SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
ON
INDIAN RESERVATIONS
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region VIII
999 - 18th Street
Denver, Colorado 80202
PREPARED BY:
GERALD ALLEN
WILLARD BAKER
LEWYN "TEX" BARNES
ELISABETH EVANS
WILLIAM ROTKENMEYER
Illustrations by Nathaniel Miullo
August 1982
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This report has been reviewed by the Project Officer, EPA, and approved for
publication. Approval for publications does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency,
nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
Project Officer: William Rothenmeyer
II
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CONTENTS PAGE
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1 .
A. BACKGROUND 1
B. INDIAN RESERVATIONS REGION VIII 2
CHAPTER II WHY IMPROVE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 5
A. BACKGROUND 5
B. HEALTH HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH SOLID WASTE 6
C. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 6
1. AIR POLLUTION 8
2. WATER POLLUTION 8
3. AESTHETICS 8
CHAPTER III SOLID WASTE COLLECTION 10
A. BACKGROUND 10
B. HANDLING OF WASTES 10
C. COLLECTION OF WASTES 10
0. COLLECTION VEHICLES 14
E. ROUTING/SCHEDULING 15
F. OPERATIONS UNDER ABNORMAL CONDITIONS 21
CHAPTER IV SANITARY LANDFILLING, SITE SELECTION, LOCATION, AND DESIGN 24
A. BACKGROUND 24
B. SOLID WASTE DECOMPOSTION 24
C. LEACHATE 25
D. SURFACE WATER 25
E. GROUNDWATER 26
F. DECOMPOSITION GAS 27
G. CLIMATOLOGY 27
III
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PAGE
H. SITE SELECTION 27
I. SANITARY LANDFILL OPERATION 29 .
J. CLOSING OPEN DUMPS 31
CHAPTER V SPECIAL WASTES 34
A. INSTITUTIONAL WASTES 34
B. PESTICIDE/PESTICIDE CONTAINERS 34
C. DEAD ANIMALS 35
D. WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT SLUDGE 35
E. BULKY WASTES 35
F. RECOVERY OF SCRAP METAL FROM VEHICLES AND OTHER BULKY ITEMS 36
CHAPTER VI LANDFILL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS 38
A. BACKGROUND 38
B. INDIVIDUAL SAFETY 38
• C. FIRE 38
D. TRAFFIC CONTROL 39
E. FIRST AID 39
F. SALVAGE AND SCAVENGING 39
G. FIREARMS CONTROL 39
H. BIRD & AIRCRAFT HAZARDS 40
I. DECOMPOSITION GAS 40
J. COMMUNICATIONS 41
K. FENCING 41
IV
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CHAPTER VII MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE PROGRAMS
PAGE
43
A. BACKGROUND
B. TRIBAL COUNCIL
C. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY BOARD
D. TRIBAL UTILITIES DEPARTMENT BOARD OF DIRECTORS
E. UTILITIES OPERATION
F. PUBLIC AWARENESS PROGRAM
43
44
46
47
47
50
APPENDIX A DEFINITIONS
APPENDIX B BULK DENSITY OF MIXED WASTE AND WASTE COMPONENT
APPENDIX C RECOMMENDED SOLID WASTE INFORMATIONAL MATERIAL
APPENDIX D PEVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE
53
60
62
63
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1 GREEN BOXES
FIGURE 2 FRONT LOADER
FIGURE 3 REAR LOADER
FIGURE 4 SIDE LOADER
FIGURE 5 ROLL-ON ROLL OFF
FIGURE 6 TRIBAL ORGANIZATION PLAN
VI
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
For years we, as a Nation, have neglected solid waste management, and it.is
obvious that our present solid waste storage, collection, and disposal practices
are inadequate. A large portion of our solid waste is directly disposed of on
land in an unsatisfactory manner. Open and burning dumps, which are all too
common, contribute to water and air pollution and provide food, habitat, and
breeding grounds for insects, birds, rodents, and other carriers of disease.
This problem has been evident on American Indian reservations. The development
of satisfactory disposal practices and plans for all aspects of solid waste
management should be a requirement on all reservations. The development and
implementation of such plans will, however, require the combined support of all
Tribal members.
A. BACKGROUND
Since enactment of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of
1976, one of the major problem areas for solid waste management has been the
many native American Indian Reservations.
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act was enacted to assure that solid
waste are managed, so as to prevent damage to public health and the environ-
ment. The objectives are:
Regulation of hazardous wastes from the point of generation
through disposal—from the cradle to the grave;
Improvement of disposal practices for all other solid wastes to
meet environmental and health standards; and
Promotion of resource recovery and conservation as the preferred
waste management approach.
Under RCRA, state governments are charged with the responsibility for the
regulation of solid waste disposal sites within their respective boundaries.
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Since state governments often do not have authority to regulate solid waste
practices on Indian reservations, many reservations have not been given guidance
for upgrading solid waste disposal practices.
B. INDIAN RESERVATIONS REGION VIII
The American Indian Reservations are distinct from the rest of the Nation's
lands. Although the tribes are subject to Federal laws, they retain certain
rights, including all resource management, established under "Trust
Responsibility." It is EPA policy to promote comprehensive environmental man-
agement by both states and tribes consistent with overall aims and objectives
of Federal statutes.
