxiliary engines to alter the pattern of radiated sound.
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Petrick, H. K.
WECHSELDRUCKMESSUNGEN AN PILZDUESENSTROEMUNGEN HINSICHTLICH
DYNAMISCHER BEANSPRUCHUNG VON HAUTSTRUKTUREN WIEDERVERWENDBARER
TRAEGERRAKETEN. (FLUCTUATING PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS OF PLUG NOZZLE
FLOW FOR DESIGN OF SKIN STRUCTURES ON REUSABLE ROCKET ENGINES).
Raumfahrtforschung v 17 n 5, September - October 1973, p 235-246
Experiments with models of plug nozzles are carried out to determine
the acoustic parameters of the plug nozzle flow. The overall
fluctuating pressure level and its power spectrum of the flow at the
base of truncated plug nozzle are measured and classified against
standards. The noise propagation to the surrounding air generated
by the nozzle jet is also measured. 21 refs. In German with English
abstract.
Plett, E. G.; Summerfield, M.
ESTIMATES OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF JET ENGINE EXHAUST NOISE MADE
BY INTERNAL SOURCES
Acoust Soc of Amer, NY, J, v 53 n 1, January 1973, p 291-392
The flow unsteadiness generated inside a turbojet engine by unsteady
flow interactions with struts as well as the unsteadiness generated
by nonsteady combustion processes may be significant sources of noise
in high-bypass aircraft engines. By treating the jet exhaust plane
as a surface bounding the otherwise free jet, a surface integral
of the appropriate turbulence quantities over the exit plane of the
nozzle yields the contribution from the internal sources. Mbnopoles,
dipoles, and quadrupoles have been used to characterize the fluctuation
at the exit plane. Source strengths corresponding to turbulence
intensities ranging from 1 percent to 20 percent are used in calculation.
If the exit plane and shear region have the same turbulence intensity,
then a single exit plane monopole source could produce more noise
than 10 shear region quadrupoles over the entire subsonic jet Mach
number range, and if the exit plane was filled by a single dipole rather
than monopole source, it would be the dominate source to Mach numbers of.
about 0.6.
Richter, G.
ETUDE DBS SOURCES DE BRUIT DE JETS CHAUDS. (STUDY OF HOT JET FLOW NOISE
SOURCES).
Entropie, v 9 n 51, May-June 1973, p 55-59
According to the theory of Lighthill the noise emission of a gaseous jet
is a function of the turbulence characteristics of the flow. Several the-
oretical and experimental methods of determining these characteristics
have been developed which are generally applied to jets whose temperature
is close to ambient temperature. Noise measurements of low speed jets
(jets of by-pass engines) as well as observations made in testing
silencers for high speed jets have shown that temperature effects of hot
jets are not negligible. The development of a method adapted to hot
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jets has been undertaken. It consists in the determination of the space-
time-parameters of the turbulence by means of the measurement of the
infrared emission from the jet, and the introduction of those data into a
computer program for the calculation, based on Lighthill's theory, of the
far noise field,
Rudd, M. J.
A NOT ON THE SCATTERING OF SOUND IN JETS AND THE WIND
J of Sound and Vibr, v 26 n 4, Feb 22, 1973, p 551-560
The theory of the scattering of sound by turbulence, as developed by
Tatarski and modified by Monin, is used to calculate the scattering cross
sections of two turbulent flows, jets and the wind. Strong scattering can
occur under normal conditions. The strength of the scattering increases
rapidly with the frequency of the sound and the length scale of the tur-
bulence. The importance of acoustic scattering is discussed in connection
with methods of jet noise reduction and sound attenuation by the wind.
Thomson, A. 6. R.
ACOUSTIC FATIGUE DESIGN DATA EM DASH 1.
Agardograph, n 162 May 1972
Due to wide band high intensity noise, jet exhausts can cause
structural fatigue failure in adjacent materials. This preliminary
report presents design criteria on acoustics fatigue, sound pressure
levels data, natural frequencies of skin-stringer structures and plates
and an estimate of RMS stress in skin panels subjected to acoustic
loading, 13 refs. 013090
Vlasov, F. V.; Ginevskii, A. S.
GENERATSIYA I PODAVLENIE TUKBULENTNOSTI V OSESIMMETRICHNOI TURBULENTNOI
STRUE PRI AKUSTICHESKOM VOZDEISTVII. (GENERATION AND SUPPRESSION OF
TURBULENCE IN AN AXISYMMETRICAL TURBULENT JET BY ACOUSTIC ACTION) .
Izv Akad Nauk (SSSR) Mekh Zhidk Gaza, n 6 Nov.-Dec. 1973, p 37-43
Results are presented of an experimental investigation into the effect
of sound of different intensity and frequency on the parameters of
averaged and pulsating flow in a submerged turbulent jet. It is
shown that in case of both longitudinal and transverse exposure of the
jet, depending on the frequency of the sonic signal, either intensifica-
tion or weakening of the turbulent mixing takes place, Graphs are
presented illustrating changes, under the action of acoustic disturbances,
in the average velocity, in the pulsations of the longitudinal and
trasverse velocity components at the jet axis, in the spectra of the
longitudinal and transverse velocity pulsations, and in time-
dependent Euler's correlations. Data on the optimal intensity of
sonic exposure of a jet, necessary for the suppression of turbulence,
are obtained. 16 refs. In Russian.
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Propeller Noise
Healy, G. J.
INVESTIGATION OF PROPELLER VORTEX NOISE INCLUDING THE EFFECTS OF
BOUNDARY LAYER CONTROL
Acoust Soc of Amer, NY, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
An experimental investigation was conducted on the vortex noise
produced by a two-bladed, 4 ft diameter model propeller capable of
boundary layer removal. The propeller had a spinner comprising 70
percent of the total propeller radius. A porous section on both
surfaces of the symmetric section airfoil allowed removal of the
boundary layer. Free-field measurements were made in an ane-
choic chamber at three field points for three tip speed (209.5,
314.2 and 366.5 ft/sec) abd four blade angles (0 , 2.5°, 5°, and
10 ) both without and with boundary layer control. Agreement with
theory was good (within 2dB) showing a sixth power of tip velocity
relationship and a classical dipole radiation pattern for the over-
all sound pressure level of the vortex noise. Boundary layer re-
moval primarily affected sound levels above 3,150 Hz, with no
ordered effect on the overall level
Longhouse, R. E.
APPLICATION OF EXTERNAL AERODYNAMIC DIFFUSION TO REDUCE SHROUDED
PROPELLER NOISE
Acoust Soc of Amer, NY, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
A major portion of the noise from V/Stol aircraft fan or shrouded
propeller systems occurs during the hover mode. External diffusion of
the exhaust flow during this mode significatly increases the thrust/
power ratio. Attendant with the flow diffusion is a reduction in fan
blade aerodynamic loading. The latter effect suggests a potential
source of reducing the fan discrete-frequency noise. Results of model
shrouded propeller tests to study the noise reduction associated with
external diffusion are presented.
Longhouse, R. E.
APPLICATION OF EXTERNAL AERODYNAMIC DIFFUSION TO REDUCE SHROUDED
PROPELLER NOISE
Acout Soc of Amer, NY, J, v 53 n 1, Jan. 1973, p 291-392
A major portion of the noise from V/ Stol aircraft fan or shrouded
propeller systems occurs during the hover mode. External diffusion
of the exhaust flow during this mode significatly increases the thrust/
power ratio. Attendant with the flow diffusion is a reduction in fan
blade aerodynamic loading. The latter effect suggests a potential source
of reducing the fan discrete-frequency noise. Results of model shrouded
propeller tests to study the noise reduction associated with external
diffusion are presented.
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Metzger, F. B.; Magliozzo, B,
NOISE CHARACTERISTICS OF QUIET PROPELLERS FOR STOL AIRCRAFT
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, 1972, p xv-xxv
Noise is a critical parameter in the development of STOL transport air-
craft for city center operation. As a result of interest in minimizing
noise, an extensive program was conducted to establish the noise signature
of low tip speed propellers suitable for STOL aircraft. Measurements were
made for various propeller configurations under static, taxi, and fly-
over conditions. Using this information, the effect of aircraft speed on
perceived noise level of aircraft in flight is projected. Also, the sig-
nature of this new quiet propeller is compared with that of existing STOL
turboprop aircraft.
Helicopter Rotor Noise
Arndt, R.E.A.; Borgman, D, C,
NOISE RADIATION FROM HELICOPTER ROTORS OPERATING AT HIGH TIP MACH NUMBER
J Amer Helicopter Soc, v 16 n 1, Jan 1971, p 36-45
In the current effort, classical acoustic theory is used to predict
the effects of compressibility and thickness on the overall noise level
from helicopter rotors, it is found that some of the higher harmonics
of helicopter rotor noise output are due mainly to drag divergence
effects when the rotor is operating at high advancing- tip Mach numbers.
a more realistic prediction of the helicopter noise spectrum may be
obtained through a combination of the results of the present work with
the previous results of M. V. Lowson and J. B. Ollerhead. Spectra
are predicted for both the uniform-thickness rotor blade and a tapered-
thickness blade. The tapered- thickness blade shows a substantial
reduction in generated noise over the uniform- thickness blade when
both blades are assumed to be at the same operating conditions. Better
correlation is obtained between theory and experiment when compressibility
and thickness effects are added to the rotational noise effects,
particularly at the higher harmonics. 17 refs.
Arndt, R. E. A.; Nagel, R. T.
ROTOR NOISE ATTENUATION WITH LEADING EDGE DEVICES
Acout Soc of Amer, NY, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
The noise attenuation effects of leading edge serrations on rotors
were studied. Total radiated power, farfield sound pressure level,
directivity patterns, nearfield sound characteristics, and rotor
slip stream and wake characteristics were compared with rotors with
and without leading edge devices. A substantial noise reduction was
achieved with specific leading edge configurations and running conditions.
A strong dependence on rotor speed and blade pitch angle was found.
Spectral analysis of the total radiated power indicates that the
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attenuation occurs in both the pure tones and the broad-band component
of the signal. The broadband attenuation is shifted to continuously
higher frequencies as the rotor speed increases. Nearfield data were
collected in a manner indicative of rotational noise components.
A considerable noise reduction in the higher harmonics of rotational
noise was detected. Thrust and torque data indicated that the addition of
leading edge serrations results in a decrease in L/D. Hot wire data
show a strong decrease in the near-wake turbulence intensities. It
appears that the rotor noise reduction phenomena encompasses both the
rotational and vortex components of the noise signal. Reduction in
the rotational components is traced to variations in the blade loading.
Noise attenuation without performance penalty is therefore realized on
the broad-band component only.
Cheney, M. C.; Dumond R. C.; Simon, D. R.; Robinson, R.; Williams, R.;
Rogers, E. 0.; Hirsh , N. B.; Ferris H. W.; Burkam, J. E.; Miao, W.;
White, J. A.; Cronkhite, J. D.; Shipman,D. P.; Kuczynski, W. A.;
Sharpe, D. L.; Sissingh, G. J.
28th ANNUAL NATIONAL V/STOL FORUM PROCEEDINGS.
Amer Helicopter Soc, Inc, 28th Annu Natl V/Stol Forum
Proc, Wash, DC, May 1972 Amer Helicopter Soc, NY, 1972
Prep of paper, 2 Parts, Various p
Thirty-seven papers were presented at the conference on helicopter
design, performance characteristics and aerodynamics. Subjects
included bearingless rotrs, dynamic stall investigations, handling sling
loads, radar research, maneuverability and stability, flight testing
and noise abatement. Following is part 1 of the list of titles and
authors. Results of preliminary studies of a Bearingless Helicopter
Rotor Concept, by M. C. Cheney; Flight Investigation of Design
Features of the S-67 Winged Helicopter, by R. C. Dumond and D. R.
Simon; New Hubs for Multi-Bladed tail rotors, By F. Robinson;
Design Considerations of Circulation Control Rotors, by R. M. Williams
and E. 0. Rogers; Design Requirements for a Quiet Helicopter,
by N. B. Hirsh and H. W. Ferris; Exploration of Aeroelastic Stability
Boundaries With a Soft In-Plane Hingeless Rotormodel, by J. E.
Burkam and W. Miao; Fuselage Nodalization, by J. Al White, by J. D.
Cronkhite and D. P. Shipman; Hingeless Rotor Experimental Frequency
Response and Dynamic Characteristics with Hub Moment Feedback Controls,
by W. A. Kuczynski, D. L. Sharpe and G. J. Sissingh.
Hawkings, D. L.; Lowson, M. V.
THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF SUPERSONIC ROTOR NOISE.
Loughborough Univ Technol, Dep Transp Technol N TT-7213, Dec 1972, p 98
The Lighthill theory of aerodynamically generated noise and the Whitham
weak shock theory are applied to two test cases. Results show how
comparatively minor geometric changes to the duct can result in
substantial acoustic benefit. One case studied gave up to 16dB additional
attenuation over the straight duct. Thus it appears that the methods
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presented in this report could be used immediately for design optimization
of ducted inlets for transonic fans. 20 refs.
Jones, J. P.
ROTOR AND ITS FUTURE.
Aeron J, v 77 n 751, July 1973, p 327-337
Various modifications in rotor design configuration and materials used
are evaluated to overcome problems of drag, stability, control and
excessive noise. Increasing tip speed could reduce noise and the effects
of compressability. 5 refs.
Lyon, R. H.; Mark, W. D.; Pyle, R. W., Jr.;
SYNTHESIS OF HELICOPTER ROTOR TIPS FOR LESS NOISE.
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 53 n 2, Feb. 1973, p 607-618
Theoretical and computational studies were made of helicopter rotor-
tip sound radiation for design for minimum noise in specified
frequency bands. Allowing for radiation due to lift and thickness ef-
fests, numerical results are given for tip shapes for minimum high-
frequency radiation. A relation is shown between tip section chord
length and the minimum possible cutoff frequency for suppression of high-
frequency sound.
Rinehart, S. A.
EEFECTS OF MODIFYING A ROTOR TIP VORTEX BY INJECTION ON DOWNWASH
VELOCITIES, NOISE, AND AIRLOADS
J Amer Helicopter So? v 16 n 4, Oct. 1971, p 48-54
Investigation shows that it should be possible to significantly alter
the characteristics of the trailing tip vortex for almost all flight
conditions in a beneficial manner by injecting an airstream directly
in the forming tip vortex. Analytical expressions were developed for
the initial and final states of the vortex in order to evaluate the
effects of mass flow injection on the vortex strength, swirl velocity
distribution, vortex core pressure, and vortex core size.
Walker, G. J.; Oliver, A. R.
EFFECT OF INTERACTION BETWEEN WAKES FROM BLADE ROWS IN AN AXIAL FLOW
COMPRESSOR ON THE NOISE GENERATED BY BLADE INTERACTION
ASME Paper 72-GT- 15 for meeting, March 26-30 1972
Two sets of wakes can be made to mutually cancel the greater part of the
velocity defect in each at certain points. Proper choice of axial
and circumferential position of alternate rows of stationary blades
so that the downstream row is in the middle of the wake street from the
upstream row allows the velocity defect normally in the rotor wakes to
be thus cancelled at the position of the stator and considerably reduces
the noise produced at the rotor blade passing frequency by the rotor
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wakes on the stator. The effect of stator wakes on rotor blades down-
stream of the first can be similarly reduced by lining up blades in
successive rotor rows. The deductions are confirmed by measurements of
sound pressure level. 13 refs.
Widnall, S.
HELICOPTER NOISE DUE TO BLADE-VORTEX INTERACTION
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 50 n 1 pt 2, July 1971, p 354-365
A theoretical model is given for the radiated sound due to helicopter
"blade slap" an impulsive sound due to blade-vortex interaction for
helicopter rotors. The unsteady lift on blades is calculated using
linear, unsteady aerodynamic theory for the oblique gust model of the
blade-vortex interaction. Expressions are derived for directivity,
frequency spectrum, transient signal, and total power of acoustic signal.
13 refs.
Windall, S.
WIND-TUNNEL STUDIES OF HELICOPTER ROTATIONAL NOISE IN FORWARD FLIGHT
Acoust Soc of Amer, NY, J, v 53 n 1, Jan. 1973, p 291-392
Wind-tunnel studies of helicopter noise carried out on a model rotor
operating in a large open-jet wind tunnel are described. The tunnel
test section is surrounded by an anechoic chamber. Data processing
techniques were used to obtain the average-repeated-transient signal/
revolution and thus to extract the rotational noise from the total noise,
which includes random components. Blade-vortex interaction is clearly
visible in many of the repeated-transient signals and is felt to be
an important contributor to rotational noise even outside of the blade-
slap condition. Vortex noise can be identified in the spectra of the
total signal. In addition to the vortex noise, a broadband noise of
lower frequency is evident. This lower-frequency noise is due either
to vortex-wave unsteadiness or to local stall on the blades at certain
azimuth locations.
Wright, S. E.
DISCRETE ROTOR NOISE
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, 1972, p XV-XXV
A single unified theory is described to account for the discrete
radiation from the whole family of heavily run axial flow rotors including
helicopter rotors, propellers and compressors. Founder analysis is used
to evaluate the periodic blade loading variation (Azimuth profile)
into blade loading harmonics, and then sum the total radiation from each
BLH? In this way, the radiation from any arbitrary blade loading
variation and the rotor noise can be determined. The basic differences
between high and low solidity rotor spectrums are considered, emphasizing
the difference between subsonic and supersonic rotor noise. The
special effect of helicopter blade slap and compressor rotor-stator
interaction is discussed, and measured rotor spectrums are included to
help illustrate the theory.
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Aerodynamic Noise
Theory-
Fuchs, H. V.; Michalke, A.
FOUR INTRODUCTORY LECTURES ON AERODYNAMIC NOISE THEORY.
Dtsch Luft Raumfahrt, Mitt 71-20, Oct. 1971, p 114
The report presents an introduction to the theory of aerodynamic sound
generation. In lecture 1 a general integral solution to the in-
homogeneous wave equation is discussed. In lecture 2 certain approximations
are given for the far-field sound intensity. Jet noise is treated
particularly in lecture 3 on the assumption of a specific structure of
the turbulence convected by the flow. Lecture 4 treats special
methods in jet noise theory. Individual frequency components of the
sound intensity are derived by means of a Fourier transform with respect
to time. 14 refs.
Configuration -
Goldman, R. L.; Obremski, H. J.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HYPERSONIC BUZZ ON A DELTA CONFIGURATION.
AIAA J, v 11 n 10, Oct. 1973, p 1361-1362
Description of an experimental study which confirms the existence of
hypersonic buzz in the separated region of a downward deflected control
surface. Wind-tunnel tests in helium at M = 17. 5 clearly demonstrated
the occurrence of large-scale pressure oscillations throughout a sub-
stantial range of angles of attack and control surface deflection on a
blunt slab, delta configuration. Measurements of surface pressure
fluctuations and observations of high-speed Schlieren photographs
served to delineate the boundaries of the phenomenon and to identify
the physical parameters necessary for the onset of a buzz condition.
3 refs.
Jones, R. T.
NEW DESIGN GOALS AND A NEW SHAPE FOR THE SST.
Astronaut Aeronaut, v 10 n 12, Dec. 1972, p 66-70
A wing which pivots as a whole would permit supersonic aircraft that
both avoid sonic boom and reduce noise around airports. Turning the
wing to different oblique angles for flight at different Mach numbers,
in conjunction with an optimum wing shape, provides minimum induced
drag. Results with models in wind tunnel tests, coordinating wing
shape and angle with lift/drag ratios, are shown. 10 refs.
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Boundary Layer *-
Bhat, W. V.
FLIGHT TEST MEASUREMENT OF EXTERIOR TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER PRESSURE
FLUCTUATIONS ON BOEING MODEL 737 AIRPLANE
J Sound Vibr, v 14 n 4, Feb. 22, 1971, p 439-457
The flight test measurements indicate that the turbulent boundary layer
is a major source of exterior pressure fluctuations at the forward
location on the Boeing model 737 airplane. The RMS levels, shapes of
the spectrum, convection velocity and space-time correlation are in-
vestigated, The angle of attack, I. E., angle between a fuselage axis
or axis of the structure and the flow direction, has a significant
effect on the decay rate and it should be properly accounted for in any
analytical model that is used for estimating structural response.
19 refs.
Bhat, W. V.; Wilby, J. F.
INTERIOR NOISE IRRADIATED BY AN AIRPLANE FUSELAGE SUBJECTED TO TURBULENT
BOUNDARY LAYER EXCITATION AND EVALUATION OF NOISE REDUCTION TREATMENTS
J Sound Vibr, v 18 n 4, Oct. 22 1971, p 449-464
The acoustic power radiated by an airplane fuselage structure exposed
to a turbulent boundary layer pressure field has been measured at two
flight Mach numbers. For a single fuselage panel the radiated power
is approximately 90 and 70 dB relative to 10-//3 W at Mach 0. 85 and 0.
55 respectively. Damping tape and rubber wedge treatments, applied
to the structure, reduce the acoustic radiation but they are more
effective at Mach 0. 85 than at Mach 0. 55,. The flight test data are
in poor agreement with available wind tunnel measurements, indicating
the need for improvements in scaling laws. 11 refs.
Bergstrom, E. R.; Raghunathan, S.
AERODYNAMIC NOISE AND BOUNDARY-LAYER TRANSITION MEASUREMENTS IN
SUPERSONIC TEST FACILITIES.
AIAA J, v 10 n 11, Nov. 1972, p 1531-1532
Study of the boundary-layer transition and aerodynamic noise on models
tested in supersonic flow. It is pointed out that existing evidence
seems to indicate that the transition is closely related to the pres-
sure fluctuations radiated into the working section by the turbulent
boundary layer on the nozzle walls. A comparison is made of noise
measurements conducted in supersonic flow by various authors and, based
on this comparison, it is shown that a relationship between sound
pressure level and transition Reynolds number actually holds for a
considerable volume of earlier transition data obtained in a wide variety
of wind tunnels. 3 refs.
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Wake Vortices-
Burnham, D.; Kodis, R.; Sullivan, T.
OBSERVATIONS OF ACOUSTIC RAY DEFLECTION BY AIRCRAFT WAKE VORTICES.
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52 n 1, Part 2 July 1972, p 431-433
Communication to the editor reports observation of acoustic ray
deflection by aircraft wake vortex flows during landing of large air-
craft, as previously predicted by Georges. The phenomenon was used to
detect and locate vortex traces in a plane perpendicular to the runway
center line.
Miscellaneous-
Candel, S. M.
DIFFRACTION OF A PLANE WAVE BY A HALF PLANE IN A SUBSONIC AND
SUPERSONIC MEDIUM.
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 54 n 4, Oct. 1973, p 1008-1016
A technique is presented for transforming certain acoustical boundary
value problems in a subsonic moving medium to a problem involving a
stationary medium. The method is described by discussing the Sommer-
field problem of diffraction of a plane wave by a half plane immersed
in a subsonically moving medium. Additional sources are induced by
the flow at a leading edge impinged by a plane wave, while a trailing
edge only gives rise to the usual diffracted wave. The flow also con-
vects the geometrical acoustics part of the field. A transformation
applied to the supersonic diffraction problems yields a unique
reference problem, which is sieved by Fourier transform methods. The
pressure field is decomposed in a sum of a geometric acoustics field
and a supersonic diffracted wave showing some remarkable similarities
with the subsonic solution.
Clark, L. T.
RADIATION OF SOUND FROM AN AIRFOIL IMMERSED IN A LAMINAR FLOW
ASME Paper 71-GT-4 for meeting, March 28-April 1 1971
The results of an experimental and analytical investigation of sound
generation by single airfoils are presented. Airfoil sections
studied were representative of those used in modern axial compressors.
Included were modified 65 series and double circular arc profiles. The
radiation of sound from the airfoil immersed in the potential core of
a free jet discharging through an acoustic chamber was measured.
Acoustic data were obtained for the velocity range 200 through 800 fps
Measurements of wake correlation volumes and turbulence velocity
components were used in an analytical model to predict the spectrum
of the sound radiated by the airfoil. Sound generation was found to be
dependent upon the square of the component of turbulent velocity normal
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to the airfoil chord. In the velocity range 300 to 800 fps, the over-
all sound pressure level was found to be dependent upon free stream
velocity to the sixth power. A correlation of the normal component
of turbulent velocity was found to exist with the momentum thickness
of the wake. 7 refs.
Goldstein, M.; Rosenbaum, B
EFFECT OF ANISOTROPIC TURBULENCE ON AERODYNAMIC NOISE
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 54 n 3, Sept. 1973, p 630-645
A model based on Lighthill's theory for predicting aerodynamic noise
from a turbulent shear flow is developed. The model is a generalization
of the model developed by Ribner. It does not require that the turbulent
correlations factor into space and time-dependent parts. It replaces
his assumption of isotropic turbulence by the more realistic one of
axisymmetric turbulence. A hierarchy of equations was developed wherein
each succeeding equation involves more assumptions than the preceding
equation but requires less experimental information for its use. The
implications of the model for jet noise are discussed. For the part-
icular turbulence data considered anisotropy causes the HF self-noise
to be beamed downstream.
Hay, J. A.
SHOCK-CELL NOISE, AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTS
J Sound Vibr, v 17 n 4, Aug. 22 1971, p 509-516
A description is given of flight test measurements designed to determine
the cause of severe acoustic loading on the tail planes of early V. C.
10 and B. A. C. 1-11 aircraft. This loading was found to be due to
in-flight shock-cell noise. A convergent-divergent nozzle design,
together with minor structural modifications, was found to give the
greatest overall alleviation of the problem for these two particular
aircraft. 10 refs.
Hodgson, T. H.
ON THE DIPOLE RADIATION FROM A RIGID AND PLANE SURFACE
Noise and -Vibr Control Engr Conf, Pro? 1972, p XV-XXV
Aspects of wall pressure fluctuations in a turbulent boundary layer flow
at low Mach number over a rigid and plane infinite surface have been
experimentally examined. Correlations of the fluctuating wall pressure
were taken on the lower surface of the wing of a high performance sail-
plane in flight. Results indicate that in the limiting case of zero
Mach number the instantaneous force on a plane surface from this
fluctuating pressure field is zero to within experimental accuracy. It
is also likely that at low Mach numbers any dipole radiation from the
pressure fluctuations is quite negligible. The power spectrum of the
wall pressure fluctuations is dominated by incompressible effects and is
perfectly flat down to very small Strouhal numbers.
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Mangiarotty, R. A,
AERODYNAMIC FLOW NOISE INTERFERENCE IN ACOUSTICALLY LINED DUCTS
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 50 n 6, Dec. 1971, p 1447-1448
In the course of studying the basic properties of acoustic linings for
ducts transmitting air at high speeds, experimental evidence indicated
that aerodynamic noise generated by the flowing air could limit the
magnitude of noise attenuation inside the duct achievable by means of
linings. A discussion of the matter leads to the conclusion that
aerodynamic noise generated by the fluid flow could limit the maximum
attenuation achievable.
Westley, R.; Lindberg, G. M.; Chan, Y. Y.; Lee, B. H. K.
AERODYNAMIC AND STRUCTURAL NOISE RESEARCH AT NAE.
Natl Res Counc Can, Div Mech Engr, Natl Astronaut Extabl,Q Bull Rep
NDME/NAE 1972 n 1, p 1-21
Unsteady aerodynamic flow processes radiate sounds that are known as
aerodynamic noise. Aerodynamic noise becomes most intense when it
is generated by high subsonic or supersonic flows. Thus the paper
discusses the problems to expect intense sources of noise to be found
in high speed jets, compressible flow boundary layers and high speed
rotors. 43 refs.
Equipment Noise
Ganesan, N.
COMPOSITES FOR NOISE CONTROL.
SAE Prepr, n 730339 for meet, April 3-6, 1973
A survey of the use of composite structures for noise control, particularly
in an aircraft cabin, is presented in this paper. The various sources
of the noise entering the cabin and the measures to deal with them are
considered. Guidelines for optimum distribution of masses in the skin,
septumand trim panel, and for choosing thickness of insulation materials
and airjspace are presented.
Hartman, R. M.
DYNAMICS APPROACH TO HELICOPTER TRANSMISSION NOISE REDUCTION AND IMPROVED
RELIABILITY.
Amer Helicopter Soc, 29th Annu Natl V/Stol Forum, Proc, Prepre, Wash.,
DC, May 1973, paper 772, p 12, Available from Amer Helicopter Soc, Inc,
NY, 1973
Decription of some of the results of a program to reduce transmission
noise on the heavy-lift helicopter. Covered is the mathematical modeling
of transmission components and the determination of their damped force
response. The correlation of these responses with experimental data and,
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finally, the use of the mathematical model in the design of the heavy-
lift helicopter transmission, 10 refs,
Jhaveri, A. G.
ENGINEERING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN THE NOISE CONTROL OF COMMERCIAL JET
AIRCRAFT'S VENT AND DRAIN SYSTEMS
Inter-Noise 72. Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr. Proc, 1972, p 2-4
Engineering design considerations for controlling unacceptable and
unsatisfactory noise levels in jet airplane cabin lavatories and toilet
rooms are described. The main source of objectionable noise comes
from the operation of exhaust air-vent and water drain systems,
including toilet flush mechanisms. An acoustical muffler was designed
to control exhaust and intake noise levels. If the muffler was not in
the cartridge, noise levels remained unacceptable. When the muffler
was included as part of the systems design, acoustical requirements
were satisfied. Three types of acoustical wall panels were acceptable
when used with the cartridge-muffler combination, and 1-in. (inside
diameter) neoprene tubing throughout the system met design specifications
and satisfied aerodynamic requirements. Either ay or T connector with
a minimum of 1-in. spacing from the cartridge-muffler system effectively
reduced lavatory vent/drain systems noise.
Wellauer, E. J.; Schunck, R. A.
GEAR UNIT SOUND GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, CONTROL, AND SPECIFICATION.
TAPPI, v 56 n 6, June 1973, p 69-72
Gear unit sound is generated by the rotating gear unit elements.
3 refs.
Sonic Boom
Theory-
Davis, S. S.
CALCULATION OF SONIC BOOM SIGNATURES BY BICHARACTERISTIC METHODS
AIAA, J, v 10 n 9, Sep. 1972, p 1211-1215
An improved method is descirbed for correcting the zeroth order
(freestream) charcateristic to obtain a uniformly valid first order
solution to the exact equations of motion for a compressible fluid.
The method is based on constructing first order bicharacteristic lines
from the system of ordinary differential equations belonging to the
exact equation for the characteristic suface. Claculated sonic boom
signatures are compared with experiments conducted at Langley Research
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Center on a cone-cylinder at Mach numbers 2, 96, 3, 83, and 4,63.
Theory and experiment agree well over the entire Mich number range,
13 refs.
Hayes, W. D.
SONIC BOOM
Annu Review of Fluid Mech, v 3. Annu Review, 1971, p 269-290
The theory and propagation of sonic boom is considered. A review of the
literature in which the boom is treated is presented with emphasis on
optimization and reduction of sonic boom effects, for design of a
successful overland supersonic aircraft free from causing a bang boom.
48 refs.
Kamali, G.; Pierce, A. D.
TIME DEPENDENCE OF VARIANCES OF SONIC BOOM WAVEFORM
Nature, v 234 n 5323, Nov. 5, 1971 p 30-31
In a series of experiments performed in 1966 at Edwards Air Force Base,
California, sonic boom pressure signatures were recorded at 42 ground
level microphones, equally spaced in an 8,000 foot linear array, during
level over flights of F-104 fighter aircraft at flight Mach Cumbers of
approximately 1.3 and at an altitude of approximately 30,000 feet.
The array was almost directly beneath the flight track. The variations
in the signatures recorded by different microphones during the same over
flight are believed to be caused primarily by atmospheric turbulence.
An analysis of the variations in these data is reported.
Lee, B. H. K.; Ribner, H. S.
DETERMINISTIC MODEL OF SONIC BOOM PROPAGATION THROUGH A TURBULENT
ATMOSPHERE.
Natl Res Counc Can, Aeronaut Rep LR-566, Nov. 1972,
The propagation of a weak normal shock wave through a turbulent atmosphere
is studied in terms of an idealized model. The turbulent field is assumed
to be weak and represented by the superposition of two incline JD shear
waves of opposite inclination to the mean flow. The resulting flow is of
a cellular nature. The cells are rectangular in shape and the sense of
rotation of the flow alternates from cell to cell. If the angles made by
the normal of the incident shear waves with the direction of the mean flow
are greater than some critical value an exponentially decaying pressure
wave is generated behind the shock. "Spiked" or "rounded" waveforms are
obtained by adding or subtracting this pressure wave from the steady state
pressure field.
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Miller, D. S.; Carlson, H, W.
APPLICATION OF HEAT AND FORCE FIELDS TO SONIC- BOOM MINIMIZATION
J Aircraft, v 8 n 8, Aufust 1971, p 657-662
There is much interest and some controversy concerning the possibility of
sonic-boom suppression through airstream alteration by application of
force anfl heat fields. This paper presents a discussion of the relation-
ship of these more exotic schemes to conventional approaches involving
shaping of the airfract itself, describes the required flowfield
alteration for the more promising heat field method and provides a first
estimate of power requirements. 26 refs.
Pierce, A. D.
MAXIMUM OVERPRESSURES OF SONIC BOOMS NEAR THE CUSPS OF CAUSTICS
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf. Proc, 1972, p XV-XXV
The generation of cusped caustics (regions of focalization) by maneuver-
ing or accelerating supersonic aircraft is discussed. A simplified theory
is presented for estimation of the peak overpressure at a caustic cusp
( arete or a line of super-focalization), where anomalously large focus
factors of the order of 10 have recently been detected in the French Field
tests operation Jericho. The maximum parameters in the analysis are the
minimum radius of curvature of the shock from some time before it reaches
the cusp: the second derivative of the curvature radius with respect to
transverse distance along the front: and the peak overpressure at the
point where these curvature radii are measured. The results are applied
to cases of superbooms during maneuvers and it is concluded that the focus
factor at the cusp varies with nominally expected overpressure.
Thomas, C. L.
SONIC BOOM REFLECTION FACTORS FOR FLIGHT NEAR THE THRESHOLD MACH NUMBER
J Aircraft, v 8 n 6, June 1971, p 490
The purpose of this note is to consider the reflection of a very weak
shock wave off a smooth surface, for the condition in which the incident
shock wave is nearly perpendicular to the surface. In this situation the
pressure rise across the reflected shock can be up to twice the pressure
rise across the incident shock, indicating that sonic boom reflection factors
as large as three are possible for aircraft traveling near the threshold
Mach number.
Wanner, J..C. L.; Vallee; Jacques; Vivier; laude; Thery; Claude
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE FOCUS OF SONIC BOOMS
Acoust Soc of Amer. NY, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 12-32
Knowledge of sonic booms produced by airplanes in steady rectilinear
flight is now suffiecient to allow for good predictions of the phenomena.
In order to improve the knowledge of the effects of accelerations and
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curvatures of the flight path, the French working group on sonic booms
undertook a set of theoretical and experimental studies on that subject.
Theoretical studies of the propagation of the shock waves helped identify
the different cases of focus (linear acceleration, turn, pushover) and
superfocus (entry to turn). After measurement of the actual characteristics
of the atmosphere, it was possible to guide an airplane in order to
produce focusing in a measurement zone of realistic size. During the four
experimental exercises of operation Jericho the accuracy of prediction
of propagation and guidance of the airplane showed that focus factors
are higher than those predicted.
Warren, C. H. E.
A SIGNIFICANT SINGLE QUANTITY THAT TYPIFIES A SONIC BANG
Acoust Soc of Amer. J, v 51 n 1, Jan. 1972, p 418-420
Characteristic overpressure is defined as 41/T. Where I is the maximum
impulse that is, the maximum value of the running integral of the over-
pressure with respect to time, and T is the signature interval (the time
interval betwwen the onset of the first shock and the onset of the last
shock in the signature). Characteristic overpressure is considered to
be a significant quantity, particularly in regard to the effect of sonic
bangs on the structures, and is shown to lead to a particularly simple
engineering formula for the dynamic magnification factor as a function of
the product of the natural frequency of a structure and the signature
interval.
Interaction with Water-
Intrieri, P. F.; Malcolm, G. N.;
BALLISTIC RANGE INVESTIGATION OF SONIC-BOOM OVERPRESSURES IN WATER.
AIAA J, v 11 n 4 April 1973, p 510-516
An investigation of sonic-boom overpressures in water conducted by
launching small models over water-filled tanks in a ballistic range
yielded shadowgraph pictures and underwater pressure measurements that
lead to the following conclusions. Flights over water that produce an
incident shock wave which travels along the surface of the waterv at speeds
greater than the speed of sound in water - i.e. , greater than 4.4 -
produce shock waves in water; the variation in peak pressure associated
with the shock wave with distance from the flight path is not affected by
water depth but behaves exactly as it does in air. If the speed of the
incident wave, however, is less than M= 4.4, only sound waves are produced
under water and the peak pressure decays rapidly with depth and is well
predicted by theory. 9 refs.
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Waters, J. F.
PENETRATION OF SONIC BOOM ENERGY INTO THE OCEAN: AN EXPERIMENTAL
SIMULATION
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, 1972 p XV-XXV
An acoustically scaled sonic boom simulation experiment was performed,
and the results verify the validity of current theoretical predictions of
the penetration of sonic boom energy into a flat ocean. The effect of
the penertration into the ocean should not be significant at depths great-
er than about 100 feet, on the basis of comparisons with ambient sound
pressure levels.
Flight Profiles-
Hilton, W. F.
LOCAL AVOIDANCE OF SONIC BOOM FROM AN AIRCRAFT
Aeron J, v 75 n 723 March 1971, p 179-181
A flight path is proposed for an aircraft flying at 60,000 feet and Mach
2, permitting it to fly over a city 10 miles in diameter without
generating a sonic boom in that city. It involves the passengers in a
maneuver of less than plus or minus 1/2 g. Only one case has been analyzed,
and it is not claimed that this is optimum but merely that the technique
is both possible and of interest.
Ribner, H. S.
SUBERSONIC TURNS WITHOUT SUPERBOOMS.
Toronto Univ, Inst Aerosp Stud, Utias Tech Note, n 174, Feb. 1972
It is shown that focussed boom that arise in turning flight can be
suppressed by the simple ( although not always practicable) expedient of
slowing down the aircraft. The correct deceleration will eliminate the
local curvature of the wave front responsible for the focussing.
Specifically, the tangential decleration resolved along the normal to the
wave front is adjusted to cancel out the centripetal acceleration similarly
resolved. Horizontal turns of a prescribed limiting sharpness are not
of concern for this suppression technique: their focussed booms
will be cut off from reaching the ground by atmospheric refraction. The
minimum turn radius for focus cut-off is related herein in a simple
fashion to the tabulated width of the sonic boom carpet for rectilinear
flight, as a function of Mach number and altitude. 4 refs.
.Simula tion-
Gottlier, J. J.; Glass, I. I. ;
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SONIC-BOOM SIMULATION USING SHCOK TUBES.
Can J Phys v 52 n 3, Feb. 1, 1974, p 207-218
Gasdynamic and acoustic analyses are performed in order to provide greater
insight into the operation of sonic-boom simulators utilizing shock- tube
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drivers. Three basic shock tubes are considered; each has a pyramidal
driver joined at the diaphragm station to a pyramidal channel of the same
divergence angle (pyramidal shock tube), or of a different angle, or joined
to a constant-area channel. Classical acoustic theory is applied to
obtain new analytical solutions to describe the wave motion in such
facilities, in agreement with experimental data. 18 refs.
Ribner, H. S.; Morris, P. J.; Chu, W. H.
LABORATORY SIMULATION OF DEVELOPMENT OF SUPERBOOMS BY ATMOSPHERIC
TURBULENCE.
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 53 n 3, March 1973, p 926-928
A jet flow was used to roughly model a localized region of atmospheric
turbulence, demonstrating the velocity-gradient effect. Spiked and rounded
boom signatures were produced, similar to those produced in supersonic
flight under turbulent atmospheric conditions. 12 refs.
Measurement-
Delany, M. E.; Johnson, D. R.; Pernet, D. F.; Rennie, A. J.
MEASUREMENTS OF SONIC BANGS DURING EXERCISE "SUMMER SKY"
Teddington, Engr Natl Phyl Laboratory, Acoust Rep AC55 March 1972
Pressure waveforms measured during sonic boom tests over London in 1967
are presented. The direction of arrival of each shock, determined with
a microphone array, is compatible with directional data deduced theoretic-
ally from ray-path calculations for an atmosphere having both temperature
and wind gradients. Calculated values of relative time of arrival of
shock waves reflected from the face of local buildings are shown to cor-
respond well with shocks clearly identifiable on the oscillograms.
Goforth, T. T.; McDonald, J. A.
PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF SEISMIC WAVES INDUCED BY SONIC BOOMS
J Geophys Res, v 75 n 26, Sept. 10, 1970, p 5087-5092
A physical interpretation is presented for the seismic waves induced by
the passage of a sonic boom over the surface of the earth: particle
velocity measurements show that the seismograms consist essentially of
two different phenomena: the larger particle velocities are associated
directly with the sonic boom wave, and the smaller velocities are pro-
duced by air-coupled Rayleigh waves. The amplitudes and shapes of the
waves associated with the waves are theoretically predicted. 14 refs.
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Pan, Y. S.; Wang, K. T.
METHOD FOR WIND-TUNNEL INVESTIGATION OF SONIC BOOMS.
AIAA J, v 10 n 11, Nov. 1972, p 1408-1414
A method for extrapolation of three-dimensional wind-tunnel data obtained
in the very near field of an aircraft configuration is proposed. Several
numerical examples for axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric flowfields are
given. Comparisons of the present results with those based on the current
sonic boom theory show that the three-dimensional near-field effects
are important. 16 refs.
Smigielski, P.; Hirth, A.; Thery,C.
APPLICATION OF HOLOGRAPHY TO SONIC BOOM INVESTIGATIONS.
IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syste, v AES-8 n 6, Nov. 1972, p 751-756
A Q-switch single-mode ruby laser is used for holographic recording of
simulated sonic booms. The gasous objects are visualized by means of
differential interfrometry in polarized light. As well as the Schlieren
method with defocused phase plate. Both techniques are applied to the
holographically recorded wave (directional lighting). Interferometry by
double exposure with directional lighting is also used to visualize the
gaseous objects. 10 refs.
Miscellaneous-
Eggleton, P. L.
SONIC BOOM, WEIGHING ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR POLICY CONSIDERATIONS
Anglo-Amer Aeronaut Conf, 12th, July 7-9 1971, Can Aeronaut amd Space Inst.
1971, paper n 72/4.
Identification of the various sonic boom implications for humans, animals,
structures, terrain and the ecology is presented and a suggestions is made
of which overflight policy alternative could be opted for in each case.
Subsequently they are related to the economic, social, political and
strategic benefits that a country should weigh to arrive at a decision
regarding the sonic boom. The methodology described is believed to be
sufficiently universal so that any country can identify its variables in
the sonic boom policy equation. 14 refs.
Galanis, N.
THERMODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF A SONIC-BOOM REDUCING
POWERPLANT.
ASME Paper, n 72-WA/AERO-3 for meet Nov. 26-30 1972
A two-dimensional biplane-like structure is used as an example to show
that it is possible to design lifting boomless configurations by processing
the captured airstream so that the streamtube area is smaller at the exit
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than at the entrance. The principle is then extended to three-dimensional
cases, and thermodynamic guidelines are given for the design of propulsive
units that will reduce sonic-boom intensity. 6 refs.
Gilbert, S. H.; Less R.
SOME METEOROLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF SUPERSONIC FLIGHT.
Can Aeronaut Space J, v 18 n 4, April 1972, p 85-89
The main features of the atmosphere that are pertinent to the operation of
commercial supersonic aircraft are described, and the meteorological
aspects of the sonic boom phenomenon are briefly reviewed. The meteoro-
logical requirements and implications of the climb, cruise and descent
phases of SST that are peculiar to this type of aircraft are discussed in
some detail, including the effect of the meteorological parameters on the
intensity and areal extent of the sonic boom. The takeoff fuel requirements
for commercial supersonic aircraft will be much more sensitive to possible
errors in forecast temperatures than in the case of subsonic aircraft,
but less sensitive to errors in forecast winds. 10 refs.
Lips, K. W.
AN UNSTABLE STEERING TASK WITH A SONIC BOOM DISTURBANCE
Toronto. Univ, Inst for Aerospace Studies. UTIAS Tech Note n 179
September 1972
An initial study was made concerning the effect of sonic-boom disturbances
on an individual's compensatory tracking performance for an unstable system.
In certain respects the tracking task simulated automobile driving. Sonic-
boom disturbances of the type generated by the Concorde supersonic transport
result in a measurable startle effect (performance deteriorated during the
tracking task) manifesting itself in somewhat different ways for different
individuals at different times. The performance loss pattern involved
an initial startle followed by peak amplitude response, sometimes partial
recovery, and total recovery. The results apply only to that particular
task simulated during this study.
Lundberg, B.
THER SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT DILLEMMA
Noise 2000. Assoc Intl Contre le Bruit. Intl Congresses, p 16-22, 1971
An evaluation of noise pollution from supersonic transport (SST) booms is
presented. The SST boom would be at least 10 times too strong for
being acceptable over land. Several countries have already prohibited
supersonic overflights. Building of production aircraft of Concorde
and U.S. SST prototypes started on assumptions that the boom will not cause
appreciable harm over sea, and that supersonic operation restricted to sea
routes will be an economic success. Both assumptions are incorrect;
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SST booms will cause severe disturbance, fright, and risks of accidents to
people at sea. The burden of proof that these effects are acceptable rests
with the SST investing governments and industries. They should therefore
carrry out adequate boom tests over sea. If such tests are not made very
soon, they run the future risk of having to scrap all the SSTS when the
operation has become so extensive that the frequent oversea booms have
definitely become intolerable. Then people at sea and governments of
shipping and fishing nations will certainly find ways and means of stopping
the activity. Restriction to supersonic speed over water will result in
huge operation losses. As operation losses escalate, SST investors will be
severely tempted to exert pressure for obtianing permissions to fly super-
sonically over land. To resist this there is an urgent need for sleep
disturbance tests for confirmation that the SST boom is far too severe for
being acceptable over land.
Oswatitsch, K.; Sun, Y. C.
WAVE FORMATION AND SONIC BOOM DUE TO A DELTA WING.
Aeron Q, v 23, pt 2, May 1972, p 87-108
By employment of the analytical method of characteristics and of a
limiting procedure suitable for dealing with the trailing edge expansion,
the influence of near-field flow on the far-field wave formation has been
investigated for an incident flat delta wing with supersonic leading
edges. The front shock due to a delta wing will as a rule be cancelled at
a finite distance from the wing by the plane-wave expansion emanating from
the trailing edge. The over-expansion must then give rise to a rear shock
separate from the front one. Thus at least in the plane of symmetry, a
sharp-front wave signature cannot, in general, be expected from the wing
at a distance beyond the terminating point of the front shock. The boom
signature then will be qualitatively different from that of a body of
revolution. 17 refs.
Ribner, H. S. E.; Hubbard, H. H.
SONIC BOOM SYMPOSIUM
Sonic Boom Symp. Acoust Soc of Amer. 80th meeting
The generation, prediction, propagation and simulation of sonic booms
are discussed, along with the effects of booms on terrain, water, structures,
animals and humans.
Stevens, J. H.
THAT SONIC BANG
Envr This Month. The Intl J of Envr Science. Lancaster, Engr.
v 1 n 2 August 1972, p 34-39
Physical properties, causes, and effects of the sonic boom are discussed.
Factors affecting the boom are analyzed, including aircraft shape and
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weight, meteorological conditions, and height at which the aircraft
is flying. Maneuvering and acceleration can cause a four- or six-
fold increase in boom intensity due to focussing. The worst booms come
during initial acceleration to supersonic speed because all factors
tend toward the largest pressure pulses. The airplane is relatively
low and at maximum weight and high incidence.
Wilhelmsen, A. M.; Larsson, B.
SONIC BOOMS AND STRUCTURAL DAMAGE
Natl Swed Build Res. Doc D3. 1973
A series of field tests was performed for the assessment of damage to
buildings. Two timber framed test buildings were erected, one using
prefabricated sections and the other in-situ construction with one
replaceable external wall. Fifty-threee overflights at supersonic speeds,
at altitudes ranging from 100 to 13,000 m, were carried out over the
test buildings. The overpressure created was recorded both in and out of
doors and movements in different parts of the buildings were measured.
64 refs.
Willms, W.
FORSCHUNGSERGEBNISSE ZUM UEBERSCHALLKNAIL
Noise 2000. Assoc Intl Centre Le Bruit. Intl Congresses, p 16-22, 1971
Results of sonic boom research that have been reached in several countries
are surveyed. The generation and propagation of shock waves including
random magnifications and superbangs are considered and effects on humans
and structures are examined, with the most important response criteria
given.
Flyover Noise
Signatures-
Gonter, R. H.
INTENSITY FLUCTUATIONS OF AIRCRAFT FLYOVER NOISE
Acoust Soc of Amer, Menasha, Wis. J, v 52 n 5, Nov 1972, p 1309-1317
The sounds of aircraft flyovers were tape-recorded in stereo with micro-
phones spaced up to 30 m. A peak detector was used on playback to obtain
the sound intensity fluctuations which were then recorded on a strip
chart. Fluctuations were punched on cards for digital computer processing
resulting poor. Spectra were analyzed for propeller planes and jets and
showed considerable variation.
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Urick, R. J.
NOISE SIGNATURE OF AN AIRCRAFT IN LEVEL FLIGHT OVER A HYDROPHONE IN THE
SEA.
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52 n 3, part 2, Sep 1972, p 993-999
Observations are made on the underwater noise made by a prop jet flying
over hydrophones at two different depths. Simple ray theory is shown to
account for the signature under the conditions of the experiments. 12
ref s.
Zweiback, E. L.
FLYOVER NOISE TESTING OF COMMERCIAL JET AIRPLANES
J of Aircraft, v 10 n 9, Sept 1973, p 538-545
The flight development and certification programs of new commercial jet
transport airplanes include flyover noise testing to define public ac-
ceptability of the airplanes. Government noise standards for aircraft-
type certification have influenced flight testing procedures for air-
plane flyover noise testing. Specific field and flight data systems
include; a noise recording array dispersed over a surveyed ground test
range; recording stations for the surface weather (continuous) and the
sound path weather (periodic); a tracking facility for the precise con-
tinuous recording of the airplane space position; and aircraft instru-
mentation for recording time-synchronized airplane engine operating
parameters. Data processing utilizes advanced techniques that integrate
all data components of the test airplane noise system. Existing test
techniques are generally adequate for the present.
Flight Path Control-
Clifford, D. R.
APPROACH PATH CONTROL FOR REDUCED NOISE AND IMPROVED TRAFFIC CAPACITY
Agard Conf Proc n 76 37th meeting of Flight Mechanics Panel, Oct 20-23
1970, Baden-Baden, West Germany, Mar 1971 paper 15
Denery, D. G.; Bourquin, D. R.; White, K. C.; Drinkwater, F. J.; III
FLIGHT EVALUATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL AREA NAVIGATION FOR JET TRANSPORT
NOISE ABATEMENT
J of Aircraft, v 10 n 4, April 1973, p 226-231
The NASA Ames Research Center, working with American Airlines, completed
the first phase of research to evaluate the operational feasibility of
two-segment approaches for noise abatement. Area navigation was used
to establish the upper glide slope, and an instrument landing system
(ILS) was used to establish the lower. The flight was modified to pro-
vide command information during the entire approach. Twenty-eight pilots
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representing the airlines, professional pilot associations, FAA, and NASA
participated. With an ILS approach for comparison, the precedure gave
a noise reduction of 18 EPNdB (effective perceived noise in decibles)
at the outer marker and 8 EPNdB 1.1 nm from touchdown.
Halwes, D. R.
FLIGHT OPERATIONS TO MINIMIZE NOISE
Vertiflite, v 17 n 2, Feb 1971, p 4-9
Test results show that when the helicopter operates without blade slap,
the altitude necessary to avoid exceeding noise code limits is one half
the altitude necessary with blade slap. If the helicopter flies at the
same altitude, the use of quieter operating techniques can reduce the
ground area exposed to the same noise level by as much as 75 percent, and
can reduce the required distance between a heliport and a noise -
sensitive area boundary line by 50 percent. These reductions in noise
exposure result in greater use of the helicopter's unique capabilities
without exposing noise- sensitive areas to high noise levels. 5 refs
Melinikov, B. N.; Mkhitaryan, A. M.; Tokarev, V. I.; Shmakov, I. P.
CALCULATION OF NOISE-OPTIMUM CLIMB-OUT PATHS FOR AIRLINERS.
Sov Phys, Acoust, v 19 n 2, Sep-Oct 1973, p 191-192
Computer calculations of noise-optimum takeoff profiles for the TU-
134 and IL-62 jet airliners are discussed. 4 refs.
Effects-
Pande, L.; Lyon, R. H.
MODEL STUDY OF AIRCRAFT NOISE REVERBERATION IN A CITY STREET~
Acoust Soc of Amer NY J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Experimental studies of sound propagation from a source situated above
roof top level in an urban environment indicate the amplification and
shielding effect of buildings. These experiments supplemented by
diagnostic tests with a spark source which indicate the paths of propaga-
tion and their contribution to the received sound. A criterion for
reverberation in a city street due to an aircraft is developed in terms
of images formed. Charts indicating the amplification or shielding of
noise from low flying aircraft are presented.
Cant, S. M.; Breysse, P. A.
AIRCRAFT NOISE INDUCED VIBRATION IN FIFTEEN RESIDENCES
NEAR SEATTLE-TACOMA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT.
Amer Ind Hygiene Assoc, J, v 34 n 10, Oct 1973, p 463-468
Wall acceleration (in units of gravity (g) RMS) levels were investigated
in 15 single-family dwellings near the Seattle-Tacoma international
airport. Levels measured during a 24-hr continuous sampling ranged from
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0.0025 to 0.22 g RMS. Background levels were lesser than 0.0018 g RMS.
Although acute adverse health effects and major structural damage are not
likely, aircraft noise induced vibration creates a nuisance problem for
residents near a major airport.
Propagation and Absorption-
Bishop, D. E.; Simpson, M. A.; Chang, D.
EXPERIMENTAL ATMOSPHERIC ABSORPTION VALUES FROM AIRCRAFT FLYOVER NOISE
SIGNALS
NASA Contract Rep., CR-1751, June 1971
A detailed analysis of the noise recorded on the ground during a series
of 20 aircraft flyovers by two aircraft (a four-engine turbojet transport
and a four-engine piston transport) during a single day of field measurements
has been conducted. Noise levels recorded at five positions under and to
the side of the flight path were acquired from the field tests. Differences
in one-third octave band noise levels observed at different ground positions
for the same angle of radiation from the aircraft were utilized to ob-
tain sets of absorption values. 7 refs.
Delany, M. Ł.; Bazley, E. N.
NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF GROUND ABSORPTION IN THE MEASUREMENT OF AIR-CRAFT
NOISE
J Sound Vibr, v 16 n 3, June 8 1971, p 315-322
It is shown that results of available theoretical analyses of the farfield
sound pressure due to a simple source above an absorbing plane are
capable of simple interpretation, and that certain published experimental
values of excess attenuation obtained from measurements near the ground
are consistent with such results. The effects of changing various para-
meters are demonstrated and estimates made of the errors likely to be
incurred if effects of ground absorption are ignored when determining
normalized values of the noise of aircraft. 13 refs.
Thompson, J. R.; Shapiro, N.
THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS ON AIRCRAFT NOISE PROPAGATION
Acoust Socof Amer, Menasha, Wis, J, v 52 n 5, Nov 1972, p 1309-1317
Aircraft flyover noise measurements often must be made when normal
temperature lapse rates exist. Inversion conditions might affect prop-
agated noise appreciably. The two possible effects of temperature gra-
dients are ray bending resulting from the associated sound velocity
gradient and changes in atmospheric absorption. Each of the inversion
effects is small, considering normal measurement scatter, and the net
effect of the two is usually even smaller. Flyover noise measurements
when temperature gradients were changing confirmed that there is no sig-
nificant effect on perceived noise.
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Survey-
Hurdle, P.; Lane S. R.; Meecham, W. C.
JET AIRCRAFT NOISE IN METROPOLITAN LOS ANGELES UNDER AIR ROUTE CORRIDORS
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 50 n 1 pt 1, July 1971, p 32-39
A survey is made of the average level of noise intrusion due to jet
aircraft flyover noise and of the average number of people affected in
metropolitan Los Angeles. Approach and departure routes are shown and the
relation of present data to noise ordnances given.
Muller, J. L.
CALCULATION OF AIRCRAFT NOISE DURATION
J Sound Vibr, v 16 n 4, June 22, 1971, p 581-592
The problem of calculating the effective noise duration at any specific
observation point during an aircraft fly-past is considered. Existing
proposals are reviewed and the results of alternative methods of cal-
culation are compared with each other and with analyses of actual noise
history recordings. 9 refs.
Helicopter and Flyover Noise-
Faulkner, H. B.
COST OF NOISE REDUCTION IN INTERCITY COMMERCIAL HELICOPTERS
J Aircr, v 11 n 2, Feb 1974, p 89-95
The relationship between noise reduction and direct operating cost was
studied for commercial helicopters having a design range of 400 miles.
This was accomplished by generating a large number of helicopter
preliminary designs with the aid of a computer program. Desgins were
selected to meet each of four noise level goals with minimum direct
operating costs. Establishing a curve of noise level vs direct operating
cost. This was repeated for several payloads and technology time frames.
It was concluded that good economic performance can be expected of
relatively quiet future helicopters which have low tip speeds and high
solidity rotors. With a 25 percent increase in direct operating costs the
takeoff perceived noise level at 500 feet for a 1975, 50-passenger
helicopter can be kept below 80 dB PNL. The expected improvements in
helicopter technology over the next fifteen years can offset the economic
penalties due to noise reduction. 11 refs.
Leverton, J. W.
HELICOPTERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
Noise Control Vibr Reduct, v 5 n 2, March 1974, p 57-61
Chemical pollution, downwash effects, induced building vibration, etc,
arising from the use of rotorcraft are negligible and thus the only form
of pollution of any significance is noise. In this respect rotorcraft have
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many advantages over other forms of transport, because of their inherent
flexibility with regard to the flight path used during landing and takeoff.
This means that the spread of noise can be controlled at will and
the flight directions readily changed to avoid noise sensitive areas. Also
because of the vertical lift-off and touchdown capabilities of rotor-
craft, requirements for heliports are minimal and they can easily be situated
on top of buildings or over areas already used for other applicants.
Even compared with railway stations the area required for a heliport is
small.
Leverton, J. W.
ROTORCRAFT FOR ALLEVIATION OF THE AIRCRAFT NOISE NUISANCE.
Aircr Eng, v 44 n 1, Jan 1972, p 14-17
The noise generated by a convertible rotocraft during take-off and flyout
blends in well with the structure of a city, it is therefore well suited
to use at large urban sites. For city center operations, however, it does
appear that compound or winged helicopters are necessary as low take-
off noise as well as flyover noise is required. 11 refs.
Leverton, J. W.
SOUND OF ROTORCRAFT
Aeron, J, v 75 n 726, June 1971, p 385-397
The general characteristics of the sound produced by rotorcraft are
reviewed, with particular reference to rotor noise. The relative impor-
tance of rotational ( Lscrete frequency) noise and broadband noise is
discussed and narrow-band analysis results are presented which show the
changes in spectral content that occur with variations in lift and tip are
included. 38 refs.
Meecham, W. C.; Lane, S. R.
NOISE INTRUSION FROM POLICE HELICOPTERS OVER LOS ANGELES COMMUNITIES
Acoust Soc of Amer, NY, J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
Measurements of police helicopter nosie were made during surveillance
flights over communities in several cities in the Los Angeles area. Small
light observation-type helicopters (Hughes 269 and 300 and Bell 206) are
used for emergency and surveillance work by the police departments of
most cities in the Los Angeles area, and by the Sheriff's departments in
the southern California 7-county area. These helicopters typically fly over
the various communities several times each day and during the late evening.
hours. Operation of these heliocpters at 500-to 1,000-ft altitudes results
in noise levels of 70-80 dB A in the residential communities. Helicopter
flights over schools and colleges caused noise levels of 65-75 dB A inside
the classrooms. This is 10-20 dB above the maximum allowable limit of the
Santa Monica area, late night flights and search patterns caused noise
levels of 100-115 EPN dB over hospitals and convalescent homes. These levels
are in violation of municipal noise codes and exceed the federal landing
noise limits for new jet aircraft.
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These levels are in violation of municipal noise codes and exceed the
federal landing noise limits for new jet aircraft.
Pierce, A. D.; Kinney, W. A.
THEORETICAL INTERPRETATION OF RECENT EXPERIMENTS OF HELICOPTER NOISE
PROPAGATION IN URBAN AREAS
Acoust Soc of Amer, NY, J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
Recordings were made while a helicopter flew over an array of micro-
phones placed in an open field and a similar array placed in the center of
a street flanked by tall buildings. The differences between the 2
sets of data (intially lower, then higher levels for the urban data)
are similar to that predicted previously from laboratory scale model
experiments by Lyon, Pande, and Kinney. Theoretical explanation is
attempted based on a geometrical acoustical model modified to include
edge diffraction. A general expression is first derived for the effec-
tive gain due to building presence when sound is excited by a monochro-
matic point source. This is then used to find the mean and variance of
octave band filtered broad band noise for random listener location near
the buildings and near the center of the street. The data are then
discussed in terms of these theoretical predictions.
Propulsive Lift Aircraft Noise
Cheeseman, I. C.; Judd, M.; Lilley, 6. M.
SOCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL IMPLICATIONS OF V/STOL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS.
Br Air Line Pilots Assoc, llth Annu Tech Conf, V/STOL in Civil Aviation,
London, Engl, Nov 24-26, 1970, p 142-169
It is shown from recent analyses of passenger travel and travel habits
that V/STOL is viable as compared with other transport systems for journeys
as short as 75 km. V/STOL is not a costly system and its direct operating
costs can be made comparable with other forms of transport. The advantages
of possible V/STOL integration with other transport systems are
emphasized. The quality of the environment in relation to atmospheric and
noise pollution is briefly considered. Some special problems with respect
to atmospheric pollution for certain classes of V/STOL aircraft are
noted. 11 refs.
Falarski, M. D.; Koenig, D. G.; Soderman, P. T.
ASPECTS OF INVESTIGATING STOL NOISE USING LARGE-SCALE WIND-TUNNEL MODELS.
Can Aeronaut Space, J, v 19 n 2, Feb 1973, p 61-69
The reverberant field of the test section must be determined with an
acoustically similar noise source. A directional microphone, a phased
array of microphones, and extrapolation of near-field data to far-field
are some of the techniques being explored as possible solutions to the
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directivity loss in a reverberant field. The model sound pressure levels
must be of sufficient magnitude to be distinguishible from the wind-
tunnel background noise. 8 refs.
Marshal, E. E.
STOL AIRCRAFT IN FUTURE TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
Aeron J, v 75 n 730, Oct 1971, p 695-704
In this analysis of the greater London area, travel characteristics and
habits are examined in the context of possible solutions afforded by STOL
aircraft to land use and noise problems affecting airport planning. An
airport system for the United Kingdom and the London area is suggested
together with a proposed STOL airliner design to meet these requiremnts.
O'Keefe, J. V.; Nickson, T. B.; True, H. C.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF AUGMENTOR WING, EJECTOR NOZZLE, AND POWER JET
FLAP LOW-NOISE STOL CONCEPTS
Acoust Soc of Amer, NY, J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
A noise and performance comparison of STOL airplane configurations is
summarized. Aircraft were sized for a 2,000-ft takeoff field length, 150
passengers, and a STOL range of 500 miles. A discussion of thrust augmentation
ratios, airplane thumb printing sizing, thrust requiremnts, thrust lapse
rates, static test configurations, 500-ft SL noise comparisons, and noise
footprints is presented for each concept. Each concept originally showed
approximately equal noise levels on a static test stand but more intensive
test work shows that the augmentor holds superior potential for low noise.
Rosen, G.
AN ENGINE FOR QUIET STOL PROPULSION
Astronautics & Aeronautics, v 9 n 12, Dec 1971, p 50-55
Through superior noise characteristics, weight advantage, fast re-
sponse and reduced fuel consumption, the now-emerging Q-FANTM engine
should greatly help clear the way to creating a viable short-haul
air systems.
Rulis, R. J.
STATUS OF CURRENT DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY RELATED TO STOL PROPULSION NOISE
SEDUCTION.
SAE Prepre, n 730377 for Meet April 24-26, 1973, p 14
The noise goal of 95 PNdB for STOL aircrafct imposes severe technology
demands on propulsion systems. Effects of this goal on the design of the
propulsion system are reviewed. Results from recent development programs
associated with STOL nosie reduction, such as high by pass fan tests, 25
PNdB acoustic suppression tests, sonic inlets, and powered lift systems
noise tests, are presented. Integrated propulsion system designs for the
blown flap and augiaentor wing powered lift systems capable of meeting the
noise goal are shown and the performance, installation, and economic
Penalties assessed. 10 refs.
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Scholten, R.
INFLUENCE OF THE GROUND ON THE NEAR FIELD NOISE LEVELS OF JET-SUPPORTED
V/STOL AIRCRAFT.
Agard Conf Proc, n 113 for Meet Sept 26-27, 1972
A method for calculating the near field noise level of a free jet
(without ground effect) by means of a modified Lighthill theory using
measured reference sound fields is explained. The possibility of determining,
with sufficiently good practical accuracy, the frequency spectra in the near
sound field by means of a modified Strouhal number is described. The
validity of the "Modified Lighthill Theory" is proven by means of
two greatly differing engines jets. A discussion of comprehensive measured
data of "Wall Jet Sound Fields" (sound fields of an engine jet directed
vertically towards the ground) and the influence of the essential para-
meters affecting the sound field are discussed . Finally, it is demonstrated
on the V/STOL aircraft dornier DO 31 that the ground effect can lead to a
considerably increased noise level. 6 refs.
Stephenson, R. L.
NOISE LEVEL WHICH MIGHT ARISE FROM AIRCRAFT OPERATING BETWEEN THE
CENTRAL AREAS OF CITIES
Noise 2000. Assoc Internationale Centre Le Bruit. Intl Congresses,
1971, p 16-22
Airport access from city centers by helicopter is discussed. These
helicopters, short take-off and landing and advanced technology ver-
tical take-off and landing aircraft, offer a great advantage in that
they could operate from sites which need only be a fraction of the
size of the conventional airport. Feasibility studies of the opera-
tion of these types of aircrafts were made by the British aircraft
manufacturers. The standard of acceptable noise levels from the
helicopters being discussed in 90 PNdB at 500 m and 85 PNdB at 830 m.
Manufacturers consider that the figure of 90 PHdB at 500 m is a
design possibility for aircraft which might economically carry be-
ween 100 and 200 passengers. Studies of potential sites in the
United Kingdom have shown that areas of 500 m radius which are not
sensitive to noise can be found in central areas of cities.
VTOL-
Abdelhamind, A. N.; Schaub, U. W.
UNSTEADY FORCES AND NOISE FROM FAN-IN WING MODEL IN CROSS FLOW
ASME Paper 72-GT-92 for Meeting March 26-30, 1972,
Based on experimentally determined inlet and outlet flow distortions the
unsteady forces on the rotor blades are determined analytically taking
into account the effects of blade angle of attack and blade camber.
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Results of unsteady forces due to flow distortions are compared with those
on the rotor blades due to potential interaction with the stator vanes.
The calculated unsteady forces on rotor blades are used to calculate the
discrete frequency nosie emission characteristics of the fan. 7 refs.
Bartlett, F. D.; Flannelly, W. G.
APPLICATION OF ANTIRESONANCE THEORY TO HELICOPTERS.
J, Amer Helicopter Soc, v 19 n 1, Jan 1974, p 11-15
Results show that antiresonances can be determined by matrix iteration
techniques. Antiresonant nodes introduced by dynamic absorbers and
antiresonant isolators have been discussed to illustrated the novel
application of the theory to helicopter engineering problems. 7 refs.
Bestek, H.
HUBSCHRAUBERLAERM. GRUNDLAGEN DER SCHALLERZEUGUNG UND BEWETUNG VON
HUBSCHRAUBERN. BERECHNUNG DBS GESAMTSCHALLPEGELS. (HELICOPTER NOISE
FUNDAMENTALS OF HELICOPTER NOISE GENERATION AND RATING. CALCULATION OF THE
OVERALL SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL).
Dtsch Luft Raumfahrt, DLR-MITT 73-18 1973, p 102
A survey of a large number of reports on noise generated by helicopters
is presented. The paper gives a comprehensive review of the generation and
rating of heliocpter noise. Sound radiation of main and tail rotors, piston^
gas turbine, and tip jet engines, gears and transmissions is treated.
Methods for calculating the overall sound pressure level are presented
and discussed. 109 refs. In German with Egnlish Summary.
Casalegno, L; Martini, G.; Ruspa, G.
USE OF MODELS TO ESTIMATE FUSELAGE PRESSURE IN VTOL AIRCRAFT
J Sound Vibr, v 17 n 3, August 8, 1971, p 309-321
Near-field noise measurement results on the quarter-scale model of the
V/STOL VAK 191 B aircraft are presented and discussed for the three take-
off configurations-CTO, STO and VTO. The agreement proves to be quite
satisfactory, mainly in the conventional take-off condition, while in the
short and vertical take-off configurations some differences appear, due to
the presence of jets blowing on the ground.
Cheeseman, I. C.
NOISE OF ROTORCRAFT AND OTHER VTOL AIRCRAFT. A REVIEW
Aeron J, v 75 n 726, June 1971, p 406-412
In order to meet expected target levels of allowable noise for V/STOL
aircraft, this paper reviews nosie sources, prediction methods for various
aircraft classes, and suggests the noise reduction which might be possible
in the near future. Design penalties which might be incurred in designing.
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to a fixed noise level are noted. Only limited coverage is given to fan
and jet lift aircraft and to the noise contribution from shaft drive
engines in rotor/propeller schemes. 25 refs.
Stepniewski, W. Z.; Schmitz, F. Z.
POSSIBILITIES AND PROBLEMS OF ACHIEVING COMMUNITY NOISE ACCEPTANCE
OF VTOL
Aeronautical J, v 77 n 750, June 1973, p 311-326
General trends of acceptable noise level standards, as well as par-
ticular investigations of two typical suburban communities wer studied.
New strides in acoustical technology are needed to bring vtol transport
service directly to residential areas. Reduction of the noise level
at the source by more than 10 dB of perceived nosie from the current
state of the art for the rotary-wing and by twice as much for the lift-
fan transport aircraft appears mandatory. Flight trajectory management
can reduce the noise heard at specified measuring locations. The re-
lative effectiveness of the noise abatement flight trajectories
is dependent upong scenarios of the proposed vtol ports. Population
distribution and ambient noise levels of the surrounding area are
important in predicting community reaction to acoustic annoyance.
Design Studies-
Hayden, R. E.
FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF NOISE REDUCTION FROM POWERED-LIFT DEVICES.
SAE Prepr, n 730376 for Meet April 24-26, 1973
Proposed powere'd-lift stol aircraft are expected to require noise
reductions on the order of 20 dB to meet community noise goals, according
to a number of model and full scale studies. Powered-lift stol introduces
to the designer a new class of noise problems in that the noise sources
are exposed and not amenable to conventional muffling. Thus, the nosie
must be reduced at the source, a task for which thorough understanding of
source mechanisims is required. A review of source mechanisms associated
with various powered-lift concepts is presented and current state-of-
the-art of prediction technology is assessed for each important source.
Sources are rank-ordered for the various classes of lift-augmenting
concepts. Parametric dependence of source levels on design and operating
parameters is discussed. Fundamental concepts for noise reduction are
developed and current progress toward implementation of these noise
reduction concepts is reviewed.
Sweet, H. S.; Leslie, H. R.; Bennet, J. A.
DESING STUDIES OF LOW-NOISE PROPULSIVE-LIFT AIRPLANES.
SAE Prepr n 730378 for meet April 24-26, 1973
A review is presented of low-noise airplanes designed for operation in the
1980 time period. Powered-lift concepts include externally blown flap,
augmentor wing, internally blown flap, and over-the-wing upper surface
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blowing. Performance, sizing, and costs are described for 148 passenger
airplanes with design field length varying from 2000-4000 feet. Techniques
for reducing noise are evaluated in terms of aircraft performance weight,
and cost. Experimental data on decayer nozzles are presented and assessed
with respect to effectiveness in exhaust noise reduction and aircraft
performance penalties. Noise footprints for aircraft with different lift
concepts and different field length capabilities are discussed from the
standpoint of community acceptance of STOL short-haul service at existing
carrier airports, general aviation airports, or dedicated new Stolports.
Recommendations are made for further work in development of rational
criteria for short-haul noise levels and for areas that hold promise of
further noise reduction. 11 refs.
Airport Noise
Noise Contours-
Galloway, W. J.
PREDICTING THE REDUCTION IN NOISE EXPOSURE AROUND AIRPORTS.
Inter-noise 72. Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, 1972, p 2-4
A model for evaluating the gross effects of various aircraft fleet opera-
tions on airport noise exposure is proposed. The model can be used for
assessing policy implications, but it should not be employed for detailed
planning at specific airports. Area coefficients may be used to examine
alternate fleet configuration effects at specific airports. The coeffi-
cients may be used for individual airport planning. An initial detailed
analysis for a 'base case1 condition at the specific airport must be made.
Igarashi, J.; Nishinomiya, G.
DETERMINATION OF NOISE EXPOSURE AROUND AN AIRPORT.
Inst Space Aeronaut Sci, Univ Tokyo, Rep n 476 March 1972
This paper presents a study of drawing the noise exposure contour around
an airport. The contour was figured out from the measured data obtained
in the vicinity of Osaka airport. It is compared with the calculated con-
tour based on the data of FAA, the specified flight paths and the scheduled
operations similar to those of the period of measurements. The methods of
determination of PNdB, duration and tone corrections are also mentioned
together with the relation between PNdB and dB or dBA.
Kajland, A. R.
A STUDY OF FACTORS DETERMINING THE PROPAGATION OF AIRCRAFT NOISE
Acoust Soc of Amer, Mensha, Wis. J, v 52 n 5, Nov 1972, p 1309-1317
Tape recordings were made of about 1,500 takeoffs at Arlanda airport
(Sweden). Type of aircraft, destination, temperature, air humidity, wind
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velocity, and direction were registered. A correlation analysis of
peak sound level in dBA and meteorological factors was made. Sound
level showed no significant covariation with humidity and temperature,
but there was a positive correlation to the wind velocity from the air-
craft toward the measuring station. The mean values measured verify
theoretical calculation of the sound level from standard noise carpets.
Calculations are more significant than occasional measurements.
Spencer, J. A.; Meyer, T. H.
COMPUTER GENERATED AIRPORT NOISE CONTOURS
Acoust Soc of Amer NY, J, v 53 n 1 p 291-392, 1973
Exisitng airport noise prediction programs are incapable of delaing with
complex flight paths and normal dispersion of flight paths due to
variations in aircraft gross weight and pilot technique. A computer
program that is capable of handling these problems has been developed,
using an air traffic control simulation program as its base. The
original air traffic control program is capable of very accurate
simulation of aircraft motion in an airspace, including random deviations
from assigned parameters and automatic metering of traffic using holds,
delaying turns, etc. A grid of noise measuring points, of arbitrary
extent, is superimposed on the airspace and constant recording of aircraft
noise at each location is simulated. At the end of a run, a contour
plot of noise levels in the grid area is produced. Variations in traffic
density, controller technique, traffic patterns and runway use can be
simulated, and the results of such variations compared directly.
Blomberg, S.
ARLANDA AIRPORT, THE NOISE SITUATION NOW AND IN THE FUTURE.
Inter-noise 72. Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, 1972, p 2-4
Swedish criteria for airport noise are reviewed, and critical noise limits
and levels at Arlanda airport are discussed. Noise may be reduced by a
retrofit program and a new airport with two parallel E-W runways to be
built immediately N of the present airport.
De Wit, G. A. M.
ON THE NOISE IN THE VICINITY OF THE BRUSSELS NATIONAL AIRPOT.
Noise 2000. Assoc Internationale Centre Le Bruit. Intl Congress.
1971
In the vicinity of the Brussels national airport, a number of measurements
were carried out on the noise that aircraft taking-off caused on the
ground. The measurement results, which concern principally the noise
levels, the difference values between PNdB and dBA, the period of fly-
over, and the influence of noise abatement climb, are represented and
briefly discussed.
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Meecham, W. C.; Lane, S. R.
HAZARDOUS JET NOISE RADIATION AT SCHOOLS NEAR LOS ANGELES INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT
Acoust Soc of Amer, NY, J, v 53 n 1 Jan 1973, p 291-392
Indoor and outdoor measurements of jet aircraft noise were obtianed at 7
schools beneath the eastern approach paths to Los Angeles International
Airport. At 5 elementary schools, the jet noise:in the schoolyards
ranged from 100 to 120 dBC and constituted a high risk of hearing damages
for the young children. The frequency of jet aircraft overflights averaged
1/2 min for a total of over 200/school day. The corresponding jet noise
levels in the classroom, 80 percent of which were not air conditioned or
acoustically treated, ranged form 80 to 96 dBA, and caused total disruption
of the communication and learning processes. The noise could be reduced
by 10 dB or more if engine power were reduced when the aircraft approached
the school areas, or if the aircraft approached at higher altitudes and
landed further to the W on the unused 6,000 ft-long portion of the 12,000-
ft-long runways.
Reichow, H. B.
BIN NEUARTIGER BAULICHER LAERMSHUTZ FUER DIE STADT KEISTERBACH AM
RANDE DES FLUGHAFENS FRANKFURT A.M.
Noise 2000. Assoc Internationale Centre Le Bruit. Intl Congresses
1971, p 16-22
Inhabitants of the town of Keisterbach, Germany, N of Frnakfurt airport
are harassed by noise of takoffs and expansion contruction of the airport
— expecially 45 freight loading places and a new W runway. Construction
of a series of hangars, and administrative and clearance buildings, while
utilizing 15 m high sound protection wall with a sectioned, horizontal
absorption plate on the upper side, was recommended as a practical means
to reduce the noise. Because of the nearness of this wall to loading
places and runways, this measure aims at sound absorption and deflection
resulting in a protective action which is more effective than that of
sound protection barriers. The airport administration has resolved to
adopt this suggestion and to execute, by stages, construction of the sound
protection wall totaling a length of 3.8 KM.
Rettinger, M. ; Green, D. W.
A PROPOSED LITTORAL AIRPORT
Inter-noise 72. Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, 1972, p 2-4
A proposed offshore airport in San Pedro, California is described.
Variation of aircraft noise level with distance, noise reduction achieved
by a two-segment approach pattern, community noise equivalent levels, and
noise exposure forecasts are discussed. An 11-fold reduction in loudness
would be achieved by a littoral landing field, and maintenance cost re-
duction would be accomplished by exploitation of submarine oil deposits
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and remuneration obtained from a pleasure boat harbor and-commercial
docking facilities. Access to the airport would be by causeway, hydro-
foil, monorail, and subterranean passage.
Shapiro, N.
COMMUNITY NOISE LEVELS OF THE L-1011 TRISTAR JET TRANSPORT
Acoust Soc of Amer, NY, J, v 52 n 1 July 1972 p 112-188
In order to halt the escalation of aircraft noise in the vicinity of
airports, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) developed, and in
late 1969 issued, the noise certification standards of FAR Part 36.
The Lockheed L-1011 Tristar, a wide-bodied trijet transport, was planned
not only to meet the anticipated FAA requirements, but to provide the
quietest community environment that was technologiecally practicable
and economically reasonable. Powered by Rolls-Royce high bypass ratio
engines, with quiet operation a major design goal, and utilizing spe-
cially designed acoustical lining for its nacelles, the L-1011 demon-
strated flyover noise levels substantially lower than the FAA specified
limits, and also measurably lower than those of competitive airplanes.
As a result, community annoyance levels were achieved that are 65-75
percent below those of the presently operating older jet transports.
Annoyance-
Anon.
THE UNBEARABLE MENACE - AIRPORT NOISE.
J of Envr Health, v 35 n 6, May-June 1973, p 578-583
The physical and psychologic effects of noise are discussed, along with
the characteristics of annoying sound: loudness, pitch, intermittency,
irregularity, and localization. Aircraft noise fits all critieria for
annoying sound. Complaints include the interference with speech and the
disturbance of sleep and relaxation. Studies regarding sleep and air-
craft noise are reviewed, and conclusions regarding noise impacts on
schools near airports are summarized.
King, R. L.
AIRPORT NOISE POLLUTION: A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ITS EFFECTS ON PEOPLE AND
PROPERTY
Metuchen, J. J.: Scarecrow Press, 1973
A bibliography on the effects and control of airport noise is presented.
The general, psychological, and physiological effects of aircraft noise
on human health were investigated. The control and abatement studies
that were discovered included the measurement of noise, legal aspects of
control, aircraft noise control, airport noise control, architectural
noise control,and land use and zoning controls. Property values around
airports were also examined. The appendix identifies organizations
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concerned with noise pollution research and control The activities and
current research of these organizations are outlined. The organizations
include U. S. government agencies, state and local governments, universites,
research institutions professional associations, civic organizations,
business organizations, and international and foreign organizations.
Kiro, D.; Fehr, U.; Burnstein, M.; Iron, B.; Goldman, J.
EXPOSURE OF COMMUNITIES OF LOW-FREQUENCY NOISE FROM AIRCRAFTS AND ROCKETS
Acoust Soc of Amer, NY, J, v 53 n 1 Jan 1973, p 291-392
Data collections in the LF noise region (below 100 CPS), in communities
located near airports are analyzed for the purpose of volumetric coverage.
Isosurfaces of sound pressure level of jet planes at altitudes of up to
7,000 ft are shells in the shape of pears, with the top directed toward
the ground. The top covers a minimum area of 12,000 KM2. The pear-
shaped envelope is pulled in the direction of the flight, and this pro-
duces a time delay and altitude dependence between the community exposure
to radiated noise, and the instantaneous location of the plane.
Typical time exposures for altitudes of 1,000 to 7,000 ft are 45-74 sec.
This LF does not raise complaints because of the human ear's limitations;
nevertheless they might be harmful. Furthermore, infrasonic frequencies
(4 cps and below), having energies of 100 dB and more, cover 10,000 KM2
and have durations of up to 30 min. If these frequencies are harmful or
bothersome, the jet engines should be designed to dissipate these engergies
at higher frequencies which attenuate strongly and do not propagate long
distances in the atmosphere.
Johnston, G. W.
V/STOL COMMUNITY ANNOYANCE DUE TO NOISE PROPOSED INDICES AND LEVELS FOR
TORONTO-YORK TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE.
Toronto Univ, Inst Aerosp Stud, Utias Tech Note n 177 March 1972,
The objective is to define suitable community noise assessment techniques
applicable to V/STOL systems by incorporating current community distur-
bance methods and experience to a maximum with suitable modifications to
accommmodate important new noise features implicit to V/STOL systems.
The study includes a brief review of current applicable psychoacoustic
work relating to: methods for assessing subjective response to
individual noise events EM — including speech interference; indices for
assessing total noise exposure; criteria for assessing noise disturbance,
due to V/STOL operations is then proposed, together with maximum criteria
levels. Finally, a computer program has been developed and preliminary
computer studies carried out, at a hypothetical urban STOL port location,
to establish the feasibility of the proposed methods. 31 refs.
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Richards, E. J.; Ollerhead, J. B.
NOISE BURDEN FACTOR - NEW WAY OF RATING AIRPORT NOISE.
SV Sound Vibr, v 7 n 12, Dec 1973, p 31-33
The assessment of noise annoyance by a comparative methodology of noise
problems at different airports in major U. S. cities is discussed. The
methods of monitoring are reviewed. The factor defined as "The number
of man days of serious annoyance per passenger movement" is studied along
with alternative criteria to establish a concept for comparison. 5 refs.
Stephenson, R. J.
SOCIAL ACCEPTABILITY OF HELIPORTS PARTICULARLY FROM THE STANDPOINT OF
NOISE.
Aeron, J, v 77 n 749, May 1973, p 217-220
Noise levels of helicopters are compared with other sources of acoustical
nosie. The following results were charted from measurements taken at from
500 to 1500 feet from the helicopter: take off ( 81 dBA to 71 dBA),
landing: (79 dBA to 69 dBA) and fly over ( 74 dBA at 500 feet and 68 dBA
at 1000 feet) . Air pollution, downwash or dust movement do not pose
problems.
Monitoring-
Bricken, F.; Billiard, J. K.
DBSING AND OPERATION OF A CONTINUOUS, AREAWIDE AIRCRAFT-NOISE MONITORING
SYSTEMS.
Acoust Soc of Amer, NY, J, v 52 n 1 July 1972, p 112-188
A five-station permanent, 24-hr centralized aircraft noise monitoring
system was installed in the community surrounding Orange County air-
port. Santa Ana, California. A discussion is presented of the design
concept, the results obtianed from initial tests involving measurement of
over 1000 flights, the practical experience gained from the installation,
the true value to the community, and the potential for effective noise
management programs. The measurement data will be used to demonstrate
the value of the California noise index CNEL.
Hurlburt, R. L.
SMALL TOWN MONITORS BIG AIRPORT NOISE
Pollut Engr, Greenwich, Conn, v 4 n 5, Aug 1972, p 30-32
Because of its proximity to the Los Angeles International Airport, the
city of Inglewood initiated a comprehensive noise abatement program.
noise monitoring system which includes a fixed network of 4 remote
microphones and a central recording station, and a mobile acoustic
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laboratory for recording all aspects of individual noise events, parti-
cularly aircraft flyovers, was put into operation. While data from the
fixed monitors indicate a trend toward decreased noise exposure from 1
station under the flight path to a landing runway, initial results of a
community-wide general survey conducted with the mobile unit show a wide
variation of composite noise values with the readings under the flight
paths far in excess of the California standard for a reasonable level of
noise in the vicinity of an airport. Solutions to the problem will
require some action on the part of the city, such as land use planning and
soundproofing, as well as action on the part of the aviation industry,
such as steeper approach profiles and quieter engines.
General Interest-
Hartenstein, L.
INTERNATIONALER KONGRESS WELTFLUGHAEFEN—DER WEG IN DIE ZUKUNFT
Noise 2000. Assoc Internationale Contre Le Bruit. Intl Congresses
1971
A report of the international congress regarding airplane noise,
held in London in September 1969, is presented. Topics covered include
the increasing number of airline passengers, the development of air
freight, the planning of airports; aspects of noise related problems
are also considered.
Billiard, J. K.; Bricken, G.
AIRPORT NOISE MANAGEMENT
Audio Engr Soc, 40th Conv and Exhib, April 27-30, 1971, Los Angeles, Calif
AES Prepr n 781, (B-5)
Noise management is a total concept which includes reduction in the source
of the noise itself, control of the time of day aircraft depart and
arrive, number of flights during a day, management of load factors air-
lines use, management of land use around airports, and establishment of
building codes for facilities within the noise area around an airport.
A system is described to provide the required information for the noise
management oulined.
Hinton, L.
AIRCRAFT NOISE AS A CONTINUING NATIONAL PROBLEM
Soc of Automotive Engr, NY, J of Automotive Engr, v 80 n 7 July 1972, p 76
The history of the aircraft noise problem is presented using many re-
ferences to particularly important studies. Emphasis is placed upon the
similarity of expert opinions during 20 years of research for measures
needed to resolve the problem. The views of noise impacted airport-
community residents who cannot comprehend the lack of progress in aircraft
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noise abatement are represented. This lack of progress has persisted in
spite of general agreement on measures needed, and is the basis of a call
for the reallocation of authority among federal agencies having responsi-
bility both for the regulation of aviation and for the planning and
development of urban areas, including airports, with environmental
protection as basic criterion.
Hurlburt, R. L.
NOISE IN AN AIRPORT COMMUNITY
Inter-noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, p 2-4, 1972
The effects of noise from aircraft landing at Los Angeles International
Airport on the city of Inglewood are reported. The approaches of air-
craft landing at San Diego International Airport were compared to those
of aircraft landing at the Los Angeles Airport. Noise would be reduced
56 percent if aircraft approaches of 5 degrees were flown at the Los
Angeles Airport. A community noise monitoring network is described.
High noise levels are correlated with low land values and high vacancy
rates in Inglewood. A proposed city ordinance requiting acoustical
treatment of new residences under or near flight paths is considered.
Waters, C. S.
AIRPORT NOISE CONTROL - AN ASSURED FUTURE?
Noise Control Vibr Reduct, v 5 n 2, March 1974, p 77-79
To reliably devise a system of assessing the impact of aircraft noise upon
a population it is necessary to relate the physical characteristics of
the noise to the subjective reaction of the community. A carefully
designed examination of a set of verbal responses will elicit information
regarding an individual's reaction to noise. It was this latter technique
which was initiated by the Wilson committee in 1961 in their study of the
reactions of the population to aircarft noise in the area around London
(Heathrow) airport. From the physical measurements of aircraft noise
14 different variables could be picked out as characterizing the noise
climate and 58 socio-psychological variables could be identified from
the answers to the questionnaire. Subsequent correlation analysis re-
duced the physical variables to two, that of noise level and the number
of occurrences of the noise during the day. The results of this work de-
fined an index which became termed the Noise and Number Index (NNI).
Prediction and Measurement
Engine Noise-
McNeill, H.
DIGITAL DATA REDUCTION METHODS FOR AIRCRAFT ENGINE NOISE ANALYSIS.
S) V, Sound Vibr, v 6 n 4 April 1972, p 26-29
Digital data reduciton methods for analyzing turbofan engine noise
characteristics are discussed. The approach is superior to those employ*0*5
analog electronic analyzers becasue of reduced analysis time, lower cost,
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and improved information exchange resulting from the analytical technique
standardization that is possible. Analysis of a fan noise spectrum
exemplifies application of the digital data reduction method.
Zabriskie, C. J.
DIAGNOSTIC SONICS FOR GAS TURBINE ENGINES.
