U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Technical Information Service
PB-258 920-T
The Carcinogenic Properties of
Oil Shale Products and the
Possibilities of Prophylaxis of Cancer
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Perk, N C
1972
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET
1. Report No.
EPA TR76-51*
4. Title and Subtitle
The carcinogenic properties of oil shale products
and the possibilities of prophylaxis of cancer
5- Report Date
1972
6.
7. Author(s)
G.O. Loogna
8' Performing Organization Rept.
No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
TRANSLATED FROM RUSSIAN BY EPA
10. Project/Task/VPork Unit No.
11. Contract/Grant No.
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
13. Type of Report & Period
Covered .
14.
IS. Supplementary Notes
Nauch.-prakt. deyatel. inst. eksp. klin. , Tallin, 1972, pp.105-113
16. Abstracts
17. Key Words and Document Analysis. 17o. Descriptors
EPAISD'
I7b» Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
i
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Vc. COSAT. Field/Group ^ ^ ' J
i. Availability Statement-pHIS TRANSLATION WAS MADE FROM A
NON-COPYRIGHTED TEXT
r
19.. Security Class (This 1 21. No. of Pages 1
Report) " ""• ' - -'
UNCLASSIFIED
20. Security Class (This
Page
UNCLASSIFIED
IRM NTI5-38 (IO-70)
U"SCOMM-DC 40329-P71
-------
TR 76-54
THE CARCINOGENIC PROPERTIES OF OIL SHALE PRODUCTS
AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF PROPHYLAXIS OF CANCER
[Kantserogennyye svoystva slantseproduktov i
vozmozhnosti profllaktlki raka]
by
G.O. Loogna
Published in Nauch.-prakt. deyatel. inst. eksp. kiln., Tallin,
1972, pp. 105-113
A systematic study of the carcinogenic properties of products of
thermal processing and incomplete combustion of Estonian (kukersit) oil
shales was made at the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine
MZ ESSR [Ministerstvo zdravookhraveniya, Ministry of Public Health,
Estonskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisicheskaya Respublika, Estonian Soviet
Socialist Republic] beginning at the time of its founding in 1947 upon
the initiative and under the directorship of Professor P.A. Bogovskiy.
The basic data of experimental morphological research done by him are
presented in two monographs [1, 2]. In these studies, coworkers of the
Institute participated and continue to participate, A.I. Vysamyae,
Kh. K. Turu, I.A. Veldrye, F. Yu. Vinkmann, Kh. Yu. Mirae. More-
over, work has been done in this field at the Tartusk State University
Translated for NERC-Library, EPA, from the Russian by LEO KANNER ASSOCIATES,
P.O. Box 5187, Redwood City, California 94063, (415) 365-3046, August 1975.
-------
and at certain other scientific institutions of the Soviet Union. For
example, the carcinogenic effect of products of Weimar and Gdov
shales related in origin and composition to the Estonian shales, were
studied by L.F. Larionov, N.G. Soboleva, and L.M. Shahad even in 1934.
Data exist on the blastomogenic activity of chamber and generator tars
and tars of tunnel furnaces for Estonian shales (L.F. Larionov, 1947;
O.L. Danetskaya, 1952; L.P. Nurmand and co-authors, 1955; G.M. Gortalum,
1955). However, this information was incomplete and partially contra-
*• • •'..-!:•-.
1 ' I V t •
dictory. Therefore, coworkers of our Institute took on the problem of
obtaining more complete and detailed data on the carcinogenic properties
of the basic primary oil shale products, commercial products, and
also shale soot. A considerable amount of material was accumulated for
the elapsed period and was published in various publications. A short
survey of these studies is presented below.
In total, the experimental work was done on 4500 animals mainly
white mice; rats and rabbits were also used in some of the work. The
test methods included applying the substance being studied on the hair-
covered skin of the mice in the interscapular region; the soot suspensions
were introduced intratracheally. Pieces of skin, internal organs and
swollen lymphatic nodes were taken for histological study. The results
of the tests were treated statistically. The physical and chemical and
toxological characteristics of the basic products of shale-chemical
industry are presented in an article by E. Ya. Blinova and Kh. Ya. Yanes
in this collection.