In Region VIII, there are 26 Indian Reservations totalling 18,915,490 acres
x
with an approximate population of 100,000 residents. The reservations vary in
size from the 2,180 acre Flandreau Reservation to the 2,778,710 acre Pine Ridge
Reservation. A review of reservation solid waste disposal practices shows that
a majority are not in compliance with state or federal regulations.
Some of the many factors that contribute to the problem of solid waste man-
agement on the reservations are:
reservation boundaries that encompass one or more counties;
reservation boundaries that overlap state boundaries;
reservation boundaries that overlap several county boundaries;
reservation boundaries that overlap several planning districts; and
reservations that are divided by man-made or natural barriers;
These factors make it difficult, if not impossible, for the tribes to par-
ticipate in state or regional district management plans that may have been
developed to manage waste disposal. As a result, management of waste disposal
on reservations has lagged behind that of most state and local governments.
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Some of the conditions that are found on the reservations include:
1) numerous open dumps;
2) trenches throughout a reservation that lack evidence of
application of cover material;
3) uncontrolled burning;
4) lack of supervision or control measures at dump sites resulting
in haphazard disposal of waste and blowing debris;
5) dumps and open trenches that attract both domestic and wild ani-
mals and other vectors, potentially creating serious health
hazards for reservation residents; and
6) unpleasant odors.
To correct these undesirable conditions and improve the management of the
solid waste disposal system, each reservation must develop a complete solid
waste disposal management program. The program should include:
ordinances governing the collection and disposal of solid
wastes with penalties for improper disposal of waste;
a system for routine collection of solid wastes;
disposal of waste in a sanitary landfill; and
financing for solid waste collection and disposal.
By establishing measures to properly store, collect, and dispose of solid
wastes on the reservation, health hazards associated with improper waste dispos-
al can be controlled, land values maintained, air and water qualities protected,
and the quality of life improved.
To assist the reservations in developing a solid waste management program,
a packet has been developed. This packet, together with EPA document SW-281,
"Sanitary Landfill, Design and Operation", plus other EPA documents pertaining
to solid waste planning, should provide the information necessary to initiate a
solid waste management program.
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CHAPTER II: WHY IMPROVE SOLID HASTE MANAGEMENT
A. BACKGROUND
Solid wastes, if not properly disposed of, cause pollution. In some cases,
visual pollution can be considered a major part of the solid waste problem.
Simply viewing garbage and junk is highly offensive to some people and, there-
fore, these would be visual pollutants. Ash piles and residue from construction
projects are all less offensive, but are visual pollutants to some people.
The term "land pollution" is sometimes used in relation to solid waste.
Very often, this term is associated with visual pollution and with aspects of
biological or elemental environmental contamination.
Biological pollution, while the term is seldom used, has been the area of
primary concern by agencies concerned with solid waste management. Generally,
these agencies have recognized possible pathogenic (disease producing) materials
in solid waste delivered to a disposal site. Unless the sites are carefully
maintained it becomes possible for vectors (transporting agents) to carry
diseases away from a disposal site.
These vectors may be any form of animal life that visits the site and
either picks up or becomes infected with the disease agent. Vectors can be
insects, humans, birds, or other animal life. The most common vectors are rats;
however, domestic pets are far more likely to carry disease agents from a site
and subsequently infect local residents.
Disease carriers also may be wind or water. Disease agents, such as fungi
spores, typically are blown by wind from place to place. Bacteria and viruses
typically have been associated with water as a carrier. Elemental pollution
occurs when solid waste materials, both organic and inorganic, gradually break-
down into simpler compounds or basic elements. Some of these may be transported
from a disposal site by means of wind; however, most are probably moved from
site via water.
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To avoid threats to human health and the environment, proper solid waste
management practices must be put into effect. This document's purpose is to
assist in this effort.
B. HEALTH HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH SOLID WASTE
Health hazards associated with solid waste begin inside homes, schools,
hospitals, and other establishments at the point of waste generation. Solid
waste consists of food wastes, oily rags, loose paper, aerosol containers, or
explosive chemical containers, etc.
As a result of natural conditions, nontoxic wastes may become poisonous,
sterile wastes may become capable of transmitting disease, nonexplosive wastes
may cause explosions, and wastes which apparently have no injury-causing poten-
tial may in fact produce injury or even death. For example, within a matter of
hours at a warm temperature, organic matter, such as food scraps, can become a
potentially lethal source of toxic or disease-producing organisms. The organ-
isms do not have to be originally present in the host material because the envi-
ronment is normally well provided with spores and bacteria awaiting a favorable
site on which to multiply. Flies, mosquitos, rodents, and other vermin actively
transmit disease.
It has been estimated that 90 percent of the housefly population feeds on
open trash and open trash containers. Rats also rely on readily available
scraps of food such as those found i-n open dumps, overflowing trash containers,
or containers with improperly fitting lids or no lids at all. Refuse containing
organic wastes should be stored in closed containers with no spillage if at all
possible.
Improper handling, storage, and disposal of organic wastes result in filth
borne diseases such as dysentery, typhoid, cholera, plague, and hepatitis.
C. ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
In addition to creating human health problems, uncontrolled refuse disposal
also results in an unhealthy environment. Refuse is scattered by wind and
water. Dense black smoke often spews forth from community dumps.
