U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
                               National Technical Information Service
                               PB-258 920-T
The Carcinogenic  Properties of
Oil  Shale Products and the
Possibilities of  Prophylaxis of  Cancer

Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Perk, N C
1972

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET
1. Report No.
            EPA  TR76-51*
4. Title and Subtitle
                 The  carcinogenic properties of  oil shale products
          and  the possibilities of prophylaxis  of cancer
                                                      5- Report Date
                                                                  1972
                                                      6.
7. Author(s)
            G.O. Loogna
                                                      8' Performing Organization Rept.
                                                        No.
9. Performing Organization Name and Address


          TRANSLATED  FROM RUSSIAN BY EPA
                                                      10. Project/Task/VPork Unit No.
                                                      11. Contract/Grant No.
12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Address
                                                      13. Type of Report & Period
                                                         Covered .
                                                                             14.
IS. Supplementary Notes

          Nauch.-prakt.  deyatel. inst. eksp. klin. ,  Tallin, 1972, pp.105-113
16. Abstracts
17. Key Words and Document Analysis.  17o. Descriptors


          EPAISD'
I7b» Identifiers/Open-Ended Terms
i

          ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Vc. COSAT. Field/Group ^ ^ ' J
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                                                              TR 76-54
            THE CARCINOGENIC PROPERTIES OF OIL SHALE PRODUCTS
              AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF PROPHYLAXIS OF CANCER
             [Kantserogennyye svoystva slantseproduktov i
                     vozmozhnosti profllaktlki raka]

                                   by

                               G.O. Loogna

     Published in Nauch.-prakt. deyatel. inst. eksp. kiln., Tallin,
                            1972, pp. 105-113


     A systematic study of the carcinogenic properties of products of

thermal processing and incomplete combustion of Estonian (kukersit) oil

shales was made at the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine

MZ ESSR [Ministerstvo zdravookhraveniya, Ministry of Public Health,

Estonskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisicheskaya Respublika, Estonian Soviet

Socialist Republic] beginning at the time of its founding in 1947 upon

the initiative and under the directorship of Professor P.A. Bogovskiy.

The basic data of experimental morphological research done by him are

presented in two monographs [1, 2].  In these studies, coworkers of the

Institute participated and continue to participate, A.I. Vysamyae,

Kh. K. Turu,  I.A. Veldrye,  F. Yu. Vinkmann, Kh. Yu. Mirae.  More-

over, work has been done in this field at the Tartusk State University
Translated for NERC-Library, EPA, from the Russian by LEO KANNER ASSOCIATES,
P.O. Box 5187, Redwood City, California  94063, (415) 365-3046, August 1975.

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and at certain other scientific institutions of the Soviet Union.  For


example, the carcinogenic effect of products of Weimar and Gdov


shales related in origin and composition to the Estonian shales, were


studied by L.F. Larionov, N.G. Soboleva, and L.M. Shahad even in 1934.


Data exist  on the blastomogenic activity of chamber and generator tars


and tars of tunnel furnaces for Estonian shales (L.F. Larionov, 1947;


O.L. Danetskaya, 1952; L.P. Nurmand and co-authors, 1955; G.M. Gortalum,


1955).  However, this information was incomplete and partially contra-
        *•           •            •'..-!:•-.
            1 '                 I V t •
dictory.  Therefore, coworkers of our Institute took on the problem of


obtaining more complete and detailed data on the carcinogenic properties


of the basic       primary oil shale products, commercial products, and


also shale soot.  A considerable amount of material was accumulated for


the elapsed period and was published in various publications.  A short


survey of these studies is presented below.


     In total, the experimental work was done on 4500 animals mainly


white mice; rats and rabbits were also used in some of the work.  The


test methods included applying the substance being studied on the hair-


covered skin of the mice in the interscapular region; the soot suspensions


were introduced intratracheally.  Pieces of skin, internal organs and


swollen lymphatic nodes were taken for histological study.  The results


of the tests were treated statistically.  The physical and chemical and


toxological characteristics of the basic products of shale-chemical


industry are presented in an article by E. Ya. Blinova and Kh. Ya. Yanes


in this collection.


     Four basic primary products of thermal treatment of shale were


studied:  generator, chamber and tunnel tar of the shale processing

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combine, "Kokhtla-Yarvye" im. V.I. Lenin and tar from equipment with a




solid heat-carrying agent at the "Kiviyli" combine.