ASME Paper n 74-GT-18 for meet March 30 - April 4 1974
Sonic analysis is very similar to vibration analysis. A gas turbine
engine produces an acoustic spectrum which reflects the rotating speed and
geometric relationships of the various rotating components. Additional
acoustic energy is released every time a disparity or fault comes in
contact with another surface. The frequency and characteristic of these
signals can be used to isolate faulty components. The sonic analysis
concept is based on employing narrow band filtering to separate the
discrete signals from the noise components to determine signal characteristics
relative to amplitude, harmonic, and modulation content. When a part or
component begins to wear or go through some other physical change, the
character of the acoustic signal is altered. By monitoring the
characteristics of all the discrete frequencies produced by the rotating
components, it is possible to detect changes in the mechanical condition
and to pinpoint the individual component which is deteriorating. 4 refs.
Kriebel, A. R.
REFRACTION AND ATTENUATION OF SOUND BY WIND AND THERMAL PROFILES OVER
A GROUND PLANE
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 51 n 1 Jan 1972, p 10-23
There is significant excess attenuation of sound traveling downwind
within a typical turbulent shear profile due to downwind refraction and
spreading of sound rays. This attenuation is in excess of that due to
absorption by turbulent eddies, spherical spreading, and ground reflection.
When the source and receiver are both located on the ground, excess
attenuation of the directly transmitted sound due to refraction is
predicted to be uniform at -11 dB beyond a short range downwind of the
source until a shadow zone is reached at a much longer range. This
predicted excess attenuation decreases markedly with the elevation of source
and receiver, particularly at short range. Results show that wind can
easily cause anomalous recording of the sound-pressure level from free-
ways, airports, and other urban noise sources.
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Webster, W. J.; Russell, G. A.
MEASUREMENT OF ACOUSTIC ABSORPTION COEFFICENTS BY TONE BURSTS IN A
NOISY ENVIRONMENT
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, p XV-XXV, 1972
One of the most promising techniques in jet engine noise control is that
of noise attenuation by means of duct liners in the engine inlet and
exhuast areas. There is need for some means of measuring the absorption
characteristics of potential duct lining materials while exposed to a
strong broadband background noise. The feasibility of conducting pulse
measurements of acoustic absorption in a noisy environment was in-
vestigated. Results show that background noise, although troublesome,
is not an obstacle to tone burst measurement of acoustical absorption
coefficients. It is, rather, the interpretation of pulse measurements, in
the light of the transiet response of sample and instrumentation, which
require further study.
Miscellaneous-
Bricken, G.
PREDICTION AND MEASUREMENT OF AIRCRAFT NOISE.
Inst of Environ Sci, Annu Techn Meet, 19th, Proc, Anaheim, Calif, April 2-5
1973 availbe from INST of Environ Sci, Mt. Prospect, 111, 1973 p 97-102
This paper discusses contour representation of sound for airports,
as well as how one proceeds to verify the predicted case by measurement.
6 refs.
Burhans, R. W.
AIRCRAFT INFRASONIC NOISE EVALUATION PROBLEMS.
J Audio Engr Soc, v 20 n 6, Jul - Aug 1972 p 492-493
A literature survey has been conducted on audio noise measurement
and evaluationproblems associated with aircraft operations. The
results suggest that low-frequency or infrasonic noise has been largely
neglected in most noise abatement studies, but that this may contribute
to human disconfort in many situations well below the threshold of ear
pain. 14 refs.
Leneman, G.
DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM GROUND NOISE DURING A ROCKET LAUNCH - DISCUSSION
AND SIMPLE PREDICTION METHOD.
Inst of Environ Sci, Annu Tech meet, 19th Anaheim, Calif, April 2-5 1973
Available from INST of Environ Sci, Mt. Prospect, 111, 1973 p 327-328
Analysis of published sound pressure level data has resulted in the
derivation of a simple equation (116 + 10 log FI-20 log r) which predicts
the maximum overall sound pressure level at a distance r from a vertical
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launch of a rocket vehicle with a thrust F and a specific impulse I.
Perceived Noise Level
Clarke, F. R.; Kryter, K. D.
METHODS OF PAIRED COMPARISONS AND MAGNITUDE ESTIMATION IN JUDGING
THE "NOISINESS OF AIRCRAFT
NASA Contract Rep n CR-2107 Aug 1972
The point of subjective equality in regard to perceived noisiness for-
each of 14 pairs of aircraft noises is obtained using both the magnitude
estimation tehcnique and the method of paired comparisons. Both methods
give approximately the same estimates of the points of subjective equality
for the noise pairs, and both showed similar correspondence to pre-
dictive physical measures. Results are reported here.
Nekipelov, M. I.
FLIGHT NOISE OF AIRCRAFT AND THE SUBJECTIVE JUDGMENT OF ITS ANNOYANCE.
Sov Phys, Acoust, v 18 n 1 July - Sept 1972 p 58-63
The results are given from an experimental investigation of the takeoff
noise characteristics of Kappa C TU-104 jet airliner in the far sound
field. It is shown that the local flight noise spectrum varies in
accordance with the doppler effect. A characteristic is given for the
influence of nosie persistence, number of fly-overs, and population
density on the subjective judgment of the noise annoyance factor. A
method is described for calculating the persistence correction to the per-
ceptible noise level. 18 refs.
Ollerhead, J. B.
SCALING AIRCRAFT NOISE PERCEPTION
J of Sound and Vibr v 26 n 3 Feb 8, 1973, p 361-388
An experiment was undertaken to assess the differences between alternative
methods for calculating the perceived levels of individual aircraft fly-
over sounds; 120 recorded sounds, including jets, turboprops, piston
aircraft, and helicopters, were rated by a panel in a pair comparison
test. Noise rating procedures were evaluated in terms of their ability
to accurately estimate both relative and absolute perceived noise levels
over a wider dynamic range than was used in previous experiments. The
complex procedures developed by Stevens, Zwicker, and Kryter are more
accurate than the weighted sound pressure level scales, particularly when
integrated to include a signal duration allowance, although their main
advantage lies with their ability to cope with signals over a wide range
°f bandwidth. The differences between the various scales are small and
the d-weighted sound pressure level scale provides a reliable estimate
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of perceived level over a wide range of bandwidths, When used with an
integrated duration correction, it is more accurate than the effective
perceived noise level scale.
Criteria
International Noise Certification-
Paullin, R. L.
STATUS OF INTERNATIONAL NOISE CERTIFICATION STANDARDS FOR BUSINESS AIRCRAFT
SAE Prepr n 730286 for meet April 3-6 1973
The status of domestic requirements in the United States and abroad is
presented. Technical procedures of promulgated and proposed standards
are discussed. Business aircraft are separeted into turbojet-powered
and propeller-driven categories, and each is presented in terms of recent
certification experience. The relationship between domestic certification
programs and those of the international civil aviation organization, and
between domestic and foreign programs are presented. Finally, a brief look
is taken into the future for the efficacy of business aircraft noise
certification programs.
Cost - Effectiveness-
Safeer, H. B.
AIRCRAFT NOISE REDUCTION—ALTERNATIVES VERSUS COST
Sound and Vibr, v 7 n 10, Oct 1973, p 22-27
The consequences of implementing alternative engineering and oper-
tional strategies for reducing noise around airports are being analyzed
for 23 U. S. airports to determine the increased costs involved and the
reductions in noise impacted areas. Preliminary results are presented
from the first six airports studied. Information is provided on retrofit
effectiveness, combined effects of retrofit and operation procedures,
population projections, and cost effectiveness.
Proposed Test Method-
Earls, D. L.
TECHNICAL PROGRESS ON NEW VIBRATION AND ACOUSTIC TESTS FOR PROPOSED
MIL-STD-810C, "ENVIRONMENTAL TEST METHODS"
J Environ Sci v 16 n 4 Jul - Aug 1973 p 22-32
New random vibration procedures have been developed for jet aircraft
equipment, for external stores and for their installed equipment. New
acoustical noise tests have been developed for testing assembled external
stores and for simulating cavity acoustic resonanace phenomena. The
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article contains an explanation of these new procedures along with a
discussion of the technical basis for their development. 16 refs.
Engine Noise-
Sanders, N. D.
QUIET ENGINE FOR STILLING COMPLAINTS.
Astronaut Aeronaut, v 11 n 1 Jan 1973 p 40-48
Two experimental engines yield reduced nosie levels of from 14 to 17
EPNdB below FAR-36 with potential for further cuts. Because of high
retrofit costs, probable application would be on the new trijet and twin-
jet airplanes. Noise curves and other engine operating criteria are
charted and fan design concepts to attenuate noise are described.
Scholz, N.
DIE UMWELTWIRKUNGEN VON TURBOFLUGTRIEBWERKEN. (ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF
TURBOJET ENGINES)
Z Flugwiss v 20 n 9 Sep 1972, p 317-330
The harmful environmental effects of aircraft engines include heat,
radiation, noise emission and exhaust gas generation. The serious
environmental problem associated with turbojet engine design is that of
noise emission. According to today's knowledge, noise abatement can only
be achieved at the price of considerable reductions in engine performance
On the research side extensive effort still needs to be made toward
deepening the understanding of flow process and the associated generation
of sound. The contribution of the turbojet engine to air pollution is in
the order of 1 percent of total pollution emissions. Steps toward a
further reduction of this amount will certainly keep pace with efforts for
reducing the other pollution sources. In this connection the primary
questions to be solved by research include the complex interactions of
reaction kinetics and flow processes. 38 refs. In German.
Thomas, D.; Zarzycki, J.
ON THE EFFECTS OF QUIETER AIRCRAFT ENGINES ON NOISE NUMBER INDEX (NNI)
VALUES
J of Sound and Vibr v 32 n 2 Jan 22, 1974, p 283-285
The effect of quieter aircraft engines on noise and number index (NNI)
values at a given location was studied. An expression for the resultant
change in the NNI is recorded and some of the numerical results are pre-
sented
185
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Aircraft Related Noise-
Burrows, A. A.; Zamarin, D. M.
AIRCRAFT NOISE AND THE COMMUNITY: SOME RECENT SURVEY FINDINGS
Aerospace Medicine, St. Paul, Minn, v 43 n 1 Jan 1972 p 27-33
The results of two surveys conducted in the communities surrounding Los
Angeles International Airport are presented. By means of indepth inter-
views, a qualitative and quantitative measure of respondents' attitudes
toward aircraft noise and its effect on their lives was obtianed. Results
are presented for awareness and disturbance from aircraft noise during
daily activities, emotional reactions generated, complaints, economic
effects, changes in aircraft noise over time, awareness of noise abate-
ment activities, and so forth. In general, the major effect of aircraft
noise was upon activities involving active or passive communication. A
majority of respondents were not bothered or are only slightly disturbed
by aircraft noise.
Shapiro, N.; Vogel, J. W.
NEW JUMBO JETS MUST SPEAK IN WHISPERS: CERTIFYING THE LOCKHEED 1011
Noise Control Engr. v 1 n 1 Summer 1973, p 16-23
The FAA's noise certification regulation (FAR-part 36) is forcing
standardization and distinct improvements in flyover noise measurement
technology and has established improved, but achievable, noise
standards for aircraft. The regulation delineates, in great detail,
instrumentation specifications, airplane performance restrictions, and
measurements and analysis requirements. During the time that the
government was developing, discussing, and reviewing the ideas that
culminated in the regulation, the wide-bodied jet transports such as the
Lockheed 1011 tristar came to the drawing boards. Low flyover levels
were established early for this jet as a basic design consideration.
The certification on the Lockheed 1011 is discussed, covering instrumentation,
test site, data reduction and analysis, demonstration for the FAA, and
results
Shapiro, N.; Vogel, J. W.
NOISE CERTIFICATION OF A TRANSPORT AIRPLANE
Inter-noise 72. Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, p 2-4 1072
The requirements of Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) part 36 are
described and the noise certification program for Lockheed's L-1011
tristar is examined. Noise levels for the RB211-22C engine and anticipated
levels for the RB211-22B engine are significantly lower than the FAR limi"
and substantially lower than noise levels of earlier large jet transports,
Improvements are needed in the techniques and procedures for measuring
plane flyover noise and for noise certifying aircraft.
186
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Stevens, J. H.
COMBATING ARICRAFT NOISE
Environ This Month. The Intl J of Environ Sci. Lancaster Engr. v 1 n 1
July 1972 p 12-120
Specific sources of noise (efflux, internal, and fan) in different types
of aricraft are examined, and measures being taken to reduce aircraft
noise to .within human tolerance levies are discussed. The impact of new
noise regulations on existing aircraft and the design of future aircraft
are also examined.
Martin, H. J.
DIE ICAO-FLUGLAERMKONFERENCZ VOM 25.11. BIS 17.12.1969 MONTREAL
Noise 2000 Assoc Internationale Contre Le Bruit. Intl Congresses p 16-22
1971
Discussions at the ICAO Conference on aircraft noise held in Montreal
from November 25 - Decemeber 17, 1969, included description and measurement
of aircraft noise, human tolerance of noise, noise certification, and
land use control. Main features of a noise certification scheme are
described. Progress in noise reduction achieved to date is pointed out
and the results are assessed in terms of the possibilities offered by
ICAO. The decisive achievement of the conference was the setting of this
nosie certification scheme which, in the long run, should lead to
considerable noise abatement.
Montanus, N. R.
THE PROBLEM OF AIRCRAFT NOISE
Amer Soc of Civil Engrs. Meeting Preprint 1753, ( 1972 )
Industry and government should agree quickly to an aircraft noise con-
trol program that will bring quiet to communities. The 1st and essential
step in such a program is to make Federal Avaition Regulation part 36
a national standard, applicable to the entire fleet at the earliest
date posssible. This regulation is a noise standard forsub'sonic aircraft
certificated after December 1969. The new aircraft, which meet this
standard, are quieter than older jets. Commitment to Part 36 would
provide assurance to the people that the noise environment would improve.
A requisite complementary action would be the development of the means
and appropriate timetable for compliance. As a further benefit, Part 36
would provide a geogrpahic definition to the noise problem. The next
step would be the periodic revision of aircraft noise standards as they
apply to new aircraft, with a view to establishing progressively lower
permissible levels as noise reduction research progresses.
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Orville, T. W. J.; Ball, D. F.; Houghton, R, R.; Chandler, T. J.;
Brazell, J. H.; Sawyer, J. S.; Parker, J.; FFowcs, W, J. E.; Williams, M. R.;
Craxford, S. R.; Weatherley, M. L. P. M.; Gooriah, B. D.
CLEAN AIR CONFERENCE.
Natl Soc for Clean Air 38th Annu Conf, 2 pts, Folkestone, Engl, Nov 2-5
1971 Natl Soc Clean Air, Brighton, Sussex, Engl, 1971, pt 1, p 124, pt 2
lit
Eight papers were presented at the conference covering odor control,
meteorological aspects of air pollution and pollution by aircraft.
Following is a list of titles and authors. The Identification and
Measurement of Gaseous Pollutants. By W. J. Orville-Thomas and D. F. Ball.
The Removal of Odors and Obnoxious Substances from Air by Active Carbon,
By F. R. Houghton, Air Pollution and Urban Climates. By T. J. Chandler.
Weather and the Clean Air Acts. By J. H. Brazell. Pollution From
Humactivity on the World Climate. By J. S. Sawyer, Pollution from Air-
ports, Heathrow 1970-71. By J. Parker, The Engineer's Fight Against
Pollution. (I) Aircraft Noise in the 1980's. By J. E. Ffowes-Williams
L (II) Chemical Pollution from Aircraft. By M. R. Williams, Trends in
Pollution. The National Survey of Smoke and Sulphur Dioxide, The First
Ten years. By S. R. Craxford, M. L. P. M. Weatherley and Gooriah, B. D.
Paullin, R. L.; Miller, J. F.
AIRCRAFT NOISE ABATEMENT. THE PROSPECTS FOR A QUIETER METROPOLITAN
ENVIRONMENT
J Aircraft v 8 n 6 June 1971 p 444-449
Aircraft noise abatement is oriented toward compatibility between air-
ports and the adjacent metropolitan environs. The effectiveness of
tehcnical, operational, and land use strategies of noise alleviation, in-
cluding proposed aircraft noise certification regulations, can be fore-
cast. The impact of aircraft operations on people and communities near
airports is presented specifically regarding land use planning and al-
ternative land use options available for dealing with expected residual-
noise-exposed areas subsequent to foreseeable noise reductions. 7 refs.
General Interest
Engine Technology-
Dugan, J. F., Jr.
AIRBREATHING PROPULSION SYSTEM TRENDS.
Astronautics & Aeronautics, v 9 n 11 Nov 1971, p 36-45
Major trends in airbreathing propulsion systems for various types of
craft are discussed. Notable shifts in philosophy from a few years ago
include the dominant role that noise plays in new engine designs and the
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inability to captialize on very high turbine temperatures because of the
noise constraint. NASA plans a vigorous research and technology program
on noise reduction until the noise reaches the goal of a level no greater
than normal background noise. Developments in engine design and propul-
sion systems for conventional, supersonic, STOL and VTOL aircraft are re-
viewed. Component design and multimode operation of gas turbine propulsion
systems are primarily considered. Renewed interest in nuclear power
is noted, as well as application of supersonic-combustion ramjets for
hypersonic aircraft.
Epstein, N.; Gordon, B. J.
PROFITABLE TRANSPORT ENGINES FOR THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE EIGHTIES.
SAE Prepr n 730347 for meet April 24-26 1973
This paper assesses the impact of meeting the environmental requirements
for reduced noise and air pollution on the cost and technical design
considerations for engines to power the next generation of commercial
transport aircraft. Engine candidates studied are in the advances (new)
design class as well as derivatives of existing high bypass turbofan
engines which offer attractive total cost of ownership features. The
elements of operating cost are analyzed for the effect of the engine on
aircraft economics, with special attention to operating cost differences
between new engines and those derived form current in-service high bypass
engines.
Fitzsimmons, R. D.; Hoover, W. C.
AST - A FIFTH ENGINE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION
SAE Prepr Paper 730899 for meet Oct 16-17 1973
No greater contribution seems to exist for improving supersonic transport
economics than by imporving the state of the art of jet noise suppressors.
Exact matching of thrust requirements for supersonic cruise, transonic
acceleration, climb, and expecially takeoff-climb is complex. The present
design becomes an equivalent five-engine configuration, where the extra
thrust is required to enable environmental levels of FAR part 36 to be
achieved. The added size is required first to allow for engine throttling
during takeoff run to provide reduced exhaust velocity and exhaust gas
temperature consistent with suppressor structural limits, and secondly to
make up for suppressor losses at takeoff flight speeds. As the engine
selection must be closely tied to airplane selection, substantiation of
the 2.2-M airplane selection is described.
189
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Friedrich, R.; Barschdorff, D.; Hensle, W.; Wendtland, D.
UNTERSUCHUNGEN UEBER DEN ZUSAMMENHANG ZWISCHEN DER VERAENDERUNG DBS
GERAEUSCHSPEKTRUMS UND DEM BETRIEBSZUSTAND THERMISCHER
STROEMUNGSMASCHINEN. ( INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CHANGES IN NOISE
SPECTRUM AND OPERATING CONDITION OF THERMAL TURBOMACHINERY ).
MTZ Motortech Z v 35 n 3 March 1974, p 67-72
Experimental results of the effects of blade geometry and conditions on
the specific characteristics in acoustic spectra are reported. The guide-
lines to monitor irregularities in blades (cracks or erosion) by
analyzing the emitted sound spectrum are given. 7 refs. In German with
English Abstract.
Technology Applications-
Foss, R. L.; Bragdon, E. L.
PROPULSION TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES NEEDED FOR A QUIET SUPERSONIC TRANSPORT.
SAE Prepr Paper n 730898 for meet Oct 16-18 1973
This paper examines the airport noise problems of large transport
aircraft, highlights critical considerations, and then studies possible
solutions available from advance propulsion tehcnology. Engine sizing
requirements to meet SST payload-range and airport performance criteria
are reviewed first, and the impact of noise on the engine size and aircraft
performance is then identified. Relief offered by nosie suppressor
development and technology advances that can be foreseen in the next
decade for turbojet and turbofan engines are described. The advantages
offered by a duct heating turbofan engine cycle are discussed. The
potential offered by variable cycle engines to provide low noise
characteristics with minimum penalty on performance are shown, and the
practical restraints imposed on this potential by airframe aerodynamic
noise is illustrated.
Griffith, E. D.; Roberts, G. F.
COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF QUIET AIRCRAFT TECHNIOLOGY
SAE Paper 720339 for meeting March 15-17 1972
Recent experimental developments in military programs in aircraft quieting
are reviewed in this paper, with suggestions on acoustic technology
applications appropriate to general avaition. Comments are offered on the
possible impact of developing noise abatement concerns, requirements, and
legislation on general aviation. Potentially productive design tradeoff
studies necessary to ensure minimum cost and an acceptable level of
performance in the field of commercial light aircraft design are sug-
gested. Reduction in the external acoustic noise signature of light
piston-engine aircraft may logically be sought in the area of propulsion
system design.
190
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Montegani, F, J.
SILENCING THE BIG JETS WITH CURRENT TECHNOLOGY
SAE J Automot Engr v 81 n 2 Feb 1973 p 40-45
NASA's quiet engine program turns up some surprising results when it
designs low-noise engines using techniques learned from the study of jet
noise generation. One version promises a long-range transport almost 25
decibles quieter than today's operational aircraft.
Miscellaneous-
Anon
INTERAGENCY SUMPOSIUM ON UNIVERSITY RESEARCH IN TRANSPORTATION NOISE
2 vols. Stanford: Stanford Univ (1973)
Current university research in basic and applied noise problems related
to transportation, and that is being carried out under the support of
the various federal agencies, is reviewed in the proceedings. The topics
discussed include jet noise, rotor noise, noise from moving bodies,
the interaction of jets with solid surfaces, sound propagation through
ducts, combustion noise, high intensity sound, selected problems, and
the societal problems involved with noise generation
Devriese, J.; Young, P. H.
OLYMPUS IN CONCORDE.
Aeron J v 76 n 744 Dec 1972 p 683-694
Design concepts of the Concorde to improve efficiency and payload
are reviewed, including: the basic engine, reheat system, secondary nozzle,
protective and safety systems, operating features and maintenance. The use
of an annular vaporizing chamber to reduce air pollution and design
approach to solving noise pollution problems are discussed. 6 refs.
Hutchinson, J. E.
NOISE AND THE PILOT.
Shell Aviat News n 412 1972 p 19-21
Because of strong reservations concerning possible inherent dangers in the
recommended noise abatement approach procedure, the International
Federation of Airline Pilots Associations has agreed not to fly such a
procedure. This article evaluates both the take-off and approach cases
and concludes that alleviation of the noise nuisance cannot be achieved by
any change in current well-established operational procedures. Engine
technology and airport zoning are suggested as the more feasible treatments
of the problem.
191
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Piercy, J. E.
NOISE PROPAGATION IN THE OPEN ATMOSPHERE
Acoust Soc of Amer NY J, v 53 n 1 Jan 1973 p 291-392
Present understanding of outdoor noise propagation, and the way in
which it may be brought to bear on current problems are reviewed, in-
cluded are geometric spreading caused by source configuration, as well
as absorption and refraction by the atmosphere. The fluctuations of
sound level due to atmospheric conditions are also discussed. The
importance of bringing into engineering use the knowledge obtianed in
recent years in realted fields such as meteorology, propagation of light
in the atmosphere, and vibrational relaxations in gases is emphasized.
Richards, E. J.
THE COST OF AIRCRAFT NOISE
Environ and Change, v 2 n 1 Sept 1973 p 53-59
Noise is a form of environmental nuisance inseparably linked with many
industrial and social activities. Before accurate judgments can be made
of the balance to be struck between development and amenity, the social
cost of noise should be determined. There are now some procedures to
determine the economic disbenefit caused by aircraft. Application of
these procedures to the planning of airports is discussed.
Simcox, C. D.
JET NOISE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS FOR HIGH-SPEED AIRCRAFT.
SAE Prepr paper n 730897 for meet Oct 16-18 1973
A goal of 20-EPKdB sidelines noise reduction for 2 percent static thrust
penalty has been identified as a realistic possibility by the Boeing
Commercial Airplane Company in a Department of Transportation SST
technology follow-on program. Beoing analysis of an SST suggests that a
dry turbojet or turbofan that is designed for takeoff, and can accept
an equivalent retractable suppressor with 20 PNdB sideline supression for
2 percent static thrust loss, will allow sufficient growth without
exceeding far part 36 minus 5 EPNdB in the next decade. 10 refs.
Stein, A.
REPORT ON AIRCRAFT NOISE POLLUTION
Rep on Aircraft Noise Pollut, Mar 24, 1971
The effects and control of noise are discussed, with emphasis on air-
craft noise. Noise from piston-engined aircraft originates mainly in the
exhaust and the propellers and is most intense at low frequencies of blade
rotation. The three main noise sources in jet aircraft are turbulent
mixing of jet exhaust with air, turbine blades, and compressor blades.
Jet engine roar is greatest during take-off. Early methods of noise
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reduction involved fitting noise suppressors to exhaust; current attempts
at cutting j.et noise have concentrated on decreasing velocity while main-
taining thrust by incerasing the mass of air flowing through the engine.
Standards for aircraft noise measurement include
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equally effective in such predictions. Appreciable disruption of con-
textual speech was noted when the peak level of a flyover exceeded 88
PNdS, a speech-interference level of 68 dB, or an a -weighted sound
pressure level of 76 dB.
Yeowart, N. S.
NOISE DESIGN GOALS FOR THE NEXT GENERATION OF AIRCRAFT.
Acustica v 29 n 4 Oct 1973 p 225-227
Existing noise laws for aircraft will not help to fix noise design goals
for the next generation of aircraft. A more realistic concept of "design
for community acceptability" is introduced with examples of the resulting
noise goals for STOL aircraft. The economic penalty of noise reduction
attempts is contrasted with the benefits of increased useful land area for
residential development. 3 refs.
Young, R. W.
EXAMPLES OF SAN DIEGO NOISE CLIMATE.
Inst Environ Sci, Proc 17th Annu Tech Maet, Living in Our Environ, Los
Angeles, Calif, April 26-30 1971 p 385-392
Examples of San Diego noise climate are reported here in ways to allow
comparison with presently proposed noise standards for California
Airports. In July 1967, when there were 54 jet departures per day, the day-
time average noise level, a half-mile west of the field, was 78 decibels;
a mile east of the field the daytime average noise level for landings
was 80 decibels. The maximum noise level at these locations during a fly-
over was typically 110 decibels. In 1967, the "noise impact area"
west of Lindbergh field, bounded by the 70-decibel contour of commu-
nity noise equivalent level, was a mile wide and four miles long.
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BUILDING NOISE
Damping and Insulation Materials
Wood Framed Buildings -
Grantham, J. B.; Heebink, T. B.
INSURING NOISE CONTROL IN WOOD-FRAMED BUILDINGS
For Prod, J, v 22 n 5, May 1972, p36-43
The paper describes a number of faulty construction practices that can
lead to reduction of expected sound insulating properties and illustrates
proper methods derived from field test experience. It is shown that los-
ses due to flanking may reduce the sound transmission class (STC) of a
wall by 10 points, but the combination of leaks and flanking generally
reduces the STC by only one to five points.
Heebink, T. B.; Grantham, J. B.
PREDICTED VS. ACTUAL SOUND INSULATION OF WOOD FRAMED PARTY WALLS
AND FLOOR-CEILING ASSEMBLIES
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, (Layatette Inc, July 14-16, 1971)
Acoustical data from laboratory tests are compared with field measure-
ments in apartment in the Seattle area. Thirty-one field evaluations of
the sound attenuation provided by wood framed party walls and floors show
remarkable agreement with published laboratory ratings. On the average,
the party walls were three points below and the floor-ceiling assemblies
were one point below the STC values obtained in laboratory tests.
Plasterboard Panels -
Mulholland, K. A.
SOUND INSULATION MEASUREMENTS ON A SERIES OF DOUBLE PLASTERBOARD PANELS
WITH VARIOUS INFILLS
Appl Acoust, v 4 n 1, Jan 1971, p 1-12
A series of measurements are reported of the sound transmission loss of
double layered plasterboard panels. Measurements were carried out with
the panels separated by 50, 100, and 150 mm. Between the panels was
placed a layer of either polyurethane, polystyrene, or rockwool, and
measurements were also made with no sound absorbing infill for comparison
purposes. The results of these measurements are presented together with
comments on the implications of the results. 13 refs.
195
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Brick and Masonry -
Hudson, R. R. ; Mulholland, K. A.
MEASUREMENT OF HIGH TRANSMISSION LOSS (THE BRICK WALL EXPERIMENT)
Acustica, v 24 n 5, May 1971, p 251-261
A laboratory method of measuring the sound insulation of a high insulation
wall is described and some results of measurements carried out on a
double brick wall mounted in an ordinary transmission suite are reported.
17 refs.
Shippee, Edgar G,
MATERIALS FOR NOISE ABSORPTION
PollutEngr, v 5 n 1, Jan 1973, p 37-38
It is shown how an economical, effective wall can be constructed using
proprietary sound-absorbing structural masonry blocks. These building
blocks have closed-top cavities which act as damped resonators. Structur-
al data on noise absorption for suspended ceiling materials and suspended
unit absorbers.
Materials -
Ellwood, E. E.
NOISE CONTROL EFFECTS OF ROCK WOOL
Pollut Engr, v 5 n 8, Aug 1973, p 27
The results of a continuing study of wool and its effects on acoustical
transmission loss. The data presented shows the definite relationship
between sound transmission class and the weight of wood in the stud cavi-
ty, Ib/sq ft.
Jones, D.I.G.
DAMPING TREATMENTS FOR NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL
Sound and Vibr, Cleveland, v 6 n 7, July 1972, p 25-31
A survey is made of the techniques and materials which can be utilized
for the control of noise transmission and vibration induced failure in
structures. Consideration is given to dynamic behavior of damping mate-
rials as a function of temperature and the effect of various damping
treatments on the response and modal damping of a variety of structures
exhibiting many different stiffness and geometrical characteristics.
Examples are given of prior applications of damping to the solution of a
variety of vibration and noise control problems, and of materials avail-
able for vibration control.
196
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Inlefeldt, J.; Kock, P; Tappe W.
BONDAL - BIN WERKSTOFF ZUR LAERMBEKAEMPFUNG - AUFBAU, AKUSTISCHES
VERHALTEN, VERARBEITUNG, ANDWENDUNGEN (BONDAL - A NOISE-ABATEMENT
MATERIAL)
Hoesch, Ber Forsch Entwickl Werke, v 8 n 3, 1973, p 99-108
The application data for a new composite material with high damping
sound factor is outlined. Experimental results with layers of different
thicknesses of this material lined on sheets are given. Several examples
are illustrated of its application on motor hoods and doors. 22 refs in
German.
Nesterenko, D. A.; Pugh, R. G.
RUBBER ISOLATORS CONTROL NOISE
Pollut Engr, v 3 n 6, Nov-Dec 1971, p 29-31
Installation of machines in buildings and on floors above the ground is
a special consideration of design. However, too often little attention
is given to the problem because of small equipment size and minor un-
balanced forces. While some types of equipment can be located directly
on the floor in noncritical locations, other types will require isolators
if acceptable vibration and noise control is to be attained.
Windows
Ford, R. D.; Kerry, G.
THE SOUND INSULATION OF PARTIALLY OPEN DOUBLE GLAZING
Appl Acoust, v 6 n 1, Jan 1973, p 57-72
The Sound Reduction Index (SRI) was measured in the laboratory for par-
tially open sliding window units to test the feasibility of achiaving
moderate degree of sound insulation while retaining natural ventialtion.
With source spectra assumed for aircraft and traffic noise and with the
measured SRI's the sound level difference across a window was calculated
in terms of dBA. Partially open double glazing was about 10 dBA better
than partially open single glazing, and double glazing could be opened
as much as 100 mm and still be as effective against aircraft noise as
closed single glazing.
Hottinger, R.
DIE SCHALLISOLATION VON FENSTERN (WINDOWS AS NOISE INSULATORS)
Schweiz Rauztg, v 91 n 36, Sept 6, 1973, p 861-865
Design methods for windows that should serve not only as insulators for
heat and extreme cold and other weather elements, but also as sound-
proof barriers are discussed. Drawings and graphs of various windows are
presented. 6 refs in German,
197
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Oostings, W. A.
THE SOUND INSULATION OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE GLAZINGS WITH RESPECT
TO TRAFFIC NOISE
Noise 2000, Assoc Intl Centre le Bruit, Intl Cong, 5th & 6th, (London,
May 1968 and Groningen, Netherlands, 1970)
The noise levels of road traffic fluctuate, but the spectra of the peak
noises are nearly the same in the majoritiy of paractical cases. This
gives the opportinity to make a good and simple comparison of the insula-
tion qualities of various types of single and double windows against traf-
fic noise, if the insulation properties of these glazings in the various
frequency bands are known. A method is described that gives the differ-
ence between inside and outside noise levels, as obtained with these
glasings, directly in dBA.
Patil, Pandit, G.
CONSTRUCTION OF MULTI-GLAZED GLASS PRODUCTS FOR NOISE REDUCTION
Pollut Engr, v 5 n 4, May 1973, p 40-41
A double-wall partition is defined as a partition in which points on op-
posite sides of the structure do not necessarily move the same way at
the same time. The theoretical transmission loss of a double-wall parti-
tion of infinite area at any angle of incidence is given by the equation
(for identical panels).
Patil, P. G.
DESIGNING GLASS UNITS FOR SOUND REDUCTION
Sound and Vibr, v 7 n 9, Sept 1973, p 38-39
Laminated and double-glazed glass units provide improved acoustical per-
formance over monolithic units. Basic guidelines for designing glass
units with predictable acoustical ratings are presented. Information is
provided on acoustical properties of a room and practical applications of
glass as a sound barrier material.
Paulsen, Einar
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR WINDOWS
Natl Bur Stand, Spec Publ, v 1 n 361, 1972, p 375-384
Statements of performance requirements are given under the following
headings: Transparency and Vision, Light Transmission, Glare, Control of
Solar Radiation, Thermal Insulation and Condensation, Sound Insulation,
Airing (ventilation), Air-Tightness, Rain-Tightness, Strength and Stiff-
ness, Control of Opening Light, Security Against Illegal Engry, Fire
Resistance, Escape from Fire, Appearance, Dimensions, Durability of
Operating Parts, and Durability of Materials. 6 refs.
198
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Smith, H. C.
ACOUSTICALLY RATED WINDOWS
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, (Lafayette Ind, Jul7 14-16, 1971)
Technology necessary to result in marketable, efficient sound-attenuating
windows of lasting quality is explained. Design, materials fabrication,
and testing of such windows are described. Factory-glazed and hermetically-
sealed, sound-attentuating windows are now available commercially at rea-
sonable costs within wide ranges of sound transmission classes.
Yerges, L. F.
WINDOWS. THE WEAK LINK
SIV, Sound Vibr, v 5 n 6, June 1971, p 19-21
Windows, particularly operable or movable sash, in the exterior walls of '"'M
buildings in the vicinity of airports have proved to be major sound I,;!1'
"leaks". A simple means of forecasing the noise exposure, determining the '||'
required insulation of the window systems and choosing adequate materials k|;
and construction details is outlined. '";
Office Noise -
Routson, H.
CONTROL OF OFFICE NOISE
Pollut Engr, v 5 n 6, June 1973, p 36-37
The international organization for standardization has guidelines estab-
lishing office noise levels of 20-70 dB. Methods of monitoring noise in
offices and ways to reduce office noise are discussed.
Laboratory Noise -
Zouboff, V.
L1ISOLATION PHONIQUE DANS LES LABORATOIRES (SOUND INSULATION IN LABS)
Lab Cent Fonts Chaussees, Bull Liaison Lab Ponts Chaussees, v 58, Mar-
Apr 1972, p 109-115
The article relates a specific case of sound insulation in the Blois Re-
gional Laboratory. The physics of noise and acoustic control apparatus
are described. Review of the principles of the methods of combating air-
borne and impact noises. An example of insulation against shock noises
using the "floaing slab" principle.
199
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Acoustical Flanking -
Price, A. J.; Wakefield, C. W.; Rackl, R.
THE MEASUREMENT OF ACOUSTICAL FLANKING IN BUILDINGS
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, Oct 4-6, 1972,
Wash DC
A cross correlation technique for measuring the characteristics and im-
portance of acoustical flanking paths between two rooms separated by a
partition is described. A pair of model rooms constructed of 1 in. ply-
wood were used. The dividing partition was sealed and made of 1/8-in.
thick al, and both rooms were lined with 2 in. thick fiberglass. A trum-
pet driver was used as the sound source. Measured normal incidence
transmission of loss of the partition agreed with the normal incidence
mass law, indicating a small amount of acoustical flanking, if any.
Shiner, A. H.
ACOUSTICAL FLANKING IN STRUCTURES
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, (Lafayette Ind, July 14-16, 1971)
Test results of sound energy transmission of flanking paths in two-story
wood-frame buildings are presented. Partitions and floor-ceiling systems
with known transmission characteristics were installed in the test struc-
ture and the combined transmissivity determined. Differences between the
total transmission and the transmission of the dividing elements were
ascribed to flanking. The sound transmission class (STC) of the structure
(flanking energy) rather than the STC of the dividing elements was the
dominant feature in determining room-to-room reduction.
Corridors, Large Halls and Partitions -
Davies, H. G.
NOISE PROPAGATION IN CORRIDORS
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 53 n 5, May 1973, p 1253-1262
A geometrical-acoustic analysis is made of some aspects of high-frequency
noise propagation along a corridor and into the adjoining rooms from a
given noise source in the corridor. Attention is given to means of ab-
sorbing sound at the corridor walls. Expressions are given for the atten-
uation for several cases when one or more walls have either high- or low-
absorption coefficients for the transmission of sound through open doorways
and for noise propagation at corridor junctions and corners. Experimental
results are included.
200
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Tocci, G. C.; Davies, H. G.
NOISE PROPAGATION CORRIDORS
Acoust Soc of Amer, NY, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
As an effort to reduce noise propagation in corridors, a study was under-
taken to evaluate the use of absorbing and shielding baffles in corridors.
Both noise attenuation in the corridor itself and also the reduction of
noise propagating through open doors into rooms adjacent to the corridor
were considered, A discussion is presented of the effectiveness of both
the shielding and the absorbing components of the noise reduction for baf-
fles oriented parallel to and perpendicular to the corridor direction.
Predictions based on approximate modal summations for the power flow in
the corridor are compared with experimental results.
Tatusesco D; Panaitesco, A.
Lf IMPORTANCE ET LES CONSEQUENCES ARCHITECTURALES DE L'INSONORISATION DES
GRANDES SALLES DANS LES BATIMENTS SOCIAUX ET CULTURELS (ARCHITECTURAL
IMPORTANCE AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE ACOUSTICS OF LARGE HALLS IN BUILDINGS
FOR SOCIAL AND CULTURAL PURPOSES)
Appl Acoust, v 4 n 1, Jan 1971, p 13-21
As long as acousticians are alone in emphasizing the importance of acous-
tic studies at the design stage the chances of progress remain rare. An
effort must be made to convince architects that acoustic processing, far
from limiting the possibilities of creative expression, succeeds on the
contrary in enhancing the architectural achievements. The use of well
conceived lighting may also result in an important contribution in this
respect. In order to illustrate the variety of aesthetic possibilities
offered by acoustic processing, the hall in an office building has been
taken as an example. In French.
Tseo, G. G.
ESTIMATING THE NOISE REDUCTION OF WALL STRUCTURES OF ENCLOSURES
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52 n 6, Part 1, Dec 1972, P 1573-1578
A simple technique based on plane-wave normal incidence is used to calcu-
late the coefficients for transmission. Reflections and absorption of a
wall structure. Several structures having combinations of impervious layers
air space, and sound-absorbing materials are evaluated and used as examples
to show the effect of mass, acoustical impedance, propagation constant
and materials arrangement on the wall acoustical performance.
Ver, I. L.
RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN PREDICTION OF SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS
OF SINGLE PARTITIONS
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc (Lafayette Ind, July 14-16, 1971)
Recent developments in the prediction of sound transmission loss of single
partitions are reviewed. The infinite, homogeneous, isotropic partition
will serve to introduce the physical parameters (mass per unit area, coin-
cidence frequency, and loss factor) which determine the sound transmission.
201
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The investigation of finite~size partitions requires the introduction of
new variables such as the radiation efficiency and the composite loss
factor which take into account the boundary conditions. The effect of
these new variables is explained by comparing the sound transmission loss
of finite and infinite partitions. The effect of add damping, mass and
stiffness and of the anisotropy on the sound transmission are also
discussed
Coupled Rooms -
Jones, R. E.
AIRBORNE NOISE CONTROL FOR VERTICALLY STACKED BATHROOMS WITH MECHANICAL
EXHAUST SYSTEMS
U.S. Forest Prod Lab, Res Note FPL-0222, 1972
It is shown how sound insulation properties of an otherwise satisfactory
wall or floor can often be nullified when a noise flanks (bypasses) this
surface. This applies to wood frame, and is especially important in multi-
family houses. An example of flanking is described for vertically stacked
bathrooms where the sound travels from one bath to the other through the
ventilation ductwork. Two types of ductwork connections are given.
Koopmann, 6.; Pollard, H.
MODEL STUDIES OF HELMHOLTZ RESONANCES IN ROOMS WITH WINDOWS AND DOORWAYS
J Sound Vibr, v 16 n 4, June 22, 1971, p 489-503
To determine the conditions and possible damaging consequences of the
cavity resonance of a room enclosed by large windows and open doors sub-
jected to an Impulsive load a study has been conducted which utilizes
the method of expressing the windows, air and common doorway to two typ-
ically joined rooms in terms of equivalent lumped elements. The resultant
dynamic system is treated as a series of coupled Helmholtz resonators and
has as its mathematical description a set of coupled, second-order differ-
ential equations. 9 refs.
Molpdaya, N. T.; Nikonov, A. V.; Rysin, Yu, S,
STUDY OF ACOUSTIC NOISE IN TOLL CENTER SWITCHING ROOMS
Telecommun Radio Engr, v 26-27 n 11, Nov 1972, p 40-42
The spectrum of acoustic noise in toll center (TC) switching rooms is
analyzed. Acoustic noise level distribution functions, obtained from
round-the-clock measurements are given. Curves indicate the dependence
of noise level on the number of working operators and on the reverbera-
tion time of the room. 6 refs.
202
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Mugglin, E.G.A.
LAERMBEKAEMPFUNG AUS DER SIGHT DES BAUUNTERNEHMERS
Noise 2000, Assoc Intl Centre le Bruit, Intl Congr, 5th & 6th (London,
May 1968 and Groningen, Netherlands, 1970)
Ideally a building method considers requirements of the building site
and those of a neighbor, economics, and noise production. It is a ques-
tion of developing building methods low in noise and of carrying them out
with low noise machines. Excessive building noise is only acceptable if
no other method of building is available or if a lower noise method would
mean enormous extra costs. One example of a low noise building method is
the cavity wall method, which can be used instead of ramming iron bulk-
heads .
Nilsson, A. C.
REDUCTION INDES AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR A WALL BETWEEN TWO RECTANGULAR
ROOMS - THEORETICAL RESULTS
Acustica, v 26 n 1, Jan 1972, p 1-23
It is shown that exact solutions can be derived for the sound pressure
levels in two adjacent rooms when the geometry is that of the given con-
figuration, energy losses and flanking transmission can be neglected at
the edges; and, the walls are acoustically hard. The reduction index is
measured for a concrete wall between two rectangular rooms with equal
dimensions. The absorptions in the rooms are varied and the measurements
are made with and without diffusers. It is found that the reduction index
depends on the absorptions in both rooms and on the character of the
fields. The measurements show the error caused in the reduction index
when the absorption in the source room is neglected and when there are no
diffusors in the rooms. 13 refs.
Shuku, T.; Ishihra, K.
THE ANALYSIS OF THE ACOUSTIC FIELD IN IRREGULARLY SHAPED ROOMS
BY THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
J of Sound and Vibr, v 29 n 1, July 8, 1973
The problem of noise in the passenger compartment of an automobile is
that of an acoustic field in a room with a complex shape. While the the-
oretical solution of the normal frequencies and modes of such an irregu-
larly shaped room is difficult, it was attempted by perturbation methods
and finite difference methods. The finite element method is applicable
with good accuracy to rooms of arbitrary shape. It can be conveniently
applied for routine calculations. The triangular finite element has a
good applicability to two-dimensional irregular shapes. Good accuracy
can be obtained for shapes with large distortions or complex geometries
by using a automobile-compart-models shown good agreement in normal fre-
quencies and modes. The results are compared with those obtained when
linear shape functions or finite difference methods are used.
203
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Vaidya, P. G,; St, Hilaire, A.
BUILD UP OF SOUND FIELDS IN ISOLATED AND COUPLED ROOMS
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, (Lafayette Inc, July 14-16, 1971)
Relevant features of the theory of acoustic buildup of sound in rooms are
reviewed and examples aimed at exploring the relevant parameters which
affect the build up of sound are presented. An outline of a theory is
presented which deals with the response in a smaller room due to sources
in a larger room (which, in the limit, could also be open space) sending
signals into the smaller room through an opening connecting the two rooms.
Two different models are proposed for the theoretical prediction. A com-
parison between theory and experiment is made. Some generalizations of
practical interest are speculated, and, if proven, these would help sim-
plify the analysis of sound fields in complex configurations.
Walls
Anon
LIVE-IN WALL, 3,999 FT LONG, IS ALSO A SOUND SHIELD
Engr News-Rec, v 191 n 10, Sept 6, 1973, p 23
A 3900 ft long, 18 ft wide wall under way in England will serve as both
shelter and sound shield. The wall/shelter, to contain 387 apartments
housing 800 persons, will provide a barrier to block noise generated by
traffic on a planned six-lane expressway.
Ellwood, E.
ANATOMY OF A WALL
AIV, Sound Vibr, v 6 n 6, June 1972, p 14-18
The laboratory STC rating for a panel is usually a very accurate value,
based upon careful measuring techniques and carefully controlled test con-
ditions. The dependence upon such a value, however, may lead the un-
sophisticated designer or builder into a lot of trouble when the panel is
incorporated into a building. Most buildings are a collection of systems,
each element of which contribures to the overall performance of the struc-
ture. The effect of apparently trivial details such as the selection of
an acoustical sealant and its application at the runner tracks and ceiling
abutments is outlined in this study.
Engles, H.
WAERME-UND SCHALLSCHULTZ VON INNENWAENDED (THERMAL AND SOUND INSULATION
OF INSIDE WALLS)
Ind-Anz, v 94 n 86, Oct 17, 1972, p 2045-2048
Several examples are presented which illustrate different designs of in-
side walls and partitions with efficient thermal and sound insulation.
Particular attention is given to the application of insulating mineral
wool slabs and felts for this purpose. 2 refs. In German.
204
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Mull, H. R,
ESTIMATING NOISE EXPOSURE FOR SITE SELECTION AND EXTERIOR WALL DESIGN
J Audio Engr Soc, v 21 n 9, Nov 1973, p 726-728
Accurate knowledge of the ambient noise levels exterior to a. theater,
concert hall, or studio is required for site location and wall design.
Measured noise levels over a long enough time to be statistically sig-
nificant are too costly if a number of sites are being considered. Methods
of estimating the noise exposure with sufficient accuracy for preliminary
evaluation are presented.
Profit, J,
COMPOSITES FOR NOISE CONTROL - SOUND-DEADENED STEEL (SDS)
Sheet Mft Inc, v 51 n 1, Jan 1974, p 44-50
Sandwiching a thermoplastic layer between two sheets of steel produces a
panel with high mass and vibration damping properties for sound insula-
tion. This article outlines the properties of these laminates by compar-
ing a range of development products, currently known as SDS, with the
properties of conventional steel sheet. The vibration damping character-
istics are discussed, together with the engineering properties and recom-
mended methods of fabrication, where these differ from ordinary steel.
Sharp, B. H.
NEW WALL DESIGNS FOR HIGH TRANSMISSION LOSS
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc (Layfayette Ind, July 14-16, 1971)
Many wall constructions in common use today involve two panels separated
by a support mechanism. The acoustical behavior of these constructions is
determined by the familiar double wall characteristics, which in theory
are capable of providing extremely high values of transmission loss. In
practice these high values are not usually obtained due to the presence
of necessary support members which often form a direct mechanical connec-
tion between the two panels of the wall. The effects of cavity absorption
and sound bridges on the transmission loss are investigated. A new wall
design is described which features modified staggered stud construction
and achieves significantly improved STC ratings.
Venzke, G,; Daemmig, P.; Fischer, H. W.
DER EINFLUSS VON VERSTEIFUNGEN AUF DIE SCHALLABSTRAHLUNG UND SCHALLDAEM-
MUNG VON METALLWAENDEN (INFLUENCE OF STIFFENERS ON THE SOUND RADIATION
AND THE TRANSMISSION LOSS OF METAL WALLS)
Acoustica, v 29 n 1, July 1973, p 29-40
Sound transmission loss and the radiation factor were measured on walls
consisting of aluminum. 4 mm thick, covering an area of 9.2 m2. They
were installed between two reverberant chambers. One of the walls was not
stiffened, the second had been stiffened by parallel ribs and the third
by cross-connected ribs. All measurements as stated above were repeated
after covering the three walls with a damping layer. Excitation of the walls
205
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with airborne sound as well as point excitation was investigated. Below
the critical frequency, the resulting differences in transmission loss
of the three walls amount up to 9 dB. They reduce to 4 dB when the walls
are covered with the damping layer. Hence, with damping the transmission
loss of the stiffened walls increases more than that of the unstiffened
one. Below the critical frequency, the differences in transmission loss are
due to radiation as well as excitation qualities. Radiation with point
excitation depends very little on damping, but considerably on the extent
to which the walls are stiffened. 9 Refs. In German with English abstract.
Willigers, L.H.J.; Van Den Eijk, J.
SATISFACTORY SOUND INSULATION BETWEEN DWELLINGS: A REAL POSSIBILITY
Noise 2000, Assoc Intl Centre le Bruit, Intl Congr, 5th & 6th, (London,
May 1968 and Groningen, Netherlands, May 1970)
For satisfactory airborne sound insulation between dwellings, more insul-
ation than the usual minimum requirement in western Europe is necessary.
This goal is attainable if thick external walls and floors are combined
with lightweight internal walls. Improved insulation values of 6-9 dB
were measured in apartments of a building system for social housing.
Ceilings
Burke, J. J.
LIGHTING SOUND CONTROL - A SPECIFIER'S PRIMER
Actual Specif Engr, v 30 n 5, Nov 1973, p 94-98
The author gives a detailed account of how to control the noise level
generated by lighting fixtures and offers an introduction to acoustical
concepts.
Grantham, J. B.
AIRBORNE-NOISE CONTROL IN LIGHTWEIGHT FLOOR/CEILING SYSTEMS
SIV, Sound Vibr, v 5 n 6, June 1971, p 12-16
A variety of light weight floor/ceiling systems are used in wood-frame
suburban apartments of the Pacific Northwest to control noise transmis-
sion. Field measurements of airborne-sound insulation provided by floor/
ceiling constructions in six Seattle buildings demonstrate the effective-
ness of cellular concrete and resilient channels in limiting noise trans-
mission.
206
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Izenour, G. C.
DESIGNING AND ENGINEERING COMPUTER CONTROLLED ACOUSTIC FLEXIBILITY
FOR A MULTIPLE-USE THEATER
Archit Rec 3, Mar 1974, p 143-148
Acoustical flexibility, in addition to the volumetric control provided by
the movable ceiling, is achieved by a system of 37 individual motor-
operated absorption drives between the woven steel trans-sondent mesh and
hard plaster reflecting convex splayed side and rear auditorium walls.
Designing, fabricating, erecting and rigging the acoustical system is de-
scribed.
Kessler, F, M,
EVALUATION OF NOISE CONTROL FOR THE WORKD TRADE CENTER PATH TERMINAL
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 591-392
Track vibration isolation in the form of tie-in-pocket construction, a
highly acoustical absorbent metal pan ceiling construction, and other
noise control features were used at the newly built World Trade Center
Path Terminal. Noise measurements were made at numerous positions at
the Church Street Path Terminal prior to its discontinuance as a termi-
nal and at the World Trade Center Path Terminal just after its completion.
An improvement was indicated in passenger comfort due to the reduction
in platform and concourse noise levels. These data were analyzed and
compared as to noise criteria, statistical a-weighted noise level, and
statistical octave-band spectra. A noise level criterion of Ljo75 dBA
for passengers waiting at the platform was developed and compared with
noise levels measured at the two terminals and at a typical midtown street
location. Testing of the track lubrication system was also accomplished.
Lowe, A. W.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BARRIERS UNDER EXTENDED CEILINGS
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, Oct 4-6, 1972,
Wash DC
A 440 ft x 540 ft x 38 ft high factory floor was used. The sound source
consisted of chipping operation noise at a level of 117 dBA at 3 ft. The
data obtained consisted of the direct, refracted, and reflected compo-
nents of the noise in addition to the total sum. The reported results are
in dBA. As a design aid various combinations of wall and floor ceiling
absorption coefficients were run. Under extended ceilings, sound propa-
gates with noticably less reduction with distance than predicted by
spherical spreading loss. This is caused by buildup of reflections from
the floor. At great distances the buildup can be as much as 11 dB above
the spherical spreading prediction. With the presence of walls there is
an additional buildup of reflections which can add another decible or
two at great distances. In the cases where it is desired to use a partial
barrier to reduce the noise in selected areas, the reflections from the
walls and ceiling reduce or eliminate the shadowing effect at great dis-
tances. The shadowing obtained by barriers appears nearly independent of
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size except in the region close to the barrier. The addition of absorbent
ceilings and walls greatly increases the shadowing. Wall and ceiling re-
flections completely eliminate any advantage to use of multiple barriers.
Partial enclosures benefit more from the use of absorbent room ceilings
than from roofs on the enclosure.
Thomas, L, B,
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF SUSPENDED CEILINGS
Insulation (London), v 16 n 5, July-Aug 1972, p 179-182
Aspects of suspended ceilings such as fire resistance, thermal insula-
tion and acoustics are dealt with. Fire resistance and surface spread of
flame.thermal insulation and problems associated with sound absorption
are discussed.
Floors
De Clerck, W.
DE INVLOED VAN DE BOUWWIJZE OP DE LANGSGELEIDING VAN HET GELUID DOOR
DE DRAGENDE KONSTRUKTIE (EFFECT OF THE CONSTRUCTION METHOD ON THE
LONGITUDINAL SOUND TRANSMISSION ALONG THE SUPPORTING STRUCTURE)
Ingenieursblad, v 41 n 7, Apr 1, 1972, p 209-213
The effect of the construction method on sound propagation in floors is
dealt with. It is shown that a high level of sound transmission through
floors may result from two causes: either a floor having a very low
weight-to-area ratio, or a carelessly and unsatisfactorily built struc-
ture. 5 refs. In Dutch.
Ford, R. D.; Warnock, A.C.C.
IMPACT NOISE ON FLOORS
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188, N.Y.
A study was made of impulses created by an instrumented standard tapping
machine hammer when it strikes various resilient coverings placed on a
concrete floor to test the premise that the improvement obtained by using
the resilient covering is additive to the basic nature of the floor. In
spite of some discrepancies, more marked with carpets than with vinyl, to
a close approximation this turned out to be the case. The second part of
this study was subjective and was a preliminary attempt to define the param-
eters of footstep noise upon which subjects base their evaluation. Re-
cordings of footsteps were made in a reverberant room both in its usual
conditions with a reverberation time of 2 to 4 sec and with absorbent
material added to reduce the reverberation time to about 0.5 sec, which
is more typical of domestic conditions. Subjects were asked to adjust
the level of a masking noise until the footsteps were no longer intru-
sive. A better correlation was found with peak levels of sound than the
long-term RMS levels. This suggests that the usual method of normalizing
for room absorption may be inappropriate for impact noise problems.
208
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Josse, Rt
HOW TO ASSESS THE SOUNDS-REDUCING PROPERTIES OF FLOORS TO IMPACT NOISE
(FOOTSTEPS)
Appl Acoust, v 5 n I, Jan 1972, p 15-20
After reviewing recent studies where it is assumed that noise resulting
from the footsteps of adults, mainly women wearing high-heeled shoes, is
the determinant criteria for classifying the impact-sound transmission
of a floor. The author discusses the principal studies on the subject and
the modifications proposed for an improvement of the ISO method. 21 refs.
Mahig, J.; Elliott, H. J., Jr.; Gentile, R. J.
NOISE AND VIBRATION TRANSMISSION FLOORS AND WALLS
Florida, Univ, Gainesville, Engr and Ind Experiment Station, Engr Progress
at the Univ of Fla, v 28 n 1, July 1972, p 18-20
An experiment determined the noise and vibration levels caused by pumps
and motors in a building, and definite frequency band pass region existed
for a concrete slab. The vibrations of the floor slab decayed rapidly to
10 percent of its amplitude at the source and only slightly thereafter at
frequencies above 100 Hz, and the noise level in the room could be signi-
ficantly affected by force input into the floor slab. The wall was not
affected transversely by floor vibrations of the amplitude considered,
and significant transmission losses would occur if the slab were not con-
tinuous at the wall and if the wall did not have substantial contact with
the joints.
Nute, M. E.; Slater, K.
STUDY OF SOME FACTORS AFFECTING SOUND REDUCTION BY CARPETING
J Text Inst, v 64 n 11, Nov 1970, p 645-651
An account is given of an investigation of the dependence of sound-
transmission loss on carpet-pile parameters in a laboratory sound tube
over a broad range of frequencies. From these tests, it appears that the
pile thickness and weight have only a minor influence on sound-transmis-
sion loss and that the pile density has virtually no effect. It is postu-
lated that other factors, which would affect the total permeability of
the material, may be more important. It is also shown that the percentage
of sound absorbed within a chamber is proportional to the size of the
sample used. 16 refs.
I. L.
IMPACT NOISE ISOLATION OF COMPOSITE FLOORS
Acoust Soc of Araer, J, v 50 n 4, Oct 1971, P 1043-1050
A procedure for calculating the impact-noise level of a bare stiff struc
ture floor when excited with a standard tapping machine is described.
Calculations are given for the improvement in impact noise isolation
achieved by adding to the structural floor an elastic surface layer, a
locally reacting floating floor, and resonantly reacting floating floor.
209
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Ver, I. L.
RELATION BETWEEN THE NORMALIZED IMPACT SOUND LEVEL
AND SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 50 n 6, Part 1, Dec 1971, p 1414-1417
An expression is derived relating the normalized impact sound level and
the sound transmission loss of a floor, accounting for both its resonant
and its forced response. An evaluation is made of a floating floor as-
sembly in a resilient mount.
Standards and Criteria
Baade, P. K.
HOUSEHOLD NOISE PROBLEMS
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 50 n 5, Part 1, Nov 1971, p 1233-1235
Communication to the editor makes a plea for uniform sound ratings on
household equipment. For information on proper application and installa-
tion and for realistic criteria on acceptable sound levels. Recent stan-
dards are cited for the air conditioning and refrigeration institute.
Data are given for noise of a refreigerator, air conditioner and dish-
washer in a typical kitchen.
Baldwin, B.
SELECTION GUIDELINES FOR MOVABLE OFFICE PARTITIONS
Plant Engr (Barrington, 111), v 27 n 15, July 26, 1973, p 58-62
Three types of partitions: demountable, semiportable and portable are
utilized to rearrange office areas without the cost and inconvenience
of remodeling. A description of each partition type, installation time,
cost per sq ft, sound attenuation rating and fire resistance are includ-
ed as a guideline to selection.
Braun, H. H.; Glueck, K.
DIE LAERMKARTE IN DER STAEDTEBAULICHEN BESTANDSAUFNAHME
The noise situation is of great interest in preparatory town planning.
The noise map is especially suitable for the application in the planning
process because of its clearness and the possibility to combine it with
other maps in town planning. General applications and criteria for prep-
aration of noise maps are discussed.
210
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Dobson, D, E,
PERFORMANCE CONCEPT IN THE SERVICE OF TECHNICAL EVALUATIONS
OF BUILDING INNOVATIONS
Natl Bur Stand, Spec Publ, v 1 n 361, 1972, p 491-502
The increasing effort of the National Building Research Institute
(NBRI) in the field of technical evaluation and performance requirements
is surveyed. Terminology is defined and selected aspects of performance
discussed. The performance concept is assessed in terms of its cardinal
position in the evaluation of innovations in building, limitations of
the concept and the continuing need for the exercise of evaluation judge-
ment. 7 refs.
Fuchs, G. L; de Romera, A.M.V.; Biassoni, E. C.
WHAT CONSTITUTES AN ACCEPTALE NOISE ENVIRONMENT IN BUILDINGS?
CAN IT BE MEASURED?
Acoust Soc Amer, J, v 52 n 5, Nov 1972, p 1309-1317, Menasha, Wise
Subjective tests were conducted on what makes noise unacceptable for dif-
ferent kinds of activities and architectural spaces. Present standards of
measurement and criteria might not indicate adequately the actual noise
intrusion of domestic noises. A method for checking acceptable noise am-
bients is suggested, which would facilitate acoustical control in present
day construction.
Hardy, A. C.; Lewis, P. T.
SOUND INSULATION STANDARDS FOR BUILDINGS ADJACENT TO URBAN MOTORWAYS
J Sound Vib, v 15 n 1, Mar 8, 1971, p 53-59
An investigation into the noise from urban motorways was carried out in
three stages. The first was a study of the amplitude and frequency dis-
tribution of traffic noise; the second was to study the attenuation of
traffic noise by the building; and the third was to study the effect of
the transmitted noise on the internal environment. Data obtained is suf-
ficient to make possible the design of new buildings adjacent to urban
motorways to achieve a satisfactory standard of noise insulation.
Hay, B.
EFFECT OF EXTERNAL NOISE ON THE PROVISION OF BUILDING SERVICES
FOR LANDSCAPED OFFICES
Build Serv Engr, v 40, Jan 1973, p 227-231
Review of literature on the effect of external noise on the provision of
building services that should be considered at the feasibility stage of
building design, 18 refs.
211
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Kodaras, M, J,
SIMPLIFIED ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES FOR BUILDING CODE ENFORCEMENT
Natl Bur Stand, Spec Publ, v 1 n 361, 1972, p 447-481
EW and revised building codes now contain specific requirements for acous-
tical privacy in multifamity dwellings. These performance specifications
for sound transmission loss, impact sound insulation, maximum permissible
sound power radiated by mechanical equipment and isolation of structural
vibration sources must be subject to field measurements to assure compli-
ance with the building code provision. This paper reviews some of the sim-
plified field test procedures now in use and in process of development.
5 refs.
Kodaras, M. J.
WRITING NOISE CONTROL INTO A MODERN BUILDING CODE
Actual Spec Engr, v 30 n 4, Oct 1973, p 107-109
The author's firm was assigned to the task of preparing noise control
data for the New York City building code. He describes the code, its
preparation, implementation and how it's being accepted.
Schultz, T. J.
HOW NOISE CREEPS PAST THE BUILDING CODES
Noise Control Engr, v 1 n 1, Summer 1973, p 4-15
Noise control requirements in building codes have little chance of suc-
cess unless the primary objective for privacy is stated in terms of a
performance specification. Compliance must be demonstrated by tests of
adequate isolation in the completed building. It combines the advan-
tages of existing codes and the (so far untried) requirements in terms
of performance specifications. The ultimate acceptance for occupancy
of all housing should depend upon a specified amount of isolation be-
tween dwellings and a specified range of background noise being achieved
in the finished building. The proposed procedure for evaluating acous-
tic isolation requires three steps: a screening test for isolation
is performed; if a deficiency in noise reduction appears, the first test
will be repeated under the supervision of an acoustical engineer; and
if the building fails the second test, the defective part of the struc-
ture must be determined and corrected. The pitfalls of approaches that
presently measure noise in buildings are discussed.
Turner, N.
ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR OFFICES
Build Serv Engr, v 41, Jan 1974, p 223-230
Criteria set to determine the principal design parameters and acoustical
standards of any building discussed include the background or ambient
noise level; the reverberation time or absorption of the area; and the
vibration limits of the building structure.
212
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Wiethaup, H,
DIE LAERMBEKAEMPFUND BEI GAST-UND SCHANWIRTSCHAFTEN, BARBETRIEBEN USW
IN RECHTILICHER SIGHT
Noise 2000, Assoc Intl Contre le Bruit, Intl Congr, 5th & 6th, (London,
May 1968 and Groningen, Netherlands, May 1970
Apart from preventive noise abatement measures considered in planning and
building, there are also numerous legal means of combating excessive noise
from reastaurants, inns, etc. If the person(s) creating the noise will not
end the disturbance in spite of detailed and energetic complaints, the
person protesting can make immediate use of the legal possibilities out-
lined. Every owner of a public building should decide whether he would be
willing to risk facing judicial measures in spite of justified protests
against noise the protection of human health, takes precedence over all
economic considerations.
Measurement
Brittain, F. H.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF A SIMPLE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING SOUND
TRANSMISSION CLASS IN BUILDINGS
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, Oct 4-6, 1972,
Wash DC
A simplified procedure for estimating sound transmission class of a wall
in a building is proposed, and the validity and accuracy of using a
single third point to determine SPL was evaluated . The capability of a
single speaker (with and without rotating vanes) at a third point to pro-
duce a diffuse sound field in the source room was also analyzed. Measure-
ment of SPL at third points gave statistically valid results, and the
presence or absence of rotating diffusers had little effect upon the re-
sults of A-weighted SPL measurements. Accuracy at lower frequencies was a
problem.
Langhe, R.
UPPMATNING AV EN HALLS LJUDEGENSKAPER (SOUND VARIATIONS WITHIN A HALL)
Inst Verkstadstek Forsk, IVF Resultat 73629, Dec 1973
An accurate, simplified method for sound measurements is described. The
method is divided into two parts. One part gives instructions on how a
direct measurement with a sound level meter and a source of sound will
give the desired value of the sound decay. The other part gives instruc-
tions on how a sound decay can be calculated from reverberation time,
volume and surface area of the room. In Swedish with English Abstract.
213
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Warring, R, R,
NOISE IN BUILDINGS
Noise Control Vibr Reduct, v 4 n 6, Nov-Dec 1973, p 244-247
The basic problem of measuring acoustic noise is considered first, then
the relation to noise abatement of building structure and room layout is
examined, As for noise measurement, the several units used to express it
are explained and evaluated as to their significance respecting speech
interference and noise-induced hearing loss in relation to exposure to
noise of various intensities. It is pointed out that the common unit of
sound pressure in dBA (above some datum) ignores the spectral content of
the noise (e.g., impulsive high-frequency as from typewriters, or pure
tones) which may be subjectively more undesirable than the pressure level
might imply. Subjective assessments of office noise levels are compared
in terms of the several units available: dBA, loundness level (LL, in
phons), noise rating (NR, in noys), and noise criterian curves (NC, in
phons, subjectively related to frequency octave bands). Maximum back-
ground levels recommended for offices are also compared using dBA, NR and
NC units.
HVAC Systems
Brockmeyer, H.
RAUMKUSTIK (SPACE ACOUSTICS)
Kaeltetfch-Klim, v 25 n 4, Apr 1973, p 19-22
The demands for acoustical conditions of air conditioned spaces usually
go hand in hand with the requirements for thermal and other room condi-
tions. When determining these in advance, it is not enough to take into
consideration the acoustic characteristics of the air outlets. Attention
should also be paid to the interrelationship between the space and the
air outlet. Various examples illustrate the effect of this relationship
and the consequences for the planning of the acoustic space conditions.
In German.
Clain, F.
NOISE IN JET-CONVECTORS (LE BRUIT DES EJECTOCONVECTEURS)
Heat Transfer, Intl Inst Refrig, Pergamon Pres, 1971, p 489-495, N.Y.
The purpose of the study was to determine sound problems created by the
operation of air conditioning equipment located directly in air condi-
tioned rooms. The noise level of different jet-convectors was measured
in a reverberation room. The results show how these levels evolve in
terms of the static pressure in the container carrying the nozzles. 1
In French with English summary.
214
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Clark, R. J,J Petrusewicz, S, A.
NOISE IN DOMESTIC CENTRAL HEATING WATER SYSTEMS
Build Serv Engr, v 40, Jan 1973, p 219-227
To study the noise emanating from the pump a complete spectrum analysis,
preferably using a narrow band analyzer, was essential, but with inten-
sities of the order of 35 EM — 40 dBA at the pump and even less at the
radiator, it was difficult to eliminate the background noise from the
measurements, without full anechoic facility. The use of vibration spec-
trum analysis obtained on a specially designed rig was found to be more
practical, and with the pass curves obtained, the noise potential of the
pump was established. Some practical aspects of system design are con-
sidered .
Fricke, F. R.
NOISE INSIDE BUILDINGS DUE TO EXTERNAL AIRFLOW
Appl Acoust, v 5 n 3, July 1972, p 233-235
The noise inside high-rise buildings due to external and internal airflows
(other than air conditioning and compressed air supplies) is to be studied,
under a science research council grant, at the Institute of Sound and
Vibration Research, University of Southampton. This work forms part of a
study of the internal environment of buildings due to meteorological fac-
tors such as wind and temperature, other studies being of ventilation,
heating, lift and door operations and smoke movement. 3 refs.
Robers, W. L.
EXPERIMENTS USING AN ACTIVE DUCT TERMINATION TO CONTROL ACOUSTIC IMPEDENCE
AHSRAE Trans, v 79, Part 2, 1973, Paper 2292, RP-53, p 167-171
Study of the possibilities of practical application of sound concepts to
problems of air or water carried in ducts used in the air conditioning
industry; experimental systems using three fixed-position microphones and
maximum/minimum microphone probe are discussed. 13 refs.
Sharland, I. J.
NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL IN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
Soc of Environ Engr, Environ Engr Aspects of Pollut Control, London,
1971, Symp held in London, England, June 22-23, 1971, Sect N
The options available for effective noise control may be summarized as
follows: insure that the strength of the primary source (the soundpower)
level of the fan is as low as possible consistent with the duty required;
design the ducting system in such a manner that there is space to fit ad-
ditional noise control devices; insure that secondary energy added at any
Point along the transmission path is less than the level of energy from
the primary source at that point; and, prevent the breakout of energy
from the system, 2 refs.
215
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Zielinski, W, T.
AIR SYSTEM REDUCES COST, ENERGY AND NOISE
Actual Specif Engr, v 28 n 5, Nov 1972, p 93-95
The author describes the savings that resulted from the installation of
a variable-volume air handling system in the Scott Plaza 2 office building
in Philadelphia. Sound levels are also covered.
Noise Sources
General -
Carr, R. J.
SOUND CONDITIONING — A NEW CONCEPT IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Insulation (London), v 16 n 5, Sept-Oct 1972, p 223-227
Experiences have shown that the designer can derive valuable assistance
in meeting the needs of office design by the use of sound conditioning.
In essence an electronic technique for exercising control over the spa-
tial background sound, and so obviating many noise problems within the
occupied space.
Czarnecki, S.
NOISE CONTROL USING HELMHOLTZ RESONATORS
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, (Lafayette Ind, July 14-16, 1971)
Two applications for Helmholtz resonators for noise control are discussed:
increase of sound absorption area in rooms to diminish the average ener-
gy of reflected waves; and the application of resonators in ducts as
acoustic filters. The opposite requirements in regard to the acoustic im-
pedence in these applications are investigated and results are discussed.
Diamond, A. J.
BUILDINGS
Noise in the Environ; Cuases, Effects, Controls. Conf, Papers (Toronto,
Ontario, Canada, April 28-29, 1971),
Reduction of airborne and structural-borne (impact) noises in buildings
is discussed. Airborne noise comes through holes, grills, air condition-
ing ducts, cracks in walls, and suspended ceilings; structural borne
noise occurs when part of a building's structure (e.g., pipes and columns)
is hit and the noise travels through the building. Structural borne noise
must be attenuated at its source, and a good way of avoiding such noise
is by introducing a discontinuity in the structure or by padding the
structure with absorbent material. Airborne noise can be prevented by
mass (e.g., heavy walls). Approaches to noise control in buildings in-
clude: location and design modifications; suppression of noise at its
source by manufacturers of noise-producing equipment; and baffling,
masking, and absorbing noise.
216
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Marggraf, D.
SCHALLGEDAEMPFTE DRUCKLUFT RAMMEN UND PFAHLZEIHER
Noise 2000, Assoc Intl Centre le Bruit, Intl Congr, 5th & 6th, (London,
May 1968 and Gronigen, Netherlands, 1970)
The noise at large-scale building projects in the cities is attributable
to a large variety of sources, pile driving and excavating being the
loudest. Near the construction site, most impulse like noises reach lev-
els exceeding 100 dBA. Developmental orders a German regional government
placed with the industry resulted in extensive knowledge and most agree-
able results so that pile driving with compressed air or steam regained
its attractiveness an end to the intensive noise sources and reinstated
commercial efficiency.
Nemecek, J; Grandjean Etiennes
NOISE IN LANDSCAPED OFFICES
Appl Ergonomics, v 4 n 1, May 1973, p 19-22
This paper deals with one part - noise and its disturbing effect - on an
extensive study carried out in 15 landscaping offices in Switzerland.
After an explanation of the method of noise measurement, the authors
consider the results of a questionaire which examined annoyance, sources
of noise, ability to concentrate, and causes of distractions. A statis-
tical analysis was carried out on the relationship between noise effects
and the room data. 4 refs.
Peutz, V.M.A.
QUASI-STATIONAIRE EN UITKLINKENDE GELUIDSVELDEN (QUASI-STEADY
AND DECAYING SOUND FIELDS)
Ingenieursblad, v 42 n 18, Sept 16, 1973, p 469-475
Description of the characteristics of an experimentally obtained consis-
tent phenomenological pattern of quasi-steady and decaying sound fields
in large rooms. In Dutch.
217
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Rettinger, M.
ACOUSTICAL DESIGN AND NOISE CONTROL
N.Y.; Chem Publ Co, 1973
Information on the physics of sound, room acoustics, noise, noise reduc-
tion, and room design is presented in a text designed for architects,
engineers, planners, and builders. Specific aspects of design for mini-
mal acoustic problems are discussed, including vibration control, absop-
tive treatment, barriers, water piping systems, mechanical rooms,
integrated ceilings, and reverberation chambers. Problems in noise control
for various types of rooms and buildings are presented. The harmful and
often unexpected ways that noise can manifest itself in improperly con-
structed buildings and methods of control are reviewed.
Schreiner, J. R.
NOISE OF HOMES
Acoust Soc Amer, J, v 53 n 1, Jan, 1973, p 291-392
r
Homes are filled with products that provide comfort, convenience, and
entertainment for the occupants and coincidentally produce noise. Most
of these products operate only for short periods of time when users turn
them on, but some cycle on and off continuously in response to automatic
controls. Most are normally operated inside homes but some of the noisier
ones are used outdoors and thereby contribute to community noise. Sound
outputs vary widely between different types of products and to a lesser
extent among different models of the same type, and many also vary with
the mode or cycle of operation. The effects they produce also vary with
the relative locations of the people exposed and their occupations at the
time- While these factors add complications, considerable progress has
been made on sound rating standards for many of these products, notably
in the air conditioner industry, and quieter products will typically re-
sult from sound rating programs.
Smart, D.
A NEW CHARTED SYSTEM FOR THE SPECIFICATION OF STRUCTURE-BORNE NOISE CONTROL
Appl Acoust, v 5 n 3, July 1972, p 223-231
The practice of specifying noise levels in the various types of accommc--
dation in buildings is increasing with the passing of each year. The
architect employs various methods, the most commonly used being either
NC or NR curves. This note provides, by the use of a set of simple charts,
a method whereby vibration data may, in many instances, be directly re-
lated to sound pressure levels and, thus, TONC or NR curves. 3 refs.
218
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Smith T,j O'Sullivan, Pr E,; Oakes, B,; Conn R, B.j Herman, D, M,;
Baade, P, K,; Mason, J, M. j Leventhall, H. G.j Bhattacharya, M. C.;
Mulholland, K, A.; Crocker, M. J.; Marsh, J, A.; Scholes, W. E,;
Salvldge, A, C,j Sargent, J, W. j Lewis, P. T,
BUILDING ACOUSTICS
Build Acoust, Ed Proc of Conf, Univ of Newcastle Upon Tyne, Apr 8-10,
1970, British Acoust Soc, Spec v 2, Oriel Press, Ltd, Newcastle Upon
Tyne, England, 1971
Proceedings included 12 papers on building acoustics. Among the topics
considered are traffic noise criteria for dwellings; equipment sound pow-
er measurement in reverberation rooms; the airborne sound insulation of
glass; field performance of a noise carrier; the sound insulation of wood
joint floors; and an improved technique for the measurement of airborne
sound transmission in buildings. Following is Part I of the listings of
12 papers presented: Traffic Noise Criteria for Dwellings by D. M. Harman;
Equipment Sound Power Measurement in Reverberation Rooms by P. K. Baade;
Effects of Polymer Additives on the Internal Damping of Cement Mortar
Beams by J. M. Mason and H. G. Leventhall; Propagation and Radiation of
Sound Energy by Flanking Transmission Via Structural Junctions by M. C.
Bhattacharya, K. A, Mulhaooland, and M. J. Crocker; Airborne Sound Insula-
tion of Glass by J, A. Marsh; Field Performance of a Noise Barrier by W.
E. Scholes, A. C. Salvidge, and J. W. Sargent; Real Windows by P. T. Lewis.
Trbuhovic, L.
SCHALLKOMFORT ALS PROBLEM DER UMWELTGESTALTUNG
Noise 2000, Assoc Intl Centre le Bruit, Intl Cong, 5th & 6th, (London,
Hay 1968 and Groningen, Netherlands, May 1970)
The new attitude toward sound and acoustics in the architectural environ-
ment is considered. Acoustic properties as such, man as producer and con-
sumer of sounds, as well as the perception of and sensitivity to acoustics
were examined in detail, and the new hypotheses and proposals were clari-
fied by examples and discussions of position. Observations relating to
the architectural interior as a form of the environment inhabited by man
are considered. In order to ensure him sonic comfort, man is initially
considered as the object (construction of a new system of location and
orientation of the spatial coordinates at eye and ear level); than as the
subject (in terms of his faculties of spatial perception and the responses
elicited by sound signals); finally, man-to-man relations. Measures of
planning, technical production, and sound insulation in the created envi-
ronment are described. These considerations show sound to be a component
of the environment, and some aspects and criteria of a technical sonic
nature that promote comfort and achievement are therefore taken into
account.
219
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Voelker, E. J,
AKUSTISCHE ANFORDERUNG AN GROSSRAUMBUEROS, DIE NOTWENDIGKEIT VON
UEBERDECKENDEM DAUERGERABUSCH, (ACOUSTIC REQUIREMENTS OF OFFICES OCCUPY-
ING LARGE AREAS, NECESSITY OF SUPPRESSED CONTINUOUS NOISE)
Frequenz, v 26 n 3, Mar 1972, p 78-82
The isolation of adjacent working groups is the primary problem in large-
room offices. Interference produced by telephone calls, typewriter clat-
ter and conversations must be masked by constant permanent noise. In some
large-room offices this continuous noise is too soft; this depends on the
kind of work and the purpose for which the room is used, A loudspeaker
system offers the best opportunity for filling the entire room with a con-
stant noise level. Such a system has been put into operation for large-
room offices in several buildings. A report is given as to the kind of
colored noise and the one-third octave filter equalizer, the number of
loudspeakers and the monitoring instruments as well as other acoustic
requirements. In German
Winzer, G. E.
FIELD STUDY OF RESIDENTIAL ACOUSTICS
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, (Lafayette Ind, July 14-16, 1971)
A study dealing with noise sources in multifamily housing units is dis-
cussed. An apartment development in metropolitan Washington, D.C. was
investigated during construction, and a survey of occupants was taken af-
ter a period of residence. Following a review of the design and construc-
tion of the buildings, and acoustical data, as well as the responses to
the questionnaires, the problem areas were identified and defined, and
recommendations were suggested for solving them.
Barrow, C. W.
QUIET ON THE SET!...NOISE CONTROL IN THEATERS
Actual Specif Engr, v 31 n 2, Feb 1974, p 108-111
In most theaters and auditoriums, there are three types of noises that
must be controlled: ambient noises within the performing space; noises
that originate in other spaces and are transmitted into the performing
area by air, ducts or the sturcture; and environmental noises that in-
trude into the performing space. The author outlines several methods for
designing a noise-controlled theater.
Ettouney, S, M.; Fricke, F, R.
COUTRYARD ACOUSTICS
Appl Acoust, v 6 n 2, Apr 1973, p 119-132
The acoustic environment of courtyard housing was studied, and the abili"
ty of the courtyard to attenuate external noise was examined. A scale-
model was used to study the effect of the ground treatment, the source
and receiver locations, the depth of the courtyard, and the position and
220
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arrangement of openings in the walls, Experimental results obtained
from the model, together with a simple procedure for predicting the
sound pressure levels inside the courtyard, are presented,
Mechanical Equipment -
Ostergaard, P. B.
SOUND IN BUILDINGS
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, (Lafayette Ind, July 14-16, 1971)
The first step in mechanical noise control is to design a building in a
manner which will isolate the noise sources from ciritical area. Mechani-
cal noise sources in buildings are identified: fans, motors, pumps, re-
frigeration machines, and other types of mechanical equipment. Consider-
ations in the design and construction of the mechanical equipment room,
equipment selection, and silencing of duo systems are discussed. Of all
the methods of noise control within building, the isolation of vibration
is perhaps the most important. Factors to be considered in deciding what
type of vibration isolation system must be installed are discussed:
building structure, rotational speed and size of equipment, vibration
isolation materials, and the noise levels desired.
Kingsbury, H. F.
HOW TO CONTROL MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT NOISE IN BUILDINGS
Actual Specif Engr, v 30 n 1, July 1973, p 79-88
This article provides step-by-step guidelines for determining the design
level, calculating the required noise levels and selecting the proper
equipment for mechanical equipment noise control in buildings.
Aircraft Associated -
Anon
COMFORT - CONDITIONED JET - AGE SCHOOL
Elec Constr Maint, v 70 n 2, Feb 1971, p 59-61
The windowless, heat-by-light Iroquis Junior High School in Des Plaines,
111, is described. It is in jet flight path to O'Hare International
Airport (about 2 mi distant). Soundproof construction proved natural for
heat-by-light and BTU-pump application with double-duct air handling
system.
221
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Donate, R, J,
INSULATING HOUSES AGAINST AIRCRAFT NOISE
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 53 n 4, Apr 1973, p 1025-1027
A mathematical procedure establishes construction guidelines for reducing
inside noise in houses near airports, A set of rules is derived for the
choice of the component types of the envelope of a house or apartment from
a knowledge of its acoustic properties, its relative areas, the degree of
intrusive sound that may be tolerated, and the noise exposure forecast
contours.
Hudson, R. R.; Crocker, M. J.
EXPERIMENTAL RESPONSE OF SIMPLE STRUCTURES TO SIMULATED SONIC BOOMS
Acustica, v 29 n 4, Oct 1973, p 187-197
Presents results obtained from an idealized model of a window under the
influence of a sonic boom. The window was represented by a simply sup-
ported steel panel mounted at the end of an explosive-driven shock tube.
In order to realize a simply supported panel the problem of providing
edge support without clamping, damping or membrane stresses had to be
overcome. The final panel had less than 1 percent critical damping and
had a resonant frequency within 4 percent of the theoretical value. The
panel strain was measured when it was subjected both to continuous wave
and transient acoustic excitation. The continuous wave strain is within
5 percent of the theoretical value calculated from a modal theory. This
theory, in conjunction with the Duhamel integral, also gives a predic-
tion of the transient strain time-history which is in good agreement
with the experimental curves. 11 refs.
Pym, F.
THE EFFECT OF SONIC BANGS ON BUILDINGS
Noise 2000, Assoc Intl Centre le Bruit, Intl Congr, 5th & 6th, (London,
May 1968 and Braningen, Netherlands 1970)
2
The wave motion from a single boom with a extra overpressure of 1 Ib/ft
has a sharp rise at the beginning and a gradual fall away. The wave mo-
tion of a sonic boom of the magnitude tested over London recently differs
in that it has a second shock wave immediately following the first which
creates the characteristic double boom. One of the difficulties with sonic
booms is the peculiar shape of the double boom, inducing resonance, there-
by considerably increasing the effective power of the boom. Adverse ef-
fects on building components such as plate glass, steel, masonry, or
timber are briefly considered. The most serious point and a real concern
which has not yet been studied is that of the cumulative effect of pro-
longed vibration from sonic boom impulses which will occur if they become
part of everyday life. Specifically, the effects of sonic booms on histor-
ical structures in Great Britain are considered in light of the economics
involved in preserving the landmarks vs. supersonic transport.
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Speckhan, H.
SCHALLSCHUTZMASSNAHMEN GEGEN FLUGLAERM IN SCHULEN (MEASURES OF SOUND
PROTECTION IN SCHOOL BUILDINGS AGAINST AIRCRAFT NOISE)
HLH, Zeit Heizung, Lueftung, Klim, Haustech, v 24 n 6, June 1973, p 181-188
The author deals with the question of aircraft noise protection in the
form of studies and of investigations and to publish the results. The im-
pairment of the teaching by aircraft noise was systematically checked and
observed and taken into account at the investigation. 14 refs. In German.
223
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GENERAL INTEREST PAPERS ON NOISE
Damping and Absorption
Damping Materials -
Anon
PLASTICS PUT THE DAMPER ON NOISE
Mod Plast, v 49 n 7, July 1972, p 42-45
In this review some plastics applications in noise-pollution control are
discussed from property, technological, performance and legislative points
of view. Properties and performance of some soundproof polyurethane foams
available on the market are presented. Use of plastics engineering parts
to replace metallic ones is indicated. Forecast for the future development
is included.
Anon
SOUND CONTROL MATERIALS LET THE SOUND OF SILENCE BE HEARD
Product Engr, New York, v 43 n 10, p 26-27, Oct 1972
Noise control materials that absorb sound, prevent sound transmission or
damp vibration are described. Foams and fiber materials can cut as much
as 10 dB from reverberating sound levels; the most commonly used of these
absorbents are glass and mineral wools. Another form of sound absorbing
material is open- or semi-open-celled plastic foam. Lead is the best and
most widely used sound barrier material, and leaded plastics can be bonded
to noise generating surfaces or used as enclosures. Materials that muffle
noise by damping vibration include epoxy, latex, and asphaltic sheets,
or pastes. Plastics are also effective for stifling noise.
Behar, A.; Taibo, L. N.
MEASUREMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF DAMPING MATERIALS
Acustica, v 30 n 1, Jan 1974, p 60-64
The SAE J671/58 Standard deals with the measurement of all properties of
sound dampers and underbody coatings. With respect to the acoustical
measurements, there are only general specifications about what to measure
and how to measure it. The object of the present study is to supply de-
tailed information about the practical realization of the measurement it-
self. Experimental results are supplied, and special attention is paid
to the reliability and the accuracy of the method proposed. 6 refs.
Burns, J^ &
THE USE OF ASPHALT-MASTICS FOR ACOUSTICAL DAMPING
Sound and Vibr, Cleveland, v 6 n 10, p 4,6,8, Oct 1972
Viscoelastic substances, such as blended asphalt-mastics, are effective
inexpensive, and easy to use vibration damping materials. In acoustical
laboratory tests the addition of asphalt-mastic damping materials
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increased the sound transmission loss rating of an untreated panel from
7 to 12 points. In wood stud wall paneling, floor-ceiling construction,
and suspended ceiling construction, the asphalt-mastics materials in-
creased the sound transmission loss ratings significantly. In most cases
where acoustical damping is required, a one-piece material that includes
all of the desired components can be provided.
Meteer, C. L.
APPLICATION OF LEAD-VINYL NOISE BARRIERS IN TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT
SAE Paper 720222 for Mtg Jan 10-14, 1972
Lead Vinyl coated fabrics, new composite vinyl films, and molding com-
pounds have been developed that have application as flexible sound bar-
riers in transportation and recreational equipment. The materials, consist-
ing of fine lead particles disbursed in PVC compounds for coating,
casting films, extrusion, injection molding, thermal form sheets, and
rotational casting, combines the high mass of lead and the properties
and f ormability of vinyl. These composites provide a limp high mass sound
barrier material.
Meteer, C. L.
SOUND CONTROL WITH HIGH DENSITY COATED SUBSTRATES
J Coated Fibrous Matl, v 2, Oct 1972, p 68-78
Lead vinyl coated fabrics, new composite vinyl films, and molding com-
pounds have been developed that have application as flexible sound
barriers in transportation and recreational equipment. The material con-
sisting of fine lead particles disbursed in PVC compounds. 4 refs.
Wald, B.
RIGHT MATERIALS FOR WRONG NOISES
Des Engr, v 19 n 6, June 1973, p 40-41
The article presents elementary discussions of various noise control
concepts. Absorption, barriers, damping, and isolation are examined
relative to applications, materials, and measurements.
Warnaka, G. E.; Miller, H. T.
COMBINED EXTENSIONAL AND CONSTRAINED DAMPING FOR BROAD TEMPERATURE
AND FREQUENCY PERFORMANCE
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, Washington, D.C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972
The use of polymeric damping materials to broaden the temperature and
frequency ranges of constrained layer laminates was investigated. Damping
materials with different temperatures of peak damping can be used so
that one of the materials acts at or near its optimum temperature when
the laminate is exposed to a wide range of temperatures. The mechanical
properties of polymeric damping materials are analyzed, and the composite
shear modulus and loss factor of two combined layers is computed.
225
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A configuration of two outer metal layers with two different elastomeric
damping materials sandwiched in between is presented. The entire as-
sembly is rigidly bonded together at all interfaces.
Vibration Isolation -
Harvey, S. G.; Oliver, C. C.
CLASSIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL VIBRATION ISOLATORS
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, Washington, B.C.
Oct 4, 1972
Stiffness, damping, and vibration tests were performed on prefabricated
isolator systems which interrupt transmission paths of noise and vibration.