Four basic primary products of thermal treatment of shale were
studied: generator, chamber and tunnel tar of the shale processing
-------
combine, "Kokhtla-Yarvye" im. V.I. Lenin and tar from equipment with a
solid heat-carrying agent at the "Kiviyli" combine.
P.A. Bogovsky [2] studied the carcenogenic effect of generator,
tar obtained by distilling shale at 450—500° C; a content of 34-
benzpyrene (BP) of 0.01% was established in the sample. It appeared
that in relation to ;the number of mice living up to the appearance of
the first tumor, 28.8% developed benign tumors and only in singular
cases were there signs of the beginnings of cancer. In tests with
chamber tar obtained at 900—1000° C and with a content of 0.1% BP
55.7% of the mice who survived to the appearance of the first tumor
were discovered to have neoplasms and 55.1% of these were malignant. In
Kh. T. Vakhter's [4] similar tests on rabbits, in all cases, benign
fibroepithelial tumors of the skin developed. When applying solid
fractions of generator tar, malignancy was observed in 8.5% and with the
effect of chamber tar—in 21.7%. Consequently, the chamber tar obtained
at higher temperature contains 10 times more BP and has a stronger
carcinogenic activity in comparison with generator tar.
Kh. K. Turu [18] pointed out that tar of equipment with a solid
heat-carrying agent obtained at a temperature of 500—530° C shows an
average carcinogenic effect less clearly expressed than in chamber tar.
The sample of tar studied also has considerably less sharp general
toxic and local damaging effect on the skin than does chamber tar.
Tunnel tar obtained at a temperature of distillation 400—500° C
contains only 0.001% BP and has average carcinogenic activity. In re-
lation to the number of mice surviving to the first tumor, the total
quantity of mice affected by tumors amounted to 35.0% and the number of
-------
mice with malignant tumors—was 6%.
The data presented above on the carcinogenic properties of average-
temperature tars obtained mainly in tests on miscellaneous breeds of mice" are
controversial. Therefore, F.»Yu. Vinkmann [6] made a comparative
study of the degree of carcinogenieity of these tars. In tests'lasting
up to 18 months it was established that the average of the fractions of
average-temperature tars have moderate carcinogenic activity. They cause
both benign and malignant tumors of the skin in mice of the CC57 BR line;
generator tar causes tumors in 48.5%, tar from equipment with a solid
heat-carrying agent—in 36% and tar of the tunnel furnace—in 35% of
the animals. According to P.A. Bogovskiy's data, generator tar is blasto-
mogenie to a high degree causing only benign tumors in a significant part
of the white mice. From F. Yu Vinkmann tests it is noted that the
generator tar is both blastomogenic and has a moderate carcinogenic
effect. More than half of the tumors were malignant. In various data
of the authors mentioned* to some degree, higher toxicity of samples of
generator tar is apparent in the tests of P.A. Bogovskiy in which
all the animals died during a 9 month period. In this time period, ma-
lignant tumors obviously could not successfully develop.
Thus, carcinogenic activity of the products being studied is higher,
the higher the temperature of processing the shale and the specific
weight of the tar. The contents of BP in the resins obtained at higher
temperatures also is higher and this can give one an idea of the car-
cinogenic effect of tar in biological tests.
Considering the carcinogenicity of oil shale products, when planning
industrial equipment, it is necessary to plan for maximum hermetic seal
-------
and automation of production processes in order to completely avoid
contact of workers with carcinogenic products.
In the products of thermal treatment of fossil fuels it is neces-
sary to determine not only the BP but also other carcinogenic substances.
It is known, for example, that BP is very carcinogenic for mice but does
not cause tumors in dogs, monkeys and certain other animals. There is
no direct proof that BP itself is the most powerful carcinogen for man.