     P.A. Bogovsky [2] studied the carcenogenic effect of generator,




tar obtained by distilling shale at 450—500° C; a content of 34-




benzpyrene (BP) of 0.01% was established in the sample.  It appeared




that in relation to ;the number of mice living up to the appearance of




the first tumor, 28.8% developed benign tumors and only in singular




cases were there signs of the beginnings of cancer.  In tests with




chamber tar obtained at 900—1000° C and with a content of 0.1% BP



55.7% of the mice who survived to the appearance of the first tumor




were discovered to have neoplasms and 55.1% of these were malignant.  In




Kh. T. Vakhter's [4] similar tests on rabbits, in all cases, benign




fibroepithelial tumors of the skin developed.  When applying solid




fractions of generator tar, malignancy was observed in 8.5% and with the




effect of chamber tar—in 21.7%.  Consequently, the chamber tar obtained




at higher temperature contains 10 times more BP and has a stronger




carcinogenic activity in comparison with generator tar.




     Kh. K. Turu [18] pointed out that tar of equipment with a solid




heat-carrying agent obtained at a temperature of 500—530° C shows an




average carcinogenic effect less clearly expressed than in chamber tar.




The sample of tar studied also has   considerably less sharp general




toxic and local damaging effect on the skin than does chamber tar.




     Tunnel tar obtained at a temperature of distillation 400—500° C



contains only 0.001% BP and has average carcinogenic activity.  In re-




lation to the number of mice surviving to the first tumor, the total




quantity of mice affected by tumors amounted to 35.0% and the number of

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mice with malignant tumors—was 6%.



     The data presented above on the carcinogenic properties of average-




temperature tars obtained mainly in tests on miscellaneous breeds of mice" are



controversial.  Therefore, F.»Yu. Vinkmann  [6] made a comparative




study of the degree of carcinogenieity  of these tars.  In tests'lasting




up to 18 months it was established that the average of the fractions of




average-temperature tars have moderate carcinogenic activity.  They cause




both benign and malignant tumors of the skin in mice of the CC57 BR line;




generator tar causes tumors in 48.5%, tar from equipment with a solid




heat-carrying agent—in 36% and tar of the tunnel furnace—in 35% of




the animals.  According to P.A. Bogovskiy's data, generator tar is blasto-




mogenie to a high degree causing only benign tumors in a significant part




of the white mice.  From F. Yu Vinkmann tests it is noted that the




generator tar is both blastomogenic and has a moderate carcinogenic




effect.  More than half of the tumors were malignant.  In various data




of the authors mentioned* to some degree, higher toxicity of samples of




generator tar is apparent      in the tests of P.A. Bogovskiy in which




all the animals died during a 9 month period.  In this time period, ma-




lignant tumors obviously could not successfully develop.




     Thus, carcinogenic activity of the products being studied is higher,




the higher the temperature of processing the shale and the specific




weight of the tar.  The contents of BP in the resins obtained at higher




temperatures also is higher and this can give one an idea   of the car-




cinogenic effect of tar in biological tests.




     Considering the carcinogenicity of oil shale products, when planning




industrial equipment, it is necessary to plan for maximum hermetic seal

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and automation of production processes in order to completely avoid




contact of workers with carcinogenic products.




     In the products of thermal treatment of fossil fuels it is neces-




sary to determine not only the BP but also other carcinogenic substances.




It is known, for example, that BP is very carcinogenic for mice but does




not cause tumors in dogs, monkeys and certain other animals.  There is




no direct proof that BP itself is the most powerful carcinogen for man.




There is evidence on the development of industrial related tumors which



occur due to the effect of substances which do not contain BP.  In the




tars of Estonian oil shale not only BP is observed.  In one sample of



tar from equipment with solid heat-carrying agents, O.G. Eyzen and




P. Kh. Arro [18] from the Institute of Chemistry of the AN ESSR [Akademiya




nauk, ESSR, Academy of Sciences of the ESSR] the presence of 1,2-benzpy-




rene, 1,2-benzantracene, and 2-methyl-l,2-benztracene were determined.




     By repeated chromographic processing of the chamber tar, 9 fractions




were separated which differed in content of BP [19].  P.A. Bogovskiy [2]




established that fractions exist in which the BP is not observed but




which have a blastomogenic effect.  One of these fractions caused benign




and malignant tumors of the skin in mice, but tumors did not occur when




the substance was introduced into the muscle.  However, with both methods




of introduction, tumors developed in the lungs.  Another fraction not




containing BP caused paplllomata of rabbits but did not lead to the




development of neoplasm in the skin of mice; at the same time tumors



in the lungs occurred.  The fraction being discussed increased the




carcinogenic effect of other fractions which contain only a certain




amount of BP.   In the fractions which contain the main part of the BP,

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there exist, apparently, other substances which considerably lengthen




the latent period of the tumors, but do not decrease the frequency of




their appearance and their malignancy in comparison with the effect of




the synthetic BP in the same concentration.