Stiffness coefficients were in approximate agreement with catalog data on
the isolators, but the majority of the isolators had higher values than
the catalogs indicated. Spring isolators demonstrated wave effects with
excessive noise generation at one or more frequencies. Type A isolators
exhibited noise generation at points of connection between spring coils
and upper and lower plates and between lower coils during heavy loading.
Noise generation from inner part suspensions in B type isolators were also
evident. Isolator Types C and D did not display resonances comparable
to theoretical undamped natural frequency calculations. Dynamic excita-
tion of isolator systems increased effective stiffness.
Junger, M. C.
EFFECTIVENESS OF RESILIENT ELEMENTS FOR NOISE VERSUS VIBRATION CONTROL
ASME AMD, v 1, 1973 for Meet, Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept 1973, p 173-191
Introduces the mechanical engineer versed in vibration isolation to guide-
lines in the use of resilient elements in noise control techniques. Cur-
rent use of these elements in enhancing the transmission loss of masonry
walls, floors, panels, and windows is described. Criteria for the effec-
tiveness of resilient elements in controlling airborne as opposed to
structure-borne noise will be shown to differ significantly in certain
situations. Finally, the principle underlying a novel use of resilient
elements to enhance the transmission loss of panels forming an acoustic
hood is described. 20 refs.
226
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Thorn, R. P.
VIBRATION ISOLATION AND THE USE OF CONTROLLED FLEXIBILITY FOR NOISE
REDUCTION
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Tutorial Papers,
Washington, D.C., Oct 4-6, 1972
Vibration isolation concepts applied to noise control are discussed.
These concepts provide a powerful technique for controlling dyamnic re-
sponse, load, motion, and energy transmission and dissipation. A spring/
damper combination vibration isolator which offers a cost effective solu-
tion to noise control is described.
Absorption -
Crocker, M. J.
ABSORBING MATERIALS
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Tutorial Papers,
Washington, D.C., Oct 4-6, 1972
Calculation of the average absorption coefficient and reverberation time
of absorbent materials is described. The use of a Helmholtz resonator
and acoustic tiles is also discussed.
Dunn, R. L. (ed)
SPECIFICATIONS CHART FOR NOISE CONTROL PRODUCTS
Lant Engr (Harrington, 111), v 26 n 25, Dec 14, 1972, p 82-89
Applicable materials for noise attenuation, such as lead, mineral fiber,
felt, fiberglass, and combinations of materials, manufacturers recommended
applications, and acoustical properties are described and listed in
chart form.
Hochheiser, R. M.
HOW TO CONTROL NOISE
Plant Engr (Harrington, 111), v 26 n 20, Oct 5, 1972, p 90-93
Design and selection factors for acoustical sound barriers are evaluated.
Methods for eliminating noise at the source, plus the acoustical proper-
ties of commonly used insulating materials are included.
Jhaveri, A. G.
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DETERMINATION OF COMPLEX ACOUSTICAL
IMPEDANCE OF NONLOCALLY REACTING NOISE CONTROL MATERIALS
Acoust Soc Amer J, v 53 n 1, p 291-392, Jan 1973
Various techniques and computer programs have been developed for the de-
termination of complex acoustic impedance of thin (locally reacting) noise
control materials, such as metal felt, polylmide, perforated plate, etc.,
227
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within the last five years. However, there is very little published data
available for the calculation of complex impedance and absorption coeffi-
cient of thick, homogeneous, and nonlocally reacting noise control mate-
rial such as glass fiber and open-pore polyurethane foam. Theoretical
guidelines are established for the computation of acoustical parameters
that determine the complex acoustical impedance of porous, homogeneous and
isotropic materials. These materials have been and are being used for the
abatement and control of air conditioning and airborne types of environ-
mental noise. A thick or nonlocally reacting type of material is charac-
terized by two complex numbers, namely, the characteristic impedance,
and the propagation constant, as opposed to only one complex number for
thin or locally reacting materials. Then two separate measurements based on
theoretical equations contained herein yielding two complex numbers, would
.suffice in the determination of required complex acoustic impedance and
absorption coefficient as a function of discrete frequency.
Hanson, L.; Lieberman, S.
SOUND PROPAGATION AND ABSORPTION IN FOAM: A DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER MODEL
Acoust Soc of Amer J, v 50 n 4, Oct 1971, p 1075-1080
Liquid-base foams are highly effective sound absorbers. A better under-
standing of the mechanics of sound absorption in foams was sought by
exploration of a mathematical model of bubble pulsation and coupling and
the development of a distributed parameter mechanical analog. A solution
by electric circuit analogy was thus obtained and transmission-line theory
was used to relate the physical properties of the foams to the character-
istic impedance and propagation constants of the analog transmission line.
Comparison of measured physical properties of the foam with values ob-
tained from measured acoustic impedance and propagation constants and the
transmission line theory showed good agreement. It may therefore be con-
cluded that the sound propagation and absorption mechanisms in foam are
accurately described by the resonant response of individual bubbles
coupled to neighboring bubbles.
McAuliffe, D. R.; Agne, T. D.; Hammond, J. I.
MATERIALS FOR NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL
Sound and Vibr, Cleveland, v 6 n 7, July 1972, p 20-24
Four types of materials are available for dealing with noise and vibration
control problems: sound absorption materials, sound barrier materials,
vibration/shock isolation materials, and vibration damping materials. Two
or more of these materials are often incorporated in a single commercial
product to obtain the benefits of their combined effects. Properties of
these materials and their performance when used singly and in combination
are discussed. Transformer enclosures, engine test cells, appliance
enclosures, railroad wheels, and pipes and valves illustrate typical ap-
plication of noise/vibration/shock control materials.
228
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Nordby, K. S.
ATTENUATION OF NONMETALLIC PANELS
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, Washington, D.C.
Oct 4-6, 1972
Attenuation data on nonmetallic panels and acoustically tight enclosures
made from bare panels are reported. Panels showing high attenuation in-
clude ABS sheet, glass filled polyester, polyvinyl chloride, ABS foam,
plexiglas, and safety glass. Low densities are detrimental to attenua-
tion. Increasing the thickness of the panel results in an increase in
attenuation at low frequencies for al and plexiglas. The attenuation
provided by a tight enclosure depends on absorptivity of internal sur-
faces, noise source location, radiation impedance, and impedance of sur-
face in source proximity.
Shippee, E. 6.
MATERIALS FOR NOISE ABSORPTION
Pollut Engr, v 5 n 1, Jan 1-973, p 37-38
In some cases a noise problem may be solved by merely adding sound ab-
sorbing materials to a room. This type of treatment can be effective
when the room has highly reflective surfaces, if the noise is intermittent
or discontinuous, where the operator's station is not too close to a con-
tinuous source, and if the sound level is greater than 100 dBA.
Tsao, M.C.C.; Musa, R. S.
TRANSIENT AND STEADY STATE SOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS OF FIBERGLASS
AND POLYURETHANE FOAM
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, Washington, D.C.
Oct 4-6, 1972
The average normal absorption coefficients (350-4,000 Hz) of fiberglass
and polyurethane foam of different thicknesses were obtained by impedance
tube and short pulse methods. Oblique incidence tests were performed on
fiberglass at an incidence angle of 30 degrees and the directivity of
the speaker was considered. The oblique sound absorption coefficient was
higher than the normal absorption coefficient. The pulse method was
better than the impedance tube method for obtaining sound absorption
coefficients for engineering purposes.
229
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Noise Surveys
Sources -
Caccavari, C.; Schechter, H.
BACKGROUND NOISE STUDY IN CHICAGO
J Air Pollut Control Assoc, v 24 n 3, Mar 1974, p 240-244
The Chicago Department of Environmental Control has begun a program to
establish "baseline noise" levels within the City of Chicago. The pro-
cedure provides a 24 hr noise signature in dBA at each preselected
location and also can be expanded to depict a statistical plot of the
noise for every 15 min of the 24 hr period. A detailed discussion of the
procedure is presented.
Fisher, G. H.
CURRENT LEVELS OF NOISE IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Appl Ergonomics, v 4 n 4, Dec 1973, p 211-218
Studies made throughout 1971 are described, in which both peak and ambient
noise levels prevailing inside and outside buildings were measured and
found greatly in excess of those regarded as tolerable ten years previously.
Two methods for reducing noise level were considered. First, a barrier de-
signed with the primary intention of reflecting rather than absorbing noise;
secondly, a relatively simple form of double-glazing fitted to existing
window frames. The barrier reduced peak noise levels but failed to influ-
ence ambients. Double-glazing attenuated both peak and ambient noise levels
significantly. Noise generated within buildings themselves may become a
source of discomfort for occupants and of annoyance to those outside.
Noise levels rising beyond 100 dBA were measured during evening business
in the bar of a local hotel. A summary of data referring to noise levels
in the outdoor environment reveals that the upper tolerance limits pre-
scribed by ISO are now being exceeded by 20 dBA, or more, throughout
18 hrs of the day. 12 refs.
Furrer, W.; Lauber, A.
RAUM-UND BAUAKUSTIK; LAERMABWEHR
Birkhaeuser Verlag Basel, Switzerland, 1922
The acoustic properties of localities ranging from classrooms to churches
and concert halls and the techniques of soundproofing and noise abatement
in apartment houses,hotels, hospitals, and on streets are discussed. The
fundamental principles of acoustics, room acoustics, and architectural
acoustics and noise standards are surveyed.
230
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Koczkur, E.; Broger, E. D.; Henderson, V. L.; Lightstone, A. D.
NOISE MONITORING AND A SOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY IN THE CITY OF TORONTO
J Air Pollut Control Assoc, v 23 n 2, Feb 1973, p 105-109
To establish the ambient sound levels, a comprehensive system for measur-
ing sound has been established for points on a predetermined orthogonal
grid superimposed on a topographical plan of the city. Measurements are
made to provide a Statistical sample of the sound level at each of these
points over a period of 24 hrs. These data are used to produce graphs and
charts showing the range of noise levels during each sampling period.
The proportion of time during which any chosen level is exceeded, daytime
levels, nighttime levels, and the maximum level reached.
Price, A. J.
COMMUNITY NOISE SURVEY OF GREATER VANCOUVER
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52 n 2, part 1, Aug 1972, p 488-492
A survey involving 100,000 individual noise measurements in the greater
Vancouver Regional District, B.C., Canada, extended over a land area of
about 560 square miles. Statistical noise climate in residentially zoned
areas was almost identical in level distribution to that previously found
by Donley in Mid-Atlantic states.
Community Noise -
Biship, D. W. ; Simpson, M. A.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT COMMUNITY NOISE MEASURES
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, Washington, D.C.
Oct 4-6, 1972
Noise levels in light and heavily trafficked areas of Boston, Detroit,
Los Angeles, Portland, and Honolulu were measured, and recorded noise sig-
nals were played back through the A-weighting network of a sound level
meter into a statistical distribution analyzer. The following information
was obtained: Noise levels exceeded 1, 10, 50, and 90 percent of the time;
noise pollution level; and L-equivalent level. Regression lines were com-
puted for data collected during daytime, evening and night, and correla-
tion coefficients were found.
Siddon, T. E.; Harford, K. D.
A LOW COST APPROACH TO AREA-WIDE COMMUNITY NOISE MONITORING
Acoust Soc of Amer J, v 5 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
A new approach to noise survey work emphasizes the importance of spatial
and temporal noise level variations with less stress on frequency con-
tent. A low cost sound monitoring package, A-weighted at the input stage,
and with a dynamic range of 45 dB , yields adequate information on which
231
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to base a concise, statistical model of the acoustic landscape. Because
of the low cost of individual terminal units, a large number of units may
be operated over an extended land use area. This ensures that Important
spatial information is not lost. Such a detailed picture is not possible
with the more conventional sequential (point to point) techniques that
are normally employed. The format for a typical area-wide noise level
survey is presented, and the usefulness of the data obtained to urban
planners and legislators is briefly described.
State-of-the-Art -
Fisk, D. J.
STATISTICAL SAMPLING IN COMMUNITY NOISE MEASUREMENT
J of Sound and Vibr, v 30 n 2, Sept 22, 1973, p 221-236
The statistical theory of community noise sampling is investigated and
used to derive the optimum sampling procedures. General expressions are
given for the sampling errors and other percentiles. The correlation be-
tween percentile sampling errors is discussed in relation to the sampling
error in TNI and to the correct procedure of data analysis. The traffic
noise models of Weiss and Kurze are used to derive a sampling theory. The
model is used to demonstrate that, when sampling is taken with a sound
level meter and a fixed number of readings, the readings should be at
least 5 sec apart. Very short analogue tape samples (m&crosampling) lead
to improved sampling accuracy on theoretical grounds.
Szecsody, A. J.
STATE OF THE ART IN NOISE SURVEYS
J Audio Engr Soc, v 20 n 7, Sept 1972, p 574-579
The results of a literature search to determine the methodology to conduct
a community noise survey are presented. It was found that a wide range of
methods are available to conduct such a survey. Essential electronic
hardware and software are currently available and are capable of support-
ing any method chosen. 26 refs.
General -
Attenborough, K.; Wallis, D.
LARGE SCALE NOISE SURVEYS: AN EDUCATTONAL EXPERIMENT
Acustica, v 28 n 5, May 1973, p 290-295
This paper describes how the multimedia educational system at the open
university, including correspondence texts, home experiments, the student
computer service, summer schools and the computer marked assignment pro-
cedure, allow the conduct of several large surveys of noise, 5 refs.
232
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Haag, F. G.
EDUCATION BY NOISE CONTROL PROJECTS
Acoust Soc of Amer J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Noise control presents many interesting possibilities for student-project-
type courses. The projects provide a natural motivation at a low cost to
education benefit ratio. Projects have been successfully conducted with
undergraduates in general education, and with undergraduate and graduate
engineering students. Among the most recent projects are effect of snow-
mobile noise on mice, standing wave tube, visible sound apparatus, com-
puter simulation programs, muffler design, wave-tank analogy, noise reduc-
tion demonstrator, noise cancellation device, noise reduction of a
computer card reader, and the effect of noise on plants. Since most noise
control projects involve the student in value judgments, an auxiliary
education benefit results.
Maineri, R. P.
NOISE CONTROL
J Amer Soc Safety Engr, v 17 n 3, Mar 1972, p 20-25
It is stressed that an acoustic engineering survey is the first step in
a noise control program to determine the extent of a problem, serve as
a basis to decide on suitable noise control measures, and is useful to
evaluate effectiveness of these measures. The source, path, and receiver
of noise act as links in a chain, and these must be properly evaluated
for treatment.
Ducts
Theory -
Bolleter, U.; Crocker, M. J.
THEORY AND MEASUREMENT OF MODAL SPECTRA IN HARD-WALLED CYLINDRICAL DUCTS
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 5, part 1, May 1972, p 1439-1447
A method is given by which the pressure and power spectral densities for
the first nine acoustic cross modes in ducts can be determined from
pressure cross spectrum measurements. Modal spectra and some of the modal
interaction terms are given for a number of fans. 26 refs.
Khosrovani, H.; Cohen, R.; Chanaud, R. C.
RESPONSE OF A THIN-WALLED CYLINDRICAL DUCT TO INTERNAL AIRFLOW
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 50 n 1, part 2, July 1971, p 241-247
An experimental and theoretical study is made of the vibration of a thin
cylindrical duct, due to internal random pressure field caused by airflow.
Although a muffler was used to simulate acoustically a much longer duct,
the acoustic pressure was found to be a significant cause of duct vibra-
tion. A simple white noise model of the pressure field was derived and
compared with measured displacement data.
233
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Impedance -
Zorumski, W. E.
GENERALIZED RADIATION IMPEDANCES AND REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS
OF CIRCULAR AND ANNULAR DUCTS
Acoust Soc of Amer J, v 54 n 6, Dec 1973, p 1667-1773
Mores's equation for the radiation impedance of a vibrating rigid piston
is extended to give the generalized radiation impedances Z,^ of all modes
in circular and annular ducts which have arbitrary wall admittance and
which terminate in an infinite baffle. The equation for Z^i is reduced to
a single infinite integral which is a function of the mode radiation direc-
tivity factors. An infinite matrix equation is derived which relates the
generalized mode reflection coefficients to the radiation impedances. The
duct-wall admittance is a significant parameter in the effect of duct-termi-
nation reflections and mode-coupling reflection effects may be more important
than direct-mode reflection effects.
Pipe Covering and Lined Ducts -
Dear, T. A.
NOISE REDUCTION PROPERTIES OF SELECTED PIPE COVERING CONFIGURATIONS
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, Washington, D.C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972
Nineteen pipe covering materials were tested for their ability to reduce
noise generation within a pipe. Lead impregnated vinyl was excellent for
suppressing noise, and 3-and 5-in. thick amosite asbestos coverings did
not perform as well as 1-and 2-in. thick coverings; a 2-in. fiberglass
spacer was superior to a 3-in. fiberglass spacer. None of the coverings
demonstrated good noise reduction below 500 Hz. Proper sealing of all
joints in the pipe covering envelope was critical, and a layer laminate
pipe showed true structural damping.
Bokor, A.
ATTENUATION OF SOUND IN LINED DUCTS
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf Proc, Lafayette, Ind. July 14-16, 1971
Scott's equation, predicting the attenuation of sound in ducts lined
symmetrically on two sides, is tested experimentally with some success
for the first mode of propagation only. A method of measurement of the
acoustical bulk properties of a lining material is described. These are
required for substitution into Scott's equation. Measurements were made
in a lined standing wave tube of variable rectangular cross section. When
necessary, the in-duct attenuation and wave length constants were measured
in the presence of standing waves. Solutions of Scott's equation are
given for a representative selection of duct dimensions, lining materials
and frequencies. The performance of various lining materials, whose
bulk properties are shown, are compared on the basis of their effective-
ness in ducts of identical geometry.
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Melling, T. H.; Doak, P. E.
BASIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE
REVERBERANT CHAMBER DUCT LINING TEST FACILITIES
J Sound Vibr, v 14 n 1, Jan 8, 1971, p 23-35
A duct liner test facility theoretical model is established, yielding
the acoustic behavior of the test section alone. The measurements for the
interpretation of the test section performance are discussed. Models of
the attenuation in the test section are presented for correlation with
theoretical models of acoustically treated ducts. Two principal features
of the analysis are that it includes the following effects—that of flow
on the acoustic fields as well as on the absorption; that of possible
variations in the impedance of the terminating chamber, e.g., it could
be anechoic rather than reverberant. 6 refs.
Morfey, C. L.
SOUND TRANSMISSION AND GENERATION IN DUCTS WITH FLOW
J Sound Vibr, v 14 n 1, Jan 8, 1971, p 37-55
Sound generation in hard walled ducts with flow is treated theoretically.
Axial standing waves are allowed for in the theoretical model, by apply-
ing an Impedance boundary condition at the ends of the duct. The results
show the effects of axial and swirling flow on the radiated sound power,
for different types of source contained in the duct. Suggestions are
also put forward for analyzing the generation of sound by sources at a
mean flow discontinuity. 22 refs.
Scott, H. L.
OPTIMIZATION OF SOUND ABSORBERS IN CIRCULAR DUCTS
J Sound Vibr, v 16,n2, May 22, 1971, p 189-222
A classical wave theory approach is used to relate the acoustic impedance
at the duct wall to the axial attenuation rate. The solution is presented
graphically to facilitate application of the technique.
Vaidya, P. G.; St Hilaire, A.
EXTRANEOUS MODES IN SOUND ABSORBENT DUCTS
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, Washington, D.C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972
Sound transmission and attenuation in lined ducts is discussed, with em-
phasis on the generation of extraneous modes. A technique for the analy-
sis of nonunif orm wall impedance is presented; in this technique, impedance
has a specific dependence on length. Extraneous modes generated under such
conditions might contribute to instabilities in flow ducts lined with
porous materials.
235
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Wirt, L. S.
ANALYSIS, TESTING, AND DESIGN OF LINED DUCTS
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 5, part 1, May 1972, p 1448-1463
A new method is given for analyzing lined ducts that contain flow and
intense sound. A duct test facility was built, giving equipartition of
energy. The impedance of nonlinear materials was redefined and measure-
ment methods modified. Contours of equal duct attenuation in the impe-
dance plane were generated and proved to be simple in shape. From these
a design methodology was deduced, applicable to any linear material and
Leading directly to the creation of new liner materials. 10 refs.
Sources of Noise and Basic Phenomena
Sources -
Anthrop, D. F.
NOISE POLLUTION
Lexington Books, D. C. Heath & Co, Lexington, Mass, 1973
The physical concepts of noise and its measurement are described. Sub-
ject areas include sound as noise, noise in dwellings, construction noise,
motor vehicle noise, and aircraft noise.
Bartheld, R. G.
HOW TO SPECIFY AGAINST NOISE
Actual Specifying Engr, v 25 n 5, May 1971, p 128-31
Industries have long been aware of community displeasure with objection-
able noise levels and that employees run the risk of damaging their
hearing when required to work in noisy areas. Understanding noise and its
measurement can help establish specifications to lessen the din in prob-
lem areas.
Bhattacharya, B.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM OF NOISE IN THE URBAN AREAS
Environ Pollut and Its Control, Inst of Engrs, Baroda Sub-Centre,
Baroda, India, April 15-17, p 24
An analysis of the sources, effects and control methods of urban noise
in India is presented.
Bhavnani, H. V.
NOISE POLLUTION
Environ Pollut and Its Control, Inst of Engrs, Baroda Sub-Centre,
Baroda, India, April 15-17, p 24
Various sources of noise are discussed and control methods are described.
It is suggested that the government pass resolutions regarding traffic
noise, social noise, and occupational noise.
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Shaw, E.A.G.; Olson, N.
THEORY OF STEADY-STATE URBAN NOISE FOR AN IDEAL HOMOGENEOUS CITY
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 6, part 1, June 1972, p 1781-1793
A noise theory treats a city as a plane surface with many identical
sound sources, such as motor vehicles, randomly distributed. The mean
energy density at any point is expressed in terms of the source strength,
the average number of sources per unit area, the atmospheric absorption
constant and a shielding factor to account for obstacles in the trans-
mission path. Data are given for Ottawa.
Equipment Sources -
Bender, E. K.
NOISE FROM CONSTRUCTION, HOME APPLIANCES, AND BUILDING EQUIPMENT
J Environ Sci, v 15 n 5, Sept-Oct 1972, p 9-18
Summary of the results of a recent study of noise from construction
equipment, building equipment, and home appliances, for each of these
categories. It is attempted to characterize the sources of noise to
evaluate the impact of each source, and to determine what pressures have
been brought to bear upon industry and what the response of industry
has been. 7 refs
Cummins, D. P.
IDENTIFYING AND REDUCING RADIATED NOISES
ASME Paper 72-DE-36 for Meet May 8-11, 1972,
Identification of source is accomplished through use-human ear; preci-
sion sound level meter; and 1/3 octave band analyzers. Reducing noise
levels can be accomplished by 'designing out' noise or containing it.
'Designing out1 includes reducing pump and motor rpm; use of flange
mounted pumps; isolators for components and major subunits; use of mani-
folds; and isolators in hydraulic lines.
Mitchell, L. D.; Lynch, G. A.
ORIGINS OF NOISE
Machine Design, May 1, 1969
The identification of noise sources is discussed. Noise sources can be
determined by analyzing emitted noise and tracing components of the spec-
trum back to the specific design features of the component. The goal of a
noise analysis is to associate the frequency (rate of occurrence) of the
noise with the fequency of some specific mechanical event in the offending
equipment. Electronic filters are usually used to divide the overall
noise signal into a series of noise levels associated with specific fre-
quency ranges. Two types of filter systems used in studying acoustic prob-
lems are described, and spectrum analysis is examined. Diagnosis of noise
problems is made.
237
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Schaudinischky, L. H.; Schwartz, A.
SPORTS GROUND AS A NOISE SOURCE
Appl Acoust, v 5 n 2, Apr 1972, p 119-131
This paper investigates the modern sports ground from the acoustic
viewpoint, paying particular attention to the two main types of noise
source: (1) the 'direct1 noise, produced on the sports field and in the
stands, mainly by the human voice and (2) the 'indirect1 noise, pro-
duced by traffic and other outside sources. After short theoretical
and experimental explanations, the paper concludes with an analysis of
some practical examples of newly constructed sports grounds. 1 ref.
Plate Noise Radiation -
Pinkel, B.; Scharton, T. D.
REDUCTION OF NOISE GENERATED BY FLOW OF FLUID OVER PLATE
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 53 n 4, Apr 1973, p 1184-1185
Communication to the editor describes a method of reducing noise gener-
ated by a fluid stream flowing subsonically over a plate. Applicability
is for noise reduction of STOL aircraft using the externally blown flap
or the augmenter wing. Test data for a crude model are included.
Tatge, R. B.
NOISE RADIATION BY PLANE ARRAYS OF INCOHERENT SOURCES
Acoust Soc Amer, New York J, v 52 n3, Sept 1972, p 732-736
Calculation of sound-power level from close-in measurements of SPL is a
common and continuing requirement in many industries. Some machines,
because of size or operating cycle, must be tested in the field. At dis-
tant points, the ambient noise level may be too high to permit valid
measurement of the noise of the device under test, and the characteris-
tics of the propagation path between the source and distant microphone
may be imperfectly understood. Under these conditions the source must
be approached closely to make measurements. Generalized curves and a
simple equation are developed by which the sound-power level of a plane
array of equal, incoherent, simple sources can be related to the SPL at
any distance. The array may have the form of a circular disk or a
rectangle.
Tseo, G. G.
ACOUSTICAL RADIATION EROM A FINITE RECTANGULAR PLATE
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf Proc, Lafayette, Ind., July 14-16, 1971
Information about the sound generating mechanism of a finite plate is
needed for noise control, since finite plates are commonly found to be
sound-generating structures in machinery. A mathematical formulation is
presented for determining the quantitative relationship between the vibra-
tion amplitude and the sound pressure (or radiation power) in order to
determine the vibration sources contributing to the noise. Far field
formulation is used to calculate«the far field sound pressure and the
238
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radiation intensity from velocity data. The radiation efficiency is
used to represent the relationship between the velocity and the radia-
tion power. Radiation efficiencies were computed for various frequencies
up to the 12th mode. The effects of area and aspect ratio were studied on
the basis of the computed result. Some means of reducing the noise from
the vibrating plate is also discussed.
Basics -
Acustica, v 27 n 4, Oct 1972, p 238-245
In this paper the distribution of the sound field in a circular infinite
cylinder is studied. After having determined the exact solution by the
classical method of development in series, one looks for an approximate
solution by means of a simple layer potential. The integral equation which
is obtained is solved by the method of discretization, this procedure is
extended to find the characteristic frequencies. The results are compared.
3 refs. In French with Englis abstract.
Brozozka, G.
INDUSTRIAL INVESTIGATION OF NOISE BY MEANS OF CORRELATION TECHNIQUES
(PRZEMYSLOWE BADANIA HALASU Z WYKORZYSTANIEM TECHNIKI KORELACY JNEJ)
Przegl Mech, v 30 n 1, Jan 19, 1971
Theoretical principles of correlation analysis are presented, and methods
for determining the participation of discrete noise sources in the total
noise field are explained. Practical examples are given of the application
of correlation techniques to the noise measurement of various machine
tools in a plant, an internal combustion engine, a diesel locomotive, and
an automobile, as well as of applications to the determination of noise
transmission paths and to studies on the acoustic insulation and sound
absorption. In Polish.
Davies, H. G.
STATISTICAL ENERGY ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS WITH POINT COUPLING
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf Proc, Lafayette, Ind., July 14-16, 1971
The random vibration of two multimodal systems coupled at a point is dis-
cussed. An exact expression is obtained for the spectral density of power
flow from one system to another for arbitrarily large coupling strength.
It is shown that by averaging the spectral density over narrow bands of
frequency and by suitably, defining a coupled modal energy the power-flow
energy-difference proportionality of statistical energy analysis (SEA)
can be recovered.
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Delany, M. E.; Bazley, E. N.
NOTE ON THE SOUND FIELD DUE TO A POINT SOURCE
INSIDE AN ABSORBENT-LINED ENCLOSURE
J Sound Vibr, v 14 n 2, Jan 22, 1971, p 151-157
It is shown that the field distribution due to a point source of sound
within an absorbent-lined enclosure can be simply calculated using a
geometrical ray treatment and the appropriate plane-wave pressure-
reflection coefficient. A practical application of this result is
in predicting the performance of free field test chambers of the type
commonly used for industrial measurement of the sound power of noise
sources. 4 refs.
Doelle, L. L.
ENVIRONMENTAL ACOUSTICS
Environ Acoust, McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York, 1972
A detailed analysis of environmental acoustics in architectural design
is presented for practical application to present-day building practices.
Properties of sound and various aspects of room or space acoustics are
described. Environmental noise control, including sound-insulating con-
struction, noise criteria, control of mechanical noise and vibration,
and noise control in specific types of buildings, is discussed. Detail-
ing, specification and supervision are included.
Duerden, C.
NOISE ABATEMENT
Noise Abatement, Philosophical Library, Inc. , New York
The theory of sound and the physical properties of sound waves and their
propagation are explained as background information for discussions of
sound levels meters, investigations of noise complaints, noise control,
and current legislation for noise reduction. The discussions of noise
control and investigating complaints will be of special value to public
health inspectors. A minimum of acoustic terminology is used so that the
basic principles of acoustics may be introduced to the student, local
government officer, and industrialist.
Georges, T. M.; Clifford, S. F.
ACOUSTIC SOUNDING IN A REFRACTING ATMOSPHERE
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52 n 5, part 2, Nov 1972, p 1397-1405
Calculations are made for the general histatic case of acoustic echo
sounding which can be used for displaying the dynamics of the boundary
of the atmosphere. Effects are shown of the acoustic doppler shift, the
change in direction of the axis which determines the component of the
wind being measured, and the relocation of the scattering volume itself,
in forms that explicitly show the magnitude of refractive corrections.
14 refs.
240
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Graupe, D.; Krause, D. J.
ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF INPUT-OUTPUT-NOISE MODELS
Intl J Syst Sci, v 4 n 4, July 1973, p 617-621
The problem fcf consistently estimating all parameters of an input-output
noise model is considered. It is shown that the parameters of the input-
output (deterministic) part of the model may first be estimated consist-
ently when a pure autoregressive structure of that par.t is considered.
Subsequently, if a consistent estimation procedure of the noise model is
employed, a consistent estimate of the parameters of the complete input-
output-noise model is shown to be obtainable. 4 refs.
Greenwood, D. D.
MASKING BY NARROW BANDS OF NOISE IN PROXIMITY TO MORE INTENSE PURE TONES
OF HIGHER FREQUENCY: APPLICATION TO MEASUREMENT OF COMBINATION BAND
LEVELS AND SOME COMPARISONS WITH MASKING BY COMBINATION NOISE
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52. n 4, part 2, Oct 1972, p 1137-1143
Experiments are reported on the masking produced by narrow bands of
external origin presented alone and by the same bands presented with more
intense tones. Results show that a higher-frequency tone more intense
than a noise band does not increase the masking maximum produced by the
noise; that masking by a pure tone and narrow noise band is not affected
by the lower primary above it; that signal/masker ratios can be used to
estimate combination band levels; and that weaker lower-frequency noise
can affect masking by the tone.
Gruner, W. J.
IMPROVED PERCEIVED NOISE COMPUTATIONAL ALGORITHM
Acoust Soc of Amer J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-382
As improved algorithm for the computation of the perceived noisiness of
an acoustic pressure stimulus has been developed. The algorithm is
presented along with the development logic and fit criterion. Coefficient
determination is achieved using a constrained least squares method. A sta-
tistical analysis of fit is presented for the derived algorithm as well as
previously available methodology. The new algorithm is shown to Improve
accuracy from 26 percent to 36 percent depending upon amplitude and re-
duces computational storage requirements by 15 percent. Improved accuracy
is achieved at every applicabie 1/3 octave band. This algorithm was
derived during psychophysiological criteria development for space shuttle
system launch and static firing sites.
en, R. E.
NOISE FROM INTERACTION OF FLOW WITH RIGID SURFACES: A REVIEW OF CURRENT
STATUS OF PREDICTION TECHNIQUES
NASA Contract, Rep CR-2126, Oct 1972.
A brief review of some fundamental aspects of sound arising from turbulent
boundary layers, noise due to flow past a single discontinuity (trailing
, noise from airfoils operating in turbulent flow, and noise due
241
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to rigid flow discontinuities (spoilers) immersed in rigid ducts is pre-
sented. Emphasis is on dipole-like sound fields associated with turbulent
flow past a trailing edge. Rigid bodies in turbulence and in-duct spoilers
27 refs.
Isermann, R.
1DENTIFIKATION DES STATISCHEN VERHALTENS STARK GESTOERTER DYNAMISCHER
PROZESSF (IDENTIFICATION OF THE STATIC BEHAVIOR OF VERY NOISE DYNAMIC
PROCESSES)
Regelungstech Prozess-Datenverarbeitung, v 21 n 4, Apr 1973, p 118-125
Various identification methods for the static behavior of very noisy dynam-
ic processes are described. The scatter of the static parameter errors
caused by the noise signals are compared with the minimum possible value
in accordance with the Cramer-Rao-Freehet law. It is further shown how
the static behavior of slow time-variant processes can be measured. Some
methods can also be applied to nonlinear processes. 9 refs. In German.
Jackson, G. M.; Leventhall, H. G.
CALCULATION OF THE PERCEIVED LEVEL OF NOISE (PldB) USING STEVENS'
METHOD (MARK VII)
Applied Acoust, v 6 n 1, Jan 1973, p 23-24
For noise surveys involving large amounts of data, it is often convenient
to use a computer. The equal-sone contours, employed in Stevens' Mark VII
method of calculating the perceived level of noise, may be represented
mathematically in a form suitable for a computer program, thus reducing
storage requirements needed for computing and speeding up the calculations.
Keen, K.
PRESERVATION OF CONSTANT LOUDNESS WITH INTERAURAL AMPLITUDE ASYMMETRY
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52 n 4, part 2, Oct 1972, p 1193-1196
Intensity functions that preserve constant loudness at 70 phon under con-
ditions of internal intensity asymmetry were plotted for pure tones,
random noise, and triangular transient stimuli. The significance of the
results are discussed for the design of lateralization studies.
Komissarova, N. N.
AVERAGE DECAY LAW FOR A SOUND FIELD IN A WEDGE
Sov Phys Acoust, v 19 n 2, Sept-Oct 1973, p 123-125
An average decay law is derived for the energy density of the sound field
of a point harmonic source in a divergent domain having one perfectly
compliant and one perfectly rigid boundary. The asymptotic representa-
tion of the field of a normal mode is used. The averaging is carried out
over the angular coordinate of the source and over a certain surface in
the neighborhood of the observation point. 3 refs
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Lyon, R. H. fi
ANALYSIS OF SOUND-STRUCTURAL INTERACTION BY THEORY AND EXPERIMENT
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf Proc, Lafayette, Ind. , July 14-16, 1971
The development and use of statistical energy analysis (SEA) in prob-
lems of sound-structural coupling are reviewed. The basic principles of
SEA are stated; these include relating energy flow to modal energy differ-
ences, the relation of energy to other dynamic variables, and the statis-
tical modeling of acoustical systems. Recent applications of SEA that
relate to everyday problems of sound and vibration control are discussed.
These are taken from recent work on piping noise, sound transmission
through walls, and acoustics of fluid-filled containers.
Haling, G. C. Jr.; Lang, W. W.
THEORY INTO PRACTICE: A PHYSICIST1'S HELPFUL VIEW OF NOISE PHENOMENA
Noise Control Engr, v 1 n 1, Summer 1973, p 45-59
The physical properties of sound are discussed as a basis for examination
of problems in noise reduction. Sound waves, sound pressure, frequency,
wavelength, acoustic variables, acoustic intensity and power, intensity
level, sound power level, SPL, measurement of sound pressure, spectrum
density, interference of sound waves, absorption coefficient, complex im-
pedance, normal impedance of a surface, flow resistance of a porous
material, and cavity resonators are examined.
Design and Barriers
Engines, Mufflers and General Practice -
Anon
ENGINEERING KNOW-HOW IN ENGINE DESIGN
SAE Spec Publ, SP-369, Mar 1972
This SAE special publication contains contributions on acoustic fundamen-
tals, vehicle noise measurement, noise abatement, and noise control legis-
lation. Following papers presented - Acoustic Fundamentals and Noise, J. R.
Miller; p 1; Methods of Vehicle Noise Measurement, R. K. Hillquist, p 5;
Noise Legislation, Present and Future , as Related to Product Design,
R. H. Lincoln, p 8; The Abatement of Structural Noise in Internal Combustion
Engines, R. D. Strunk, p 17; Practical Noise Control for Engines, L. F.
Yerges, p 24.
Anon
NEW WAYS TO COMBAT NOISE - THE INVISIBLE POLLUTANT
Des Eng, London, June 1973, p 52-55
Noise need no longer be accepted as an unavoidable by-product of modern
technology. Today, careful basic design, combined with the sound-
attenuating techniques described in this article can appreciably reduce
noise, and its concomitant nuesance and danger to hearing.
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Lancaster, A.
MODIFYING SNOWMOBILES TO PRODUCE (LOWER NOISE LEVELS
SAE Prepr 730813 for Meet Sept 10-13, 1973
The majority of snowmobiles being produced are of similar configuration
and driven by a similar type of fan-cooled, two-stroke engine. These
common types of snowmobiles will respond to noise control measures in a
sufficiently predictable manner to permit the noise level of a modified
sled to be estimated from prior experience. Conversely, for a given noise
level, the required modifications may be listed which, from prior experi-
ence, will produce noise levels in the order of the selected level.
The lists of modifications developed here are for target levels of 75
and 70 dBA.
Meador, C. L.; Allan III, J. J.
EXHAUST VENT MUFFLER DESIGN
ASME Paper 71-SAE-A for Meet 1971
Noise control problems exist where high pressure, high temperature gases
are vented to the atmosphere. An example is used to illustrate an approach
to the design of an acoustically treated expansion chamber for a typical
noise problem caused by superheated steam vented to the atmosphere. An
analysis is developed to aid in the design of the acoustically treated
expansion chamber type muffler for broadband frequency application. The
algorithm as well as the supporting theory are sufficiently general so as
to be applicable to a number of high velocity gas-generated noise condi-
tions. An appendix of terminology definitions is included. 26 refs.
Partitions and Enclosures -
Copley, L. G.
CONTROL OF NOISE BY PARTITIONS AND ENCLOSURES
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Tutorial Papers, Washing-
ton, D.C., Oct 4-6,1972
Acoustical engineering tools available for selection and design of sound
insulating structures are reviewed. Mass law and insertion and trans-
mission loss are discussed, and conceptual forms for complete and partial
enclosures, partitions, and barriers are presented.
Miller, R. R.
APPLICATIONS OF GLASS IN NOISE CONTROL
Environ Control Safety Manage, v 142 n 1, July 1971, p 18-19
Data are presented to show sound transmission class rating for various
types of glass and window systems. It is shown how acoustical glass
9/32 ft thick and offering a sound transmission ration of 36 allows to
work in quiet next to car assembly line, yet provides a clear view of the
plant.
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Phillips, W. G.; Shadley, J. R.
CURBING NOISE WITH PARTIAL ENCLOSURES
Mach Des, v 46 n 8, Apr 4, 1974, p 107-110
Meaningful relief from the racket of high speed machinery, air jets,
parts conveyors, and other sources of mid-to-high frequency noise can
be provided by enclosures that only partly surround the offending equip-
ment. The trouble with such an enclosure is that its effectiveness is hard
to determine before it is designed and built. A method of calculation is
described which has been developed to provide 'ballpark' answers to rela-
tive effectiveness of different designs for partial enclosures, without
the need to construct a model for experimental purposes. The method em-
ploys a similified form of statistical room acoustics. It is fully valid
only when the dimensions of the enclosure are much larger than the acoustic
wavelengths of interest, but this limitation rarely presents difficulties
in industrial situations, where dimensions of the enclosure may be on the
order of several feet and where low-frequency blasts are not the usual
problem. An example is worked out to illustrate the method.
Slusser, R. A.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A REVERBERATION CHAMBER FOR HIGH-INTENSITY
ACOUSTIC TESTING
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 53 n 5, May 1973, p 1263-1269
Theory and design considerations are given for the construction of a high-
intensity acoustic test facility at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the
Mariner Mars 1971 project. The reverberation chamber is rectangular and
large enough to contain the spacecraft for test levels at 150 dB. Electro-
pneumatic transducers were used to modulate the nitrogen atmosphere. 10 refs,
Barriers -
Butler, G.E.L
A NOTE ON IMPROVING THE ATTENUATION GIVEN BY A NOISE BARRIER
J Sound and Vibr, v 32 n 3, Feb 8, 1974, p 367-369
Some aspects of diffraction theory relevant to design and performance of
noise barriers are described. Improving attenuation by an acoustic screen
is suggested.
Davies, H. G.; Lyon, R. H.
NOISE PROPAGATION IN CELLULAR URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL SPACES
Acoust Soc of Aner J, v 54 n 6, Dec 1973, p 1565-1570
The effect of multiple barriers on the propagation of noise in urban and
Industrial environments is described by a cell model. The cell boundaries
are formed by walls, machinery, etc., and each cell contains noise sources.
The noise field both within and outside the source region is discussed. A
comparison with the results of previous investigations shows that the cell
el correctly predicts the residual background level in traffic-free zones
urban areas.
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Kurze, U. J.; Anderson, G. S.
SOUND ATTENUATION BY BARRIERS
Appl Acoust, v 4 n 1, Jan 1971, p 35-53
The excess attenuation by a barrier parallel to an incoherent line source
is shown to be calculable from the excess attenuation of sound emanating
from a few points on the line source. Engineering estimates for the re-
quired length of an efficient barrier parallel to a line source yield an
aspect angle for the barrier equal to 95 percent of the aspect angle of
the line source. The sound transmission through a barrier is found to be
negligible for a typical automotive traffic noise spectrum if the mass
per unit area of the barrier exceeds 4LR/ft**2. 16 refs.
MacDuff, J. N.
BARRIERS FOR NOISE CONTROL
ASME Paper 73-DET-82 for Meet Sept 9-12, 1973
The experimentally determined noise attenuation of a simple barrier or
partial enclosure with a stationary noise source is presented in this
paper. The excitation for the experimental work was provided by a loud-
speaker with either harmonic or random signal input. The output signal
was filtered with a 1/3 octave filter and the attenuation taken as the
difference in sound pressure level obtained with and without the barrier
in place. The test results are compared with simple straight-line predic-
tor formulas available in the literature. 13 refs.
Scholes, W. E.; Salvidge, A. C.; Sargent, J. W.
FIELD PERFOEMANCE OF A NOISE BARRIER
J Sound Vibr, v 16 n 4, June 22, 1971, p 627-42
Results of a series of measurements of the performance of full-scale noise
barriers of various heights, carried out under a range of wind conditions
are presented. It relates to the effects of a long barrier in reducing the
noise from localized sources, such as the peaks of traffic noise. 13 refs.
Equipment
Anon
POLLUTANT CONTROL EQUIPMENT. GASES, LIQUIDS, SOLIDS
Power, v 115 n 6, June 1971, p S.1-S.32
A survey of equipment now available for controlling pollution includes
sections on government requirements, air pollution control, odor control,
noise control, water pollution control, and solid-waste disposal.
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Burger, J. F.; Van der Merwe, G.J.J.; Van Zyl, B. G.; Joffe, L.
MEASUREMENT OF SOUND INTENSITY APPLIED TO THE DETERMINATION OF RADIATED
SOUND POWER
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 53 n 4, Apr 1973, p 1167-1168
Communication to the editor reports development of a system for measuring
sound intensity that can also be used for measuring very low sound levels.
Twelve loudspeakers provide an omnidirectional source, excited by a pink-
noise generator and the pressure and velocity signals are fed into an
analog multiplier of which the output was measured by an averaging device.
Initial experiments showed that intensity measurements were not signifi-
cantly affected by field conditions.
Pease, A. C.
SILENCER TEST FACILITY SIMULATES NOISE SOURCE
Mech Engr, v 95 n 2, Feb 1973, p 25-29
This article describes AMF's large scale dynamic insertion loss and atten-
uation facility designed for two test modes—gas turbine silencers and
reciprocating engine silencers. The equipment consists of a 73-in. diam
centrifugal fan rated at 125,000 scfm, an electropneumatic-transducer
noise source rated at 4000 acoustic watts, the necessary supply and
control inputs, ducting, a flow control device, and instrumentation for
measuring flow and sound pressure level. In addition to the simulated gas-
turbine- engine and reciprocating engine exhaust work, tests have been in
progress for some time on a simulated gas turbine intake, and a 55,000,000
Btu/hr burner has been installed on the discharge side to allow complete
simulation of gas-turbine-engine and reciprocating engine exhausts using
proper heat, flow, and noise inputs.
Law, Legislation, Ordinances and Attitudes
Attitudes -
Sandford, J. E.
INDUSTRY'S QUIET RUSH TO SILENCE
Iron Age, v 208 n 25, Dec 16, 1971, p 73-78
Noise control problems are considered, with particular reference to machine
tool noise control. New noise specifications, admissible noise levels, re-
sponsibilities of machine tool builders and noise control methods are
commented upon by numerous specialists in this field.
Vulkan, G. H.; Dallman, J. P.
THE CONTROL OF NOISE
Soc of Environ Engr, London, J 53, June 1972, p 29-32
The noise problem can be dealt with in two ways: legal remedies can be
used to control noise emissions at the source, or by careful planning,
the conflict between new noise sources and noise sensitive uses can in
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many cases be prevented before it occurs. English legal remedies are
discussed according to the provisions of common law and parliamentary
statutes. Planning principles dealing with highways, industrial zones,
and airports discussed are based on the separation of noise producing
and noise sensitive areas, the addition of any new and unavoidable noise
source to an existing noisy environment rather than to a previously quiet
area, and the application of sound insulation to dwellings.
Warren, M. R.; Hayley, M.; Aldon, T.
NOISE IN THE 70's. DISCUSSANTS ON DR. THIESSEN'S PAPER
The physiological and psychological effects of community and industrial
noise are discussed. Ways of preventing occupational hearing loss are
considered, and the effects of traffic noise on sleep patterns are ex-
amined. The effectiveness of noise control legislation is analyzed.
Laws -
Anon
MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS: NOISE POLLUTION
Oklhoma Law Review, v 24 n 2, May 1971, p 261-266
As a source of environmental pollution, noise is not presently receiving
as much attention as industrial waste or automobile exha'ust,' but it is a
subject of growing concern. To indicate the nature and scope of the issue
the law as it now stands as related to the problem of noise is examined.
Whether the law provides effective means of regulation and control is
analyzed.
Bragdon, C.
CITY NOISE ORDINANCES—A STATUS REPORT
Sound and Vibr, v 7 n 5, May 1973, p 45-48
_!
A compilation is presented of municipal city noise regulations currently
enacted, covering the categories of aircraft, vehicles, zoning (land use),
building and nuisance. There are over 175 noise related regulations involving
approximately 43 million people, which is equivalent to 23 percent of the
total United States population. Nearly 85 percent or 148, of these laws
contain nuisance provisions and are classified as 'nuisance type ordinances'.
They typically prohibit unreasonably loud, disturbing, or unnecessary noise
but neglect to define noise quantitatively. The remaining category is
performance type ordinances'. This smaller group, incorporating acoustical
criteria, are more objective In nature. These criteria include overall sound
level measurements, usually expressed in decibels, on the A-weighted scale
(dBA). However, many ordinances include octave band provisions in addition-
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Bragdon, C. R.
CITY NOISE ORDINANCES—A STATUS REPORT
Sound and Vibr, v 7 n 12, Dec 1973, p 34-35
An update of municipal noise ordinances in the United States is presented;
288 municipalities have enacted noise regulations, representing a com-
bined population of over 52 million people. Categories of ordinances in-
clude nuisance, zoning, vehicle, aircraft, and building. Ordinances with
acoustical criteria, ordinances without acoustical criteria, and munici-
palities with no regulations are indicated.
Bragdon, C. R.
GUIDELINES FOR THE PREPARATION OF A MODEL NOISE ORDINANCE
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, Washington, D.C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972
The provisions of a noise ordinance guideline proposed by the sectional
committee on bioacoustics of the American National Standards Institute
are reviewed. Surveys on hazardous and nuisance effects of noise are
suggested, and environmental education is stressed. The establishment
of acoustical instrumentation standards, calibration, and maintenance is
recommended, along with the creation of sampling procedures for mobile
and stationary sources. Acoustical criteria for standards, zoning ordi-
nances, subdivision regulations, and site design are discussed, and en-
forcement techniques are summarized. The need for variances and a permit
system is emphasized.
Bragdon, C. R.
MUNICIPAL NOISE ORDINANCES
Sv Sound Vibr, v 7 n 12, Dec 1973, p 16-22
A survey of the regulatory control for noise abatement, caused by vehicles
and industrial plants, on a regional-local basis, is presented. The impact
of programs for noise control is evaluated with respect to the quality.
content and administrative problems. 24 refs.
Caccavari, C.
A NEW COMPREHENSIVE CITY NOISE ORDINANCE
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf Proc, Lafayette, Ind., July 14-16, 1971
A new noise ordinance went into effect July 1, 1971 in Chicago. The new
regulation is unique in urban noise control in that it sets quantitative
noise limits for many different major noise sources. The ordinance has re-
tained its nuisance provisions. The main thrust of the new ordinance is
directed at motor vehicles and several sections set noise standards for
various types of motor driven equipment. Key sections dealing with noise
limits, standards, and operations of motor vehicles: construction, indus-
trial, and agricultural vehicles and equipment; and other powered equip-
ment and tools are discussed.
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Caccavari, C.
REGULATION AND ENVORCEMENT OF URBAN NOISE
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, Washington, D.C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972
The provisions of Chicago's noise ordinance are discussed, and the ordi-
nance implementation program is reviewed. Engineering activities, depart-
ment organization, and enforcement measures are outlined. Vehicle and
stationary source enforcement procedures are considered, and legal
actions taken on complaints are examined.
Coates, V. T.
EXPERIENCE OF LOCAL AND STATE GOVERNMENTS IN CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL
NOISE
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, Washington, D.C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972
The regulatory structure for noise control at state and local levels is
outlined, with emphasis on the general effectiveness of noise control legis-
lation. Experiences in New York, California, and Hawaii are cited. States
have been ineffective in controlling vehicle and aircraft noise because of
technical, legal, and financial constraints. City ordinances are vague and
technically deficient, and cities are hampered by more urgent urban prob-
lems, lack of enforcement authority, and budgetary difficulties. Local
governments have also been ineffective in dealing with noise. Courtk
have become more involved in noise controversies, but private suits for
compensation have not brought about a great deal of noise suppression.
Federal Government standards for control at the source appear to be the
most effective approach to noise control; the use of comprehensive local
noise ordinances with quantified limits that would be enforced by munici-
pal agencies is suggested.
Crocker, M. J.
NOISE CONTROL IN BRITAIN AND OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Noise in the Environment; Causes, Effects, Controls, Conf Papers,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada, April 28-29, 1971
Britain's efforts to reduce noise from aircraft, traffic, airports, in-
dustry, and buildings are cited. Limitations on motor vehicles noise are
reported, and enforcement procedures are discussed. British regulation of
aircraft noise is similar to United States regulation. The noise abatement
act is.-.concerned with noise in residential districts near industrial
plants, but there is no statutory law regarding noise within an industrial
plant.
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Flanagan, W.
LEGAL NOISE LIMITS DEMAND IMPROVED ENGINES AND SUBSYSTEMS
SAE J Automot Engr, v 80 n 5, May 1972, p 36-41
This paper reviews current legislative standards for noise levels on de-
vices ranging from snowmobiles and chainsaws to trucks. Current practices
In each field are noted and areas for continued research are suggested.
Gatley, W. S.; Frye, E. E.
REGULATION OF NOISE IN URBAN AREAS
Regulation of Noise in Urban Areas, First Ed., Manual, Univ of Mo. ,
Continuing Educa Series, Rolla, Aug 1971
Information about the characteristics of noise, its measurement and eval-
uation, and current trends in noise legislation and standards is provided.
The following topics are discussed: noise legislation, fundamentals of
sound and acoustic terminology, criteria for rating sounds, the character
of urban noise, the noise nuisance ordinance, municipal noise ordinances,
regulation of vehicle noise, regulation of airport/aircraft noise, charac-
teristics and regulation of occupational noise, comprehensive noise
ordinance of the City of Chicago, proposed airport zoning ordinance and
building code, industrial association noise measurement procedures and
standards, and requirements for control of urban noise through regulation
and planning.
Harmsen, S. M.
ONE CITY'S ANSWER TO NOISE POLLUTION
Waste Age, v 4 n 5, Sept-Oct 1973, p 70-71
On Aug 17, 1972, the Salt Lake City Commission passed one of the most
stringent antinoise ordinances in the country. The ordinance sets forth
noise limits (measured in decibels) for various areas in the city, as
well as times when the noise level must be reduced. The ordinance places
restrictions on horns, signaling devices, hawkers, peddlers, animals,
fowl, steam or air whistles, loading, unloading, construction or repair
of buildings, pile drivers, hammers, garbage collections, vehicle repairs,
exhausts, and other loud, unnecessary or unusual noises. Various depart-
ments of the Salt Lake City Government set examples to the people of Salt
Lake City as to how to control noise, one example being a refuse collec-
tion vehicle with a noise suppressing device.
Jensen, P.
CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE.
J Air Pollut Control Assoc, v 23 n 12, Dec 1973, p 1028-1034
article reviews the current state of knowledge of noise and how people
respond to noise. Sources of community noise are discussed and existing
federal legislation pertaining to noise is mentioned. Method of reducing
the noise impact on communities from aircraft, surface transportation, and
industrial sites are presented. 14 ref s.
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Karplus, H. B.
NOISE CONTROL THROUGH LEGISLATION
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf Proc, Lafayette, Ind., July 14-16, 1971
While Federal legislation exists to protect employees from hazardous
hearing environments in industrial plants, the control of annoying noise
in urban areas is usually covered by city ordinances. These "disturbances"
and "annoyance" regulations vary widely and are based on both zoning and
noise levels. A major problem exists due to the different measures for
evaluating noise. Noise legislation adopted by several cities in the
United States is discussed.
Kodaras, M. J.
NOISE CONTROL AND THE N.Y.C. BUILDING CODE, 1962-1972
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, Washington, D.C.
Oct 4-6, 1972
Restrictions on all potential intrusions of noise into a multiple dwell-
ing building incorporated in the New York City Building Code are reported.
The restrictions do not apply to plumbing noise or to office buildings
and commercial structures. Minimum standards for noise from boilers, ele-
vators, rubbish chutes, mechanical equipment, and air ducts are estab-
lished. Enforcement of these restrictions is discussed.
Lehtinen, P. U.
THE CONQUEST OF NOISE IN FINLAND
Noise 2000. Assn Intl Contre Le Bruit. Intl Cong 5th & 6th, London, May
1968 and Groningen Neth. May 1970
Noise reduction legislation in Finland is briefly reviewed. The 1958
Finnish law on safety in work considers occupational health and noise
abatement in industry. In 1966, the Finnish Council for Air Conservation
and Noise Abatement was appointed; the Council is responsible for dealing
with general problems concerning air pollution and noise abatement. Con-
servation of nature in 1970 created several committees for the planning
of how to increase the efficiency of noise legislation.
MacNeill, J. W.; Cummings, T.; Mastromatteo, E.; Hambling, D.; Lewis, P.
LEGISLATION AND ADMINISTRATION FOR NOISE CONTROL
Noise in the Environment; Causes, Effects, Controls, Conf Papers,
Toronto, Ont., Can., April 28-29, 1971
The roles of Canadian Federal, Provincial, and Municipal Governments and
the private citizen in noise control are discussed. Legislation, research
programs, guidelines, and standards for community, aircraft, and indus-
trial noise are reported. Enforcement of noise control laws is considered.
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Moore, J. S.
DEVELOPING A STATE-WIDE NOISE CONTROL PROGRAM—THE ILLINOIS EXPERIENCE
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash, D. C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972)
The provisions of the Environmental Protection Act of 1970 are reviewed,
and the duties of the Illinois Pollution Control Board, the Illinois
Environmental Protection Agency, and the Illinois Institute for Environ-
mental Control are discussed. The Illinois Pollution Control Board is
a quasi-judicial body which considers enforcement cases, variance peti-
tions, and permit appeals. The agency also issues orders and sets
penalties after open public hearings and adopts environmental quality
standards and regulations. The Illinois Institute for Environmental
Quality is chiefly involved in research. The Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency conducts surveillance activities, issues permits, ad-
ministers antipollution bond acts, prepares environmental quality manage-
ment plans, and recommends action on variance requests. The role of the
Illinois Attorney General's Office is outlined, and hearings that have
been conducted on various environmental issues are examined.
Taylor, R. '
NOISE LEGISLATION IN BRITAIN
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash, D. C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972)
The weaknesses of Britain's Noise Abatement Act are discussed, and al-
ternative methods for dealing with noise control are proposed. Most of
Britain's statutory legislation is inadequate and needs strengthening.
In addition, there is a complete lack of laws concerned with hearing
damage. At present, the most effective manner of dealing with noise
nuisance is applying to the high court for an injunction.
Smith, W. A.
NOISE CONTROL LEGISLATION
Air Pollut Control Assoc, J, v 23 n 4, Apr 1973, p 251-256
The EPA is expected to issue its recommendations on noise legislation
some time during the latter part of 1973. This agency will assume pri-
mary responsibility for enforcing noise limits on new products, such as
vehicles, construction equipment, and electrical equipment. Primary
responsibility for community noise control will remain with local govern-
ments. State and local agencies, now involved in air and water pollu-
tion, will be given the additional responsibility to enforce antinoise
legislation. This legislation will cover noise emissions from vehicles,
industries, construction equipment, residential air conditioners, and
power equipment, and the noises that pervade multifamily dwellings.
Responsibility for controlling aircraft noise will be shared with the
*AA. The noise ratings used in this legislation must be capable of easy
measurement and yet correlate well with subjective response. For most
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noises the dcibel level read on the A-scale of a sound level meter is
adequate. Aircraft noise and industrial-construction noises need spe-
cial consideration. New community noise ordinances will draw on the
research and experience associated with the present Chicago, Illinois
ordinance. Some modifications of this ordinance are expected, however,
to improve enforcement procedures and to lower vehicle noise levels,
which are considered the worst of all the community noise pollutants.
Wesler, J. E.
NOISE LEGISLATION AND ORDINANCES
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Tutorial Pap (Wash, D. C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972)
Federal, state, and local noise control regulations are reviewed. Fed-
eral regulations concerned with noise from aircraft, highway, housing,
industry, and environment are described, along with legislation passed
by Hawaii, California, New York, Colorado, Minnesota, Chicago, Boston,
and New York City. Most state laws are general in nature and establish
environmental agencies, but some specific noise control laws have been
enacted. Cities and communities usually have general subjective stand-
ards for noise control based on public nuisance and zoning criteria.
Standards -
Murphy, J. N.; Sacks, H. K.; Durkin, J.; Summers, C. R.
PROGRESS IN NOISE ABATEMENT
Amer Mining Congress, 1972 Coal Show, Pap, (Cleveland, Ohio, May 8-11,
1972)
The mandatory noise standards developed in respone to the Coal Mine
Health and Safety Act of 1969 specify maximum personnel noise level-time
exposure for underground coal mines. The act further specifies that
personal protective devices shall not be used to meet the standards
where the protective devices may otherwise impair the safety of a miner;
this specifically refers to the use of earmuffs or plugs that would im-
pair the ability to hear warning signals in the mine. A personal audio
dosimeter developed to assess an individual's exposure to intermediate
vs multiple coal mine noise is described. A discriminating earmuff
which in the absence of noise allows the wearer to hear low-level warn-
ing signals is also discussed, as is the development of noise abatement
and control techniques for underground noise sources, particularly pneu-
matic drills.
254
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Nowikas, W. M.
NOISE OF SOUND
Amer Mach, v 116 n 25, Dec 11, 1972, p 61-68
OSHA requirements, noise level curves and methods for computing loudness
are discussed. Sound levels can be reduced by proper design and instal-
lation of acoustical materials, vibration isolators, mufflers, damping
techniques and barriers.
Tyler, J. M.; Hinton, L. V.; Olin, J. G.
STATE STANDARDS, REGULATIONS, AND RESPONSIBILITIES IN NOISE POLLUTION
CONTROL
J Air Pollut Control Assoc, v 24 n 2, Feb 1974, p 130-135'
Comprehensive noise standards are presented for all sources of noise,
including airports, highways, and industrial sources. The dimensions
of noise intensity and frequency are measured by the use of the unit
dBA, whereas the duration is measured by use of the temporal distribu-
tion. Aircraft noise and impulse noise standards are discussed together
with the six phase implementation plan for noise abatement.
Discussions of Standards -
Baron, R. A. '
THE CITIZEN RESPONSE TO NOISE SINCE 1967
Acoust Society of Amer, J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
Since 1967, the citizen has been on the offensive, he has learned how to
intensify awareness of noise pollution. His educational techniques have
become more sophisticated. Pressure points have been discovered and are
being applied. Environmental noise is now being recognized by some
acousticians and polluters. However, significant moves toward abatement
have yet to be taken. While the hearing loss aspect of occupational
noise is now being recognized in legislation, the nonauditory aspects
are totally neglected. The citizen is, therefore, now including a con-
cern for occupational noise while intensifying his battle against envi-
ronmental noise exposure. The noise receiver is still asking the acous-
tician to move from measurement for the protection of vested interests
to abatement for the sake of human interests.
Baxa, D. E.
NOISE LEGISLATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS TO INDUSTRY
SAE Prepr n 730435 for meet, Apr 2-4, 1973
This paper considers the historic cases and laws in the United States
which have had and will have the effect of bringing quiet to the citi-
zens of this country. The legal developments included are, Wisconsin's
Occupational Hearing Loss Compensation law, the Walsh-Healey Act, Oc-
cupational Safety and Health Act, the Chicago Noise Ordinance, and the
255
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Noise Control Act of 1972. A review of the standards presented by each
piece of legislation will be given, and their effects on both industry
and its products will be pointed out. 11 refs.
Bryan, M. E.; Tempest, W.
ARE OUR NOISE LAWS ADEQUATE?
Appl Acoust, v 6 n 3, July 1973, p 219-232
British laws and regulations aimed at controlling excessive noise appear
to be based on the assumption that everyone reacts in a similar manner
when exposed to noise. The criteria are concerned with what level of
noise exposure is likely to annoy the average person. Ways that indi-
viduals react to noise were examined, but the concept of the average
person was relatively meaningless. The criteria for noise control are
inadequate because they do not provide the protection intended. Not only
is there a wide spread in the degree of annoyance due to noise, but also
the population shows inhomogeneity in the nature of its response. Some
people learn to live with the noise and gradually adapt to it, and others
become progressively more disturbed by it. In some circumstances, fac-
tors relating to the individual can be more valuable in predicting the
response to noise than is the nature of the noise itself. For adequate
protection of the individual against annoying noise, the personality and
personal factors of the individual must also be studied.
Howe, J. T.
A BALANCED APPROACH—A LAWYER'S VIEWPOINT
Intl Conf on Transportation and the Environment, (Wash, D. C., May 31-
June 2, 1972)
Laws controlling noise and the role of government agencies must be bal-
anced against their interests, limitations of technology, and environ-
mental goals. Past attempts to control noise sustain the need for a bal-
anced approach. Realistic, uniform standards enforced by realistic,
uniform procedures will advance the cause of noise control; inconsistent
standards and enforcement procedures will impede effective noise control.
Kryter, K. D.
ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA POLICY ON NOISE STANDARDS
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 3 pt 1, Mar 1972, p 803-806
The standards role of the Acoustical Society of America, as related to
noise, is reviewed in the light of the recommendations of the ad hoc
committee on policy and requirements of the Arden House Conference on
Standards, July 1971.
256
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Mayo, L. H.; Ware, R. C.
THE EVOLVING REGULATORY STRUCTURE OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE ABATEMENT
AND CONTROL
Inst of Environmental Sciences Annu Tech Meeting, 18th, Proc, (New York,
New York, May 1-4, 1972), p 226-234
The evolution of laws and regulatory structures to control environmental
noise are discussed. Sources, regulatory efforts, and trends in the pri-
vate sector, and at the local, state, and federal levels are investigated.
Meyer, A. F.
NEED FOR STANDARDS ON NOISE
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 3 pt 1, Mar 1972, p 800-802
The noise problem is reviewed from the viewpoint of environmental pollu-
tion. Regulation of noise by government at every level demands setting
up of standards that account not only for scientific criteria but also
for economic, sociological, and political considerations.
Newell, P. H., Jr; Sherwood, A. M.; Wilson, A. B., Jr; McDaniel, G. L.
TOWARD ACOUSTIC STANDARDS FOR POWERED ASSIST DEVICES
S Veterans Administration Department of Medical Surgery, Bull Prosth
Res, n 10-17, 1972, p 21-32
Externally powered prosthetic devices in current use are unacceptably
noisy. The objectives of this paper are: 1. to move toward a rational
basis for setting noise level standards, 2. to distinguish between short-
term goals and longer range standards for noise levels, and 3. to iden-
tify conventional techniques and methods for reducing or eliminating
such noise. In order to accomplish these objectives and to provide a
concise reference for manufacturers, a brief review of the theory of
sound is also presented. 12 refs.
Rupert, H. M.; Wesler, J. E.
THE MAKING OF A NOISE CONTROL REGULATION
Sound and Vibr, v 7 n 10, Oct 1973, p 34-35
The historical background, the general intent, and the content of the
Federal Highway Administration's highway design noise level standards
(1973) are reviewed. Information is provided on preparation of the
standards and follow-up activities. Development and promulgation of a
federal policy or regulation is not a quick or easy procedure, partic-
ularly when environmental issues are at stake. A balance must be found
between environmental protection and the need to provide a safe and ef-
ficient transportation.
257
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Criteria -
Evaluation and Use -
Constance, J. D.
NOISE CRITERIA: THEIR EVALUATION AND USE
Consulting Engr, (St. Joseph, Mich), v 41 n 6, Dec 1973, p 58-63
Sound basics, the decibel scale, single number rating system, A-scale
weighting network, noise criteria by the tangent contour method, effect
of equal decibel levels, prediction of the noise criteria values of
equipment sounds, and sound control criteria for industrial buildings
are discussed. '
Tempest, W.
LOUDNESS AND ANNOYANCE DUE TO LOW FREQUENCY SOUND
Acustica, v 29 n 4, Oct 1973, p 205-209
Examples are provided of noise spectra which have produced annoyance
and other adverse reactions to a greater extent than would be expected
using the normal criteria based on dBA or phons. In all cases the
noise spectrum had high energy levels in the octave bands below 100 Hz.
It is suggested that noise spectra of this type cause annoyance, unease
and disturbance to an extent not simply related to loudness, and that
in these circumstances the common assumption that annoyance and loud-
ness are equivalent breaks down. A need for further research in this
field is pointed out. 4 refs.
Trends and Level -
Gatley, W. S.
CURRENT TRENDS IN CONTROL OF URBAN NOISE
ASME Pap n 72-PEM-9 for Meeting Oct 15-18, 1972
Physical characteristics of noise, as well as basic definitions and
terminology, are reviewed. Several criteria for evaluating subjective
response to community noise are presented. Typical and recommended
noise levels in residential, commercial and industrial areas, and repre-
sentative levels from common noise sources, are summarized, guidelines
for fair and effective control of urban noise by regulation are recom-
mended. Various types of regulations, and a comprehensive program for
regulation of urban noise, are described. 7 refs.
Hirschorn, M.
NOISE LEVEL CRITERIA AND METHODS OF ENGINEERING NOISE CONTROL
Ind Acoust Co, Bronx, N. Y., IAC Bulletin 6.0010.0, 1973
Industrial noise level criteria are discussed- as they relate to audio-
metric testing, hearing conservation, speech communication, and munici-
pal zoning. This provides a basis for understanding the engineering of
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noise control. Octave band SPLs are examined in relation to the noise
exposure standards in Occupational Safety Health Act. Equivalent octave
band noise design guide-levels, ranging from 70 to 115 dBA are given in
tables and graphs for engineering design purposes. The availability and
application of a wide range of modular, acoustically rated components
and preassembled acoustic structures are reviewed. These include: pre-
fabricated sound-proof rooms, prefabricated offices and work stations,
and intake and exhaust silencers. Examples are given showing how these
have been applied to meet noise level criteria.
Quality and Economic Factors -
Goldstein, S. N.
PROTOTYPE INDEX FOR ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE QUALITY
SV, Sound Vibr, v 6 n 2, Feb 1972, p 30-33
A prototype technical standard for environmental noise is proposed in
terms of enabling an index of noise quality to be defined and calculated.
The standard takes into account the damaging aspects of chronic exposure
to loud noise as well as psychologically disturbing aspects of typical
community noises which are not loud enough.to be physically dangerous.
Inasmuch as the .standard is intended to portray environmental quality
rather than to reflect damage risk criteria, it is generally conservative
with respect to work-related noise standards, such as those specified by
the Walsh-Healey Act. 2 refs.
Pelton, H.
CONTROL OF NOISE BY BALANCING ENGINEERING AND ECONOMIC FACTORS
ASME Pap n 72-PEM-17 for Meeting Oct 15-18, 1972
The standard techniques of noise control engineering are examined in ad-
dition to the economics of utilizing these techniques. The approach is
to consider various noise control methods for a particular example, then
examine the advantages and disadvantages of each method on the basis of
the magnitude of ..the noise and its frequency distribution, the criteria,
the type of environment and the associated maintenance and productive
problems. . 7 refs.
Frequency Analysist-
Goulet, P.; Northwood, T. D.
SUBJECTIVE RATING OF BROADBAND NOISES CONTAINING PURE TONES
Acoust Society of Amer, J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
For rating the noise of broadband sources the custom is to utilize A-
veighted levels, but there is no consensus on the subjective importance
of pure-tone components that may be present. Some direct evidence was
sought by having each of nine subjects match pairs of noises by adjust-
ing the level of one of them. Two experiments used a modified random
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noise to which a pure tone in the range of 250-2,000 Hz could be added.
The first experiment involved a simple comparison in a quiet environment.
The second experiment involved similar noises but with the addition of
a local wanted sound in the form of music, and the subject matched noises
from the viewponit of intrusiveness. A third experiment was similar to
the first but utilized actual machine noise as the basic spectra. All
three experiments indicated that the A-weighted level remains an adequate
(slightly conservative) rating number even when pure tones are present.
Phelps, A. H.
NEED FOR FREQUENCY ANALYSIS IN THE IDENTIFICATION AND SOLUTION OF
NOISE PROBLEMS
J Air Pollut Control Assoc, v 23 n 1, Jan 1973, p 17-22
Proposed noise criteria for neighborhoods which reflect the effect of
frequency are discussed along with one noise regulation in force that
avoids the problem of a single decibel level specification. Some case
histories are presented and compared with the criteria.
Technical Notes -
Miscellaneous Subjects -
Beranek, L. L. (ed)
NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL
Noise and Vibration Control, McGraw-Hill Book Co, New York, 1971
Three principal aspects to consider in a project for noise control
(source, path, and receiver) are delineated, including how noise sources
radiate, their directional properties, their character, and how to meas-
ure and rate them. Practical design and regulatory information such as
formulas, choice of materials and structures, city codes\ and hearing
protection are emphasized. Included are: the fundamentals of sound in
free space, outdoors, and in small enclosures or rooms; an understanding
of decibels; the methods for measuring and analyzing noise and vibration;
methods for selecting design criteria; and methods for choosing mate-
rials, structures, mufflers, and vibration isolators to quiet a product
or building.
Lowery, R. L.
NOISE CONTROL: A COMMON-SENSE APPROACH
Mech Engr, v 95 n 6, June 1973, p 26-31
This article presents a very practical and pragmatic view of some noise-
control techniques that should be useful in many commonly encountered
thrf S°me n°lse problems re<^ the attention of
TCfalist» T ^chinery problems can be solved by
k^?^'"1186 Procedu«s. A simplified method of
attack might read as follows: get rid of the machine or turn it off;
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make it quit vibrating by damping surfaces; cut the energy-transmission
path by isolation or by placing the machine in an enclosure; change the
directivity pattern by the use of barriers. This is especially effec-
tive at the high frequencies produced by jets and other fluid noises; as
a last resort, apply sound-absorbing material in the surrounding area.
Many machinery noise problems, however, are of a very complex nature and
will not yield to simple cures. There is no substitute for proper de-
sign; ultimately all noise problems will have to be solved by the per-
sons who design the machinery and not by acoustical consultants. It is
far easier for a skilled design or plant engineer to become conversant
with noise-control practice and terminology than it is for many acoustical
consultants to become adept at design work.
Robinson, D. W.
AN ESSAY IN THE COMPARISON OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE MEASURES AND PROSPECTS
FOR A UNIFIED SYSTEM
Teddinton, Eng, Natl Physical Laboratory, Acoust Rep AC 59, Oct 1972
The complications and uncertainties which arise when attempting to com-
pare the significance of numerical values in incompatible scales of
noise assessment are illustrated with a specific example. Traffic
noise at an A-weighted sound level of 70 on the L-±Q (noise level ex-
ceeded for 10 percent of the time) scale is shown to be equivalent to
industrial noise of about 74 dBA rated by the corrected noise level ac-
cording to British standard 4142, for corresponding periods of time.
The translation is subject to a large uncertainty (+ 13 dB) and high-
lights the desirability of adopting a common scale of measurement. The
status of noise pollution level as a solution to this problem is review-
ed. Some of its limitations are discussed and ways are shown in which
these could be overcome. A criterion is put forward by which the in-
evitable complications of a more general measuring scale may be balanced
against the gain in precision over the existing formulation of the noise
pollution level.
Sharland, I.
WOODS PRACTICAL GUIDE TO NOISE CONTROL
Woods Practial Guide to Noise Control, Woods of Colchester Limited,
Eng, May 1972
Noise and noise pollution are examined. How to establish noise levels
in industrial, commercial, and domestic environments is demonstrated.
Determining the amount of noise reduction and how to specify optimum
levels of attenuation are also discussed. Strong emphasis is placed
on the methods of analyzing noise and its transmission.
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Sprinkle, M. C.
ACOUSTICS FOR AUDIO MEN-1
DB, Sound Engr, v 5 n 3, Mar 1971 p 21-23
The rudiments of acoustics and sound transmission are presented. A few
of the fundamentals of sound are discussed. How sound travels and is
transmitted, both indoor and outdoor, is studied.
Weber, B. H.; Cooke, J. S.; Borland, R. M.; Watt, A.; Allen, G. A.;
Perry, R. J.; Laing, R.
WHAT PRICE HEALTH, SAFETY?
Can Min J, v 93 n 9, Sept 1972, p 26-80
Following is part 2 of the list of titles and authors. Noise Suppression
on Rock Drills, by B. H. Weber. Enclosures Shut Out Noise for Hoistmen,
by M. C. Kossatz. Noise Sources Traced - Abatement Achieved, by J. S.
Cooke. Buyers Asked For And Got Noise Suppression in Trucks, by R. M.
Borland. Noise Suppression at Grinding Mills, by A. Watt. Attack, Not
Protection - Manager's Role in Drug Control, by G. A. Allen. Alcoholic
Easy to Spot if Supervisor is Looking, by R. J. Perry. Drug Scene: Bad
Trip in Mines, by R. Laing.
Young, T. C.
NOISE ABATEMENT—A BALANCED APPROACH
Society of Automotive Engr, J Automotive Engr, v 80 n 7, July 1972, p 76
Concern over noise emissions has increased significantly. The noise
emission problem is related to other pollution efforts, and alternative
abatement strategies are defined. Major technical and economic param-
eters are discussed, based on the present state-of-the-art. A balanced
approach to noise abatement is suggested.
Glossary -
Cheremisinoff, P. N.,; Cheremisinoff, N. P.
POLLUTION ENGINEERING NOISE GLOSSARY
Pollut Engr, v 5 n 5, May 1973, p 26-31
A quick reference for the most common terms associated with noise work
in industry was compiled. When possible, definitions were generalized
so as not to preclude the different specific interpretations which may
be attached to the term in particular applications; the greatest empha-
sis is given to engineering application. The glossary is divided into
three sections covering general terms and definitions, terminology per-
taining to noise-reducing techniques and sound-measuring devices; and
mathematical definitions and acoustical measuring units and related
measuring techniques.
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Measurement -
Insulation -
Lang, J.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ACOUSTICAL INSULATION PROPERTIES MEASURED IN THE
LABORATORY AND RESULTS OF MEASUREMENTS IN SITU
Appl Acoust, v 5 n 1, Jan 1972, p 21-37
The writer examines all the causes of variations in insulation properties
measured in the laboratory and in the field, i.e. connections, locations,
flanking walls, doors, windows, equipment and workmanship. 46 refs.
Jain, R. K.; Mulholland, K. A.
A DATABANK OF SOUND INSULATION MEASUREMENTS
Appl Acoust, v 6 n 2, Apr 1973, p 133-141
An acoustic data bank of sound insulation measurements is being compiled
at the University of Liverpool. The necessity for and advantages of such
a data bank are discussed. The formation of the entries in the bank is
discussed and classified under established concepts. The coding and the
purpose of the parameters selected for the compilation of the data bank
are explained, and the uses intended for the data bank are given. The
data bank is expected to benefit the building industry as a whole, as
well as research workers engaged in related problems.
Sound Fields -
Galanenko, V. B.; Karnovskii, M. I.; Rasnyi, L. G.
MEASUREMENT OF THE PROBABILISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RANDOM SOUND FIELDS
Sov Phys, Acoust, v 19 n 2, Sept-Oct 1973, p 103-105
A method is proposed for enhancing the accuracy of measurements of the
probabilistic characteristics of random sound fields, and optimum algo-
rithms are determined for measurement of the corresponding characteris-
tics. 4 refs. •*•*• -^
Rudgers, A. J. *
DETERMINATION OF THE FARFIELD RADIATION OF A NOISE SOURCE FROM NEARFIELD
MEASUREMENTS MADE WITH A TROTT ARRAY
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 53 n 5, May 1973, p 1411-1416
A theoretical development shows that a Trott nearfield array can be used
to measure the farfield-radiation characteristics of a finite source
radiating partially coherent noise. The method utilizes the mutual-
coherence function of the noise field to provide a complete description
of the radiated noise.
263
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Community Noise -
Fisk, D. J.; Salvidge, A. C.; Sargent, J.
DATA LOGGING TECHNIQUES FOR TWENTY-FOUR HOUR NOISE MEASUREMENT
Appl Acoust, v 6 n 4, Oct 1973, p 315-318
A data logging system is described which has been used successfully in
monitoring traffic noise for 24 hours. This system is compact, quiet,
and enables a rapid processing of field data. It produces detailed and
accurate statistical analysis of noise, is portable, fully automatic and
easy to set up. It has a low manpower requirement. This system is in-
tended for use in a forthcoming BRS social survey. 2 refs.
Schultz, T. J.
SOME SOURCES OF ERROR IN COMMUNITY NOISE MEASUREMENT
SV, Sound Vibr, v 6 n 2, Feb 1972, p 18-27
Statistical analyses of the fluctuating levels of community noise are
time-consuming and expensive procedures. In order to economize on time
and money, some short-cut methods have been proposed, such as the con-
sideration of A-weighted sound only, the reduction of the observation
period, or the use of less complicated equipment than statistical analy-
sis gear. The article considers errors that may result from several
such methods. 28 refs.
Transmission Loss -
Schomer, P. D.
MEASUREMENT SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS BY COMBINING CORRELATION AND FOURIER
TECHNIQUES
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 4 pt 1, Apr 1972, p 1127rll4l
The feasibility is demonstrated for performing transmission loss and
diffraction measurements using correlation techniques that directly
yield the responses due to signals transmitted through and around acous-
tic barriers. Noise signals are first cross-correlated, the Fourier
transform then found for the resulting impulse response, and corrections
made for source imperfections in the frequency domain. Comparative
measurements are cited for common materials.
Whatmore, A. R.; Lowson, M. V.
SIMPLE SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS MEASUREMENT USING A MODIFIED IMPEDANCE
TUBE TECHNIQUE
Appl Acoust, v 6 n 4, Oct 1973, p 293-300
A method of comparing the sound transmission characteristics of various
materials, and combinations of materials, is presented, using a modified
impedance tube technique. The procedure proved to be relatively quick
and inexpensive in comparison with standard reverberation suite tests,
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and is therefore particularly useful for the qualitative ranking of mul-
tiple samples. The limitations of the technique are discussed in some
detail, and particular emphasis is given to the problems of small sample
size and method of mounting in the apparatus. 4 refs.
Reverberent Chamber -
Baade, F. K.
EQUIPMENT SOUND POWER MEASUREMENTS IN REVERBERATION ROOMS
J Sound Vibr, v 16 n 1, May 8, 1971, p 131-135
The problems of practical measurements of equipment sound power in re-
verberation rooms are identified and reviewed. The results of recent
fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, give clear indica-
tions of the accuracy that can be achieved in these measurements. 11
refs.
Cyphers, H. D.; Munson, A. N.; On, F. J.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF PREDICTED AND MEASURED PERFORMANCE OF A 68M**3
TRUNCATED REVERBERANT NOISE CHAMBER
NASA Special Publication 366 for Conf, Space Simulation, 7th (Los Angeles,
Calif, Nov 12-14, 1973) p 127-153
The performance of a medium size, truncated reverberation chamber is
evaluated in detail. Chamber performance parameters are predicted, using
classical acoustic theory, and compared with results from actual chamber
measurements. Discrepancies are discussed in relation to several avail-
able empirical corrections developed by other researchers. Of more prac-
tical interest is the confirmation of a recent theory stating that the
present rule of thumb for the ratio of specimen volume to test chamber
volume, approximately 10 percent, is overly conservative and can be in-
creased by a factor of at least two and possibly three. Results and
theoretical justification of these findings are presented. 8 refs.
Ebbing, C. E.
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF MOVING SOUND DIFFUSERS FOR REVERBERANT ROOMS
J Sound Vibr, v 16 n 1, May 8, 1971, p 99-118
One of the first known uses of rotating sound diffusers was by Wallace
Clement Sabine. The two points that Sabine makes, which are very per-
tinent to all reverberant room sound testing involving discrete frequency
sound sources, are use of the diffusing vane to provide a more uniform
coupling between the test object and the sound field in the room: use of
a diffusing vane to aid in the determination of the space-time average
sound pressure throughout the room.
265
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Slusser, R.; Marrone, J.
INVESTIGATION INTO THE TECHNIQUES OF REVERBERATION TIME MEASUREMENT
Audio Engr Society, Conv, 45th, Prepr of Pap, (New York, N. Y., May
15-18, 1973) n 907 (C-2), 1973
Various methods for measuring reverberation time are tested using a
source of known decay time. Both random noise and sine signals are used.
Methods include using a storage oscilloscope, a level recorder, and a
real-time analyzer and X-Y recorder. Special equipment was not used, as
occasional measurement could not justify the expense. Particular empha-
sis was placed on long reverberation times as found in reverberation
chambers.
Miscellaneous -
Cassot, F.; Extremet, G. P.
DETERMINATION NUMERIQUE DU CHAMP SONORE ET DES FREQUENCES PROPRES DANS
UNE ENCEINTE CIRCULAIRE PAR LA METHODE DE DISCRETISATION (NUMERICAL
DETERMINATION OF THE SOUND FIELD AND OF THE CHARACTERISTIC FREQUENCY IN
A CIRCULAR ENCLOSURE BY THE METHOD OF DISCRETIZATION)
Deruyter, R. L.
DEVELOPMENT OF SOUND LEVEL MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE FOR SMALL ENGINE
POWERED EQUIPMENT
SAE Prepr n 730812 for Meet, Sept 10-13, 1973
The paper describes work of the SAE small engine powered equipment sub-
committee in the development of a new sound level measurement procedure
for small engine powered equipment. Data were gathered in an effort to
improve the test site used in the measurement of exterior sound level of
small engine powered equipment such as mowers, riding mowers, garden
tractors, snowblowers, etc. A procedure was developed with a shorter
measurement distance and an artificial test surface. The new procedure
provides accurate, repeatable sound level data.
Flintoff, J. L.
ANSTY NOISE FACILITY, ITS DESIGN, INSTRUMENTATION AND FUTURE COMMITMENTS
AERON J, v 75 n 726, June 1971, p 397-406
This paper presents a description of the anechoic chamber and its absorp-
tion characteristics, together with a discussion of the power drive and
test control system. The noise recording technique and the real time
narrow band noise analysis system are also considered. Illustrations
are made of subsonic and supersonic fan noise together with an interpre-
tation of the buzz saw phenomenon. The possible use of the new plant to
investigate boundary layer control and the employment of passive and
reactive acoustic absorbers in the duct walls are considered. 10 refs.
266
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Foti, M.; Lucet, P.
DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUE, BRUIT ET REGLEMENTATION (TECHNICAL EVOLUTION IN
THE FIELD OF NOISE AND NOISE CONTROL)
Ingenieursblad, v 42 n 5, Mar 1, 1973, p 118-128
The main principles of sound and noise perception and measurement are
briefly reviewed, followed by a detailed discussion of the basic aspects
of noise control. For illustration, examples are given of the special
fields of noise occurrence which are subject to regulation measures in
France, such as on construction sites, in traffic, and air transportation.
43 refs. In French.
Haering, H. U.; Schulz, G.
EXPERIENCE WITH THE NEW METHODS OF MEASURING AND ASSESSING NOISE
(ERFAHRUNGEN MIT DEN NEUEN METHODEN DER GERAEUSCHMESSUNG UND -BEURTEILUNG)
Stahl Eisen, v 91 n 9, Apr 29, 1971, p 502-508
On the basis of practical experience and the results of investigations,
the adequacy of noise measurements made according to prescribed methods
is critically discussed. Difficulties in using the measurements in at-
tempts to lower noise levels are described. Suggestions are made for
possible improvement. 20 refs. In German.
Hirsh, I. J.
NOISE AND MAN
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Tutorial Pap, (Wash,
D. C., Oct 4-6, 1972) p 8-11
Assessment of noise effects includes measurement of magnitude of sensa-
tion; interference with speech communication; and physiological and gen-
eral negative reactions (including annoyance). Single measurements in
which the spectrum is weighted and an indicator gives a reading at any
particular instant in time are possible; a recording instrument can also
show how the level varies in time. In addition, the spectrum can be an-
alyzed band by band, enabling measurements to be reported in different
parts of the spectrum either for an instant, averaged over a long time,
or as a function of time.
Ishii, Y.; Ishida, M.
APPLICATION OF CROSS-SPECTRAL ANALYSIS TO THE MEASUREMENT OF CONTRIBUTION
OF NOISE SOURCES
Inst Space Aeronaut Sci, Univ Tokyo, Rep n 493, May 1973, p 41-48
The measurement of the contributions of noise sources is performed to
determine the amount of acoustic power contributed to the field at a
given point by each of several sources. The signal from the microphone
placed at an observation point is cross-correlated with the signal from
the second microphone placed sufficiently close to a noise source. The
measured cross-correlation function is converted into the cross-spectral
267
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density through digital computations and then divided by the power-
spectrum of the signal from the second microphone, giving the frequency
transfer function between the noise source and observation point. Using
the computed transfer function, the component due to the source in ques-
tion can be separated from total sound power-spectrum at the observation
point.
Mohr, J. W.
EXTERIOR SOUND LEVEL MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE FOR PLEASURE MOTORBOATS
SAE Prepr n 730811 for Meet, Sept 10-13, 1973
The paper describes how the SAE marine sound level committee, and repre-
sentatives of the boating industry, developed a procedure for the stan-
dardized measurement of maximum "pass-by" sound levels for pleasure motor-
boats up to 65 ft in length. Sound level data for typical boats are
presented, as well as the reasons for the procedure and the justification
for the tolerances used. The committee's activity resulted in SAE recom-
mended practice J34, Exterior Sound Level Measurement Procedure For Plea-
sure Motorboats.
Myncke, H.
LAWAAIBESTRIJDING IN DE INDUSTRIE PROBLEEMSTELLING EN MEETMETODEN
(NOISE ABATEMENT IN INDUSTRY STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND METHODS OF
MEASUREMENT)
Ingenieursblad, v 42 n 9, May 1, 1973, p 235-241
After a classification of noise problems and the various noise types, the
following topics are successively dealt with: the purpose of noise meas-
urement, physical noise measurement, estimation of possible effects of
noise on human organism, measuring equipment, and noise intensity measure-
ment. 11 refs. In Dutch.
Peart, J. R.; Huber, T.V.
VEHICLE SOUND PACKAGE - ART OR SCIENCE?
SAE Pap 720508 for Meet, May 22-26, 1972
The quiet car concept succeeds in organizing and ranking noise inputs in
an objective way and as such is a valuable tool in the hands of the noise
control engineer. If lab test procedures can be developed to a trustworthy
level, considerable time can be saved in evaluating and developing mate-
rials for future applications.
268
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Modeling -
Reduction of Atmospheric Data -
Joglekar, P. J.
REVISION OF ATMOSPHERIC NOISE DATA
IEEE Trans Electromagn Compat, v EMC-14 n 2, May 1972, p 78-79
It is suggested that noise grade maps may be given to two frequencies
rather than one to improve the accuracy of predictions. Further, pre-
dictions should be given for spot hours rather than on a time block basis
as the time block concept has serious shortcomings.
Josephson, G. C.
ATMOSPHERIC NOISE STUDY PROGRAM
IEEE Trans Electromagn Compat, v EMC-15 n 2, May 1973, p 87
Replacement of noise grade maps by a computer program will give more
accurate results than are now obtained. The means for accomplishing the
change are discussed.
Reverberation Room Data Reduction -
Maling, G. C., Jr
COMPUTER STUDIES OF MODE-SPACING STATISTICS IN REVERBERATION ROOMS
J Sound Vibr, v 16 n 1, May 8, 1971, p 79-87
Normal mode-spacing statistics have been computed in third-octave bands
for 200 cu m reverberation chambers having dimension ratios in ranges
that have previously been found to be satisfactory. The results are com-
pared with those obtained by L. W. Sepmeyer using a different normaliza-
tion procedure, and contour plots are presented that can be used to iden-
tify rooms having optimum dimension ratios. 12 refs.