There is evidence on the development of industrial related tumors which
occur due to the effect of substances which do not contain BP. In the
tars of Estonian oil shale not only BP is observed. In one sample of
tar from equipment with solid heat-carrying agents, O.G. Eyzen and
P. Kh. Arro [18] from the Institute of Chemistry of the AN ESSR [Akademiya
nauk, ESSR, Academy of Sciences of the ESSR] the presence of 1,2-benzpy-
rene, 1,2-benzantracene, and 2-methyl-l,2-benztracene were determined.
By repeated chromographic processing of the chamber tar, 9 fractions
were separated which differed in content of BP [19]. P.A. Bogovskiy [2]
established that fractions exist in which the BP is not observed but
which have a blastomogenic effect. One of these fractions caused benign
and malignant tumors of the skin in mice, but tumors did not occur when
the substance was introduced into the muscle. However, with both methods
of introduction, tumors developed in the lungs. Another fraction not
containing BP caused paplllomata of rabbits but did not lead to the
development of neoplasm in the skin of mice; at the same time tumors
in the lungs occurred. The fraction being discussed increased the
carcinogenic effect of other fractions which contain only a certain
amount of BP. In the fractions which contain the main part of the BP,
-------
there exist, apparently, other substances which considerably lengthen
the latent period of the tumors, but do not decrease the frequency of
their appearance and their malignancy in comparison with the effect of
the synthetic BP in the same concentration.
P.A. Bogovskiy [2] also studied various commercial products of
the shale oil industry (anthacene oil, furnace fuel oil, oil plasticizer,
drying oil, bitumen), which contained in their composition one or another
quantity of chamber tar. The author convincingly pointed out that the
addition of chamber tar increased the carcinogenic activity of these
commercial products. Since then, a method of coking the chamber tar
has been introduced [3], to prevent its addition to the commercial pro-
duct .
F. Yu. Vinkmann [7] studied the blastomogenic activity of DFK-4
resin glue, a shale solvent and a shale pyrolytic varnish—LSP-1. This
varnish is manufactured on a base of solvent and resin of pyrolysis of
shale gasoline. This can be used as a substitute for bitumen varnishes
and for manufacturing paints. In tests of mice of the CC57BR line it
was shown that LSP-1 varnish not only has 100% blastomogenic effect on
the skin of the mice but also is clearly carcinogenic, inasmuch as more
than half of the tumors were malignant. Shale solvent and DFK-4 resin
glue did not show a blastomogenic effect. Inasmuch as the varnish con-
sists of solid residue of pyrolysis products of shale gasoline and
dissolving solvent, the latter does not have a blastomogenic effect
and the blastomogenic and carcinogenic properties of the varnish are
mainly included in the first component. Consequently, for purposes of
prophylaxis of cancer in humans when working with the residues of py-
rolysis products of shale gasoline it is necessary to completely exclude
-------
the possibility of dust, solutions and aerosols of this products
falling on the skin and mucous membranes.
One should also forbid the use of residues of pyrolysis products
of shale gasoline as the bases for varnishes, and also for other pur-
poses without preliminary decarcinogizing of the product.
Shale products and waste waters of chemical combines contain various
phenols. Considering the contradictory data on the role of phenols and
carcinogenesis, a comparison was made on chamber tar and phenol-free
chamber tar. The latter contains 0.2% BP and has a more clearly expressed
carcinogenic effect than does the whole chamber tar. This difference can
depend both on the concentration of active components of the tar and on
the elimination of the continuing effect on carcinogenesis of the shale
phenols [2].
Kh. Yu. Mirme [14] studied both the so-called total water soluble
phenols of shale waste waters, and also their crystal fractions "A" and
"B." Considering the peculiarities of the potency or co-carcinogenic
effect of phenols, a sub-carcinogenic dose of BP (0.36 mg) was premimin-
arily applied to the skin of mice (CC57BR) and during a 10 day period—50%
acetone solutions of phenols. The total phenols were the most carcino-
genic. Skin tumors occurred in 48.6% of the mice (of these 88% were
malignant). The weakest carcinogenic effect was in the "B" fraction—
tumors developed in 23% of the mice (of these 50% were malignant). Under
the effect of "A" fractions, tumors occurred only in 8.6% of the animals.