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1. Air Pollution
When compared to the magnitude of emissions from autos and industry, the
air pollution from burning may at first seem insignificant. However, the compo-
sition of refuse coupled with the common methods of burning results in very
inefficient combustion. This combustion then produces smoke heavy in fly ash,
particulates, toxic gases and odors - all of which present nuisances to nearby
residents. In addition, the smoldering fires present a hazard due to flying
sparks, frequent explosions (bottles, light bulbs, and aerosol cans) and dangers
to children.
2. Hater Pollution
Uncovered refuse contaminates surface waters with every rainfall event.
This water borne refuse is particularly prevalent in many areas of the reserva-
tion where refuse is frequently dumped into "dry washes" along roadways. The
most obvious effect of this refuse laden water is the scattering of refuse down
the watershed. A more insidious problem is water contaminated with the sus-
pended and dissolved, decaying organic material, commonly known as "leachate".
Pollution of groundwaters is also a potential problem that may be caused by
inadequate disposal practices. This contamination is potentially very serious
because the suspended organic nutrients cannot easily decompose underground
without the presence of oxygen. Usually, the organic solids will eventually be
filtered out; however, the chemical salts and possible pesticides dissolved in
the leachate will never decompose nor can they be filtered out. This fact
presents a serious problem because if ground water contamination does occur, it
will take many years to dissipate even after the source is removed.
3. Aesthetics
Open dumps, indiscriminate dumping along roadways, and waste accumulating
in alleyways and backyards are not only health hazards; they are also
aesthetically degrading. Residents of reservations must be shown that proper
waste disposal methods are necessary to improve health, water, and general
living conditions.
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CHAPTER III: SOLID WASTE COLLECTION
A. BACKGROUND
Solid waste collection is the process of picking up from many locations/
dwellings the wastes of a community and hauling them to a disposal site. The
objectives of a collection system should be:
1) To protect the health and aesthetics of the living environment by
hauling the waste away in a sanitary manner;
2) To provide a desired level of service, i.e., in terms of frequency of
collection and points of collection; and,
3) To collect and dispose of the waste in a manner that is safe for
employees, as well as the public.
B. HANDLING OF WASTES
Wastes come from residences, commercial establishments, institutions,
municipal operations, industries, and farms. Some of these wastes may require
special methods of handling and disposal. Solid waste program managers should
know all the types of wastes that will be handled and make provisions for their
disposal. Materials that cannot be safely handled and disposed of should not be
accepted.
Residential, commercial and industrial wastes that are usually handled by a
solid waste system are often highly compactable. These wastes contain a hetero-
geneous mixture of materials such as paper, cans, bottles, cardboard, and wooden
boxes, plastics, lumber, metals, yard clippings, food wastes, and soil. Most of
these materials can be compacted under relatively low pressures.
C. COLLECTION OF WASTES
There are many types of collection services that a community can provide to
its residents. Door-to-door collection of wastes is the highest level of
service a community can provide its citizens. It is also the most expensive.
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On reservations where the population is small and rural in nature, distances
between residences may preclude an individual door-to-door collection service.
A potentially economical solid waste collection alternative is the use of
"greenboxes" (Figure 1: greenboxes). This type of collection provides a
reliable and the least costly method of refuse collection that can be provided
for reservation recipients. The "greenboxes" are placed at strategic or
convenient locations on the reservation, and residents bring their waste to the
locations.
The use of a greenbox collection system should be considered on reserva-
tions. Advantages of the use of green boxes include:
1) It is a cost effective means in terms of labor and equipment necessary
to do the job. Costs per ton, depending on the size of the containers,
are only one-fourth to one-half of the costs of door-to-door collec-
tion.
2) Management is simplified. Fewer trucks and workers are needed, thereby
reducing management problems.
3) Injuries are reduced, since laborers do not lift waste containers.
4) Since wastes can be deposited at anytime, waste does not have to be
held in or at the home or point of generation for extended periods of
time. Potential health hazards are reduced or eliminated.
5) Containers properly utilized will prevent dogs from feeding on and/or
scattering wastes.
6) Rodents, birds, and other pests are denied access to the waste.
7) Blowing trash and debris are minimized.
8) Moisture is prevented from entering the waste.
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FIGURE 1. GREENBOXES
SOURCE: GEORGE SWANSON & SON, INC., ARVADA. COLORADO
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"Greenboxes range from three to eight cubic yards in size and can be
designed so that the waste in the container can be emptied into front loading,
rear loading, or side loading vehicles.(See Figures 2, 3 and 4).
The items listed below should be prohibited from being disposed in green
boxes:
1) Dead animals
2) Burning or smoldering materials
3) Stumps and tree limbs greater than four feet in length
4) Construction and demolition debris
5) White goods (washers, dryers, stoves, refrigerators, etc.)
Another type of containerized collection system is the "roll-off" container
system. This system uses large open containers with a capacity of approximately
20 to 40 cubic yards. These containers are strategically located throughout the
reservation. The containers are not emptied into a vehicle, but instead are
replaced regularly by empty containers with the full containers being taken
directly to the disposal site and emptied. This system utilizes a tilt-frame
vehicle especially designed to handle the "roll-off" containers (see Figure
5). Unlike the green box system previously discussed, a special bulky waste
pickup service throughout the reservation would not be required since the 40
cubic yard containers are large enough to handle most types of wastes.