     P.A. Bogovskiy [2] also studied various commercial products of




the shale oil industry (anthacene oil, furnace fuel oil, oil plasticizer,




drying oil, bitumen),  which contained in their composition one or another




quantity of chamber tar.  The author convincingly pointed out that the




addition of chamber tar increased the carcinogenic activity of these




commercial products.  Since then,  a  method of coking the chamber tar




has been introduced [3], to prevent its addition to the commercial pro-




duct .



     F. Yu. Vinkmann [7] studied the blastomogenic activity of DFK-4




resin glue, a shale solvent and a shale pyrolytic varnish—LSP-1.  This




varnish is manufactured on a base of solvent and resin of pyrolysis of




shale gasoline.  This can be used as a substitute for bitumen varnishes




and for manufacturing paints.  In tests of mice of the CC57BR line it




was shown that LSP-1 varnish not only has 100% blastomogenic effect on




the skin of the mice but also is clearly carcinogenic, inasmuch as more




than half of the tumors were malignant.  Shale solvent and DFK-4 resin




glue did not show a blastomogenic effect.  Inasmuch as the varnish con-




sists of solid residue of pyrolysis products of shale gasoline and




dissolving solvent,     the latter does not have a blastomogenic effect




and the blastomogenic and carcinogenic properties of the varnish are




mainly included in the first component.  Consequently, for purposes of




prophylaxis of cancer in humans when working with the residues of py-




rolysis products of shale gasoline it is necessary to completely exclude

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the possibility of dust, solutions and aerosols of this products



falling on the skin and mucous membranes.




     One should also forbid the use of residues of pyrolysis products




of shale gasoline as the bases for varnishes, and also for other pur-




poses without preliminary decarcinogizing of the product.




     Shale products and waste waters of chemical combines contain various



phenols.  Considering the contradictory data on the role of phenols and




carcinogenesis, a comparison was made on chamber tar and phenol-free




chamber tar.  The latter contains 0.2% BP and has a more clearly expressed




carcinogenic effect than does the whole chamber tar.  This difference can




depend both on the concentration of active components of the tar and on



the elimination of the continuing effect on carcinogenesis of the shale




phenols [2].




     Kh. Yu. Mirme [14] studied both the so-called total water soluble




phenols of shale waste waters, and also their crystal fractions "A" and




"B."  Considering the peculiarities of the potency or co-carcinogenic




effect of phenols, a sub-carcinogenic dose of BP (0.36 mg) was premimin-




arily applied to the skin of mice (CC57BR) and during a 10 day period—50%



acetone solutions of phenols.  The total phenols were the most carcino-




genic.  Skin tumors occurred in 48.6% of the mice (of these 88% were



malignant).  The weakest carcinogenic effect was in the "B" fraction—




tumors developed in 23% of the mice (of these 50% were malignant).   Under



the effect of "A" fractions, tumors occurred only in 8.6% of the animals.




Considering the total effect on the influence of BP and phenol fractions




one can conclude that the "A" fractions have a very weak




effect.

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     From this data it follows that water soluble shale phenols have a




strong carcinogenic effect.  The co-carconogenic     effect of a 50%




solution of total phenols can be equalized in the effect of a 10% solu-




tion of phenol (ftydroxybenzene) is one of the strongest.



     It is interesting to note that the use of methods of chemical




kinetics permits giving a quantitative evaluation of the relationship




of catalyst-carcinogenic properties of phenols on their structure and




to predict the character of effect and camparative activity of a homo-



log of given structure before setting up biological tests.  With the




Hammet-Taft equation it was established, for example, that phenol which




has a clearly expressed catalyst-carcinogenic capacity, has weak toxicity,



and the reverse [12].  Further accumulation of experimental data permits




giving a quantitative description of the relationship of anti-tumor



properties of phenols to their structure and to establish the principles




and connections with other phenomena of activity of these compounds.