Considering the total effect on the influence of BP and phenol fractions
one can conclude that the "A" fractions have a very weak
effect.
-------
From this data it follows that water soluble shale phenols have a
strong carcinogenic effect. The co-carconogenic effect of a 50%
solution of total phenols can be equalized in the effect of a 10% solu-
tion of phenol (ftydroxybenzene) is one of the strongest.
It is interesting to note that the use of methods of chemical
kinetics permits giving a quantitative evaluation of the relationship
of catalyst-carcinogenic properties of phenols on their structure and
to predict the character of effect and camparative activity of a homo-
log of given structure before setting up biological tests. With the
Hammet-Taft equation it was established, for example, that phenol which
has a clearly expressed catalyst-carcinogenic capacity, has weak toxicity,
and the reverse [12]. Further accumulation of experimental data permits
giving a quantitative description of the relationship of anti-tumor
properties of phenols to their structure and to establish the principles
and connections with other phenomena of activity of these compounds.
The content of shale phenols in waste water should be looked at
both from a general hygienic viewpoint and from an oncological point of
view. In the waste waters of the "Kokhtla-Yarvye" combine BP was ob-
served in a quantity of 0.02 to 9 mg/A [10]. Then, in the total dis-
charge before dephenolization, the content of BP amounted to 0.2 mg/K.,
and after dephenolization—0.005 mg/£. Consequently, the process of
dephenolizing decreases the concentration of BP in the waste water by
approximately 40 times, apparently, as a result of its separation by
butyl acetate. According to the data of I.A. Veldrye and co-authors
[5], waste waters of the "Kiviyli" combine contain before dephenolization
0.005 mg/& BP. After dephenolization by a method of evaporation, the
8
-------
concentration of carcinogen decreased only to 0.002 mg/£ (2.5 times) which
gives us evidence of the great effectiveness of the method of extraction
with butyl acetate. In view of the fact that during extraction of the
main mass, the BP remains in the extract of dry phenols used as a
component part in the production of the tanning agent, during operation
with the extracts one should use all prophylactic measures planned for .
operation with carcinogenic products.
According to statistical data, the illness rate of cancer of the
breathing organs in the Estonian SSR, in comparison with other republics,
is considerably higher. Epidemiological researchers, M.K. Purdye,
E.K. Khint, V.A. Taygro [16] from our Institute pointed out that the
illness rate of cancer of the lungs is considerably greater in the oil
shale basin where the air constantly contains products of incomplete
combustion of fuel shales.
The circumstances indicated were an incentive to A.I. Vysamyae
[9] to clarify in tests on animals what kind of a role the soot of shale
solid and liquid fuel plays in the etiopathogenesis of cancer of the
lungs. In order to do this white rats were injected 10 times intra-
tracheally with tar substances extracted from the soot of the oil shales,
suspended in two different media: in a 12.5% aqueous solution of Tween
40 and in peach oil. The results of the tests supported the possibility
of developing tumors of the lungs under the effect of tar substances from
soot of fuel shales which contain 0.0107% BP.
In another work by A.I. Vysamyae [8] it was established that tumors
of the skin in the location of applying gasoline extract of soot of
solid shale fuel (with an additive of liquefied vaseline) occurred in
-------
78% of mice. Beginning with the fifth month of the test, papillomata
developed, the majority (62%) of which developed into malignant tumors.
The carcinogenic character of the soot is explained by its content of
0.0014% BP (in the gasoline extract 0.04 mg per 1 m£). The blastomogenic
effect of the gasoline extract of soot of shale mazut (liquid fuel) is
considerably weaker than with soot of shale solid fuel.
The facts presented point out the necessity for serious preventive
measures for combatting shale oil smoke.
The possibilities of prophylaxis of cancer. When studying the
blastomogenic properties of shale products date were obtained on the
morphogenesis of induced tumors and certain general principles of
chemical carcinogenesis of the skin and lungs are clarified. However,
the main importance of the results obtained include the fact that they
permit validating the necessity for a number of prophylactic measures.