Maling, G. C., Jr
GUIDELINES FOR DETERMINATION OF THE AVERAGE SOUND POWER RADIATED BY
DISCRETE-FREQUENCY SOURCES IN A REVERBERATION ROOM
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 53 n 4, Apr 1973, p 1064-1069
Experimental results are reported on the determination of the sound power
produced by a single discrete-frequency tone in a reverberant environment,
contrary to the general recommendations in ANS standard SL. 2-1962. It
is shown that such measurements can be made if the effect of the reverber-
ant room on the measurements and on the source are understood and account-
ed for. Data are given relevant to both the microphone path length re-
quired for determining the average pressure in the room and the variations
of sound-power output with source position in the room. 23 refs.
269
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Spindel, R. C.; McElroy, P. T.
LEVEL AND ZERO CROSSINGS IN VOLUME REVERBERATION SIGNALS
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 53 n 5, May 1973, p 1417-1426
A point scatterer model is used to derive expressions for the expected
number of level crossings of backscattered volume reverberation signals.
Results are obtained for both narrow-band and wide-band insonification
of regions of high and moderate scatterer density. A narrow-band exper-
iment in the ocean east of Bermuda gives the scatterer density as a
function of depth through a scattering layer.
Miscellaneous Studies -
Cook, B. D,
ACOUSTICAL MODELING OF NOISE SOURCES UTILIZING CORRELATION TECHNIQUES
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Acoustical modeling of noise sources is usually performed in the fre-
quency domain. However, there may be advantages in modeling in the
time domain using correlation techniques. Examples of the mathematical
procedures involved are illustrated by simple configuration.
Haag, F. G.
USING COMPUTER PROGRAMS AS NOISE CONTROL TOOLS
Sound and Vibr, v 5 n 9, Sept 1971, p 22-24
Prepackaged digital computer programs can be a major asset to the noise
control engineer. Three computer programs that are used in the Union
College Noise Control Institute are described. The first, called DBADD,
facilitates the addition and subtraction of decibels and octave band
combination. The second, CALCW, allows sound power level to be calcul-
ated from sound pressure level measurements. Finally the sound pressure
level in a room which is caused by sound sources located in an adjacent
room can be determined by the noise program.
Hawkins, W. M.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS - A POWERFUL TECHNIQUE TO CONTROL NOISE AND VIBRATION
Noise Control Vibr Reduct, v 4 n 6, Nov-Dec 1973, p 237-243
The three closely related steps involved in performing dynamic analysis
on any piece of complex machinery are outlined as follows: Step 1.
Narrowband spectrum analysis while the machine is operating under normal
conditions. This is to identify the frequencies and magnitudes of every
important component of the machine's self-generated vibration; Step 2.
Transfer function analysis while the machine is not operating. This is
to identify the specific frequencies at which the machine is especially
weak (resonances) and to determine how much the self-generated vibration
is amplified or attenuated by the structure as it is transmitted through
it; Step 3. Modal analysis while the machine is excited at each resonance.
270
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This is to identify the form and severity of the vibration that occurs at
each resonance. This "1-2-3" technique is developed in detail, and the
application of several pieces of electronic equipment used to implement
it is explained. Typical design analysis and test programs in the follow-
ing areas are mentioned: automotive transmission; machine tools; truck
chassis, mounts and cab; petroleum refining; automotive mufflers; earth-
moving equipment. 12 refs.
Jackson, G. M.; Parkes, G.; Leventhall, H. G.
A COMPUTED STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NOISE RATING ASSESSMENT
AND DB(A) LEVELS
Appl Acoust, v 5 n 3, July 1972, p 191-204
The paper discusses the merits of using a single dBA reading in pref-
erence to the more complicated and time-consuming process of deriving
an NR number. It is shown that, for commonly-encountered spectra, there
is a small numerical difference between the dBA and NR values. This
difference depends upon spectral shape and the overall level of the noise.
9 refs.
Konigova, M.
MATHEMATICAL AND STATISTICAL METHODS OF NOISE EVALUATION IN A RETRIEVAL
SYSTEM
Inform Stor Retrieval, v 6 n 6, May 1971, p 437-444
A definition of noise, reasons for noise and methods of prevention are
discussed; noise evaluation by using a contingency table and classifica-
tion of content relevance are described; the method and effectiveness of
the system as well as applications are considered. 14 refs.
Loucks", D. P.; Bower, B. T.; Spofford, W. 0., Jr
ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE MANAGEMENT
ASCE J Environ Engr Div, v 99 n EE6, Dec 1973, p 813-829
The paper considers a quantitative modeling approach for the management
of noise emanating from sources that cannot be controlled by those who
hear them. Examined are two simplified separable programming (optimiza-
tion) models that can be used as aids in the preliminary analysis of al-
ternative noise management strategies.
Migneron, J. G.
L1 ANALYSE DU BRUIT EN MILIEUX URBAINS (ANALYSIS OF NOISE IN URBAN
ENVIRONMENT)
Ingenieur, v 58 n 274, Jan 1972, p 11-19
Three principal methods of noise analysis are discussed, normally spectral
analysis, statistical analysis of intensity variation in time, and analysis
271
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of noise distribution in space. Methods and units used or the evaluation
of auditive or physiological effects of noise, and suggested noise levels
for different kinds of rooms, halls and workshops are listed in tables.
9 refs. In French.
Paulus, E.; Zwicker, E.
PROGRAMME ZUR AUTOMATISCHEN BESTIMMUNG DER LAUTHEIT AUS TERZPEGELN ODER
FREQUENZGRUPPENPEGELN (COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR CALCULATING LOUDNESS FROM
THIRD-OCTAVE BAND LEVELS OR FROM CRITICAL BAND LEVELS)
Acustica, v 27 n 5, Nov 1972, p 253-266
The preparation of computer programs for calculating loudness is describ-
ed according to ZwickerTs graphical procedure. An attempt is made to
base the programs on the psychoacoustic foundations of the procedure
rather than on the recommended graphs alone. The necessary data and con-
clusions for this objective are specified and are shown to facilitate
programming and to improve the precision of loudness calculations. In
comparison with third-octave band levels, critical band levels will lead
to more accurate results, and so also, a program to process the latter
has been prepared. The basic data and relations are specified so as to
support programming in both cases in any convenient programming language.
Programs that are ready for use have been written in FORTRAN IV and are
introduced together with instructions for the user. Moreover, correct
application is also demonstrated by an example. Execution of the pro-
grams does not result in total loudness alone. Additionally, detailed
information about the contribution of each third-octave band or each
critical band is made available. 2 refs. In German with English abstr.
Sisson, W.
COMBINING SOUND LEVELS AND CORRECTING FOR BACKGROUND NOISE
Pollut Engr, v 4 u 2, Mar-Apr 1973, p 43
Frequently, sound levels must be combined. It is often necessary to add
the effect of one sound to another, or to subtract the effect of one
sound from a combination of sounds. The effects of both sound power and
sound pressure are important. Since decibels are logarithms, they must
be converted to relative powers, combined, and then converted back to
decibels. A nomograph is constructed for rapid calculation of values.
Walker, R.: Alford, C.
COPING WITH NOISE IN ECL
Electron Prod, v 16 n 5, Oct 15, 1971, p 159,161-162
Noise margins are a measure of a system's susceptability to noise. This
includes the effects of reflections, ringing and crosstalk. Test condi-
tions and limits specified on emitter-coupled logic (ECL) data sheets
provide a starting point for determining noise margins. To apply ECL,
the engineer must be aware of this logic family's operating conditions -
272
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supply voltage gradients, temperature gradients and signal line termin-
ations are more critical than for transistor-transistor logic. If these
parameters are not controlled, reduced noise margins will result.
Planning -
Control -
Nagel, R. G.
GUIDELINES FOR ACHIEVING A QUIETER CITY
Inst Environ Sci, Proc, 17th Annu Tech Meet, (Los Angeles, Calif, Apr
26-30) p 398-403
Description of measures taken by the city of El Segundo, California to
reduce the general noise level at its airports, on its streets and in
residential areas through the application of a noise ordinance. A recom-
mended noise ordinance from the League of California Cities Quiet City
Committee is presented.
Ollerhead, J. B.
NOISE: HOW CAN THE NUISANCE BE CONTROLLED?
Appl Ergonomics, v 4 n 3, Sept 1973, p 130-138
The various costs of aircraft noise, both monetary and social, are dis-
cussed in relation to its effects upon people. Although an economic
analysis of the problem is feasible, it is doubtful whether understand-
ing of the relationships between physical noise levels and human reaction
is yet adequate for such purposes. Planning methods for estimating the
extent of community noise nuisance are presented, and it is shown that
consideration should be given to outlying regions exposed to relatively
little aircraft noise. 9 refs.
Nowikas, W. M.
MANAGEMENT OF A NOISE CONTROL ENGINEERING PROGRAM
SV, Sound Vibr, v 6 n 3, Mar 1972, p 28-29
The effective management of a noise control engineering program requires:
(1) that noise control programs be defined with care; (2) that specific
technical competence be available to develop alternative solutions to
noise control problems; and (3) that the selected solutions to the his-
tories, related management-level decisions, and the results of these
decisions are reviewed.
273
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Bibliography -
Fowler, J. M.; Mervine, K. E.
NOISE POLLUTION
Univ of Md, Dept of Physics and Astronomy, Environ Resource Packet
Project, 1974
An annotated bibliography on noise pollution is provided, along with a
paper on noise in modern society and an outline for future legal research.
Specific topics include community noise, noise measurement and control,
effects of noise on man, and suggestions for student reading. Sources
of noise pollution are discussed, including ground transportation, air-
craft, construction, industry, and home appliances. Information is also
provided on legislation, policies, and economics. A survey of basic
general references is given.
Loudness Rating -
Garrelick, J. M.
REVIEW OF NOISE IMPACT ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
The noise impact aspect of a number of environmental impact statements
has been review for projects within the New England region. The proj-
ects include transportation facilities, e.g., highway and airport con-
struction, as well as standard building construction. Different levels
of effort were apparent. These ranged from complete surveys of ambient
levels plus detailed predictive schemes to a few cursory remarks. Vari-
ous acceptability criteria and analyses were employed. However, a num-
ber of generalizations can be made. Means for improving efficiency of
preparation and presentation of these statements are suggested.
Richards, D. L.
NEW DEFINITIONS FOR LOUDNESS RATINGS
Electron Lett, v 9 n 19, Sept 20, 1973, p 448-450
The results, now available, of new tests by the CCITT Laboratory are used
to examine some of the consequences of adopting proposals for new defini-
tions for loudness ratings.
Robinson, D. W.
TOWARDS A UNIFIED SYSTEM OF NOISE ASSESSMENT
J Sound Vibr, v 14 n^B, Feb 8, 1971, p 279-298
Different indices are in current use for expressing the nuisance value
of successions of noises, according to the type of noise. It is shown
that a single index, termed noise pollution level, accommodates the ex-
perimental results of surveys of aircraft and motor vehicle noise. The
index is based on two terms, one representing the equivalent continuous
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noise level on the energy basis, and the other representing the augmen-
tation of annoyance when fluctuations of noise level occur. Practical
and theoretical implications of the index are discussed. 15 refs.
Schneider, A. J.
ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE CLASSIFICATION
IEEE Intercon Tech Pap for Meet, (New York, N. Y., Mar 26-30, 1973)
v 7 Pap 36/4
In the fields of noise abatement and municipal planning, there are new
requirements for measurement of the statistical distribution of noise
levels in the environment, or they may require determination of the noise
level exceeded 10, 50 or 90 percent of the time. An instrument developed
for these requirements is described. The environmental noise classifier
measures the time spent in a series of amplitude bands. Following OSHA
(Occupational Safety and Health Act) requirements, the bands are alter-
nately two and three dB wide. The base line is adjustable from 60 dBA
(45 dBA on special order) to 100 dBA. There are 12 bands, the top band
having no upper limit. If the level goes below the base line, its time
will be represented by the difference between the total time meter and
the sum of the 12 individual hand windows.
General Discussion -
Bragdon, C. R.
NOISE POLLUTION: THE UNQUIET CRISIS
Noise Pollution: The Unquiet Crisis, Univ of Penn Press, Pa, 1971
Three interrelated objectives are focused upon: to evaluate the social
basis for the existence of noise pollution; to investigate methods of
abating noise and the status of the noise abatement programs; and to
assess the subject of noise as an urban environmental health problem,
noting consciously perceived as well as insidious effects. A model is
described presenting the three approaches from which noise can be man-
aged — the source, the path, and the receiver. Specific suggestions
for controlling aircraft noise are offered, based on this model.
Carlestam, G.
NOISE—THE SCOURGE OF MODERN SOCIETY
Ambio: J Human Environ, Res and Mgt, v 1 n 3, June 1972, p 102-109
Unwanted sound is one of the most prevalent waste products of the present
age and is a major stress factor in the modern, industrialized society.
Some psychological and physical aspects of the noise problem are examined.
Topics include annoyance reactions to noise, the interpretation of sounds,
noise-reduction measures, aircraft noise in an urban region, and methods
for determining buffer zones. It is shown how urban and regional physi-
cal planning can eliminate the negative effects of aircraft noise for
the 115,000 residents around Arlanda airport in the greater Stockholm area.
275
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Planning -
Bragdon, C. R.
COMMUNITY NOISE
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 5 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
The magnitude of the existing urban noise problem is presented in terms
of its acoustical characteristics and environmental impact. The current
status of community noise research, including acoustical as well as
social analysis, is summarized. Implicated environmental health effects
involving potential hazardous and nuisance responses to community noise
are identified. Public as well as political recognition of community
noise is compared to other environmental problems. Existing and propos-
ed noise management programs at all governmental levels are assessed in
terms of their relative effectiveness, including protecting the public's
interest. A few existing programs that sufficiently address the problem
are given. The current inadequacies and requirements for more active
and comprehensive noise management programs are apparent. Effective co-
ordination of environmental programs at all governmental levels is also
needed. Present governmental policies and their ability to control com-
munity noise successfully are discussed, including considerations in es-
tablishing standards.
Bragdon, C. R.
NOISE CONTROL IN URBAN PLANNING
ASCE J Urban Plann Dev Div, v 99 nUPl, Mar 1973, p 15-23
The impact of noise on the health and well-being of the population is
described. A method for appraising the implicated health effects of
noise is discussed and noise problems associated with both ground and
air transportation systems are presented. The role of urban planning
in mitigating noise impact is assessed, and examples are presented.
28 refs.
Bragdon, C. R.
URBAN PLANNING AND NOISE CONTROL
Sound and Vibr, v 7 n 5, May 1973, p 26-32
Noise represents a major environmental problem capable of being a nuisance
or a hazard to the population. The four stages of implicated health ef-
fects of noise are illustrated and two nuisances of stage four are dis-
cussed: Damage to physical objects and invasion of privacy. Several
land use management techniques for noise abatement are discussed, includ-
ing site design analysis, environmental zoning, building codes, noise
ordinances, and Federal Environmental Legislation. The future noise
status of urban areas is dependent upon controls either initiated by or
implemented by the urban planning profession.
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Thring, M. W.
CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF AIR, LAND AND WATER
Soc of Environ Engrs, Environ Engr Aspects Pollut Control, Symp, (London,
Eng, June 22-23, 1971)
The question of what steps can be taken to save the environment are exam-
ined from the viewpoints of chemical pollution, noise, exhaustion of min-
eral resources and reducing the number and types of accidents.
Buckley, N. A.
POLLUTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
J Inst Munic Engr, v 99 n 3, Mar 1972, p 92-97
General discussion of the problems of pollution of the sea, pollution of
rivers, atmospheric pollution, noise, pesticides and artificial fertiliz-
ers, and solid wastes. 8 refs.
Caccavari, C.; Adams, J. V.; Hurlburt, R. L.; Bragdon, C. R.
SV STATUS REPORT: THREE COMMUNITY NOISE PROGRAMS
Sound and Vibr, v 7 n 5, May 1973, p 42-44
A series of 14 questions was presented to the administrators of the noise
programs in Boulder, Colorado; Chicago, Illinois; and Inglewood, California,
The administrators' replies to these questions are presented. The ques-
tions were concerned with operating costs; organizational and administra-
tive aspects; acoustical instrumentation; cooperation with other public
agencies; public and private awareness; and accomplishments, needed im-
provements, and future plans for noise control.
Goodfriend, L. S.; Kessler, F. M.
INDUSTRIAL NOISE-IMPACT ON THE COMMUNITY
J Environ Sci, v 15 n 5, Sept-Oct 1972, p 18-22
The subject of the article is the impact of industrial noise pollution.
Attention is given to noise at the workplace. The description of com-
munity noise, is proposed and it is shown that industrial noise in the
community which is above the ambient may be accepted or allowed by the
community so long as it meets certain limitations.
•r
Guernsey, R. M.
COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF CITY NOISE—A PRELIMINARY ALGORITHM
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
A preliminary computer algorithm was developed to analyze city noise.
The algorithm is eventually to be included in an overall cost effective-
ness program for city noise control. The basic problems, some unsolved
in the present state-of-the-art, which were encountered during the dev-
elopment of this algorithm are discussed. The basic structure of the
algorithm is described. It is believed that this algorithm can be read-
ily expanded and improved as the state-of-the-art improves.
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Bar-land, D. G.
ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY NOISE LEVEL DATA
J Sound and Vibr, v 30 n 2, Sept 22, 1973, p 253-254
A discussion of a comprehensive paper on the statistics of community
noise level is presented. There is some difference between the analyti-
cal technique employed in this paper and the technique commonly used in
England, which would involve determination of the cumulative distribu-
tion of sound levels. The effects of class intervals and boundaries
are discussed.
Higham, J. D.; Dewar, I. S.
PLANNING AND NOISE
Gt Brit Dept of Environ, Library Circular 10/73, Jan 1973
Principles and specific criteria are presented, with particular reference
to noise from roads, aircraft, and industry, by which the secretaries of
states will be guided in making planning decisions and on which they will
urge local planning authorities to base their own policies. Specifically,
the siting of new development expected to give rise to noise and the
siting of houses, schools, etc. which may suffer from noise are discussed.
These guidelines are directed primarily at the control of development.
Kshirsagar, S. R.
NOISE AS AN OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD AND PUBLIC NUISANCE
J Inst Engr (India), Pub Health Engr Div, v 53 pt 2, Feb'1973, p 60-63
The paper presents a survey of the major sources of noise, especially the
industrial establishments, their effect, the noise levels in different
kinds of indoor spaces and urban localities and the methods of control-
ling and abatement of the noise in the urban atmosphere.
Leach, J. S.
NOISE IN TOWNS
Noise Control Vibr Reduct, v 5 n 1, Jan 1974, p 9-15
Achievements and potential benefits of research conducted by the building
research establishment (BRE) in the London area into the main aspects of
urban environmental noise are reviewed. Except near airports, road traf-
fic is the most important noise source, especially at night. Data are
shown for daytime and nighttime noise-level ranges at seven classes of
location where traffic noise predominates. In terms of "noise climate"
(dBA range recorded for 80 percent of the time). A reference called the
"18 hr L//1//0" index has been adopted in road planning for noise abate-
ment. This index refers to the average noise level exceeded for 10 per-
cent of the time during the 18 hours from 0600 to 2400 hours. An abso-
lute value for L//1//0 at which noise abatement procedures should be
undertaken has not been established, but is expected to be in the region
of 70 dBA. One noise abatement procedure being investigated along
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limited-access highways has been the erection of "traffic noise barriers'
paralleling the highway where residences border it. When barriers are
impractical, and for aircraft noise, installation of double windows plus
provision of mechanical ventilation with sound-attenuating air inlet has
been tried; noise levels may thus be reduced 35 dB below outdoors.
Lewis, Ron
NOISE POLLUTION
Collection Environ Conserv Studies, Dept City Plann, Adv Plann Div,
Los Angeles, Calif, Aug 1970
Urban noise and its general impact on the environment are discussed.
Methods by which noise levels can be measured or calculated are pre-
sented, and the physiological and psychological effects of urban noise
on man are considered. Major local sources of noise, including air and
surface transportation systems, residential sources (apartments, play-
grounds, and neighborhood pets), and commercial and manufacturing sites
are discussed. Policy recommendations for the reduction of urban noise
levels given include: adopt a quantitative noise standard for operations
at Los Angeles International Airport, limiting noise levels to 90 PNdB
(perceived noise level) or lower at the airport boundary; modify the
westerly take-off pattern at the airport to effect its extension to the
west; apply an 85 PNdB standard to all commercial helicopter operations;
propose the passage of stricter quantitative noise standard and enforce
current noise regulations governing motor vehicle operations; requiring
the use of acoustical insulation in all new residential buildings; and
adopt quantitative noise standards governing all construction equipment
operating in the city.
Nambi, K.; Agarwal, A. L.; Ramanathan, N. L.
NOISE POLLUTION IN AHMEDABAD
Environ Pollut and Its Control (Baroda, India, Apr 15-17, 1972), p 24
Results of a survey of the noise environment in the city of Ahmedabad,
India, indicate that traffic noise is the major noise source. Several
measures are recommended to alleviate the problem and a "noise map" of
the city is included.
Richards, E. J.
THE NOISE ENVIRONMENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Soc of Environ Engrs, J, v 12-1 n 56, Mar 1973, p 2-10
Efforts to minimize the noise environment are complicated by two facts:
reducing the noise energy emanating from an industrial device generally
requires radical redesign, and reduction of noise levels must be great
before a change in apparent loudness can be noticed. Studies substan-
tiate a serious noise problem in the United Kingdom. A survey of the
situation for the next 10 years is made for noise from traffic, aircraft,
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factories and the community. Recommendations are made for town planning,
establishing standards, machine design, and other areas of possible abate-
ment methods.
Safeer, H. B.
COMMUNITY NOISE LEVELS—A STATISTICAL PHENOMENON
J Sound and Vibr, v 26 n 4, Feb 22, 1973, p 489-502
The increasing interest in community noise levels generated numerous com-
munity noise measurement programs. The statistical variability in com-
munity noise levels and the potential errors associated with the data
collection and analysis procedures are considered. The need for proper
study design is emphasized and order of magnitude estimates of the degree
of error which can be introduced by improper design are developed.
Schmitz, C. J.
WIEWEIT 1ST LAERMSCHUTZ MOEGLICH? (HOW FAR IS NOISE CONTROL POSSIBLE?)
Ind-Anz, v 94 n 28, Apr 4, 1972, p 590-594
Problems of noise control are discussed based on examples derived from
four principal groups of application. These include: (1) sound-absorbing
walls against traffic noise, (2) sound-absorbing walls "and structures
against airport noise, (3) control of industrial noise, noise generated
by diverse equipment and appliances, and (4) noise molestation at the
work place. In German.
Ward, E. W.
AIR POLLUTION AND TOWN PLANNING
Soc Environ Engr, Environ Engr Aspects Pollut Control, Symp (London, Eng,
June 22-23, 1971) Sect G
It is shown that government and municipal authorities could better im-
prove the protection of the environment from pollution by insisting upon
a multi-disciplinary approach to all city planning problems". Such fac-
tors as monitoring air pollution, noise pollution, aircraft and motor
vehicle noise and smoke and fumes from vehicles and aircraft are discussed.
Winnicki, R.
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL AND PLANNING
Noise in the Environment: Causes, Effects, Controls, Conf, Pap (Toronto,
Ont, Canada, Apr 28-29, 1971)
Stopgap measures taken by the Canadian government to reduce and control
noxse are reviewed, with emphasis on legislation enacted by Ontario.
Municipal development plans, zoning and land use policies, and building
codes are considered. Federal and provincial standards that apply across
municipalities are needed, especially for industrial, aircraft, and truck
noxse.
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Conferences, Seminars -
Henderson, V. L.
NOISE: ITS SOURCES, MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERISTICS
Noise in the Environment: Causes, Effects, Controls, Conf, Pap,
(Toronto Ontario, Canada, Apr 28-29, 1971)
Physical and psychological aspects of noise measurement are discussed,
and ways of predicting how people will emotionally react to certain
sounds are considered. The use of judgment and adequate communication
is the best way to control noise, since what is thought of as an annoy-
ing noise to one person may not be annoying to another. The rights of
the complainant should be balanced against the rights of the noisemaker;
and the amount of annoyance, inconvenience, interference, and gravity of
harm to the complainant should be weighed against the utility of the
conduct of the noisemaker.
Northwood, T. D.
INTRODUCTION TO NOISE
Ind Waste Mgt, Symp, Abstr, (Sheridan Park, Ontario, Canada, Nov 3-4, 1971)
The solution of noise problems has two aspects: description and quanti-
fication pf the physical noise and assessment of subjective reactions
to the sound. The establishment of physical criteria that will reliably
predict subjective assessments of noise is the primary objective of cur-
rent research and standardization in the field of noise. Major cate-
gories of noise from both aspects are surveyed. Some general remarks
about current approaches to noise control are presented.
Thiessen, G. J.
NOISE IN THE 70'S
Noise in the Environment: Causes, Effects, Controls, Conf, Pap,
(Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Apr 28-29, 1971)'
Rising community noise levels are discussed, and the ways in which the
size of a city affects noise intrusion are considered. The effects of
noise on hearing loss and sleep are examined, and annoyance caused by
noise is analyzed. Studies on environmental variables that may affect
a person's sensitivity to noise are cited.
Anon
CONFERENCE ON NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL
Cardiff: Univ of Wales, Inst of Science and Tech, 1973
Practical as well as theoretical aspects of noise and vibration control
were considered during the conference. The specific topics covered in-
clude criteria and standards; reducing exposure of employed persons to
noise; legal aspects of noise control; the control of neighborhood
noise; traffic noise control; internal noise in buildings; and vibration
and service noise in buildings.
281
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Bruckmayer, F.
LAERMSCHUTZ IM STAEDTEBAU
Noise 2000, Assoc Intl Contre le Bruit, Intl Congresses, 5th, 6th,
(London, Eng, May 1968 and Groningen, Neth, May 1970)
The protection of the population from noise in the context of town plan-
ning is discussed. Six categories of quiet protection zones were elabor-
ated in research work, and this zoning is also substantiated by a draft
drawn by the international standardization organization, which lays down
standard planning values for immission. In contrast, noise emission
sources of town planning are thoroughfares, town motorways, railway lines
and stations, parking places, playgrounds and sport fields, markets, work-
shops, and manufacturing plants of varying sizes right up to the indus-
trial area as a whole emitting surface. Between emission and immission,
propagation of sound in relation to the type of area should be known, to-
gether with influence of the building site to the road, screening effect
of courtyards in residential buildings, and protection by green belts.
Results of measurements concerning the problem of noise protection in
urban planning are also given.
Hartig, H.; Junghans, R.
ORGANISATION UND WIRKSAMKEIT DES LAERMSCHUTZE IN DER DDR
Noise 2000, Assoc Intl Contre le Bruit, Intl Congresses, 5th, 6th,
(London, Eng, May 1968 and Groningen, Neth, May 1970)
The organization of essential elements of noise control in the German
Democratic Republic is described, and it is shown in what way noise
control will become effective. Some basic principles are stated; how
they are realized and put into practice by efficacious incorporation
into the managerial and leading activity in factories; complexes of
factory plants, and industrial branches as well as by incorporation in-
to the governmental and social supervision is explained.
Hub, D. R.
PRINCIPLES OF NOISE CONTROL
Noise and Vibr Control for Ind, Conf, Pap, (Bath, Eng, Apr 10-12, 1972)
Noise control is the technology of obtaining an acceptable noise environ-
ment at a receiver consistent with economic and operational considerations,
The receiver may be, for example, a group of people, an entire community,
or a piece of equipment. Various aspects of noise control are discussed:
reasons for noise control; economic considerations; points of attack;
statistical aspects; interaction between source, path and receiver; noise
control at the source; control of the transmission path; noise control at
the receiver; and systematic noise control.
282
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Large, J. B.
NOISE CONTROL
Noise and Vibr Control for Ind, Conf, Pap, (Bath, Eng, Apr 10-12, 1972)
Measurement and assessment of the impact of noise are discussed. Noise
affects society in two ways: it produces damage to the hearing mechanisms
if intensity of the noise is too high or if the human is subjected to ex-
cessive periods of noise;and secondly, at lower intensities, it produces
a state of mental disturbance. Problems and solutions for aircraft noise
and sonic booms, traffic noise, and industrial and domestic noise are
discussed.
Pretlove, A. J.
BASICS OF NOISE
Noise and Vibr Control for Ind, Conf, Pap, (Bath, Eng, Apr 10-21, 1972)
An introduction to acoustics as a form of wave motion is presented. Mak-
ing physical measurements of sounds is covered together with the subjec-
tive side of acoustics. These subjects are related via the fundamental
datum pressure of physical measurements. Definitions are given of the
decibel (dB), and some of the simpler forms of loudness scale are describ-
ed. Important physical characteristics of noise sources which are nec-
essary to know about in order to control noises at their source are cover-
ed. Various facets of sound in rooms and buidings are examined.
Zonderland, P. (ed)
NOISE 2000
Noise 2000, Assoc Intl Centre le Bruit, Intl Congresses, 5th, 6th,
(London, Eng, May 1968, Groningen, Neth, May 1970)
From the fields of science, economy, and administration, papers are pre-
sented on new-found knowledge in the branches of medicine, noise preven-
tion techniques, and law. Topics cover progress in noise control in
various countries, aircraft noise, effects of noise on people, industrial
noise, methods of noise assessment, traffic noise, and noise in construc-
tion and in buildings. Resolutions of the participants in the Sixth
International Congress for Prevention of Noise regarding promotion of
noise reduction are also itemized.
Zonderland, P.
THE COMBATING OF NOISE IN THE ENTIRE WORLD AND IN HOLLAND
Noise 2000, Assoc Intl Contre le Bruit, Intl Congresses, 5th, 6th,
(London, Eng, May 1968, Groningen, Neth, May 1970)
Development of noise control in the Netherlands is outlined. Internation-
al noise legislation, and the way in which the standards are internation-
ally matched and their degree of applicability, are important for noise
control. Introduction of special divisions for prevention of noise with-
la police forces, introduction of an international certificate to be
awarded to those manufacturers for products whose production does not
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exceed an acceptable sound level, evaluation of present national anti-
noise magazines, and prohibition of supersonic civil air traffic are
recommended for international support. In Holland, a more adequate use
of the knowledge at the disposal of TNO (Toegepost Natuurwetenschappelijk
Onderzoek), and coordination of all groups concerned with partial or
regional aspects of noise are needed.
Pearce, D.
THE ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF NOISE-GENERATING AND NOISE ABATEMENT PROJECTS
Problems of Environmental Economics, Seminar, Pap, (Paris, France, June-
Aug 1971)
Problems of economically evaluating noise nuisance and noise abatement
are discussed. Projects affecting the noise environment may be either
abatement projects or projects in which noise is a joint product; both
are susceptible to a benefit-cost evaluation. Although increased noise
levels may be associated with slower rates of appreciation in property
prices, the extent to which price differentials reflect disamenity costs
is difficult to assess. The Roskill research team used a property-price
model to value the noise disamenity arising from London's planned third
airport. A modified property-price model is proposed to eliminate some
of the theoretical deficiencies of the Roskill and other models. Limit-
ations of the proposed model include the effects of new technology when
abatement measures are introduced and the health effects of noise.
Bose, B., Bhattacharyya, A. K.
NOISE AND COMMUNITY
Environ Pollut and Its Control, Seminar, Abstr, (Baroda, India, Apr 15-17,
1972)
The environmental noise problem is examined by discussing procedures for
assessing noise annoyance, control methods, and other aspects of noise
pollution.
Anon
A IV-A CONFERINTA NATIONALA DE ACUSTICA
Proc: Academy of the Socialist Republic of Romania
Papers on acoustics and noise control are presented. Noise and vibration
reduction, room and architectural acoustics, ultrasonics, and the physio-
logical, psychological, and biological aspects of acoustics are examined.
Specific topics included the problems of modern acoustics, the response
of building structures under seismic actions, apparatus for vibrations
and noise measurement, acoustic analytical techniques, gear noise, loco-
motive noise, noise in coal mines, aircraft noise, medicosocial problems,
hearing thresholds, and noise effects in various industries.
284
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Anon
ENVIRONMENTAL EXHIBITION PRO AQUA-PRO VITA (UMWELTSMESSE PRO AQUA-PRO
VITA)
Kunstst-Plast, v 18 n 6, 1971, p 231
This is a brief report on the International Fair for Environmental Pro-
tection held in Basel, Switzerland. International conference included
three papers devoted to pollution of water and air as well as to noise
control. In German. 44361
Anon
BIBLIOGRAPHY ON NOISE CONTROL
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash, D. C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972)
A bibliography was compiled from the references given in the papers pre-
sented at the 1972 International Conference on Noise Control Engineering.
The references are mainly on acoustics and noise controls and were ar-
ranged under the following headings: general; surface transportation
noise; legislation and city planning; aircraft noise and vibration con-
trol, including general topics, compressor fan and propeller noise, jet
noise, and turbulence noise; noise in buildings; noise instrumentation
and measurement; and materials for noise control.
Anon
EIGHTY-THIRD MEETING OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
Acoust Soc of Amer, 83rd Meet, Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972,
p 112-188
Problems related to noise pollution were discussed in sessions on archi-
tectural acoustics; psychological and physiological acoustics, temporary
and permanent threshold shift; noise control for vehicles and stationary
noise sources; jet and propeller noise; community noise; machine noise;
and noise measurement and the effects of noise on man.
Anon
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION SYMPOSIUM: NOISE
In Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, v 2 n 3, Sept 1973, p 253-402
Papers are presented on the nature of noise, the effects of noise on
society, specific noise problem areas, and potential actions to curb
noise. Workshop discussions on industrial noise, aviation noises, noise
of homes, vehicular noise, and highway noise are included.
285
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Anon
NOISE POLLUTION RESOURCES COMPENDIUM
New Mexico Univ, Inst for Social Res and Dev, TAG Bibliog Series 2,
Mar 31, 1973
Complete abstracts of current material on various aspects of noise pollu-
tion are presented. The contents are arranged under subjects headings
which are judged major areas of noise pollution activity. These include
sources of noise, noise detection and measurement, noise abatement and
control, physical effects of noise, and social effects of noise. An in-
dex at the end of such subject group simplifies cross reference of inter-
related articles.
Anon
NOISE POLLUTION RESEARCES COMPENDIUM
New Mexico Univ, Inst for Social Res and Dev, TAC Bibliog Series 2,
Dec 31, 1972
References with which to better understand noise in terms of its physical
properties, which may be measured, and its nonphysical effects on human
populations are provided. The articles and books which were located are
indexed by keywords. To further improve the usability of the compendium
the citations are categorized into eight major sections with each of
these subclassified into a number of subsections. The sections include
noise sources, noise detection and measurement, noise abatement and con-
trol, the physical effects of noise, noise regulations and standards,
patents and contracts, and noise research.
Anon
SYMPOSIUM ON ATMOSPHERIC ACOUSTICS AND NOISE PROPAGATION
Atmospheric Acoustics and Noise Propagation, Intl Union of Pure and
Appl Physics, General Assembly, (Gaithersburg, Md, Sept 27-29, 1972)
Abstracts are given for papers on the following aspects of atmospheric
acoustics and noise propagation: remote sensing, absorption, scattering
reflection, infrasound, acoustic-gravity waves, nonlinear acoustics,
sonic boom, and other aircraft noise. Urban traffic noise and noise
standards are also discussed.
Cavanaugh, W. J.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR NOISE REDUCTION
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Tutorial Pap (Wash,
D. C., Oct 4-6, 1972)
The ability of certain materials to absorb, isolate, or damp sounds is
discussed. Composite materials are those which provide sound absorption
coefficients greater than 50 percent and sound transmission or insertion
286
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losses greater than 10 dB over a desired frequency wave. Composite
materials may also provide effective structural damping of vibrating
surfaces as well as sound absorption and barrier effects. Composite
materials used in building components, suspended ceiling systems,
layered glass, wrappings, and enclosures are described.
Crocker, M. J. (ed)
INTER-NOISE 72
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Tutorial Pap, (Wash,
D. C., Oct 4-6, 1972)
A set of tutorial lectures was arranged to cover the basics of noise
and vibration control engineering. Discussions are included on the
following topics: sound propagation; the effects of noise on man; noise
legislation; noise reduction accomplished by enclosure, absorption; in-
dustrial noise and noise in buildings; instrumentation and identifica-
tion of noise and measurement of noise from machines. Appendices on
the use of anechoic and reverberant rooms, and the ear and loudness are
included along with a selected bibliography on noise control.
Crocker, M. J. (ed)
NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL ENGINEERING
Noise and Vibr Control Engr, Conf, Proc, (Lafayette, Ind, July 14-16,
1971)
The state-of-the-art and recent developments in noise control technology
are covered in papers presented at the nine sessions of a noise control
conference held at Purdue University, July 14-16, 1971. The first ses-
sion was concerned with many aspects of surface transportation noise.
Other sessions dealt with: machinery noise; industrial noise; vibration
control; legislation and city planning; noise and vibration control;
noise in buildings; and two sessions devoted to aircraft noise; sources
of noise in aircraft; and jet noise and sonic booms. A complete biblio-
graphy of all references given in the papers is included.
Crocker, M. J.
NOISE CONTROL APPROACHES
Inter-Kfoise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Tutorial Pap, (Wash,
D. C., Oct 4-6, 1972)
All noise control problems can be reduced to a determination of the dom-
inant noise source-path-reeeiver system. Noise reduction procedures
should be chosen on the basis of cost, effectiveness, and convenience.
The simultaneous use of more than one approach (e.g., vibration isola-
tion, enclosure, and absorption) is often the most effective and econom-
ic solution to a noise problem. Noise reduction techniques applied to
the source, path, and receiver are outlined, and the amount of noise
reduction required is discussed.
287
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Crocker, M. J.
NOISE CONTROL IN THE USA—THE PRESENT STATE OF AFFAIRS
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, (Lafayette, Ind, July 14-16, 1971)
The present state of affairs in noise control in the USA is described.
Noise sources, criteria, legislation, and control approaches are discussed.
Filippov, V.; Llyashuk, Y.
APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF NOISE CONTROL IN THE SOVIET UNION
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash, D. C.,
Oct 14-16, 1972)
Noise abatement in the USSR was initiated by the Leningrad Labor Protec-
tion Institute. The hearing of workers was correlated with their length
of service and the physical characteristics of noise, and norms and regu-
lations for noise reduction in industry were established. Regulations
requiring manufacturing plants to determine the sound power frequency
spectra of machine-produced noise were also passed. Current emphasis is
on accomplishing noise reduction in production areas by construction and
acoustic procedures; developing methods for establishing technical norms
for machine-generated noise; and eliminating noise at its source.
Ingard, U.
PRINCIPLES OF NOISE CONTROL
SAE, Intersociety Energy Conversion Eng Conf, Pap 719137, (Boston, Mass,
Aug 3-5, 1971)
Johnson, J. C.; Stuart, A. D.
SUMMARY REPORT FOR THE CONFERENCE ON ACOUSTICS AND SOCIETAL PROBLEMS
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 54, n 1, July 1973, p 1-10
All organizations perform evaluations of their own purposes and effective-
ness. The efforts of the Acoustical Society of America to this end during
the past three years have included special studies of the ad hoc committee
on the effectiveness of the society. Recommendations of this committee
have resulted in a revitalization of activities in standards, formuliza-
tion of a committee and programs in environmental acoustics, and the or-
ganization of a conference on acoustics and societal problems. The con-
ference addressed the definition of problems of society at large which
are of particular conern to the society as a corporate body, and to its
members. The conference established several vital elements—ranging from
improved communications, through delineation of unsolved basic and applied
research problems, to needs for strong leadership by the Acoustical
Society of America—if an increased rate of progress is to be achieved
during the next decade in areas dependent upon acoustics.
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Jones, H. H.
EFFECTS OF VARYING LEVELS OF INTERRUPTION ON TEMPORARY THRESHOLD SHIFT
Amer Ind Hygiene Conf, (San Francisco, Calif, May 14-19, 1972)
Intermittency is a noise exposure variable which must be considered in
proposing standard limits. A noise interruption is a period in the noise
exposure when the level falls below 80 dBA for more than five minutes or
for 20 percent of the duration of the preceding noise burst. Interrup-
tion levels below 80 dBA may have variable effects on resultant tempor-
ary threshold shifts. Thirty subjects were exposed to noise bursts where-
in the only variable was the level of noise during interruption. The
resultant temporary threshold shifts from these exposures are discussed.
Lindsay, R. B. (ed)
THE EIGHTY-SECOND MEETING OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
Acoust Soc of Amer, Meet, 82nd, Abstr, (Denver, Colorado, Oct 19-22, 1971)
The abstracts of proceedings of the October 1971 meeting of the Acoustical
Society of America are presented. Sessions focused on noise standards,
progress in noise control, aircraft, airport, and community noise, and
vehicle noise. Paper topics included: vibration control and biodynamics;
power plant noise; air-to-ground sound propagation; airport noise monitor-
ing; laboratory simulation of sonic boom and its effects on sleep and
human performance; operational noise levels of motor vehicles; spectral
and directional characteristics of truck tire noise; tentative damage
risk criteria for noise of inflatable restraint systems; and others.
Poertner, H. G.
REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMUNITY NOISE CONTROL PROGRAMS
Noise and Vibr Control Engr, Conf, Proc, (Lafayette, Ind, July 14-16, 1971)
Ways are suggested in which community noise control efforts can be
developed into effective area-wide programs. The need for identifying
and establishing "incentives-to-quiet" is analyzed and the need for
various groups of individuals and organizations to unite and motivate
others to make-a-quieter-city is explained. An overview is given of
attitudes, problems and difficulties in developing coordinated action
programs. Some general estimates of the dimensions of community noise
problems and the costs of remedies are discussed. Typical technological
problems involved in silencing noise produced in construction operations
are mentioned to illustrate the problems encountered and the general
dichotomy of motivations and objectives of people. Some of the questions
that should be considered by municipal governments prior to embarking up-
on a noise control program are outlined.
289
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Richard, E. J.
NOISE AND SOCIETY
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, (Lafayette, Ind, July 14-16, 1971)
A system of accountancy and control of noise in occupational deafness,
traffic location, and airport design is discussed. The situation around
airports in the United Kingdom and traffic in London are given as examples.
Ruzicka, J. E.
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF VIBRATION CONTROL
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, (Lafayette, Ind, July 14-16, 1971)
Fundamental vibration control concepts for reducing undesirable mechanical
vibration and acoustic noise effects are discussed. The general nature
of vibration environments is reviewed, and methods for providing vibra-
tion control are categorized. Practical considerations involved in apply-
ing the various methods are discussed, and typical degrees of attenuation
available from each method are indicated. Both passive and active control
system mechanisms are considered, with discussions provided of the rela-
tive advantages and disadvantages of each. The availability of commercial
products is indicated for each method of vibration control discussed.
Taylor, R.
ENGINEERING CONTROL—EUROPE
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash, D. C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972)
The shortcomings of the European noise control engineering approach are
reviewed, and the tendency to apply traditional measures such as sound
insulating/absorbent enclosures, screens, and room linings is discussed.
Although these methods are often successful, the acoustical enclosure
is often costly and should be used as a last resort. Reduction of noise
at the source is suggested, and manufacturers of acoustical materials
and devices should be required to provide noise control in their equip-
ment. Noise control measures taken in a chocolate factory, a bottling
plant, and a Sperry Rand plant are reported.
Franken, P. A.
PEOPLE AND NOISE CONTROL
Noise in the Environment: Causes, Effects, Controls, Conf, Pap,
(Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Apr 28-29, 1971)
Noise control is discussed, including absorption and barrier construction.
The use of trees and grasses as acoustical barriers is cited, and enclo-
sures are considered for industrial situations. Automobile noise is also
examined.
290
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Sport Equipment -
Campbell, R. A.
SURVEY OF NOISE LEVELS ON BOARD PLEASURE BOATS
SV, Sound Vibr, v 6 n 2, Feb 1972, p 28-29
A survey of noise levels on-board pleasure boats was carried out. It was
found that under normal operating conditions the noise levels in the
majority of power boats at and above cruising speeds are comparable to
those measured in jet airliner cockpits and are sufficient to render
speech communication and radio monitoring virtually impossible and also
to produce danger of hearing loss with prolonged daily exposure. 5 refs.
Chaney, R. B., Jr; McClain, S. C.; Harrison, R.
RELATION OF NOISE MEASUREMENTS TO TEMPORARY THRESHOLD SHIFT IN
SNOWMOBILE USE
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 54 n 5, Nov 1973, p 1219-1223
To evaluate and quantify snowmobile noise measurements were made as fol-
lows: operator at-ear A-weighted sound levels and exposure patterns; A-
weighted levels at 50 ft to develop a test procedure for law enforcement
purposes; temporary threshold shift (TTS) in snowmobile users. Results
indicate that TTS of varying degrees was observed in 87 percent of snow-
mobile operators tested after operations periods as short as one-half
hour; for typical recreational riding, the Federal Occupational Safety
and Health Act of 1970 noise limits are exceeded after approximately
two and one-half hours of snowmobile operation; the 50 ft noise level
measurement procedure to measure the amount of noise produced by a snow-
mobile for law enforcement purposes. More correlation of data would be
desirable.
Curtis, J.; Sauer, R. C.
AN ANALYSIS OF RECREATIONAL SNOWMOBILE NOISE
Sound and Vibr, v 7 n 5, May 1973, p 49-50
The noise levels of 10 snowmobiles were measured under controlled condi-
tions. The data showed that snowmobile noise is hazardous to the hear-
ing of the operator and either restricted exposure times or the use of
hearing protectors should be considered.
Nowak, K. F.
EXTERIOR SOUND LEVEL FOR SNOWMOBILES FROM SAE J192 to SAE J192A -
BACKGROUND AND INSIGHT
SAE Prepr n 730773 for Meet, Sept 10-13, 1973
The environmental impact of snowmobile noise has received widespread
publicity over the past few years. In order to define and solve any noise
problem, a satisfactory and repeatable measurement practice must be
evolved. In the case of SAE J192, the particular operating environment
291
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of snowmobiles proves a challenge to this task. Environmental conditions
affect not only the propagation of sound at the test site, but also the
performance of the vehicle itself. This results in a potential for signi-
ficant variation in the sound pressure level of the sound source. Hence,
the test procedure must be designed so as to minimize if not eliminate
such sources of variations.
292
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MACHINERY NOISE
SIC 16 ~ Construction Equipment
Anon
QUIETER SHEET PILE DRIVING
World Constr, v 27 n 4, April 1974
A new sheet piling machine, the impulse driver, developed in Sweden is
outlined. Outdoor noise readings taken 7 m from the piling machine average
86 dBA for the impulse driver compared to 96 dBA for a drop hammer.
Barber, A. D.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SILENCING PNEUMATIC MACHINERY
Noise 2000, Assoc Intl Contre le Bruit, Intl Congr, 5th & 6th, (London,
May 1968 and Groningen, Netherlands 1970)
Noise in pneumatic tools comes from two main sources: discharge to the
atmosphere of high pressure air through exhaust outlets, and vibration
produced by metallic impact of tool components. Noise reduction in pneu-
matic road breakers can be accomplished by a hard durable plastic double-
chamber silencer. Also available are two silenced portable compressors
of a type normally used in developed areas and on construction sites to
operate road breakers and other hand tools. Silencing is achieved by the
following improvments: the glass fiber canopy is lined with absorbent
plastic foam combined with antidrumming compound, the enclosure is improv-
ed by incorporation of trays under the compressor and a transparent gauge
panel access door, engine exhaust noise is reduced by a pair of tandem
exhaust silencers, a lined cooler duct directs cooling air downward, and
the canopy is flexibly mounted.
Baron, R, A,
CONSTRUCTION NOISE? A CITIZENS VIEWPOINT
Soc of Auto Engr, NY, J of Auto Engr, v 80 n 7, July 1972, p 76
Construction noise accompanying the rehabilitation of old and the develop-
ment of new transportation modes is extremely destructive to the quality
of life, and the environment. With few exceptions, industry has failed to
internalize the cost of muffled equipment and procedures, and the cost of
this intense noise exposure is an 'external cost* borne by both the work-
ers and the exposed public. Engine equipment manufacturers, contractors,
and project sponsors resist design for quiet. Engineers have an ethical
imperative to protect the noise receiver. Citizens demand for quieter con-
struction is growing and a few manufacturers are voluntarily marketing
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quieter compressors and paving breakers. Government, on all levels, is be-
ginning to raise the question of unlimited noise emissions. The Walsh
Healey noise exposure limits are now applicable to construction operations.
Industry should be given financial incentives and assistance to expedite
the necessary change-over to design and operation for quiet.
Bollman, S. R.
WHAT'S NEW IN AIR DRILLING
Rock Prod, v 75 n 6, June 1962, p 62 and 90
Article discusses novel developments in the design of pneumatic rock
drills particularly in areas of: noise-abatement devices; dust-suppression
equipment; and sound-conditioning, enclosed cabs.
Graig, H, D.
NOISE FROM AIR COMPRESSORS AND PNEUMATIC TOOLS
Noise Control Vibr Reduct, v 5 n 1, Jan 1974, p 32-35, 37-38
A summary is given of the legal and economic pressures on the manufactur-
ers of air compressors and pneumatic tools as the result of regulations
by various city and national governments requiring noise abatement and/or
personnel protection from excessive noise. Two case histories are then
given to illustrate the type of approach the author's company has taken to
the problem. The machines considered are: (1) portable compressors intend-
ed for site use both in open country side and in towns; and (2) percussive
tools for the drilling of rock, breaking of concrete and for general con-
struction and demolition site use.
Dirdal, B.; Gjaevenes, K.
NOISE FROM COMPRESSORS AND PNEUMATIC EQUIPMENT
Appl Acoust, v 4 n 1, Jan 1971, p 23-34
Test codes for the measurement of the noise from portable compressors,
rock drills and paving breakers are discussed. Noise levels for such equip-
ment are reported, and noise criteria for construction works with respect
to annoyance are annotated. An appendix quotes Norwegian proposals on test
codes for the measurement of noise from compressors and pneumatic equipment.
6 refs.
294
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Gail, C. P.
TUNNEL DRIVEN USING SUBSURFACE FREEZING
Civ Engr (NY), v 42 n 5, May 1972, p 37-40
The freezing method was chosen for a 20 ft diam sewage tunnel on New
York's west side. Subsurface freezing utilizes a refrigerated brine solu-
tion that circulates through pipes and freezes land barriers surrounding
the shaft. The method reduces noise levels and its cost is comparable
with other methods. The refrigeration plant froze two sections of tunnel
at a time, freezing ground ahead of excavation. Portable drilling rigs
sank both the probe and freeze holes.
Gantke, F.; Ihlefeldt, J.; Koch, P.; Tappe, W.
DER HOESCH-LAERMSCHUTZTURM, (HOESCH NOISE ABATEMENT TOWER)
Baumasch Bautech, v 20 n 10, Oct 1973, p 395-400
The Hoesch noise abatement tower has been developed to reduce the noise
produced during the driving of sheet piles. During the driving work this
tower encloses the driving plant as well as the sheet piles to be driven
and thus reduces the diffuse sound propagation. This paper reports the
tests and acoustic measurements carried out on various models. 8 refs. In
German.
Gatley, W. S.; Earth, M. G.
A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO THE EXHAUST SILENCING OF THE PNEUMATIC ROCK DRILL
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash, DC, Oct 4-
6, 1972)
Exhaust noise from a medium sized pneumatic rock drill was measured, and
a muffler that reduced exhaust noise to an acceptable level with a mini-
mum increase in exhaust back pressure was developed. The prototype muffler
had an insertion loss of 22 dB and reduced exhaust noise at the operators
ear position of from 115 dBA to 87 dBA. Back pressure developed by the
muffler was 0.5 psi, and it cause a 4 percent increase in drilling effici-
ency. The muffler combined a reactive element (an expansion chamber) with
a dissipative element composed of a steel wool liner. The muffler can be
used without modification in mining operations where supply air is
moisture-free. Preliminary tests indicate that icing does not occur when
normal amounts of moisture are present.
Giovanetto, J.; Kacynski, C.
SOUND ATTENUATION AFTER THE FACT
SAE Paper 720751, for Meet, Sept 11-14, 1972,
The noise levels of earthmoving equipment, in the operator's cab and out-
side the machine, are discussed. Ways and means of lowering the dB ratings
for increased operator and bystander comfort are taken into account. Sug-
gestions are made for ways of mounting the cab itself and lessening vibra-
tory reactions from the engine, including rubber engine and cab mounts,
plus acoustical material for reducing inside the cab noise.
295
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Harrison, L. (Ed)
NEW EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES COPE WITH TOUGHEST NOISE REGULATIONS
Constr Methods Equip, v 54 n 8, Aug 1972, p 40-42
It is shown how rock drilling and piledriving in a highly residential
area forced the contractor to adapt his equipment to keep production up,
while holding total construction noise at or below that of normal city
traffic.
Hornung, J
LAERMARME BAUVERFAHREN AUF INNERSTAEDTISCHEN TIEFBAUSTELLEN -
MOEGLICHKEITEN UND ANWENDUNGSBEREICHE, (POSSIBILITIES AND RANGE OF
APPLICATION OF THE SILENT CONSTRUCTION METHODS FOR URBAN CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING)
Baumasch Bautech, v 21 n 3, Mar 1974, p- 73-82
The results of noise measurements carried out with different construction
engineering methods applied are depicted with due regard to the cost re-
lations. Possibilities are suggested as to how the noise situation on
urban construction sites migh be improved. 20 refs. In German with English
abstract.
Jensen, J. W,; Visnapuu, A
PROGRESS IN SUPPRESSING THE NOISE OF THE PNEUMATIC ROCK DRILL
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash DC, Oct 4-6,
1972)
The development of a prototype quiet pneumatic rock drill is described.
The main air valve and the rotation chuck, normally made of tool steel,
are made of high damping and Mh-Cu alloys. The drill is encased in a noise
suppressing cover that also encloses a reactive muffler for exhaust noise.
The standard 48 in. long chisel bit drill steels are modified by addition
of constrained layer dampers to suppress resonance noise.
Katzer, M. F,; Conover, H.; Poertner, H. G.; Glasscock, D. L; Muller, J,;
Garavaglia, M.; Atkinson, G. L.j Pirtz, J., Jr; Perkins, B. L.; McCarthy,
G. T,; Tamagni, J. S.; Beard, G. L.
ECONOMICAL CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE DAMS
Econ Constr of Concr Dams, Engr Found Conf, Proc, Pacific Grove, Calif,
May 14-18, 1972, 558 p, Publ by ASCE, NY, 1972
Following is a continuation of the list of titles and authors of the papers
presented: Control of Turbidity at Construction Sites, by Melvin F. Katzer;
Preservation and Restoration of the Landscape, by Herbert S. Conover; Noise
Control at Construction Sites, by Herbert G. Poertner; Control of Pollution
in Concrete Dam Construction, by Dwight L. Glasscock; Trends in Design and
Construction Practice for Concrete Dams, by Jean Muller, Concrete Dam Con-
struction Practices, by Marcello Garavaglia; Panel on Owner-Engineer-
ContractorEconomic Considerations in Dam Construction - Viewpoints, by
296
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George E. Atkinsonj Coat Reduction Considerations for New Considerations
in Dam Construction, by .Gerald T. McCarthy5 Owner^ Engineers-Contractor
Economic Considerations in Dam Construction ^ From the Viewpoint of John
S. Tamagnij Owner~Engineer~Contractor Economic Considerations in Dam Con-
struction ^ Remarks, by George L. Beard; Economic Considerations for Con-
struction, by Joe Pirtz, Jr,
Kessler, F, M,
MEASUREMENT OF CONSTRUCTION SITE NOISE LEVELS
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash DC, Oct 4-6,
1972)
A procedure for measuring noise levels at construction sites is evaluated.
A class II sound level meter is set on 'slow' response-A-weighting net-
work for the first 5 sec of each minute for 30 min. The 'central tenden-
cy' of the meter indicator during the 5 sec period is tabulated, and the
'maximum value' of the indicator during a 10 ± 2 sec preiod at the start
of each minute is tabulated. Artithmetic averages are computed. The method
was tested at four construction sites. It was easily used by the non-
acoustician after preliminary instructions. A uniformly noisy construction
site whose noise approaches a random distribution allows use of either
measurement or averaging techniques to represent the distribution of noise
levelj the construction site whose noise level distribution is very non-
random may cause problems.
Mann, R, L.
REDUCING CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT COOLING SYSTEM NOISE TO MEET THE FRENCH
NOISE REQUIREMENTS
SAE Prepr 730872, for Meet, April 26, 1973
Major noise source on construction equipment is the cooling system when
tested according to the French noise test procedure. This paper describes
the procedure and methods used to reduce economically the case 580B CK
loader-backhoe cooling system noise to 75 dBA, well below the French
limit of 80 dBA for the whole vehicle, and remain within the desired
physical and performance constraints. This was accomplished primarily by
reducing fan speed and using a larger capacity radiator to maintain ade-
quate cooling.
O'Neill, J. T.
CONTROL OF CONSTRUCTION NOISE
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash DC, Oct 4-6,
1972)
A performance specification regulating the noise coming from construction
sites in New York city is described. The specification sets the allowable
sound levels at the residential building nearest the site at 75 dBA for
weekdays between 7 and 11 A.M. and at 60 dBA for all other times. The im-
pact of this specification on construction of new subway routes is
297
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examined. The contractor for this projetct was able to comply with the
specification at a cost of approximately 1 percent of the contract price
by utilizing commercially available muffled machinery, by modifying
other machines and by carefully positioning noisier pieces of machinery.
Porter, M. A,
ACOUSTIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR PRIME MOVER INSTALLATIONS
ASME Paper 73"GT^7, for Meet, Apr 1-4, 1973
Basic acoustic design considerations for gas compressors and other prime
movers are discussed. Several sources of noise other than the usual muf-
fler and air intake systems are examined.
Riley, A.
PORTABLE AIR COMPRESSORS INVESTIGATING IN SILENCE AND SAFETY
Fluid Power Intl, v 38 n 4, Apr 1973, p 49
Summary of the results of research and continuous field testing in the
range of "whisperized" compressors, all of which give quiet running even
at full load. Available "silenced" models range in capacity from 85 C.F.M.
to 140, 175, and 240 C.F.M. an examination of the principal features of
the DR250SL whisper-flo model. The 250SL is a completely redesigned port-
able compressor combining the trends in silencing techniques.
Schomer, P, D.
PREDICTING COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO BLAST NOISE
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
A preliminary method is given to predict annoyance levels in the envrons
of a blasting area. The means are given to scale 0 Ib of TNT to 1 Ib of
TNT; burried charges and above ground detonations are also considered.
Various ways to predict probable blast overpressures and spectrum as a
function of distance on days exhibiting adverse weather conditions are
considered. The annoyance of blast noise is predicted using composite
noise rating (CNR) and, for this calculation, the impulsive noise startle
correction factor suggested by Kryter is added to the perceived noise
level. Blast noise case histories are considered for verification of the
prediction method, and the prediction method is suitable for computer
computation of equal annoyance contours.
298
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Spivey, D, A,
NOISE ABATEMENT
Military Engr, v 64 n 423, Jan-Feb 1973, p 31-34
Construction activity produces unwanted sound. This noise comes from
pneumatic drills, generators, bulldozers, demolition activities, and
other sources. Construction noise, as with other forms, is best solved
at the source of emission rather than at the receiving end. In the solu-
tion of a noise problem the noise level produced at the source must be
determined, the noise level criteria at the receiving end must be calcu-
lated. Finally, a method must be selected or devised to reduce the noise
to acceptable levels. A wide variety of methods and abatement devices
are available. The basic factors in the transmission of contruction noise
are discussed and include the effects of distance and atmosphere, attenu-
ation provided by barriers and trees, and the effect of direction.
Stephenson N. J.; Thomas, I. D. A,
REDUCTION OF NOISE FROM CONSTRUCTION MACHINES WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE
TO COOLING SYSTEMS
SAE Prepr 730849, for Meet, Sept 10-13, 1973
It has been found that on many conventional construction machines, the
cooling system is the major noise source. Design parameters for quiet and
efficient cooling systems are explained; they show the importance of
matching the various elements of the system. It is illustrated that, in
practice, very minor changes to cooling systems to improve the match,
coupled with other fundamental noise reduction techniques, can result in
considerable reductions in noise. Reference is also made to possible fu-
ture trends in minimizing cooling system duty by use of new materials to
reduce engine heat rejection.
Viksne, A.
MEASUREMENT AND REDUCTION OF NOISE FROM DETONATING CORD USED IN QUARRY
BLASTING
U.S. Bureau Mines, Rep Invest 7678, 1972
A series of tests was conducted by the Bureau of Mines to determine the
best means of reducing noise generated by the detonating cord that is
utilized for trunklines in quarry blasting. The different types of
detonating cord were tested and evaluated for their acoustic qualities.
The results of the investigation showed that noise levels produced by
"low-core-load-per-ft" detonating cord "not covered" were lower than
those produced by "high-core-load-per-ft" detonating cord covered with
6 in. of unconsolidated material. 4 refs.
299
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Wayshak, 6,
CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT NOISE IS ABOVE EAR DAMAGING LEVEL
J of Environ Health., v 35 n 2, Sept-Oct 1973, p 147-151
Measurements of noise levels of construction equipment in operation on
the island of Oahu, Hawaii, are reported. All levels were above 90 dBA
ear damaging level set by the Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1970.
Major types of construction equipment were surveyed. On site equipment
consisted of tractor drills, generators, compressors, backhoes, pile driv-
ers, pneumatic extractors, and one shovel sample. Hand operated equipment
included concrete busters, electric chipping guns, nail guns, tamping
compactors, hand grinders, hand saws, and one chain saw. Stationary power
equipment included cut-off saws, table saws, planers, and masonry saws.
A large proportion of the surveyed construction workers indicated that
they were unaware of the ear protection devices available. The effects of
noise on man depend on the type of noise; its intensity, distribution and
variability; the duration of individual susceptibility; and prebycusis.
Food and Kindred Products
Anon
INDUSTRIAL NOISE: SWEDEN
British Standards Inst, Tech Help to Exporters, Tech Digest TD 1008, Jan
1973, 14 p
Information on the technical requirements applicable to industrial noise
in the environment and as an occupational hazard is presented. This is
related to industrial plants and machinery installations, tractors, agri-
cultural machinery, and personal protection in Sweden. Details of the
availability of equipment approval and the procedures involved are dis-
cussed. Supplementary equipment information sheets are provided; each
sheet includes details of the technical and approval requirements for
each item of equipment. The statuatory regulations and regulatory organi-
zations of Sweden are outlined.
Bennett, R. T.
UPDATE ON NOISE CONTROL AT INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER
SAE Paper 720720, for Meet, Sept 11-14, 1972
International Harvester has testified to the Environmental Protection
Agency about present noise levels and has stated what it considers to be
reasonable goals. Noise control work is progressing, especially in the
area of environmental noise on lawn and garden equipment and operator
noise on larger tractors. The engineering community must take every oppor-
tunity to present the case for cost-benefit considerations in noise control.
300
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Chen Y. R.; Huang, B, K.j Suggs, C, W,
NOISE CONTROL BY ACOUSTIC INTERFERENCE
Trans Amer Soc Agri Engr, Gen Ed, v 14 n 3, May-June 1971, p 424-427
Investigation to apply the theory of acoustic interference in reducing
the tractor noises in the vicinity of the operator's head position. Field
tests indicated that in the lower frequency bands the sound pressure lev-
el could be reduced up to 8 dB and that the maximum attenuation of 4 dB
was obtained for overall sound pressure level of tractor noise at a seat-
ed operator's head position. 8 refs. Paper 70-104. 09301
Cocke, J. G.
NOISE LEVELS IN AGRICULTURAL PROCESSING OPERATIONS
Amer Soc Agric Engr, Paper 72-813 (1972)
Some agricultural processing operations produce noise levels which ex-
ceed those recommended by the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Ex-
cessive noise has a detrimental effect on health, safety, and the level
of productivity. Effective control can be achieved by utlizing currently
available materials and techniques.
Crocker, M. J.
NOISE
Agric Engr, v 54 n 4, Apr 1973, p 10-13
Problems associated with the sources of noise in agricultural machinery,
how noise can be measured, and how it can be reduced are discussed. Noise
reduction methods that can be used with a machine in place are compared.
Emme, J. H.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR NOISE INSULATION OF OPERATOR CABS
SAE Paper 720702, for Meet, April 27, 1972
The noise insulation of operator cabs for construction and agricultural
equipment has become increasingly important in the last few years. This
paper presents a discussion on the noise control design considerations
for the basic structure, control levers, and effective sealing. Also dis-
cussed are the parameters to consider in the use of absorption and trans-
mission loss materials.
Hartdegen, D. R.; Akins, H, G.
NOISE CONTROL AT THE OPERATOR'S AREA ON LARGE FARM TRACTORS WITH CARS
SAE Prepr 720752, for Meet, Sept 11-14, 1972
There are three main sound contributors, air-borne noise, car vibration,
and component radiation. To evaluate any one of these the other two need
to be virtually eliminated. The cure for reducing the disturbing noises
301
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is to use the tools of isolation, damping, blocking, and absorption.
These controls are applied to one source at a time, being sure a change
in sound can be properly measured. The third step is to have a realistic
goal to reach with each noise reduction.
Melling, T. H.
NOISE IN THE BREWING INDUSTRY — THE SOURCES, ITS CONTROL
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash DC, Oct 4-6,
1972)
Noise generated by bottling and kegging lines in the brewery industry is
described, and noise reduction methods are described. Noise reduction in
the bottling line can be achieved by a combination of absorption into the
bottling hall, partial and total enclosure and screening techniques.
Stainless steel containers and adequate lubrication of the conveyer sys-
tem reduces noise in the kegging lines.
Milsted, M. G.; Wegscheid, E. L.
ON THE NOISE REDUCTION OF A RECTANGULAR BOX WITH APPLICATION TO TRACTOR
CABS
SAE Prepr 720707, for Meet, Sept 11-14, 1972
The effects of various acoustical treatments on the airborne reduction of
a cab-type enclosure can be evaluated rather simply by measuring noise re-
duction in a diffuse sound field. One of the implications of the study is
that the standard tests of acoustical materials (e.g., the Geiger plate
test or the impedance tube absorption test) may not be the best guides
for estimating the effectiveness of these materials when they are to be
used in complicated structures. Because the wavelengths of low frequency
modes in tractor cabs are twice the dimensions of such cabs, sloping walls
are ineffective as a means for scattering sound. 15 refs.
Polhemus, J.; Edwards, J.
DESIGN OF AN ACOUSTICAL ENCLOSURE FOR A BLANK AND HEMMING MACHINE
Pollut Engr, v 6 n 4, April 1974, p 33-34
The sequence of events described outlines the choice and development of
a machine enclosure for the control of noise. A noise survey of the en-
tire facilities was made. The preliminary survey established the relative
sound levels (dBA) at different machines and work stations throughout the
entire bottle cap manufacturing plant.
Ris, B. H.
TRACTOR NOISE ANALYSIS «- OPEN AND ENCLOSED OPERATORS
SAE Paper 720706, for Meet, Sept llr-14, 1972
For tractors without operator enclosures, the noise sources must be locat-
ed and ranked according to their contribution. A complete analysis of the
engine-produced noise level is presented. Enclosing the operator represents
302
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a means of controlling the sound level to which, he is exposed. Analysis
and priority ranking of several methods used to reduce the noise level
inside the enclosure is developed,
Splinter, W, E.; Mumgaard, M. L.; Steinbruegge, G. W.; Larsen, L. W.
SOUND LEVEL TESTS OF AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS
SAE Prepr 720719, for Meet, Sept 11-14, 1972
Sound level at the operator station and at a bystander position 7.5 m
from the center line of the vehicle has been measured at the Nebraska
Tractor Test Laboratory on 67 agricultural tractors. Sound values at 100,
75, and 50 percent drawbar load are reported. Results indicate that farm
tractor manufacturers have made significant progress in reducing sound
levels to acceptable values. The fact that bystander noise has tended to
decrease, despite increasing horsepower, and the fact that two tractors
have tested below 90 dBA without cabs indicates that a lot of work has
gone into reduction of exhaust noise, engine noise, gear noise, etc.
10 refs.
Stangl, G. A,; Porterfield, J. G.; Lowery, R. L.
TRACTOR EXHAUST NOISE EVALUATION TECHNIQUE
Trans Amer Soc Agric Engr (Gen Ed), v 16 n 4, Jul-Aug 1973, p 601-605
Study to develop a technique to evaluate potential means of reducing ex-
haust noise. This included determination of the relationship between ex-
haust system pressure and noise at the exhaust outlet for a standard
system and identification of the main contributors to exhaust noise. 9
refs.
SIC 22 - Textile Mill Products
Anon
AATCC SYMPOSIUM ON THE ENVIRONMENT - 1973
Text Ind, v 137 n 8, Aug 1973, p 87,89, 91, 93, 95
The three principal components of industrial pollution - air, water and
noise - are surveyed as they affect the manufacturer of textiles. Several
papers presented at an AATCC conference are summarized, including those
on solvent processing, textile air pollution over Rhode Island, the envi-
ronmental effect of dyes and solid waste disposal with energy recovery.
Finally, an analytical approach to establishing guidelines for noise con-
trol is included.
303
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Bailey, J, R,; Brown, C, M,
GUIDELINES FOR TEXTILE INDUSTRY NOISE CONTROL
J Engr Ind, Trans ASME, v 96 Ser B n 1, Feb 1974, p 241-246
Paper 73-TEX-2.
Bruce R. D,; Gubitose, N, F.
NOISE CONTROL FOR A TEXTILE MACHINE
SIV, Sound Vibr, v 5 n 5, May 1971, p 20-24
Following a careful analysis of the noise sources in a textile machine,
an enclosure construction of 16-gage sheet metal with vibration damping
compound and sound absorptive foam has been designed and constructed for
a prototype machine. The equivalent noise level reduction achieved through
the utilization of the cover is about 10 dBA. With the enclosure the noise
generated at the interface of the spindle whorl and the belt is sufficient-
ly attentuated so that the noise due to the ballooning of the twine and
the winding of the bobbins is now the controlling component in the total
noise level.
Gudworth, A. L.; Stahl, J. E,
NOISE CONTROL IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc (Wash DC, Oct 4-6,
1974)
Noise associated with opening, carding, pickling, and blending are describ-
ed, and noise control in filament processing (twisting, drawing, spinning,
etc) is discussed. The most severe noise problem occurs in cloth produc-
tion, especially in weaving, braiding, and knitting. Braiding machine
noise can be reduced by polyurethane carriers.
Emerson, P. D.; Overman, H. S., Ill
REDUCTION OF NOISE FROM ROTATING TEXTILE SPINDLES
Amer Ind Hygiene Assoc, Baltimore, J, v 33 n 4, April 1972, p 252-257
Noise levels in textile yarn spinning operations generally exceed 96 dBŁ
Most of this noise is vibration-induced from unbalanced loads concen-
trated outside of bearing supports and is transmitted to machine frames
where it is then radiated to the air. Simple addition of weight to spindle
bolsters reduces vibration transmitted to machine frames, but does not
affect directly radiated sound from bobbin to package eccentricities.
Addition of only a few pounds reduces acceleration levels by an order of
magnitude or more, but continued addition produces sharply diminishing
effects, implying an asymptomatic relationship. Noises originating from
spindle vibration thus can be treated only by interfering with the trans-
mission of vibration to other, larger radiating areas. Noises attributable
to eccentric rotation must be treated by reducing eccentricities between
spindle and yarn carrier.
304
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Page, J. D*
TEXTILE MACHINE NOISE CONTROL
IEEE Trans Ind Appl,v lA^ n 4, July»*Aug 1972, p 472-476
An approach to noise control by a textile machine manufacturer is out-
lined, The means of identifying noise sources are discussed. The results
of applying some noise reduction techniques are presented. 11 refs.
Lumber and Wood Products -
Lamb, F, M,
INDUSTRIAL NOISE AND NOISE EXPOSURE
Forest Prod J, v 21 n 9, Sept 1971, p 84-87
General review is presented of the problems of industrial noise including
a summary of thw Walsh-Healey Act and its effect on the wood working in-
dustry. Noise is defined as unwanted sound or sound that is capable of
degrading or damaging some human quality. Excessive noise exposure is con-
sidered to be a noise level of over 90 dBA. Many of the typical machining
operations in wood-working produce a noise level in excess of 90 dBA.
10 refs.
Malcom, F. B.
SLITTING SAWBLADES CUTS NOISE
Wood & Wood Prod, v 76 n 3, Mar 1971, p 46-47
A simple, effective means of reducing the high-frequency screaming sound
in circular saws has been developed by G. Pahlitzsch and B. Rowinski, In-
stitut fur Schleif und Poliertechnik, Braunschweig, West Germany. The
method involves cutting four symmetrically placed expansion slots in the
rim of the sawblade. The depth (length) of the slots must be at least one-
sixteenth of the radius of the saw.
Smith, J. H.
NOISE IN WOODWORKING INDUSTRY: A REVIEW OF THE LITERAURE
Forest Prod J, v 21 n 9, Sept 1971, p 82-83
A review is presented of information and literature selected as being
pertinent to the measurement and control of noise pollution in the wood-
working industry. 27 refs.
Stewart, J. S.; Hart, F, D,
ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF WOOD PLANER NOISE
SIV, Sound Vibr, v 6 n 3, Mar 1972, p 24-27
The causes of wood planer noise are analyzed and possible means of noise
control are outlined. The sources of noise generation and a discussion of
the factors influencing the radiation of sound are considered. Finally,
Possible solutions including mechanical redesign of new machines and short-
term solutions applicable to existing machines are presented.
305
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Stewart, J, S,} Hart, F, D.
WORKPIECE VIBRATION CONTROL IN WOOD PLANERS
ASME Paper 73-DET~79, for Meet, Sept 9*0.2, 1973
The use of workpiece vibration suppression to help control industrial wood
planer noise is explored. Laboratory experiments which simulate workpiece
excitation and suppression are described. Utilizing the suppression system
on an industrial machine in conjunction with a cutter head equipped with
spiral knives and a compact enclosure provides a reduction in noise level
of about 20 dB.
Thompson, S. E.
CHAIN SAW SAFETY, VIBRATION, AND NOISE
SAE Prepr 730702, for Meet, Aug 20-23, 1973
The chain waw designer tries to protect the logger from three main hazards:
cuts and bruises, vibration injury, and hearing impairment. Each of these
problems is examined in terms of severity and solution. The availability
of field data, as they affect the writing of safety standards and regula-
tions, are also examined. Progress is being made. Chain brakes and special
chains have been introduced in an attempt to solve the kickback problem.
A number of units meet most existing European vibration standards. Noise
levels are still higher than desirable on most models, but muffler develop-
ment is beginning to reduce exhaust noise toward mechanical noise levels.
14 refs.
Wilson, J. L.
CHAINSAW NOISE. A SERIOUS HEALTH HAZARD
N Z Engr, v 26 n 10, Oct 1971, p 298-302
An investigation into the problem of the noise emitted by chain saws used
in the forest industry. An attempt is made to relate sound theory, noise
legislation, available research information and the operational data ob-
tained on chain saw use. Sections on the measurement of chain saw noise
and the methods of protecting chain saw operators from noise are included.
Furniture and Fixtures -
Lyons, D. W.; Hatcher, J. D.
NOISE CONTROL FOR THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES
Instru in the Pulp and Paper ind, v 12, Proc 12th Intl ISA Symp, Lancaster,
Pa, May 3-7. 1971, ISA, p 22-26
A noise hazard is described as a noise level to which employees are ex-
posed which results in a frequency dependent hearing loss. The incentives
for an employer to develop a noise control program are discussed in de-
tail and related to the guidelines and enforcement powers of the Labor
Department as stipulated in the Occupational Safety and Health Act of
306
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1970, A noise control program is presented which contains five procedures,
Each of these procedures is discussed and the overall program is shown
to provide, if effectively managed, protection for both the employee and
the employer. 2 refs.
Reisch, K. E,
CAST-NYLON GEARS CUT NOISE, BOOST SPEED IN PAPER MILL
Power Transm Des, v 13 n 8, Aug 1971, p 41-43
Monomer casting permits nylon gears with diameters far greater than the
12 in. limitation of the older injection-molding process. Applications in
a paper mill and in a power station are described.
Scheer, R. C.; Ostendorf, R, G,; Shuler, B. F,
NOISE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR PAPER CONVERTING MACHINERY
TAPPI, v 56 n 6, June 1973, p 65-68
One-third and one-tenth octave band sound measurements were used to iden-
tify and isolate individual noise sources in several pieces of paper con-
verting machinery. High-speed spur gears contribured noise both from tooth
contact and ringing. Hollow steel rolls and cylinders also were found to
be ringing. Perforator blade vibration (like a tuning fork) was a major
source that is easily controlled. Noise control techniques used included:
dampening of gears, rolls and cylinders; and perforator blades.
Van Derveer, P. D.j Sullivan, M. D.
NOISE CONTROL: A GROWING ENGINEERING CONCERN
Pulp & Paper, San Francisco, v 46 n 1, Jan 1972, p 70
A review of papers presented at the American Pulp and Paper Industry En-
gineering Conference of November 1971, is presented. The medical aspects
of noise including the difficulties of standards setting and techniques
of noise control in pulp and paper related industries were among the top-
ics covered.
Chemical and Allied Products -
Again, T. C.; Morton, W. R.
NOISE CONSIDERATIONS ON LARGE PROCESS UNIT DRIVERS
IEEE Pet and Chem Ind Conf, 20th, Annu, Conf Rec, Houston, Tex, Sept 10-12
1973, Paper 73-8, p 69-80, Available from IEEE (73CH0769-01A), NY, 1973
This paper is directed toward in~plant noise produced by large process
drivers (1000 HP and larger) in refineries and chemical plants. More spe-
cifically, this paper considers the typical noise produced by large elec-
tric motors, gas turbines and steam turbines. Gears are also discussed
since they are frequently used with motors and gas turbines to attain the
proper speed for the large compressors, The discussion considers such
things as: the factors which contribute to noise; typical noise levels;
various methods of reducing noise; & effects of plant and installation
variables.
307
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Allen, L, L.
AERODYNAMIC CONTROL OF VALVE NOISE
Pollut Engr, v 5 n 10, Oct 1973, p 34-36
Two methods reviewed were employed to minimize the operating noise level
of a control valve. One is to reduce noise after it has been generated by
the control valve; the other is to minimize noise generated within the
valve.
Allen, E. E,
CONTROL VALVE AND REGULATION NOISE ABATEMENT
Gas (Philadelphia), v 46 n 10, Oct 1970, p 58-63
This article presents results of a two-year comprehensive study of valve
noise that culminated in development of a simple and accurate technique
for predicting ambient noise levels generated by valves controlling the
flow of compressible fluids. A brief review of basic acoustic terminology
and description of test facilities preface the subject materials.
Allen, L. L.
CONTROLLING ON-STREAM VALVE NOISE - 2
Control Engr, v 20 n 1, Jan 1973, p 44-45
In a sequel to the previous treatment of hydrodynamic noise in control
valves (Sept T72), the author notes that when the fluid that is handled
is compressible, noise generation occurs in the pressure recovery region
immediately downstream from the vena contracta of the valve. Expansion of
the gas or vapor at this point causes abrupt deceleration of the stream,
accompanied by a turbulence whose byproduct is a high sound pressure lev-
el. This article focuses on suppression of aerodynamic valve noise.
Allen, E. E.
HOW TO CONTROL NOISE IN INDUSTRIAL VALVES
Actual Specif Engr, v 30 n 3, Sept 1973, p 107-111
The author gives a detailed description of the mechanisms of noise gener-
ation by fluid flow through control valves and how noise can be control-
led.
Anon
NOISE AND CONTROL VALVES
Compressed Air, v 78 n 4, Apr 1973, p 8-12
Solutions to problems of valve noise reduction obtained in an extensive
test program within its R,S, Engel Technical Center at Marshall town, Iowa.
Solutions offer noise prediction techniques for both aerodynamic and hydro-
dynamic flow, two styles of quiet trim, complementary valve bodies for
noise applications, silencers, and in-line diffusers.
308
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Anon
TAMING NOISY FEEDERS
Autoroa (Cleveland), v 18 n 7, July 1971, p 55-56
Noise levels in vibratory feeding can be reduced by using cast bowls, bowl
liners and coatings, enclosures, and massive base supports.
Arant, J. B.
HOW TO COPE WITH CONTROL VALVE NOISE
Instrum Technol, v 20 n 3, Mar 1973, p 37-43
Noise in and around control valves is examined with regard to sources of
and solutions to the problem. With emphasis on applications, practicality
and economics, the author reviews the value of different diffusers, silen-
cers and special valve designs in the reduction of aerodynamic noise.
12 refs.
Braumann, H. D.
CONTROL VALVE SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL PREDICTION
Instrum Contr Syst, v 44 n 4, Apr 1971, p 93-97
10 refs.
Boger, H, W.
DESIGNING VALVES AND DOWNSTREAM DEVICES AS LOW NOISE PACKAGES
Heat, Piping Air Cond, v 43 n 10, Oct 1971, p 82-86
How valve noise up to 10 d'B above set limits can be cured by increased
pipe wall thickness or acoustic insulation. It is shown that greater noise
requires downstream silencers or expansion plates. The effectiveness of
the expansion plate is shown by test results, and a graphic noise estima-
tion method is featured.
Brennan, J, R,
CAUSES AND CURES - CONTROLLING NOISE IN FLUID PUMPING SYSTEMS
Plant Engr, (Harrington, 111), v 28 n 4, Feb 21, 1974, p 89-93
Primary sources of noise are mechanically generated (driver, pump, vibra-
tion due to loose or worn bearings and couplings, etc.) or hydraulically
generated (cavitation and aeration). Low speeds should be used for pumps
with a high number of closures to reduce noise. Installing a muffler,
accumulator or desurger in the discharge line, will suppress pulsations
from gear pumps.
309
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Briffa, F.E.J.; Clark, C. J.; Williams, G. T.
COMBUSTION NOISE
Combustion, v 45 n 9, Mar 1974, p 27-37
The paper initially considers the generation of noise from free flames.
The mechanism of noise generations, its location, and the characteristics
of the sound pressure field and frequency spectrum are described. The ef-
fect of gas velocity, burner diameter, fuel to air ratio and assisted
stabilization on the sound pressure and radiation efficiency are also ex-
amined. 41 refs.
Briffa, F.E.J.; Clark, C. J,; Williams, G. T.
CUMBUSTION NOISE
J Inst Fuel, v 46 n 386, May 1973, p 207-216
The mechanism of noise generation, its location, and the characteristics
of the sound pressure field and frequency spectrum are discussed. The ef-
fect of gas velocity, burner diameter, fuel to air ratio and assisted
stabilization on the sound pressure level and radiation efficiency are
examined. Where possible, comparisons are made with the corresponding be-
havior of nonburning jets. The paper goes on to consider the effects on
noise generation of interaction between the combustion process and its
surroundings. The paper covers methods for both reducing the broad band
noise from free flames and elminating resonances as they occur in en-
closed flame systems. 41 refs.
Bruggink, R. H.; Shadley, J. R.
A WORKABLE FURNACE NOISE CONTROL PROGRAM
Chem Engr Progress, v 69 n 10, Oct 1973, p 56-59
Significant reduction in process heater noise can be attained by enclosing
the base and installing silencers on the combustion air openings. The
technique was successfully applied'by Clark Oil and Refining Corp. at its
Blue Island, Illinois refinery. The enclosure was neither unsafe nor a
hindrance to normal operaions and maintenance. Approximate cost of the
program was $127,000. The low-to-mid frequency sounds produced by the com-
bustion process of ten violated community noise codes and could be severely
annoying. Good noise reduction was achieved by the base enclosure and
silencer system, resulting in favorable responses from employees and the
community.
Butler, P,
PREDICTION IS THE KEY TO REDUCING NOISE FROM CONTROL VALVES
Process Engr, Feb 1973, p 88-89
A technique is presented for predicting noise generated by globe valves.
It is shown that in light of current legislation, noise reduction could
be achieved by using a modified valve trim, by installing a diffuser down-
stream of the control valve, or by fitting an in-line silencer.
310
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Butterfield, A. W.
COMMENT LUTTER CONTRE LE BRUIT PRODUIT PAR LES VANNES DE REGLAGE (ABATE-
MENT OF NOISE GENERATED BY CONTROL VALVES)
Ingenieursblad, v 41 n 22, Nov 16, 1972, p 661-668
Noise in control valves is shown to be generated by any of the following
causes: mechanical vibration of inside moving components, cavitation of
liquids, or aerodynamic turbulence. Using two parameters defining the con-
trol valves, it is possible to calculate both cavitation noise and aero-
dynamic turbulence. A simple method based on graphs and tables is proposed
which makes it possible to calculate aerodynamic noise with a high pre-
cision. The features of special commercially available anticavitation and
antinoise valves are discussed.
Cahill, L. B.
DEFINING PLANT NOISE PROBLEMS
Chem Engr Progress, v 69 n 10, Oct 1973, p 65-66
A systematic method to define specific plant noise problems is summarized.
Process units are ranked in order of treatment requirements, based on com-
munity and in-plant noise surveys. The method includes measurement of
noise levels, identification of noisy equipment, comparison of measurements
with local criteria using standard acoustical correlation for data reduc-
tion, and process unit ranking .
Casciato, A.
CONTROLLING ON-STREAM VALVE NOISE
Control Engr, v 19 n 9, Sept 1972, p 42-44
Process valves that control the flow of liquids and gases produce noise
which is at times of such magnitude that new control techniques must be
applied to prevent impairment of health and productivity. Since the solu-
tions to liquid and gas flow noise differ so widely, the problems must be
tackled separately. The article deals with hydrodynamic (liquid flow) noise
and shows how to analyze the process configuration so as to predict in dB
the amount of noise reduction that can be attained.
Casciato, A. C.
HYDRODYNAMIC CONTROL OF VALVE NOISE
Pollut Engr, v 5 n 9, Sept 1973, p 41-43
Noise from noncavitating liquid flow, cavitating liquid flow, and flash-
ing liquid flow are dealt with. Laboratory testing and field experience
show that noncavitating and flashing flow noise levels are quite low and
generally not a problem.
311
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Casciato, A. C.
HYDRODYNAMIC CONTROL VALVE NOISE: PREDICTION, TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
Heat, Piping Air Cond, v 45 n 4, Apr 1973, p 76-80
The mechanics of cavitation, the major source of noise created by incom-
pressible fluid flow through a control valve; a method of predicting
valve noise; and relative effectiveness and economy of treatment techniques.
Caserta, L. V.
NOISE ABATEMENT IN AMMONIA PLANTS
Chem Engr Prog, v 68 n 5, May 1972, p 41-42
A case-history description of a noise abatement campaign at the American
Oil Co., refinery at Texas City, Texas. In addition to considerations in-
volving the proper design of equipment, the article describes various pro-
tective devices such as ear muffs and ear plugs.
Cormack, A. D.
NOISE REDUCTION IN STOCK-PREPARATION MACHINERY
TAPPI, v 56 n 6, June 1973, p 60-64
Where possible, noise reduction should be made at the noise source. On a
disk refiner this means a change in the pattern of the refiner disks. This
change affects fiber characteristics and, therefore, may not be permis-
sible. By measuring the sound pressure level in an area where a high noise
level exists, one can determine whether the noise characteristics reveal a
free or a diffused field. In a free field, the noise level is reduced by
6 dB for each doubling of the distance from the noise source. Where the
noise level cannot be reduced at its source, an enclosure can be made for
either the machine or the operator. Various types of enclosures are dis-
cussed.
Cummings, A,
COMBUSTION NOISE
Build Serv Engr, v 41, Sept 1973, p 123-132
The general nature of combustion-generated noise is described. Combustion
noise is categorized into two types. The first of these is turbulent com-
bustion noise, which arises from more or less random turbulent fluctations
in a flame reaction zone. The second is periodic oscillation, which can
stem from inherent system instability, such as occurs in control systems,
or from pulsations in air and fuel supplies. Each of these types is dealt
with in turn, beginning with a description of the noise generating mech-
anism. 21 refs.
312
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Deeprose, W. M.; McNulty, P. J,
CAVITATION NOISE IN PROCESS PUMPS
Chem Process Engr, v 53 n 5, May 1972, p 46-48
By using high-frequency transducers to detect increases in the noise lev-
el of pumps, the occurance of cavitation can be pinpointed precisely.
This technique could provide criteria permitting the design of truly non-
cavitating pumps. 5 refs.
Diehl, G. M.
COMPRESSOR SOUND CONTROL
TAPPI, v 57 n 4, Apr 1974, p 75-77
The best way to reduce centrifugal compressor noise is to do it at the
source. The design engineer can control some of the important noise-
generating factors, such as impeller-diffuser distance, number of stages,
and sometimes speed. He has no control over other parameters, such as
horsepower, molecular weight of gas, and mass flow. If additional noise
reduction is required, he must then include external sound control meth-
ods. By combinations of sound absorption, sound isolation, vibration iso-
lation, and vibration damping, compressor noise can be reduced to accept-
able levels.
Fahy, F. J,; Fisher, M. J.; Lush, P. A.; Briffa, F.E.J.; Cummings, A.;
Hanby, V. I,; Leventhall, H, G.; Roberts, J. P.; Nairne, P. J.; Taylor,
R. L.; Gordon, C. G.; Ratcliffe, K,; Freeman, C. W.; Underwood, P.C.W,;
Sutton, P.
NOISE AND THE INDUSTRIAL USE OF FUEL
Noise and the Ind Use of Fuel, Papers Presented at Symp, Southampton,
England, Jan 7 1972 by Inst of Fuel, South Coast, and Inst of Sound and
Vibr Res Inst of Fuel, London, England, 1972, Various p
Twelve papers were presented at the conference dealing with the subject
of noise due to combustion in machinery or environment, such as furnaces,
gas turbines, petrochemical plants, boilers, and reciprocating engines.
Noise theory, aerodynamic sources of sound and basic techniques of noise
control are also discussed. Following is a list of titles and authors.