When comparing the green box and roll-off systems, it would appear to be a
trade-off. The green box system offers a higher number of drop locations
compared to the roll-off system; however, the roll-off system offers the oppor-
tunity to dump large loads of various size materials, including "white goods",
directly into the container where the green box system does not. The roll-off
system would require preparation of the location site for the container, to the
degree the tilt-frame vehicle could maneuver sufficiently to allow a straight
pull on/pull off. Roll-off container locations should be fenced to prevent
unlimited access.
There are several major advantages to bulk bin collection systems. The
first is that a collection system is provided where usually none had existed
before. Promiscuous dumping and use of community dumps are generally reduced.
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The sites can be located close to the users, and population and waste-generation
changes can be easily adapted to by changing the location of the containers.
As with any system, there are also disadvantages. On some models of the
small containers, green box lids are too heavy or are difficult for children or
adults to open. As a result, lids may be left open or wastes may be placed out-
side the container. With the larger roll-off type containers, lids are usually
not provided or are left open at the container site, allowing rainwater and
flies to enter and blowing litter to occur. At a minimum, the containers need
to be covered for hauling to the disposal site. As with any unattended site,
vandalism may occur and unsanitary conditions may develop unless the sites are
properly maintained.
D. COLLECTION VEHICLES
When setting-up or modifying a collection system, decisions on type of
equipment and size of the crews should not be made until the policies on level
of service have been established (e.g., points of collection and type of storage
containers). Many other factors, such as roundtrip time to the disposal site
and the amount of waste at each stop, will also have an impact on the decisions
concerning the selection of vehicle type and crew size.
There are many types of collection vehicles available, some of which are
designed for specific jobs. All the collection methods described below use a
compaction vehicle to reduce haul costs and prevent litter problems that often
occur with open-top trucks.
1. Side Loaders
Most side loaders range in sizes between 13 and 32 cubic yards. Their main
use is in collecting from residences and small commercial establishments, but
they can also collect from bulk containers. Most manufacturers offer hopper
loading on either side of the vehicle body, although for reasons of safety and
convenience the right side is most often used.
Single-family residential curbside service can be most economically pro-
vided by a one man side-loading vehicle with right-hand drive, a low step-in
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cab, and a separate power source for compaction. This system is best suited for
areas with relatively few items per stop and some distance between stops rather
than in areas with a high percentage of multiple-family buildings.
2. Rear Loaders
Rear loaders normally range in size from 16 to 25 cubic yards, and, like
the side loaders, their main use is in collecting from residences and small
commercial establishments, although they can also be used with bulk containers.
These types of vehicles are more suited for high population density areas with
more waste at each stop, very narrow streets, and alley collections. Rear
loaders normally utilize three man crews (including the driver who also collects
at many stops).
3. Front-End Loaders
The front-end loader has shown some merit in sparsely populated areas.
These trucks, which range in size from four to forty-one cubic yards, collect
from bulk containers usually varying in size from two to ten cubic yards.
The use of specialized or commercial vehicles under the appropriate condi-
tions can substantially reduce collection costs. Some of these systems require
a large initial capital investment, and others require extra citizen
cooperation.
E. ROUTING/SCHEDULING
1. Routing
The term routing as applied to solid waste management is the assignment of
collection routes. The objective is to optimize the use of collection vehicles
and workers while providing consistent service. Information essential to
routing includes haul times from the routes to the disposal site, crew size,
vehicle capacity, and types and amounts of waste that will be generated in each
area.
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FIGURE 2
FRONT LOADER
FRONT LOADER
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FIGURE 3
REAR LOADER
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FIGURE 4
SIDE LOADER
IS
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FIGURE 5
ROLL-ON/ROLL-OFF
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The Information needed for routing is generally available from different
sources. Recording this information on reservation/community maps is a practi-
cal way to handle it. Population figures may be obtained from Indian Health
Service (IMS), Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and Housing and Urban Development
(HUD) officials. The location of residents in rural areas may be obtained from
U.S. postal authorities. Once the data is gathered, indicate the number and
types of services (residential, commercial, etc.) on each side of the street or
road-way. A determination should be made as to whether crews are to collect on
one or on both sides of the street/road on a pass.
Routes should be designed to be as continuous as possible to minimize dead
distances (areas wherein no pick-up is scheduled) and delay times. Once the
initial route layout has been determined, the individual route should be
retraced and alternate routings or modifications attempted wherever long dead
distances exist.
Since the collection of solid waste will generally represent from 70 to 80
percent of a reservation's total waste management costs, collection routes must
be carefully planned. Consideration should be given to the miles traveled, the
total waste to be collected, and the capacity of the collection vehicle. In
order to increase fuel efficiency, routes should be planned so as to reduce the
distance that collection vehicle(s) travel with full loads as much as possible.
When a loop or circular collection route is planned, waste from the more
sparsely populated side of the route should be collected first and the return
trip should be on the more densely populated side of the route. When the route
is not a loop, and the collection vehicle goes out and returns on the same road,
waste collection should begin at the far end of the route and the waste should
be collected on the return trip. When practical, wastes should be collected on
both sides of a street/road while the collection vehicles are moving downhill.