Some of these were mentioned above. The technical, hygienic and medical
means of prophylaxis of cancer are described in more detail in the
monographs of P.A. Bogovskiy [1, 2]. General positions on the complex
preventive combat of malignant tumors in conditions of our republic.
are considered in an article by G.O. Loogna [13]. From these works and
the data presented above it follows that impermissible carcinogens in
production and in life require the earliest and most radical measures
for prophylaxis of cancer. One of these measures is developing those
production procedures in which the carcinogenic substances will not
form or will break down to a significant degree, that is, will be
decarcinogenized.
P.A. Bogovskiy with co-authors [3] developed an industrial method
of decarcinogenizing, the essence of which consists of treatment of the
10
-------
tar resin before coking. The initial tar contained 0.19—0.23% BP,
its solid fraction—0.64%. The distillate obtained during coking of
heavy fractions contained only 0.05—0.06% BP, that is, it was 10 times
smaller. A 15% gasoline solution of the initial tar caused tumors of
the skin in 68% of the mice who survived to the appearance of the
first tumor. Then, 44% of the mice had malignant skin tumors. The
distillate caused keratosic papillomata in the location of application
only in one mouse out of 50 (3.7%) and in another mastocytoma of the
skin; not one malignant tumor was noted. Thus, a tar treated according
to the method posed practically completely avoids blastomogenic properties.
The content of BP in the coke is 2.5 times lower than in the initial tar
and approximately the same as in the distillate.
The author was given an author's certificate for the invention and
the new method was put into practice. Beginning in 1965, in a the city
of Kokhtla-Yarvye a mill for coking has been operating and putting out
industrial products. The proposed method we have mainly used also for
decarcinogenization of products of thermal treatment of other fossil
fuels. Thus, coking of carcinogenic tars is a process which has a
definite value for the prevention of cancer.
M. Ya. Gubergrits, P.A. Bogovskiy and others [11] studied the
possibility of decreasing the carcinogenic activity of shale tars (0.1%
by weight BP) with high voltage electrical charge. In series I (50 kV
0.0044 pV, 250 impulses) the concentration of BP in the tar was decreased
to 0.0023%. In the second series of tests (30 kV, 0.6 pV, 50 impulses),
accompanied by plasma probing of the liquid, the content of BP decreased
to 0.003%. Skin lubricated with the treated tar in 300 days caused
11
-------
tumors in 51.8% (series I) and 53.3% (series II) of surviving animals,
and the use of the initial tar—in 97.9%. Moreover, in the test groups
the tumors were less malignant and their quantity fewer than in the
control groups. The physical and chemical characteristics of chamber tar
treated with an electrical charge was practically unchanged.
Other new fields have opened up for decarcinization of shale oil
products. For example, it was shown [16] that under the effect of
ultra violet radiation, BF in an aerated medium .is changed
which results in eliminating the carcinogenic properties. A
similar effect is also obtained when using ionizing radiation, ozone,
chlorine and so forth. However, the change in content of 1 BP or
other carcinogenic hydrocarbons does not yet give us information on the
initial decrease of blastomogenic activity of one or another product.
All the results of the biological studies are decisive at the present
time.
The information presented in this article tells us that the
malignancy of organs must continuously be fought in order to make it
possible to establish the maximum permissible concentrations of carcino-
gens (DPK [predel'no dopustimyye kontsentratsiya, maximum permissible
concentrations]). Considering the experience of Soviet hygienists in
combatting toxic harmful substances one can propose that the introduction
of strict DPK of carcinogenic agents will also direct technical thought
in the search for reliable ways of eliminating carcinogenic substances
from the media surrounding man.
12
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Bogovskiy, P.A., Professional'ny_y_e opukholi kozhi, vyzvannyye
produktami perevabotki goryuchlkh iskopaeymykh. [Work-related skin
tumors caused by the products of processing fossil fuels].
Leningrad, 1960.
2. Bogovskiy, P.A., Kantaerogennoye deystviye produktov pererabotki
estonskogo slantsa. [The carcinogenic effect of products of
processing Estonian shale]. Tallin, 1961.