Applied Noise Theory by F. J. Fahy; Review of Aerodynamic Sources of
Sound by M. J. Fisher and P, A. Lush; Combustion Noise by F.E.J. Briffa;
Turbulent Combustion Noise by A. Cummings; The Suppression of Combustion-
Driven Organ Pipe Resonance, by V. I. Hanby; Some Applications of Corre-
lation Techniques to Combustion Noise Studies by H. G. Leventhall and
J. P. Roberts; Acoustic Environment of Boilers by P. J. Nairne and R. L.
Taylor; Basic Techniques of Noise Control by C. G. Gordon; Reciprocating
Engine Noise by K. Ratcliffe; Industrial Gas Turbine Noise by C. W.
Freeman; Furnace Noise by P.C.W. Underwood; Noise Control in Petrochemi-
cal^ Plant by P. Button.
313
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Grashof, M.
SICHERHEITSVENTILE IM APPARATEBAU (SAFETY VALVES IN CHEMICAL PLANTS:
TYPES: DESIGN FOR FIRE FIGHTING: PRECALCULATION OF NOISE EMISSION AND
ABATEMENT)
Chem-Ing-Tech, v 45 n 11, June 1973, p 784-789
Two devices are considered in particular: safety relief valves and safety
valves. Spring-loaded safety valves characterized by rapid full opening
are mostly installed in process plants where leakages are to be avoided.
Leakproof and pilot operated devices are advantageous. Relief require-
ments for vessel and piping exposure to naked flames are not always neces-
sary except in special cases for liquified gases and inflammable compress-
ed gases. Supersonic velocities in narrow cross sections cause maximum
noise levels. Noise abatement is usually not required as most safety
valves never blow off. In cases where silencers and manifold pipes are
provided for large safety valves, special care must be taken with regard
to their reliability. 17 refs. In German.
Gupta, A. K,; Syred, N.; Beer, J. M.
DIE VERMIDERUNG DER SCHALLABSTRAHLUNG VON DRALLBRENNKAMMERN DURCH SUFEN-
WEISE VERBRENNUG (REDUCTION OF SOUND EMISSION FROM SWIRL COMBUSTION
CHAMBERS BY PROGRESSIVE COMBUSTION)
Gas Werme Intl, v 23 n 2, Feb 1972, p 39-45
This paper deals with the phenomenon of sound emission from flames occur-
ring in swirl combustion chambers. It is shown that the noise level can
be reduced by arranging for a second flame outside the region of major
pressure fluctuations. The noise emitted by different flames was investi-
gated in a reverberating chamber. It was shown that by progressive com-
bustion the pressure level was reduced by about 4 dB. In the case of
flames with only axial or tangential fuel admission, the maximum of the
pressure fluctuations was distinctly outside the flame boundary. 15 refs.
In German with English abstr.
Gupta, A. K.; Syred, N.; Beer, J. M.
LOW-NOISE BURNER FOR SWIRL-STABILIZED NATURAL GAS FLAMES
J Inst Fuel, v 46 n 384, Mar 1973, p 119-123
The acoustic energy released by swirl stabilized natural gas flames is
studied and the noise characteristics for a given swirl burner geometry,
varying flow rates, mixture ratios, and modes of fuel injection are de-
scribed. Measurements were made of the noise generated by diffusion-type
open turbulent swirling flames. It is shown that by a suitable combina-
tion of axial and radial fuel injection into the swirl combustor, a short
intense flame of good stability with some 4 dB reduced emission of noise
can be obtained. The use of a convergent-divergent exit nozzle leads to
a significant increase in noise level. 10 refs.
314
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Heller, H. H.; Windall, S. E.
ROLE OF FLUCTUATING FORCES IN THE GENERATION OF COMPRESSOR NOISE
NASA Contract Rep CR-2012, May 1972
This report describes the results of a theoretical and expterimental study
on the role of aerodynamically-induced fluctuating forces in the sound gen-
eration by axial-flow compressors. Analytical models for the generation
and radiation of sound by rotor/stator combinations are developed. For the
experimental substantiation of the analytical results, the technology is
developed to measure fluctuating forces directly on rotating airfoils
using miniature differential-pressure sensors and FM telemetry. Under the
assumption of full coherence of the force field on the blade, radiated
sound power was predicted from the force measurements on blades and com-
pared with measured sound power. Both broadband radiation from a single
rotating airfoil and discrete-frequency radiation due to interaction of
multi-bladed stator/rotor configurations were investigated. The results
indicate the necessity to obtain information on the details of the force
field for accurate prediction of the radiated sound spectrum.
Hill, V. H.
NOISE CONTROL OF HIGH VOLUME GAS HANDLING PLANTS
Amer Ind Hygiene Conf, (San Francisco, Calif, May 14-19, 1972)
Case histories of noise problems associated with such plants as are common
in the manufacture .of ethylene and ammonia, are presented. The following
sources are included: centrifugal compressors, piping, turbine, electric
motor, gears, pressure valves, vent mufflers, and oil gas burners.
Hynes, K. M.
DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-NOISE CONSTANT AREA THROTTLING DEVICE
ISA Trans, v 10 n 4, 1971, p 416-421
A comprehensive study to determine an effective and practical approach
to reducing aerodynamic valve noise resulted in the development of a
fixed area, throttling device designed to reduce the production of aero-
dynamic noise at its source. This paper contains an analysis of valve
noise and investigates the parameters affecting noise through a series of
qualitative tests. The influence of effective orifice diameter, system
energy losses, resonant damping, and pressure drop variations are dis-
cussed. These factors, when properly incorporated in the finished product,
result in a substantial and predictable noise reduction. Test results in-
dicate excellent agreement with predicted SPL values. 4 refs.
Kurikawa, H.; Muta, S.; Nakazono, S.
MECHANICAL SEAL AND NOISE OF CIRCULATING PUMP
Natl Tech Rep, v 17 n 2, Apr 1971, p 166-176
The mechanical seals of circulating pumps for central heating systems,
wear, and are noisy. A new seal-ring, made of hard carbon molded with
phenol resin sand has been used with organic acid water treatment
315
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solutions. In this way, lengthening the life of the mechanical seal is
accomplished, and an analysis of pump noise caused by cavitation, electro-
magnetic noise, bearings, draft, etc. has been made and countermeasures
have been taken to solve noise problems. In Japanese with English abstr.
Lenze, B.; Pauls, D.
DIE ENTSTEHUNG UND BEKAEMPFUNG VON BRENNERGERAEUSCHEN (OCCURRENCE AND
ABATEMENT OF NOISE IN GAS BURNERS)
Gas Wasserfach, Gas Erdgas, v 115 n 2, Feb 1974, p 48-54
Paper reviews briefly the properties of noise sources such as mono-, di-,
and quardrupolar. Sources of noise can be: aerodynamic and combustion
noise; as well as vibrations and noise caused by the instability of the
flames that can produce resonance phenomena in fire boxes. Dependance of
sonic pressure of the premixed and diffusion flames on the inlet param-
eters is shown. Occurrence of the instable flames is described and it is
shown on a practical example to what extent it is possible to assess the
resonances from the boiler, and chimney end in order to predetermine the
interaction between burner and firing installation. 16 refs. In German.
Loesch,, W.
PROBLEMS DER SCHALLDAEMPFUNG BEI VERBRENNUNGSPROZESSEN (NOISE ABATEMENT
FROM COMBUSTION PROCESSES)
Gas Waerme Intl, v 23 n 2, Feb 1974, p 45-49
The study of noise generation causes in furnaces and other internal com-
bustion equipment is presented. Compressor noise is dealt separately
from combustion noise during the investigation to find a more efficient
method in minimization of noise. The interrelationship between the out-
put rating and noise generation is investigated and results presented.
In German with English abstr.
Lou, S. C.
NOISE-CONTROL DESIGN FOR PROCESS PLANTS
Chem Engr, v 80 n 27, Nov 26, 1973, p 77-82
Many nations have promulgated laws and regulations in the last decade or
so to comtrol noise. In the United States an important provision of the
Occupational Safety and Health Act is the protection of the hearing of
industrial workers. The Federal Noise Control Act of 1972 extended the
regulation of noise to other areas and new legislation is being written
at all levels of government. Noise design criteria, allowable noise lev-
els, noise specifications, noise surveys, field abatement, and noise
control economics are discussed.
316
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Maroney, G. E.; Elliott, L. R.
HYDRAULIC AND MECHANICAL FACTORS AFFECTING PUMP AIRBORNE NOISE MEASUREMENTS
SAE Prepr 730874, for Meet, Jan 25, 1973
This paper describes the major hydraulic and mechanical factors that af-
fect the measurement of pump airborne noise. Experimental data are pre-
sented to illustrate the variation that can result due to such factors
as the pump mount, fluid lines, and the drive shaft. Techniques for re-
ducing the variation due to these factors are presented for the reader's
consideration.
McCutcheon, E. B.
CAUSES AND CORRECTION OF CONTROL VALVE NOISE
Plant Engr, (Barrington, 111), v 26 n 6, Apr 6, 1972, p 84-86
When predicting noise levels and designing for noise control, system
parameters such as flow rates and pressure drops must be specified. High-
er flow rates and pressure drops than will ever be encountered, or en-
countered merely once or twice a year, may be necessary for sizing con-
trol valves, but such a practice can be extremely uneconomical. Deciding
under what conditions the valve will operate most of the time will involve
some judgment, but concentration on accuracy and realism will avoid over-
engineering the noise control equipment.
McGinnis, W. E.
CONTROL VALVE NOISE - TREAT THE SOURCE OR THE PATH
Oil Gas J, v 71 n 16, Apr 16, 1973, p 126-132
The very function of valves in controlling fluids can create noise. Basic
approaches to control noise are source and path treatment.
Messina, J. P.
PERIODIC NOISE IN CIRCULATING WATER PUMPS TRACED TO UNDERWATER VORTICES
AT INLET
Power, v 115 n 9, Sept 1971, p 70-71
It is shown how the noise problem of two 60 in. pumps circulating conden-
ser water in a nuclear generating station was solved by studying an intake
model.
Middleton, A. H.; Seebold, J. G.
PROPAGATION OF MACHINE GENERATED SOUND WITHIN AND AROUND A PROCESS PLANT
INter-Noise 72. Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc (Wash DC, Oct 4-6,
1972)
The way in which sound traveled through a refinery in Feluy, Belgium, was
determined, along with the amount of attenuation the sound suffered dur-
ing traveling. Measurements were made in conditions of little wind, before
Plant start-up, and at a time when the plant was substantially complete.
317
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A broadband continuous noise source and an impulsive noise source were
used. Total amount of attenuation suffered was that due to presence of
the plant and that due to hemispherical propagation and atmospheric ab-
sorption. Excess attenuation is considered.
Middleton, A. H.
UNDERSTANDING PROCESS PLANT NOISE
Meas Control, v 6 n 2, Feb 1973, p 53-55
The noise from process plants is inevitably complex as a result of the
-wide variety of machines and operations taking place, each of which pro-
duces noise with its own characteristic frequency spectrum. The problems
resulting from the noise can be grouped into two categories, community
noise and in-plant noise. Community noise is a problem of nuisance,
whereas in-plant noise is a problem of permanent hearing damage. The
noise control measures required for the two types of noise can be quite
different and the information required to assess the problems can also
be different. After explaining the concept of sound power lev.el, the
author discusses how the sound reaches the community. What makes a sound
annoying is also explained. The problem of in-plant noise is considered.
Sources of plant noise and their control are then discussed. 8 refs.
Muir, A. J.
SONIC GAS COOLING CUTS POLLUTION CONTROL COSTS
Engr Mining J, v 174 n 8, Aug 1973, p 71-73
Evaporative cooling of hot gases using fine water sprays is discussed and
related to the gas conditioning requirements of electrostatic precipita-
tors and bag collectors. A computer study analyses the effect of water
atomization on cooling efficiency and provides graphs for use in design-
ing gas cooling systems. Compressed air-driven sonic atomizing nozzles
are described and a case history on their use to cool gases from a flu-
idized bed ore roaster is presented.
Nugent, R.
CONTROL-VALVE NOISE YIELDS TO RESEARCH
Power, v 117 n 7, Jul 1973, p 69-71
The demands for higher pressure drops along the quieter valves in liquid
and gas flow are met by analysis and large-scale tests.
Nugent, R. E.
QUIETING NOISY VALVES
Automation (Cleveland), v 20 n 8, Aug 1973, p 40-43
A major source of noise pollution in chemical plants is the noise gener-
ated by valves which control the flow of fluids. Techniques for estimat-
ing noise levels are presented, and various methods for reducing or
eliminating the noise are discussed.
318
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Putnam, A, A,
COMBUSTION NOISE IN INDUSTRY AND ITS CONTROL
Fuels Util Conf, Proc, Cleveland State Univ, Ohio, Oct 26, 1972, p 137-
158, Available from Cleveland State Univ, Div of Contin Educ, Ohio, 1972
Types of combustion noise are combustion-driven oscillations, combustion
roar, and unstable combustion. After eliminating the occasional combustion-
driven oscillations, the unstable flames, and the oft-confused jet noise
and flow noise, there remains a basic combustion roar associated with a
given intensity of combustion and thermal output. Aside from configuration
modifications and decreasing combustion intensity, muffling systems are
the only practical method for attenuating combustion roar. 18 refs.
Quinn, T, J.
CONTROLLING CENTRIGUGAL COMPRESSOR NOISE
Plant Engr, (Harrington, 111), v 28 n 7, Apr 4, 1974, p 111-113
Initially, the sound pressure levels at various positions around the com-
pressor and at various load operating conditions, should be measured with
a microphone and sound meter. To reduce compressor air-end noise compres-
sed air piping and, sometimes, intercoolers, aftercoolers, separators and
similar piping components, should be insulated. Compressors with by-pass
air discharge lines should be equipped with mufflers. Guidelines are al-
so included for noise suppression of mechanical drives, pumps, etc.
Reethof, G.; Karvelis, A. V.
CONTROL VALVE NOISE AND ITS REDUCTION. STATE OF THE ART
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash DC, Oct 4-6,
1972)
Monopole, dipole and quadrupole sources of noise in valves with compres-
sible fluid flow are described, and the theory of aerodynamic sound is
reviewed. The effects of sound generated within a pipe by orifice type
jets, separated regions of flow and pseudosound at the walls are also
considered. Valve noise prediction methods such as the Fisher and Mason-
eilan methods are analyzed. Source treatment procedures for noise reduc-
tion are also examined, including multiple series expansion, multiple
parallel expansion and torturous path disc stack. Two basic approaches
to noise reduction can be used: noise can be reduced at the valve or
noise produced by the valve can be absorbed in its path away from the valve.
Rice, G. E.
CONTROL VALVE NOISE PREDICTION AND ATTENUATION
Instru Maintenance Mgt, v 6, Proc, 6th Intl ISA Symp, Apr 26-28, 1971,
ISA, 1971, p 56-62
New techniques for accurate noise prediction and methods for attenuating
this noise, generated by control valves handling compressibe fluids.
319
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Roberts, J, P,; Leventhall, H, G,
NOISE SOURCES IN TURBULENT GASEOUS PREMIXED FLAMES
Appl Acoust, v 6 n 4, Oct 1973, p 301r<308
The relationship between mixture flow paramters and the combustion noise
from open turbulent premixed gaseous flames is investigated experimental-
ly, and it is shown how the overall noise levels and frequency spectra
are related to certain flow and geometric parameters and to the turbu-
lence structure of the combustible mixture. 13 refs.
Schibbery, H.
DER STAND DER TECHNISCHEN ENTWICKLUNG DBS SCHRAUBENVERDICHTERS UND SEINE
GERAEUSCHPROBLEME (PRESENT STATUS OF THE SCREW COMPRESSOR AND ITS NOISE
PROBLEMS)
Gas Waerme Intl, v 22 n 11, Nov 1973, p 431-434
The latest development in design of screw compressors are reported. They
combine the principles of piston compressors with high speed and space
economy of rotary compressors. The major application of these compressors
is in the gas supply network stations because of their low costs for main-
tenance and operation. In German with English abstr.
Schuder, C. B.
CONTROL VALVE NOISE — PREDICTION AND ABATEMENT
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, (Lafayette Ind, July 14-16, 1971)
Control valves, which modulate fluid flow for the purpose of controlling
flow, pressure, level, temperature, or other process variables, are major
contributors to industrial noise, and some installations in residential
areas are also a common source of complaints. Over the past two years,
major research efforts have been directed toward the prediction and abate-
ment of the noise produced by the flow of compressible fluids through
valves. A fast, accurate noise prediction technique has been developed.
Noise abatement technology in the area of "path" treatment has not im-
proved materially although absorption type silencers continue to provide
solutions for many valve noise problems. Research in the area of "source"
treatment has been quite productive and a number of "quiet" control
valves are currently available.
Seebold, J. G.
COMBUSTION NOISE AND ITS CONTROL IN PROCESS PLANT FURNACES
ASME Paper 71-PET-6,.for Meet, Sept 19-23, 1971
Intense noise accompaines the high rates of heat release inside process
plant furnaces. Combustion noise escapes from the firebox mainly through
air registers. To reduce furnace noise effectively, escape of combustion
noise from the firebox is prevented. Other design alternatives lack prac-
ticality, effectiveness, or both. In natural draft furnaces, escape of
combustion noise is prevented by enclosing the burners in acoustically
treated air-intake plenums. 20 refs.
320
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Seebold, J. G.
HOW TO REDUCE CONTROL VALVE AND FURNACE COMBUSTION NOISE
Hydrocarbon Process, v 51 n 3, Mar 1972, p 97-100
Piping system noise comes mostly from control valves and high-speed ma-
cines. A solution is the selection of special, quiet, valve designs that
change the internal physics of pressure reduction, or piping system treat-
ment to prevent noise propagation. The following topics are detailed —
piping flow noise; valve noise propagation; furnace combustion noise;
fuel pressure at burners; number of burners; firebox size; external treat-
ment; and plenum design. It is shown that quiet control valve designs, in-
line silencers, or vibration isolation will reduce piping noise. Furnace
combustion roar can be reduced with plenums. 11 refs.
Seebold, J. 6.
NOISE CONTROL IN OUTDOOR PROCESS PLANTS. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
AND SPECIAL PROBLEMS
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, (Lafayette Ind, July 14-16, 1971)
Wider understanding, acceptance and application of available technology,
and further technological development are needed to assure the design of
industrial plants that are adequately quiet from the start. Sources con-
tributing to the composite noise levels are discussed including furnaces,
air-cooled heat exchangers, motors, valves, turbomachinery, piping sys-
tems, and flares. To satisfy a given composite noise level criteria,
usually a variety of combinations of source noise reduction can be con-
sidered. For each source, some noise reduction can usually be achieved by
several different means, each having its own effectiveness and cost. The
need for a systems approach is emphasized and areas of further develop-
ment are identified.
Seebold, J. G.
RESONANCE IN CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR PIPING
Oil Gas J, v 70 n 49, Dec 4, 1972, p 73-74
Noise can be aggravated by resonance of blade-passing frequencies and
natural-response frequencies of the gas inside the connected piping.
Seebold, J. G.
SMOOTH PIPING REDUCES NOISE - FACT OR FICTION?
Hydrocarbon Process, v 52 n 9, Sept 1973, p 189-191
Control valves and high-speed machines in chemical plants produce far more
noise than piping system components. Here is a method for estimating fluid
flow noise in piping. It is concluded that there is no need for process en-
gineers to concern themselves too much with flow noise in most piping sys-
tems of practical engineering interest in process plants, and that special
designs for increased smoothness are rarely warranted. Possible exceptions
are extremely high mass flow systems such as emergency vents and anti-
surge bypasses, where significant flow noise may remain after the control
valve (the real culprit) has been handled. 6 refs.
321
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Skiedrzynski, M.
HALLAS LOZYSK TOCZNYCH W POMPACH ZEBATYCH (NOISE OF ROLLING-CONTACT
BEARINGS IN GEAR PUMPS)
Przwgl Mech, v 31 n 10, May 25, 1972, p 304-308
A method is proposed for reducing forces acting on the bearings in oil
pumps having spur gears and the tooth contact ratio exceeding unity. The
method consists in providing ducts in spacer plates and cutting tooth
point on the teeth's surfaces of both the working gears. Diagrams show
the reduction in the level of noise produced by the bearings and the whole
pump following the application of the method described. In Polish.
Stryczek, S; Kollek, W.
WPLYW OBJECTOSCI MARTWEJ NA HALASLIWOSC PRACY OSIOWYCH POMP WIELOTLOCZKO-
WYCH (INFLUENCE OF DEAD VOLUME UPON THE NOISINESS OF AXIAL-FLOW MULTI-
PLUNGER SWASH-PLATE PUMPS)
Przegl Mech, v 31 n 12, June 25, 1972, p 368-372
Relations are derived between the sound pressure of noise produced by an
axial-flow multi-plunger pump and the magnitude of a dead volume of dis-
placement space. Influence of the rotation angle of rotor upon the pres-
sure in the pump displacement space is discussed. The dependence is deter-
mined of pressures of compression and pre-expansion upon timing gear angles
and upon the ratio of the dead volume to the theoretical volume displaced
from the displacement space. 4 refs. In Polish.
Sullivan, J. W.
ENGINEERING CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL NOISE
Soc of Mfg Engr, Mfg Mgt, Tech Paper MM 70-613
Control of noise in the industrial environment by engineering methods is
preferred over other means for the conservation of hearing. Implementation
of noise control begins with noise measurement and analysis to define the
problem and to identify and quantify sources of noise and transmission
paths. Superb opportunities are available for built-in noise control at
conceptual or early design stages of both equipment and buildings; but
more pressing are the problems related to noise after the fact. Guidelines
are given for controlling noise with add-on techniques and devices, and
case histories are presented.
Thomas, D, E. Jr.; James, R. Jr.; Sparks, C. R.
SOME PLANT NOISE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
Hydrocarbon Process, v 51 n 10, Oct 1972, p 149-152
Several case histories, applicable to chemical plant noise problems, are
presented. The format is purposely very straightforward and is intended
to demonstrate effectiveness rather than to detail the treatment design
procedures used. The examples provide insight into the applicability of
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selected treatment approaches and provide quantitative data on reductions
which might be expected. The case histories considered include - vacuum
blower; pressure blowers; two-stage rotary screw compressor; hydrocarbon
vapor pressure reducing valve; reciprocating compressors; and reciprocat-
ing compressor building.
Winnerling, H. A.
QUIETING OF PROCESS MACHINERY
Chem Engr Progress, v 69 n 6, June 1973, p 96-99
A machinery silencing system that treats only the noisy areas or parts of
the machine is described for a plastics pelletizer. This machine was ef-
fectively quieted by absorptive panels and silencers installed directly
on it. This type of silencing arrangement provides reasonable noise con-
trol for equipment having complex and multisource radiating patterns. The
arrangement allows for direct product feed and removal as well as easy
access and maintenance. Once a particular design is made, the system can
be replicated at relatively low cost. With modification, this technique
could be applied to other noisy machines.
Petroleum and Coal Products -
Adamson, M. 6.
NOISE ONE OF MINING'S MOST INTRACTABLE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Mining Mag, v 127 n 2, Aug 1972, p 94-96
Paper discusses: recent developments in suppressing the noise in compress-
ed-air, percussive rock drilling and air compressing; noise reduction to
90 dB or less by use of ear plugs and ear muffs, as well as the sound :
levels in general. Decibel rating and equivalent energy of common sounds
are presented in tabulated form.
Arcuri, K.
CAUSES AND CURES OF STEAM PIPELINE NOISE
Oil and Gas J, Tulsa, Okla, v 70 n 48, Nov 27, 1972, p 66-68
w
A pipe transmits and directs any small disturbance within it, and it also
picks up and carries noise emanating from surrounding equipment. Within
the fluid, noise originates from pulsating flow, fluid-wall interactions,
fluid mixing, and shock waves. Once sound is generated, the way it is
transmitted through space affects actual sound pressure. In terms of im-
pact on personnel, transmission of sound is often more significant than
its generation. Methods of quieting steam pipeline noise include minor
modification, retrofitting, sizing and designing pipe so that the velo-
city is low, using quiet valves and regulators, employing silencers and
insulation, and avoiding internal projections.
323
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Arcuri, K,
QUIET-STREAMLINE DESIGN TO COMPLY WITH OSHA RULES
Chem Engr, v 80 n 1, Jan 8, 1973, p 134, 136, 138
Walsh-Healy noise regulations can be met for steam pipelines through the
application of noise-oriented design techniques and new pipeline compo-
nents, such as quieter regulators and more gradual expanders. Causes of
pipeline noise, the ways sound is measured, and the Walsh-Healy Act are
discussed.
Beaumont, E, L,
REDUCTION OF COAL CAR UNLOADING NOISE
ASME Paper 72-PEM-18, for Meet, Oct 15-18, 1972
Describes the cause of and a unique approach toward the solution of a
noise problem involving the unloading of coal at a fossil fuel electric
generating station. The noise source is a coal car shaker, consisting of
eccentric weights mounted on a shaft belted to an electric motor which
impact the side rails of the coal car and induce vibration, causing coal
to flow through the bottom hopper of the car. This repetitive impacting
causes noise which is deafening at the site of unloading and which is
intolerable to a residential area near the power plant, A geographical
description of the relative locations of the shaker, power plant, resi-
dential area and other neighboring structures is presented, along with
a brief history of early attempts to solve the problem and the subsequent
conclusion of sufficient preparatory redesign of the shaker. 5 refs.
Cannon, R, M.
NOISE REDUCTION FOR EQUIPMENT OPERATIONS UNDERGROUND
Mining Congr, J, v 58 n 3, Mar 1972, p 36-41
Paper describes the steps undertaken since 1965 by the Columbia Cement Co.
in its limestone mining and processing operations toward achievement of
title goal. It began with testing of new employees1 hearing and location
of high noise areas. By the time the noise standards made law in 1969,
Columbia had analyzed its noise problems and started implementing noise
controls by: protective measures, wherever needed; and specifying to the
manufacturers the supply of jumbo drills, loaders, trucks, etc. equipped
with enclosed cabs, sound-insulated with foam-lead multiple layer material.
Dryden, S. L.; Judd, S. H.
THICK "QUIET" FROM INITIAL DESIGN TO PLANT OPERATION
Oil Gas J, v 71 n 8, Feb 19, 1973, p 102-104, 106-107
Building quiet into a refinery begins with early design. Providing ati ex-
ample is a crude unit which met its goals in plant, off plot, and in the
nearby community without undue "Overkill"
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Duck, B. W.
NOISE NUISANCE CONTROL BY OIL REFINERIES
Noise 2000, Assoc Intl Centre le Bruit, Intl Congresses, 5th & 6th (London,
Hay 1968 and Groningen, Netherlands, May 1970)
In 1963 oil companies operating in Western Europe established an inter-
national study group at the Hague to investigate the oil industry's en-
vironmental pollution problems. The progress of a section on noise con-
trol toward stated objects is briefly reviewed. These objectives include
collation of experience on neighborhood noise problems; information on
legislation, standards, and codes; noise levels of particular types of
equipment information on noise suppression measures; agreement on a stan-
dard method of assessing refinery noise levels; and development of a
standard method of specifying noise levels for new equipment.
Hersh, A, S.: Kessler, R. A.; Seebold, J. G.
LOUD, FLOW-INDUCED HOWL ELIMINATED
Oil Gas J, v 71 n 44, Oct 29, 1973, p 107
Source of stack noise at the El Segundo refinery of the Standard Oil Co.
of California was not known but revanping of internal geometry of system
eliminated the howl.
Holvenstot, C. E.
DESIGNING SAFETY INTO UNDERGROUND MINING EQUIPMENT - NOISE ABATEMENT
Mining Congr, J, v 59 n 9, Sept 1973, p 39-43
Paper reviews the relationship between decibel levels and various common
sounds and considers the extreme range in sound power level that the ear
is capable of discerning. Experience in quieting machine machinery of the
Ingersoll-Rand Co, dating to World War II is related and guidelines for
reduction of the mining machinery noise are presented.
Hopper, B. L.; Seebold, J. G.
SOUND GENERATION IN FANS FOR REFINERY AIR COOLERS
ASME Paper 72-WA/FE-42, for Meet, Nov 26-30, 1972
Mechanisms which cause broadband noise generation in low-speed axial flow
fans are discussed. The predominant source of noise is dipole, arising
from fluctuating blade forces. Vortex shedding at the trailing edge of fan
blades appears to be the primary source of this boradband noise. In addi-
tion, the static pressure rise across the blade, along with airfoil design
influence the overall sound power level. Noise data measured from actual
refinery air cooler fan installations is presented. Sharland's analysis is
used as a basis of estimating overall broadband sound generation. Equa-
tions for predicting broadband noise levels are compared with numerous
field measurements. 7 refs.
325
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Kemp, D, A,; Meyer, J, J,
NOISE ABATEMENT TECHNIQUES FOR GAS TRANSMISSION FACILITIES
Soc of Petro Engr of ADffi, SPE4009, 1972
Successful techniques developed by the Humble Industrial Gas System for
combating extreme noise are discussed, One particular noise source is
high pressure gas regulators where extreme turbulence is created in the
regulator body and exit piping. To cope with this particular problem,
acoustical lagging is the method most commonly used for remedial work.
Cellulose fiber, the most promising insulation material, was sprayed di-
rectly onto noisy piping sections. A 1,5 in. thick application reduced
noise levels by 20 dBA. The basic concept was improved by developing a
technique by which the cellulose could be sprayed to polyethylene to form
sheets of insulation which could be field-installed. These sheets reduced
noise levels and lowered total installation costs by 50 percent. For more
acute noise levels, a layered combination of cellulose and high density
septum (1.5 lb/ft2 Pb) reduced noise levels by 30 dBA.
Lamonica, J, A,; Mundell, R. L,; Muldoon, T. L.
NOISE IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINES
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Rep Invest 7550, Aug 1971
The Bureau of Mines conducted an environmental noise survey to determine
the noise levels to which underground coal mine employees are exposed, to
evaluate noise survey techniques and equipment, and to compare noise expo-
sures using two criteria, Walsh-Healy and Chaba. For determining allowable
exposure that were under consideration for the Federal Coal Mine Health
and Safety Act of 1969. The shift exposures of 20 percent of the miners
studied were in excess of the safe standards established by both criteria.
Ultimately the Chaba criteria were rejected, and the Walsh-Healy criteria
were adopted.
Lamonica, J. A.
NOISE LEVELS IN CLEANING PLANTS
Amer Mining Congr, 1972 Coal Show, Papers, (held in Cleveland, Ohio,
May 8-11, 1972)
In anticipation of noise regulations for coal mine surface facilities, the
U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted a noise survey at three cleaning plants in
an attempt to identify possible problem areas. Those occupations where the
individual's exposure exceeded the limits of the proposed noise sources
were identified. The manner in which sound energy is distributed over the
audible range of frequencies was described.
326
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Marchant, W, H,
HEATER AIR, AND NOISE POLLUTION CONTROLLED IN REFINERIES
Oil Gas J, v 71 n 1, Jan 1, 1973, p 32^36
Stringent aiiypollution regulations as well as fuel saving considerations
compel refiners to take a hard look at the efficiency of fuel oil or gas
fired heaters, which hitherto were operating at high excess of air. It is
claimed by the manufacturers of heaters that an increas of thermal effi-
ciency from 80 to 89 percent reduces the volume of total stack emissions
by 10 percent. Other problems are caused by the operating noise of the
heaters. Paper offers tips on solving combustion problems and how to
quiet noise refinery components.
Mayer, W. H.
DETAIL STUDY OF REFINERY NOISE PROBLEMS
A hearing conservation program at a large petroleum and petrochemical
plant that is based on past experience and the Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970, is reviewed. Plant surveys, problem area definition,
and medical and engineering control are discussed. A multidisciplinary
approach is used in which medical, engineering, and operations depart-
ments share in the responsibilities for providing a suitable noise en-
vironment. The control of furnace and pipeline noise is examined in some
detail.
Murphy, J, N.; Sacks, H. K.; Durkin, J.; Summers, C. R,
PROGRESS IN NOISE ABATEMENT
Mining Congr, J, v 58 n 9, Sept 1972, p 59-63
Roto type equipment to measure exposure in underground coal mines in com-
pliance with PL 91-173 of the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969
has been developed. A possible approach to providing ear protection and
still permitting the wearer to hear warning signals in the absence of
noise is under evaluation with a discriminating ear muff, and progress has
been made to reduce noise levels from a pneumatic drill. 8 refs.
O'Donnell, J. P.
TRUNKLINE EMPHASIZES ECOLOGY
Oil Gas J, v 69 n 22, May 31, 1971, p 74-77
Trunkline Gas Co. added almost 80,000 HP to its transmission system in
1970, divided approximately equally between reciprocating and turbine-
compressor units. Use of new buildings to house eight of nine new com-
pressor units relieved Trunkline Gas from having to conform to past prac-
tice and made some distinct departures possible. Noise attenuation was
first of a number of measures taken to preserve environment.
327
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Petersen, G. T.
NOISE CONTROL IN COAL PREPARATION PLANTS
Mining Congr, J. v 60 n 1, Jan 1974, p 30-36
Noise legislation is being introduced at all levels of government both in
the United States and worldwide. Its purpose is to set safety standards
and assure compliance for the protection of human health. This discussion,
which deals with noise in coal preparation plants, recommends a systematic
approach that management might use to control unwanted noise both in exist-
ing facilities and new installations. 3 refs.
Ray, S. K.
GULF CANADA SOLVES CRITICAL COMMUNITY NOISE PROBLEM
Oil Gas J, Tulsa, Oka, v 70 n 46, Nov 13, 1972, p 149-152, 157
A noise abatement program undertaken at a refinery in Port Moody, Canada,
is described. A silencer was installed on a 50 Ib steam vent, and cooling
air ducts for an electric motor driving a recycle compressor were acous-
tically lined. A sound baffling wall covering the eastern end of the com-
pressor was erected, and acoustically treated enclosures were built' for
charge pump and boiler forced-draft fans. A sound barrier was erected in
the cooling tower inlet louvers and pump house, and a new flare tip was
installed. Maximum noise level at the east boundary line decreased from
66 dBA to 55 dBA, and community noise level in the college park area was
reduced from 61-63 dBA to 45-51 dBA.
Roberts, J. P.; Leventhall, H. G.
NOISE OF NATURAL GAS BURNERS
Appl Acoust, v 4 n 2, Apr 1971, p 103-113
The sources of noise in domestic, aerated, natural gas burners are located
and discussed. Injector noise, resonance within the body of the burner,
and flame roar are the components of the overall noise, each playing a
dominant role in a given frequency range. Techniques for reducing the
noise level are developed and their practical application described. 13
refs.
Seebold, J. G,
FLARE NOISE: CAUSES AND CURES
Hydrocarbon Process, v 51 n 10, Oct 1972, p 143-147
The author is concerned with noise caused by combustion and discusses the
methods how to diminish it. Most flare noise problems can be cured today
except intense combustion noise. Grade-level flares are 10 decibels quiet-
er than elevated flares. Grade-level flares currently are in wider use in
Europe than in the United States. The modern grade-level flare is refrac-
tory lined and equipped with many burners at the base. In some configura-
tions, the stacks reach heights of 100 ft. Its capacity is limited, but
the grade-level flare can be integrated. 17 refs.
328
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Seebold, J, 6,
NOISE TROUBLEMAKERS ARE IDENTIFIED IN REFINERY MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT
Oil Gas J, v 71 n 3, Jan 15, 1973, p 57^59
In controlling noise from mechanical equipment, centrifugal compressors
offer the greatest problem. Broadband noise generated inside the machine
currently must be treated externally.
Shore, D.
TOWARD QUIETER FLARING
Chem Engr Progress, v 69 n 10, Oct 1973, p 60-64
Noise from flares in petrochemical plants is discussed and an approach to
assist noise and light reduction in flaring operations is described. In-
formation is provided on factors in noise generation, the mechanism of
the hydrocarbon flare flame, methods of steam injection, the Coanda ef<-
fect, air entrainment, combustion frequencies, and community noise prob-
lems. Ground flare units are recommended to reduce light annoyance and
community and in-plant noise problems.
Smith, D. B.
PREDICTING AND ABATING POTENTIAL NOISE PROBLEMS IN REFINERIES
Oil Gas J, v 70 n 8, Feb 21, 1972, p 58-61
Uncontrolled noise, considered a pollutant, can psychologically and phys*
ically damage personnel. It can provoke annoyance in nearby communities.
A method is offered on how to predict and abate potential noise problems.
Spanaus, D. D.; Allan, K. N.
CONTROLLING NOISE IN COAL PREPARATION PLANTS
Allis-Chlmers Engr Rev, v 38 n 2, 1973, p 23-27
Methods of noise reduction to meet OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health
Act) standards are described. Two basic methods for long term protection
are recommended by OSHA, administrative and engineering. Personal protec-
tion is allowed as an intermediate step. Administrative solutions deal
with management of a person's work schedule so that his cumulative noise
exposure does not exceed allowable limits. Engineering solutions, on the
other hand, deal with physical changes to the equipment or building en-
vironment. How noise reductions may be handled at these two levels is
demonstrated, considering problem definition, alternate solutions, and
implementation. Cost estimates are presented for noise control of a hypo-
thetical plant. 3 refs.
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Tree, D, R, (Ed)
Hydrocarbon Processing, v 52 n 10, Oct 1973, p 89^91
Plant noise can be estimated during the design stages and compared to ap-
propriate noise legislation for the new plant site. Most noise ordnances
differentiate between zoning categories ~ the allowable noise decreases
as the category changes toward residential. Some sources of noise can be
identified by reviewing performance data provided by some manufacturers
along with other performance information. Care must be used in assessing
such information since it may be given either as sound power level or SPL.
Environmental noise analyses must consider any outdoor attenuation, as
well as decay with distance away from a sound source. The best method of
noise control is thorugh process or product redesign.
Tyler, D, A,
NOISE CONTROL PROCESS EQUIPMENT
Amer Ind Hygience Conf, (San Francisco, Calif, May 14-19, 1972)
A variety of noise control techniques for common noises encountered in
existing refineries and petrochemical plants is examined. The engineering
concepts and designs, the materials used, the amount of noise reduction
anticipated and/or achieved, and the approximate costs are discussed. A
check list, used by one group for actions required by the Occupational
Safety and Health Act of 1970 standard on occupational noise exposure, is
demonstrated as an example. Also a method for the choice and priority of
controlling noise sources is reviewed. Examples of "noise control data
sheets" formulated for engineering departmental use are presented.
Werchan, R. E.; Bruce, R. D.
PROCESS PLANT NOISE CAN BE CONTROLLED
Chem Engr Progress, v 69 n 10, Oct 1973, p 51-55
Measurements of in-plant and community noise and identification of major
noise sources are discussed. Information is provided on process equipment,
noise levels, and noise sources in and near petrochemical plants, refin-
eries, and ammonia plants. Process plant noise problems in the form of
hearing damage risk, Occupational Safety and Health Act compliance, com-
munity annoyance, and local regulations are causing companies to consider
engineering and administrative controls for in-plant problems. Engineer-
ing controls are necessary for community noise problems and should be
considered in the design stage of new plants.
Wood, C. H.
INDUSTRIAL NOISE CONTROL
Can Mining J, v 91 n 10, Oct 1970, p 67-69
Noise, for the purpose of this discussion, consists of minute flucutations
in the ambient air pressure. These pressure pulses travel through the air
and register on our ear drums. This sensation is heard as noise. Various
techniques and apparatuses used for reduction of industrial noise are brief-
ly described. Presented at annual meeting of Mines Accident Prevention Assoc
of Ontario, Toronto, May 20, 1970.
330
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Working Group "Noise Control"
COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO REFINERY NOISE
Stitching Concawe, The Hague, Rep 5/72, June 1972
Questionaires were sent to European refineries requesting information on
the number and types of noise complaints they received from the communi-
ties surrounding their plants. Data from these questionaires are present-
ed with the object of using such data to achieve noise reduction. Because
of the large number and wide range of variables, criteria for predicting
community response specifically to refinery noise could not be derived.
The lower of the International Standards Organization (ISO) basic criteria
results in gross overestimation of the community response to noise in all
circumstances and locations. Because of variations in response, the de-
tailed breakdown of response grades in the ISO method is unrealistic and
misleading. Both the higher of the ISO criteria and British Standards
Institution criteria provide a useful means of assessing the potential in-
cidence of complaint.
Yerges, L. F.
NOISE — A COSTLY AND UNNECESSARY POLLUTANT
Amer Soc of Mech Engr, ASME Publ, 72-PRT-7, 1972
Noise sources in the petroleum industry are delineated; and force, energy
and power concepts involved in the control of noise are considered. Avail-
able noise control procedures include noise reduction at the source, mod-
ification of noise transmission paths, and protection of exposed workers.
Reductions of <20 dB are required in almost 90 percent of the cases studied;
these reductions can be achieved quickly and economically.
Rubber and Plastic Products .-
Anon
TODAY'S MATERIALS-HANDLING SYSTEMS: MORE AUTOMATION, LESS NOISE
Plast Technol, v 19 n 11, Oct 1973, p 60-61
In this survey of materials handling equipment that has been shown at the
plastics exhibition '73, Chicago, emphasis is on automation for economic
reasons and on noise control and other safety-related aspects by reason
of the OSHA requirements.
Bell, L, H.; Raymond, A, J.
NOISE CONTROL ENGINEERING IN THE PLASTICS INDUSTRY
SPE, 29th Annu Tech Conf, Wash DC, Tech Paper v 17, May 10-13, 1971,
p 403-406
Fundamentals of the physics of sound are discussed including instrumenta-
tion and measurement methods; part two deals with the identification and
character of the major sources of molding room noise: fundamental methods
of noise reduction are presented for each major source; finally, attention
331
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is focused on the equipment manufacturer and user. Here recommendations
are presented for the organization and implementation of a system type
engineering program for noise reduction in the plastics industry.
Murtland, W.
CONTROLLING EQUIPMENT NOISE
Rubber World, v 168 n 4, July 1973, p 65^66
The author reviews various sources of noise in industrial plants with par-
ticular attention to noise sources in rubber processing plants. Making a
reference to the Occupational Safety and Health Act requirement, the ar-
ticle deals with methods of the noise abatement and indicates the
necessity for standardization of silencing devices. 5 refs.
Peterson, R. I. Jr.
RESOLVING NOISE LEVELS IN PLASTIC PROCESSING PLANTS
SPT Natl Plast Expo Conf, Annu, Prepr Paper, Chicago, 111, Nov 6-9, 1973,
Pub by SPA, NY, 1973
This paper sets the stage and duscusses the sifting out of options in
order to overcome a serious noise problem without changing design features
that were contributing to the problem. The author reviews step-by-step
these points in a plastic plant which may constitute the source of noise.
Particular attention is given to the sound insulation of granulators,
grinders, cutters, mixers, pelletizers, dicers, etc.
Shadley, J. R.; Bruce, R. D.
NOISE CONTROL IN THE RUBBER AND PLASTIC INDUSTRIES
IEEE Conf Rec, 23rd Annu Conf Elec Engr Probl in Rubber and Plast Int,
Akron, Ohio, Apr 5-6, 1971, p 14-20
Stone, Clay and Glass Products -
Funke, G.
MINDERUNG VON ARBEITSLAERM IN ZEMENTWERKEN (NOISE ABATEMENT IN CEMENT
PLANTS)
Zem-Kalk-Gips, v 26 n 9, Sept, 1973, p 441-447
The author describes the manner in which sound is generated at the main
sources of noise such as crushers, mills, fans, compressors, chimneys and
planetary coolers, Noise abatement measures applied are indicated. 7 refs.
In German.
332
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Funke, G.
SOUND PROPAGATION IN CEMENT PLANTS (SHALLAUSBREITUNG IN DER UMGEBUNG VON
ZEMENTWERKEN)
Zem-Kalk-Gips, v 24 n 9, Sept 1971, p 425-430
Show in accordance with VDI 2571, the expected sound level at a given point
in the vicinity of a cement plant to be set up can be estimated by the
sound generated by the machines, the acoustic properties of the rooms
where the equipment is to be installed, the sound insulation of the compo-
nents, and the laws of sound propagation. This figure is determined for a
cement grinding plant and the results compared with values measured near
cement plants and with data listed in a diagram. In German.
Hosking, P. C.
IN-PIANT NOISE. UNWANTED BYPRODUCT OF CEMENT MANUFACTURER
Rock Prod, v 74 n 8, Aug 1971, p 55, 84-85
Each of the manufacturing steps in a cement plant creates noise. For years
noise has been an undesirable byproduct of manufacturing operations. Now
the Federal government has stepped in and defined how much noise each em-
ployee can tolerate during an 8 hr day. The legal limits presently are set
by the Walsh-Healy Act. Paper gives noise creation data for various equip-
ment involved in manufacturing of cement and discusses briefly techniques
for allaying or abating that noise.
Johnson, D. A.
STUDY IN BALL-MILL NOISE CONTROL
IEEE Trans Ind Appl, v IA-9 n 6, Nov-Dec 1973, p 727-734
Ball mill noise can be controlled by the use of ear plugs or ear muffs
worn by the individual. Soundproofing enclosures can also be used success-
fully for this purpose. Noise reduction can be accomplished with rubber
mill liners on wet raw mills.
Primary Metals -
Asperger, G.; Lehmann, H.
NOISE IN FOUNDRIES (LAERMTECHNISCHE VERHAELTNISSE IN GIESSEREIEN)
Giessereitechnik, v 17 n 4, Apr 1971, p 120-125
A survey is given of the relative noise pollution by different parts of
foundries. Molding and cleaning shops are discussed as the worst noise
producers, and the sources are considered. In German,
333
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Cambell, J. M.; Willis, R. R.
PROTECTION AGAINST NOISE
J Iron Stefel Inst, (London), v 211 Part 5, May 1973, p 346-352
A number of noisy areas in iron- and steelmaking operations are discussed
in the light of recent surveys. A detailed noise survey of an electric-arc
steel plant is the basis for discussing reduction of exposure by rearrange-
ment of work schedules and the use of preassembled launders. Extremely high
noise levels have been measured during sight glass changing and stove valve
operation in a blast-furnace area. In power stations and motor/generators
houses sound proof cabins can be used effectively to reduce exposure of
operatives. Existing plate and section mills represent a serious problem,
in terms of both number and people exposed and the extent of exposure and
for this reason emphasis must be placed on reducing noise at source. Final-
ly, the solutions to three smaller problems of noise exposure are outlined.
3 refs.
Dreger, D. R.
NOISELESS COLD FORGING
Mach Des, v 46 n 1, Jan 10, 1974, p 107-109
Forging without impact or noise is now possible for small parts with or-
bital-forging. Bevel and face gears, stepped-diameter circular parts, and
similar pieces to 3.25 in. diam can be cold-forged quietly and accurate-
ly. Developed at the Warsaw Polytechnical Institute, Warsaw, Poland
(where it is called the "rock-die" method), orbital-forging machinery is
now being produced, by license, in Japan, United States, and several
European countries. Tool motion is as follows. The upper die is inclined
at a slight angle from vertical and is orbited across the top surface of
the workpiece. At the same time, the workplace and the lower die, which
is powered by a hydraulic ram, move upward against the orbiting upper die.
Metal is gradually pushed either outward or downward (into the lower die
cavities), depending on the die configuration. Although the principal de-
tail in a part (gear teeth, for example) is formed in the lower die,
simple contours such as indented or crowned areas can be formed simulta-
neously on the top surface of the piece by the upper die. The hydraulic
ram continues to move up to a present physical stop, at which point the
part is completely forged. The ram is then lowered, and a hydraulically
powered rod moves up to eject the finished part.
Ecker, W.; Rotthaus, D.
ARBEITSKRAFT UND SCHALLBSTRAHLUNG VON PRESSEN UNO HAEMMERN (ENERGY INPUT
AND SOUND RADIATION ON PRESSES AND FORGING MACHINES)
Metall, v 27 n 6, June 1973, p 602-608
It is shown that by the use of models the relationship between energy
input and sound radiation of metal working machines, effective methods
for noise abatement may be derived. In German.
334
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Eickelpasch, D
ERMITTLUNG DER SCHALLABSTRAHLUNG VON HUETTENWERKSANLAGEN (DETERMINATION
OF SOUND RADIATION OF METALLURGICAL PLANTS)
Stahl Eisen, v 92 n 12, June 8, 1972, p 581-586
Results of noise measurements as a function of distance from a basic oxy-
gen steelmaking furnace, a sintering plant, and a cement plant are repro-
duced and discussed. A measuring method used to isolate a specific noise
from the total sound radiation of a plant is described. In German.
Goritzka, M.
PRINCIPLES OF NOISE ABATEMENT IN FOUNDRIES (PRINZIPIELLE WEGE DER LAERM-
BEKAEMPFUNG AN GIESSEREIANLAGEN)
Giessereitechnik, v 17 n 9, Sept 1971, p 306-308
On the premise that the machine is the principal source of noise, the
theory and application of noise combating methods are discussed. The tum-
bler for cleaning castings is used as an example. In German.
Holmer, C. I.; Lagace, A.
EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL DAMPING ON THE SOUND RADIATED FROM IMPACTED STRUCTURES
Amer Ind Hygeine Assoc, J, v 33 n 1, Jan 1972, p 12-18
Theoretical and experimental evaluations of some damping treatments uti-
lize to control noise from transfer of materials in a foundry are pre-
sented. A theoretical investigation is outlined which indicates that the
change in peak radiated sound pressure level from an impact is proportion-
al to the change in mass and stiffness of the impacted surface. The change
in total sound power radiated is proportainal to the change in mass,
stiffness and the loss factor of the impacted surface. The energy noise
reduction has application in predicting the reduction of the time average
reverberant field sound pressure level from a large number of impacts oc-
curring throughout a period of time.
Latrobe, C. H.; Jorstad, J. L.; Hanna, G. T.; Robins, J.; Toriello, L. I.;
Andrejack, J.; Hamilton, J.; Lagowski, B.; Maratray, F.; Cowen, P. S.;
Ruf, H. W.
AMERICAN FOUNDRYMEN'S SOCIETY, TRANSACTIONS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 75th
ANNUAL MEETING, MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN, MAY 3-7, 1971
Trans Amer Foundrymen's Soc, v 79, 1971, AFS, Des Plaines 111
Following is the continuation of the list of titles and authors: Thermal
Analysis as a Control of Chemical Analysis of Bronze by C. H. Latrobe;
390 - The Hypereutectic Aluminum-Silicon Alloy Used to Cast the Vega En-
gine Block bv J. L. Jorstad; Effective Maintenance Management, by G. T.
Hann; New Low-Odor, Nitrogen-Free, Furan Hot-Box Binder by J. Robins,
I" I. Toriello and J. Andrejack; New Phenoloic-Urethane Nobake Binder by
J. Robins, L. I. Toriello and J. Hamilton; Aging of MG-9-AL-ZN Alloys by
B. Lagowski; Choice of Appropriate Compositions for Chromium-Molybdenum
White Irons bv F. Maratray; Cupola Emission Controls by P. S. Cowen;
Noise Control at Grede Foundries by H. W. Ruf.
335
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Lehrmann, H.
LAERM DURCH LUFTTECHNISCHE ANLAGEN IN GIESSEREIEN (NOISE GENERATED BY
AIR CONDITIONING INSTALLATIONS IN FOUNDRIES)
Giessereitechnik, v 18 n 5, May 1972, p 149-152
Tabulated measurements show the considerable contribution of such instal-
lations as ventilators, exhausts, and dust removal equipment to the total
noise level at different locations in foundries. Noise pollution in the
neighborhood of foundries by such installations is also considered. In
German.
Lehmann, H.; Rrause, T.
MOEGLICHKEITEN ZUR LAERMMINDERUNG IM GIESSEREIBERTRIEB (POSSIBLE METHODS
OF NOISE ABATEMENT IN FOUNDRIES)
Giessereitechnik, v 19 n 7, July 1973, p 219-223
Specific examples of successful noise reduction are described for the
cleaning shops of light metal and iron foundries, a descaling machine,
and a core shooting machine. In German.
Synnelius, S; Svensson, I.; Thyberg, B.
BULLER OCH BULLERBEKAMPNING I GJUTERIER (NOISE CONTROL IN FOUNDRIES)
Inst Verkstadstek Forsk, IVF Resultat 73629, Aut 1973
Investigations on how high noise levels in foundries may be reduced are
made. The methods suggested inlclude damping of sound insulation around
source and rearrangement of acoustics in foundries. The experiences gained
from experiments are reported and evaluated. 18 refs. In Swedish with
English summary.
Fabricated Metal Products -
Anon
ROLLENBAHNEN: WMWELTFREUNDLICH (ROLLER CONVEYERS — NOISE NUISANCE
ELIMINATION)
Foerdern Heben, v 22 n 16, Nov 1972, p 925-926
Legislation in the United States prohibiting machinery operation at noise
levels above 85 phon has been responsible for the development of a noise-
less conveyer with installed accumulating effect. The roller conveyor pre-
sented in the article differs from conventional continuous conveyrs in so
far as the rollers are driven individually by a crosswise running round
belt on a common drive shaft. The conveyor can also be driven in curves
by only one shaft with the aid of universal joints and without using any
further motors. In German.
336
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Anon
WRAP-SPRING CLUTCH HUSHES RIVETING MACHINE
Power Transm Des, v 14 n 13, Dec 1972, p 25-27
This article shows how replacing a roller clutch with a wrap-spring
clutch-brake quieted a double-head riveting machine.
Bruce, R. D.
A REVIEW OF NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL FOR IMPACT MACHINES
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash DC, Oct 4-6,
1972)
Noise control treatments for impact machines such as punch presses; jack
drop, and chipping hammers; tumblers; and conveyers are described. Absorp-
tive measures are effective in certain applications, and partial enclosing
of machines yields as much as 10 dBA noise reduction. Total close-fitting
enclosures achieve about 20 dBA noise reduction, and total enclosures
with a lot of space achieve as much as 30 dBA noise reduction. Redesigned
stripper plate actions reduce noise levels by approximately 8 dBA. Oper-
ating a punch in shear reduces noise levels by about 15 dBA.
Diehl, G. M.
SOUND POWER MEASUREMENTS ON LARGE MACHINERY INSTALLED INDOORS
Compressed Air, v 79 n 1, Jan 1974, p 8-12
Two-surface method described was developed for determining the sound pow-
er level of a machine when it is operating in an industrial environment.
In this method, octave-band sound pressure levels are measured on the sur-
faces of two hypothetical parallelepipeds over the machine being tested.
The second imaginary "box" is farther away from the machine than the first
and therefore, its area is greater than that of the first.
Dreiman, N. I.; Lobinskii, B. M.; Klimov, Y.; Khesin, E. S.
REDUCING NOISE IN ROLLING AND TUBE PLANTS
Stal 8, Aug 1971, p 733-737; see also English translation in Steel USSR
v 1 n 8, Aug 1971, p 649-652
The results are presented of an investigation into the levels of sound
pressure and noise frequency spectrum in the operation of a semicontinu-
ous 2800/1700 mill for hot rolling sheet, a continuous 1700 cold-rolling
sheet mill, and also in some units for tube and wheel-rolling production.
As a result of introducing a number of constructional developments, the
noise level was significantly reduced.
337
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Fearn, R. W.
SPREAD OF NOISE FROM BOILER ROOMS
Heat Vent Engr, J Air Cond, v 44 n 524, Mar 1971, p 437-442
Measurements showed that noise from large surfaces falls off differently
than indicated by theory. The fall-off does not vary at different angular
positions to a surface. Two week links were identified in the sound in-
sulation of the boiler room exterior wall. The main one was a roller shut-
ter door, the other an extensive area of glazing. Measurements were taken
with a precision sound level meter fitted with an octave-band filter. It
was calibrated before and after use with a pistonphone. Expressions are
presented to obtain the sound pressure level outside when the noise is
assumed to be a point source behind the surface and to estimate the noise
ratings.
Hoffman, H.
POSSIBILITIES FOR NOISE REDUCTION ON MECHANICAL BLANKING PRESSES
Sheet Metal Ind, v 50 n 5, May 1973, p 259-264
Measured noise levels in sheet metal plants are between 85 and 110 dBA.
Suggested noise reduction techniques described include: hydraulic impact
dampers, vibration isolaters, throttle dampers on exhaust lines, stagger-
ed punch design and encased presses.
Huthwaite, B.
TRY NOISELESS RIVETING
Automation (Cleveland), v 19 n 10, Oct 1972, p 72-73
In the noiseless orbital headforming process a rotating tool or peen is
held at a slight angle, generally six degrees, as it is brought to bear
on the rivet to be upset. The peen moves in an orbital path as it contacts
the fastener. There is minimal heat buildup between the tool and the part
during the short time that the peen turns or "spins" around the radius of
the rivet being headed. The force applied by the peen during the orbital
movement can be controlled so that the fastener material is worked just
slightly beyond its compressive yield strength, but short of its ultimate
strength. A minute quantity of rivet material is displaced with each turn
of the peen. The entire operation is noiseless since the material is dis-
placed by constant pressure and not by a rapid series of impact blows.
Isert, W.; Meerkamm, H.
NOISE ABATEMENT OF CABLE MAKING MACHINERY BY MEANS OF DESIGN ANALYSIS
Wire World Intl, v 15 Double 1, Jan-Feb 1973, p 1-9
The tolerable noise level is defined in a number of ordinances and by-
laws. This article discusses the practical value of thes^ factory acts
expecially in regard to cable stranding activities. The noise generated
by cable making machines was recorded and evaluated over a space of
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several years. It was thus possible to isolate the major noise sources.
Discussed are constructive measures toward a lowering of the noise level.
The costs and investments involved are discussed by referring to the ac-
tual utilization of the measures on a machine.
Izunidate, A.; Ishida, S.; Itoh, S.
NOISE REDUCER FOR STEEL PIPE PRODUCTION, "MAGNESKID"
Hitachi Rev, v 22 n 4, 1973, p 161-167
The system described uses electromagnets to generate eddy currents in
steel pipes rolling down skid rails. Braking action by the eddy current
and electromagnetic force reduces the speed of the rolling steel pipes
and the energy of impact, thus reducing the noise of impact between pipes
being transferred. At the same time, scratch marks and deformations due
to the collision and kick-out of pipes are prevented.
Langhe, R.
REDUCERING AV LJUDALSTRINGEN HOS BORTBLASNINGSUTRUSTNINGAR PA EXCENTER-
PRESSAR (NOISE ABATEMENT CAUSED BY AIR NOZZLES ON PUNCH PRESSES)
Inst Verkstadstek Forsk, IVF Resultat 74608, Feb 1974
The methods for noise reduction caused by escaping air from clutching
drives, valves and pressurized air used for removal of blanked workpieces
from dies are examined for optimum results. Guidelines for positioning of
nozzles and piping arrangement are outlined. 8 refs. In Swedish with
English abstr.
Matsui, K; Sakamoto, H.
UNDERSTANDING OF COMPLAINTS IN A NOISY WORKSHOP
Ergonomics, v 14 n 1, Jan 1971, p 95-100
The complaints of workers in a noisy workshop were taken as the basis of
recognition and attitude to noise. However, all the complaints based on
noise exposure could not be attributed to neurotic responses. The distinc-
tive character of homostatic changes induced by noise exposure was attri-
butable to the depression of the adreno-cortical function. The possibili-
ty was considered that the metabolism of the brain was disturbed by the
noise exposure. It was concluded that the complaints of workers exposed
to noise must be considered from the viewpoint that workers have a physi-
cal, mental and social existence. 7 refs.
339
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Meerkamm, H.
LAERMBEKAEMPFUNG AN KABEL UND VERSEILMASCHINEN - BEDETJTUNG, AUFWAND UND
ERFOLG (NOISE ABATEMENT OF CABLE AND STRAND-BAKING MACHINES - SIGNIFICANCE,
COST AND SUCCESS)
Drahtwelt, v 59 n 1, Jan 1973, p 9-16
Based on noise measurement data recorded over several years, a review is
presented of the noise pattern generated by cable and strands-making machin-
ery, and the principal noise sources are discussed. Measures are proposed
for noise abatement by improved machine designing. The resulting costs are
examined by a practical example. 8 refs. In German.
Osman, A.E.M.; Sadek, M. M.; Knight, W. A.
NOISE AND VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF AN IMPACT FORMING MACHINE
J Engr Ind, Trans ASME, v 96, Ser B n 1, Feb 1974, p 233-240
Paper 73-DET-23.
Ostergaard, P. B.
INDUSTRIAL NOISE SOURCES AND CONTROL
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Tutorial Papers, (Wash
DC, Oct 4-6, 1972)
Sources of industrial noise are described, including impact noise from
the operation of chippers, metal shears, and stamping and punch presses;
compressed air; fluid systems; pumps; combustion; and extruding opera-s
tions. Methods of identifying a noise source are discussed along with
techniques for reduction of noise. A method for reducing noise from a
large dryer in an industrial plant is analyzed.
Sahlin, S.
KARTLAGGNING AV LJUDS ALSTRING I KLIPPNINGSPRESSAR (INVESTIGATION OF
NOISE IN PUNCH PRESSES)
Inst Verkstadstek Forsk, IVF Resultat 73619, June 1973
Methods to decrease or eliminate noise generated by air pressure release
of punch presses are recommended based on results of investigations. Other
noises generated by valves, clutches and other parts that strike each
other are also studied and measures to abate the same are proposed. 13
refs. In Swedish with English abstr.
340
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Schulz, G.
LAEBMBEKAEMPFUNG FBI HUETTENANLAGEN (NOISE CONTROL IN FACTORY LAYOUT)
Glastech Ber, v 47 n 2, Feb 1974, p 17-20
Important mistakes over noise control are already made at the drawing
board stage in design of a machine or the planning of a factory, because
the important knowledge of technical aspects of noise control gained over
the past 15 years is not used. By applying the appropriate rules and
guidelines for permissible noise levels at the work place and its sur-
roundings, all constructors should make their factories as noise free as
possible by careful design and operation. To do this, each engineer must
have the necessary basic knowledge. 14 refs. In German with English abstr.
Shinaishin, 0. A.
ON PUNCH PRESS DIAGNOSTICS AND NOISE CONTROL
Inter-Noise 72. Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash DC, Oct 4-6,
1972)
Sound generation in punch presses was measured by wave form, frequency,
and cross correlation analyses. Vibrations and noise can be reduced by
slanting the die or punch, thus reducing the forces exciting the struc-
ture. Addition of mass or damping can also reduce noise. Increased damp-
ing is most effective at resonances and increased mass is useful at high-
er frequencies. The transmission path from the primary disturbed element
of the machine to other radiating members can be broken and enclosures
can be provided. Barriers can also be used to reduce noise radiated from
the press area to the rest of the plant.
Shinaishin, 0. A.
PUNCH PRESS NOISE, A PROGRAM FOR ANALYSIS AND REDUCTION
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Occupational Safety and Health Regulations are demanding the search for
solutions to industrial noise in factories. Presses are among the more
common and most noisy of the offending manufacturing machines. An approach
to reducing the noise at the source which is the most desirable solution
is discussed. Experimental and analytical work was done to isolate the
separate sources of noise and their contribution to the overall noise.
Presses were instrumented to monitor the different events generating ex-
citation forces, and to measure the vibration levels of significant parts.
Analysis of the data from vibration and sound made possible the correla-
tion between the overall sound, the different events, and the vibration
of key parts in the press. Steps are outlined to change the character of
forces and vibrating parts to reduce the noise.
341
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Yerges, L. F.
GUIDELINES FOR NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL
Sound and Vibr, v 7 n 8, Aug 1973, p 18-21
Almost all equipment and most processes in industry involve one or more
noise and vibration producing mechanisms. The sources are coupled to
many transmission paths and ultimately the noise reaches a receiver —
man or equipment — which can tolerate only limited amounts of acoustic
or vibratory energy. The engineer can predict noise output of most equip-
ment from simple force, energy, and power relationships. Ordinary, time-
tested noise and vibration control methods are outlined, and their
effectiveness and cost are described.
Machinery Except Electrical -
Albijanic, R.; Pejak, P.
NEKI ASPEKTI ZVUCNOSTI NA PODRUCJU ALATNIH HASINA (SOME ASPECTS OF NOISE
IN MACHINE TOOLS)
Inst Alatne Masine Alate Saopstenja, n 18, 1973, p 2423-2536
The generation of acoustic noise due to cutting processes and its effects
onto the hearing threshold of operators causing damages in hearing are
considered. The results of measurements of the acoustic sound level as
a function of the dynamics and accuracy in parameters are presented.
Experimental results in milling and grinding operations are given and
evaluated. 19 regs. In Serbian with English abstr.
Anderson, J. S.
DESIGN TO REDUCE MACHINERY NOISE
Des Engr, (London), May 1972, p 59-62
Techniques for measuring noise are described and guidelines are given
for reducing noise.
Angevine, 0. L,, Jr.
NEARFIELD MEASUREMENTS AND SOUND POWER
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, 1972, p 112-188
The measurement of noise generated by large machines in ordinary semi-
reverberant rooms can only be done very close to the machine at distances
which appear to be well within the nearfield of the machine considered as
a single large noise source. But large machines are usually composed of
a number of smaller incoherent noise sources. Arrays of such sources
show the farfield beginning at distances comparable to the measuring
points at 1 m from the machine used in the Cagi standard, or the pre-
scribed path of recommendation 1680 of the International Organization
for Standardization. Such measurements corrected to a uniform radius are
used to determine total sound power. The results agree well with sound
power calculated for the same machine from farfield measurements.
342
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Attia, A. Y.
EFFECT OF CHANGE OF PITCH ON GEAR NOISE
j Sound Vlbr, v 18 n 1, Sept 8, 1971, p 129-137
Results of an experimental investigation into the effect on gear noise
of a change in the number of gear teeth are presented. Four pairs of
gears, of 6 in. (15.24 cm) pitch diameter and of different diametral
pitches, were tested in a power circulating gear testing machine installed
in an anechoic room. Results have shown that with increasing diametral
pitch (other gear parameters and running conditions being the same) gear
noise decreases considerably at first, tending to reach a minimum at high-
er pitches; the amount of noise reduction does not change with speed. A
simple formula which gives values in close agreement with test results
has been derived. The formula also shows a considerable change in gear
noise with change in gear-rim thickness. 6 refs.
Baade, P. K.
CONTROL OF NOISE FROM MACHINERY
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, (Lafayette Ind, July 14-16, 1971)
Various forms and standards used in the presentation of acoustical infor-
mation and data for the selection and application of different types of
machines are reviewed. Rating methods in five areas are discussed: sound
power versus sound pressure; single number versus spectrum; frequency
weighting; increments and accuracy; and certification.
Bradley, W. A.
HOW TO DESIGN NOISE OUT OF GEARS
Mach Des, v 45 n 30, Dec 13, 1973, p 149-153
After listing the most important design factors that influence the noise
level of a set of gears, the author provides succinct suggestions as to
what may be done in each area to minimize its contribution to quiet oper-
ation. The topics treated are: type of gearing; tooth profile; pitch;
pressure angle; recess action; profile modification; overlap ratio; back-
lash; tooth loading; quality level; surface finish; gear runout and un-
balance; gear ratio; resonance; lubricant viscosity; type of bearings;
material; housing.
Bradley, W. A.
SOUND GEAR QUALITY
Mech Engr, v 94 n 10, Oct 1972, p 30-36
The major sources of noise in a gear unit are tooth meshing errors, natur-
al resonances, bearing imperfections, windage, and sounds of auxiliary
equipment such as lubrication systems. Any combination of and interaction
between these noise sources can cause excessive amplitudes. Methods of
correcting excessive noise based on either changing the source or insula-
ting and confining the sound in a specifically enclosed area. The best
method is to change the system either by reworking or maintaining different
343
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operating procedures. Mechanical impedance, power spectral density, and
real-time spectrum analysis are but a few of the advanced methods for
investigating mechanical noise and vibration. 31 refs.
Brosze, 0.
DIE STRAHLUNGSIMPEDANZ DER ELLIPTISCHEN KOLBENMEMBRAN (RADIATION
IMPEDANCE OF THE ELLIPTIC PISTON DIAPHRAGM)
Frequenz, v 26 n 3, Mar 1972, p 58-61
A method for derermining the real and the imaginary relative component
of the radiation impedance of an elliptic piston diaphragm is presented.
The relative components of the sound pressure amplitudes on the diaphragm
surface are calculated. The components of the radiation impedance are
then determined from the pressure exerted on the total diaphragm surface.
They are calculated and graphically presented for the elliptical diaphragm
with the major half axes KA = 0.5, 1.2, etc, to 10 (Minor half axes KB =
0.5 and KB = 0.2). The calculated values are compared with those of the
rectangular and circular piston diaphragm having the same area. In
German.
Constance, J. D.
CALCULATING THE MASKING EFFECTS OF NOISE
Chem Engr, NY, v 79 n 8, April 7. 1972, p 124-126
A method for calculating the masking effects of noise is presented. Ex-
amples of determining the noise level in an industrial environment are
given using the results of a survey on typical noise levels of industri-
al machinery and other sources.
Ebbing, C.; Ostergaard, P. B.
NOISE LEVEL SPECIFICATIONS FOR MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT
Sound and Vibr, Cleveland, v 7 n 1, Jan 1973, p 22-26
A recommended noise-level specification for the purchase of industrial
machinery and equipment is presented. It is mainly intended to control
in-plant noise in compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Act
Regulations although it can also be applied to purchased components for
original equipment product lines. The specification is useful to the
buyer in setting meaningful noise limits and to the seller who has to
meet his customer's requirements.
Edwards, A. T.
MACHINE NOISE AND ITS CONTROL
Ind Waste Mgt, Symp, (Sheridan Park, Ontario, Canada, Nov 3-4, 1971)
The general philosophy and design principles for controlling noise from
machinery are discussed. Criteria applicable to industrial environments,
commercial or office type operations, and for the community are described.
344
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Engler, G.
DIE BESTIMMUNG VON MASCHINENGERAEUSCHEN MITTELS NOMOGRAMMEN (DETERMINATION
OF MACHINERY NOISE BY MEANS OF NOMOGRAMS)
Technik, (Berlin), v 27 n 5, May 1972, p 319-323
Nomograms are established which allow the prediction of noise generated
by machinery placed in free space assuming that the airborne noise of the
most important partial noise sources and the noise damping effect of ex-
isting housing are known. The nomograms allow also the determination of
the required sound level reduction for given limiting or optimum values.
The difference between the prediction and the measured quantities does
not exceed 3 dB. 9 refs. In German.
Francois, R.; De Montussaint, D.
THE USE OF A REFERENCE SOUND SOURCE IN STUDYING INDUSTRIAL NOISE
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash DC, Oct 4-6,
1972)
The development of an all-purpose sound source for measuring the acous-
tic characteristics of machines is described. The equipment can be used
to establish noise levels of machines placed inside and outside buildings
and to determine absorption characteristics of rooms and partitions. The
acoustic power of machines in an environment perturbed by reflections
can also be measured. The method is simple, saves time, and is very
accurate.
Fukuma, H.; Furukawa, T.; Aida, T.
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH ON GEAR NOISE AND VIBRATION - 6. GENERATION
MECHANISM OF RADIAL AND AXIAL VIBRATION OF SPUR GEARS.
Bull JSME, v 16 n 97, July 1973, p 1094-1107
The generation mechanism of the radial vibration and the axial one of
spur gears is theoretically analyzed in consideration of not only the
stiffness of shafts and bearings but also the mass of shafts in this
report, where the concerned system of an infinite degree-of-freedom is
converted to that of a finite one which has the same kinetic energy as
the former, based on the assumption that the static characteristics of
shafts and bearings can be applied to the dynamic condition. This analy-
sis and the comparison of the calculated results based on it with the
experimental ones indicate that the vibration model, represented by a
system of coupled vibration, can give a comparatively good explanation
of the characteristics of three-directional vibration obtained experi-
mentally and that the conversion ratios from the circumferential vibra-
tion to the radial and the axial one depend on the combination of gears,
shafts and bearings. 5 refs.
345
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Goesele, K.; Beldie, I, P.
VERMINDERUNG DER BEARBEITUNGSGERAEUSCHE DURCH DAEMPFUNG (ABATEMENT OF
MANUFACTURING NOISE BY DAMPING)
DFBO Mitt, v 24 n 4, Apr 1973, p 58-59
Description of experiments carried out to investigate the possibilities
of alteration of noise generated in sheet metal processing workshops by
hammering or grinding sheet metal parts. The application of rubber bands,
plastics compositions, and loose sand in plastics bags was examined in
these experiments. The achievable noise abatement was found to be in the
range from 5 to 10 dB for relatively thin sheet metal. The possibility of
noise alteration decreases with increasing sheet metal thickness. In
German.
Hahold, S.
ZUR SYSTEMATIK DER GERAEUSCHMIDERUNG AN MASCHINEN UND GERAETEN
(CLASSIFICATION OF MEASURES FOR NOISE ABATEMENT IN MACHINERY AND
EQUIPMENT)
Ind-Anz, v 95 n 81A, Sept 29, 1973, p 1870-1873
The various noise sources resulting from the operation of machines, and
the corresponding primary and secondary noise abatement measures are sys-
tematically and lucidly reviewed and tabulated. In German.
Hauck, L. T.
COMPUTER-AIDED VIBRATION ANALYSIS
ASME Paper 74-DE-l, for Meet, Apr 1-4, 1974
This paper begins with an introduction to narrowband real time analysis,
with emphasis on machinery noise and vibtation analysis. The increase in
processing speed provided by an RTA can prove to be a mixed blessing.
Large amounts of data can be produced very quickly, and the increase in
the bulk of data can result in a data management problem. This paper
shows how a minicomputer can be used to manage an RTA. Emphasis is placed
on a software approach that makes it possible for any engineer to use the
system. By using a mixture of a conversational interpreter language and
assembly language subroutines, an excellent balance can be struck between
ease of use, flexibility, and system efficiency. A new method of producing
Campbell diagrams is presented to demonstrate the system concept.
Holmer, C. I.
REDUCING MACHINE NOISE WITH PROPER DAMPING AND ACOUSTICAL TREATMENT
Natl Plant Engr and Maint Tech Conf, 23rd, Philadelphia, Pa, Jan 24-27,
1972, Sess Paper 29B
Noise may be a pollutant of the plant environment, for it can interfere
with communication and produce permanent hearing damage. Essentially,
noise control is achieved by modifying the path of sound transmission
from the source to the receiver or modifying the source to reduce or re-
direct its sound power output.
346
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Huebner, G,
ERRORS IN THE MEASUREMENT OF MACHINE NOISE
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Even under free-field conditions, there are three types of errors in the
measurement of machine noise: the nearfield error; the error caused by
using a limited number of measuring points; and the error in measuring
sound pressure at each point. The magnitude of these errors for measure-
ments made in ordinary rooms following the procedures of recommendation
1680 of the International Organization for Standardization is discussed.
Huebner, G.
SOUND POWER DETERMINATION OF MACHINES IN SITU
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash DC, Oct 4-6,
1972)
The sound power level of machines can be determined by the method of en-
veloping surface. The environmentally influenced sound power level can
be corrected by an equation, and the room influence error can usually
be neglected for certain area ratios. Room influence error can be cal-
culated by measuring a test source of known and constant power output or
by using an estimate survey method.
Kemper, G.; Ottl, D.
PHYSICAL STUDIES OF VIBRATION EXCITATION AND SOUND EMISSION IN THE
GRINDING OF THIN SHEET, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE POSSIBILITIES
OF COMBATING NOISE (PHYSIKALISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN DER SCHWINGUNGSERREGUNG
UND SCHALLEMISSION BEIM SCHLEIFEN VON FEINBLECHEN UNTER BESONDERER
BERUECKSICHTIGUNG DER MOEGLICHKEITEN ZUR LAERMBEKAEPFUNG)
DFBO Mitt, v 21 n 11, Nov 1970, p 209-216
Results of^studies are reported which were aimed at noise reducing. A
simple method to reduce the noise by some decibles was not found, how-
ever, some possibilities for noise combating are reported. In German.
Kubo, A.; Ando, T.; Sato, S.; Aida, T.; Hoshiro, T.
ON THE RUNNING NOISE OF TOOTHED BELT DRIVE-2
Bull JSME, v 14 n 75, Sept 1971, p 998-1007
The influence of the construction and the dimension of toothed belt and
some running conditions on the noise of toothed belt drive are investi-
gated and some running noise reduction methods and their effectiveness
are shown. The effective methods to reduce the meshing impact sound and
to keep the toothed belt drive silent are: to soften the bottom lands
of toothed belt or tooth tip lands of wheel, to make belt width narrow,
to cant the belt of tension side with an idle pulley, to make the wheel
noncylindrical, especially as barreled-shape.
347
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Kurowski, W.; Zmierczak, T.
WYZNACZANIE NADWYZEK uYNAMICZNYCH W PRZEKLADNIACH ZEBATYCH (DETERMINATION
OF DYNAMIC EXCESSES IN GEAR TRANSMISSIONS)
Przegl Mech, v 32 n 18, Sept 30, 1973, p 642-646
Paper presents a method for determining occurrences and magnitudes of
dynamic excesses in gear transmitting by means of the spectrum analysis
of acoustic waves that are emitted by the transmission. 2 refs. In Polish.
Lang, W, W.
MEASUREMENT OF NOISE FROM MACHINES
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Tutorial Papers (Wash
DC, Oct 4-6, 1972)
The purposes of a program for measuring machine noise are discussed. Two
types of machine noise are commonly encountered: steady and unsteady
noise. Sound pressure level (SPL) and sound power level are described,
along with weighted and band SPL's. Measurement procedures available in-
clude survey, field, and laboratory methods. Basic standards and test
codes are analyzed, and an example of a noise measurement program is
given.
Lang, W, W.
NOISE MEASUREMENT STANDARDS FOR MACHINES IN SITU
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, 1972, p 122-188
Two classes of documents prescribe standards for noise measurements on
machines and stationary equipment in the field. Fundamental methods of
measurement are described in documents prepared by American National
Standards Committee SI for which the Acoustical Society of America serves
as the secretariat and by Technical Committee 43 of the International
Organization for Standards. Test codes applicable to specific types of
equipment are prepared in the United States by engineering societies and
trade associations. These two classes of documents should be mutually
supportive and interdependent, but such is not always the case. The re-
quirements of existing standards on noise measurements in situ are sum-
marized, the shortcomings of these documents are described, and the needs
for new standards are reviewed. An estimate is given of the degree to
which current standardization activities are satisfying these needs.
Lura, L. E.; Walker, R. B.
BEARING NOISE REDUCTION
SAE Paper 720733, for Meet, Sept 11-14, 1972,
Bearing noise may result from variable processing techniques and/or im-
proper application practices. Examples are cited, and methods for measur-
ing bearing sound level are described. Such abuses at the point of
application as brinelling, electric arcing, magnetization and improper
axial preloading are considered.
348
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Meteer, C. L.
WORKABLE SOLUTIONS TO COMMON MACHINERY NOISE PROBLEMS
pollut Engr, v 6 n 1, Jan 1974, p 43-45
Problems associated with operational accessibility, material flow, fin-
ished product removal, maintenance and other operational concerns to be
preserved to ensure acceptable levels of productivity are discussed.
Case histories presented show successful solutions that can be considered
in solving similar equipment noise problems.
Pitts, L..S.
BEVEL AND HYPOID GEAR NOISE REDUCTION
SAE Prepr 720734, for Meet, Sept 11-14, 1972
Gear noise originates at the meshing action of the tooth surface due to
the localization or mismatch of these tooth surfaces introduced for prac-
tical operating considerations. Because of the logarithmic nature of the
decibel scale, in order to effect a 6 dB reduction in gear noise the out-
put, the vibration or angular displacement error must be reduced to one-
half of its original value. Efforts to reduce gear noise at its source
is limited by the practical consideration created by mounting displace-
ment. Ninety-eight percent of the noise created by bevel and hypoid gear
meshes is fundamental, second, or third harmonic mesh components. 5 refs.
Reisch, K.
NOISE LEVEL AT REWINDER REDUCED WITH NYLON GEARS
Pulp and Paper, San Francisco, v 46 n 4, April 1972, p 90-92
The installation of alternating nylon gears with metal gears on the
drive train of a high-speed rewinder in a paper mill resulting in a
measruable reduction of the noise level. The method of noise level
measurement and results of analysis used in the experiments are discussed
and a general summary of noise reduction procedures is given.
Robe, T, R.; Rogers, J. C.
ON THE CONTINUOUSLY TAPERED ARBOR SPRING SLIP CLUTCH
J Engr Ind, Trans ASME, v 94 Ser B n 3, Aug 1972, p 883-889
Paper 71-WA/DE-ll. .
349
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Route, W. D.
GEAR DESIGN FOR NOISE REDUCTION.
Des Pract: Passenger Car Autom Transm, SAW Transm Workshop Meet,
2nd ed publ by SAE, NY, (Adv in Eng, v 5) 1973, p 58-70.
There are several rather widely accepted design rules believed to aid in
the control of gear noise. Total contact ratio should be greater than 2.5
with at least involute contact ratio not less than 1.2. The finest
pitch and the lowest pressure angle should be selected consistent with
strength requirements. Tooth action close to the base circle should be
avoided and a long angle of recess and short approach are essential.
Satter, M. A.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF AN OIL CUSHION.
J Mech Engr Sci, v 15 n 1, Feb 1973, p 48-52
The dynamic characteristics of an oil cushion, which was originally
designed to eliminate impactive excitation to a mechanical lever and
thereby achieve noise reduction have been studied both theoretically and
experimentally. The system motion is represented by a second order non-
linear differential equation which can be reduced to a first order
linear differential equation by changing the variables. An approximate
but simple solution to the non-linear equation has also been presented.
Theoretical and experimental results have good agreement. 8 refs.
Satter, M. A.; Downs, B.; Wray, G. R.
REDUCTION OF IMPACT NOISE AT THE DESIGN STAGE: A SPECIFIC CASE STUDY.
Inst Mech Engr (London) Proc, v 186, paper 26, 1972, p 391-399
A case study is made on the tack driving assembly of a boot and shoe
lasting machine, and relates to the impact noise occurring during part
of the machine cycle. Much of the noise is radiated due to vibrations at
several frequencies of the tack driver lifting lever, which is excited by
the direct application of impacts during the tackdriving process. An
experimental approach was used in lieu of a theoretical treatment. Small
design changes, based on the knowledge gained from the experimental
investigations, have resulted in noise reductions from 10 to 14 dB being
achieved.
Stevens, J. H.
MINIATURE BEARINGS REDUCE SPEED AND NOISE
Power Transm Des v 13 n 5, May 1971, p 51-54
Ball bearing speed reducers are discussed.
350
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Trengrouse, G. H.; Bannister, F. K.
NOISE DUE TO AIR EJECTION FROM CLASH SURFACES OR IMPACT FORMING MACHINES
ASME Paper n 73-det-62 for Meet Sep 9-12, 1973
The noise forging machine is usually attributed to a combination of:
the sudden deceleration of the exposed surfaces of the moving parts on
impact, and the subsequent vibration of the machine tool structure. The
present paper concerns a third possible source, namely the high-speed
ejection of air from the edges of the rapidly diminishing gap between the
billet and die immediately prior to impact. It comprises an attempt, using
the method of characteristics, to analyze theoretically the wave action in
the space between the two surfaces and in the surrounding atmosphere. The
simple case considered is that where the impacting surfaces are plane and
parallel, exploratory experiments, using a drop test rig are also
described. 4 refs.
Utilities
Arcuri, K.
MINIMIZING NOISE IN STEAM PIPING SYSTEMS.
Power Engr (Harrington, 111), v 76 n 11, Nov 1972, p 42-45
New hardware, such as quieter regulators and more gradual expander, plus
improved design techniques concerning flow velocity, bends, radii,
silencers and insulation are described. An analysis is also presented
of noise radiating characteristics and methods for measuring sound levels.
Cleveland, A.
NOISE AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DESIGN AND PLANNING OF
GAS COMPRESSOR STATIONS IN THE U. K.
ASME Paper 72-GT-110 for Meet March 26-30, 1972
Compares some representative alternative designs for individual enclosures
with the design of an equivalent building and concludes that for a small
numbers of units, the individual enclosure is the economic solution.
Other aspects of noise, including venting of gas are discussed and
future design trends indicated. In the consideration of future designs,
ease of maintenanace and security are fundamental considerations, to-
gether with the need to ensure that noise emitted will not pollute the
environment.
Dibelius, N. R.; Marx, W. F.
ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION: HOW IT AFFECTS FOSSIL-FUEL-FIRED-POWER-
GENERATING EQUIPMENT.
Mechn Engr, v 95 n 3, March 1973, p 76-80
The principal emphasis of this review is on air pollution. The authors
provide an up-to-date summary of Federal environment legislation and
regulations which have been enacted pertaining to gas-, steam-, and
combined gas- and steam-turbine power-generating equipment.
351
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Ellis, R. M.
COOLING TOWER NOISE GENERATION AND RADIATION
J Sound Vibr, v 14 n 2, Jan 22 1971, p 171-182
An investigation has been carried out into the generation of noise by
large natural-draught cooling towers, and the mechanism of noise radiation
from them, based on measurements made at four large power stations. An
expression relating the A-weighted acoustic power of a tower to its
physical characteristics has been derived. This, together with the
arc sources at high frequencies, has enabled a complete prediction method
to be proposed. This method was used to estimate the noise from three
future cooling towers and gave excellent agreement with the levels which
were subsequenctly measured. 1 ref.
Freeman, C. W.
INDUSTRIAL GAS TURBINE NOISE CONTROL
J Inst Fuel,v 46 n 383, Feb 1973, p 87-91
The basic noise sources of the industrial gas turbine are those of the
aero engine, with the exception that there is no generation of jet
noise. A fairly standard industrial installation design has evolved,
using the dissipative splitter type of silencer to reduce the Intake and
exhaust airborne noise and enclosures for the reduction of carcase noise.
In the future higher gas flow velocities will have to be tolerated. To
avoid breakdown of the silencer acoustic infill under these conditions,
a suitable infill proteciton will need to be developed. 4 refs.
Freeman, M. L.
LOW-NOISE VALVES FOR STEAM PLANTS.
Power Engr (Barrington, 111), v 76 n 12, Dec 1972, p 42-45
Noise control is only one advantage of special valves for steam plants.
Reduced erosion and vibration are also achieved, with valves originally
used in natural gas service. Data are given on high pressure drop-angle,
double-seated and low-noise anticavitation types.
Hiramatsu, T. M.; Iwao, T.
GAS TURBINE AND ACOUSTICAL CONSIDERATION
Hitachi Rev,v 23 n 2, 1974, p 50-55
Basic problems in the control of noise from package type gas turbines
are discussed. Some features of acoustical control techniques that are
applied to these machines are described.
352
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Katra, I. S.; King, D. B.
NOISE-CONTROL DESIGN USING SCALE MODEL TESTS
ASME Paper 71-WA/PWR-7 FPR Meet Nov 28 - Dec 2 1971
Case history of noise - control project at a large turbomachinery
test facility where the study of scale models was successfully used to
circumvent these difficulties to a large extent. The paper also
includes performance data on a number of piping noise - control material
combinations, which should be useful in a broad range of problems involving
radiation from pipes of similar structures, and describes an outdoor
sound level monitor useful in detecting community noise problems. 12 refs.
Kondrat'ev, V. T.; Mamin, V. M.; Pykhov, L. S.
SOUND PROPAGATION IN VARIABLE-SECTION DUCTS CARRYING A COMPRESSIBLE GAS
FLOW.
Sov Phys, Acoust v 19 n 6, May - June 1974, p 542-545
The propagation of sound in narrow tubes of variable cross section is
analyzed with allowance for motion of the gas medium. The dependence
of the acoustic impedance on the geometry of uniform tube sections and
the gas-dynamical parameters of the medium in them is obtained for sound
wave-lengths much greater than the length of each transition segment. An
analytical equation is derived for the acoustic impedance in the case of
a local change of cross section in an infinite tube and small Mach
numbers; the resulting equation is analyzed. 7 refs.
Loesch, W.
FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ORIGIN OF NOISE CAUSED BY FURNACES AND
THE TECHNICAL POSSIBILITIES OF NOISE REDUCTION, (GRUNDLEGENDE
ZUSAMMENHAENGE DER GERAEUSCHNTSTEHUNG AN OFENANALAGEN UNO TECHNISCHE
MOEGLICHKEITEN ZUR LAERMMINDERUNG)
Stahl Eisen, v 91 n 9, April 29 1971, p 488-494
It is shown that the noise of furnaces, for process as well as space
heating (offices), is due mainly to If resonant vibrations of the gas
column in the furnace and stack; methods for precalculating the critical
frequency, avoiding it by design, or providing sound insulation are
discussed; noise caused by burners- and blowers is also considered;
examples of successful noise abatement are given. In German.
Mani, R.
NOISE DUE TO INTERACTION OF INLET TURBULENCE WITH ISOLATED STATORS AND
ROTORS
J Sound Vibr, v 17 n 2, July 22 1971, p 251-260
The problem of sound generation due to free stream turbulence incident
on a rotor or stator row is studied analytically. A linearized analysis
is carried out with the blade rows being modeled as a cascade of flat
plates. Only the dipole effect is considered. Expressions are ob-
tained for the intensity spectrum of noise upstream and downstream,
353
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Moravec, Z.
CAUSES OF SIREN HOWL IN THE AXIAL STAGE OF A TURBOMACHINE, (URACHEN DBS
SIRENENGEHEULS IN DER AXIALEN STUFE EINER SCHAUFFLEMACHINE)
Rev Roum Sci Tech, Ser Mec Appl, v 16 n 3, 1971, p 611-619
The most important cause of the siren noise in turbo-machines is the
presence of nonunifonn pressure fields behind the cascade generated
by the suction behind the blades. This noise is radiated in frequen-
cies which are expressed by a whole multiple of the blade number and
rmp number of the rotor systems. Some relationships between the geom-
etry of the axial stage and the siren noise are investigated. 7 refs.
O'Donnell, J. P.
GAS COUNCIL ADOPTS TURBOCOMPRESSORS
Oil Gas J, v 69 n 39, Sep 27, 1971, p 95-96, 101-102
Third part of four part series on British Gas Council, describes the
first compressor station installed at Alrewas, England, that in time,
will be followed by 10 to 12 more with a total, installed power between
200,000 and 300,000 hp. They will be equipped with gas turbine driven
turbocompressors. Preservation of the environment, with particular
emphasis on noise attenuation, is an important element in design.