The reasons are many and include: safety, ease, speed of collection, wear on
vehicle, and to conserve gas and oil.
2. Scheduling
Waste collection routes must be scheduled so that service will be provided
on a regular bases. To determine the schedule for solid waste pick-up, it is
necessary that solid waste management officials know the types and amounts of
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wastes being generated in each area. Commercial areas, hospitals, and schools
may require more frequent pick-ups than would a household.
When developing a weekly route schedule, it is suggested that all residen-
tial routes be scheduled for collection Monday through Thursday. Friday
mornings can then be utilized for preventative maintenance functions and collec-
tion from routes that may not have been complete Monday through Thursday.
Where possible, routes should be scheduled to collect wastes from hospi-
tals, schools, restaurants, grocery stores, or any other facility that generates
large quantities of food wastes on the afternoon route. This will prevent large
build-ups of food wastes and help control dogs, rats, and other vermin, as well
as flies and other insects.
F. OPERATIONS UNDER ABNORMAL CONDITIONS
There are conditions and factors such as weather, holidays, acts of nature,
etc. that may have an effect on the solid waste disposal schedule. Personnel in
solid waste management, particularly the manager, must be aware of these possi-
bilities and be ready to take the necessary actions to maintain the solid waste
collection and disposal service. Some of the problems that may require schedule
adjustment include:
1. Holidays
If the holiday is on a weekend, there should be no scheduling adjustments
necessary. If the holiday is an outside activity such as a rodeo, Pow-Wow, or
any other activity where a large number of people will attend, the operations
and maintenance manager should insure that an adequate number of containers are
on hand to hold the waste generated. If the holiday is on a weekday, collection
is slipped one day. (For example, if the holiday falls on a Wednesday, the
pick-up date is slipped to Thursday.)
2. Christinas
The two weeks after Christmas is the high volume time in the winter sea-
son. All containers should be emptied prior to the Christmas holiday season.
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Immediately after the holiday, routing should go back on schedule and larger
loads of waste should be anticipated.
3. Adverse Weather Conditions
One of the solid waste manager's jobs is to keep a close watch on weather
conditions. When these conditions present a hazard to collection personnel and
equipment, all operations should be suspended until they can continue safely.
When conditions are considered safe, collection should resume on the route that
was suspended and continue until all routes are back on schedule.
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CHAPTER IV: SANITARY LANDFILLING, SITE SaECTION, LOCATION, AND DESIGN
A. Background
Sanitary landfilling is an engineered method of disposing of solid wastes
on land by spreading them in thin layers, compacting them to the smallest prac-
tical volume, and covering them with soil each working day in a manner that pro-
tects the environment. By definition, no burning of solid waste occurs at a
sanitary landfill. A sanitary landfill is not only an acceptable and economic
method of solid waste disposal; it allows for the maximum utilization of land
designated for disposal purpose.
Thorough planning and the application of sound engineering principles to
all stages of site selection, design, operation, and completed use will result
in a successful and efficient sanitary landfill. To meet this objective, it is
also essential to have an understanding of solid waste decomposition processes -
how many variables may effect the decomposition rate, decomposition products,
and how these factors may affect the environment. In essence, these relation-
ships determine the physical stability of the fill and its potential to produce
such environmental problems as uncontrolled gas generation and movement and
water pollution. For detailed landfill information, EPA manual (SW-287), Sani-
tary Landfill Design and Operation, should be utilized.
B. Solid Waste Decomposition
A knowledge of solid waste decomposition processes is essential to proper
sanitary landfill site selection and design.
Solid wastes deposited in a landfill degrade chemically and biologically to
produce solid, liquid, and gaseous products. Organic and inorganic wastes are
utilized by microorganisms through aerobic and anaeorobic decomposition. Liquid
waste products of microbial degradation, such as organic acids, increase chemi-
cal activity within the fill. Food wastes degrade quite readily, while other
materials, such as plastics, rubber, glass and some demolition wastes, are
highly resistant to decomposition. Some factors that affect degradation are the
heterogeneous character of the wastes, their physical, chemical, and biological
properties, the availability of oxygen and moisture within the fill, and
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temperature. It is not possible to predict accurately contaminant quantities
and production rates due to the variety of factors including differences in
waste composition and landfill conditions.
Biological activity within a landfill generally follows a set pattern.
Solid wastes initially decompose aerobically, but as the oxygen supply is
exhausted, facultative and anaerobic microorganisms predominate. Under anaero-
bic conditions methane gas is produced. Methane gas is odorless and colorless
and is of concern since it may cause explosions. Temperatures rise to the high
mesophilie-low thermophilic range (60° to 150°F) because of microbial activity.
Characteristic products of aerobic decomposition of waste are carbon dioxide,
water, and nitrate. Typical products of anaerobic decomposition of waste are
methane, carbon dioxide, water, organic acids, nitrogen, ammonia, and sulfides
of iron, manganese, and hydrogen.
C. Leachate
Groundwater or infiltrating surface water moving through solid waste can
produce leachate, a solution containing dissolved and finely suspended solid
matter and microbial waste products. Leachate may leave the fill at the ground
surface, as a spring, or percolate through the soil and rocks that underlie the
waste. Composition of leachate is important in determining its potential
effects on the quality of nearby surface and groundwater. The most obvious
means of controlling leachate production and movement is to prevent water from
entering the fill to the greatest extent practicable. Moisture control measures
should start at the point the waste is generated, such as utilizing green boxes
with covers.