3. Bogovskiy, P.A., Gortalum, G.M., Kozhevnikov, A.B., "On decarcin-
ization of some of the products of processing shales", In the
collection, VIII Mezhdunar. protivorak kongress, [VIII International
Anticancer Congress], 1962, v. 2, Moscow-Leningrad, 1963,
pp. 575-576.
4. Vakhter, Kh., "Experimental materials on morphogenisis of the
development of tumors induced by shale oils", Schol. article of
Tartusk State University, v. 79, 1959, Trudy po meditsine,
pp. 99-103.
5. Veldrye, I.A., Lakhe, L.A., Arro, I. Kh., "On the content of
3,4-benzpyrene in waste waters of enterprises of the shale in-
dustry", Gigiena i sanitariya, 1965, 2, pp. 104-105.
6. Vinkmann, F. Yu., "The carcinogenic effect of average-temperature
tars obtained during thermal treatment of oil shales", Vopr.
gig, tr. i prof, pat, v. Est. SSR, 1970, 3, 2, 137-141.
7. Vinkmann, F. Yu., "The carcinogenic activity of shale pyrolyzed
LSP-1 varnish and its component parts", Schol. rec. of the
Indtitute of Exper. and Clin. Med. Moscow Public Health Est. SSR,
(In print).
8. Vysamyae, A.I., "The blastomogenic effect of soot occurring during
combustion of Estonian oil shales and liquid shale fuel", In coll:
VIII Mezhdunar. protivorak kongress, [VIII Internat. Anticancer
Congress], 1962, v. 2, Moscow-Leningrad, 1963, 546-549.
9. Vysamyae, A.I., "The carcinogenic effect of soot of oil shales in
tests on induced tumors of the lung in white rats", Vopr. gig, tr.
i prof, pat, v. Est. SSR, 1970, 3, 2, 122-127.
10. Gortalum, G.M., Dikun, P.P., "Determining the content of 3,4-benz-
pyrene in certain shale products and waste water of shale-chemical
production", Gigiena i Sanitariya, 1958, 8, 24-27.
13
-------
11. Gubergrits, M. Ya., Bogovskiy, P.A., Brodskaya, B.M., Paal'mye, L.P.,
"The possibility of decreasing the carcinogenic effect of shale tar
by treatment with high-voltage electrical charges", Mater. II konfer.
onkologov Lit. SSR, Latv. SSR i Est. SSR, [Material on the II
conference of onocologlsts Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, and
Estonian SSR], Tallin, 1967, 138-139.
12. Gubergrits, M. Ya., Kurso, U.E., "Carcinogenic properties, structure
and reactive capacity of phenols", Vopr. onkologii, 1970, 8, 90-100.
13. Loogna, G.O., "The necessity for complex prophylaxis of cancer in
the Estonian SSR", Schol. rec. of the Institute of Exper. and
Clin. Medic, of the Moscow Public Health Dept. Est. SSR, (In print).
14. Mirmye, Kh. Yu., "Comparative evaluation of the co-carcinogenic
effect of shale phenols", Schol. rec. of the institute of Expr.
Medicine of the Moscow Public Health Dept. Est. SSR, (in print).
15. Paalmye, L., Gubergrits, M., "The kinetics of photochemical trans-
formation of 3,4-benzpyrene in an aerated gasoline solution",
Publ. AN Est. SSR, v. 16, Khlmiya-Geologiya, 1967, 1, 32-36.
16. Purdye, M.K., "Sources of epidemiological research on cancer in
the Estonian SSR" (In the same collection).
17. Turu, Kh., "The blastomogenic effect of tar obtained during process-
ing of fine-grained shale on equipment with a solid heat-carrying
agent", Publ. by AN Est. SSR, v. 10, ser. blol., 1961, 1, 13-18.
18. Eyzen, O.G., Arro, I. Kh., "The carcinogenic compounds of certain
tars of Estonian shale", Vopr. onkologii, 1959, 5, 2, 160-163.