     The content of shale phenols in waste water should be looked at




both from a general hygienic viewpoint and from an oncological point of




view.  In the waste waters of the "Kokhtla-Yarvye" combine BP was ob-




served in a quantity of 0.02 to 9 mg/A [10].  Then, in the total dis-




charge before dephenolization, the content of BP amounted to 0.2 mg/K.,




and after dephenolization—0.005 mg/£.  Consequently, the process of




dephenolizing decreases the concentration of BP in the waste water by




approximately 40 times, apparently, as a result of its separation by




butyl acetate.  According to  the data of I.A. Veldrye and co-authors




[5], waste waters of the "Kiviyli" combine contain before dephenolization




0.005 mg/& BP.  After dephenolization by a method of evaporation, the
                                    8

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concentration of carcinogen decreased only  to  0.002 mg/£  (2.5 times) which




gives us evidence of the  great  effectiveness    of the method of extraction




with butyl acetate.  In view of the  fact  that  during extraction of the




main mass, the BP remains in the extract  of dry phenols used as a




component part in the production of  the tanning agent, during operation




with the extracts one should use all prophylactic measures planned for .




operation with carcinogenic products.




     According to statistical data,  the illness rate of cancer of the



breathing organs in the Estonian SSR, in comparison with other republics,




is considerably higher.   Epidemiological  researchers, M.K. Purdye,



E.K. Khint, V.A. Taygro  [16] from our Institute pointed out that the




illness rate of cancer of the lungs  is considerably greater in the oil



shale basin where the air constantly contains  products of incomplete




combustion of fuel shales.



     The circumstances indicated were an  incentive to  A.I. Vysamyae




[9] to clarify in tests on animals what kind of a role the soot of shale




solid and liquid fuel plays in  the etiopathogenesis of cancer of the




lungs.  In order to do this white rats were injected 10 times intra-




tracheally with tar substances  extracted  from  the soot of the oil shales,




suspended in two different media:  in a 12.5%  aqueous solution of Tween




40 and in peach oil.  The results of the  tests supported the possibility




of developing tumors of the lungs under the effect of tar substances from



soot of fuel shales which contain 0.0107% BP.




     In another work by A.I. Vysamyae  [8] it was established that tumors




of the skin in  the location of applying  gasoline extract of soot of




solid shale fuel (with an additive of liquefied vaseline) occurred in

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78% of mice.  Beginning with the fifth month of the test, papillomata



developed, the majority (62%) of which developed into malignant tumors.




The carcinogenic character of the soot is explained by its content of




0.0014% BP  (in the gasoline extract 0.04 mg per 1 m£).  The blastomogenic




effect of the gasoline extract of soot of shale mazut (liquid fuel) is




considerably weaker than with soot of shale solid fuel.




     The facts presented point out the necessity for serious preventive




measures for combatting shale oil smoke.




     The possibilities of prophylaxis of cancer.   When studying the




blastomogenic properties of shale products date were obtained on the




morphogenesis of induced tumors and certain general principles of




chemical carcinogenesis of the skin and lungs are clarified.  However,




the main importance of the results obtained include the fact that they




permit validating the necessity for a number of prophylactic measures.




Some of these were mentioned above.  The technical, hygienic and medical




means of prophylaxis of cancer are described in more detail in the




monographs of P.A. Bogovskiy [1, 2].  General positions on the complex




preventive combat of malignant tumors in conditions of our republic.




are considered in an article by G.O. Loogna [13].  From these works and



the data presented above it follows that  impermissible carcinogens in




production and in life require the earliest and most radical measures




for prophylaxis of cancer.  One of these measures is developing those




production procedures in which the carcinogenic substances will not




form or will break down to a significant degree, that is, will be




decarcinogenized.




     P.A. Bogovskiy with co-authors [3] developed an industrial method




of decarcinogenizing, the essence of which consists of treatment of the




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tar resin before coking.  The initial tar contained 0.19—0.23% BP,




its solid fraction—0.64%.  The distillate obtained during coking of




heavy fractions contained only 0.05—0.06% BP, that is, it was 10 times




smaller.  A 15% gasoline solution of the initial tar caused tumors of




the skin in 68% of the mice who survived to the appearance of the




first tumor.  Then, 44% of the mice had malignant skin tumors.  The




distillate caused keratosic  papillomata in the location of application




only in one mouse out of 50 (3.7%) and in another mastocytoma   of the




skin; not one malignant tumor was noted.  Thus, a tar treated according




to the method posed practically completely avoids blastomogenic properties.




The content of BP in the coke is 2.5 times lower than in the initial tar




and approximately the same as in the distillate.