D. Surface Water
Surface water that infiltrates the cover soil and enters the underlying
solid waste can increase the rate of waste decomposition and eventually cause
leachate to emanate from the solid waste and create water pollution problems.
The permability of a soil is the measure of ease or difficulty with which
water can pass through it. This is greatly affected by the texture, gradation,
and structure of the soil and the degree to which it has been compacted.
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Coarse-grained soils (gravels and sands) are usually much more permeable than
fine-grained soils (silts and clays). However, small amounts of fine silts and
clays in a coarse-grained soil may greatly decrease permeability, while cracks
in fine grained soils may do the opposite.
The quantity of water that can infiltrate the soil cover of a landfill
depends not only on the above mentioned physical characteristics but also on the
residence time of the surface water. This can be minimized by: 1) diverting
upland drainage; 2) grading and sloping the daily and final cover to allow for
runoff; 3) decreasing the permeability of the cover material.
E. Groundwater
Groundwater is water that is contained within the zone of saturation of
soil or rock - that is, all the pores in the containing earth materials are
saturated. This zone is just beneath the land surface in many parts of the
country and is on the surface at many springs, lakes, and marshes. In some
areas, notably most of the arid west, the zone of saturation is deep in the
ground.
The water table is the surface where water stands in wells at atmospheric
pressure. In highly permeable formations, such as gravel, the water table is
essentially the top of the zone of saturation. In many fine grained formations,
however, capillary action causes water to rise above this zone, and the inexpe-
rienced observer might think this capillary fringe is part of the zone. Water
within the zone of saturation is not static. It moves vertically and laterally
at varying rates, depending on the permeability of the soil or rock formation in
which it is located and the external hydraulic forces acting upon it. Because
the conditions affecting groundwater occurrence are so complex, it is essential
that the landfill site investigation include an evaluation by a qualified
groundwater hydrologist. This is needed not only to locate the zone of satura-
tion but also to determine the direction and rate of flow of groundwater and the
quality of the aquifer.
Leachate from a landfill can contaminate groundwater. To determine if
leachate will produce a subsurface pollution problem, it is essential that the
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quality of the groundwater be established and that the aquifer's flow rate and
direction be determined.
F. Decomposition Gas
Gas is produced naturally when solid wastes decompose. The quantity gene-
rated in a landfill and its composition depend on the types of solid waste that
are decomposing. A waste with a large fraction of easily degradable organic
material will produce more gas than one that consists largely of ash and con-
struction debris. The rate of gas production is governed solely by the level at
which microbial decomposition is occurring in the solid waste. When decomposi-
tion ceases, gas production also ends. Chapter VI, Sanitary Landfill Safety
Considerations, contains information on the hazards of decomposition gas and
measures that can be taken to reduce these hazards.
G. Climatology
Wind, rain, and temperature directly affect landfill design and operation.
Windy sites need litter fences at the operating area and personnel to clean up
at the end of each day. Such sites can be very dusty when soil dries, irri-
tating workers and nearby residents. Frequent watering can serve as a dust
control measure.
H. Site Selection
Landfills must be properly sited to minimize ground or surface water
pollution, landfill gas hazards, and health hazards. Landfills should also be
located where they can be conveniently utilized and where they will not cause
land use conflicts.
A major consideration in selecting a landfill site is the hydrology of the
area. It is recommended that waste be deposited at least 5-10 feet above the
groundwater level to reduce the potential for groundwater contamination.
Efforts also must be taken to locate a site where surface water will not flow
onto the fill area and percolate through the soil cover to the deposited waste.
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In addition, landfills should not be located where there is a potential for
floods to cut through soil cover and cause washouts of waste.
An important difference between a dump and a sanitary landfill is the use
of soil cover at the latter. Landfill sites are best located in areas where
there is an ample supply of suitable soil that can be used for cover. Sometimes
soil can be hauled into a disposal site from another location. Proper cover
material controls flies, discourages the entrance of rodents seeking food, and
prevents scavenging birds from feeding on the waste. Cover material will also
reduce the amount of moisture that comes in contact with the waste.
A landfill site needs to have all-weather access roads. If access is not
provided, waste will be dumped along roadsides during periods of wet weather or
snow. Due to the high cost of road construction and maintenance, attempts
should be made to locate landfills near existing roads.
While it is desirable to have landfills near population centers to reduce
the haul distance for waste, landfills should not be placed close to homes,
schools, or businesses. In addition, high value agricultural land should not be
taken for landfill use.
The plan for a sanitary landfill should prescribe how the site will be
maintained to provide an orderly and sanitary operation. EPA officials should
be consulted for technical advice prior to selecting a site for a landfill.
I. Sanitary Landfill Operation
The best designed disposal facility will be of little value unless it is
constructed and operated as prescribed. This is especially true of a sanitary
landfill because it is under construction up to the day the last particle of
solid waste is disposed. Constructing the sanitary landfill on a daily basis in
accordance with the design should be required in an operation plan.