14
-------
•MOM NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE
U.S. Service Industries In World Markets: Currant
Problems and Future Policy Development
PB-262 5287 PAT 423p PC$11.00/MF$3.00
Federal Information Processing Standards Register:
Guidelines: for Automatic Data Processing Physical
Security and Risk Management. Category: ADP
Operations. Subcategory: Computer Security
FIPSPUB-31/PAT 97p PC$5.00/MF$3.00
Federal Personnel Management Handbook for
Librarians, Information Specialists and Technicians
PB-261 4677 PAT 287p PC$9.25/MF$3.00
Handbook for Sampling and Sample Preservation of
Water and Wastewater
PB-259 946/PAT 278p PC$9.25/MF$3.00
Historical Trends in Coal Utilization and Supply
PB-261 278/PAT 631 p PC$16.25/MF$3.00
Electronic Message Systems for the U.S. Postal Service
PB-262 892/PAT 60p PC$4.50/MF$3.00
Interagency Task Force on Product Liability Legal Study
PB-263 601/PAT 1274p PC$31.25/MF$3.00
NIOSH Analytical Methods for SET P
PB-258 434/PAT 63p PC$4.50/MF$3.00
Interagency Task Force on Product Liability—
Briefing Report: Executive Summary
PB-262 515/PAT 56p PC$4.50/MF$3.00
NIOSH Analytical Methods for SET Q
PB-258 435/PAT 40p PC$4.00/MF$3.00
Mini and Micro Computers in Communications
ADA-031 892/PAT 72p PC$4.50/MF$3.00
Fuel Consumption Study. Urban Traffic Control System
(UTCS) Software Support Project
PB-259 003/PAT 71 p PC$4.50/MF$3.00
MEDLARS Indexing Manual. (Part I): Bibliographic
Principles and Descriptive Indexing, 1977
PB-254 270/PAT 134p PC$6.00/MF$3.00
Coal Transportation Capability of the Existing Rail
and Barge Network, 1985 and Beyond
PB-260 597/PAT 152p PC$6.75/MF$3.00
Proceedings of the Workshop on Solar Energy Storage
Subsystems for the Heating and Cooling of Buildings,
Held at Charlottesville, Virginia on April 16-18,1975
PB-252 449/PAT 191 p PC$7.50/MF$3.00
HOW TO ORDER
When you indicate the method of pay-
ment, please note if a purchase order is not
accompanied by payment, you will be billed
an additional $5.00 ship and bill charge. And
please include the card expiration date when
American Express.
Normal delivery time takes three to five
\veeks. It is vital that you order by number
or your order will be manually filled, insur-
ing a delay. You can opt for airmail delivery
for $2.00 North American continent: $3.00
outside North American continent charge per
item. Just check the Airmail Service box. If
you're really pressed for time, call the NT1S
Rush Handling Service (703)557-4700. For a
$10.00 charge per item, your order will be
airmailed within 48 hours. Or, you can pick
up your ord«r in the Washington Informa-
tion Center & Bookstore or at our Springfield
Operations Center within 24 hours for a
$6.00 per item charge.
You may also place your order by tele-
phone or if you have an NTIS Deposit Ac-
count or an American Express card order
through TELEX. The order desk number is
(703) 557-4650 and the TELEX number is
89-9405.
Thank you for your interest in NTIS. We
appreciate your order.
METHOD OF PAYMENT
Q Charge my NTIS deposit account no.
n Purchase order no.
Q Check enclosed for $
NAME
Bill me. Add $5.00 per order and sign below. (Not avail-
able outside North American continent.) ADDRESS-
Charge to my American Express Card account number
II
CITY. STATE. ZIP.
Card expiration date_
Signature
Airm;ul Services requested
Clip and mail to
NTK
National Technical Information Service
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Springfield. Va. 22161
(703) 557-4650 TELEX 89-9405
Item Number
Quantity
Paper Copy
(PC.)
Microfiche
(MF)
Unit Price*
All prices subject to change. The prices Sub Total
above are accurate as of 7/77 Additional Charge
Enter Grand Total
Total Price'
------- |