Ol'Shtein, L. E.; Trekhtenbroit, M. A.
OBTEKANIE RESHETKI PLASTIN NERAVNOMERNYM VIKHREVYM POTOKOM SZHIMAEMOGO
GAZA. (FLOW OF A VORTICAL STREAM OF COMPRESSIBLE GAS AROUND A PLATE GRID)
Izv Akad Nauk, Mekh Zhidk Gaza, n 1, Jan-Feb 1972, p 92-100
Solution is given to the problem of a plane-parallel transmission flow
of an ideal gas with a small nonuniformity of nonpotential character
around a cascade in motion. It is shown that monchromatic pressure
waves are generated, the frequencies of which are multiples of the
repetition rate of the cascade blade. Analytical expressions are
obtained for the wave intensity and for the total radiated acoustic power
and its spectral composition. Applicable to the study of noise generated
by the interaction of wake of consecutive blade cascades. 6 refs. In
Russian.
Salter, C. M.; Hoover, R. M.; Bradley, W. E.
COMMUNITY NOISE SURVEY AND CRITERIA FOR A POWER STATION—A CASE STUDY
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Power companies are expecting to double their electrical generating
facilities every 10 years, and in order to build new facilities these
companies need the approval of local and state agencies. A case study
is presented of a power company that had a 560-Mw facility completed
in the late 1960's and petitioned the state for permission to build an
additional 560-Mw facility. The acoustical criterion proposed by engineers
354
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for unit 2 was nondegradation of the present ambient sound level; the
combined plant must not exceed the present ambient level of 45-50
dBA at the nearest neighbors in al}. directions. To achieve this cri-
terion, noise sources will be quieted both in the existing unit and in
the future unit. Results are presented of an initial community ambient
noise survey around the existing plant made to establish the present
conditions. The individual noise sources determined at the time to be
distinct contributors to the plant noise in the community are described
as 400-Mw auto transformer; air intake louvers to forced draft fans; the
main 560-Mw transformer; and boiler feed pump equipment. Sound pressure
level data of these sources, both close-in and in the community, are
presented as examples of some typical community noise problems associated
with power plants. Also the requirements for noise control as re-
lated to the planned addition are discussed.
Schwarzenbach, A.
NOISE IN STEAM POWER STATIONS
Brown Bov Rev, v 59 n 1, Jan 1972, p 30-35
A general review of the effects of noise and methods of measurement is
followed §by a ^description of measurements taken in the machine houses
of two power stations, from which measures for reducing the noise level
are derived.
Sullivan, B. M.
ENGINE INTAKE SYSTEM NOISE CONTROL
Diesel and Gas Turbine Progress, v 39 n 1, Jan 1973, p 14-15
The 5 major noise pollution sources on a truck include fan noise in-
take and exhaust noise, engine mechanical noise, other mechanical noises,
and tire noise. Noise reduction laws are discussed, and intake noise is
examined. Ways of reducing intake noise levels include turbocharging
and intake silencers. The key to good intake system noise control is
the properly designed air cleaner, which requires a proper match of
the duct sizes to the cleaner size, proper inlet design and location,
and proper design and location of interior components, such as the
filter elements, baffles, and finned or vaned centrifugal separators.
Tage, R. B.
NOISE CONTROL OF GAS TURBINE POWER PLANTS
Sound and Vibr, v 7 n 6, June 1973, p 23-27
Considerations in the silencing of gas turbine power plants are discussed.
Allowable noise levels are determined from experience or legal require-
ments. Major sources of noise are enumerated and methods of quieting
each are described. A line of silencing equipment allows each installation
to be tailored to its site to ensure neighborhood acceptance and meet
legal obligations.
355
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Thomassfn, H. 6.
BERUECKSICHTIGUNG DER SCHALLEMISSION BET DER PLANUNG UND BEIM BAU VON
KRAFTWERKEN, (CONSIDERATION OF NOISE EMISSION DURING PLANNING AND
CONSTRUCTION OF POWER PLANTS).
VGB Kraftswerstech, v 54 n 1, Jan 1974, p 43-46
Using as examples a large steam power plant and a peak-shaving gas
turbine power plant. Paper describes the measures which have been taken
to reduce noise emission. It has been ascertained by extensive measure-
ments that, in the case of the steam power plant the acoustic waves were
propagated over a large area; whereas, the noise in the gas turbine
plant was generated primarily at the intake end and at the exhaust gas
duct. In German.
Thompson, M.P.
NOISE CONTROL TECHNIQUES FOR BOTH NEW AND EXISTING STATIONARY ENGINES
AND COMPRESSORS.
ASME Paper, n 74-DGP-6 for Meet April 28-May 2 1974, p 11
Describes the noise control program of a stationary engine and com-
pressor manufacturer. The primary objective of this program was to
develop techniques and products which would be applicable to both new
and existing units. Since the program started from scratch, the
paper also describes the equipment and test facility needed to evaluate
the techniques and products which were developed. The program in-
vestigated the three basic noise control techniques of vibration re-
duction, sound absorption and sound path blockage. A first generation
noise control product was developed which reduced a particular engine's
noise level from 99 dBA to 90 dBA. Some techniques which hold promise
for a second generation noise control program are included.
Trakhtenbroit, M. A.
PROPAGATION OF WAVES OF SMALL PERTURBATIONS THROUGH A PLATE ROW IN
TRANSONIC GAS PLOW
Izw Akad Nauk, Mekh Zhidk Gasa, n 4, July-Aug 1971, p 85-91
In connection with studies on the noise and vibrations excited in turbo-
machinery blades, solution is given to the problem of interaction in a
transonic gas stream under zero angle of attack. The results obtained
are applied to the approximate solution of the problem concerning plane
sound wave transmission through a row of plates having a finite
chord. Results are compared with those obtained by other authors.
5 refs. In Russian.
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Van Rooy, A. H.
NATURAL GAS COMPRESSOR STATIONS IN THE NETHERLANDS - 1.2.
Pipeline Gas, J, v 200 n 2, 3 Feb 1973, p 28-29, March 4 between p 47 and 54
Two-part paper describes the pipelines systems, operated in the Nether-
lands by the N. B. Nederlandse Gasunie, that consists of main feeder
lines - with a maximum working pressure of 66.2 bar (960 psi) and pipeline
diameters of 36.2 bar (570 psi). The design and operating philosophy
of the six compressor stations and their importance to the gas trans-
mission systems are described. Detailed design consideration in so
far as stress analysis and noise abatement are discussed.
Van Steenbrugge, B.
COMPRESSOR STATION "OMMEN" SILENCING MEASURES
Noise 2000. Assoc Internationale Contre Le Bruit. Intl Congresses,
5th & 6th (London, May 1968 and Groningen, Neth., May 1970)
The Netherland's gas compressor station ommen, has operated for one-
half year with four compressor units of 15,000 hp each, driven by
gas turbines. The station is situated in a rural environment which made
it necessary to fix the permissible noise levels at the rather low noise
rating value of 30 outside the nearby houses. Particulars about the
composition and dimensions of the silencing equipment are given. Graphs
with measuring results from some noise sources are shown.
Waxham, T. J.
PROCEDURE FROM CONDUCTING AND EVALUATING NOISE SURVEYS AT GAS TURBINE
INSTALLATIONS.
ASME Paper, n 73-GT-37 for Meet April 8-12 1973
Once a gas turbine station is put into operation, a noise survey is re-
commended to determine the sound levels created by the station as a
whole and to pinpoint the individual levels of each major piece of
equipment. The results of the survey can be used to evaluate the
silencing equipment and to point out those places where additional sound
treatment would be most beneficial. This paper presents a discussion
of the three phases of a typical survey: planning, conducting, and
evaluating.
Yamaguchi, N.
AXIAL FLOW TYPE FORCED-DRAFT FANS FOR UTILITY BOILERS.
ASME Paper, n 74-GT-130 for Meet March 30-April 4 1974
Single-stage axial fans with variable-pitch moving blades have re-
cently been employed as forced-draft fans in most large boilers.
Because of their excellent aerodynamic performance over a wide range
of operations. They provide greater plant efficiency than any other
357
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type of F. D. S.'s. Their flow and pressure rise have now reached a
height of 27,000 M**3/min., and 1,500 MMAQ, respectively. This paper
surveys the aerodynamic features and problems of these F. D. fans,
the history and the present state of their development in Japan, and
finally, it explains briefly their structure and mechanism. 4 refs.
Mixed Category -
Aaronson, S. F.; Bair, J.; Luken, V. D.
LIFT TRUCK NOISE ANALYSIS AND REDUCTION STUDY.
ASME Paper, n 72-WA/MH-l for Meet Nov 26-30 1972
A noise abatement program which reduced cab noise on a medium capactiy
lift truck by 17 dB is presented. The procedures used to reduce noise
and measure average cycle noise are documented, the evaluation criteria
discussed, and a technique for noise reduction cost-effectiveness studies
on product changes is presented. Special emphasis is placed on both
the sound pressure level and the duration of the exposure. This
consideration is pertinent due to recent legislative activity.
Anderson, C. G., Jr.
DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR LOW-NOISE PNEUMATIC EQUIPMENT
ASME Paper, n 73-DE-46 for Meet April 9-12 1973
The requirement for low-noise portable pneumatic equipment has come
to the forefront since the passage of the Williams-Steiger Act and
OSHA requirements for a reduced noise level in industrial environments.
This paper is directed toward the design principles for reducing the
nosie level of portable pneumatic equipment and cites some case histories
of the application of these principles. 3 refs.
Baron, R. A.
AMERICAN INDUSTRY MUST END THE TYRANNY OF NOISE
Noise 2000. Assoc Internationale Centre Le Bruit. Intl Congresses,
5th & 6th. (London, May 1968 and Groningen, Neth., May 1970)
Industry must take the initiative to design for quiet without waiting
for legislation and proof of large market. The motivation is preserva-
tion of the human environment. Some voluntary moves have already been
made in the U. S. Manufacturers have voluntarily made silenced giant
portable air compressors, a quieter garbage truck, a silenced metal gar-
bage can, a silent calculating machine. Legislation will now be needed
to protect these progressive manufacturers from their noisier but cheaper
competition, to protect the public from misleading advertising, and to
improve design goals. But the Federal government is moving too slowly.
Industry can choose to sit back and wait, or it can voluntarily expand
displays of leadership mentioned above. To educate industry to its re-
sponsibility to man and his environment is a major goal of citizens for
a quieter city. The ultimate noise abatement goal must be a partnership
of government, citizen, and industry.
358
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Becker, R. J.
TECHNIQUES FOR REDUCING HYDRAULIC SYSTEM NOISE,
Control Engr, v 20 n 12, Dec 1973, p 61-63
The author presents a practical account of how to go about reducing
component noise in hydraulic system designs. Noise reductions achieved
with variable displacement pumps are reported and evaluated.
Bell, L. H.; Mull, H. R.
PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF MACHINE NOISE MEASUREMENT AS INSTALLED
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Many industrial manufacturing and processing companies, at the urging
of plant engineers and safety directors, are requiring maximum noise
level guarantees for purchased machines. Since as installed measurements
form the basis of acceptance and provide plant engineers the only
information available to assess noise impact, many questions are being
asked about the value and practical aspects of these measurements.
Some practical aspects that must be considered include choice of
instrumentation; treating unwanted reflecting surfaces and background
noise; dealing with pure tones and nonsteady noise levels; and assess-
ment of probable range of errors. The discussion also includes some
practical applications of as installed measurements.
Blazier, W. E., Jr.
CHILLER NOISE: ITS IMPACT ON BUILDING DESIGN.
ASHRAE Trans, v 78 pt 1, 1972, Paper 2234, p 268-277
Recent data on the noise levels of currently available compressor
equipment of the type and size generally encountered in central station,
building air conditioning are presented. The purpose of the study was
to obtain a statistical description of compressor noise based on
measurements made in operating installations of manufactured equipment.
Bruce, W. C.; Rodman, C. W.
ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE: ASSESSMENT AND IMPACT
Inter-noise 72. Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, (Wash, D. C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972)
>r
Procedures for conducting base line surveys of industrial noise are
described, including methods of selecting measurement locations, tech-
niques for predicting plant noise potential and extent of acoustical
treatment required to meet government restrictions, and ways of pre-
dicting the effect of plant noise on the environment. Environmental im-
pact statements are discussed, and facility construction is considered.
359
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Cashmore, D. H.
HOW TO ESTIMATE INDUCTION MOTOR NOISE LEVELS
Sound and Vibr, Cleveland, v 6 n 10, Oct 1972
The sound pressure and sound power levels of three-phased induction
motors can be estimated from limits proposed by the National Electrical
Manufacturers Association and the International Electrotechnical Com-
mission. Applicable testing standards are reviewed and typical motor
design guidelines for low-noise performance are discussed. Dripproof
(DRPR) and totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC) motors were compared un-
der no-load conditions in a controlled environment at rated voltage
and frequency in accordance with specifications of the Institute of
Electric and Electronics Engineers. The noise produced by DRPR motors
is substantially less than that produced by TEFC motors.
Chen, Y. N.
FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATION AND NOISE IN TUBE-BANK HEAT EXCHANGERS DUE TO
VON KARMAN STREETS.
Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Anal - A Decade of Prog,
v 2, Available from ASME, NY, NY, 1972, p 1373-1385
Treats the problem of vibration and noise in tube-bank heat exchangers.
The frequency of vortex shedding has been investigated by many authors,
and shedding has been investigated by many authors, and their results
have varied considerably. The author, in previous works, correlated
these different data into a curve group, and now proceeds to further
analyse the problem. Results of experiments performed in a small wind
tunnel are given, accompanied by typical graphs. Based on the findings,
the author concludes with some design proposals for suppressing
vibrations. 41 refs.
Cheremisinoff, P. N.
PLANT NOISE SURVEY TECHNIQUES
Pollut Engr, v 4 n 3, May-June 1972,p 39-41
The objective evaluation of industrial noise levels prior to attenuation
is discussed. Of four quantities of importance—sound pressure level,
distance from the source at which a change in sound field occurs,
sound intensity and sound energy density—sound pressure level is the
most readily measurable. The use of the microphone for measurement
is discussed, and the advantages and limitations of major microphone
types are listed. Manufacturers of industrial sound measuring instru-
mentation are also given.
360
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Cho Rang, R.; Murata, S.
STUDIES ON THE NOISE OF AXIAL FLOW FAN.
Bull JSME, v 16 n 94, April 1973, p 742-751
Axial spacing and the tilting angle in the spanwise direction between
guide vane and rotor blades are dealt with as parameters concerning
their effects on noise reduction. Measuring the pressure fluctuation
on the blade surface of the guide vane is also included. 4 refs.
Connor, W. K.
NOISE CONTROL
Chem Engr, v 80 n 14, June 18, 1973, p 165-169
Over the next five years, full development of legislative and enforce-
ment programs of in-plant noise controls can be expected along with
tightening of existing noise limits. Potential noise problems,
methods of measurement, and basic terminology are discussed. Control
techniques such as mufflers, silencers, enclosures, and mechanical
isolation and vibration damping are suggested as means of achieveing
noise control without special engineering design.
Contrance, J. D.
PUT NOISE CRITERIA TO WORK FOR YOUR PLANT.
Power, v 117 n 4, April 1973, p 25-27
Guidelines are given for establishing maximum noise levels in specific
zones of modern plants.
Constance, J. D.
RATE THE NOISE OF UNDUCTED HVAC EQUIPMENT BY THIS SIMPLE STEP-BY-
STEP PROCEDURE.
Power, v 118 n 2, Feb 1974, p 70-71
A method for relating industrial plant noise level requirements to
the sound power levels reported by manufacturers of heating, ventilating,
and air conditioning units, combines the effects of room size and
configuration, sound-absorption characteristics and distance of
occupant from sound source.
Copley, L. G.
ENGINEERING APPROACHES TO PLANT NOISE CONTROL.
ASME Paper, n 73-DET-88 for Meet, Sep 9-12 1973
This tutorial paper outlines various approaches to controlling plant
noise by means of physical characteristics of buildings and machinery.
Building-related topics covered include the effects of walls, barriers,
and plant layout in isolating noise and the use and limitations of
sound-absorptive acoustical material in reducing noise levels. Machinery-
related topics include noise specifications for new equipment and
engineering modifications to existing machinery. 24 refs.
361
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Cremer, L.
SECOND ANNUAL FAIREY LECTURE. THE TREATMENT OF FANS AS BLACK BOXES.
J Sound Vibr, v 16 n 1, May 8 1971, p 1-15
The "black box" theory of communications engineers is extended to
treat some problems of aerodynamically generated noise, such as the
noise of ducted fans. Presentation of the necessary extensions of the
theory, and its physical interpretation, is followed by a description of
experimental work showing that axial and centrifugal fans act like
momentum sources. Methods for measuring the relevant fan parameters
are described, and results of measurements are given, demonstrating the
ability of the method to give good predictions of ducted fan noise,
for both model scale and full-size fans.
Curry, R. W.; Weber, J. A.
NOISE AND PERFORMANCE OF AN AXIAL-FLOW FAN WITH VARYING SHROUD AND
CORE SPACING.
Trans Amer Soc Agr Engr, Gen Fd, v 15 n 5, Sep-Oct 1972, p 822-826
An investigation of 24 late-model farm tractors revealed that the spacing
between the leading edge of the fan and the radiator (fan spacing)
varied from 7/16 to 5-3/4 in. Tests of an engine cooling fan at two
speeds and two air-flow rates showed that the effects of fan spacing
and projection on performance and sound-power level were related to the
point of operation of the fan on its static pressure-flow rate curve.
9 refs.
Debiase, J. S.
CRITERIA AND DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR PLANT NOISE CONTROL.
S/V, Sound Vibr, v 6 n 9, Sep 1972, p 26-30
Hearing conservation and community intrusion noise criteria for achieving
proper noise control for a new industrial plant are presented. The
need for both sound level and frequency spectrum information is pointed
out, and the use of octave band noise criteria is recommended. As a.
supplement to specific criteria, information to assist the contractor
in meeting a plant's, noise control requirement is suggested.
Finkelstein, W.
PRELIMINARY COMPUTATIONS OF FAN NOISE.
Build Serv Engr, v 41, March 1974, p 268-275
The values derived apply to near optimum operating for either the
pressure or suction sides of a fan and show that in order to determine
the room sound levels in a ventilated area, it is necessary to know
the fan sound power output frequency spectrum to enable computation
of the required sound attenuation characteristics. 8 refs.
362
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Fry, A. T.
NEW CYLINDRICAL ATTENUATORS
Heat Ven Engr, J, Air Cond, v 44 n 525, April 1971, p 497-504
Attenautors specifically designed for direct connection to the inlet
and outlet of axial flow fans. Two attenuator types evolved for each
fan size are illustrated. They both have a length approximately equal
to one-and-half diameters and have acoustic lining as their outer
walls, within the sheet metal casing. One design contains an extra
central pod to achieve larger quantities of attenuation, although at
the expense of aerodynamic pressure loss.
Gibson, D. C.
NOISE REDUCTION IN COMPRESSED AIR DRIVEN FANS
Australas Inst Min Metal Proc, n 246, June 1973, p 13-20
The development of a noise attenuated compressed air driven fan is
described. The fan, which employs the jet reaction principle,
possesses blade extension pieces which penetrate into an acoustically
treated annular chamber. The dominant noise source, namely the air
jets, is thereby partially suppressed. In addition, the increased
moment arm of the jets leads to an improved propulsion effect which
contributes to the improved aerodynamic performance of the unit. A
typical measure of the improvement of this type of auxiliary mine
ventilation unit is a 4 percent increase in efficiency and a 10 dBA
drop in sound level for a fan duty of 0.5 KPA and 1600 litre/s.
This degree of attenuation corresponds to at least having the
loudness level, a subjective noise measure. 5 refs.
Goodfriend, L. S.; Kessler, F. M.
INDUSTRIAL NOISE-IMPACT ON THE COMMUNITY
J of Environ Sci, v 15 n 5, Sep-Oct 1972, p 18-22
Industrial noise in the community which is above the ambient may be
accepted or allowed by the community so long as it meets certain
limitations. Industrial neighbors may not object to plant noise
even at fairly high levels if it is continuous, does not interfere
with speech communications, does not include pure tones or impact, does
not contain fear produced elements. Some industrial plant equipment
which generates noises that might be community problems can often be
controlled by conventional mufflers and enclosures. Many state-of-
the-art methods are available and may be applied when public need or
local governmental action requires them. Industrial plant noise might
be a. more serious community problem without the following factors:
transportation noise dominates large regions of industrial areas, and
an interactive process between local government and industry leads to
noise control measures by industry.
363
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Goodfriend, L. S.
INDUSTRIAL NOISE IN THE COMMUNITY—CURRENT VIEWS
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
Noise from industrial plant has continued to be a problem for both
plant management and their neighbors. Recent acceptance of the A-
weighted sound level to rate noise, results of several federal
studies, and an evaluation of the normalized community noise equivalent
level (NCNEL) have changed the community-industry situation little,
but prepare the way to develop workable methods for rating noise
situations in a manner similar to the earlier composite noise rating,
but without measurement of the spectrum. Furthermore, the interrelation-
ship of a community and its industrial neighbors appears to play
a major part in the acceptance of the noise levels surrounding
the plant. There is no universal method of rating community noise
that will satisfy any given percentage of neighbors in a community
without first determining attitudinal factors that can be applied in
the noise evaluation as weighing factors. Further research is currently
under way.
Gordon, C. G.
INDUSTRIAL NOISE CONTROL: A CASE STUDY
Noise arid Vibr Control for Ind Conf, P, (Bath, Eng, April 10-12, 1972)
A case study is presented which involves the development of noise
design constraints for the installation of a new plant in a foundry
in the midlands of England. The various stages of development are
described. Arc-furnace noise prediction, extrapolation to new plant
design, community criteria, noise control design, and alternative site.
Graham, J. B.
HOW TO ESTIMATE FAN NOISE
V Sound Vibr, v 6 n 5, May 1972, p 24-27
New method of fan noise estimation is provided in this article. Specific
sound power levels of all common types of fans are tabulated. A
simple equation involving only fan delivery volume and pressure is
used to correct these specific ratings to actual sound power levels
generated. Recommendations for fan noise specifications to be used
in purchasing are also provided.
364
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Guhlmann, 8.
ZUM GERAEUSCHVERHALTEN VON KEALTEMITTELVERDICHTERN. (NOISE CHARACTERISTICS
OF REFRIGERANT COMPRESSORS)
Luft Kaeltetech, v 8 n 3, June 1972, p 119-124
An equation is set up through which the predetermination and estimation
of the A-rated sound power is rendered possible when service conditions,
refrigerant, geometrical volumetric delivery and material of compressor
body are known. The equation is nomographically represented for
simplification. In German.
Hart, F. D.; Reiter, W. F.; Royster, L. H.
A COMMUNITY NOISE PROBLEM/RESOLUTION
Inter-noise 72. Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, (Wash, D. C.,
Oct 4-6 1972) '
Noise levels inside and outside an industrial plant in Pickens, South
Carolina, were measured. Normal conversation was not possible inside
dwellings located near the plant, although noise levels inside the
dwellings probably would not result in permanent hearing loss.
Housing residents considered noise levels in the range from 50-55 dBA
acceptable, but levels from 65-70 dBA were considered noisy or ex-
cessibley noisy. An acceptabl rating for a noise level of 76 dBA was
found. A court order requiring the plant to provide noise abatement
measures is reviewed.
Healiss, K.
IS THE NOISE FROM YOUR FACTORY SAFE?
Environ Health, v 81 n 4, April 1973, p 69-72
Sources and definitions of noises, and methods of noise measurement are
discussed. Industrial noise is divided into steady wide band noise,
steady narrow band noise, single impact noise, and repeat impact noise.
The effects of noise, especially hearing damage, are reviewed, including
acoustic trauma, temporary threshold shift, and permanent threshold
shift. Major sources of factory noise, their effects on the community,
and methods of noise control are outlined. Serious consequences of
continued exposure to high intensity noise necessitate a rigid program
of noise measurement and control.
Illinois Institute for Environmental Quality, Task Force on Noise
CONTROL OF NOISE FROM STATIONARY SOURCES
111 Inst for Environ Quality. IIEQ Document TF-2, Jan 1972, p 76
Regulations which are structured with specific noise limits expressed
in decibels, for a variety of setting are proposed for Illinois. The
numbers and the limits proposed for near term realization are based
upon technological realities. Standards for the future are based upon
365
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a realistic faith in what technology can reasonably be expected to
create by way of improvements. The limits which are proposed were
also developed from known community reaction of noise and a review of
control law in other jurisdictions both within the U.S. and abroad.
A comprehensive review will be made within a reasonable time after a
set of limits is promulgated by the Illinois Pollution Control Board.
Il'Yashuk, Y. M.; Simin, A. I.
MEASURING AND STANDARDIZING NOISE CHARACTERISTICS.
Meas Tech, v 15 n 6, June 1972, p 911-913
The problem of reducing the noise from machines, industrial equipment,
treansportation facilities, and even domestic appliances is becoming
more urgent each year all over the world. The noise characteristics
of machines are considered to be a distinctive criterion for the
quality of their construction and assembly. Efforts being made in the
Soviet Union as embodied in the All-Union State Standard (AUSS) 11870-
66 entitled Machines. Noise characteristics and methods of determining
them, and other standards related thereto, with some indication of
present deficiencies therein.
Johnson, C. N.; Hamilton, J. F.
CAVITY RESONANCE IN FRACTIONAL HORSEPOWER REFRIGERANT COMPRESSORS
ASME Paper 71, Vibr-88 for Meet, Sept 8-10 1971, p 7
The paper describes an investigation concerned with sources of noise
in a fractional horsepower, rotary vane, refrigerant compressor
typically used in domestic refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioners.
Measurements of the compressor sound field, using fixed bandwidth
narrowband spectrum analysis equipment, revealed a variable amplitude
harmonic of the pumping frequency. The variability correlated with
shell-cavity gas to resonance in the lowest transverse mode. Cavity
resonance in small hermetic refrigerant compressor is unlikely to •
create substantial change in the amplitude of the fundamental
pumping frequency. Upper and lower bounds on cavity resonant frequency
in the first transverse mode are reported as a function of shell
diameter.
Kipp, E. R.
DIE SCHALLEISTUNG VON SCHRANKKLIMAGERAETEN. (NOISE LEVEL OF AIR
CONDITIONING CABINETS)
Klim Kaflte Ing, v 2 n 2, Feb 1972, p 55-58
The noise data of the components of ventilating and air conditioning
installations should be based on noise levels. The determination re-
quires frequently high experimental expenditure, e. g., application
of a reverberation chamber. However, there are also other methods
available which enable us to determine the sound noise level of air
conditioning equipment with less expenditure. In the paper discussed
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such a method is explained, using an airconditioning cabinet as a
test example. In German.
Kollek, W.; Stryczek, S. T.
EINFLUSS DBS UMSTEUERVORGANGES AUF DEN SCHALLDRUCKPEGEL DER
AXIALKOLBENPUMPEN. (INFLUENCE OF REVERSE MOTION OF PLUNGERS ON
THE SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL OF SWASH-PLATE PUMPS)
Mashinenbautechnik, v 21 n 10, Oct 1972, p 467-473
The main cause hydraulic noise in swash-plate pumps is the reversing
of the plungers motion. The relations between the reversing process
and the generated noise are investigated in a specially constructed
pump and test stand. The results obtained indicate the possibility
of attaining a substantial decrease in the sound pressure level
by a suitable matching of the reversing process with the working
pressure of the pump. 3 refs.
Krishnappa, G.; Jones, L. R.
FAR FIELD RADIATION OF ROTOR-STATOR INTERACTION TONES FROM AN
ANNULAR DUCT
Natl Res Counc Can. Aeronaut Rep, n LR-568, April 1973
An expression is derived to calculate the directivity of the far
field sound pressure levels radiated from an annular duct based on
Tyler and Sofrin's approach for a circular duct. Both radial and
circumferential variations in the acoustic pressure field inside the
duct are considered in the derivation. A computer program to calculate
the generation, propagation and far field radiation of tones from a
single stage ducted fan is described. 4 refs.
Lancaster, A.
MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT AND APPLIANCES
Noise in the Environ, Causes, Effects, Controls, Conf, Papers.
(Toronto, Ont., Canada, April 28-29, 1971)
Legislation is stressed as an effective technique for controlling indus-
trial noise, and industry's resistance to technological solutions
due to high costs is cited. Noise control regulations in Europe
and the U. S. are reported.
367
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Lang, J.
STOERUNG DER NACHBARSCHAFT DURCH BETRIEBSLAERM
Noise 2000. Assoc Internationale Centre Le Bruit. Intl Congresses,
5th & 6th. (London, May 1968 and Groningen, Neth. May 1970)
Research which examines methods of reducing and avoiding noise dis-
turbance from industrial establishments is presented. A basis is
provided by the cases of disturbance from factory noise to adjacent
residential dwellings with which the State Research Institute for
Thermal and Sonic Technology (Austria) dealt in the last 15 years.
Three separate groups of industry can be distinguished with reference
to noise production and methods of reducing the external emission
of noise. Large plants that occupy considerable areas of land and
where at least a part of the noise production is out-of-doors; fairly
large enterprises operating in their own selfcontained industrial
premises; and smaller plants that do not require an entire industrial
premise and are therefore usually housed in the basement, ground floor,
yard or annex of dwelling houses. The laws of extending and checking
airborne and structure-borne sound are studied with practical examples
and on a. model.
Laux, H.
ZUR GERAEUSCHABSTRAHLUNG VON ZENTRALGERAETEN IN DEN MASCHINENRAUM.
(NOISE EMISSION FROM APPARATUS INTO THE PLANT ROOM OF A CENTRALIZED
AIR CONDITIONING INSTALLATION)
Klim Kaflte Ing, v 2 n 2, Feb 1974, p 59-62
The emission of noise from fans into the plant room of a centralized
air conditioning installation with and without connections is measured
and the effect of the various connecting pieces and the different means
for damping and absorbing of noise of the sound insulation within the
equipment investigated. In German.
Meador, C. L.; Allan, J. J.
EXHAUST VENT SILENCER DESIGN
J of Engr for Ind, NY, v 94 n 4, Nov 1972, p 1007-1019
Noise control problems exist where high pressure, high temperature gases
are vented to the atmosphere. An example is used to illustrate an ap-
proach to the design of an acoustically treated expansion chamber for a
typical noise problem caused by superheated steam vented to the atmos-
phere. An analysis is developed to aid in the design of the acoustically
treated expansion chamber type muffler for broadband frequency applica-
tion. The algorithm as well as the supporting theory are sufficiently
general so as to be applicable to a number of high velocity gas-
generated noise conditions. All frequencies showed transmission losses
greater than 50 dB as required, in an experimental estimation. An
appendix of terminology definitions is included.
368
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Moore, C. J.
IN-DUCT INVESTIGATION OF SUBSONIC FAN "ROTOR ALONE" NOISE
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 5, May 1972, p 1471-1482
Circumferential, radial and axial microphone traverses were made in
the duct of a 1-m diameter 4-bladed subsonic ventilation fan with no
stators. Steady components of the rotor tones were measured and phase
related to the shaft rotation. Results show that the acoustic field
close to the rotor is dominated by its steady force field; at any
multiple of rotational frequency the basic mode is present, having a
number of lobes equal to the rotational frequency harmonic order. At
greater axial distances the basic mode decays, leaving only modes of
low circumferential order at the intake.
Nelson, F. C.
UNDERSTANDING GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF IN-PLANT NOISE.
ASME Paper, n 73-DET-37 for Meet Sep 9-12 1973
Paper describes the various considerations which went into the formulation
of the noise regulation promulgated in the Walsh-Healy and Occupational
Safety and Health Acts. It reviews the influence of noise levels,
age and length of exposure on hearing damage discusses several of the
proposed hearing damage-risk criteria. It discusses the OSHA noise
regulations in some detail. Finally, the paper assesses present trends
and suggests the ways in which in-plant noise criteria are likely to
evolve. 8 refs.
Ostergaard, P. B.
SOUND IN BUILDINGS
Bldg Syst Des, v 68 n 6, June 1971, p 25-30
The author presents some practical pointers in control of noise in
buildings. Mechanical noise sources, noise from kitchens, control
of fan noise, pump impeller selection, and methods of isolation of
vibration are discussed. Tabulated data for a simplified calculation
of the requirements for sound attenuation for a complete fan syltem
are presented.
Rink, C. N.
NOISE CONTROL IN AIR HANDLING SYSTEMS
Bldg Syst Des, v 68 n 5, May 1971, p 40-54
Modern silencers and a lining near the diffusers that result in a
sound controlled system at a minimum cost are reviewed: How to
select silencers.
369
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Royster, L. H.; Creel, W. C.; Thomas, W. G.; Scott, C. E. Ill
SURVEY OF THE NOISE ENVIRONMENTS OF 300 SMALL INDUSTRIES IN NORTH
CAROLINA
Acoust Soc of Arner, J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
A total of 300 industries were surveyed with respect to their re-
spective noise environments. These industries generally employed less
than 100 employees. The surveys were conducted by the North Carolina
Department of Labor Staff. Pertinent information concerning number
of employees exposed, percent of employees exposed in different
company size ranges, etc., was also obtained during the survey. These
results are presented.
Schirmer, W.
LAERMSCHUTZ AM ARBEITSPLATZ ALS AUFGABE DES INDUSTRIEPROJEKTANTEN.
(NOISE PROTECTION IN WORKING ENVIRONMENT AS PROBLEM OF THE INDUSTRIAL
PLANNER)
Technik (Berlin), v 27 n 12, Dec 1972, p 781-784
The sound propagation in production workshops in investigated and
formulas as well as measured results are presented for sound pressure
level in rooms with various length/height ratios in presence of scat-
tering objects (machines). Experimental studies are described which
showed that a considerable noise level reduction is obtained by the
use of screening walls or partitions covered with sound absorbing
materials and by sound absorbing ceilings. 16 refs.
Schmidt, W.; Busch, G.
NOISE REDUCTION MEASURES IN LARGE INDUSTRIAL PLANTS, BASED ON ENGINEERING
STUDIES. (INGENIEURMAESSIGE LAERMMINDERUNG BEI GROSSPROJEKTEN)
Stahl Eisen, v 91 n 9, April 29 1971, p 481-487
Steps taken during the construction of two large tube manufacturing
plants, one a continuous tube rolling mill, the other producing
longitudinally welded tubing, to reduce the noise levels, are described;
some of the difficulties encountered occurred at the natural gas inlet,
ventilation equipment, and a control stage; low-noise and cost-saving
control of handling equipment by the use of pressure oil instead of
compressed air is described in detail.
Schmitz, C. J.
ERFAHRUNGEN MIT LAERMABSORBIERENDEN SCHUTZKONSTRUKTIONEN. (EXPERIENCE
WITH NOISE ABSORBING PROTECTIVE STRUCTURES).
Ind-Anz, v 95 n 19, March 2 1973, p 366-368
Several examples are presented which demonstrate practical possibilities
of using special noise absorbing structures for increased noise abate-
ment. Considered is noise generated by refrigeration plants, in
ventilation shafts and in various cabins. Efficient partitions for
factories, parking lots, etc., are also discussed.
370
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Schultz, T. J.
PERSISTING QUESTIONS IN STEADY-STATE MEASUREMENTS OF NOISE POWER
AND SOUND ABSORPTION
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Most steady-state methods for measuring the noise power of equipment
and the sound absorption in a room depend on knowing the sound power
output on the standard source. But the output of any sound source
depends in principle on the radiation impedance presented to it, and
this impedance is likely to change with the location of the source,
as well as with changes in the amount and distribution of the absorptive
material in the room. Moreover, no generally accepted method is
available for measuring the sound-power output directly. For these
reasons, the validity of the steady-state methods has been under
suspicion for some time . Recent progress in making steady-state
methods respectable is summarized. Some remaining problems are cited.
Scott, H. L.
PERFORMANCE OF SOUND ABSORBERS IN A RADIAL DIFFUSER CONFIGURATION
J Sound Vibr, v 19 n 4, Dec 22 1971, p 445-451
A classical wave theory approach is used to determine the radial
attenaution in a simulated centrifugal fan or pump diffuser lined
with sound absorbing material. For all circumferential modes the
attenuation at large radii is virtually the same as that of the lowest
mode in a rectangular duct lined on two opposite sides. However, at
small radii, the attenuation rate increases markedly above the
rectangular duct lowest mode value as the number of nodal diameters
is increased. 5 refs.
Sculthrope, H. J.
INDUSTRIAL HYDRAULIC NOISE ABATEMENT
Sperry Rand Engr Rev, v 23 n 3, 1970, p 44-48
Noise suppression in the industrial hydraulic area as in traffic and
aircraft areas, is a system problem whose solution requires a con-
certed effort on the part of component manufacturer, system supplier,
and user. Careful attention to fine detail is necessary to correct
it. The system approach to the problem provides substantial
dividends particularly in marginal noise situations.
371
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Sessler, S. M.
ACOUSTICAL AND MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE EVALUATION OF
CHILLER NOISE.
ASHRAE J, v 15 n 10, Oct 1973, p 39-46
Design parameters affecting the location of chillers within buildings
and architectural noise control methods are discussed. Chiller
noise data are analyzed and design methods presented for obtaining
acceptable acoustical results, without overdesign. 8 refs.
Shah, K. S.; Vikram, R. K.
INDUSTRIAL & TRAFFIC NOISE
Environ Pollut and Its Control (Baroda, India, April 15-17, 1972)
Inst of Engr (India) Baroda Sub-Centre, (1972), p 24
The sources, effects, tolerance limits, levels, and methods of re-
ducing industrial and traffic noise in India are examined. The need
for regulation is stressed and the employment of regional planning
to reduce the effects of noise is encouraged.
Senoo, Y.; Kodama, Y.
NOISE GENERATED BY LOW PRESSURE AXIAL FANS.
Bull JSME, v 16 n 102, Dec 1973, p 1900-1910
The generation and decay of these two kinds of noise are experimentally
examined by changing various factors, such as the suction pipe geometry,
the location and thickness of struts, and the combination of the number
of impeller blades and the number of struts. The rate of decay of the
rotating noise is predictable and in most cases the-noise quickly de-
creases in proportion to the distance from the rotor, providing that
the number of impeller blades and the number of struts are properly
chosen. Therefore, the noise observed away from a low pressure axial
flow fan is mostly the turbulent noise. 1 ref.
Taylor, R. M.
NOISE EMITTED BY FLUID POWER EQUIPMENT - ITS CAUSES AND CONTROL
Hydraul Pneum Power, v 19 n 220, April 1073, p 132-134
The main reasons for high nosie levels from hydraulic pump installations
are discussed as a preliminary to a description of the most practical
means of achieving a reduction in noise both when designing and
Installing plant. Methods of reduction of noise by design and
-------
Teplitzky, A. M.
ECONOMICS OF NEW PLANT SITES BASED ON ACOUSTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
A graphical method is presented for estimating plant site area
and setback requirements based upon maximum allowable property line
nosie levels, plant noise levels, and type of building siding
selected for the construction. In addition, a method is proposed
for determining the economic break-even point for purchasing additional
property as an acoustical buffer zone vs. the cost of improving the
sound transmission loss of the building siding.
Willoughby, R. A.
NOISE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES FOR POWER TOOLS
ASME Paper, n 73-DE-ll for Meet April 9-12, 1973
Summarizes the history and background of the Cagi-Pneurop test code
for the measurement of sound from pneumatic equipment and outlines its
wide acceptance as a universal standard on the subject. The discussion
also profiles the important aspects of the test code regarding equip-
ment and test procedures. There is a brief discussion of environmental
testing.
Wilson, P. J.
NOISE IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS.
Chart Mech Engr, v 20 n A, Sep 1973, p 89-92
Discusses the nature of noise and how it is measured; the principal
causes of it in hydraulic systems and its suppression; and ends with
a list of quietness guidelines. 5 refs.
Zinker, C.
AIR CONDITIONING IN TOWER BUILDING. INVESTMENTS AND DEVELOPMENT,
(LE CONDITIONNEMENT D'AIR DANS LES BATIMENSTOURS. LES INVESTISSEMENTS
ET L'EXPLOITATION)
Chal Climats, v 36 n 421, Jan 1971, p 35-44
In French with English abstract.
Yoerger, R. R.; Mann, R. L.; Roley, D. R.
PERFORMANCE AND NOISE OF AXIAL-FLOW FANS WITH VARYING HUB DIAMETERS
AND DOWNSTREAM CONSTRUCTIONS.
Trans Amer Soc Agric Engr (gen ed), v 16 n 5, Sep-Oct 1973, p 834-839
The study reported pertains to the performance and noise emission of an
axial-flow fan, shroud, and radiator mockup as affected by varying the
hub-diameter per outside-diameter ratio of a representative tractor engine
cooling fan, and by the presence of cylindrical obstructions located
downstream from the fan blades. 11 refs.
373
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NOISE EFFECTS ON HEALTH
Criteria
Damage-Risk Criteria -
Barker, I. W.
NOISE CRITERIA: A REVIEW OF THE CRITERIA FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF NOISE
IN CURRENT USE AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO THE PUBLIC HEALTH INSPECTOR
Environ Health, v 81 n 8, Aug 1973, p 153-160
The criteria for the assessment of noise and the application of those
criteria are reviewed, with suggestions for use by public health inspectors
when specifying standards. Information is provided on: A, B, C, and D
weighting networks; phon and sones; perceived indexes and noise levels;
noise rating and criterion curves; methods of noise assessment; and
suggested standards for noise levels.
Boole, R. A.
SOME HEARING DAMAGE RISK CRITERIA AND THEIR MEASUREMENT
Inter-Noise, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc (Washington, D.C. ,
Oct. 4-6, 1972)
Noise-induced hearing loss is a function of several factors: level or
intensity of the noise; frequency content of the noise; length of exposure;
and individual susceptibility to hearing damage. Most hearing damage risk
criteria accept A-weighting as an adequate measure, but more elaborate
criteria, based on octave and one-third octave band levels, have also
been developed. These criteria include equal energy, equal temporary effect
and damage risk contours. Research instruments for establishing and
validating theories of damage risk and monitoring instruments used to
determine complicance with a specific damage risk criterion are described.
Lipscomb, D. M.
INDICATORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE
Indicators of Environ Quality, Symp, Proc, Thomas, W.A. (ed) (Held in
Philadelphia, Pa, Dec 26-31, 1971)
Human responsiveness to various sound stimuli is discussed, and stress
is placed on potential indicative features of noise in the environment.
Physical indicators, such as the phon, sone, and noy scales, and perceived
noise level, are quite reliable, and the technology is sufficient for
providing highly refined sound analysis. Physiological, auditory, and
vestibular indicators, such as hearing threshold shifts, cochlear cell
damage, and interruption of cochlear and vestibular blood supply, can
also be used to define the mechanisms of noise damage. Other indicators
of environmental noise include those involving education, safety,
psychology, social science, politics, and economics.
374
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Maas, R. B.
COMPLICANCE WITH OSHA ON HEARING CONSERVATION
Environ Contr Safety Manage, v 142 n 6, Dec 1971, p 11-13
An indistrial hearing expert presents his views plus a step-by-step
program of action to the new Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
rules on noise control and hearing conservation.
McRobert, H.; Ward, W. D.
DAMAGE-RISK CRITERIA: THE TRADING RELATION BETWEEN INTENSITY AND THE
NUMBER OF NONREVERBERANT IMPULSES
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 53 n 5, May 1973, p 1297-1300
An analysis was made of the role of impact and impulse noises in hearing
damage-risk criteria. Data suggest that the correct trading relation for
exposures involving impulsive noise is a function of the degree of
reverberation associated with the exposure. The invalidity of damage-
risk criteria expressed only in terms of pulse peak level is emphasized.
Pell, S.
AN EVALUATION OF A HEARING CONSERVATION PROGRAM—A FIVE YEAR LONGITUDINAL
STUDY
Amer Ind Hyg Conf (San Francisco, Calif, May 14-19, 1972)
A long-term study of noise and hearing loss was undertaken in the Du Pont
company to evaluate the company's hearing conservation program. About
30,000 men and women, of whom about 7,000 work in areas where noise levels
are above the company's hearing conservation criteria, were studied.
Findings of changes in hearing threshold levels over a five year period
are presented. Changes among nonexposed workers are compared with those
among workers in two levels of noise exposure.
Tomlinson, R. W.
ESTIMATION AND REDUCTION OF RISK TO HEARING. THE BACKGROUND AND A CASE STUDY
Appl Ergonomics, v 2 n 2, June 1971, p 112-119
For noise exposure varying in both level and duration, current noise
criteria are inadequate, but by adapting methods presently available,
an equivalent continuous level can be calculated from which the risk to
hearing can be assessed. The predicted effects on hearing compare
favorably with measured values. These methods are used to predict an
"acceptable noise limit for the variable noise environment on the
agricultural tractor." Methods of noise reduction for the tractor are
outlined along with other approaches to hearing preservation. 14 refs,
375
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Industrial Noise -
Scott, C. E., Ill; Royster, L. H.; Thomas, W. G.
COMPARISON OF SELECTED DAMAGE RISK CRITERIA IN JUDGING INDUSTRIAL NOISE
ENVIRONMENTS
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 51 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
Over 500 industrial noise data samples were studied for the purpose of
comparing allowed exposure times using 85 dBA, 90 dBA, and octave band
spectra with the Chaba working group damage risk contours. The use of
octave band data spectra and the Chaba working group damage risk contours
should be allowed in lieu of overall dBA.
Tracer, Inc.
GUIDELINES ON NOISE
Amer Petroleum Inst, Div of Environ Affairs, Medical Res Rep, EA 7301,
1973
Noise limits which will reduce the probability of hearing damage, minimize
disturbance of communities, and enable effective speech communication are
specified. These limits will provide designers and planners with a set
of design criteira which can be used for systems analyses to determine
optimum equipment selection, plant layout, and siting of plants and
facilities. The procedures for the measurement of airborne sound under
a variety of conditions are outlined, so that a systematic approach to
the acquisition of sound data is developed which ensures that accurate
and complete information concerning a noise question can be obtained. A
compilation of noise control information design to equip the project
engineer with tools to solve many noise problems and to approach these
problems intelligently is presented. This compilation includes basic
elements of acoustics, plant design, noise control through equipment
specifications and noise control design and techniques.
Tuts, P.
LAWAAIBESTRIJDING IN DE INDUSTRIE (NOISE ABATEMENT IN THE INDUSTRY)
Ingenieursblad, v 42 n 9, May 1, 1973, p 253-259
Discussion of various measures for the abatement of the noise to which
a worker is subjected at his work station. The efficiency of the means
of noise abatement applied to a person exposed to noise, to the noise
source, and to the immediate neighborhood of this source is examined.
In Dutch.
376
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Exposure
Botsford, J. H.
RELATION OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT TO NOISE EXPOSURE AND AGE
Amer Ind Hygiene Conf (San Francisco, Calif, May 14-19, 1972)
An equation relating prevalence of impaired hearing to age and noise
exposure is based on the assumptions that the probability of developing
impaired hearing at any age is proportional to the fraction of the popu-
lation of that age which has already developed impaired hearing. The
probability of impairment is also proportional to the fraction of the
population remaining unimpaired and, therefore, is available for impairment.
The solution of the differential equation resulting from these assumptions
reveals a complex relationship of age and noise exposure to impairment.
The effects of age and noise are not simply additive as is often assumed.
Kamperman, G.
NEW TECHNIQUE FOR EVALUATING PERSONAL NOISE EXPOSURE
Natl SAE News, v 109 n 1, Jan 1974, p 76-79
A statistical approach to industrial noise surveys can establish the
magnitude of the over-all problem. Define source characteristics through
frequency spectra, and establish the temporal character of the noise
exposure from which major fluctuating noise sources can be defined. The
technique replaces the inaccurate method of using dosimeters on workers
to measure average noise fluctuation levels.
Leasure, W. A., Jr. •
PERFORMANCE EVALAUTION OF PERSONAL NOISE EXPOSURE METERS
S/V Sound Vib, v 8 n 3, Mar 1974, p 36-40
The promulgation of federal occupational noise exposure regulations has
resulted in a proliferation of personal noise exposure meters. A wide
variation in performance has been observed among the various instruments,
Test results of noise exposure meters are presented and evaluated at
various levels of sound. 3 refs.
Lipscomb, D. M.
NOISE EXPOSURE AND ITS EFFECTS
Oticongress 2 (n.p.), 1972
The effects of noise-induced hearing loss upon total communication skills
are discussed. Research implications are offered which point to the
widespread cochlear damage occasioned by exposure to high intensity noise.
This damage configuration is suggested as a reason noise-induced hearing
loss cases generally complain of communicative problems which are not
commensurate with their audiometric test results. A suggestion is made
for measuring speech discrimination in varying signal-to-noise ratios.
377
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Van Atta, F. A.
FEDERAL REGULATION OF OCCUPATIONAL NOISE EXPOSURE
S/V Sound Vibr, v 6 n 5, May 1972, p 28-31
The objectives of the United States Department of Labor in controlling
occupational exposures are explained. They are to prevent hearing
impairment resulting from occupational noise exposure in a large percentage
of the working population. These goals are being approached through
measurement of environmental noise, noise reduction where necessary or
ear protection as a final resort. Periodic hearing tests are recommended
to check on the efficiency of these control measures.
Impulsive Noise
Temporary Threshold Shift -
Me Robert, H.; Ward, W. D.
TEMPORARY THRESHOLD SHIFT FROM IMPULSES
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Temporary threshold shifts were measured for seven listeners after
exposure to clicks (one every 3.0 sec) at certain peak levels for
varying amounts of time. First, a critical exposure condition was
arrived at for each listener, the criterion for this exposure being that
combination of peak level and exposure time that would produce 20 dB of
TTS 0.5 (temporary threshold shift 30 sec after termination of the
exposure) at 4 kHz. For two of the listeners, exposure at a peak level
of 150 dB for 1 min (20 clicks) was sufficient to produce the required
TT^S. Four required 152 dB, while the two remaining listeners required
155 dB. Following this, each listener was exposed to clicks at lower
peak levels (on different occasions at least 24 hr apart). At each level,
the exposure time was increased to maintain equal energy during exposure.
For each subject, the lower-level exposure produced significantly less
TTS. Thus equal amounts of exposure energy do not necessarily lead to
equal auditory hazards, at least for impulse noise.
Sitler, R. W.; Henderson, D.; Hamernik, R. P.
THE TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT THRESHOLD SHIFTS PRODUCED BY THREE LEVELS
OF IMPULSE NOISE
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Monaural chinchillas (15) were exposed to 50 impulses of either 155 or
161 or 166 dB peak sound pressure level. The impulses were generated by
a shock tube and has a duration of 1 msec. Quiet threshold was measured
at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz using the average evoked response technique-
Recovery was monitored for 31 d. The median permanent threshold shift (PTS)
for all frequencies was determined by the level of the impulse: the 155 dB
level produced essentially no PTS, the 161 dB level produced approximately
378
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10 dB PTS across all frequencies, and the 166 dB level produced 13 to 35 dB
PTS. For moderate to severe ITS, as much as 14 hr were necessary to reach
maximum TTS. Unlike ITS results, TTS max was not strictly determined by
the level of the impulse. Specifically the correlation between the PTS and
TTS max ranged from only r - 0.34 or r - 0.75. The results are discussed
in reference to existing damage risk criteria for impulse noise.
Susceptibility to Damage -
Koestler, A. G.; Farrer, D. N.; Pegram, G. W.; Krausman, P. R.
THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO IMPULSIVE NOISE IN CHIMPANZEES
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Two young male chimpanzees were exposed to 24 impulsive noises each night
for 20 consecutive nights. The subjects' daytime performance on a temporal
discriminative task was significantly poorer than preexposure performance
standards. Although a general trend towards recovery became evident the
subjects never fully regained consistent preexposure levels of performance.
The data suggest that chronic nocturnal exposure to impulsive noise has a
significantly detremental effect on the behavioral effectiveness of
performing subjects.
Luz, G. A.; Lipscomb, D. M.
SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DAMAGE FROM IMPULSE NOISE: CHINCHILLA VERSUS MAN
OR MONKEY
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 54 n 6, Dec 1973, p 1750-1754
Behavioral audiograms were taken on five surgically monaural chinchillas
at 0.75, 1.5, 4.0, 6.0, 7.9, 11.0, 14.5, and 16.5 kHz. After exposure to
1-4 impulses of 168 dB peak SPL and 60- sec a-wave duration, temporary
threshold shift was monitored at 1.5, 6.0, and 14.5 kHz for 32 d and complete
audiograms taken at 64 d postexposure. Shifts were similar to those found
by other researchers who have exposed the chinchilla to similar impulses,
but were larger than those seen in monkeys and men exposed to the same
impulse noise source. Conchlear hair cell losses for the five subjects
exposed to 1-4 impulses were small and not significantly different from
those of five others exposed to 10-40 impulses (but not tested behaviorally).
The conclusions paralleled those of Hunter-Duvar and Elliott in that
stimulation sufficient to produce permanent threshold shifts of 10-20 dB
may not produce anatomical injuries to the organ of corti that are detect-
able by phase microscopy. Caution was urged in generalizing the results
of impulse noise studies in chinchilla to human damage risk criteria.
The use of preexposure impedance measures to rule out middle ear conductive
losses was also suggested for future studies.
379
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Perceived Levels and Differences -
Abel, S. M.
DURATION DISCRIMINATION OF NOISE AND TONE BURSTS
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 4 Pt 2, Apr 1972, p 1219-1223
An experimental study is made of the human observer's ability to
discriminate a difference in duration for noise bursts and gated
sinusoids. Results best agree with the type of neural counter model
proposed by Creelman which suggests a central process for measuring
duration that is independent of the nature of the stimulus.
Stevens, S. S.
PERCEIVED LEVEL OF NOISE BY MARK VII AND DECIBLES (E)
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 2 Pt 2, Feb 1972, p 575-601
The Stevens Mark VI procedure for calculating the perceived level of
loudness or noisiness is modified to bring the calculation system into
closer alignment with the behavior of the auditory system in the subjective
evaluation of acoustic energy. The calcualtion uses a set of frequency
weighting contours based on an average of 25 experimental contours. The
Mark VII version is extended to lower frequencies to facilitate calculation
of the perceived level of impulses and sonic booms. 60 refs.
Pathological Effects -
Unterreiner, R.; Richard, M.; Lafon, J. C.
Lf ACTION PATHOLOGIQUE DBS BRUITS IMPULSIONNELS, EXPERIMENTATIONS ET
RESULTATS (EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS ON THE PATHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF NOISE
PULSES)
Acustica, v 30 n 2, Feb 1974, p 100-108
In order to avoid the disadvantages characteristic to conventional measuring
methods - sound level meter, oscilloscope - an apparatus especially
designed for very short intensity sound pulses, was developed, enabling
to show the peak energy periods of the sound pulses and to establish
objective criteria of their harmfulness. 12 refs. In French/
Cochlear Degeneration -
Hamernik, R. P.; Henderson, D.; Sitler, R. W.
CONCHLEAR DEGENERATION FOLLOWING IMPULSE NOISE EXPOSURE
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Twenty guinea pigs were exposed to permanent threshold shift (PTS)
producing impulses of either 166 or 161 dB peak sound pressure level.
The animals were sacrificed at postexposure times of 60 min to 50 d,
and the cochleas were histologically examined. At 60 mtn postexposure,
hair-cell lesions are observed without phalangeal scars. The lesions
380
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are bordered on both sides by greatly swollen and distorted hair cells.
This damage is observed to increase in extent for up to 30 d. Atrophic
changes in the stria vascularis are seen in regions adjacent to the
hair cell lesions. Atrophy of the capillaries of the spiral ligament
and swelling of the endothelial cells of the vas spiralis appear but
are not specific to the hair cell lesions. Other changes include loss
of supporting cells, collapse of the tunnel of corti, degeneration of
the limbus, and loss of nerve fibers. These experiments present a
paradox; over a period of 30 d the cellular damage grows progressively
worse while presumably, hearing sensitivity is recovering.
Effects of Noise on Sleep
Thiessen, G. J.
EFFECT OF NOISE ON SLEEP
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
When appropriate account is taken of duration of the stimulus the present
data on interference of sleep by noise seen to present a consistent
picture. This picture indicates a threshold of interference which varies
inversely with the duration of the stimulus, while for a given stimulus
length the probability of a shift in sleep level is proportional to the
stimulus level. The slope of this line seems approximately independent of
stimulus duration. Thus, when all the available data are combined, they
appear to contradict previous statements that for sonic booms and other
acoustics stimuli of short duration there is practically no dependence on
intensity once the threshold of sleep disturbance is exceeded. There is
still no evidence that any appreciable habituation exists.
Intermittent Noise
Anderson, C. M. B.; Robinson, D. W.
THE EFFECT OF INTERRUPTION RATE ON AN INTERMITTENT NOISE
Teddington, Eng. Natl Phys Lab, Acout Rep n 53
An experiment designed to test a prediction made from the noise pollution
level (LNP) formulation is described. During each test session of 30 min
subjects were exposed to 15 min of road drill noise at 87 dBA, the
experimental variables being the number and duration of the noise bursts.
The results were broadly consistent with the formula when compared with
experiments using steady noise, but secondary effects are found which
depend on the intermittancy rate. The results are used to illustrate a
psychophysiological model of noise annoyance, and are also discussed in
relation to the noise fluctuation term in the LNP formula. Of the
personality indices taken, extraversion was the only measure to show
significant effects.
381
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Conrad, D. W.
EFFECTS OF INTERMITTENT NOISE ON HUMAN SERIAL DECODING PERFORMANCE AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE
Ergonomics, v 16 n 6, Nov 1973, p 739-747
The effects of continuous, periodic, and aperiodic broad band noise on
serial decoding performance and on three physiological response measures
were investigated. Performance data were recorded from 16 undergraduate
university students using an electronically programmed rapid serial
decoding task. The task configuration chosen combined a basic serial
reaction function with a mental coding and short-term memory function. To
assess activation or arousal effects of noise, three physiological variables
were also simultaneously recorded: finger photoplethysmographic blood
volume pulse amplitude, pulse rate, and forearm electromyogram. Each
subject was isolated in a soundproof chamber while performance data and
physiological data were collected under four counter-balanced conditions:
work in quiet, continuous noise, periodic noise, and aperiodic noise. A
sound intensity level of 93 dBA broad band noise was used in all noise
conditions. The results showed a significant relationship between a
subjective measure of noise annoyance sensitivity and a measured
physiological variable, photoplethysmographic blood volume pulse amplitude.
24 refs.
Fuller, H. C.; Robinson, D. W.
SUBJECTIVE REACTIONS TO STEADY AND VARYING NOISE ENVIRONMENTS
Teddington, Eng Natl Phys Lab, Acoust Rep AC 62, Aug 1973
Two experiments are described in which adverse subjective reaction to
experimental moises was scored by multi-item questionnaires following
exposure periods of 30 min. In the first experiment, reaction to a steady
noise was related to noise level in a resonably linear manner over the
range 60-95 dBA. The second experiment examined subjective reaction to
a steady noise with peaks of a louder noise superimposed on it. Six
configurations of this type were tested, and the results are discussed.
Repko, J. D.; Loeb, M.
EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS AND INTERMITTENT NOISE ON WORK BEHAVIOR
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
A synthetic work approach was employed in an investigation of the effects
of 90 dB continuous and periodic 96 dB intermittent broad band noise on
human performance. Ten Navy and Air Force ROTC cadets worked the tasks
of a multiple-task performance battery 12 hr/wk (in 3, 4-hr sessions)
during a 4-wk training period. Subsequently, they were required to work
4 d, 8 hr/d on a split-shift schedule during the presence of noise and
finally, work two additional days on the same split-shift schedule under
quiet conditions. Mean percentage of baseline performance (a composite
index of performance) was enhanced by a periodic 96 dB intermittent noise,
and the extent of the effect varied as a function of the number of tasks
concurrently performed in the work situation. On the other hand, 90 dB
continuous noise neither enhanced nor degraded performance.
382
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Aircraft Noise Related
Effects on Sleep -
Le Vere, T. E.; Bartus, R. T.; Hart, F. E.
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF NOCTURNALLY OCCURRING
JET AIRCRAFT SOUNDS
Aerospace Med, St. Paul, Minn, v 43 n 4, April 1972, p 384-389
Data relative to the objective evaluation of the effects of a specific
complex auditory stimulus during sleep are presented. The
auditory stimulus was a jet aircraft flyover of approximately 20-sec
duration and a peak intensity level of approximately 80 dBA. The
physiological effects (changes in electroencephalographic. EEC, activity)
produced by the jet aircraft stimuli outlasted the physical presence of
the auditory stimulti by a considerable degree. Both behavioral and
EEC changes were noted during waking performances subsequent to nights
disturbed by the jet aircraft flyovers which were not apparent during
performances subsequent to undisturbed nights. Even limited exposure
to nocturnal stimuli which do not necessarily produce behavioral awakening
can nonetheless produce significant changes in an individual's pattern
of sleeping and waking EEC and overt waking performance.
Lukas, J. S.; Dobbs, M. E.
EFFECTS OF AIRCRAFT NOISES ON THE SLEEP OF WOMEN
NASA Contract Rep n CR-2041, June 1972
The electroencephalographic and behavioral responses during sleep of
eight women subjects, aged 29 to 49 years, to subsonic jet flyover noise
and simulated sonic booms were tested over 14 consecutive nights. It
was found that the women were awakened, on the average, by approximately
42 percent of the flyover noises and by approximately 15 percent of the
simulated sonic booms. Comparison of the results of this study with those
of a similar study using men as subjects revealed that women were awakened
more frequently by the subsonic jet flyover noise than were the men, while
men were awakened more frequently by the simulated sonic boom.
Lukas, J. S.; Peeler, D. J.; Dobbs, M. E.
AROUSAL FROM SLEEP BY NOISES FROM AIRCRAFT WITH AND WITHOUT ACOUSTICALLY
TREATED NACELLES
NASA Contract Rep n CR-2279, July 1973
Sleep disruption of subjects, due to aircraft noise, was tested at nominal
intensities of 61 and 79 dBA. The results indicate that for an equivalent
degree of sleep disruption, noise from the jet aircraft with untreated
nacelles must be about 6 dBA less intense than the jet with acoustically
treated nacelles. Highest accuracy on the effects of noise on sleep is
realized when the physical descriptor of noise intensity includes
information about the "impulsive" characteristics of that noise as well
as its long-term spectral content. 17 refs.
383
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Disturbance Predictions -
Hazard, U. R.
PREDICTIONS OF NOISE DISTURBANCE NEAR LARGE AIRPORTS
J Sound Vib, v 15 n 4, Apr 22, 1971, p 425-445
Relationsip between public annoyance with aircraft noise, objective
measures of the noise itself, and mediating social or psychological
conditions which affect the noise-annoyance relationship are examined.
15 refs.
Acuity -
Froehlich, G. R.
HEARING ACUITY IN RELATION TO AGE AND FLYING TIME
AGARD Conf Proc n 81, Two Specialists Meetings of Aerospace Med Panel
Sept 21-22, 1970, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany, Mar 1971, Paper
19
Sonic Boom -
Carothers, R.
INITIAL CALIBRATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE DATA FOR THE TRAVELING-WAVE
SONIC-BOOM SIMULATOR
Toronto Univ., Inst Aerospace Stud, UTIAS Tech Note, n 180, Aug 1972
To allow the study of sonic-boom phenomena and to establish how it relates
to the Canadian situation, two sonic-boom simulation facilities have been
designed and built at the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace
Studies. This report deals with the initial calibration of one of these
facilities: the traveling-wave horn-typesonic-boom simulator, and presents
the results of tests showing the effects of sonic booms on human heart
rate and hearing. 20 refs.
Lips, K. W.
UNSTABLE STEERING TASK WITH A SONIC-BOOM DISTURBANCE
Toronto Univ, Inst Aerospace Stud, UTIAS Tech Note n 179, Sept 1972
An initial study was made concerning the effect of sonic boom distrubances
on an individual's compensatory tracking performance for an unstable
system. In certain respects the tracking task simulated automobile
driving. It was found that most individuals were disturbed and recovered
in varying degrees. These preliminary results, although somewhat
qualitative, show that useful data can be obtained from this type of
simulation. 8 refs.
384
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Lukas, J. S.; Dobbs, M. E.; Peeler, D. J.
EFFECTS ON MUSCLE TENSION AND TRACKING TASK PERFORMANCE OF SIMULATED
SONIC BOOMS WITH LOW AND HIGH INTENSITY VIBRATIONAL COMPONENTS
NASA Contract Rep CR-1781, June 1971
To determine the relative contribution of the vibrational component
generated in a room from simulated sonic booms on the electromyographic
and performance responses of human subjects, four subjects were assigned
to each group-paced tracing task, with booms and with relatively low
intensity vibration (subject's chair and tracing table on a vibration-
isolation platform); paced tracing task, with booms, and with relatively
high intensity vibration (subject's chair and tracing table on floor);
reading of light material, with booms, and with low intensity vibration.
15 refs.
Smith, R. C.; Hutto, G. L.
SONIC BOOMS AND SLEEP: AFFECT CHANGE AS A FUNCTION OF AGE
Aerospace Med, v 44 n 7, July 1973, p 703-707
This study concerned the measurement of mood changes resulting from
simulated sonic booms occurring during sleep. Subjects from 3 age
groups (21-26, 40-45, and 60-72 yr old) spent 21 consecutive nights in
a sleeping room equipped for sonic boom simulation. During the 6th
through 17th nights, simulated sonic booms of 1.0 psf outdoors overpressure
level (0.1 psf measured inside the sleeping rooms) were presented hourly
throughout each night. As the measure of mood, the subjects completed
a composite mood adjective checklist in the evening before retiring and
in the morning after waking on each of the 21 d. No change in moods
attributable to the occurrence of simulated sonic booms was found.
Thackray, R. I.; Touchstone, R. M.; Jones, K. N.
EFFECTS OF SIMULATED SONIC BOOMS ON TRACKING PERFORMANCE AND AUTONOMIC
RESPONSE
Aerospace Med, St. Paul, Minn, v 43 n 1, Jan 1972, p 13-21
Subjects were exposed to four simulated sonic booms over an approximate
30 min period. Subjects performed a tracking task during the exposure
period and continuous recordings were obtained of heart rate and skin
conductance. No evidence of performance impairment was found for any of
the overpressure levels. Rather, performance improved significantly
following boom simulation along with heart-rate deceleration and skin
conductance increase. However, due to variable factors, care should be
taken to avoid drawing unwarranted conclusions, relative to general sonic
boom effects, on the basis of these findings alone.
385
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Psychological Effects
Anderson, C. M. B.; Whittle, L. S.
PHYSIOLOGICAL NOISE AND THE MISSING 6 DB
Acustica, v 24 n 5, May 1971, p 261-272
A series of experiments is described which confirms the existence of the
'percent' missing 6 dB 'percent' effect. This is shown to consist of a
frequency and level dependent discrepancy between free-field and pressure
thresholds at frequencies below 1000 Hz. The effect is demonstrated as being
caused by the physiological noise produced under a supra-aural earcap. The
physiological noise is shown to be vascular in origin, and to be generated
within the external auditory meatus. Some practical implications are
discussed. 24 refs.
Buchwals, J.
THE PHYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NOISE
Noise in the Environ; Causes, Effects, Controls, conf, Papers (Toronto,
Ont, Can, April 28-29, 1971)
The influence of excessive noise on mental health is discussed. The
effects of noise on work, play, and vital functions are discussed. Noise
stimuli may cause the reemergence of repressed trauma, and preconscious
awareness of persisting noise can culminate in symptoms of stress and/or
outbursts of ego-alien activity. Case studies are cited, and individual
and group attempts at noise control are considered.
Forshaw, S. E.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NOISE
Noise in the Environ; Cuases, Effects, Controls, Conf., Papers (Toronto,
Can, April 28-29, 1971)
The physical properties of sound and the means by which they are specified
and measured are described. The structure and functions of the ear are
depicted, and the measurement of hearing sensitivity is characterized.
Pathologies of the ear are discussed, and hearing loss is classified into
four basic bypes: conductive, sensorineural, central, and functional.
Conductive hearing loss can be caused by a single exposure to an intense
sound impulse, but the most prevalent type of noise-induced pathology is
sensorineural. Nonauditory effects of noise include vertigo, nausea,
nystagmus, and loss of equilibrium.
386
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jeffress, L. A.
LOGISTIC DISTRIBUTION AS AN APPROXIMATION TO THE NORMAL CURVE
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 53 n 5, May 1973, p 1296
For psychophysical claculations with a small computer lacking an error-
function routine it is shown that logistic distribution yields a satisfactory
approximation to the normal probability function. Application is to
statistics of optical and acoustical signal recognition by human observers.
Olson, H. F.
PSYCHOLOGY OF SOUND REPRODUCTION
Audio, v 56 n 6, June 1972
The purpose of this paper is to present an exposition on the psychology
of sound reproduction involving the psychology of music, speech, hearing,
distortion, noise, and spatial phenomena.
Rentzsch, M.
EINFLUSS VON LAERM AUF EINE KOMBINATION GEISTIG-KOEKPERLICHER TAETIGKEITEN
UNTER BETRIEBSBEDINGUNGEN (INFLUENCE OF NOISE ON A COMBINATION OF INTELLECTUAL
AND PHYSICAL" ACTIVITIES UNDER OPERATING CONDITIONS)
Wiss z Tech Univ, Dresden, v 21 n 3, 1972, p 567-572
The influence of noise on man's working capacity is investigated on the
example of an all-purpose shovel-crane. The experimentally obtained data
are tested by means of multiple analysis of variance and further statistical
test methods. Finally, the effect of noise on working capacity is
considered from the economic aspect. In German.
Schumacher, R.; Crone, J.; Luescher, E.
LAERM - DEFINITIONEN UND MESSUNGEN, WIRKUNGEN UNO MINDERUNGSMASSNAHMEN.
EINE UEBERSICHT. (NOISE - DEFINITIONS AND MEASUREMENTS, EFFECTS AND MEANS
FOR ABATEMENT. AN OVERVIEW)
Fortschr-Ber VDI-Z Pt 11 n 12, July 1972
Psycho-and physiological effects of noise point to the necessity of
establishing hygienically based, critical limits of noise. Paper confronts
these values with laws and regulations in effect, in order to expose the
still existing discrepancy in their evaluation. That discrepancy is even
more evident in A, contained in paper, representation of actually
occurring in large cities noise intensities such as in: vehicular or
aircraft transportation, residential noise, etc. In parallel paper examines
means for abatement of noise. In conclusion paper outlines criteria that
should be considered in discussion of noise, surveys and registers. Paper
aims at reaching urbanistic planners, transportation experts, and communal
authorities, for whose benefit a catalog of various preventive measures
is included. 62 refs. In German.
387
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Sotnmer, H. C.; Harris, C. S.
COMBINED EFFECTS ON NOISE AND VIBRATION ON MENTAL PERFORMANCE AS A
FUNCTION OF TIME OF DAY
Aerospace Med St Paul, Minn, v 43 n 5, May 1972 p 479-482
Abs, 4 figs, 3 refs, from AA.
To determine combined effects of noise and vibration on mental performance
as a function of time of day. Ten subjects were randomly exposed to
each of the following conditions: stress (5 ha vibration 0.25 GZ,.110 dB
noise) at 6:00 a.m.; no stress (no vibration - 85 dB noise) at performance
on a mental arithmetic task was measured during each of these exposures
on consecutive days. Significant interaction between time of day and
stress was due to both a slight improvement in performance in no stress
condition at 3:00 p.m., and a slight decrement in performance at 3:00 p.m.
in the stress condition. Results suggest that phase of the circadian
cycle may be a variable to be considered in studies on the effects
of stress on human performance.
Intense Noise
Ando, Y.; Hattori, H.
STATISTICAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF INTENSE NOISE DURING HUMAN
FETAL LIFE
J of Sound and Vibr, v 27 n 1, Mar 8, 1973, p 101-110
The manner in which infants react to aircraft noise was investigated.
The babies born of mothers who came to a noisy area before or during
the first 5 months of pregnancy showed little or no excitability to the
noise. There were 188 babies in the first study. More than 1,000
subjects, including low-birth-weight infants, were chosen to replicate
the work. The birth-rate- of low-birth-weight babies increased as
the noise level increased.
Desai, D. D.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION DUE TO NOISE
Environ Pollut & Its Control (Baroda, India, Apr 15-17, 1971), Inst
of Engr (India), Baroda Sub-Centre.
The anatomy of the human ear and the behavior of man and animals in an
exceedingly noisy environment is discussed. The effect of distance on
sound levels and sound-intensity level phenomena is considered in
studying the noise problem acoustically. Several protective and
preventive measures for industrial workers and people associated with
noisy machienry are suggested. It is recommended that the noise
problem be studied psychologically as well as statistically.
388
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Lipscomb, D. M.; Roettger, R. L.
CAPILLARY CONSTRICTION ON COCHLEAR AND VESTIBULAR TISSUES DURING INTENSE
NOISE STIMULATION
Laryngoscope, v 83 n 2, Feb 1973, p 259-263
One of the physiological reactions to intense sound stimulation is a
reduction in blood volume in the skin. This effect is considered to
be secondary to vasoconstriction in response to sound. Some of the
ways in which cardiovascular reactions might be evidenced in the inner
ear tissues were investigated. Specifically, capillary constriction
in vestibular and cochlear tissue of rats was noted in response to
stimulation with high level sound. Reduciton of the internal capillary
diameter appeared to be caused by the thickening of capillary walls by
the accumulation of nuclear masses. This constriction of blood flow
is considered to be one factor in noise trauma reactions.
Price, G.; Richard, J.
FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN THE EAR PRODUCED BY HIGH-INTENTIY SOUND - 2.
500-HZ STIMULATION
Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 2, part 2, Feb 1972, p 552-558 A
An experimental study was made of changes in the cochlear
microphonicelectrophysiological potential as a function of sound
exposure. Data for a 500 Hz tone for 80 -min stimulation to ears of
36 cats is interpreted in terms of damage-risk criteria for the human
ear. 13 refs.
Annoyance
Angevine, 0. L., Jr.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE ANNOYANCE OF NOISE
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-288
Among the factors influencing individual appraisals of noise intrustion
and annoyance are the information contained in the noise, the person's
conditioning, and his interpretation of what the noise represents. His
previous adaptation to the noise, and his expectation as to the level
and the difficulty of quieting it also affect his estimate. Cultural
differences in conversational voice level and speaking distance affect
the evaluation of the background noise. Daily and monthly rhythms
occur in the sensitivity. All of these factors serve as a caution that
the individual response may depart from the average reaction.
389
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Burns, W.
NOISE AND MAN
Second Ed, Philadelphia, Pa, J. B. Lippincott Co, 1973
Many problems arise from noise: annoyance; inteference with conversation,
leisure, or sleep; effects on the efficiency of work; and potentially
harmful effects, particularly on hearing. These problems may arise in
a wide variety of situations, where they may have to be considered, at
least initially, by those who could not reasonably be expected to be
expert in the subject. The problems of noise generation and the effects
on human hearing are discussed. The physical properties of sound, the
types of sound, and the measurement, deafness, disturbance, temporary
and permanent effects of noise on hearing, preservation of hearing,
aircraft noise, and impulse noise are considered.
Hayre, H. S.
MODEL OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ANNOYANCE OF NOISE
IEEE Southeast-Conf Proc, reg 3 Conf, Louisville, Ky, Apr 30 - May 2, 1973
Paper A-4, Publ by IEEE (73 CH0725-2 Reg III) , New York
An attempt is made to deduce heuristic mathematical models of psychological
annoyance of noise with varying pitch, duration, spectral width, volume,
as well as discrete frequency. Effects are derived based on the physical,
audiology, nerve and brain system response with appropriate attention
to saturation characteristics of each subsystem, and their interaction.
This is believed to offer a desirable avenue so far as noise pollution is
concerned since a fantastic amount of data has been collected without any
direct relationship with annoyance. 15 refs.
Rahlfs, V. W.; Schaaf, A.
PSYCHOMETRIC STUDY OF NOISE ANNOYANCE (EINE PSYCHOMETRISCHE UNTERSUCHUNG
DER LAESTIGKEIT VON GERAEUSCHEN)
Acustica, v 24 n 6, June 1971, p 340-346
Annoyance values of laboratory generated complex sounds were determined
by a pure psychological scaling method and correlated with their
physical parameters by the help of multiple regression technique. Sound
stimuli consisted of a broad-band noise with a superimposed narrow-band
component, the location and intensity of which were systematiclaly
varied. The psychophysical relations could be expressed in the form of
a simple equation. 19 refs. In German with English Abstract.
390
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Loudness
Galambos, R.; Bauer, J.; Picton, T.; Squires, K.; Squires, N.
LOUDNESS ENHANCEMENT FOLLOWING CONTRALATERAL STIMULATION
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52 n 4, Pt 2, Oct 1972, p 1127-1130
Experiments show that the apparent loudness of a tone pip can be increased
by 15 dB or more under certain conditions if it is preceded by a tone
burst to the contralateral ear. The subject first receives a signal
in one ear, followed by two successive signals to the other ear and
adjusts the intensity of the second until it sounds as loud as the first.
Some parametric explorations of the loudness matching phenomenon are
reported. 13 refs.
Glaser, E. M.; Haven, M.
BANDPASS NOISE STIMULATION OF THE SIMULATED BASILAR MEMBRANE
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52 n 4, Pt 2, Oct 1972, p 1131-1136
Computer model simulation is used to study the relation between loudness
summation and stimulus bandwidth arising from the motion of the basilar
membrane and the stimulation of the sensory hair cells. The pattern of
the rms envelope of membrane vibration is studied under various stimulus
conditions. Results suggest that loudness phenomena may originate
peripherally and may be associated with the extent of the basilar
membrane simulated.
Hattler, K. W.; Stokinger, T. E.
LOUDNESS BALANCES EMPLOYING SIGNALS WTIH UNEQUAL DUTY CYCLES
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52 n 2, Pt 2, Aug 1972, p 558-565
An experimental study was made to determine the effects of the
percentage of time a 1000 Hz signal is turned on vs its perceived
magnitude. The duty-cycle-loudness effects were enhanced when a
400 msec silent interval separated alternating tones. The relation
of these results to the type-V Bekesy pattern in clinical audiology is
shown and its importance pointed out for loudness adaptation experiments
involving interrupted signals.
Howes, W. L.
LOUDNESS: HOW A HUMAN JUDGMENT IS QUANTIFIED
Instrum Control Sys, v 46 n 2, Feb 1973, p 73-75
Physical intensity of sound is defined and a formula is given.
Psychoacoustic laws of loudness are presented. External and internal
factors influencing perceived loudness level are considered.
391
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Rowlery, R. R.; Studebaker, G. A.
LOUDNESS-INTENSITY RELATIONS UNDER VARIOUS LEVELS OF CONTRALATERAL NOISE
J Acoust Soc Aner v 49 n 2, Pt 2, Feb 1971, p 499-504
Using the method of numrical magnitude balance, auditory tests were
made on effects of four levels of broad-band noise at the contralateral
ear on the loudness of a monaurally presented 1000 Hz pure tone. The
monaural loudness at low sound levels appears to be inversely related
to the intensity of broad-band contralateral noise, and the loudness
at moderate sound levels was directly related. 16 refs.
Stokinger, T. E.; Cooper, W. A., Jr.; Meissner, W. A.
INFLUENCE OF BINAURAL INTERACTION ON THE MEASUREMENT OF PERSTIMULATORY
LOUDNESS ADAPTATION
Acoust Soc Amer v 51 n 2, Pt 2, Feb 1972, p 602-607 A
Erstimulatory loudness adaptation was measured by two methods that
utilized varying quantities of simultaneous contralateral stimulation.
Data support the hypothesis that the loudness adaptation depends on
simultaneous binaural stimulation and is also related to the amount of
that stimulation. The adaptation is concluded to be other than a
monaural or a purely peripheral phenomenon.
Ventry, I. M.; Woods, R. W.; Rubin, M.; Hill, W.
MOST COMFORTABLE LOUDNESS FOR PURE TONES, NOISE, AND SPEECH
A comparative study was made of values of most comfortable loudness
levels of pure tones, broad- and narrow-band noise, and connected speech
to explore the effects of various signals on normal listeners. Pure
tones and narrow-band noise gave highest sound power level values.
23 refs.
Weiler, E. M.; Loeb, M.; Alluisi, E. A.
AUDITORY ADAPTATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO A MODEL FOR LOUDNESS
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 2, Pt 2, Feb 1972, p 638-643
New data confirmed predictions of significantly lower auditory adaptation
when the test-tone intensity exceeds adapting-tone intensity. The
predictions were based on Small's theory of coding physical intensity
into loudness. The theoretical implications of the new results are
discussed. 15 refs.
Wiley, T. L.; Small, A. M., Jr.; Lilly D. J.
MONAURAL LOUDNESS ADAPTATION
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 53 n 4, Apr 1973, p 1051-1055
Measurements of monaural adaptation at several suprathreshold levels
for 500 and 4000 Hz were made with normal subjects. No evidence was
found of loudness adaptation, indicating that adaptation effects
392
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previously observed in various forms of simultaneous stimulation ap-
parently were due to binaural interaction. Possibly due to both central
and peripheral influences. 16 refs.
Nonauditory Effects
Andreyeva-Galanina Ye, T. S.; Alekseyev, S. V.; Kadyskin, A. V.; Suvorov, G.A.
NOISE AND NOISE SICKNESS
NASA Tech Transl n TT F-748, July 1973
Special attention has been given to the effect of noise on the organ
of hearing. Important data pertain to physiological research, including
the questions of adaptation and fatigue. Changes in occupational
hearing losses, caused by the prolonged effect of noise, are discussed.
Data are given on the effect of an acoustic stimulus on the eye, motor
analyzer,, on vibration sensitivity and the functional state of the
vestibular analyzer, involuntary functions, and the cardio-vascular
system. 413 refs.
Blosser, D. F.; Whitehead, J. L.; Barnes, B. W.
NONAUDITORY EFFECTS OF NOISE: A SELECTED ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY II
Univ of Texas at Austin, School of Commun, Center for Commun Res,
June 1972
The primary motivation for this bibliography was a need for an overview
of the most current international research into extra-auditory effects
of noise; items of research reported since January 1966, are included.
Empirical studies were included in preference to reviews and commentary,
except when the latter appeared in well-known or influential journals.
References include the topics of surveys, general articles, physiologi-
cal responses to noise, the effects of noise on speech communication,
the effects of noise on mental performance and motor tasks, the effects
of noise on sleep and subjective states, attitudes toward noise source
and community reactions to noise, and response scaling.
Bryan, M. E.; Colyer, I.
NOISE, INTELLECTURAL TASK AND INTELLIGENCE
Acustica, v 29 n 4, Oct 1973, p 228-233
Deterioration of performance while carrying out an intellectual task,
in traffic noise of peak level 80...90 dBA, appears to correlate
significantly with the intelligence of the subject. The results of a
laboratory experiment, in which forty students carried out intelligence
tests of 30 min duration, both in quiet and in the noise, are described
and discussed. Both the score and the number of questions attempted
were reduced, in the noise, for those subjects of high intelligence,
while those for subjects of lower intelligence actually improved.
These findings could have important implications, for many workers in
modern offices and for students taking part in certain practical
examinations. 10 refs.
393
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De Haan, V. S.
NOISE: POTENTIAL DANGER TO MAN: PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL
EFFECTS. AN INDEXED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1960-72
Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Infor Ctr for Hearing, Speech,
and Disorders of Human Commun, Dec 1972
A broad overview Is provided of research into the effects and control
of noise. The bibliography is organized into 12 sections in order to
avoid having to review the whole mass of literature for specific areas
of research: biological effects, animal studies, identification of
hearing loss, economic aspects, environmetnal noise (airports, traffic,
recreational), impulsive (sonic booms), occupational noise, dentistry,
legal aspects, military noises, psychological effects, and conservation
(prevention, control, standards).
Glorig, A.
NON-AUDITORY AND AUDITORY HEALTH EFFECTS OF NOISE EXPOSURE
Inst Environ Sci, Proc, 17th Annual Tech Meeting, Living in Our Environment,
Los Angeles, Calif, Apr 26-30, 1971, p 287-292
As far as the physiological state is concerned, it is well known that
noise from 75 dBA up will produce various temporary changes in the
physiological state. The most important of these is a reduction
in the size of the median and smaller arterioles. Some of the side
effects of this phenomenon are an increase in pulse rate, a paling of
the mucus membrane throughout the organism and an increase in respiration
rate. 6 refs.
Kryter, K. D.
NON-AUDITORY EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE
Amer J of Public Health and the Nations Health, v 62 v 3, Mar 1972, p 389-398
Research information and ideas on the effects of noise on human beings
aside from auditory aspects are discussed. Limitations on present
knowledge are indicated and needed research is described.
Kubik, S.; Blazenkova, L.
COMPLEX INFLUENCE OF NOISE ON HUMAN ORGANISM
Noise 2000, Assoc International Contre le Bruit, Intl Congresses, 6th &
7th (London, Eng, May 1968 & Groningen, Neth, May 1970)
Complex effects of noise on the human organism (hearing, nervous system,
circulatory system) were examined in people who are exposed to strictly
defined noise for a long period. Ten young men averaging 20 yr of age
were gradually exposed to noise of various frequencies in a reverberant
room; sound pressure level was always 85 dB. Low- and Medium-frequency
noise up to 1000 Hz did not cause a significant shift of the auditory
threshold. The mean duration of reaction time was fundamentally longer
after both a 2 hr and 4 hr exposure as compared with the basic reaction
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time, the value at rest. Eosinophils in peripheral hlood were determined
and blood pressure, pulse rate, and electrocardiogram were observed.
Especially in the region of 4000 Hz, preliminary results indicate that
the limit of highest admissible noise in places of work will have to be
revised.
Nixon, D. W.
SOME EFFECTS OF NOISE ON MAN
SAE, Intersociety Energy Conversion Eng Conf, Boston, Mass, Aug 3-5,
1971
22 refs.
Walker, J. G.
HEARING CONSERVATION
Noise and Vibr Control for Indust, Conf (Bath, Eng, Apr 10-12, 1972)
The biological effects of noise can best be considered by classifying them
into five categories: physical, psychological, physiological,
pathological, and performance. Effects of noise on the ear and hearing
practical effects of noise-induced hearing loss, and a hearing conser-
vation program are discussed.
Masking
Bell, D. W.
EFFECT OF FRINGE ON MASKING-LEVEL DIFFERENCE WHEN GATING FROM UNCORRELATED
TO CORRELATED NOISE
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52 n 2, Pt 2, Aug 1972, p 525-529
Human binaural detection of a signal having 180 degree interaural phase
difference in boradband correlated noise having no interaural phase
difference was studied when broadband uncorrelated noise temporarily
surrounded the 125 msec observation interval. Switching from uncorrelated
to correlated noise before the observation interval, or delaying the
switch back to uncorrelated noise after the interval, tended to restore
the masking-level difference.
Hafter, E. R.
QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF A LATERALIZATION MODEL OF MASKING-LEVEL
DIFFERENCES
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 50 n 4, Pt 2, Oct 1971, p 1116-1122
A comparative analysis is made of the lateralization model, in which
binaural detection in those cases that produce a masking level difference
is of a shift in the spatial focus locus of the auditory image. The
shift presumably is a function of interaural time and intensity differ-
ences in the signal-plus-masker and is quantified as a weighted sum
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of the two. The model is applied to a broad range of experimental data
and compared with the time-difference model of L. A. Jeffress and the
equalization-cancellation model of N. I. Durlach. 17 refs.
Osman, E.
CORRELATION MODEL OF BINAURAL MASKING LEVEL DIFFERENCES
J. Acoust Soc Amer, v 50 n 6, Pt 2, Dec 1971, p 1494-1511
A quantitative functional model is presented for use to interpret
empirical results on binaural masking level differences from experiments
on detection of sinusoidal signals embedded in binaural noise. Equations
are derived for these masking level differences with the restirction of
equal noise levels at the two ears. Similarities and differences between
this model and the euqalization-cancellation model are discussed in
detail. 33 refs.
Schoeny, Z. G.; Carhart, R.
EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL MENIERES DISEASE ON MASKING-LEVEL DIFFERENCES
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 50 n 4, Pt 2, Oct 1971, p 1143-1150
Release from a masking experienced by 12 persons having Meniere's
disease was compared to that for 12 normal-hearing persons. Those with
the abnormal hearing experienced slightly greater absolute masking and
less release from masking than did normal hearers. The former also
showed a tendency for the reduction in masking level difference to be
related to degree of loss in the affected ear.
Soderquist, D. R.; Lindsey, J. W.
PHYSIOLOGICAL NOISE AS A MASKER OF LOW FREQUENCIES: THE CARDIAC CYCLE
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52 n 4 Pt 2, Oct 1972, p 1216-1220
An experimental study quantified the effects of the heartbeat on the
detectability of a 100 Hz, 100 msec tone at absolute threshold. Max-
imum sensitivity occurred near 0.5 sec following the EKG R wave. The
results were discussed in terms of physiological masking produced by
the valve closures within the heart.
Watson, C. S.; Franks, J. R.; Hood, D. C.
DETECTION OF TONES IN THE ABSENCE OF EXTERNAL MASKING NOISE - 1. EFFECTS
OF SIGNAL INTENSITY AND SIGNAL FREQUENCY
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52, n 2, Pt 2, Aug 1972, p 633-643
Nonaural detection tests were made with 12 trained listeners on tone
signals, 125 to 4000 Hz, in the absence of external masking noise.
Results were consistent with a limitation imposed on auditory sensitivity
by a "system noise" composed of noise in the ear canal at low frequencies
and a low-level (—11 dB) component of unspecified origin at medium and
high frequencies. 20 refs.
396
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Wilbanks, W. A.