An operations plan is esentially the specification for construction, and it
should contain all items required to construct the sanitary landfill. It should
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describe: 1) hours of operation; 2) traffic flow and unloading procedures; 3)
designation of specific disposal areas and methods of handling and compacting
various solid wastes; 4) placement of cover material; 5) maintenance procedures;
6) adverse weather operations; 7) fire control; 8) litter control; and 9)
salvaging operations, if permitted. Chapter VI, Sanitary Landfill Safety
Considerations, contains safety requirements for landfill operations.
The hours of operation should be posted on a sign at the landfill
entrance. The sign should also indicate what wastes are not accepted, fees
charged (if any), and the names and telephone numbers of operating personnel.
The sanitary landfill should be open only when operators are on duty. If it is
anticipated that wastes will be brought to a disposal site after operating
hours, a large container should be placed outside the site entrance.
Chapter VI, Sanitary Landfill Safety Considerations, contains traffic
requirements.
J. Closing Open Dumps
Reservation solid waste management officials should develop a plan to elim-
inate dumps and to establish an acceptable substitute. The plan should provide
for informing everyone about the need for closing the dump(s) and the procedures
that will be followed. Consideration should be given to upgrading an existing
dump site to a sanitray landfill.
Residents and agencies must be kept informed of activities pertaining to
the dump(s) closing. Their cooperation is critical to a satisfactory solid
waste disposal program. They should, therefore, be informed:
o Why the dump is being closed
o How the job will be done
o What method of acceptable waste disposal will replace the dumps(s)
Keeping the residents and agencies informed should begin when the planning
starts and continue with progress reports until the dump is closed and the new
disposal method is operating successfully.
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Open dumping should be stopped prior to commencement of closing
operations. An alternative disposal site, with fixed and posted hours of
operations, must be established for the former users of the dump.
Area Clean-Up
Prior to covering the dump a major cleanup effort of the entire disposal
area should be made. All trash, litter and debris should be picked up and
deposited in the trench. The area should be as free of trash as possible.
Covering the Dump
After the area has been throughly policed and all waste deposited in the
trench, the dump surface should be graded, compacted, and covered with at least
2 feet of soil. A decision should be made as to whether a rat extermination
program is required at the dump. Information on rat extermination methods can
be obtained from the nearest county extension agent.
Cover material should be selected to limit the access of vectors, control
moisture entering the fill, control the movement of gas from the decomposing
waste, provide a pleasing appearance, control blowing paper, and support vegeta-
tion.
The depth of the cover material depends on the use planned for the closed
dump and the soil type. Usually 2 feet of cover is sufficient and it should be
graded to slopes of 2 percent or greater. Proper grading is important since it
prevents excessive soil erosion and ponding of water. Standing water infil-
trates into the deposited waste, resulting in groundwater pollution.
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CHAPTER V: SPECIAL WASTES
Special wastes are those wastes that require special management procedures
to ensure health and safety of personnel. Included in this category are:
A. Institutional Wastes
Solid wastes from schools, rest homes, and hospitals are usually handled in
the same manner as residential and commercial wastes. Hospital wastes include
such wastes as pathological and surgical waste and clinical and biological
laboratory waste. Pathological wastes, such as tissues, should be incinerated
at the hospital or transported to a hospital equipped with an incinerator. Ash
may be landfilled. Bacteriological waste should be autoclaved or disinfected by
other means, prior to disposal at the landfill.
B. Pesticide/Pesticide Containers
Pesticide and/or pesticide containers may end up in the waste stream. If
they are empty, they can be treated as other solid waste. If the containers are
full or partially full, consideration should be given to procedures designed to
recover some useful value from excess pesticides and containers. Where large
quantitites are involved, one of the first recommendations is that the material
be used for the purpose originally intended, providing that the use is legal and
label directions are followed. Another alternative is to return the material to
the manufacturer for potential reuse or reprocessing.
Should none of these alternatives be applicable, the ultimate disposal
method should be determined by the type of hazardous material involved. Organic
pesticides in empty pesticide bags which do not contain mercury, lead, cadmium,
arsenic, beryllium, selenium, or other toxic materials may be disposed of by
incineration unless prohibited by label instructions. If incineration is not
acceptable or available, disposal in specificily designated areas of the
landfill is suggested. Encapsulation prior to landfilling is recommended for
certain materials such as those containing mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic,
beryllium, selenium, or other toxic materials and all inorganic compounds which
may be highly mobile in the soil. Encapsulation of these will retard mobility
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and contain them within a small area which can be permanently marked and
recorded.
Among the disposal procedures not acceptable are water dumping and open-
dumping. Open burning of small quantities of certain containers and open-field
burial of single containers on farms and ranches by the pesticide user may be
acceptable in some areas.
C. Dead Animals
Dead cats, dogs, and livestock sometimes end up in the solid waste stream.
In general, small animals can be safely disposed of if taken directly to the
fill site and placed along with other waste and immediately covered. Whenever
possible, dead livestock should be disposed of through rendering plants or pet
food companies. These types of businesses should be contacted to determine
whether they will pick up the dead livestock. Dead livestock that cannot be
disposed of through rendering plants or pet food companies should be disposed of
by placing them in a special pit and covering them with two feet of compacted
soil. Due to the severe winter conditions that prevail in this region, live-
stock losses can be severe. This is particularly true in late fall and early
spring.