     The author was given an author's certificate for the invention and




the new method was put into practice.   Beginning in 1965, in a the city



of Kokhtla-Yarvye a mill for coking has been operating and putting out




industrial products.    The proposed method we have mainly used also for




decarcinogenization of products of thermal treatment of other fossil




fuels.  Thus, coking of carcinogenic tars is a process which has a




definite value for the prevention of cancer.



     M. Ya. Gubergrits, P.A. Bogovskiy and others [11] studied the




possibility of decreasing the carcinogenic activity of shale tars (0.1%



by weight BP) with high voltage electrical charge.  In series I (50 kV



0.0044 pV, 250 impulses) the concentration of BP in the tar was decreased




to 0.0023%.  In the second series of tests (30 kV, 0.6 pV, 50 impulses),




accompanied by plasma probing of the liquid, the content of BP decreased




to 0.003%.  Skin lubricated with the treated tar in 300 days caused






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tumors in 51.8% (series I) and 53.3%  (series II) of surviving animals,



and the use of the initial tar—in 97.9%.  Moreover, in the test groups




the tumors were less malignant and their quantity fewer than in the




control groups.  The physical and chemical characteristics of chamber tar




treated with an electrical charge was practically unchanged.




     Other new fields have opened up  for decarcinization of shale oil




products.  For example, it was shown  [16] that under the effect of




ultra violet radiation, BF in an aerated medium .is changed




      which results in eliminating the carcinogenic properties.  A




similar effect is also obtained when  using ionizing radiation, ozone,




chlorine and so forth.  However, the  change in content of 1 BP or




other carcinogenic hydrocarbons does  not yet give us information on the




initial decrease of blastomogenic activity of one or another product.




All the results of the biological studies are decisive at the present




time.




     The information presented in this article tells us that the




malignancy of organs must continuously be fought in order to make it




possible to establish the maximum permissible concentrations of carcino-




gens (DPK  [predel'no dopustimyye kontsentratsiya, maximum permissible




concentrations]).  Considering the experience of Soviet hygienists in




combatting toxic harmful substances one can propose that the introduction




of strict DPK of carcinogenic agents  will also direct technical thought




in the search for reliable ways of eliminating carcinogenic substances




from the media surrounding man.
                                     12

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                              BIBLIOGRAPHY

 1.   Bogovskiy,  P.A.,  Professional'ny_y_e opukholi kozhi, vyzvannyye
     produktami  perevabotki goryuchlkh iskopaeymykh. [Work-related skin
     tumors caused  by  the products of processing fossil fuels].
     Leningrad,  1960.

 2.   Bogovskiy,  P.A.,  Kantaerogennoye deystviye produktov pererabotki
     estonskogo  slantsa.  [The carcinogenic effect of products of
     processing  Estonian shale].  Tallin, 1961.

 3.   Bogovskiy,  P.A.,  Gortalum, G.M., Kozhevnikov, A.B., "On decarcin-
     ization of  some of the products of processing shales", In the
     collection, VIII  Mezhdunar.  protivorak kongress, [VIII International
     Anticancer  Congress], 1962,  v.  2, Moscow-Leningrad, 1963,
     pp.  575-576.

 4.   Vakhter, Kh., "Experimental materials on morphogenisis of the
     development of tumors induced by shale oils", Schol. article of
     Tartusk State  University, v. 79, 1959, Trudy po meditsine,
     pp.  99-103.

 5.   Veldrye, I.A., Lakhe, L.A.,  Arro, I. Kh., "On the content of
     3,4-benzpyrene in waste waters of enterprises of the shale in-
     dustry", Gigiena  i sanitariya,  1965, 2, pp. 104-105.

 6.   Vinkmann, F. Yu., "The carcinogenic effect of average-temperature
     tars obtained  during thermal treatment of oil shales", Vopr.
     gig, tr. i  prof,  pat, v. Est. SSR, 1970, 3, 2, 137-141.

 7.   Vinkmann, F. Yu., "The carcinogenic activity of shale pyrolyzed
     LSP-1 varnish  and its component parts", Schol. rec. of the
     Indtitute of Exper.  and Clin. Med. Moscow Public Health Est. SSR,
     (In print).

 8.   Vysamyae, A.I., "The blastomogenic effect of soot occurring during
     combustion  of  Estonian oil shales and liquid shale fuel",  In coll:
     VIII Mezhdunar. protivorak kongress, [VIII Internat. Anticancer
     Congress],  1962,  v.  2, Moscow-Leningrad, 1963, 546-549.