DETECTION OF A NARROW-BAND NOISE AS A FUNCTION OF THE INTERAURAL
CORRELATION OF BOTH SIGNAL AND MASKER
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 49 n 6, Pt 2, June 1971, p 1814-1817
An experimental study of the mechanism by which the human binaural
system acts as a correlational detector. In the case where a narrow-
band signal is partially masked by continuous wide-band noise, results
imply that sizable masking level differences are obtained when adding
the signal to the noise results in a decrease in correlation between
stimulus events at the two ears. 16 refs.
Measurement
Brammer, A. J. (
PORTABLE INSTRUMENTATION FOR MONITORING SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS WITHIN
THE EAR
SAE Prepr n 730814, for Meet, Sep 10-13, 1973
The sound pressure levels experienced by an individual exposed to noise
can be obtained irrespective of the nature of the source or the presence
of acoustic barriers by monitoring the sound field within the ear. The
apparatus developed for this purpose consists of a miniature microphone
located on the base of the concha connected to a lightweight instrument
package strapped to the subject. The latter contains a modified cassette
tape recorder, power supplies, and an oscillator used to record a
calibration signal onto each tape and check the performance of the system.
A pressure transformation is applied during analysis of the data to
compensate for the frequency response of the components or to generate
an equivalent sound field that would exist at the center of the head in
the absence of the subject. Potential applications of the device include
measuring the sound level experienced by operators of machines in use,
evaluating the insertion loss of various forms of headgear, and assessing
occupational exposures to noise.
Brammer, A. J.; Piercy, J. E.
IN-EAR MEASUREMENT OF NOISE
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
A measure of the sound field at the base of the concha, obtained by
using a miniature microphone located within the ear, provides information
on the acoustical signal entering the ear canal. When combined with a
portable tape recorder, the apparatus can be used to evaluate an
individual's exposure to noise and appears to be particularly suited
for use in directional sound fields that vary in the vicinity of the
head. In order to compare the data obtained with existing criteria for
hearing conservation, or sound level meter measurements in a diffuse field,
a transfer function is used to produce the equivalent diffuse field
subject. The device was used to measure the noise levels experienced by
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operators of snowmobiles and chain saws as a function of time, and the
attenuation, in some cases amplification of sound, produced by some common
form of crash helmet and headgear. An overall accuracy of + 2 dB was
obtained from 100 to 5000 Hz by using a spectrum shaper and a built-in
calibration system.
Brinkmann, K.
AUDIOMETER-BEZUGSCHWELLE UND FREIFELD-HOERSCHWELLE (AUDIOMETER REFERENCE
THRESHOLD AND FREE FIELD HEARING THRESHOLD)
Acustica, v 28 n 3, Mar 1973, p 147-154
The fixed hearing threshold values based on the ISO recommendation
R 226 and R 389 for binaural hearing in a free sound field and for
monaural hearing with the aid of a headphone are compared with one
Jhother. Thereby consideration is given to the free field response
level of the headphone used for the threshold measurements. New
hearing threshold evaluations in free field and with headphone vary in
a single frequency test up to 4.5 dB from the ISO threshold value. The
comparison of the results of these measurements gives a better agreement
than the comparison of the two ISO hearing thresholds. 19 refs. In
German, with English abstract.
Laws, P.
ENTFERNUNGSHOEREN UND DAS PROBLEM IM-KOPF-LOKALISIERTHEIT VON
HOEREREIGNISSEN (AUDITORY DISTANCE PERCEPTION AND THE PROBLEM OF
IN-HEAD LOCALIZATION OF SOUND IMAGES)
Acustica v 29 n 5, Nov 1973, p 243-259
Reports the results of sound pressure measurements carried out by
means of a probe microphone in the ear-canals of a number of subjects
which were stimulated in an anechoic room by loudspeakers or headphones.
It can be seen from the results that the sound pressure signals at the
eardrums, compared with the electrical signals at the input of the
stimulated system, show linear distortions (attenuation and group delay)
which for each explored stimulating system depend characteristically
on frequency. Furthermore, the article deals with results of hearing
experiments in which subjects stimulated as before by loudspeakers or
headphone in anechoic space were asked to judge the distances of the sound
images appearing. The most important results show that it is possible
in case of headphone-repreduction to reduce considerably the increased
relative frequency of "behind outside the head" or "in-head" judgments
characterizing a given headphone and to gain simultaneously the
relative frequency of "in front outside the head" judgments. 77 refs.
In German.
398
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Basch, M. W.
A WEARABLE POCKET NOISE DOSIMETER
Amer Ind Hygiene Conf (San Francisco, Calif, May 14-19, 1972)
A noise dosimeter that meets the ANSI type II sound-level meter standard
and accumulates the OSHA percentage directly is discussed. The frequency
response for noise dosimeters should be measured with one-third octave
bands of random noise in a reverberant room since this is more repeatable
and a better approximation for a device that will ultimately measure
noise. These frequency response measures will show the effects of the
proximity of the wearer. The dosimeter is composed of two parts: a small
pocket unit that accumulates and stores the digital data representing
the OSHA percentage and an indicator unit that provides a digital
readout on a light emitting diode display. The pocket unit includes
a small ceramic microphone, a true RMS detector with more than 15 dB
crest factor capacity, and an extremely low-power MOS digital counter
to store the OSHA percentage. It weighs 7 oz and runs for over 300 hr
on an ordinary 9V transistor battery.
Bennett, W. K.; Blickwedel, T.; Tallies, W.
PERSONAL INTEGRATING SOUND LEVEL METER SYSTEM
IEEE Intercon Tech Paper 1973, for Meeting, New York, N.Y., Mar 26-30, 1973,
v 7 Paper 36-3
Recent federal legislation requires employers to measure both the sound
levels and exposure times of employees to sound levels over 90 dBA.
Limits are imposed on exposure times for various levels. A system that
continuously measures sound levels and elapsed time, and automatically
integrates sound exposure is described. Application of the system and
data interpretation are discussed. 5 refs.
Sacks, H. K.; Durkin, J.; Murphy, J. N.
NOISE MONITORING AND PERSONAL PROTECTION
Amer Ind Hygiene Conf (San Francisco, Calif, May 14-19, 1972)
A personal audio dosimeter was developed to monitor an individual's
exposure to noise. The dosimeter is only 16 cubic inches and is carried
in an individual's pocket. The batteries provide for two months
operation and the unit features instantaneous readout of the percentage
of maximum permissible exposure, true RMS detection, and a continuous
weighting scale. The results obtained in field testing and performance
criteria for such devices are discussed. An ear muff with miniaturized
electronics to permit the wearer to hear low level signals while wearing
the muff but protect him from levels in excess of 90 dBA is also described.
399
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Singh, A. P.
WEARABLE NOISE DOSIMETER
Noise Control Vibr Reduct, v 4 n 6, Nov-Dec 1973, p 250-254
There is increasing evidence from several surveys that excessive noise
causes not only hearing damage, acceleated deafness, severe physio-
logical and psychological damage, but is also responsible to a considerable
percentage of industrial accidents. Present accumulated information,
through research and experience, identify the severity of three main
factors: (a) sound level in dBA; (b) duration and distribution of noise
exposure; (c) total exposure time. Surveys of potentially harmful noise,
as in industrial areas, may be adequate if the employee remains in a given
area all day and the noise level is constant. A more direct approach is
to provide a "wearable noise dosimeter." Such a device is described. It
consists of a ceramic microphone, a noise exposure monitor and a noise
exposure indicator, and automatically measures and computes the total
exposure. No exposure below 79 dBA is accumulated; once exposure to 120
dBA occurs; an indicator lamp lights. The performance of the device is
compared with ISO (International Standards Organization) recommendations
R1999 for "Assessment of Occupational Noise Exposure for Hearing
Conservation Purposes."
Protection
Atherley, G. R. C.
CARE OF WORKERS EXPOSED TO NOISE
Soc of Environ Engrs, Environ Eng Aspects of Pollut Control, London, 1971,
Symp held in London, England, June 22-23, 1971, Sect A, 2 p
The purpose of this paper is to describe the steps that are essential if
risk of occupational deafness is to be predicted with reasonable precision
for any particular noise. The principle underlying the effective
protection of workmen against the risk is discussed.
Dechy, D.
LUTTE CONTRE LE BRUIT INDUSTRIEL GAS CONCRETS DE POTECTION DU PERSONNEL
(INDUSTRIAL NOISE ABATEMENT, ACTUAL CASES OF PERSONNEL PROTECTION)
Ingenieursblad v 42 n 9, May 1, 1973, p 260-266
After a brief discussion of the inconvenience effects of noise on
industrial workers, the characteristics of the most common noise sources
in the industry are outlined, and a practical case of noise abatement
in a workshop is considered. Finally, a review is presented of the
costs of different acoustic measures. In French.
400
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Flugrath, J. M.; Wolfe, B. N., Jr.
EFFECTIVENESS OF SELECTED EAKMUFF-TYPE HEARING PROTECTORS
S/V, Sound Vibr, v 5 n 5, May 1971, p 25-27
Six earmuffs were evaluated for attenuation of narrow band noise. The
acoustic attenuation was determined with the binaural, free-field,
threshold shift technique. Thresholds of detectibility using the
psychophysical method of adjustment were obtained at standrd octave
band center frequencies. Earmuff effectiveness was found to be correlated
to weight and volume of the muff and pressure of the headband. There
was a range of 5 to 10 dB difference between the least effective and
most effective earmuff. All of the earmuffs attenuated at least 24 dB
in the higher frequencies.
Harrison, R. T.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MOTORCYCLE HELMETS AS HEARING PROTECTORS
Acoust Soc of Amer, New York, J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
Measurements of the at-ear noise attenuation provided by several popular
motorcycle helmets were made. To do this, a probe microphone was placed
in a subject's ear. He then operated a motorcycle through a test cycle,
which included the motorcycle*s entire performance range. He then donned
a motorcycle crash helmet and repeated the test cycle. In each case the
at-ear noise was recorded and analyzed. A comparison of the analyses
revealed the attenuation characteristics of each helmet tested. In
addition to helmet manufacturer, helmet size and type of eye protection
fit were varied. Three different subjects were used to establish
differences from person to person.
Jana, F. S.
APPLIED ACOUSTICAL TECHNOLOGY—BASIS OF WESTERN ELECTRIC HAWTHORNE
WORKS HEARING PROTECTION PROGRAM
Amer Intl Hygiene Conf, San Francisco, Calif, May 14-19, 1972
A brief history of Western Electric's mandatory hearing conservation
and engineering noise abatement program is given. To augment the in-
plant long-range efforts to reduce noise at its source, the Western
Electric procurement specification for the purchase of new machinery
is detailed. The mandatory hearing conservation program is outlined.
Jana, F. S.
NOISE ABATEMENT ENGINEERING DESIGN FOR 90 DBA
ASME Paper n 73-IPWR-7 for Meeting May 14-20, 1973
Covers a brief history of Western Electric's mandatory hearing con-
servation and engineering theory on noise abatement. The current
engineering noise abatement program is explained using various successful
projects on reduction of noise at the source, along the path it travels,
and at the receiver. In order to augment the in-plant long range efforts
4D1
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to reduce noise at its source, the Western Electric procurement
specification for the purchase of new machinery is detailed. The
Hawthorne Works hearing conservation program began on a voluntary basis
in 1951. Ten years later it became mandatory. The mandatory hearing
conservation program is outlined. The results of this program are also
reviewed. 10 refs.
Konz, S.
NOISE AND ITS REUDCTION
Certif Eng v 45 n 1, Jan 1972
Noise: its measurement and effect on the mental and physical output
of mankind. Steps which have, can and should be taken to alleviate
this increasing problem are discussed. 14 refs.
Michael, P. L.
HEARING CONSERVATION
Min Congr J, v 58 n 6, June 1972
The necessary steps to be taken in the establishment of an effective
hearing conservation program may involve several facets of acoustics.
Basic physics of sound, noise measurement, hearing measurement and noise
control procedures, that are involved in most programs, are discussed.
Factors that must be considered when assessing the protection afforded
by personal ear protective devices, are analyzed. Acoustical terminology
is explained in an appendix. 77 refs.
Pish, R.; Sparks, C. R.
HEARING PROTECTION FOR FARM EQUIPMENT OPERATORS. THE CHALLENGE OF THE 70'S
SAE Preprint n 720718 for Meeting, Sept 11-14, 1972
The only viable approach that can assure adequate hearing protection lies
in a coordinated industry effort directed toward data collection.
Standards must be evolved to allow for the interchange of noise data
and to provide reasonable certainty of its validity. Data must be
colletected to document actual hearing losses incurred by operators of
farm equipment and typical noise-exposure patterns for farm equipment
operators.
Ear Damage
Davis, H.
SOME COMMENTS ON "IMPAIRMENT TO HEARING FROM EXPOSURE TO NOISE" BY K.D. KRYTER
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 53 n 5, May 1973, p 1237-1239
Kryter's arguments and proposals are good in principle but faulty in
detail. Confusion could have been avoided by a clear separation of the
concept of impairment (any change for the worse in structure or function)
402
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from handicap (a loss of efficiency in social communication). The
American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology (AAOO) rule deals
with handicap, not impairment. Also its high fence recongnizes that
everyday speech is not only speech at 65 dB SPL but includes some speech
that is much louder. The AAOO rule was deliberately simplified to promote
its use. The social adequacy index for hearing of 1948 is valid in
principle but is numerically inaccurate because of poor enunciation of
the recorded test material that was employed. For predicting handicap
in speech communication the hearing threshold level at 2000 Hz is
critical. More studies of speech discrimination in subjects who have
typical noise-induced hearing loss involving this frequency are badly
needed.
Cohen, A.
SOME GENERAL REACTIONS TO KRYTER'S PAPER "IMPAIRMENT TO HEARING FROM
EXPOSURE TO NOISE"
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 53 n 5, May 1973, p 1235-1236
Reactions are offered which urge rethinking on the adequacy of a widely
used criterion for defining hearing handicap in view of data referenced
by Kryter, criticize evaluations basic to estimating hearing loss risk
from known levels of noise exposure and recommending safe limits for
hearing, and question the use of proposed complex schemes for rating
noise hazards to hearing as derived from presumed relationships between
temporary and permanent noise-induced threshold shifts in hearing.
Kryter, K. D.
IMPAIRMENT TO HEARING FROM EXPOSURE TO NOISE
J Acoust Soc Amer , v 53 n 5, May 1973, p 1211-1234
Research results suggest that methods commonly used in medicine for
evaluation of hearing impairment and the relation of this impairment
to noise exposure can lead to significant overestimates of the severity
of noise-induced hearing impairment and overestimations of tolerable
noise limits. Criteria are suggested for acceptable degrees of impairment
for speech and a criterion of an acceptable percentage of people to
suffer such impairment. Procedures are derived for calculating a speech
impairment risk percent figure that represents damage effect from a
variety of noise environments and can be used to specify exposure limits.
The procedures are claimed to be valid for daily continuous or inter-
mittent exposure to steady or impulsive noise. Comments by Cohen, Davis,
Lempert, and Ward are answered by the author.
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Kryter, K. D.
REPLY TO THE CRITIQUES OF A. COHEN, H. DAVIS, B. L. LEMPERT, AND
W. D. WARD OF THE PAPER "IMPAIRMENT TO HEARING FROM EXPOSURE TO NOISE"
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 53 n 5, May 1973, p 1244-1252
Critiques by Cohen, Davis, Lempert, and Ward are treated individually.
Questions raised by the reviewers are discussed and areas for further
discussion are noted.
Ward, W. D.
COMMENTS ON "IMPAIRMENT TO HEARING FROM EXPOSURE TO NOISE" BY K. D. KRYTER
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 53 n 5, May 1973, p 1242-1243
The 55 dBA 8 hr basic damage risk criterion proposed by Kryter is held
to be unreaslistically overconservative because it is based on erroneous
assumptions and extrapolations from data. Temporary threshold shift
and permanent threshold shift studies are necessary to establish credible
damage risk criteria.
Industrial Noise Effects -
Forrest, M. R.; Hinchcliffe, R.; Kell, R. L.; Pearson, J. C. G.;
Acton, W. I.; Taylor, W.; Atherley, G. R. C.; Noble, W. G.; Hempstock,
T. I.; Chadwick, D. L.; Ward, W. D.; Nelson, D. A.
OCCUPATIONAL HEARING LOSS
Occupational Hearing Loss, Proc of Conf, Natl Phys Lab, Teddington,
England, Mar 23-25, 1970, British Acoust Soc Special Volume n 1
Academic Press Inc, New York, 1971
Following is a continuation of the list of titles and authors: Ear
Protection and Hearing in High-Intensity Impulsive Noise, by M. R.
Forrest; Presbycusis in the Presence of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss, by
R. Hinchcliffe; Social Effects of Hearing Loss Due to Weaving Noise,
by R. L. Kell, J. C. G. Pearson, W. I. Acton, and W. Taylor; Clinical
Picture of Occupational Hearing Loss Obtained with the Hearing Measure-
ment Scale, by G. R. C. Atherley and W. G. Noble; Tinnitus and Noise-
Induced Tinnitus, by T. I. Hempstock and G. R. C. Atherley; Occupational
Hearing Loss and the Otologist, by D. L. Chadwick; On the Equal-Energy
Hypothesis Relative to Damage-Risk Criteria in the Chinchilla, by
W. Dixon Ward and D. A. Nelson.
Fluegge, G.
CRITICAL OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE EVALUATION OF EAR-DAMAGING
INDUSTRIAL NOISE AT A GIVEN WORK PLACE (KRITISCHE BETRACHTUNGEN ZUR
BEURTEILUNG VON ARBEITSLAERM AM ARBEITSPLATZ HINSICHTLICH HOERSCHAEDEN)
Stahl Eisen v 91 n 9, Apr 29, 1971, p 495-502
The methods of noise evaluation used in tentative VDI Guideline 2058,
though based on results of national and international research, are shown
to contain many contradictions: methods used by other countries, the
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International Standards Organization, and the West German Hard Coal
Mining Industry are discussed, mainly to stimulate further research.
In German.
Lempert, B. L.
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF DR. KRYTER"S PAPER "IMPAIRMENT TO HEARING FROM
EXPOSRUE TO NOISE" WITH RESPECT TO THE NIOSH STATISTICS
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 5, May 1973, p 1240-1241
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
statistics indicate that a 26 dB fence of hearing impairment for comparing
hearing levels averaged at 0.5, 1, and 2 kHz versus 1, 2, and 3 kHz yields
essentially equal risk values for noise-exposed populations at retirement
age. On the other hand, Kryter, using a 16 dB fence for the averaging
at 0.5, 1, and 2 kHz found risk values comparable to those found using
a 26 dB fence for the averaging at 1, 2, and 3 kHz. The data baseline
inequality between the non-noise-exposed and noise-exposed populations
used by Kryter in the development of his speech impairment risk percent
table raises questions as to the compatibility of his different populations,
If indicated baseline corrections are used, Kryter's risk values compare
favorably with NIOSH data.
Rohrer, C.
LAERMBEDINGTE GESUNDHEITSSCHAEDEN BEI KINDERM UNO ERWACHSENEN
Noise 2000, Assoc Internationale Centre Le Bruit, International
Congresses, 5th and 6th (London, May 1968 and Groningen, Neth, May 1970)
Reference is made to the findings of experimental medicine in recognizing
early damages to man by noise. Striking parallels were revealed between
the diseased behavior of noise-exposed test animals and noise-damaged
children. Lehmann and Tamm have determined experimentally that in man
noise causes a peripheral constriction of the blood vessels; the flow
of blood from the heart to the organs diminishes. Pulse count and
blood pressure are not affected. Early signs of wear and tear in the
human circulatory organs are caused by states of chronic hypoxaemia, as
the results of a chronic noise-specific reaction. The damages to human
health caused by noise are grave. Noise, ultra- and infrasonic sound
should be brought under the control of the World Health Organization.
Schulz, G.
BESONDERHEITEN DER LAERMBELASTUNG UNO LAERMMINDERUNG AM ARBEITSPLATZ
(SPECIAL ASPECTS OF WORK-CONNECTED NOISE DAMAGE AND NOISE ABATEMENT)
Stahl Eisen v 92 n 23, Nov 9, 1972, p 1170-1173
It is pointed out that the trend in assessing the effect of noise on
working people no longer places emphasis on damage to hearing. Instead,
distinctions are made between different types of noise. The effect of
nbise on eye sight, fatigue, etc, and the interaction of noise and other
stresses (such as heat). Also, different types of activity require
405
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different methods of noise abatement (mental versus physical labor).
Examples cited are taken from experience in the steel industry. 22
refs. In German.
Effects of Animals
Maiorello, R. P.; Wilpizeski, C.
ITS ACCOMPANIED BY SUSTAINED REDUCTION OF AP AMPLITUDES IN NOISE-
EXPOSED GUINEA PIGS
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Guinea pigs were fitted with permanent recording macroelectrodes
having tips located in the auditory nerve—cochlear-nucleus region.
After recording detection levels and input-output functions for
clicks or pure-tone bursts under waking conditions using computer-
averaging techniques, the animals were exposed to 115 dB sound pressure
level of broadband noise for 1 hr. Postnoise measurements were made
within the hour following exposure and for at least four weeks thereafter.
VDL's shifted for clicks and midfrequency tonal stimuli, although
corresponding suprathreshold AP responses showed sustained reduction of
peak-to-peak amplitudes. The altered form of the AP input-output
funcitons is characteristic of nerve fiber depopulation conditions
and suggests that damage occurred to the ear in spite of the fact that
VDL's returned to prenoise levels.
Stebbins, W. C.; Moody, D. B.; Johnsson, L. G.; Hawkins, J. E., Jr.
HEARING IMPAIRMENT IN MONKEYS AFTER EXPOSURE TO NOISE
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Following determination of their normal hearing thresholds by operant
conditioning methods, old world monkeys were exposed to octave bands
of noise centered at 500, 2000, and 4000 Hz at levels between 100 and
120 dB sound pressure level (SPL) for periods of time up to 160 hr.
Temporary and permanent hearing loss was evaluated daily after each
exposure and for a month following the last exposure. The animals were
then sacrificed for examination of the inner ear by phase contrast and
scanning electro microscopy. Maximum temporary and permanent hearing loss
was found at the center of the exposure band and extended as much as
an octave above the center. Temporary hearing impairment of 40-50 dB
occurred following an exposure level of 100 dB SPL for 2 hr. No perm-
anent changes were observed. At the other extreme, exposures of 120 dB
SPL, 8 hr daily for a month, produced temporary hearing loss of
90-100 dB at and above the octave band center, and permanent loss of
60-70 dB as measured 1 month after the last exposure. Related
histophthology in the cochlea ranged from minimal to fairly extensive
hair-cell loss. The size of the lesions was less than anticipated on
the basis of the threshold changes. Their locations was in general
agreement with the place principle.
406
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TTS -
Chaney, R. B., Jr.; McClain, S. C.
AUDITORY TEMPORARY THRESHOLD SHIFT IN SNOWMOBILE USERS
Acoust Soc of Amer J, v 51, n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
The noise levels of many snowmobiles and other all-terrain vehicles
often exceed criterion values of safe exposure as a function of time.
However, there are obvious limitations to the use of CHABA criteira for
determining hazardous noise exposure, since typical snowmobile use does
not approximate the extent of exposure implied by the working lifetime
concept. Thus, the empirical determination of the amount of temporary
threshold shift (TTS) resulting from typical exposures seems to provide
a more relevant approach to the question of whether snowmobile noise
poses a hazard to hearing acuity of operators and passengers. TTS
measurements were obtained on a number of individuals of all ages under
field conditions (within 1-15 min of termination of exposure). Signifi-
cant amounts of TTS were observed in a large proportion of the persons
tested. The implications of the study in terms of the users, the manu-
facturers, and the CHABA criteria for hazardous noise exposure are
discussed.
Cohen, A.; Anticaglia, J. R.; Carpenter, P. L.
TEMPORARY THRESHOLD SHIFT IN HEARING FROM EXPOSURE TO DIFFERENT
NOISE SPECTRA AT EQUAL DBA LEVEL
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 2, Feb 1972, p 503-507
Experiemnts were made to determine whether measurements made on the
A-weighting network of a sound-level meter could adequately depict
harmfulness to hearing from exposure to noises differing widely in
spectral shape. Analysis of variance of temporary threshold shifts
in hearing showed insignificant differences in the range 250 to 8000
Hz. Significant interactive effects were noted between spectra and
test frequencies and implications for noise ratings schemes discussed.
14 refs.
Okada, A.; Miyake, H;Yamamura, K. M.
TEMPORARY HEARING LOSS INDUCED BY NOISE AND VIBRATION
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 4 Part 2, Apr 1972, p 1240-1248
Experiments were made to determine causes of temporary hearing losses
to workers exposed to both vibration and noise, such as those working
with chain saws or pneumatic hammers. Temporary threshold shift was
observed after exposure to vibration alone at 5 Hz. Hearing loss from
broadband noise at 101 dB was found to be increased by simultaneous
vibration at 5 Hz.
407
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Mills, J. H.; Lilly, D. J.
TEMPORARY THRESHOLD SHIFTS PRODUCED BY PURE TONES AND BY NOISE IN THE
ABSENCE OF AN ACOUSTIC REFLEX
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 50 n 6 Part 2, Dec 1971, p 1556-1558
Communication to the editor reports comparative experiments on the
temporary threshold shift produced by a low-frequency pure tone with
that produced by a low-frequency noise band in subjects with and without
a measurable acoustic reflex. Differential effects in the acoustic
reflex were shown to be associated with the higher temporary threshold
shift produced by pure tones. In the absence of the acoustic reflex
no differences in threshold shift were observed.
Medical Aspects -
Glorig, A.
MEDICAL ASPECTS OF NOISE CONTROL
TAPPI5v 55 n 5, May 1972, p 699-704
It is well known that noise produces a significant hearing loss for
speech when the exposure to levels above 90 dBA is continued over
several years. It has been shown that ear protection will prevent that
loss but that noise control at the source is the eventual solution.
This is a comprehensive representation of achievements attained in
medical investigations of effect of noise on the hearing loss of a
human being.
Schwetz, F.
BETRIEBSLAERMBEKAEMPFUNG IN OESTERREICH. BERICHT UEBER DIE AUDIOMETRISCHEN
UNTERSUCHUNGEN BEI 50,000 LAERMARBEITERN
Noise 2000, Association Internationale Centre Le Bruit, International
Congresses, 5th and 6th (London, England, May 1968 and Groningen,
Netherlands, May 1970)
All Austrian hearing troubles caused by noise and measured audiometrically
are classified in four groups according to their course and extent.
It clearly appears that the risks of hearing troubles are necessarily
of variable importance in the various enterprises. As regards the
average decrease of the hearing capacity, the noise characteristic
registered in every working place seems to be extremely important.
All experiences gained support and facilitate the application of personal
and technical audioprotective measures in the various enterprises.
Moreover, the investigation of which percentage of professional diseases
ought to be indemnified (relative deafness caused by excessive noise) is
discussed.
408
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Stahl, G.
BETRIEBSLAERMBEKAEMPFUNG IN OESTERREICH. BERICHT UEBER DIE ERGEBNISSE
VON TECHNISCHEN LAERMMESSUNGEN IN 1,100 BETRIEBEN
Noise 2000, Association Internationale Contre le Bruit, International
Congresses, 5th and 6th (London, England, May 1968, and Groningen,
Netherlands, 1970)
Since 1962, the general accident insurance company of Vienna, Austria,
Department for Professional Diseases and Prevention of Professional
Diseases, has carried out several noise measurements and audiometric
investigations in Austrian enterprises. All persons employed in working
places where noise exceeded a rating value of 80 underwent an audiometric
test. For approximately 5 years the test was carried out with 45,000
employees in 1,100 various enterprises. If the enterprises are
classified in different gorups, the average noise level gives valuable
information on the exact number of relative deafness cases due to
excessive noise, which must be obligatorily indemnified.
General -
Antonova, K. P.; Rudenko, V. F.
HEALTH ASPECTS OF NOISE AT PLASTICS FACTORIES
Sov Plast n 11, 1972, p 83-85
The noise phenomena occurring in plastics machining operations are
described and assessed in terms of acceptable industrial noise levels,
and recommendations are put forward for combating the noise problem
in Soviet plastics factories.
Barry, J. P.; Thomas, I. B.
CLINICAL STUDY TO EVALUATE ROCK MUSIC, SYMPHONIC MUSIC AND NOISE AS
SOURCES OF ACOUSTIC TRAUMA
J Audio Eng Soc, v 20, n 4, May 1972, p 271-274
Results are given of a study in which ten normal hearing subjects
were exposed to 60 minutes each of rock music, symphonic music, and
band-limited white noise, at an average sound pressure level of 95 dB
binaurally through electrostatic headphones. 12 refs.
Crocker, M. J.
APPENDIX B: THE EAR, HEARING, LOUDNESS, AND UNITS FOR RATING NOISE
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr
The construction and functions of the human ear are described, and the
way the brain interprets electrical signals sent to it along the auditory
nerve is considered. The subjective responses of the ear to sounds
at different frequencies are examined, and units for rating noise
(i.e., loudness, phons, sones, and sound level) are analyzed.
409
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Codworth, A. L.
HEARING IMPAIRMENT FROM NOISE
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr Proc, Crocker, Malcolm J.
(Ed), held in Wash, D.C.; Oct 4-6, 1972, sponsored by Inst of Noise
Control Engr, Poughkeepsie, New York, 1972, p 2-4
Ears exposed to loud sounds for even short periods of time may show a
significant change in their ability to hear soft sounds presented
soon after exposure. If exposure is short, most of the temporary
effect disappears and no permanent change is indicated. With longer,
more intense exposure, a permanent change may accompany the temporary
affect after a few years of daily exposure. A permanent change in
hearing is first noticed at frequencies above 2000 Hz; if exposure is
continued, hearing loss will spread to all frequencies associated with
understanding speech. Data on the relation between impulse sound
characteristics and hearing impairment are reviewed, and procedures
for handling claims of loss of hearing from noise exposure are discussed.
Gerstman, H. L.; Reddy, R. E.
AUDITORY SENSITIZATION TO NOISE FROM DENTAL DRILLS
J of Auditory Res, Groton, Conn, v 10 n 1, Jan 1972, p 17-22
Auditory damage to dental operators and patients resulting from noise
of high-speed (to 340,000 rpm) dental drills is examined. Paris of
volunteer patients and operators, with hearing well within normal units,
received pre- and postoperative Bekesy audiometry at 0.5-4 kc either
with pulsed or continuous tones. Test-retest at 0.5 kc indicated
reliable audiometry. Pulsed-tone testing elicited generally nonsig-
nificant threshold shifts, but continuous-tone elicited an audiometric
improvement or sensitization following dental drill exposures. Dental
drill exposures were safe for patients and operators. Sensitization is
an experimental artifact, possibly related to perstimulatory loudness
adaptation involved in continuous-tone Bekesy audiometry during the
postexposure period.
Lipscomb, D. M.
THE INCREASE IN PREVALENCE OF HIGH FREQUENCY HEARING IMPAIRMENT AMONG
COLLEGE STUDENTS
Audiology, v 11, 1972, p 231-237
In 1968, at the University of Tennessee, 2,769 freshmen were given a
modified screening test for hearing. The failure level was established
to be 15 dB. If a student failed at any frequency, his threshold for
hearing was measured for that frequency and recorded on a printed form.
Failure levels were 4.6 percent, 6.8 percent, 10.5 percent, and 29.4
percent for 2000, 3000, 4000, and 6000 Hz, respectively. One year
later the procedure was repeated in testing 1,410 students. The
presence of hf hearing impairment rose dramatically in this group.
Failure rates were 6.3 percent, 13 percent, 14.3 percent, and 54.9
percent for the 2000, 3000, 4000, and 6000 Hz signals, respectively.
410
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Of the students tested, 7.4 percent had a hearing threshold of 40 dB
for the 6000 Hz signal. The occurrence of measurable hf hearing
impairment in young persons is tangible evidence of the toll being
exacted by high intensity recreational and environmental sounds.
Previous incidence studies and histological evidence of sensory cell
damage observed in laboratory experiments are related to this finding.
Plath, P.
SIGNAL PERCEPTION IN NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS
Acustica, v 29 n 1, July 1973, p 47-52
Circumscribed lesion of Corti's organ, like in cases of noise induced
permanent threshold shift (NIPTS), influences speech discrimination only
inasmuch as the sound level for optimal speech discrimination must be
increased, while a discrimination loss not compensable by speech level
increment is only correlated to the age of the patients. In cases of
NIPTS, the difference limen for intensity is lowered within the region
of 4 kHz in comparison to normal hearing ears, especially near hearing
threshold, and this lowering is not correlated to age. By these findings,
the well known difficulties can be declared which arise in using hearing
aids by patients with NIPTS. There are not only different hearing losses
within several frequency regions, but also there is different sensitivity
for sound intensity and for intensity differences. These differences
can be compensated centrally by young patients; the older patients are
not able to compensate the changes in the dynamics of the hearing organ.
Robinson, D. W.; Passchier-Vermeer, W.; Holmgren, G.; Johnsson, L.;
Kylin, R.; Linde, 0.; Burns, W.; Coles, R. R. A.; Rice, C. G.; Delany,
M. E.; Stephens, S. D. G.; Surboeck, A.; Van Atta, F. A.; Bruton, D. M.;
Bryan, M. E.; Tempest, W.
OCCUPATIONAL HEARING LOSS
Occupational Hearing Loss, Proc of Conf, Natl Phys Lab, Teddington,
England, Mar 23-25, 1970, British Acout Soc Spec Vol, n 1, Academic
Press Inc, New York, 1971
Eighteen papers were presented at the conference, dealing with the
subject of hearing impairment or loss due to occupational noise. Types
of noise and their environmental effect on workers, legal liability,
personnel protection, presbycusis and noise control were covered.
Following is a list of titles and Authors. Steady-State and Fluctuating
Noise: Its Effect on the Hearing of Eeople, by Wilhelmina Passchier-Vermeer;
Noise and Hearing of a Population of Forest Workers, by G. Holmgren,
L. Johnson, B. Rylin, and 0. Linde; Estimating the Risk of Hearing Loss
Due to Exposure to Continuous Noise, by D. W. Robinson; The Relation of
Temporary to Permanent Threshold Shift in Individuals, by W. Burns;
Assessment of Risk of Hearing Loss Due to Impulse Noise, by R. R. A.
Coles and C. G. Rice; Some Sources of Variance in the Determination of
Hearing Level, by M. E. Delany; Some Individual Factors Influencing
Audiometric Performance, by S. D. G. Stephens; Hearing Conservation and
411
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Noise Control in Industry Organized and Performed by the Accident Branch
of the Austrian Social Security Board; by A. Surboeck; Hearing
Conservation Through Regulation, by F. A. Van Atta; The Administration
of a Hearing Conservation Programme, by D. M. Bruton; Noise Damage
Liability—Evidence as to the State of Knowledge, by M. E. Bryan and
W. Tempest.
Robinson, D. W.; Shipton, M. S.
TABLES FOR THE ESTIMATION OF NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS
Teddington, England, Natl Phys Lab, Acoust Rep AC 61, Mar 1973
Tables are given of the essential parameters required to predict the
hearing loss due to long-term exposure to noise, in terms of the statis-
tical distribution of hearing levels in nonpathological populations. A
brief description of the mathematical formulation of the tables is made
and examples are given to show their use.
Rochester, S.
DETECTION AID DURATION DISCRIMINATION OF NOISE INCREMENTS
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 49 n 6, Part 2, June 1971, p 1783-1789
Experiments on the ability of the ear to discriminate between duration
of various weak signals in a continuous noise background indicate
that the process of aural detection and discrimination of a change in
duration are similar.
Szecsody, A. J.
REVIEW OF DAMAGE RISK CONTOURS FOR OCCUPATIONAL NOSE EXPOSURE
Audio Eng Soc, Conv 45th, Preprint of Paper, New Tori, N.Y.,ŁMay 15-18,
1973, n 905 (D-l) , Publ by AES, N. Y., 1973 ''' ,/
The past 22 years has seen the development of a number of damage risk
contours for occupational noise exposure. Historical reliance has been
made on the dB/X subscript method for establishing specifications. This
paper reviews the state-of-the-art for damage risk contours and finds
serious inadequacies in such a practiced methodology. Since some 57
million wage earners are now covered by the Occupational Safety and
Health .Act, the need for a redefined damage risk contour is documented.
Especially the need to verify complex pure tones as the basic industrial
noise exposure for a number of contemporqary industries. 23 refs.
412
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General Interest
Brooks, D. B."; Berry, D. R.; Scott, N. S.; Miles, N. J.; Simon, A. 0.
Vaananen, W. R.; Yuskiw, E.; Tidey, V. L.; Thompson, P. R.; Lemay, G.
Nabb, F. A.
WHAT PRICE HEALTH, SAFETY?
Can Min J, v 93 n 9, Sept 1972, 32 p (between p 26-80)
Issue contains 17 papers presented at the 41st meeting of the Mines
Accident Prevention Association of Ontario (MAPAO) held in Toronto on
May 17-19, 1972. Among the topics covered were: What Price Health and
Safety?; Safe Operation of Load-Haul-Dump (LHD) Equipment; Noise Effect
in Mining and Milling Operations; As Well As Effect of Alcohol and
Drugs on Safety. The following is part 1 of the list of titles and
authors. What Price Health, Safety?, by D. B. Brooks and D. Berry; Cost
System Identifies People-Caused Damage, by N. S. Scott; Safe LHD Operation
Requires a Close Look, by N. J. Miles and A. 0. Simon; Brakes, Steering -
Vital to Load-Haul-Dump System, by W. R. Vaananen; Lights Give Go-Ahead
to Ramp Mining, by E. Yuskiw; Hearing Conservation Guidelines, by
V. L. Tidey; Unique Noise Problem Given Practical Solution, by. P. R.
Thompson, Campaign Quiets Worst Noise Offenders, by G. Lemay; Muffled
Fans at Upper Canada Mines, by F. A. Nabb.
Copeland, A. B.; Mowry, H. J., III
REAL-EAR ATTENUATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECTED NOISE-EXCLUDING
AUDIOMETRIC RECEIVER ENCLOSURES
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 49, n 6, Part 2, June 1971, p 1757-1761
A comparative statistical study was made of the attenuation data from
three audiometric headsets, Aural Research 'Auraldomes1 (AR-100), Madsen
'Noise-Excluding Headset* (ME-70), Rudmose (RA-125), and also a standard
supraaural Headset, Telephonies TDH-39 Earphone with MX-41/AR cushion.
Analysis shows that acceptability depends on octave-band noise levels
as well as attenuation data. 16 refs.
Derzay, R.
HEARING CONSERVATION FOR THE MINERAL INDUSTRY
U. S. Bur Mines, Information Circ n 8564, 1972
This publication is intended to be of value to the mineral industry in
establishing and maintaining effective programs for preventing noise-
induced hearing loss. Factors involved in this loss and the need for
and the requirements of an effective hearing conservation program are
discussed. The legal and legislative history of compensation for hearing
loss is briefly reviewed. A review of other aspects of the problem of
industrial noise in terms of medical, physiological, and psychological
frames of reference is included. A hearing conservation program is
described in detail. Appendices detailing the names and addresses of a
fe^ equipment suppliers are included. References are provided for those
who may wish to delve more deeply into the medical, technical, and scien-
tific considerations of noise and its effect on man. 35 refs.
\
\ 413
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Dubrovskii, N. A. Chernyak, R. I.; Shapiro, V. M.
BINAURAL SUMMATION OF DIFFERNTLY CORRELATED NOISES
Sov Phys, Acoust, v 17 n 4, Apr-Jun 1972, p 468-473
Results are presented from psychophysical experiments in which the
loudness ratio of the individual components of a complex noise image
corresponding to an interaural noise correlation coefficient (R) 1;
was investigated and the psychophysical functions were measured for
R = 0 and R = 1. The values of R were obtained at which the loudnesses
of the image of one of the independent noises and the image of correlated
noise are perceived as equal. Binaural loudness summation hypotheses
are discussed. 19 refs.
Eckel, A.
SELECTING AN AUDIOMETRIC ROOM
Pollut Engr, v 5 n 2, Feb 1973, p 36-37
Types of prefabricated sound rooms for use in audiometric testing to
provide the proper acoustical environment so that tests can be conducted
without interference from outside noise are described. Indication is
given of the kind of construction that may be necessary to bring down the
internal noise levels to acceptable levels for testing without inter-
ference.
DER EINFLUSS RAUMAKUSTISCHER VERHOELTNISSE IN UNTERRICHTSRAEUMEN AUF
DEN LEISTUNGSERFOLG BEI SCHUELERN (INFLUENCE OF SPATIAL ACOUSTIC CONDITIONS
IN'LECTURE ROOMS ON THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF PUPILS)
Wiss Z Tech Univ, Dresden, v 22, n 1, 1973, p 201-209
By means of measurements of syllable comprehension, retelling of
foreign language texts and mathematics tests. The negative influence
of spatial acoustic conditions in lecture rooms on the achievements of
pupils is objectively established. The investigation was preceded by a
survey of the size, shape and construction of the available lecture rooms
and by electroacoustic measurements of spatial acoustic conditions in
conventional and space-acoustically treated lecture rooms. 21 refs.
In German.
Marples, V.
SOME POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE DISCIPLINES IN
HEARING MECHANISM RESEARCH
Int J Engr Sci, v 10 n 12, Dec 1972 , p 1175-1187
The field of auditory studies available to treatment by techniques
common in engineering science is described under three headings. The
first is the fluid dynamic apsects of cochlea behaviour in which
necessary simplification of the describing equations is achieved with
the guidance of dynamic similarity experiments. The second concerns
414
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the relationship of neural excitation to basilor membrane displacement
function, the terminal point for hydrodynamic analyses. Currently it is
envisaged that the formulation of evaluated hypotheses of hair cell
deformation will represent the most useful contribution. The third
heading relates to middle ear function where an ascending series of
kinematic, static and dynamic analyses will give rise to data for middle
ear prosthesis redesign and novel comment on middle ear muscle function.
10 refs.
McFadden, D.; Jeffress, L. A.; Ermey, H. L.
DIFFERENCES OF INTERAURL PHASE AND LEVEL IN DETECTION AND LATERAL_
IZATION, 250 HZ
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 50 n 6, Part 2, Dec 1971, p 1484-1493
A recently published experiment by the authors with narrow-band noise
centered at 500 Hz is repeated with noise centered at 500 Hz. The
results are similar and indicate that sensitivity of subjects vary
considerably. Data suggest that two relatively independent binaural
mechanisms exist - one concerned with time differences and one with level
differences.
McNeill, D.; Repp, B.
INTERNAL PROCESSES IN SPEECH PERCEPTION
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52 n 5, May 1973, p 1320-1326
An experimental study is made of the amount of time taken by listeners
to perceived aritficial stop consonants. The interval is estimated at
120 msec, while the duration of the formant transitions is only 50 msec.
Speech processing thus outlasts relevant input by 70 msec, suggesting
that normal speech perception can take place in the absence of input.
The perceptual structure of speech would then seem due largely to
autonomous internal processes rather than to the structure of the speech
signal. Hypothetically, this signal serves primarily to trigger the
process of speech perception.
Murray, R.
MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF NOISE IN INDUSTRY
Appl Ergonomics, v 3, n 4, Dec 1972, p 216-218
This article describes the prsent situation in the United Kingdom
with respect to noise and the law. There is no specific legislation as
such, but the Robens Committee on safety and health at work has
recommended that in addition to a code of practice, there should
be legislation and a special inspectorate to deal with noise. The
question- of prescribing occupational deafness as an occupational disease
giving' entitlement to compensation has been under consideration for
some time and a decision is likely in the near future. 6 refs.
415
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Pinheiro, M. L.; Ptacek, P. H.
REVERSALS IN THE PERCEPTION OF NOISE AND TONE PATTERNS
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 49, n 6, Part 2, June 1971, p 1778-1782
An experimental study was made of perception of auditory patterns
based on an intensity difference for 20 experienced subjects for
monaural and binaural conditions. The effects of white noise bursts
versus 1000 Hz tone bursts on perceptual reversals of temporal sequences
were analyzed. Tone burst patterns were easier to perceive. 12 refs.
Rosenstein, M.
COMPUTER GENERATED PURE TONES AND NOISE AND ITS APPLICATION TO
PSYCHOACOUSTICS
J Audio Eng Soc, v 21, n 2, Mar 1973, p 121-127
Computer generation of pure tones plus filtered noise and its application
to human audio detection is described. Noise may vary in pulse duration
frequency rms duration, envelope, center frequency, bandwidth shape,
and in bandwidths from 0.001 to 2500 Hz. Human detection is found to
depend not only on intensity ratios between noise and tone but on
pattern differences as well.
Teplitzky, A. M.
ECONOMICS OF NOISE CONTROL IN NEW YORK STATE
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 52, n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Department of Labor Occupational Noise Exposure Standards will not
protect all employees from hearing loss. For an occupational noise
exposure of 90 dBA for 8 hr/d for 10 years or more, the expected New
York State workmen's compensation award/employee/yr is estimated to be
$25. A comprehensive hearing conservation program to reduce an employer's
liability for hearing loss could be financed by savings in potential
compensation awards. Similarly, in plants where the occupational noise
environment exceeds OSHA noise-exposure requirements, expenditures
for engineering methods for noise control may be economically justified
by savings in potential compensation payments. The methodology for
determining the expected employee compensation award for occupation
hearing loss and its relation to potential hearing conservation program
costs are reviewed.
Ward, L. M.; Suedfeld, P.
HUMAN RESPONSES TO HIGHWAY NOISE
Environ Res, v 6, n 3, Sept 1973, p 306-326
Some potential effects of the proposed extension of a major highway
near a university campus were evaluated, with the expected increased
levels of ambient traffic sound as the major independent variable. On
self-reports, observation of the classroom behavior, and in data
collected during a 5 day dormitory field experiment, increased ambient
sound has adverse effects on social interaction in group problem solving,
416
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in the classroom, and on subjective reactions. No reliable changes
were found on individual cognitive performance on brief tests nor in
pulse rate. The need for careful, long-duration, multivariable
psychological research as a part of environmental impact predictions
of major construction projects is demonstrated.
Weston, R. H.; Newell, A. F.
MODELS OF NEURAL 'SHARPENING' IN THE COCHLEA
J Sound Vibr, v 15 n 3, June 8, 1971, p 443-457
Recent data, concerning the ultrastructure of the organ of Corti is
reviwed. This data has been used to form two computational models of
the cochlear innervation. These models are described, and their
relevance to the functioning of the cochlea discussed.
White, T. G.
ERGONOMIC SURVEY OF MOBILE CRANES
Appl Ergonomics, v 4 n 2, June 1973, p 96-104
Operational tasks were studied together with interactions which affect
the optimum perofrmance of the system in relation to the site organ-
ization in which they form a part. Visits to sites were made during
working hours, under prevailing weather conditions, and to plant hire
companies in the South Wales area. Appendices detail noise exposures
in crane cabins audiological survey of crane drivers and others.
Zwicker, E.; Fasti, H.
CUBIC DIFFERENCE SOUNDS MEASURED BY THRESHOLD - AND COMPENSATION-METHOD
Acustica, v 29, n 6, Dec 1973, p 336-343
Two methods to measure the cubic difference sound produced by the
nonlinearity of the ear out of two primaries have been compared
quantitatively. Data collected by means of the compensation method
and data collected from the same subject using the threshold method
lead to almost the same results. The difference sound elicited by a
narrow band noise as one of the primaries seems to be only 2 dB larger
than that produced by two tones as primaries. Results of earlier papers
could be confirmed and extended. 11 refs.
417
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NOISE MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTATION
Noise Survey Instrumentation
Industrial Noise Surveys -
Bohrer, D. A.
INSTRUMENTATION FOR "WALSH-HEALEY" NOISE SURVEYS
Forest Prod, J, v 21 n 9, Sept 1971 p 88-89
The type of equipment and training needed to comply with the Department
of Labor's current occupational noise standards is shown to be relatively
inexpensive and easy to obtain. Basic equipment includes a sound level
meter and sound level calibrator. Noise exposure meters and impact noise
analyzers may be necessary under certain circumstances to evaluate special
noise areas and special noise problems.
Dunn, R. L.
INSTRUMENTS FOR CHECKING INPLANT NOISE
Plant Eng (Barrington, 111) v 25 n 3 Feb 4, 1971 p 31-35
Sound survey meters are rapidly becoming "required equipment" in plants
throughout the country. Increased awareness of the hazards of noise by
federal, state and local agencies, as well as by unions and individual
employees, is making frequent use of sound measuring instruments a neces-
sity. These instruments are handy, easy to use, and relatively inexpen-
sive. They serve their intended purpose well, but bear in mind they
do- not constitute the sole hardware needed for a complete noise correction
program. Meters of the type discussed in this article are incapable of
indicating the frequencies of the noise being measured. But they can be
used to indicate whether the predominant frequencies are relatively high
or low. Various types are illustrated and described.
Ebbing, C. E.; Katra, T. S.; Robertson, D. E.
IN-PLACE MACHINERY NOISE MEASUREMENTS
ASHRAE, J, v 15 n 6 Jan 1973, p 48-54
A practical method is described for measuring the sound output of mech-
anical equipment room machinery as it is installed and applied. Method
presented for establishing noise levels can be used for proper selection
of floor and wall construction materials and methods. Measurement points
for a centrifugal chiller are illustrated and an example of a set of data
is given. 12 Refs.
418
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Kuehn, J. A.
MEASURING TECHNIQUES
Noise and Vibr Control for Ind Conf, (Bath, Eng, Apr 10-12, 1972)
Measuring techniques employed in noise monitoring and vibration measure-
ment are presented. Microphones, sound level meters, sequential analyz-
ers, parallel analyzers, level recorders, dose meters, accelerometers,
velocity transducers, vibration meters, and force gauges are discussed.
Merritt, D. W.; James, R. R.
ISOGRAMS SHOW SOUND-LEVEL DISTRIBUTIONS IN INDUSTRIAL NOISE STUDIES
Sound and Vibr, v 7 n 11, Nov 1973, p 12, 14, 16-17
A procedure is presented for analysis and display of the massive blocks
of noise level data normally acquired during an acoustical survey of an
industrial facility. The technique consists of a special data acquisi-
tion format and computerized data processing to produce a plan-view of
an industrial facility with isograms of sound levels. When used in con-
junction with a plant layout print, the map identifies each noise gen-
erator and the impact it has upon the plant's noise exposure patterns.
Miasnikov, L. L.
THE CONSTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF NOISE
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, (Lafayette, Ind, July 14-16, 1971)
The development of constructive analysis, a method of spectral analysis
, that gives the typical stationary frequency amplitude representation of
machinery, is described. The constructive spectrum is a sequence of seg-
ments; each segment is stationary within reasonable limits and possesses
definite patterns that are retained during a specific time interval.
Noise realization is represented by noise segment statistics and the con-
structive spectrum is a histogram of segments. The measuring device con-
sists of an analyzer with a set of parallel band pass filters connected
to a microphone or tape recorder input. The output of the analyzer forms
a matrix, and a segment selector acts as a translator for an analog code
input to a computer; the computer constructs the segment histogram. The
use of constructive analysis in investigations on machine and air turbine
noise is discussed.
Community Noise Surveys
Hamburg, J. A.
NOISE POLLUTION LEVEL INSTRUMENT
Rev Sci Instrum, v 44 n 11, Nov 1973, p 1618-1620
This article describes an instrument which has been designed and built
for measuring and displaying noise pollution level directly. In addi-
tions, it displays the sound pressure level, the mean level, and the
standard deviation of the level. The measurement is based on a 5 min
419
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minute interval, allowing 12 complete measurements per hour. The instru-
ment has a dynamic range in excess of 60 dB and is automatic in operation,
allowing its unattended use for long periods of time with a chart or digi-
tal recorder. 5 refs.
Kamperman, G. W.
TECHNIQUES FOR SAMPLING ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash, D.-C.,
Oct 4-6, 1971)
The most common method for evaluating the fluctuating character of envi-
ronmental noise is to determine the decible A weighted sound levels that
are exceeded 1, 10, 50, and 90 percent of the time. A sound level meter
is used with this technique, and fluctuations of outdoor environmental
noise are averaged; however, this procedure often leads to gross errors.
A more accurate method for determining the cumulative distribution over
a one hour period using a two minute sample is to divide the two minute
sample into many microsamples evenly distributed over the hour. Tests
validating the microsample method are discussed, and the development of
a microsampling recorder is described.
Kamperman, G. W.
WAYS TO WEIGHT NOISE OUTDOORS
Noise Control Engr, v 1 n 1, Summer 1973, p 40-45
As noise surveys become more of a factor in assessing the nature and ex-
tent of community noise problems, one needs to provide a better form of
statistical description of noise exposure with good correlation to the
real source of annoyance. This is especially necessary when the noise
level varies in an unpredictable manner. Analog recorded microsampling
of the noise environment can provide identification of the noise source
and spectrum content together with detailed statistical information for
any time period covered by the recording. This technique is described.
It is a significant step along the path to simplified measurement of
fluctuating environmental noise levels. The first step toward such sim-
plification was the use of the A-weighted level instead of 9-octave
bands. The A-weighted level is a useful descriptor for most noise
sources and is readily available on all sound level meters.
Siddon, T. E.; Harford, K. D.
LOW COST APPROACH TO AREA-WIDE NOISE MONITORING
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 54 n 3, Sept 1973, p 646-649
The current approach to noise survey work emphasizes the importance of
spatial and temporal noise level variations, with less stress on fre-
quency content. A simple clock-switched sound monitoring package, A-
weighted at the input stage, and with dynamic range of 45 dB, yields
adequate information on which to base a concise, statistical model of
the acoustic landscape. Because of the low-cost nature of individual
420
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terminal units, a large number of units may be operated simultaneously
over an extended area. This ensures that important spatial information
is not lost. Such a detailed picture is not possible with the more con-
ventional sequential (point to point) techniques which are normally
employed.
Schultz, T. J.
SOME SOURCES OF ERROR IN COMMUNITY NOISE MEASUREMENT
Sound and Vibr, v 5 n 2, Dec 1971, p 18-27
Nois measurement: community noise simplified methods. Short-cut methods
for measuring community noise levels are proposed, including: using only
an A-weighted sound level; reducing observation time periods; and using
measurement equipment that is less complicated than statistical analysis
gear. Some of the errors that may result from simplified methods are
considered.
Sound Power Instrumentation -
Anon
SOUND POWER MEASUREMENT SYMPOSIUM
Acoust Soc of Amer, J, v 54 n 4, Oct 1973, p 930-984
The papers deal with two broad categories of sound power measurements.
Material presented at an earlier symposium on reverberation room measure-
ments was updated and extended. Some of the problems of in situ measure-
ments are addressed. Among these are situations in which precision
measurements in a reverberation room are not practical, either because
facilities are unavailable for operating the equipment or because it is
not practical to move the equipment to a reverberation room. There is
a need for description of techniques for noise measurements on machines
as installed. While these measurements may be less precise than those
made in a controlled acoustical environment, they provide data that are
satisfactory for many noise control purposes.
Graham, J. B.
HOW TO ESTIMATE FAN NOISE
Sound and Vibr v 6 n 5, May 1972, p 24-27
A method of fan noise estimation is described. Specific sound power
levels of all common fan types are tabulated, and simple equation in-
volving only fan delivery volume and pressure is used to correct spec-
ific ratings to actual sound power levels generated.
421
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Lubman, D.
SPATIAL AVERAGING IN SOUND POWER MEASUREMENTS
J Sound Vibr, v 16 n 1, May 8, 1971, p 43-58
Nomographs and formulas are presented from which an experimenter may
determine the confiednce level of their estimate in terms of signal
bandwidth reververation time, and number of fixed microphones or the
path length for a moving microphone. Finally, the remarkable perform-
ance of rotating diffusers is described in terms of their improvement
in the statistical accuracy of the measured mean. 16 refs.
Tichy, K.
THE MEASUREMENT OF SOUND POWER IN A REVERBERATION CHAMBER AT DISCRETE
FREQUENCIES
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash, D. C.,
Oct 4-6, 1971)
A method of sound power measurement in which a noise source is placed
into a reverberation chamber with highly reflective walls is described.
At large enough distances from the source, the reflected sound wave
creates a reverberant sound field; the total radiated sound power is
proportional to the square of the sound pressure measured in the re-
verberant field. The major advantage of this method is that it elimin-
ates the need for considering the directivity pattern of the source.
However, accuracy is limited by the modal character of the chamber,
measured frequency range, source position, etc. In addition, the sound
power radiated from a sound source in a reverberation chamber differs
from that radiated in an unbounded medium. The major factor affecting
accuracy is the sound spectrum radiated by the" source. The sound power
of sources with continuous and broadband spectra can be measured more
accurately than the sound power of sources of discrete frequencies or
narrow band spectra.
Sound Pressure Instrumentation -
Nakamura, A.; Sugiyama, A.; Tanaka, T.; Matsumoto, R.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION FOR DETECTION OF SOUND-PRESSURE LEVEL
BY A MICROPHONE IN AN AIRSTREAM
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 50 n 1 pt 1, July 1971, p 40-46
A new concept is derived for characterizing microphone response to wind-
flow fluctuation. An experimental study is made of the response of a
microphone when the sound pressure and turbulence-fluctuated pressure
impinge simultaneously on its diaphragm. The arrangement provides a
lower limit of sound pressure level that can be detected by the micro-
phone .
422
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Dosimeter -
Basch, M. W.
A WEARABLE POCKET NOISE DOSIMETER
Acoust Soc of Amer, New York, J v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
A noise dosimeter that meets the ANSI type II sound-level meter standard
and accumulates the Walsh-Healey percentage is discussed. The dosimeter
is composed of two parts: a small pocket unit that accumulates and stores
the digital data representing the Walsh-Healey percentage, and an indica-
tor unit that provides a digital readout on a light emitting diode dis-
play. The indicator unit also provides for calibrating the pocket unit,
including the microphone, and for checking batteries. Newest technology
has permitted the pocket unit to be made very small and light. It in-
cludes a small ceramic microphone, a true RMS detector with more than
15 dB crest factor capacity, and an extremely low-power mos digital count-
er to store the Walsh-Healey percentage. It weighs 7 oz and runs for over
300 hours on an ordinary 9V transistor battery. Frequency response meas-
urements will show the effect of the proximity of the wearer.
Brueel, P. V.
NOISE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE
Ind Waste Management, Symp, (Sheridan Park, Ontario, Canada, Nov 3-4, 1971)
Noise measurement techniques are discussed in three sections: noise
surveying and monitoring in terms of dBA, equivalent continuous sound
levels, and noise doses; sophisticated measurement and evaluation systems
such as the computerized techniques used in on-line determination of
sound power, and measurement and evaluation of sonic booms. A new method
for measuring noise, the nose dose meter, is described.
Conn, D. 0.
AUDIO DOSIMETER - A SYSTEM FOR MEASURING PERSONAL NOISE EXPOSURE
V, Sound Vibr, v 6 n 9, Sept 1972, p 8, 10, 12, 14
Incorporation of the Walsh-Healey hearing conservation criteria into the
1970 Occupational Safety & Health Act (OSHA) now requires industry to
adopt those standards which have proven effective in preventing occupa-
tional hearing loss. In order to economically and effectively comply
with the OSHA standards, it is necessary to calculate an individual's
exposure level for work environments that have noise levels of 90 dBA
or higher. A personal noise monitor is described which cumulatively
registers in percent the OSHA exposure in an electrolytic memory cell.
At the end of the work shift, the dosimeter is taken from the employee
and the cell is removed. The cell is read in a separate readout instru-
ment. The principles of the memory cell are explained and a flow diagram
of the readout device is presented. 4 refs.
423
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Raymond, R. W.
NEW NOISE EXPOSURE METER
S/V, Sound Vibr, v 5 n 5, May 1971 p 6, 8, 10
Description of type 1934 Walsh-Healy noise exposure meter. This simple
instrument does all of the measuring, averaging, accumulation, calcula-
tion, and even impact detection automatically, then stops. An operator
is required only to start measurements in the morning and record total
readings at day's end. A strip chart recorder can be used with the in-
strument to record occurrence time of high exposure levels. A digital
output is provided, thus enabling one to use the meter with a printer to
record the elapsed time percentage and the Walsh-Healey noise-exposure
percentage.
Loudness Measurements -
Bernstein, R.
SOUND AND NOISE LEVEL MEASUREMENTS
IEEE Trans Broadcast Telev Receivers, v BTR-19 n 2, May 1973, p 106-112
In television receivers the horizontal scan system gives sound level
radiations at a frequency of 15.734 kHz for color and 15.750 kHz for
black and white. Since this is an unwanted sound transmission, it is
classified as noise even though it is not stochastic in nature. The
investigation in this paper is directed towards measuring and studying
this undesired sound by acoustical methods.
Bauer, B. B.; Torick, E. L.; Allen, R. G.
MEASUREMENT OF LOUDNESS LEVEL
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 50 n 2 pt 1, Aug 1971, p 405-420
A survey is made of present and potential instrumentation to measure
loudness level of sounds. The history of the sound-level meter is
discussed. A loudness level monitor is described for directly measur-
ing the relative loudness level of broadcast programs. A new set of
equal-loudness contours is shown and a new law discovered for loudness-
level addition for combined bands of noise. Psyehoacoustical evalua-
tions are given for loudness level meter vs sound-level meter.
Olson, H. F.
MEASUREMENT OF LOUDNESS
Audio, v 56 n 2, Feb 1972, p 18-22
A loudness meter has been described which indicates the loudness of an
audio signal. Since the ultimate significant subjective destination of
all original or reproduced sound is the human ear, a meter which indi-
cates the loudness as perceived by the ear is an important audio instru-
ment. For example, the loudness meter will become a very useful tool
for determining the loudness of any simple or complex sound or noise, for
monitoring the maximum permissible level of all manner of audio programs,
424
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for obtaining the maximum loudness of an audio program for a certain
maximum peak level, etc. Topics discussed include the loudness scale,
measurement of loudness, and the performance of the loudness meter.
Starr, E. A.
MEASURING NOISE POLLUTION
IEEE Spectrum, v 9 n 6, Jun 1972, p 18-25
An important part of any successful measurement is the selection of the
quantities to be measured - and in the case of noise pollution measure-
ments this selection is particularly troublesome. Sound pressure levels
are only a part of the story and can be deceiving. For example, enjoy-
able sounds can be louder than annoying ones. The fundamental problem
is that the quantities to be measured must includes man's reaction to
the sound - a reaction that may be determined by such varied factors as
the time of day, his physical comfort or discomfort, characteristics of
the sound, and attitude toward the person or device generating the sound.
It is impossible to include all of these parameters in one simple measure-
ment. The best that .one can do is to gain an understanding of man's response
to sound in order to develop ratings for quantifying noise pollution.
Some psychoacoustic experiments in this direction, examples of ratings,
and typical acoustic instruments used in the field are discussed. These
include various scientific and regulatory (legislated) criteria, the
standard characteristics of octave and third octave acoustic-wave filters,
and arrangements and equipment for monitoring aircraft noise around air-
ports. 34 refs.
Diagnostic Sound Measurement -
Baade, P. K.
IDENTIFICATION OF NOISE SOURCES
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Tutorial Pap (Wash,
D. C., Oct 4-6, 1972)
Procedures for identifying noise at its source are suggested diagnostic
sound testing and sound source identification tests must be accomplished,
along with source modification and recognition, localization of the ori-
gin of sound radiation, and analysis of sound signals. The use of fre-
quency analysis for identifying noise generated by a 1,900 HP drive in
a large cement mill is described, and time domain analysis of punch press
noise is characterized. Instrumentation for diagnostic sound testing is
also considered.
425
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Bell, L. H.; Raymond, A. J.
SOLVING THE NOISE PROBLEM
SPE J, v 28 n 1, Jan 1972, p 16-19
The fundamental physics of sound, and the instruments used to measure
and characterize it, are explained with a view to assessing the charac-
ter and magnitude of noise sources in a typical molding room. Measures
that have successfully reduced noise from grinders, vacuum loaders and
other kinds of molding equipment are described, and methods of organiz-
ing noise control programs are discussed from the point of view of both
manufacturer and user.
Beran, D. W.
ACOUSTICS. A NEW APPROACH FOR MONITORING THE ENVIRONMENT NEAR AIRPORTS
J Aircraft, v 8 n 11, Nov 1971, p 934-936
This note describes an acoustic echo sounder capable of detecting wake
vortices as well as other important meteorological parameters. The
strong interaction of acoustic waves with the atmosphere can be used to
sense a variety of details about the structure and motions within the
boundary layer. 11 refs.
Bhattacharya, M. C.: Guy, R. W.
INFLUENCE OF THE MEASURING FACILITY ON THE MEASURED SOUND INSULATING
PROPERTY OF A PANEL
Acustica, v 26 n 6, Jun 1972, p 344-348
A discussion is presented of the discrepancies found when comparing
reverberant room transmission loss measurements using differing test
facilities. The authors suggest the finiteness of both test facility
and panel as contributing to the differences in presented results.
Theoretical analysis and measurements made by several workers are also
discussed. 6 refs.
Brown, D. L.; Halvorsen, W. G.
APPLICATION OF THE COHERENCE FUNCTION TO ACOUSTIC NOISE MEASUREMENTS
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash, D. C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972)
The feasibility of using the coherence function technique to locate
sources of noise is discussed, and the possibility of computing frequency
spectra and SPL'sassociated with noise sources in the presence of other
incoherent sources is demonstrated. The technique is very useful for
noise surveys and noise control measurements, but is must be carefully
applied in order to avoid errors. Some of the problems encountered with
this technique include time lag between the microphone and source trans-
ducer signals and numerical errors due to the limited dynamic range of
analysis instrumentation.
426
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Buss, S.
NOISE MEASUREMENT. PRINCIPLES AND DEVICES (Schallmesstechnik. Grundlagen
und Geraete)
Elektrotech Z Ausg B, v 23 n 20, Oct 1, 1971, p 478-480
Noise measurement is reviewed on the background of more stringent require-
ments of environmental protection. The possibilities of solving part of
the problems by measurements are discussed and the types of instruments
available reviewed. In German.
Crocker, M. J.
APPENDIX A: USE OF ANECHOIC AND REVERBERANT ROOMS FOR MEASUREMENT OF
NOISE FROM MACHINES
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Tutorial Pap (Wash, D. C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972)
Methods for measuring noise emitted from machines is described, with
emphasis on reverberant and anechoic rooms. Procedures for calculating
mean sound level, mean band and SPL» sound power level, and directivity
index are also considered. Machine sound power measurement is achieved
more rapidly in a reverberant room than in a free field or an anechoic
room because fewer measurements are needed. However, information on
noise source directivity is lost in a reverberant room.
Gibbs, B. M., Jones, D. K.
SIMPLE IMAGE METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOUND
PRESSURE LEVELS WITHIN AN ENCLOSURE
Acustica, v 26 n 1, Jan 1972, p 24-32
By use of a computer, a simple image method is used to predict variation
in sound pressure level throughout a rectangular room possessing various
absorption configurations. A model room was constructed and it is shown
that the computer prediction correlates better with measured values than
does the classical prediction which assumes a diffuse sound field.
13 refs.
Moore, C. J. '
SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF MEASURING THE SOUND FIELD OF A SOURCE IN
THE PRESENCE OF GROUND SURFACE
J Sound Vibr, v 16 n 2, May 22, 1971, p 269-282
The solution to the ground reflection problem which is described in this
paper i.? to treat an area of the reflecting surface at the geometric
reflection point with a sound absorbing treatment. This treatment has
been shown to reduce the effect of interference on the far field of a
pure-tone source to plus or minus 1.5 dB and to considerably improve the
accuracy of the measurement of the free acoustic field of a research fan.
1 rtfs.
427
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Oncley, P. B.
CORRECTION PROCEDURE FOR OUTDOOR NOISE MEASUREMENTS
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash, D. C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972)
The ways in which atmospheric absorption and refraction and ground reflec-
tion affect aircraft noise measurements are described. Various techniques
for correcting aircraft noise measurements are described, including ob-
taining supplementary data, changing the position of the measuring equip-
ment, and using mathematical formulas.
Pierce, A. D.
NOISE DIFFRACTION: SUGGESTED ESTIMATION PROCEDURES
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash, D.C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972)
Formulas, curves, and procedures for estimating SPLs at locations par-
tially shielded from a sound source by a barrier are outlined. Compu-
tational procedures are restricted to the case of a listener in a shadow
zone. In a shadow zone, SPLs are generally less than those that would
be expected if a barrier were not present. Excess attenuation in single
and double edge diffraction is described.
Porter, M. S. Delap, J. Q.
DISCRETE SOURCE IDENTIFICATION IN THE PRESENCE OF HIGH AMBIENT NOISE
LEVELS
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash, D.C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972)
A method for isolating individual noise sources in large internal-
combustion engines from each other was developed in order to identify
the contribution of each component noise source. An isolator device
consisting of a tube of dense plastic material lined with a PB/foam
sandwich was used, and a survey meter was mounted at the closed end of
the tube. The application of real time analysis to this technique re-
duced measurement and analysis times.
Quindry, T. L.; Flynn, D. R.
SIMPLIFIED FIELD MEASUREMENT OF NOISE REDUCTION BETWEEN SPACES
Acoust Soc of Amer, New York, J, v 53 n 1, Jan 1973, p 291-392
The present American Society for Testing and Materials procedure for
field measurement of the noise reduction between spaces is time con-
suming and costly because it requires numerous measurements in order
to compute the noise isolation class (NIC), particularly when separate
measurements must be made at multiple microphone positions to obtain
adequate spatial averaging. The relationships between NIC values based
on 1/3 octave band data and more easily obtained ratings of isolation
based on either octave band data or on A-weighted or C-weighted sound
level data are explored. A large number of curves of 1/3-octave band
noise reduction vs frequency were calculated from data on transmission
loss of partitions, assumed room geometry, assumed values for the source
428
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sound power spectrum, and assumed values for the sound absorption in the
source and receive rooms. For each of these 1/3-octave band noise reduc-
tion curves, the follwong quantities were calculated and compared: NIC
rating, 1,, rating, 1,, rating (1/3-octave band data), 1,, rating (octave
barid data), the A-weighted sound lev el difference, and the difference
between the C-weighted level in the source room and the A-weighted level
in the receive room.
Schneider, A. J.
INSTRUMENTS FOR ANALYZING AND EVALUATING AUTOMOTIVE NOISE
Automotive Engr, v 82 n 3, Mar 1974, p 98
A wide variety of frequency analysis instrumentation is available for
sound and vibration analysis. But unless the optimum instruments are
chosen for each task, the engineer will be bewildered by either insuf-
ficient or excessive data. Instrument usages that have been standardized
in the automotive industry are outlined.
Scholes, W. E.; Salvidge, A. C.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FROM A SOUND LEVEL METER
Appl Acoust, v 6 n 2, Apr 1973, p 111-117
Increasingly, and particularly for motorway noise, sound level meters
are being used to estimate L-^Q, the noise level just exceeded for 10
percent of the time, by noting the meter readings at regular intervals
and manually analyzing the array of data so obtained. A simple attach-
ment on a sound level meter to ease the operator's task in making such
measurements and to minimize operator bias is described. Comparisons
are made between sound level meter measurements of three types of noise
and measurements of a more conventional technique, which employs a level
recorder and statistical analyzer. For motorway noise, the sound level
meter technique gives values of L,Q and LgQ within ld3A of the values
obtained by the normal method. The technique will probably be useful
in measuring other types of noise.
Steinbach, R. D.,; Marsh, E. G.
EXPERIMENTAL DAMPING MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND RESULTS BOTH
IN AIR AND WATER
Inst of Environmental Sci Annu Tech Meet, 19th, Proc, (Anaheim, Calif,
Apr 2-5, 1973, available from Inst of Environmental Sci, Mt Prospect,
111, 1973) p 307-312
The addition of damping materials to the self-noise generated by vibra-
tion has been done for years at great expense to the Navy. In this
study, several measurement techniques and the various drawbacks and
errors of each method are considered. It is shown that the increase in
the damping effectiveness or damping coefficient was much less in water
than in air. The test technique allows measurements on normal struc-
turles to determine just how much vibration attenuation is obtained.
4 refs.
\ 429
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Sugiyama, A.; Tanaka, T.; Nakamura, A.
DETECTION OF NOISE LEVEL GENERATED BY A GRILLE IN AN AIRFLOW
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 51 n 6 pt 1, Jun 1972, p 1794-1801
Measurements were made with a streamlined probe microphone to evaluate
pressure level of sound generated by a grille in an airflow. Distribu-
tions in a flow duct of the turbulence-fluctuated pressure of the air-
flow and of the output level of the microphone were measured and compared
with transmission properties specified for the duct.
Noise Rating Methods -
Barducci, I.; Borruso, P.; Ibba, G.
PROBLEMS CONCERNING NOISE RATING METHODS
Noise 2000, Assoc Intl Centre le Bruit, Intl Congresses, 5th and 6th,
Zonderland, P. (ed), (London, Eng, May 1968 and Groningen, Neth, May
1970) p 205-207
An analysis of the noise rating methods shows that the acceptable limit-
ing values still lack some of the most elaborated noise indexes which
could give reliable information in an extended field of application.
Procedures recommended by international organizations include the sound
levels A, B, C measured with a sound level meter; the loudness level,
determined according to Steven's method: the loudness level, determined
according to Zwicker's method; and the perceived noise level, determined
by Kryter's method. Some suggestions are presented in order to remove,
at least partially, the mentioned inconveniences.
Barton, C. K.
A SINGLE NUMBER RATING FOR EFFECTIVE NOISE REDUCTION
Sound and Vibr, v 7 n 2, Feb 1973, p 23-25
In airborne-noise control, there is a trend toward the use of single
number ratings for airborne-noise levels. A method for calculating a
single-number rating for the effectiveness of a noise attenuating de-
vice is presented. A short computer program makes the necessary cal-
culations, and a typical study was conducted to illustrate its use.
Instruments -
Laser Analysis -
Fetterman, C. C.
LASER ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE
IEEE Trans Audio Electroacoust, v AU-21 n 2, Apr 1973, p 118-120
Environmental noise induces frequency instabilities in lasers. By ana-
lyzing these instabilities, we can determine the characteristics of the
noise and thus identify the source, using the laser, in effect, as a
supersensitive "microphone." The techniques described can be used for
supersensitive detection and identification of extremely low-level noise
sources.
430
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Shock Tube and Space Average Measurements -
Kamperman, 6. W.
INSTRUMENTATION FOR NOISE MEASUREMENT
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Tutorial Pap (Wash,
D. C., Oct 4-6, 1972)
Microphones and vibration pickups used to measure noise are described,
including ceramic, condenser and electret microphones and accelerometers.
Calibration of these systems is discussed, and the use of sound level
meters for signal amplification is considered. Tape recorders and sig-
nal analyzers that can be incorporated into noise measurement systems
are also examined.
Rasmussen, 6.
MEASUREMENT MICROPHONES
Inter-Noise 72, Intl Conf on Noise Control Engr, Proc, (Wash, D. C.,
Oct 4-6, 1972)
Frequency responses of free-field and pressure microphones are analyzed,
and improvements in microphone technology are discussed. Noise measure-
ment microphones must be able to respond to pressure variations. Piezo-
electric microphones do not offer the well defined geometry, wide fre-
quency range, and correct damped resonance that condenser microphones do.
Electrets using Teflon or F.E.P. foils are being used in low cost micro-
phones, but they are not as good as stretched metal diaphragms. A method
which protects condenser microphones from moisture and reduces noise in
humid conditions is described.
Mariano, S.
SHOCK TUBE TECHNIQUE FOR TESTING ACOUSTIC MATERIALS
AT VERY HIGH SOUND AMPLITUDES
J Sound Vibr, v 14 n 2, Jan 22, 1971, p 145-150
A new technique to test acoustic materials at very high sound levels is
presented. This technique is based on the use of a shock tube, and was
applied to acoustic samples having a facing made of perforated plates of
different open area ratios. Results of the absorption coefficient at
resonance for several values of the open area ratio are presented'.
7 refs.
Wooten, E. J.; Gary, H.
INSTRUMENTATION FOR SPACE AVERAGED ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS
Noise and Vibr Control Engr Conf, Proc, (Lafayette, Ind, July 14-16, 1971)
A six channel multiplexer has been developed to test the validity of a
concept of using many microphones randomly positioned in a reverberant
chamber to obtain a single workable waveform where phase differences from
point to point do not affect the energy contained in a waveform. The
Effects of scanning speeds, RMS detection time constants, and the meas-
urement of reverberant decay are investigated. Space-averaged sound
i
431
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pressure measurements are valid using sequentially sampled arrays of
microphones, provided: the scanning rate (in channels per second) is
slower than one-twentieth of the center frequency of the lowest 1/3-
octave filter (.05 FC) and the true-RMS detection time constant is long-
er than the period of a complete scan of all channels.
Wedge Design -
Koidan, W.; Hruska, G. R.; Pickett, M. A.
WEDGE DESIGN FOR NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS ANECHOIC CHAMBER
J Acoust Soc Amer, v 52 n 4 pt 1, Oct 1972, p 1071-1076
A relatively new glass wool material was adapted for wedge design hav-
ing a cutoff frequency of 50 Hz for an anechoic room at the U. S.
National Bureau of Standards. The wedge consists of glass wool, of two
densities, three Ib/cu ft for the 55 in. tapered portion and 1.1 Ib/cu
ft for the 11 in. base. Details are given of impedance measurements
for propagation into the wedge from the tip.
Impulsive Sound Measurement -
Kundert, W. R.
IMPULSE SOUND-LEVEL METER - WHAT'S IT ALL ABOUT?
SV Sound Vibr, v 8 n 3, Mar 1974, p 50-53
The detection characteristics of a new impulse precision sound-level
meter are compared to the "ordinary" precision sound-level meter. It
is shown that the new instrument is suitable for measuring in accordance
with the CHARA criterion for impulse noise. 7 refs.
Schneider, A. J.
OMNIDIRECTIONAL HIGH-FREQUENCY SOUND LEVEL METERS
Amer Ind Hygiene Assoc, Baltimore, J, v 33 n 3, Mar 1972, p 165-169
Measurement of community and factory noises calls for microphones that
are omnidirectional. High frequency response is also essential because
A-weighted measurements, used in this work, emphasize frequencies from
500 Hz to 10 kHz. Present standards for sound level meters guarantee
neither omnidirectionality nor high frequency response. Accurate meas-
ures of noise environments depend on the proper choice of microphones
and adaptors, and sound level meters that meet the International IEC
179 precision sound level meter standard should be used.
432
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Weinberger, A.
PORTABLE IMPULSE SOUND-LEVEL METER EGT
News, Rohde & Schwarz, v 11 n 47, 1971, p 5-9
A meter is described which is suitable for all standard acoustic tests
between 20 and 160 dB, and also for acceleration and AC voltage measure-
ments. The instrument meets the requirements of the German DIN 45633
as well as of IEC 179 with regard to precision and impulse standards.
In addition to AC and DC outputs it also prossesses a filter-connection
facility. The frequency response can be switch-selected to be either
linear, conform to the standard weighting curves A, B, C, D, or that of
an external filter; a meter-response switch allows the selection of a
fast, slow or impulse response mode.
General -
Belousov, N. N.; Kirsanov, N. I.
DISCRIMINATOR OF A TRACKING INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING THE SPATIAL DELAY
TIME OF A NOISE-LIKE SIGNAL
Telecommon Radio Engr, v 26-27 n 3, Mar 1972, p 108-115
The discriminator of a tracking instrument for measuring the spatial
delay time of a noise-like signal is investigated. The discrimination
and fluctuation characteristics are determined for normal stationary
additive signals and noise in the case of rapid fluctuations. 4 refs.
Crocker, M. J.
NOISE SOURCES, NOISE MEASUREMENTS AND NOISE REDUCTION
Amer Soc of Agricultural Engr, Pap 72-812, 1972
The propagation of sound energy is discussed, including spherical spread-
ing, plane waves, reflection, and diffraction. Sound pressure levels and
decibels are defined. Instrumentation for noise measurement and the use
of the instrumentation in the measurement of sound-pressure and sound-
power levels are reviewed. Measurements with machines in situ and in
ideal anechoic and reverberant rooms are considered. The basic tech-
niques commonly used to reduce noise are reviewed: vibration isolation,
enclosure absorption, and damping.
Fearn, R. W.
REVERBERATION TIME
Heat Vent Engr, J Air Cond, v 46 n 540, July 1972, p 3-6
The principle behind reverberation measurement described is the calcula-
tion of the rate of delay of a sound burst within a room. The usual
sources of sound are beat frequency oscillators with a warble tone to
prevent standing waves, or random or white noise generators. Tests were
taken with several different types of noise source. Best results were
obtained with the bursting balloons.
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Kolesnikov, A.
DETERMINATION OF THE SENSITIVITY OF SOUND RECEIVERS
Meas Tech, v 14 n 8, Aug 1971, p 1251-1254
How by using the equivalent circuit of a piezoelectric transducer it is
possible to express its sensitivity in the range or reception defined
by the rate of the transducer potential to the acoustic pressure gener-
ated by it through the resistance of the radiator and the characteristics
of the medium.
Mende, H. G.
LAERMPEGELMESSUNGEN IN DER ALLTAGSPRAXIS (DAILY ROUTINE MEASUREMENTS OF
NOISE LEVELS)
VDI Z, v 115 n 14, Oct 1973, p 1126-1131
A survey of the newest noise level recording equipment is given. The
aspects of accurate measurements are discussed and recommendations are
made, based on experimental results, for various noise sources and en-
vironments. 5 refs. In German.
Nelson, P. M.
THE COMBINATION OF NOISE FROM SEPARATE TIME VARYING SOURCES
Appl Acoust, v 6 n 1, Jan 1973, p 1-21
Two methods of combining time-varying noise sources are proposed, and
the applications of these procedures to practical situations are dis-
cussed. One method enables LJQ (the noise level exceeded for 10 percent
of the time) and Lg0 values to be determined when two or more Gaussian
traffic noise distributions are combined. The combination technique may
be applied to various noise sources; e.g., the interaction of aircraft
fly-past and surface traffic noise.
Nitsche, J. R.
A SURVEY OF SPECTRAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES PERTINENT TO THE STUDY OF
MOVING SOUND SOURCES
Acoust Soc of Amer, New York, J, v 52 n 1, July 1972, p 112-188
Several spectral analysis techniques which are pertinent to the study
of the radiated noise associated with moving sound sources are described.
Applications of the minicomputer HRC-1360. Acoustical analysis system
are discussed; one-third octave band, narrowband, and several variations
thereof are included. Algorithms for correlation, coherence, and prob-
ability density analysis can also be implemented depending upon the par-
ticular requirements of the investigation.
434
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Schneider, A. J.
SOUND APPROACH TO ACOUSTIC NOISE MEASUREMENT
Electron Prod, v 16 n 8, Jan 21, 1974, p 133-140, 143
Sound measuring instruments and especially sound level meters are de-
scribed. Noise measurements are discussed with emphasis on the require-
ments of the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
Schultz, T. J.
SOUND POWER MEASUREMENTS IN A REVERBERANT ROOM
J Sound Vibr, v 16 n 1, May 8, 1971, p 119-129
The ASHRAE standard test procedure for measuring the sound power output
of mechanical equipment in reverberation room is discussed. Particular
attention is given to the qualification test required of a facility for
the measurement of pure tones.
Slusser, R. A.
CLOSED-LOOP AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR HIGH-INTENSITY ACOUSTIC TEST
SYSTEMS
J Environ Sci, v 16, n 3, May-Jun 1973, p 9-13
The current automatic control system used at the Jet Propulsion Labora-
tory works in one-third octave bands, the desired levels are set into
the memory in the control system before the test. The control system
then increases the sound pressure level in the reverberation chamber
gradually in each of the one-third octave bands until the level set in
the memory is reached.
Veit, R. W.
A PORTABLE TAPE RECORDER FOR NOISE ANALYSIS
Amer Ind Hygiene Assoc, J, v 32 n 9, Sept 1971, p 579-582
A light-weight battery-powered tape recorder has successfully been
adapted for noise analysis in the frequency range of 20 to 10,000 Hz.
Minor circuit changes were necessary to obtain the desired flat response.
The recorder, complete with rechargable nickel-cadmium batteries and
leather case, weighs 8.5 Ib, and 10 sec recording provides adequate tape
for the laboratory octave band analysis.
Weissing, H.; Banda, S.
EIN GERAET ZUR DIREKTEN MESSUNG DBS AEQUIVALENTEN DAUERSCHALLPEGELS
(INSTRUMENT FOR THE DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF THE EQUIVALENT LEVEL OF
CONTINUOUS SOUND)
Z Elektr Inf Energietech, v 3 n 1, 1973, p 22-30
Operation and implementation are presented of an instrument in which the
.long-time integration, which is necessary for obtaining measurement data,
is realized through voltage-frequency conversion followed by pulse
435
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counting. After the count passes a logarithmic processor, the desired
result is obtained directly. The achieved simplification is of impor-
tance for the measurement of (acoustic) noise. 15 refs. In German.
Standards -
Anon
A COMPILATION OF STANDARDS FOR NOISE RATINGS AND MEASUREMENTS
Sound and Vibr, Cleveland, v 6 n 10, Oct 1972, p 18-21
Standards related to noise ratings, noise measurements, and noise tests
are listed by complete title under the name of the organization is-
suing the standards. Addresses are listed, and complete standards can
be purchased from the organizations.
Anon
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR SOUND LEVEL METERS
ASME, Amer Natl Stan ANSI S 1.4, 1971
The purpose of this standard for sound level meters and their calibra-
tion is to ensure maximum practical accuracy in any particular sound
level meter, and to reduce to the lowest practical minimum any differ-
ence in corresponding readings with various makes and models of meters
that meet the standard. This standard provides the minimum requirements
for three basic types of sound level meters: types one, two, and three,
with performance requirements that become progressively less stringent,
proceeding from type one to type three. Provision is made for a special
purpose sound level meter, type S. If a sound level meter that meets
this standard is modified, it must be demonstrated that the modified
sound level meter meets this standard.
Anon
METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SOUND POWER LEVELS OF SMALL SOURCES
IN REVERBERATION ROOMS
ANSI Stand SI.21, 1972
This standard describes in detail two laboratory methods for determining
the sound power radiated by a device, machine, component, or subassembly
as a function of frequency using a reverberant test room having pre-
scribed acoustical characteristics. While other methods could be used
to measure the noise emitted by machinery and equipment, the methods
described in this standard are particularly advantageous for rating the
sound output of sources which produce steady noise and for which direc-
tivity information is not required. The measurement described here
yields physical data that may be used for: (1) rating apparatus accord-
ing to its sound power output, (2) establishing sound control measures,
(3) predicting sound pressure levels produced by a device or machine in
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a given enclosure or environment. However, the detailed methods for
utilizing the data for these purposes are not included in this standard.
Petrusewicz, S. A.
CRITERIA AND STANDARDS
Noise and Vibr Control for Ind, Conf, (Bath, Eng, Apr 10-12, 1972)
Almost every major industrial country has issued standards relating to
noise, noise measurement and criteria. A high degree of standardiza-
tion and similarity between national standards was achieved by the inter-
national organization for standardization (ISO) where participating
countries agreed on a common new standard and then based their national
standards on ISO. British standards are either identical with ISO or
have some differences to suit particular conditions. Noise criteria
are generally not standards (although the method of derivation is) and
are usually either recommendations which cannot be legally enforced or
acts of Parliament which can be legally enforced. All British noise
standards are considered; most commonly used criteria applicable to in-
dustrial noise are described fully.
Schneider, A. J.
RELATING ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS TO SAE PROCEDURES
SAE Prepr N 740212 for Meet, Feb 25 - Mar 1, 1974
The measurement of noise can be a rather complicated task. At least, it
must not be taken for granted. One problem is that noise is a dynamic
phenomenon. The other problem is that a microphone often affects the
acoustical field it is trying to sense. These are strange phenomena to
those of us who deal only with slowly varying signals and with trans-
ducers which do not affect their environment. The object of this paper
is to list and explain the precautions that must be taken when measuring
noise and documenting acoustical data for SAE criteria.
Van Doeren, R. E.
ON THE REALITY AND PRACTICALITY OF STEADY-STATE AND PULSE-TRAIN
(TRANSIENT) ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS
Inst of Environ Sci, Annu Tech Meet, 19th, Proc, (Anaheim, Calif, Apr
2-5, 1973) p 301-306
This paper discusses the nature of acoustic noise as encountered in the
real world and the type of design information which would be most useful
to the engineer attempting to design or modify an acoustic system. The
present day standard acoustic measurement test techniques are discussed
and their advantages and shortcomings are pointed out. It is concluded
that today's standard test methods are not realistic and are relatively
impractical. The concept of application of transient acoustic test
techniques is advanced, application of trains of tone burst pulses to
acoustic measurements is discussed and some pulse train measurement re-
sults are presented.
437
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TRANSPORTATION NOISE
Vehicle Design
Aspinall, O.T.
CONTROL OF ROAD NOISE BY VEHICLE DESIGN
J Sound Vibr, v 13 n 4, Dec 1970, p 435-44
The work of vehicle noise reduction is illustrated by an example in which
the effects of exhaust silencing and various designs of engine enclosure
are illustrated. It is concluded that it is possible, but not necessarily
practicable, to get down to an ISO test level of about 80 dBA with the
appropriate amount of engine enclosure at weight penalty of 9 Ib/dBA.
However, space limitations on vehicles fitted with larger engines than
those used in this work may make the fitting of an enclosure extremely
difficult, and may necessitate considerable redesign of the vehicle.
Berry, W.C.
PRACTICAL MEANS OF IMPLEMENTING VEHICLE NOISE CONTROL - 2
J Sound Vibr, v 13 n 4, Dec 1970, p 459-60
Palliative treatment by engine - gearbox enclosure and by attention to the
exhaust system can give some 7 to 8 dBA reduction of noise: a weight
penalty of 10 Ib/dBA and a cost penalty of 60 to 80 shillings/dBA one
results from these treatments: to reduce exhaust noise, engine enclosure
can be conveniently effected by absorbent - lined steel panels although
practical difficulties can occur with existing vehicles: the choice of
absorbent material is restricted by lubricating and fuel oil contamination
and the resultant fire hazard:
Crosby, M. J.
CAB ISOLATION AND RIDE QUALITY
SAE Prepr n 740294 for meeting Feb 25-Mar 1 1974
Improved ride quality through cab isolation on tractor semitrailers is pre-
dicted. Analysis techniques, test data, and ride evaluation criteria are
described which have been used to design cab isolation systems. Computer
simulations of improved cab ride are presented for both conventional and
cab-over-engine tractors.
Emme, J.
CORRELATION OF STANDARD TRUCK CAB INTERIOR NOISE TESTS TO OPERATIONAL NOISE
SAE Prepr n 720699 for meeting Aug 21-24 1972
His paper presents the results of two studies which are concerned with the
noise level experienced by the truck driver during actual operation. The
first study's purpose was to determine the noise level of actual operation
while the second study compared actual operational noise to the noise level
that was produced during three standard test methods. The three standard
test methods were SAE recommended practice J336, high idle and constant 50
mph operation.
438
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Galloway, W.J.
MOTOR VEHICLE NOISE
Inst Environ Sci Proc, 17th Annual Tech Meeting, Living in our Environment,
Los Angeles, Calif, Apr 26-30 1971, p 393-397
This paper examines the overall noise characteristics of automobiles, motor-
cycles and heavy trucks. Consideration is then given to how they aggregate
into what is generally described as "traffic noise". 2 refs.
Galloway, W.J.; Jones, G.
MOTOR VEHICLE NOISE. IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF SITUATIONS CONTRIBUTING
TO ANNOYANCE
SAE pap 720276 for meeting Jan 10-14 1972
An interview survey of 1200 respondents in three cities identified 12 vehicle
type/noise source/operating mode situations causing various degrees of
annoyance. Each situation was assigned to one of three categories of annoy-
ance sensitivity depending upon the attitudinal factors related to the source.
Each category had a linear relationship between noise intensity and annoyance.
Noise measurements indicated that the respondent, in general, properly iden-
tified the types and magnitudes of noise sources found at their sites. 10
refs.
Hakimi, A.H.
MOUNTS TO REDUCE TRACTOR CAB NOISE
Agr Eng, v 52 n 7, July 1971, p 370-1
The performance of resilient (antivibration) mounting elements through which
the cab is attached at each mounting position to the tractor chassis is
investigated by noise level determinations at the position of the operator's
ear with the cab fitted with various mounts and also rigidly attached, vib-
ration studies to enable the functions of the resilient elements to be under-
stood, impact tests of safety frames fitted with the mounts to demonstrate
their ability to withstand an overturning accident, and determination of
simple dynamic characteristics of the mounts to define their stiffness and
damping.
Hartley, J.
AMERICANS REDUCE TRUCK NOISE BY ENCAPSULATION
Noise Control Vibr Reduct, v 5 n 2, Mar 1974, p 81-84
Methods and results are reported concerning a noise abatement program for
diesel trucks sponsored by the United States Department of Transportation
(DOT), and some comparisons are made with the British Department of Environ-
ment's "quiet lorry" program. The standard American heavy diesel trucks
have a noise level of 88 dBA. Noise-level treatment without enclosure has
reduced this to 79-80 dBA in two cases; treatment plus enclosure has further
reduced noise output to 77 dBA for the same trucks. A third truck with
treatment plus enclosure attained a level of 72 dBA. Because these noise
levels in the American SAE test are measured at a greater distance than in
439
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the British standard or ISO (International Standards Organization) test,
the American figure should be increased by about 5 dBA to be comparable,
However, the target for the "quiet lorry" program is 80 dBA, so the best
American effort is about 3 dBA quieter.
Button, T.D.
HOW LOUD ARE DIESEL TRUCK CABS?
SAE pap n 720698 for meeting Aug 21-24 1972
This study investigates the intensity and the duration of noise exposure
to which a driver is subjected during actual freight hauling, over-the-
road operation of cab-over-engine, intercity, diesel trucks on typical
western interstate freeways. To do this, a practical instrument package
was developed for recording dBA noise levels over extended periods of
time. The noise levels produced during extended operation are compared
with results of single decibel readings taken under various circumstances
with the tractor stationary and accelerating. A determination is made as
to whether the driver's occupational noise exposure is within the limits
specified by Walsh-Healey for the various tranctors tested.
Kleinhoonte, Van OS G.J.
MOEGLICHKEITEN ZUR BEWERTUNG UND BEURTEILUNG DER GERAEUSCHE IN KRAFTFAHR-
ZERUGEN. (METHODS FOR ASSESSMENT AND RATING OF NOISE IN AUTOMOBILES).
VDI Berg n 188, 1972 for meeting, Duesseldorf, Ger, Jan 13 1972, p 9-14
Causes of noise generated by automobiles and noise rating methods are
discussed. The proposals for noise abatement solutions are also made. 8
refs. in German,
Lemiere, B.
TECHNIQUE FT METHODS DE MESURE DU BRUIT INTERIEUR DBS VEHICULES AUTOMOBILES.
(METHODS FOR MEASURING THE NOISE INSIDE AUTOMOBILES).
Ing Automob n 8-9, Aug-Sept 1973, p 485-495
A survey of instruments and methods used to define and record various noises
generated by automobiles is made, in French.
Lewis, R.P.
PRACTICAL MEANS OF IMPLEMENTING VEHICLE NOISE CONTROL - 1
J Sound Vibr, v 13 n 4, Dec 1970, p 455-57
Traffic surveys in England revealed a drop from 34 to 25% in the number of
vehicles exceeding 92 dBA the legal noise limit: development of noise-
reducing modifications to a truck to reduce its level from 93 to 89. 3 dBA
are described and it is concluded that this is about the limit of feasible
noise reduction that can be achieved by the vehicle manufacturer without
assistance from his engine supplier;
440
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Muster, D,
MECHANICS OF NOISE GENERATION BY GROUND TRANSPORT VEHICLES
ASME AMD V 5 1973, for meeting, Detroit, Mich,, Nov 1973, p 153-176
Motor vehicle noise is discussed in terms of the individual noise sources
in trucks, automobiles and other vehicles. The sources include the engine
and transmission, the tires, and the body of the vehicle and its appurtenances.
There are several physically different mechanisms by which a motor vehicle
noise is generated. They are loosely grouped as being mechanical (impact,
vibration), aerodynamic (interrupted flow, turbulence) and acoustic (exhaust
and induction, tire/roadway interaction, combustion processes). The charac-
ter of the mechanisms and their relative importance to the overall vehicle
noise spectrum are discussed. 61 refs.
Olson, N.
SURVEY OF MOTOR VEHICLE NOISE
J Acoust Soc Am v 52 n 5, part 1, Nov 1972, p 1291-1306
A statistical treatment is given for transportation noise in urban areas to
establish consistent noise emission characteristics. Categories are
passenger cars, light, medium and heavy trucks, tractor trailers, cement
mixers, and motorcycles. Sound levels were recorded continuously at five
locations for 24 hours periods and analyzed for percentile distributions
in each one-hour interval.
Price, R.J,G.
MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF COMMERICAL VEHICLE NOISE
Diesel Eng Users Assoc Purl, n 351, July 1972, p 1-12
This paper describes the measurement of the noise levels of diesel engine
commerical vehicles under practical test conditions. The analysis of these
results and the application of simple noise reduction treatments. Noise
levels are recorded using a precision sound level meter set to fast response.
Units specified are 'A1 weighted decibels, termed dBA , which are now almost
universally accepted for vehicle external noise measurement.
Priede, T.
ORIGINS OF AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE NOISE
J Sound Vibr, v 15 n 1, Mar 8 1971, p 61-73
The characteristics of the noise produced by the various major elements of
a vehicle are discussed and it is concluded that any of these can be pre-
dominant sources of noise within a particular operating range of the vehicle.
It is shown that the noise emitted by the vehicle elements is determined
primarily by the operational speed.
441
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Sellon, R,
SOUND ATTENTUATION IN OPERATOR ENCLOSURES
SAE Prepr n 720701 for meeting Apr 27 1972
This paper outlines parameters for the design of operator's enclosures
(cabs), with special reference to noise control. Specific suggestions
for the solution of noise pollution include shock mounting of the cab,
plugging all holes through which noise can enter, attentuating large
sheet metal areas by damping, effectively using large amounts of glass,
diverting the exhaust outlet away from the cab, providing a fan shroud,
not mounting sound generating components to enclosure walls. Such steps
should reduce the sound level by 15-20 dB, but will add 12-15% to the
overall cost of the enclosure.
Shedlowsky, J.D.
IMPORTANCE OF ACOUSTICAL LEAKS IN PASSENGER CAR BODIES
SAE pap in 720507 for meeting May 22-26 1972
In its treatment of acoustical leaks in passenger car bodies, this paper
considers the general principle of noise control in a passenger compart-
ment, the concept of acoustical leaks, examples of such leaks, and design
guidelines for acoustical isolation. The guidelines include elimination
of unnecessary holes in the body sheet metal; relocation of necessary holes
to less critical areas; minimization of trim intersections and avoidance
of alignment of body shell holes with trim intersections.
Spellacy, F.
PRACTICAL MEANS OF IMPLEMENTING VEHICLE NOISE CONTROL - 3
J Sound Vibr, v 13 n 4, Dec 1970, p 461-3
Some detailed engine modifications to reduce noise are dicussed, but the
main area for noise reduction lies in palliative treatment; such treatments
include the use of absorbent materials in the existing engine compartment
and with additional engine covers; in developing exhaust systems the noise
radiated by the pipes and muffler casings has to considered in addition to
the gas noise emitted from the tail pipe; cooling fan noise can also be a
problem; transmission noise, becomes important as engine noise is reduced;
turbocharging is mentioned.
Staadt, R.L.
LESS NOISE FROM DIESEL TRUCKS
SAE Prepr n 730712 for meeting Aug 20-23 1973
An indepth study to reduce noise produced by a typical highway diesel truck
is being conducted to determine levels and costs attainable by practical
means. Truck noise reduction involves isolating several individual noise
sources, that is, fan, exhaust, engine-radiated, intake system, and others,
and developing means to reduce each. Tire noise and major engine revisions
are not considered in this project. Goals of 78 dBA (per SAE J366A) without
engine enclosure and 75 dBA with engine enclosure are believed possible on
the vehicle configuration being studied. This project is sponsored by the
U.S. Department of Transportation Office of Noise Abatement, and Industry.
442
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Thompson, J.W.
ENGINEERING APPROACH TO DIESEL TRUCK NOISE REDUCTION
SAE Prepr pap n 730713 for meeting Aug 20-23 1973
This paper describes the White Motor Corp, approach to heavy-duty diesel
truck noise reduction, as part of the U.S. Department of Transportation
quiet truck program. A unique "free field" stationary vehicle noise test
facility was designed and built for noise control development. The features
of this facility and the techniques employed in vehicle noise source
identification are presented. The static free field test facility has proven
to be a useful tool for noise source identification testing. The data gener-
ated by this test method are useful on the basis that no corrections are
necessary since all components are tested in their normally installed en-
vironment. The data which have been accumulated have been repeatable. A
sum of the component data accumulated has been very close to the total
system noise measurement, which is an indication that the subcomponent data
are realistic.
Turner, A.E.
DEVELOPMENT OF VISCO-ELASTIC DAMPING MATERIALS FOR APPLICATIONS INVOLVING
LARGE TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS
Environ Eng n 49, June 1971, p 13-15
Use of various polymers for damping "vibrations and noise in engines of road
vehicles is discussed. Methods of extending the damping region, an applica-
tion of damping treatment, constrained layer damping and diesel engine noise
are dealt with.
Vargovick, R.J.
NOISE SOURCE DEFINITION, EXTERIOR PASSENGER VEHICLE NOISE
SAE pap 720274 for meeting Jan 10-14 1972
A drive-by exterior noise program was conducted to determine the contribution
of each car noise source-engine/exhaust, fan, and tire/roadway-to the total
exterior drive-by noise of a passenger vehicle. A 1970 high- and low-power
sedan and a 1970 high- and low-power sporty compact were utilized in the
test sequence. Octave-band and d&A. sound levels were recorded with the m
microphone positioned 25 ft away for various modes of vehicle operation at
cruise and wide-open-throttle conditions. Results indicate for cruise (road-
load) conditions that, except for high-performance vehicles, the predominant
source of exterior vehicle noise above 500 Hz is tire/roadway noise. The
major sources of exterior noise below 500 Hz are both engine/exhaust noise
and tire/roadway noise. Fan noise is an insignificant contributor to
passenger vehicle exterior noise at present noise levels. 10 refs.
443
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Tire Noise
Hillquist, R.K; Carpenter, P.C.
BASIC STUDY OF AUTOMOBILE TIRE NOISE
SV Sound Vibr, v 8 n 2, Feb 1974, p 26-28
A basic parametric study of automobile tire noise has been conducted to
determine which operating and conditional factors have significant in-
fluence on the observed sound levels. Tires representing current ori-
ginal equipment installations and variants in regard to both tread design
and carcass construction are included in this study. It was concluded
that the most significant factor affecting tire noise is vehicle speed,
while road surface texture is of lesser importance, 2 refs.
Thurman, G.R.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRUCK TIRE SOUND
SAE Spec Publ n SP-373, 1972 pap 720926, p 18-21
The sounds produced by truck tires running at highway speeds consist of a
fundamental at a frequency of 300-400 Hz and several higher harmonics of
the fundamental. Varying the tread-pattern pitch length causes the funda-
mental, and as a consequence the higher harmonics, to be made up of several
tones bunched in less than one-third octave. The more aggressive tread
designs used on drive axles produce higher sound levels and sounds richer
in the higher harmonics than do rib type tires. The high persistence and
singing or tonal nature of the sounds produced by certain tread designs
may generally be associated with high third or fourth harmonics in the
sound.
Wik, T.R.; Miller, R.F.
MECHANISMS OF TIRE SOUND GENERATION
SAE Spec Publ n SP-373, 1972 pap 720924, p 4-11
Read pattern and tire nonuniformities are found to contribute a periodic
acoustic-pressure variation. The road surface cavities and the random air
turbulence contribute an aperiodic acoustic-pressure variation. The
periodic component exhibits spectral peaks at discrete frequencies and the
aperiodic component exhibits a continuous spectrum. The frequencies of
spectral peaks produced by the tread pattern, the road surface cavities,
and the tire nonuniformities are directly proportional to the tire speed.
7 refs,
Preliminary Investigations
Underwood, M.C.P.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION INTO LORRY TIRE NOISE
Transp Road Res Lab (GB) Trrl Rep Lr 601 1973
An investigation has shown that, although tire noise does not contribute
significantly to levels measured in the British standard drive-by-test,
tire road surface noise will be the predominant source of noise from en-
visaged quieter heavy motor trucks when they are traveling at speeds
approaching 100 km/hr on dry roads and at speeds over 50 km/hr on wet roads.
12 refs.
444
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Zoeppritz, H.P.
POSSIBLITIES AND LIMITATIONS IN TIRE NOISE REDUCTION, (MOEGLICHKEITEN UNO
GRENZEN DER VERMINDERUNG DBS REINFEN-ABLAUFGERAEUSCHES)
Automobiltech z v 74 n 1, Jan 1972, p 1316
Requirements for tire quality and noise generation are studied for an
interaction. The results of noise measurement tests on passenger cars
and trucks are evaluated with comparison to tire tread patterns, in
German.
Standards and Practices
Dougherty, G.M.
SOUND LEVELS OF HIGHWAY TRUCK TIRES, PROPOSED SAE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
XJ57-1. DRAFT OF SAE XJ57
SAE Spec Publ SP-373, 1972 pap 720927, p 22-30
SAE XJ57 is based on over five years of testing and over three years of
combined efforts expended by truck manufacturers, tire manufacturers and
other participating groups. The test is primarily a tire qualification
standard, since the effects of the truck and other sound sources must be
minimized so that the tire sounds can be measured. The specified measure-
ment is dBA slow response so that correlation (objective and subjective)
and consistency can be obtained. Spectral analysis of the tire sound is
recommended as a tool for defining problem areas, elaborating on tire
design differences, and separating tire sound from vehicle sound, especially
for ranked tire sounds. 5 refs.
Lippmann, S.A.
ESTABLISHING A TESTING STANDARD FOR TRUCK TIRE SOUNDS
SAE Spec Publ n SP-373, 1972 pap 72093, p 1-3
This paper reviews the objectives and approaches of the SAE truck tire
noise subcommittee, whose work has resulted in the formulation of a tire
testing procedure and a consolidation of requirements to be incorporated
into a proposed standard. Tesing indicated that worn tires tend to be
noisier than new ones, probably on account of irregularities in the contour
of the treading.
Subjective Evaluations
Hillquist, R.K.
EXPERIMENT FOR RELATION OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE ASSESSMENTS OF TRUCK TIRE
NOISE
SAE Spec Publ n SP-373, 1972 pap 720928, p 31-40
Test runs involving six trucks, eighteen sets of tires and five vehicle
operating modes were randomly presented in test runs to a jury situated
alongside a highway. The A-weighted sound level is shown to correlate well
with subjective ratings of truck tire noise; thus adding this component of
transportation noise to the list of those other vehicle noises already demon-
strated to be adequately evaluated by simple sound level measurements. 6 refs.
445
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Lippmann, S.A,
JURY REACTIONS TO TRUCK NOISE - AN SAE STUDY
SAE Spec Publ n SP-373, 1972, pap 720929, p 41-56
The A-weighted sound level accounts for the bulk (but not all) of the
jury's reaction to the sound of trucks coasting on a variety of tires.
A component of the jury's reaction is related by the study to the manner
in which the sound decays after the vehicle passes the point of observa-
tion. The component also appears to depend strongly on the characteristics
of the sound. The jury's reaction shows two forms of distortion: end-of-
scale compression and temporal drift. The analysis attempts to account for
these factors and to see beyond them into the jury's basis for reacting.
Lippmann, S.A.
HOW JURY RANKS TIRE NOISES
SAE J Automot Eng v 80 n 8, Aug 1972, p 40-41
Subjective annoyance ratings correlate strongly with objective dBA scale
but are distorted by scale and compression, sound quality, and drift with
time. Charts are utilized to show noise ratings for various tire tests.
"Good Tire" Characteristics
Peterson, K.G.; Rasmussen, R.E.
WHAT MAKES A GOOD RADIAL TIRE?
Automot Eng, v 81 n 6, Jun 1973, p 52-56
For new radial tires, vehicle/tire performance is mainly influenced by
mechanical properties, such as: dimensions, handling, ride, traction, noise
and power loss. Tables show test results for force and moment properties,
radial tire force and moment parameters and spring rate at 26 psi.
Effects of Operational Parameters
Corcoran, D.A.
EFFECTS OF OPERATING PARAMETERS ON TRUCK TIRE SOUNDS
SAE Spec Publ n SP-373, 1972 pap 720925, p 12-17
Sound level measurements were obtained for a variety of tires on a variety
of surfaces, and many test parameters were varied to investigate their
influence on the measured level of sound. Cross-ribbed tires.produce sound
levels higher than circumferentially-ribbed tires, on an order of 5-10 dB,
depending on wear. A tire rolling on a smooth surface produces more noise
than one rolling on a coarse surface. Sound level increases with wheel
speed and appears to follow a 40 log V relationship. Tire size does not
influence sound level. 10 refs.
446
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Diesel Engine Noise
Noise Reduction Techniques
Anon
DIESEL-ENGINE NOISE CAN BE REDUCED
SAE J Automot Eng v 81 n 1, Jan 1973, p 42-45
Noise reduction of 9 dBA has been achieved with an experimental diesel
engine by using stiffer block, isolated panels, and damped surfaces, by
removing bottom part of crankcase skirt, and by adding single bearing
beam. Most of sound reduction appears due to use of covers and isolated
components. Construction and performance details are compared with a
conventional engine.
Anon
VIBRATOR AND NOISE IN MOTOR VEHICLES
London: Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1972
Both theoretical and practical approaches to the problem of vibration and
noise in motor vehicles were considered during the symposium. Among the
motor vehicles noise sources investigated are internal-combustion engines
and their exhaust systems, engine mountings, crank shafts, rear axles,
drivelines, brakes and brake discs, tires and roads, engine hum, and gear
noise. Discussions during the 4 sessions of the symposium are also included.
Averill, D.; Patterson, W.N.
DESIGN OF A COST-EFFECTIVE QUIET DIESEL TRUCK
SAE Prepr n 730714 for meeting Aug 20-23 1973
This paper reports the results of a project whose aim was to develop a quiet
truck in a cost-effective manner. In the paper a method of approach to
identification of noise sources and diesel truck noise control is presented,
along with a demonstration of noise control techniques and the results
obtained. The final drive-by noise level, as measured by SAE J366A procedures,
was 74 dBA. The approach was to take a standard production truck and
modify its exhaust system, fan, transmission, and cab enclosure. Although
no modifications were made to the engine, a quieting kit consisting of
dampening panels was fitted to it.
Brzozka, G.
EINE KLASSIFIKATIONSMETHODE VON VIERTAKT-DIESELMOTOREN NACH IHREM GERAEUSCH
(NOISE RATING OF FOUR-STROKE DIESEL ENGINES)
Mtz Motortech z v 34 n 2, Feb 1973, p 55-57
A classification of diesel engines, according to the noise they generate, is
made into five groups. The classification is made using statistical data and
the volume of noise at different speeds. A nomogram is presented for a
simplified classification method. 6 refs, in German.
447
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Dyer, T.R.; Lundgaard, B.
NOISE CONTROL ON DIESEL TUGS
Mar Technol v 10 n 4, Oct 1973, p 321-333
Briefly gives basic acoustic definitions and explains the fundamental
concepts used in noise control. The mechanics of noise generation and
the various methods used in noise suppression are explained. The
silencing program employed on two sister tugs, Edith Lovejoy and Anne
Carlander, is described in detail. The acoustic treatment of the tugs
is not identical and the resulting noise level differences are discussed.
Alternative acoustic approaches are described and evaluated. The paper
is illustrated with graphs and table of noise levels, and shows typical
vessel arrangements and acoustic treatment details. 11 refs.
Fielding, B.J.; Skorecki, J.
IDENTIFICATION OF MECHANICAL SOURCES OF NOISE IN A DIESEL ENGINE: SOUND
ORIGINATING FROM PISTON SLAP
Inst Mech Eng Proc (Part 1), Gen Proc v 184 n 46, 1969-70, p 859-74
The mechanism and radiation of sound generated by the piston slap of a
diesel engine is investigated by standard methods of sound and vibration
analysis augmented by correlation of incidence of individual transient
components: this latter technique utilizes information obtained from the
tuned outputs of the noise signal, focusing attention on the incidence of
single- frequency transients: the contribution of piston slap to the
overall piston's transverse motion is studied analytically and experimen-
tally: 19 refs.
Grover, B.C.; Lalor, N.
A REVIEW OF LOW NOISE DIESEL ENGINE DESIGN AT I.S.V.R.
J Sound Vibr, v 28 n 3, June 1973
The basic relation between the exciting forces, the vibration character-
istics, and the emitted noise of a diesel engine is described. Low noise
design principles were formulated and applied to a variety of engine
structures to demonstrate that these principles are feasible in practice.
Two such engines, both of which gave overall noise reductions of about 10
dB, are described.
Grover, E.G.; Priede, T.
REDUCING NOISE OUTPUT OF AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL ENGINES
Diesel Gas Turbine Progr v 37 n 8, Aug 1971, p 22-3
A study has been conducted of ways to reduce the general engine noise by
completely enclosing the engine within the engine compartment, from the
results of research, practical and economic design for a low noise engine
structure are suggested.
448
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Huber, E,W,j Wodiczka, E,
BESTIMMUNG DBS VERBRENNUNGSGERAEUSCHES VON DIESELMOTOREN MIT VERSCHIDENEN
VERBRENNUNGSVERFAHREN. (ANALYSIS OF COMBUSTION NOISE OF DIESEL ENGINES
WITH VARIOUS COMBUSTION SYSTEMS)
Mtz Motortech Z v 33 n 9, Sept 1972, p 351-356
Experimental results, obtained from various diesel engines, are evaluated.
Noise generating components are analyzed. The method for investigation
techniques is explained.
Jenkins, S.H.; Kuehner, H.K.
DIESEL ENGINE NOISE REDUCTION HARDWARE FOR VEHICLE NOISE CONTROL
SAE Prepr n 730681 for meeting June 18-22 1973
A range of hardware has been developed and put in production for three
basic diesel engine models. The hardware includes parts for the isolation
of components and shields mounted externally to the engine. Overall
engine noise reductions in the test cell are as much as 6 dBA. The
reduction of noise by external methods has been taken to the point where,
in many cases, the noise is now distributed evenly from the engine surfaces.
Treatment of any one surface, henceforth, will result in less significant
reductions in total engine noise. 15 refs.
Jenkins, S.H.; Lalor, N.; Grover, E.C.
DESIGN ASPECTS OF LOW-NOISE DIESEL ENGINES
SAE Prepr n 730246 for meeting Jan 8-12 1973
Methods of reducing the noise level of a diesel engine include the sup-
pression of the major modes of block vibration and treatment of the external
surfaces. Design methods enable the frequencies and noise levels of these
modes to be calculated for a conveniently designed engine. Experimental
determination of the important modes of vibration, the noise signature and
the effect of block modifications on a standard production v-8 engine pro-
vided the basis for design of an experimental low-noise engine. Design
features include a stiffer block removal of the bottom part of the crank-
case skirt. The addition of a single bearing beam, and the use of isolated
panels and damped surfaces. The noise reduction obtained was 9 dBA. Most
of this is due to the use of isolated and damped nonload carrying surfaces.
9 refs.
Jenkins, S.H.; Kuehner, H.K.
LOWERING DIESEL NOISE THROUGH HARDWARE MODIFICATIONS
Automot Eng v 81 n 6, June 1973, p 41-47
Isolation, shielding, and damping of individual diesel engine components can
reduce overall noise level from 3-6 dBA. This practical approach shows how
noise can be lessened by step-by-step analysis of each component. 3 refs.
449
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DIESEL ENGINE AND HIGHWAY TRUCK NOISE REDUCTION
SAE Prepr n 730240 for meeting Jan 8-12 1973
A large performance test cell was modified for basic engine noise studies
on a BV-71 engine. An elaborate exhaust system was installed to eliminate
most of the exhaust noise. Air intake noise was reduced with a large oil
bath cleaner having acoustical treatment on the cleaner and the air inlet
pipes. Cooling fan noise was eliminated by using a water heat exchanger
to maintain engine water temperature. The transmission was acoustically
treated. Engine noise reductions of the following order were determined
possible through modification: 1-3 dBA by engine modifications; 3-5 dBA
by covers and panels; 5-8 dBA by total close-fitting covers and 8-15 dBA
by enclosures.
Raff, J.A.; Perry, R.D.
A REVIEW OF VEHICLE NOISE STUDIES CARRIED OUT AT THE INSTITUTE OF SOUND
AND VIBRATION RESEARCH WITH A REFERENCE TO SOME RECENT RESEARCH ON PETROL
ENGINE NOISE
J Sound Vibr v 27 n 3, June 1973
Commerical vehicle noise was studied, with particular attention to the
diesel engine as a noise source. Complementary investigations concerning
the behavior of vehicles in their real environment and the means of con-
trolling vehicle noise are discussed. Gasoline engine noise and its
dissimilarity to that produced by diesel engines are also described.
The relationshiops between the vehicle noise sources and their contribu-
tions to the interior and exterior environment are discussed, and some
effects of road planning and vehicle operations are evaluated.
Russell, M.F.
AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL ENGINE NOISE AND ITS CONTROL
SAE Prepr n 730243 for meeting Jan 8-12 1973
Here is a wide variety of structural resonance in both working parts such
as the crankshaft and connecting rod in the external surfaces, but with
the exception of the thin sheet steel sumps and valve gear covers. The
number of resonances is not so large as to preclude an analysis of the
structure response to find its major constituent normal modes. This
analysis and a knowledge of the relative importance of the mechanical
noise sources and the combustion pressure transient, provide the fundamen-
tal information upon which a scientific program to develop quieter engines
from existing designs can be based. The actual noise reduction treatments
may include both structural modification and control of noise at source.
8 refs.
450
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Russell, M.F,
REDUCTION OF NOISE EMISSIONS FROM DIESEL ENGINE SURFACES
SAE pap 720135 for meeting Jan 10-14 1972
Analysis of the vibration of the external surfaces of several in-line
engine structures has shown how noise can be reduced, provided that all
the thin-section areas of the external surface are treated. Noise-
reduction techniques have been evolved for all the commonly used surface
structures for diesel engines, and these are described in this paper.
Four in-line diesel engines have been treated by these techniques, and
noise reductions of 5 to 8 dB have been obtained. In all cases, the
same manufacturing plant was used to machine the modified crank-case/
cylinder block casting; the valve gear cover and sump were modified
versions of those already fitted to the engine.
Thien, G.; Nowotny, B.
INFLUENCE OF ENGINE STRUCTURAL VIBRATIONS ON DIESEL ENGINE NOISE LEVEL,
(UNTERSUCHUNGEN UEBER DEN EINGLUSS VON KORPERSCHALLYORGAENGEN AUF DAS
GERAEUSCH VON DIESELMOTOREN)
Mtz Motortech Z v 32 n 6, June 1971, p 185-93
A description is presented of the rig and measuring method which enable
a follow up analysis of noise generation process by means of combustion
simulation. The results obtained may play important role in noise
abatement problem solutions. A study is made with different bearings
by measuring of generated noise levels. 8 refs, in German with English
abstract.
Operational Changes
Anderton, D.; Baker, J.
INFLUENCE OF OPERATING CYCLE ON NOISE OF DIESEL ENGINES
SAE Prepr n 730241 for meeting Jan 8-12 1973
The fundamental effect that cycle difference of a reciprocating internal
combustion engine has on noise and performance, together with noise and
vibration characteristics of two- and four-cucle diesel engines, is
described. Some of the conclusions drawn from extensive noise and
vibration measurements include: 1. variation in engine surface vibration
and noise radiated is linearly related to a force input applied to the
structure. 2. a method of predicting combustion noise levels of current
automotive diesel engines. 3. a combination of engine performance calcula-
tions with relations for predicting overall engine noise in initial
design stages. 10 refs.
Miyamoto, N.; Murayama, T,; Fukazawa, S.
STUDIES ON LOW COMPRESSION RATIO DIESEL ENGINE
Bull JSME v 15 n 90, Dec 1972, p 1603-1616
Performance values, such as thermal efficiency, were calculated stepwise
based on Wiere's combustion function, and the relationships between the
combustion rate and each performance value were investigated. In addition,
the harmonics of engine noise were considered to be related to that of the
451
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of the cylinder pressure variation, hence, the harmonics of cylinder
pressure variation were calculated for the estimation of noise emission
When the combustion rate was controlled to a desired free value with a
low compression ratio, performance factors such as thermal efficiency,
maximum pressure, combustion noise and maximum combustion temperature
could be improved simultaneously. 7 refs.
Scott, W.M.
NOISE OF SMALL INDIRECT INJECTION DIESEL ENGINES
SAE Prepr n 730242 for meeting Jan 8-12 1973
A study of all aspects of noise generated by small indirect injection
diesel engines has been made, primarily aimed at the reduction of idling
noise. This is a major problem in the application of diesel engines
to taxis and light commercial vehicles when compared with the gasoline
engine. The inherent advantage shown by the indirect injection system,
in terms of smoke, noise, and gaseous emissions, is resulting in an ex-
tension of its application into larger commercial vehicles. Combustion
is shown to be the major noise source under both idling and high-load,
high-speed conditions, and means of reducing this by control of fuel
injection are described, together with the reduction of the other noise
sources contributing to the annoyance aspect of idling noise.
Tiede, D.D.; Kabele, D.F.
DIESEL ENGINE NOISE REDUCTION BY COMBUSTION AND STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS
SAE Prepr n 730245 for meeting Jan 8-12 1973
Both combustion system improvements and structural modifications can
result in significant engine noise reductions, on naturally aspirated
diesels, combustion can be identified as the major excitation force by
comparison of changes in cylinder pressure spectrum and noise during
various engine operating modes. Reducing ignition delay reduces combustion
excitation in the critical, mid-frequency range and produces corresponding
changes in noise. The amount of reduction obtained depends on the
combustion and mechanical noise levels, but reductions up to 5 dBA are
typical. At current engine noise levels, cylinder pressure oscillations
do not contribute signficiantly to overlal noise levels. Structural
modifications are required either to shift the major structural resonances
out of the critical 400-3000 Hz frequency range or reduce response at these
frequencies.
452
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Covers and Shields
Hartley, J.
FRAMES AND COVERS
Automot Des Dengr, v 12, Dec 1973, p 22-23
Increased use of shielding is being utilized to reduce diesel engine noise.
Modifications in engine cylinder block design are necessary for mounting.
Tests with shielded engines shown noise reduction levels of up to 5-6 dBA.
1 ref.
Ronnhult, J.
REDUCING NOISE FROM HEAVY DIESEL TRUCKS BY ENGINE COMPARTMENT SHIELDING
SAE Prepr n 730682 for meeting June 18-22 1973
This paper describes how significant noise reduction can be attained merely
by soundly designed shielding, without the need for modifying'the basic
design of the truck. The method is based upon experience from other
types of vehicles which, for a number of years, have already been equipped
as standard with similar insulation. The reduction attained in the noise
emission is approximately 6 dBA. Inconvenience during repairs and ser-
vice has been reduced to a minimum by a well-planned design and simple
mounting of the shields as well as ample exposure of the engine when the
car is tilted.
Thien, G.E.
MOEGLICHKEITEN ZUR SENKUNG DES GERAEUSCHPEGELS VONDIESELMOTOREN. (POSSIBILITIES
OF REDUCING NOISE LEVEL OF DIESEL ENGINES)
Automobiltech Z v 74 n 7, July 1972, p 261-269
A summary of experimental results and studies on noise abatement of diesel
engines is presented. Evaluation of various housing types and sound
insulation materials is given, 17 refs..in German with English abstract.
Thien, G.E.; Fachbach, H.
NOISE ABATEMENT ON DIESEL ENGINES BY EXTERIOR MODIFICATIONS AND ENCASEMENT,
(GERAEUSCHVERMINDERUNG AN DIESELMOTOREN DURCH AENDERUNG AEUSSERER BAUTEILE
UNO SCHALLDAEMMENDES VERKLEIDEN)
Mtz Motortech Z v 32 n 5, May 1971, p 145-52
Measures to abate noise of diesel engines are considered by means of building
acoustic hoods around engines. The tests and investigations conducted with
various noise deadening materials are reported. Several examples are
demonstrated, 13 refs, in German with English abstract.
453
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Thien, G.E.
USE OF SPECIALLY DESIGNED COVERS AND SHIELDS TO REDUCE DIESEL ENGINE
NOISE
SAE Prepr n 730244 for meeting Jan 8-12 1973
Vibration isolation, stiffening, or sound-reducing shells, can be applied
within comparatively short time; however, their effect on reducing the
total noise is restricted to about 5 dBA. Total enclosure of the engine
is highly effective. In this particular design, the space requirement
is comparatively small, the weight increase is not too excessive,
sound-absorbing material in the clearance is not required, and the noise
reduction achieved is as high as 15-20 dBA. Both extreme damping or
extreme stiffness will not suffice to achieve noise reduction of more than
10 dBA, 12 refs.
Engines
Anon
BROBECK STEAM BUS ENGINE CUTS EXHAUST EMISSIONS
SAE J Automot Eng v 80 n 9, Sept 1972, p 43-47
Engine developed for California steam bus demonstration also emits less
external noise than original diesel. Fuel consumption, however, increases
significantly. Performance characteristics for sections of the steam
generator and auxiliary components are charted. Noise levels for a steam
and diesel bus are also compared.
Anon
EXTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES CUT NOISE AND AIR POLLUTION
Des Eng (London), Apr 1971, p 66-8
Advantages of the external-combustion engine include low exhaust emissions
and noise levels: two attempts by General Ifotors and one by Lear Corp. to
utilize steam engines for powering automobiles have proven unsuccessful;
a closed Rankine cycle steam engine with thiophene as the working fluid and
a Sterling engine combined with the electric motor drive given promise of
cleaner exhaust and efficiency competitive with the internal combustion
gasoline engine;
Hanaoka, M.; Fukumura, S.
STUDY OF VALUE TRAIN NOISES AND A METHOD OF CAM DESIGN TO REDUCE THE NOISES
SAE Prepr n 730247 for meeting Jan 8-12 1973
This new method of cam design reduces valve train noises that occur at the
instant the valve opens and closes, and those that occur while the follower
is on the cam lobe. Valve noises are caused by impacts, and their sound
intensity is proportional to the impact speed, Follower noises are caused
by frictional vibrations due to metal-to-metal contact at points where oil
film thickness becomes zero. Irregular contact surfaces increase these
454
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noises, and value train noises at high engine speeds are caused by
irregular valve behavior, The profile of the new cam design is expressed
by "N" th -order fourier series in 360 deg continuously, and has no high-
order harmonics that resonate with the natural frequency of the train.
Its wide parameter permits design of a most reasonable acceleration curve.
Valve motion is thus improved and noise is reduced,
Kurnatov, V.D.
SHUM OT UDAROV PORSHNYA I PUTI EGO SNIZHENIYA. (NOISE GENERATED BY PISTON
IMPACTS AND MEANS FOR ITS REDUCTION)
Energomashinostroenie v 11, Nov 1972, p 40-41
Mathematical expressions are derived for the energy of elastic vibrations
of the cylinder sleeve as a function of its structural mutual relations;
the analysis of these expressions makes it possible to determine optimum
structural relationships of the piston contributing to the reduction of
the noise generated by diesel engines, in Russian.
Lalor, N.
ORIGINS OF RECIPROCATING ENGINE NOISE WITH EM DASH ITS CHARACTERISTICS,
PREDICTION AND CONTROL
J Soc Environ Eng n 55, Dec 1972, 6 p between p 12 and 21
Mechanisms of noise generation, the exciting forces, engine structural
response, acoustic radiation efficiency, effect of operating and design
parameters on overall noise level and noise control measures were studied.
Design for low noise in-line engine is described, 9 refs.
Lukanin, V.N.; Alekseev, I.V.
ANALYSIS OF NOISE GENERATED BY AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
Izv Vyssh Ucheb Zaved, Mashinostr n 6, 1971, p 110-14
A physico-mathematical model is presented for the noise generation in an
internal combustion engine (ICE). Relations are obtained for the calculation
of spectral densities and levels of the oscillating motion of ICE parts, as
well as levels and spectra of acoustic radiation. Some calculated spectra,
frequency characteristics, and vibration levels of a diesel cylinder head are
presented, in Russian.
Wunsch, A.
FOURIER ANALYSIS USED IN THE INVESTIGATION OF NOISE GENERATED BY PRESSURE-
WAVE MACHINES WITH UNSYMMETRICALLY DIVIDED ROTORS
Brown Bov Rev v 58 n 4-5, Apr-May 1971, p 167-71
Since the machine is intended as the upper stage for the gas turbines for
charging diesel engines in vehicles, means had to be found for reducing the
noise which is similar to that of a siren. The tone of the noise was made
less unpleasant by a symmetrical division of the rotor wheel. The noise
level due to rotation can be reduced by this method, and a multitude of
additional frequencies of low noise level are created. The pressure-wave
machine model studies are reported, providing the theoretical background
for noise control measures.
455
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Intake and Exhaust
Blair G,P,; Coates, S,W,
NOISE PRODUCED BY UNSTEADY EXHAUST EFFLUX FPOM AN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE
SAE Prepr n 730160 for meeting Jan 8-12 1973
Most noise from present-day gas-and diesel-powered vehicles comes from the
engine and exhaust. It is the exhaust noise, and in particular that generated
by the efflux of gas from the open end of the exhaust pipe, which is considered
here. From a theoretical analysis of the unsteady efflux from the open end of
a simulated reciprocating internal combustion engine exhaust system a predic-
tion of overall and one-third octave sound pressure levels in space, due to
this gas flow, is produced. The predictions are compared with measured levels
and show a high degree of correlation, 29 refs.
Blair, G.P.; Spechko, J.A.
SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS GENERATED BY INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE EXHAUST SYSTEMS
SAE Pap 720155 for meeting Jan 10-14 1972
A computer program has been developed which predicts the sound pressure level
and the frequency spectrum produced by simple engine exhaust systems. The
program utilizes unsteady flow gas dynamic theory to predict the pressure-
time history in the exhaust system and the velocity time history -at the open
end of the system. Acoustic theory is then used to predict the sound pressure
levels and frequency spectrum in free space. The work was carried out on a
twin-cylinder four-cycle engine, but the theory can be applied to any internal
combustion engine.
Bishop, C.
SILENCERS FOR RECIPROCATING ENGINE EXHAUST
Pollut Eng v 6 n 2, Feb 1974, p 37-38
Types and models of silencers for reducing noise superimposed on gas flow
in a duct are reviewed.
Byrne, V.P.; Hart, J.E.
SYSTEMS APPROACH FOR THE CONTROL OF INTAKE AND EXHAUST NOISE
SAE Prepr n 730429 for meeting Apr 2-4 1973
An intake and exhaust system mathematical model has been developed with the
ability to predict the effects of specific acoustical elements on acoustic
system performance. This paper discusses typical systems, the acoustical
elements that make-up the system, and a mathematical modeling of a system.
It will also cover the effects of changing acoustical elements - exhaust and
tail pipe lengths - on a noise spectrum.
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Diboll, W.B.
MEASUREMENT AND PREDICTION OF EXHAUST FREQUENCIES IN LARGE INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINES
ASME pap 72-DGP-2 for meeting Apr 16-20 1972
To predict the frequencies a theoretical approach was developed in which
fourier components of the exhaust pulses are combined at the correct time
phase in the exhaust manifold. The theory has excellent agreement with
field measurements. The determination of an engine's exhaust spectrum
before installation allows the design of optimum mufflers of either expansion
or resonator type. It is proposed that in some cases sound control can be
effected by altering the firing order of an engine.
Kirkland, K.C.
ENGINE EXHAUST NOISE TEST FACILITY
SAE Prepr n 730427 for meeting Apr 2-4 1973
A patented test facility has been developed for the purpose of analyzing
exhaust noise emissions. The facility isolates the exhaust system noise
source and allows noise tests to be conducted under the SAE J366A test site
conditions. The exhaust system is piped and positioned in a manner similar
to that found on the vehicle. Noise tests are conducted under steady state
engine speed and load settings resulting in a high repeatibility of test
data.
Lind Walker, G.E.
SILENCING THE AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST
N Z Eng v 27 n 12, Dec 1972, p 365-373
A patented silencer which used exhaust gas to heat and dry the outer case of
the silencer, thus eliminating corrosion, was constructed. However, the
chambered arrangement was found to amplify rather than silence exhaust noise
at certain speeds. After a period of investigation and testing of engine
speeds, a coherent theory of exhaust system acoustics emerged, and the final
design is reported to be a good silencer constructed in accordance with the
original patent, 11 refs.
Martin, H.
EXHAUST GAS NOISE SILENCERS ON TRUCK ENGINES, (ABGAS-SCHALLDAEMPFUNG AND
SCHALLDAEMPFERAUFWAND MIT UNO OHNE TURBOLADER AM KRAFTFAHRZEUGMOTOR)
Automobil Tech Z v 73 n 12, Dec 1971, p 449-51
Both methods and materials for noise abatement on trucks with engines having
turbochargers are considered, 5 refs, in German with English abstract.
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Mason, R.L.
PROGRESS IN THE REDUCTION OF DIESEL ENGINE NOISE
SV Sound Vibr v 8 n 2, Feb 1974, p 16-19
Noise reduction capabilities of a wide cross-section of intake and exhaust
components, currently available for diesel engines, have been evaluated.
The test techniques are presented and the results are summarized, 5 refs.
Rubayi, N.A.
ACOUSTIC VARIATIONS IN INTAKE MANIFOLD SYSTEM AND THE SUPERCHARGING OF ENGINES
Appl Acoust v 5 n 1, Jan 1972, p 39-53
The object of the present investigation is based mainly on the study of the
acoustical phenomenon and the effect of the length and diameter of the inlet
pipe on the compression pressure and hence on the supercharging of a multi-
cylinder four-stroke gasoline engine over a wide range of engine speed, and
also to determine an optimum length and diameter of intake pipe which would
yield the maximum compression pressure, 21 refs.
Automotive Equipment
Cooling System
Cook, N.A.
ECONOMIC FACTORS IN RADIATIOR SELECTION
SAE Prepr n 720714 for meeting Sept 11-14 1972
This paper presents an analysis of the optimum radiator size for a given
cooling load considering three types of cores. The sums of the first cost
and operating cost is analyzed on the basis of return on investment using
the method of discounted cash flow, an analysis of a standard line of
radiators showing the relationship of total owning and operating cost
versus engine cooling load is also presented. Total useful operating life
is shown as well as operating hours per year. Curves of noise levels are
also shown for this analysis to help provide a decision-making tool in the
choice of radiators.
Fleischer, S.O.
METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE NOISE LEVELS AND PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS FOR TRUCK
COOLING FANS
SAE Prepr n 730680 for meeting June 18-22 1973
A test method for accurately determining the noise levels of truck cooling
fans, as a function of their performance, has been developed. Correlation
between the calculated results, using this test method, and experimental
results of tests with a simulated truck cooling system environment has been
demonstrated. Since fan noise is a major component noise source for trucks,
this procedure is of particular interest to engineers involved in meeting
legislated vehicle noise levels.
458
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Airbags
Hickling, R,
INVESTIGATION OF THE NOISE AND OVERPRESSURE GENERATED BY THE SAFETY AIR
CUSHION
SAE Prepr n 740042 for meeting Feb 25-Mar 1 1974
The results of an experimental study of air cushion noise and overpressure
are presented, and methods to reduce these effects are investigated. Free-
field studies of inflator noise are made in an open anechoic room, and various
silencing devices are tested. Studies are also made of the combined inflator
noise and overpressure in a closed passenger compartment. Tests are made for
different window openings in the compartment. Results are presented for a
new experimental air cushion that draws in air from the passenger compartment
as it inflates. Some of the implications of the data with regard to risk
criteria for damage to human hearing are discussed, 13 refs.
Transmission
Dunlap, T.A.; Halvorsen, W.G.
TRANSMISSION NOISE REDUCTION
SAE Prepr n 720735 for meeting Sept 11-14 1972
This paper discusses the nature of noise production of automotive transmissions
and the various measures which may be taken to reduce operating noise. The
measures discussed include investigation and modification of the gear-shaft
system dynamics in both bending and torsion. Also discussed are determination
of dynamic characteristics of the transmission housing and ways of reducing
the levels of vibration of housing areas and of decreasing the radiation
efficiency of those areas.
Axle Gear
Bair, J.J.; Pickornik, W.; Melkerson, R.; O'Boyle, T.
AXLE GEAR NOISE QUALITY INSPECTION
SAE Prepr n 740110 for meeting Feb 25-Mar 1 1974
A gear tester has been developed that can predict the relative level of axle
noise in the cab or a truck. This paper documents the development in five
parts: establishing the characteristics of noise generated by the axle in the
cab of a small gas powered truck, developing a viable gear tester for the
noise quality measurement of spiral level gear sets, establishing correlation
between gear tester ratings and in^truck ratings of axle noise, testing a
random sample of gears to determine the population's noise quality distribution,
and predicting the errors associated with using the gear tester in quality
control.
459
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Magnetic Propulsion
Polgreen, G.K,
QUIET TRANSPORT BASED ON NEW PERMANENT MAGNETS
Noise 2000, Assoc Intl Centre Le Bruit, Intl Congresses, pp 16-22, 1971
Electric motors suitable for vehicle propulsion first appeared commerically
approximately 10 yr ago. But because of the inefficient, expensive magnetic
problems involved, the electric railways and electric automobiles were
generally scrapped in favor of noisy, unsafe fume-emitting internal-combustion
engines. However, now permanent magnets have been improved a hundredfold;
they can be made not only far more powerful, but at the same time lighter,
simpler, and cheaper. Materially they are completely different from tradi-
tional metal magnets and generally take the form of shallow ceramic bricks
and flexible rubber-bonded strips that can be cut to size with a knife.
Electric machines for a future transport must therefore, be designed specially
to deal with the advantages and peculiarties of these unfamiliar materials,
Locomotive Noise
Bondesen, A.
EFFECTIVE SOUNDPROOFING ON A 3900 HP DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE
Railway Gaz Intl v 129 n 7. July 1973, p 259-261
It is shown how experience gained in reducing the noise of a 3300 hp mz
class diesel electric locomotive of Danish State Railways built by Ab
Nohab, Sweden to that of a 1950 hp unit, made it possible to reduce noise
emission of the 3900 hp turbo-charged version to between 76, 5 and 95 dBA.
Railyard Noise
Anon
BN STUDIES RETARDER NOISE ABATEMENT
Railway Sys Controls v 3 n 11, Nov 1972, 5 p between p 14 and 20
Burlington Northern has conducted several tests at three retarder classi-
fication yards to determine sound levels and effective means to reduce
these levels as cars move through retarders. How the tests were carried
out, and the conclusions from them are described.
Kendall, H.C.
NOISE STUDIED IN RETARDER YARDS
Railway Sys Controls v 2 n 7, July 1971, p 9-13
Measurements were made of noise created by cars moving through retarders
in classification yards and results are presented diagrammatically. Results
showed that reduction in sound levels may be obtained through the use of softer
retarder shoe material. Use of special lubricants, increasing the mass of
the shoe beams or construction of acoustic barriers.
460
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Public Transportation
Bray, D.E.
NOISE ENVIRONMENTS IN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
Joint ASCE-ASME Transp Eng Meeting July 26-30 1971, Seattle, Wash,
Prepr 1469
Sound levels were measured at slow response on the A, B and C scales: the
primary modes of public transporation are shown to have noise characteris-
tics which are well defined in the passenger*s personal space by both A-
level measurements and by relative frequency content (A-levels VS)C-A():
The broad band of '%' currently acceptable '%' noise levels in transporta-
tion is demonstrated: 33 refs.
Bray, D.E.
NOISE ENVIRONMENTS IN PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
SV Sound Vibr v 8 n 4, Apr 1974, p 16-20
Noise levels have been obtained at passenger seat locations on aircraft,
buses and railcars while they were operating in regular commerical service.
The data are graphically illustrated in model groups with cruise noise
levels shown in dBA and as a point graph with cruise noise levels shown
in dBA versus the difference value (dBC - dBA). 19 refs.
Colombaud, J.L.
NOISE AND VIBRATION LEVELS SUIT BALLASTLESS TRACK FOR UNDERGROUND RAILWAYS
Ral Eng Intl v 3 n 5, June 1973, p 235-240
Tests with three types of ballastless installations showed good results
and slightly higher noise levels were alleviated by distributing a blanket
of gravel aggregate along the sleepers. Advantages are reduced costs due
to the elimination of ballast, lower structural height and reduced main-
tenance.
Harris, C.M.; Aitken, B.H.
NOISE IN SUBWAY CARS
SV Sound Vibr v 5 n 2, Feb 1971, p 12-14
Noise spectra inside cars on various subway systems are compared. Influence
of car loading conditions, trackbeds, car designs, and operating conditions
are considered, 6 refs.
Reybardy, J.
SOUNDPROOFING OF PASSENGER COACHES
Fr Railway Tech v 16 n 3, 1973, p 91-104
After reviewing basic principles of sound and hearing and acoustic measure-
ment, and criteria for acoustic comfort, the author describes the sources
of noise in railroad cars, their measurement, and the solutions adopted to
minimize passenger discomfort from noise. The application of various types
of sound insulating materials is shown. The results of acoustic measurements
at, different vehicle speeds are presented for several types of coaches put
into service in recent years.
461
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Silver, M.L.
NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL IN NEW RAPID TRANSIT
ASCE Transp Eng J v 98 n TEA, Nov 1972 pap n 9382, p 891-908
In evaluating the dynamic characteristics of transit systems, noise and
vibration levels measured during the operation of more traditional
transportation modes are summarized. Recommended design critiera esta-
blished for operating systems are presented. Design strategies that may
be used to limit the development of noise and vibration in transit system
components are analyzed, 20 refs.
Tatraux-Paro, J.M.; Chezeaux, J.C.; Bismuth, W.
DOMAINE D1EXISTENCE OF BRUITS DE FROTTEMENT ET VERIFICATIONS EXPERIMENTALES
(EXISTENCE OF FRICTIONAL NOISE REGION AND ITS EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION)
Acustica v 28 n 5, May 1973, p 272-278
The existence range, the frequencies and the amplitudes of rubbing vibra-
tions are studied in terms of the slip velocity. The experimental results
of three types of tires slipping on an iron track are studied in the first
part of this paper. In the second part, the existence range and the fre-
quency and amplitude of the oscillations of the stoker model slipping
against different types of rubbing track are studied in terms of the slip
velocity. Experimental and theoretical results show that the stoker model
accounts for the process generating the rubbing vibrations for the low
slip velocities, 11 refs, in French with English abstract.
Vorrhies, K.O.; Walsh, R.; Parsonson, P.S.
NOISE IMPACT OF ATLANTA'S FUTURE RAPID TRANSIT
Amer Soc Civil Engr meeting prepr 1763 (1972)
The possible effects of a rapid transit system on the noise environment
of Atlanta, Georgia, were examined. Because traffic volume can be corre-
lated with traffic noise, a traffic noise simulation model was employed
and checked against measured noise readings. The simulation model was
then used to predict noise levels for traffic volumes in Atlanta 20 yr in
the future. These estimates were divided into 2 sets, 1 with a rapid
transit system and 1 without. The lowering of noise levels from loss of
traffic due to the transit system would be small. The gains made by
reductions in automobile traffic would be insignificant and balanced by
the increase in heavy vehicle traffic.
Ward, E.J.
NOISE IN GROUND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
High Speed Ground Transp J v 7 n 8, Fall 1973, p 297-305
Passage of the Noise Control Act of 1972 has given added impetus to the
drive for noise reduction. Section 17 of the act empowers the Environ-
mental Protection Agency to issue railroad noise standards which will be
enforced by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). FRA's High Speed
Ground Transportation R&D programs has a goal of substantially increasing
the speed of ground passenger travel. Without improvements in the
462
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state-of-the-art of noise suppression and noise avoidance higher speeds
will inevitably mean higher noise levels. Therefore, the new systems
developments are forced to include good acoustic designs by specifica-
tions of maximum permissible noise levels. Data on the wayside noise
levels of various rail, transit and tracked air cushion vehicle systems
are tabulated, and for comparison the noise specification used for
developing the DOT ground vehicles is shown. Noise sources for guided
ground transportation are discussed with respect to steel wheels, railroad
yards, tunnels, elevated guideways, aerodynamics, propulsion, tracked
air-cushion vehicles, tracked magnetically levitated vehicles, and tube
vehicles. It is indicated where research and development can contribute
to noise abatement. 8 refs.
Watkins, L.H.
URBAN TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Transp Road Res Lab (GB), Trrl Rep Lr 455, 1972
The major adverse environmental effects of conurbation roads and road-
traffic identified include noise; air pollution; visual intrusion;
physical interference; and severance. Techniques are described for
countering these adverse effects, and wherever possible criteria are
given. The paper discusses control by planning and legislation, and
gives an indication of the environmental consequences of two possible
transportation systems of the future, 13 refs.
Wesler, J.E.
SURFACE TRANSPORTATION NOISE AND ITS CONTROL
J Air Pollut Control Assoc v 23 n 8, Aug 1973, p 701-703
Research and development programs are demonstrating that means to satisfy
noise control regulations are technically practical and economically
reasonable. The paper provides a review of federal regulatory areas and
corresponding R&D activities pertinent to surface transportation noise
abatement, 8 refs.
Traffic Noise
Design and Planning
Ljunggren, S.
DESIGN GUIDE FOR ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE
Natl Sweden Build Res Doc D10, 1973
Document describes a method for calculation of road traffic noise that is
based on the equivalent steady level as the measure of disturbance. A
relation Is derived between the equivalent steady level9 the distance
from the road and the intensity and speed of the traffic. The model is
applied for determination of the equivalent distance, which is defined as
the distance where an imaginary and infinitely narrow road must be
situated in order to produce the same equivalent steady level as the road
under consideration, 33 refs.
463
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Baler, H.
VERKEHRSPROGNOSE UND VERKEHRSLAERMPROGNOSE FUER EINEN NEUEN STADTTEIL
(TRAFFIC FORECAST AND TRAFFIC NOISE FORECAST FOR A NEW TOWN SECTION)
Strassenverkehrstech v 17 n 4, July-Aug 1973, p 122-127
Forecasts of the motor vehicle traffic and of the noise caused by it have
been made for a new section of the city of Darmstadt-Kranichstein in West
Germany. Comparisons between noise levels of the local roads and of an
express highway planned for construction in the vicinity are made possi-
ble. Although a number of questions remain open the investigation gave
an interesting insight into the disturbance effect of local and trunk
roads and into the efficiency of protective measures. The noise of non-
shielded highways reaches values which appear intolerable from the view-
point of new city planning. It can be lessened by placing the road in a
cutting, by the erection of protective walls or earth embankments, to the
noise level of the main roads in thickly populated areas. Special problems
arise when tower blocks are built near highways. Noise protection standards
urgently require revision, 18 refs, in German.
Control
Shahan, J.E.; Kamperman, G.W.
EFFECTS AND CONTROL OF HIGHWAY TRAFFIC NOISE
ASCE Transp Eng J v 99 n TE2, May 1973, pap 9726, p 307-322
Noise from highway traffic which has continually changing characteristics
is described in statistical terms. Three qualities of time-varying noise
required for a subjective evaluation of noise, magnitude, temporal charac-
teristics, and frequency content are taken into account. The paper offers
an introduction to highway traffic noise and to the effects of design and
vehicle operational parameters on the noise.
Shahan, J.E.; Kamperman, G.W.
EFFECTS AND CONTROL OF HIGHWAY NOISE
Amer Soc Civil Engr meeting prepr 1731 (1972)
Basic concepts of highway traffic noise and its effects are discussed be-
cause of the time variation in traffic noise, a statistical description
of the noise is required. Several traffic flow and highway design param-
eters and their effects on the statistical noise levels are evaluated;
large trucks usually dominate highway traffic noise levels. Distance and
barriers offer the greatest potential for reducing roadside noise levels.
However, designers will face individual problems, where concern over
schools, churches, parks, etc. will demand that more stringent requirements
be applied. In these cases, it is necessary to apply research results of
the effects of noise on humans to arrive at realistic design goals.
464
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Ullrich, S.
GESCHWINDIGKEITSBESCHRAENKUNGEN - BIN MITTEL ZUR REDUZIFRUNG DBS LAERMES
VON AUTOBAHNEN UND SCHNELLSTRASSEN? (SPEED RESTRICTION - A MEANS OF NOISE
REDUCTION CAUSED BY MOTORWAYS AND EXPRESSWAYS)
Strassenverkehrstech v 17 n 1, Jan-Feb 1973, p 9-13
The problem is considered to what extent is speed restriction a suitable
and effective means for reducing traffic noise. In order to keep the
number of the parameters considered as small as possible, it is assumed
that the traffic flows freely along straight routes, as e.g. on the
expressways and similar highways, or on other well constructed roads,
outside built-up localities, and that the noise is freely propagated.
The decrease of the energy equivalent of the lasting noise level with
decreasing speed, the decrease of the mean peak level (mean energy value
of the peak level) and the change of the "mean level oscillation" are
calculated or estimated, in German.
Modeling
Delany, M.E.
A PRACTICAL SCHEME FOR PREDICTING NOISE LEVELS (L,Q) ARISING FROM ROAD
TRAFFIC
Teddington, Eng Natl Phys Lab, Acoust Rep AC 57, July 1972
A simple scheme is presented which allows values for noise levels (exceeded
for only 10% of the time) out of 120 m from freely-flowing traffic on
straight and level roads to be predicted without the need for calculation.
Sets of contours are given which permit the evaluation of a wide range of
configurations including elevated, level and sunken roads with noise barriers
of various heights at different distances from the road. From comparisons
made with recent field measurements covering a range of typical urban situa-
tions, it is estimated that the covering a range of typical urban situations,
it is estimated that the absolute prediction accuracy is of the order 2 dBA
while the relative accuracy is even better. This should prove entirely
adequate for all normal planning purposes.
Delany, M.E.; Rennie, A.J.; Collins, K.M.
SCALE MODEL INVESTIGATIONS OF TRAFFIC NOISE PROPAGATION
Teddington, Eng Natl Phys Lab, Acoust Rep AC 58, Sept 1972
A technique was developed for investigation of the propagation of noise
from traffic on major roads and motorways using a 30:1 scale model.
Validation studies were carried out for 10 different road/housing con-
figurations by comparing model results with field data obtained specifi-
cally for the purpose. The modeling technique was capable of producing
results substantially in accord with the field data. This model has been
used to obtain systematic prediction data for roads in retained and in
natural cut.
465
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Lee, J.; Jason, C.Y.
ENERGY CHANGE NOISE: A MEASURE OF THE QUALITY OF FREEWAY TRAFFIC
Traffic Eng v 44 n 5, Feb 1974, p 28-35
A parameter, "energy-change noise", is proposed in this paper in an attempt
to measure the quality of freeway traffic. It is defined as the standard
deviation of the changes in kinetic energy of a vehicle as it travels
through a section of roadway. The development of the parameter is based
on the theoretical consideration that the magnitude and frequency of kinetic
energy changes of a vehicle provides information on the quality of service
provided by traffic, 5 refs.
Nelson, P.M.
COMPUTER MODEL FOR DETERMINING THE TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF NOISE FROM ROAD
TRAFFIC
Transp Road Res Lab (GB) Trrl Rep LR 611 1973
A new method is described for computing the temporal distribution of noise
from freely flowing traffic, which is reported to be faster than Monte
Carlo model of similar sophistication. Using the model, simple equations
have been derived relating the computed values of noise to the traffic
flow, mean speed, proportion of large trucks in the traffic stream and the
distance from the roadway where the propagation is over grassland. The
equations are designed primarily for traffic conditions beyond the range
of applicability of existing prediction schemes, 17 refs.
Roeder, K.
EINE NEUE METHODE ZUR BERECHNUNG UNO BEURTEILUNG DES VERKEHRSLAERMS UND
DER ERFOHDERLICHEN SCHUTZMASSNAHMEN (NEW METHOD FOR COMPUTATION AND
EVALUATION OF TRAFFIC NOISE ABATEMENT MEASURES)
St Autobahn v 24 n 6, June 1973, p 276-282
In German.
Harman, D.M.; Burgess, M.A.
TRAFFIC NOISE IN AN URBAN SITUATION
Appl Acoust v 6 n 4, Oct 1973, p 269-276
The results of a noise survey made within the Portsmouth city boundaries
are outlined. Measurements were made throughout the 18-hour day at 33
sites which covered a wide range of traffic conditions. Comparisons were
made between the published noise prediction methods and the measured
results for sites adjacent to roads carrying free-flowing traffic. A
modification is introduced to allow the design parameter employed by
traffic engineers to be used in the prediction formula. The fall-off of
noise levels with distance was also examined. An area classification
is suggested for situations where the prediction formulas are not able
to be applied, 7 refs.
466
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Hillquist, R,K,; Bettis, R,A,
MEASUREMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE PASSBY NOISE
SAE Pap 720275 for meeting Jan 10-14 1972
Procedures for measurement of noise emitted by various automotive vehicles
have been developed and refined by various technical committees of the
SAE, Recent work on the parameters of these procedures indicates that the
site used, the vehicle operator, and the ambient weather conditions are
all significant factors in the accuracy of test results, Revision of these
procedures to minimize the variation in results attributable to variation
in test parameters, and to produce results more representative of typical
operating modes of the vehicle, is essential.
Kurze, U.J.
STATISTICS OF ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE
J Sound Vibr v 18 n 2, Sept 22 1971, p 171-95
The investigations presented are devoted to the determination of the
statistical parameters of traffic noise. In particular, the objective is
to calculate the probability distribution, the mean and the variance of
the sound pressure level. These data give the limits of meaningful
predictions of the average sound pressure level from the simple model with
fixed source locations and can be used to predict such parameters of im-
portance for the human response to traffic noise as the noise pollution
level, 18 refs.
Yerges, J.F., Bollinger, J.
MANUAL TRAFFIC NOISE SAMPLING - CAN IT BE DONE ACCURATEly
SV Sound Vibr v 7 n 12, Dec 1973, p 23-30
An evaluation of the manual sampling of traffic noise, carried out period-
ically using simple low-cost equipment, is made. The extent of errors made
are compared with results recorded by elaborate instruments. A method is
described that produces predictable estimates of noise levels of traffic,
7 refs.
Annoyance
Aoshima, N.; Kawakami, S.
ANALYSIS OF RESIDENTS' REACTIONS TO TRAFFIC NOISE
Proc Jap Soc Civil Eng n 219, Nov 1973, p 75-82
16 refs, in Japanese.
Highway Sound Barriers
Anon
HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT BUILDS EXPERIMENTAL SOUND BARRIER
Public Works v 108 n 11, Nov 1972, p 78-80
Experimental wooden and earthen sound barrier described is completed along
a 1.916 ft section of Interstate 35W in South Minneapolis, Minn, The
density requirements for the noise barrier walls meet the criteria required
467
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for structural strength. Post spacing and depth of embedment varies with
the height of the walls. The wall design was developed to resist a design
wind load of 30 pounds per square foot of wall area. A construction grade
of lumber meeting stress requirements of F equals 1500 psi was used in
the wall construction.
Gilbert, P.
UNE PREMIERE APPLICATION EN FRANCE D'UNE PROTECTION PHONIQUE UTILISANT LE
PRINCIPF DE L'ECRAN CFIRST FRENCH APPLICATION OF AN ANTI-NOISE, ACOUSTIC
SCREEN)
Travaux n 456, Mar 1973, p 11-20
Paper reports the results of an experimental installation of a concrete
fence about 4 m high, provided with slot-like openings and baffles,
separating one of very busy, 12-lanes highway and high-rise, apartment
houses nearby, in French.
Harmelink, M.D.; Hajek, J.J.
PERFORMANCE TESTING OF FREEWAY NOISE BARRIERS
ASCE Transp Eng J v 99 n TE1, Feb 1973, pap n 9572, p 123-144
The results of the field evaluation along freeways in metropolitan Toronto
show that the barriers are largely ineffective in reducing freeway traffic
sound levels at nearby residences. Noise barrier types of an earth embank-
ment, normal density, and lightweight precast concrete panel walls, an
aluminum wall, a plywood wall, and a Gabion wall are described, including
materials, appearance, type of support and costs, 6 refs.
Hauskins, J.B., Jr.
KINEMATIC SOUND SCREEN: UNIQUE SOLUTION TO HIGHWAY NOISE ABATEMENT
ASCE Transp Eng J v 100 n TE1, Feb 1974, pap 10353, p 169-178
Preliminary tests, conducted on a full-scale working model of a new noise
barrier demonstrate the feasibility of the design, and show that it is
capable of providing significant noise level reduction. The kinematic
sound screen's noise attenuation properties compare favorably with other
known sound barriers.
Reethof, G.
EFFECT OF PLANTINGS ON RADIATION OF HIGHWAY NOISE
J Air Pollut Control Assoc v 23 n 3, Mar 1973, p 185-189
The paper provides experimental verification by an analysis of the current
literature. The types of noise sources in cars and trucks are treated as
are community reactions to noise from such sources. The dBA is used as the
accepted measure for characterizing truck and automobile noise. Both
spherical and cylindrical radiation of sound are discussed for low density
and high density traffic, respectively, 11 refs.
468
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Reethof, G.
EFFECT OF PLANTINGS ON RADIATION OF HIGHWAY NOISE
Air Pollut Control Assoc J v 23 n 3, Mar 1973, p 185-189
The expected attentuation of automobile and particularly diesel tractor-
trailer generated noise is treated in depth by the interposition of
extensive and dense planting of trees and shrubs between the highway
and the community, A belt of dense man-made growth of tall trees and
underbrush can give as much as 5-8 dB truck or car noise reduction/100 ft
of planting depth. Natural growth of deep forests were measured to give
from 3 to 5 dB attentuation/100 ft of planting depth. Planting depth of
at least 100 ft is required to give reliable results, with tree heights
of 40-50 ft desirable and densities of 50-70 ft visibility needed for
good effect. Experimental verification is provided by analysis of the
current literature. The types of noise sources in cars and trucks are
briefly treated as are community reactions to noise from such sources.
The dBA is used as the accepted measure for characterizing truck and
automobile noise. Both spherical and cylindrical radiation of sound are
discussed for low density and high density traffic, respectively. An
example is given of attenuation of a typical truck noise by spherical
and cylindrical radiation for low- and high-density traffic and a 200 ft
deep planting of dense, mature forest. A mature belt of either coniferous
or decidous forest with underbrush can produce barely acceptable noise
levels in the community which is separated by such a noise barrier from
a heavily traveled highway.
Scholes, W.E.; Salvidge, A.C.; Sargent, J.W.
BARRIERS AND TRAFFIC NOISE PEAKS
Appl Acoust v 5 n 3, July 1972, p 205-222
This paper puts forward design rules for estimating the effects of long
noise barriers on the propagation of motorway noise peaks. The rules
take into account the effects of wind and ground absorption on barrier
performation and thus cover a range of practical situations. This paper
also suggests that, until the results of current research become available,
these design rules may provide a useful indication of the effects of long
barriers on the propagation of motorway noise in terms of L//1//0, 4 refs.
Highway Design and Planning
Anderson, G.S.; Gottemoeller, F.; Page, D.G.
BALTIMORE PLANS HIGHWAYS FOR MINIMUM NOISE
Civil Eng (NY) v 42 n 9, Sept 1972, p 74-78
The article explains how to predict noise levels of a proposed highway
design, and in cases where that noise level exceeds goals, how to use
earth berms and barriers to attenuate noise. Four case histories are
presented.
469
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Blitz, J.
PREDICTION OF L//1//0 ON URBAN MAIN ROADS
Acustica v 29 n 4, Oct 1973, p 210-218
A simple and non-statistical theoretical method for predicting L//1//0.
The sound level in dBA exceeded for 10 percent of the time, Due to
traffic in urban main roads,is given here. L//1//0 is determined as a
function of the rates of flow of different types of vehicle for a given
position of the observer (e«g, at curbside or at 10 m from the curb).
It is assumed that the traffic speed is generally uniform : this is
consistent with vehicle behavior on single carriageway urban roads
subjected to a low speed limit (e.g. 48 km H**-**l). Variations of
speed and the effects of "bunching" are taken into account. The
predictions of L//1//0 compare well with experimental values obtained
by Stephenson and Vulkan. It is also shown that, except where the
density of heavy vehicles is low, L//1//0 is determined solely by the
presence of heavy traffic, 7 refs.
Burt, M.E.
ASPECTS OF HIGHWAY DESIGN AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
J Sound Vibr 15 n 1, Mar 8 1971, p 23-34
The design of the highway and the management of the traffic in noise
problems are discussed. The conclusion is drawn that there are two
alternative approaches to noise reduction. One is to reduce traffic flow
and the other is to make use of noise barriers and environmental design.
The relative importance of these two approaches depends on the types of
road under consideration, 19 refs.
Collins, J.D.
CALIFORNIA TACKLES HIGHWAY NOISE
Civil Eng (NY) v 43 n 11, Nov 1973, p 56-59
Steps taken by the California Division of Highways for attacking noise
problems in three areas are discussed and include reduction of noise from
motor vehicles; adequate land-use zoning adjacent to highways by local
governments; and proper highway design and location to protect the receptor
from excessive noise.
Commins, D.E.; Kugler, B.A.
CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHWAY NOISE PROPAGATION
Inst of Environ Sci Annu Tech Meeting 19th Proc Anaheim, Calif, Apr 2-5
1973 available from Inst of Environ Sci Mt Prospect, Illinois, 1973, p 298-300.
The specific problem of traffic noise propagation under free field conditions
is considered. The physical units of noise used and the general methodology
of traffic noise prediction are presented. This is followed by a description
of an experiment designed to evaluate the characteristics of traffic noise
propagation under a variety of traffic and environmental conditions. Partial
results are also presented, 2 refs.
470
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Curry, D.A.; Anderson, D.G,
PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING HIGHWAY USER COSTS, AIR POLLUTION, AND NOISE EFFECTS
Highway Res Bd Natl Coop Highway Res Program Rep n 133, 1972
The objective of the study were to evaluate various highway facilities
under different levels of service and other conditions, and to develop a
methodology that would relate these variables to user costs, travel time,
air pollution, and noise effects. The methodology is presented in tables
and graphs designed to minimize the amount of additional calculations,
51 refs.
De Cevallos, J.F.G.; Delgado, C.; Martinez, S.V.; Santiago, J.S.
PROJECT OF URBAN TRAFFIC NOISE CONTROL
Acustica v 29 n 4, Oct 1973, p 219-224
Physico-mathematical considerations about the shape of the probability
distribution functions of the fundamental acoustical mangitudes intervening
in a determination of urban traffic noise are presented. The shapes of
the functions of the related magnitudes are determined by the assumptions
made for one of them. It is deduced that, a priori it is not possible
to postulate that an experimental distribution of sound pressure levels
would fit to a normal law. Finally, the features that an automatic
system for the acquisition and processing of acoustical signals must
accomplish, are analyzed, 3 refs.
Dennington, D.
ASPECTS OF CONSTRUCTION, THE NEW URBAN ROADS
J Sound Vibr v 15 n 1, Mar 8 1971, p 35-9
Alternative measures to reduce the noise climate adjacent to roads are
considered on the presumption that vehicle noise is not reduced at source.
There is as yet no positive recommendation concerning the form a screen
should taken within the limits of the road, but their effective use may be
possible only along moderate stretches of road. If noise is to be abated
it will cost the public money either in a direct or indirect form.
Gedney, D.S.
AIR AND NOISE CONSIDERATION IN THE HIGHWAY DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
SAE Prepr n 730414 for meeting Apr 2-4 1973
Highway design and construction processes can and do have significant
impact on a community and its environment. Geometric design innovations
can significantly reduce air and noise pollution for a completed facility,
but construction noise is especially difficult to control within tolerable
limits unless engineers and equipment manufacturers seek better methods
through investment in additional cost and improved technology.
471
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Heer, J.E., Jr.; Hagerty, D,J.; Knadler, D,J,
EFFECT OF AN INTERSTATE HIGHWAY ON URBAN AREA NOISE LEVELS
Public Works v 105 n 1, Jan 1974, p 54-58
Results of a field study of the noise levels in a suburban area of eastern
Louisville and Jefferson County, Kentucky, both prior to and after construc-
tion to 1-64 through the area are discussed. Several National and Inter-
national standards for acceptable noise levels for various types of areas
are shown in which noise levels are listed in decibles as obtained on a
sound pressure level meter, 8 refs.
Klossner, H.O.
BITUMINOUS OVERLAY REDUCES TRAFFIC NOISE
Public Works v 104 n 7, July 1973, p 82-83
A thin bituminous overlay was placed on a 1 one-half mile portion of cross-
town highway in Minneapolis, Minn, in an effort to reduce noise. Noise
loudness was reduced by about 1/3 as perceived by the average person and
the ambient noise levels were brought within the range that is generally
accepted as tolerable.
Kurze, U.
STATISTIK VON STRASSENVERKEHRSGERAEUSCHEN (STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY
NOISE)
Fortschr Ber, Vdi Z Part 11 n 15, Oct 1973
For description of the highway traffic noise there are used, besides con-
tinuous sound level data, also various parameters that are based on the
distribution of sound-level frequency. Paper presented a technique for
numerical determination of these parameters for a freely flowing traffic
and for propagation of sound. Vehicles of similar type and travelling at
identical speed whose emission of sound can be approximated by a normal
distribution of sound level are considered as elemental sources of highway
traffic noise. Calculating technique is derived for determining the
statistical parameters of square sonic pressures by means of which the
influences of several, independent, elemental sources can be integrated.
80 refs, in German.
Piercy, J.F.; Embleton, T.F.W.
EFFECT OF GROUND ON NEAR-HORIZONTAL SOUND PROPAGATION
SAE Prepr n 740211 for meeting Feb 25-Mar 1 1974
The propagation of sound from a small source over the ground, considered
as an impedance boundary, is discussed theoretically and compared with
measurements over short grass and asphalt. Interference phenomena relevant
to the measurement configurations in SAE standard procedures for testing
vehicles are emphasized. The effect of the ground impedance on propagation
at the longer distances relevant to airport and highway design is also
discussed, 12 refs.
472
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Slade, G.D.
MOTORWAY NOISE - A CASE STUDY
J Inst Munic Eng v 99 n 7, July 1972, p 195-203
The paper describes a noise study which dealt with that part of the M3
highway in Great Britain which passed within the Winchester City boundary.
Existing noise levels were measured in the field and, using the field
measurements as a base, future noise levels were estimated for 1989,
having regard to increased traffic flows and speeds. Future noise levels
were shown to be sufficiently high to adversely affect the environment and
so attentuation measures, using earth banks and varying the motorway cross-
section were suggested.
Ullrich, S.; Reinhold, G.; De Veer, H,
DAS VERKEHRSGERAEUSCH VON STRASSENOBERFLAECHEN MIT EINGESCHNITTENEN
RILLEN (TRAFFIC NOISE CAUSED BY GROOVES CUT INTO ROAD SURFACES)
Strassenverkehrstech v 17 n 3, May-June 1973, p 82-85
The transverse grooves cut into road surfaces to improve gripping capacity
in wet road conditions influence traffic noise. The increase of the noise
level by these grooves and the changes in the composition of the frequency
of the road traffic noise are determined experimentally. The results are
presented in the form of graphs, in German.
Ullrich, S.
DER EINFLUSS VON FAHRZEUGGESCHWINDIGKEIT UNO STRASSENBELAG AUF DEN
ENERGIEAEQUIVALENTEN DAUERSCHALLPEGEL DES LAERMES VON STRASSEN (INFLUENCE
OF VEHICLE SPEED AND PAVEMENT ON THE "EQUIVALENT CONTINUOUS SOUND LEVEL"
OF STREET NOlSE)
Acustica v 30 n 2, Feb 1974, p 90-94
Statistical measurements of the noise levels of passing cars and trucks
have been carried out near various highways. The dependence of the noise
levels at the pavement on the vehicle speed and on the dryness and wetness
of the roads has been evaluated. The energy equivalent continuous sound
level of the road traffic noise is calculated using the measured data, 9
refs, in German.
Waller, R.A.
MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF THE IMPACT OF NOISE FROM NEW ROADS
J Inst Highway Eng v 19 n 10, Oct 1972, p 9-17
The paper suggests several ways of measuring and predicting the impact of
roads in context of noise annoyance and reviews ways of controlling noise
nuisance, including soundproofing, land use, control of traffic, the setting-
up of environmental areas and the use of compensation, 12 refs.
473
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Webb, J.
NOISE STUDIES RELATED TO MOTORWAY ALIGNMENT
Highway Eng v 20 n 5, May 1973, p 6-16
The paper reviews some research work and published data concerning noise
from highway traffic. Methods of calculating the noise environment
expected to be created by new tural motorways are described, and accept-
able noise exposure levels discussed. Examples of recorded noise levels
are quoted for comparison and some field survey work is outlined, 20 refs.
Williams, T.E.H.
HIGHWAY ENGINEERING AND THE INFLUENCE OF GEOMETRIC DESIGN CHARACTERISTICS
ON NOISE
J Sound Vibr v 15 n 1, Mar 8 1971, p 17-22
A general survey of the effects of road design features on noise is given
in qualitative terms together with some quantitative data where available.
The different problems of motorways and all purpose routes are compared.
The results are discussed the observation made that noise from road traffic
is predominant over all other sources. The need for further research into
the effects of noise barriers is mentioned.
Young, M.F.; Woods, D.L.
SOURCES AND MEASUREMENT OF HIGHWAY NOISE
Tex Transp Res v 7 n 1, Jan 1971, p 6-9
The primary sources of noise are the tire-roadway interaction for automobiles
and the engine-exhaust system for trucks and motorcycles: diesel trucks are
the primary source of noise peaks and the major contributor to annoyance:
the '%'A'%' weighted network (dBA) is probably the best means of physically
measuring the noise level when it is desirable to evaluate the degree of
annoyance associated with highway traffic noise.
Regulations and Standards
Close, W. H.
DEVELOPMENT OF INTERSTATE MOTOR CARRIER NOISE REGULATIONS
SAE Prepr n 740106 for Meeting Feb 25-Mar 1 1974
Decisions have been made regarding the Federal regulation of noise generated
by motor carrier operations which are subject to the provisions of the Noise
Control Act of 1972. This paper presents a brief discussion and analysis
of the technical information developed by the interagency and task force and
public docket, which was made available to the government for development of
a regulatory strategy. Substantive research is under way to ascertain the
technology and cost involved to significantly lower the engine-related and
tire noise generated by trucks. 21 refs.
474
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Leneman, G.
TRUCK NOISE - MEASUREMENTS AND CORRELATION TO INDUSTRY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT
STANDARDS
Inst of Environ Sci, Annu Tech meeting, 19th Proc Annaheim, Calif, Apr 2-5
1973 available from Inst of Environ Sci, Mt Prospect, Illinois, p 320-326
The noise emitted during the operation of seven representative McDonnell
Douglas Corporation (MDC) owned trucks was measured, under conditions
specified by method SAE J-366. The data indicated that the maximum
external noises of the turbo-supercharged diesel and gasoline trucks
presently used on the open road by MDC comply with the current California
vehicle noise standards for new vehicles (section 27160 of the vehicle
code), and with the noise standards effective after January 1973 (86 dBA).
For the truck operational conditions reported here, the internal (cab and
sleeper) noises were well within the daily maximal industrial noise exposure
criteria established by the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
Morrison, D.W.; Clarke, R.M.
REGULATION OF COMMERICAL MOTOR VEHICLE INTERIOR NOISE LEVELS
SAE Prepr n 720697 for meeting Aug 21-24 1972
This paper reports and analyzes two sets of test data that were taken to
determine the interior noise levels of typical heavy-duty trucks. Under
controlled test conditions, various stationary tests were run in an effort
to correlate their results with those obtained during SAE J366 and J336
dynamic tests conducted at the same time. In addition, sound level expo-
sures were determined for various over-the-road operations in an attempt
to correlate these results with the static test results.
Paullin, R.L.; Safeer, H.S.
MOTOR VEHICLE NOISE GENERATION AND POTENTIAL ABATEMENT
SAE pap 720273 for meeting Jan 10-14 1972
The Dept. of Transporation has developed four computer simulation models
designed to establish the noise levels that might be expected for
different transportation modes as a function of the traffic characteristics
peculiar to each mode. In addition, an understanding was developed of the
technical, economic, and legal limits of potential abatement means for
each transportation mode. The need for government standards and regulation
was reviewed as was the need for additional research and development of
successful means for reducing noise, 12 refs.
475
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General Interest
Gibson, J.D.; Hart, F.D.
TRANSPORTATION NOISE AND SOCIETY
Inst Environ Sci Proc 17th Annu Tech Meeting, Living in our Environment,
Los Angeles, Calif, Apr 26-30 1971, p 404-407
Systems design program had as its objectives; to provide a useful study
of a broadly based societal problem that required the coordinated efforts
of a multidisciplinary team; to provide communication between academic
personnel and engineers and scientists; and to encourage interdisciplinary
activity at the universities, 1 ref.
Jagtiani, H.
OBJECTIVE METHOD OF EVALUATING ASPIRATION WIND NOISE
SAE pap 720506 for meeting May 22-26 1972
Cars at high speeds are subjected to differentials in pressure between the
car interior and the car exterior. The pressure differentials are suffi-
cient to cause body seals in certain locations to permit air to pass by
the seal, resulting in a noise defined as aspiration wind noise. An
objective method of measuring aspiration wind noise at the leak source is
introduced for cars at 70 mph and for static cars pressurized to simulate
70 mph. This method, using a meter, replaces the previously used method
of subjective evaluation of the loudness of wind noise, an advantage of
the new method is that it disregards the car exterior air turbulence noise
component, which is a function of car styIng and aerodynamics.
Longrigg, P.
NOISE ABATEMENT AND VEHICULAR MOVEMENT WARNING DEVICES
IEEE, 24th Annu Southwest Conf & Exhib, SWIEECO Res Tech pap Dallas, Tex,
Apr 19-21 1972, p 73-77 » *i»*
A system of vehicular movement warning devices is described, that should
improve, to some extent, our present noise pollution problem. Two methods
are detailed; one involves directional sonic devices, while the other
utilizes ultrasonic techniques. A general discussion of the noise problem
in developing urban areas, as it pertains to rail transportation, is given
as a preamble to the abatement concept, 15 refs.
Lyon, R.H.
LECTURES IN TRANSPORTATION NOISE
Harvard, Mass, Grozier Publishing, 1973
The sources, paths, and receivers of noise are discussed after considera-
tion of basic acoustic theory, descriptions of sound fields, sound sources,
sound propagation, and engineering formulas. The generation, propagation,
and effects of aircraft noise, automobile noise, motorcycle noise, truck
noise, and rail vehicle noise are examined. These discussions also
476
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investigate the noise sources of V/STOL aircraft, absorption, refraction,
and focusing of sound waves, annoyance, speech interference, psychoacous-
tic criteria, noise impact, the propagation of automative noise as
affected by surface and topography, and ground vibrations.
Mazzini, G.
VENTILATION OF THE ROAD TUNNELS ON NAPLES URBAN MOTORWAY
Tunnels Tunnelling v 4 n 3 May-June 1972, p 201
Within the framework of the Tangenziale: a 12 mi long, high-speed motor-
way, being constructed in City of Naples, Italy, there are included
several tunnels, totaling 2 % mi, built beneath heavily populated sections
of the city. Low-power, aerofoil axial booster fans with variable pitch,
provided with silencers weighing 238 kg each, arranged in series have
been selected for ventilation of 84 sq m cross-section area of the
tunnels, to not exceed 3 mg/sq m concentration of fumes and 90 dB sound
level.
Starr, E.A.
INSTRUMENTATION FOR NOISE POLLUTION
IEEE, Northeast Electronics Res & Eng Meeting, Nerem Rec, Tech Application
pap, v 12, 1970, New York, p 14-15
Two of the measures that have been developed to quantify the effect of
noise on human activities are discussed. Two examples of instruments are
presented, one for speech interference, and one for airport monitoring.
Tempest, W.; Bryan, M.E.
LOW FREQUENCY SOUND MEASUREMENT IN VEHICLES
Appl Acoust v 5 n 2, Apr 1972, p 133-139
Sound pressure level measurements in cars traveling at motorway speeds have
shown that much of the sound energy is in the low frequency and infrasonic
regions. A technique has been developed to extend accurate octave band
measurements down to the octave centered on 2 Hz. The system uses a cali-
brated sound level meter feeding a frequency modulation tape-recorder to
record noise below 64 Hz, and an octave band analysis system to analyze
the resultant tape recordings. Typical results are presented for a number
of vehicles, 7 refs.
Waters, P.E.
CONTROL OF ROAD NOISE BY VEHICLE OPERATION
J Sound Vibr v 13 n 4, Dec 1970, p 445-53
Results of investigation of noise emitted by road vehicles with varying
parameters of engine speed, road speed, gear ratio, acceleration and pay
load are given: results from a 9 % truck and a 1500 cu cm car are presented
and it is shown that noise at constant speed increases at a mean rate of
12 dBA per doubling of speed: when the vehicle is accelerating, this rate
of increase is much reduced, although the maximum levels are similar to
those obtained when the vehicle is running at constant speed; it is con-
cluded that limiting speed and smoothing traffic flow reduces noise
level:
477
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Wilken, I. D.; Hickling, R.; Winich, H. V.
SINGLE-WHEEL TRAILER FOR TIRE NOISE RESEARCH
SAE Prepr n 740109 for Meeting Feb 25-Mar 1 1974
A single-wheel trailer has been designed and bult to study to origins
of tire noise and its basic characteristics. The single test tire,
nominally the 10. 00/20 size usually mounted on large trucks and semi-
trailers, is located 12.2 m (40 ft) behind the rear axle of the towing
vehicle to isolate it from other noise sources. Reflective surfaces
that could interfere with noise measurements are minimized by the high,
single-beam construction of the trailer. The towing vehicles if modified
to reduce its noise and wake in the vicinity of the test tire, which
can be loaded to 22.2 kn (5000 Ib) by dead weights and rolled at expressway
speeds, because of its unusual configuration, the dynamic behavior of
the trailer was studied prior to design to help determine several design
parameters and show that the trailer would follow well. Extension stress
analyses of the trailer beam and other structural elements were also
required. 16 refs.
»U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1975-210-810:70
478
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-600/2-76-016b
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
ABSTRACTS OF THE 1971-1974 UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN
OPEN LITERATURE ON NOISE - Part II
5. REPORT DATE
January 1976
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
E. P. Bergmann, I. B. Fieldhouse
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
IIT Research Institute
10 W. 35th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60616
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-01-2234
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Research and Development
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, DC 20460
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-ORD
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This document is a task report of effort directed toward a search of the open litera-
ture to provide some insight into the noise reduction effort outside of the Federal
Government and in foreign countries. Abstracts from the search covered the period
1971 to 1974. Two primary sources were searched for abstracts: The Engineers Index
and Pollution Abstracts.
Nearly 1300 abstracts from 21 countries were screened and segregated into the
following categories: Aircraft Noise; Building Noise; General Interest; Machinery
Noise; Noise Effects on Health; Noise Measurement Instrumentation; and Transportation
Noise. The distribution of abstracts within each technical area is summarized in the
report, and a compilation of the abstracts is presented as an appendix and bound
separately.
It appears that a substantial level of privately sponsored noise research and develop-
ment is reflected in open literature publications. Industrial or private sponsorship
is indicated in areas in which a regulation demands attention to the noise problem or
a product relating to noise is being "advertised". Government sponsorship is indi-
cated in the areas in which there is a potential benefit to the public. University
sponsorship appears to be a small part of the total effort and is directed to particu-
lar academic interests.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COS AT I Field/Group
Accoustic Noise
Aircraft noise
Noise reduction
Abstracts
Transportation noise
Foreign abstracts
Noise measurement
Building noise
1971-74
01C
13F
2 IE
05B
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release to Public
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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