 9.   Vysamyae, A.I., "The carcinogenic effect of soot of oil shales in
     tests on induced tumors of the lung in white rats", Vopr. gig, tr.
     i prof, pat, v. Est. SSR, 1970, 3, 2, 122-127.

10.   Gortalum, G.M., Dikun, P.P., "Determining the content of 3,4-benz-
     pyrene in certain shale products and waste water of shale-chemical
     production", Gigiena i Sanitariya, 1958, 8, 24-27.
                                    13

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11.  Gubergrits, M. Ya., Bogovskiy, P.A., Brodskaya, B.M., Paal'mye, L.P.,
     "The possibility of decreasing the carcinogenic effect of shale tar
     by treatment with high-voltage electrical charges", Mater. II konfer.
     onkologov Lit. SSR, Latv. SSR i Est. SSR, [Material on the II
     conference of onocologlsts Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR, and
     Estonian SSR], Tallin, 1967, 138-139.

12.  Gubergrits, M. Ya., Kurso, U.E., "Carcinogenic properties, structure
     and reactive capacity of phenols", Vopr. onkologii, 1970, 8, 90-100.

13.  Loogna, G.O., "The necessity for complex prophylaxis of cancer in
     the Estonian SSR", Schol. rec. of the Institute of Exper. and
     Clin. Medic, of the Moscow Public Health Dept. Est. SSR,  (In print).

14.  Mirmye, Kh. Yu., "Comparative evaluation of the co-carcinogenic
     effect of shale phenols", Schol. rec. of the institute of Expr.
     Medicine of the Moscow Public Health Dept. Est. SSR, (in print).

15.  Paalmye, L., Gubergrits, M., "The kinetics of photochemical trans-
     formation of 3,4-benzpyrene in an aerated gasoline solution",
     Publ. AN Est. SSR, v. 16, Khlmiya-Geologiya, 1967, 1, 32-36.

16.  Purdye, M.K., "Sources of epidemiological research on cancer in
     the Estonian SSR"  (In the same collection).

17.  Turu, Kh., "The blastomogenic effect of tar obtained during process-
     ing of fine-grained shale on equipment with a solid heat-carrying
     agent", Publ. by AN Est. SSR, v. 10, ser. blol., 1961, 1, 13-18.

18.  Eyzen, O.G., Arro, I. Kh., "The carcinogenic compounds of certain
     tars of Estonian shale", Vopr. onkologii, 1959, 5, 2, 160-163.
                                    14

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                      and Barge Network, 1985 and Beyond
                      PB-260 597/PAT  152p  PC$6.75/MF$3.00

                      Proceedings of the Workshop on Solar Energy Storage
                      Subsystems for the Heating and Cooling of Buildings,
                      Held at Charlottesville, Virginia on April 16-18,1975
                      PB-252 449/PAT  191 p  PC$7.50/MF$3.00
HOW TO ORDER
  When  you  indicate  the method of  pay-
ment, please note if a purchase order is not
accompanied by payment, you will be billed
an additional $5.00 ship and bill charge.  And
please include the card expiration date when
     American Express.
  Normal delivery time takes three to five
\veeks. It is vital that you order by number
or your order will be manually filled, insur-
ing a delay. You can opt for airmail delivery
for $2.00 North American continent: $3.00
outside North American continent charge per
item. Just check the Airmail Service box. If
you're  really  pressed for time, call the NT1S
Rush Handling Service (703)557-4700. For a
$10.00 charge per item, your order will be
airmailed within 48 hours. Or, you can  pick
up your ord«r  in the Washington Informa-
tion Center & Bookstore or at our Springfield
Operations Center within 24  hours for  a
$6.00 per item charge.
  You may also place your order by tele-
phone or if you have an NTIS Deposit Ac-
count or an American Express card order
through TELEX. The order desk number is
(703) 557-4650 and the TELEX number is
89-9405.

  Thank you for your interest in NTIS. We
appreciate your order.
METHOD OF PAYMENT
Q Charge my NTIS deposit account no.
n Purchase order no. 	
Q Check enclosed for $
                NAME	
    Bill me. Add $5.00 per order and sign below. (Not avail-
    able outside North American continent.)                 ADDRESS-
    Charge to my American Express Card account number
                   II
                                                      CITY. STATE. ZIP.
Card expiration date_

Signature	
   Airm;ul Services requested


    Clip and mail to

    NTK
    National Technical Information Service
    U.S. DEPARTMENT  OF COMMERCE
    Springfield. Va. 22161
    (703) 557-4650 TELEX 89-9405
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