D. Hater and Waste Hater Treatment Plant Sludge
Dewatered sludges and dewatered digested sludges received from water and
waste water treatment plants can be disposed of at a sanitary landfill. In most
cases, they can be placed in the regular part of the fill, but they should be
covered immediately. If their moisture content is relatively high, the sludges
should be mixed with other wastes before being covered to prevent localized
leaching. Raw sewage sludges and septic tank pumpings should not be disposed of
at a sanitary landfill.
E. Bulky Hastes
Bulky wastes are those items whose large size precludes or complicates
their handling by normal collection, processing, or disposal methods. Bulky
wastes include abandoned and scrapped vehicles, demolition and construction
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debris, large appliances, tree stumps, and timber. "White goods" (refrigera-
tors, washers, dryers, etc.) should be collected on special dates. A biannual
scheduled pickup (spring and fall) should be sufficient. These dates should be
given the widest possible publicity to enable residents to ready their bulky
waste for pickup. Residents should be warned to remove doors from all discarded
large appliances to prevent the possibility of a small child becoming locked
inside while playing. Demolition and construction debris should be hauled by
the contractor directly from the building site to the fill area for disposal.
Selected loads of demolition and construction debris such as broken concrete,
asphalt, bricks, and plaster can be stockpiled and used to build or improve on-
site roads.
F. Recovery of Scrap Metal from Vehicles and Other Bulky Items
A special area of the landfill should be designated for abandoned and
scrapped vehicles. A special effort should be made to collect all abandoned and
scrapped vehicles reservation wide, and deliver them to a specifically desig-
nated area of the landfill. Vehicles and white goods may be sold to junk car or
scrap iron dealers. If the abandoned or scrap vehicles are to be disposed of at
the local landfill, they should be crushed on solid ground to reduce the volume,
then pushed onto the working face, near the bottom of the cell or into a sepa-
rate disposal area.
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CHAPTER VI: SANITARY LANDFILL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
A. Background
The nature of operations at landfill sites is such that the risk of acci-
dent/injuries, fires and health hazards is significant. The reduction of acci-
dent/injuries on the job means savings in time, money and equipment, not to men-
tion reducing suffering and disabililty to members of the work force. The deve-
lopment and enforcement of a continuing safety program will help reduce the
accident/injury potential at the landfill operation, thereby reducing the over-
all cost of the operation. Areas of concern should include but are not limited
to:
B. Individual Safety
Personnel working at landfill sites should be familiar with the nature and
hazards of the operation they are performing. Proper safety clothing and equip-
ment should be used at all times. Examples of safety equipment are: safety
shoes, shatter-proof glasses, heavy work gloves, chemically resistant work
clothes, and hard hats.
C. Fire
Burning of wastes is not permitted at a sanitary landfill, but fires occur
occasionally when there is careless handling of open flames and smoldering waste
materials. The use of daily cover should keep fire in a cell that is under
construction from spreading laterally to other cells. All equipment operators
should keep a fire extinguisher on the their machines at all times since it may
be necessary to put out a small fire. If the fire is too large, waste in the
burning area should be spread out so that water can be applied. This is an
extremely hazardous chore, and water should be sprayed on those parts of the
machine that come in contact with the hot wastes. A fire plan for the landfill
should spell out fire-fighting procedures and sources of water. All landfill
personnel should be thoroughly familiar with these procedures. In the event a
collection truck arrives carrying burning wastes, it should not be allowed near
the working face of the fill but be routed as quickly as possible to a safe area
away from buildings, where its load can be dumped and the fire extinguished.
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D. Traffic Control
Traffic flow on the landfill site can effect the efficiency of daily opera-
tions. Haphazard routing in the area can lead to indiscriminate dumping and
cause accidents. Pylons, barricades, guardrails, and traffic signs can be used
to direct traffic. All vehicles hauling waste to the landfill should be of a
closed type or have the means to properly secure the load to prevent the blowing
or falling off of waste matter en route to the landfill. This requirement
should apply to private vehicles delivering waste to the landfill site.
E. First Aid
First aid kits should be installed on all landfill vehicles and in the
landfill office. All landfill operating personnel should be familiar with first
aid procedures.
F. Salvage and Scavenging
Scavenging, sorting through waste to recover salvageable items, must be
strictly prohibited at the working face. Scavengers are too intent on searching
to notice the approach of spreading and compacting equipment, and they risk
being injured. Moreover, some of the items collected may be harmful, such as
food waste, canned or otherwise, which may be contaminated.
G. Firearms Control
Landfill sites are usually in areas where population density is light, and
often the areas surrounding or adjacent to the landfill are open country or farm
land. These areas and the landfill site are likely to attract people interested
in target shooting or small game hunting. Signs should be posted outside the
landfill boundaries in all directions warning that hunting, target practice, or
shooting of any type is not permitted within 300 feet of the landfill perimeter
or on the landfill proper.
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H. Bird/Aircraft Hazards
Birds attracted to landfill sites can be a nuisance, a health hazard, and a
danger to low-flying aircraft. The primary method to reduce the problem is to
make each working face as small as possible and to cover all wastes as soon as
possible.
I. Decomposition Gas
Gas is produced naturally when solid wastes decompose. The quantity gene-
rated in a landfill and its composition depend on the types of solid wastes that
are decomposing. Methane and carbon dioxide are the major constituents of land-
fill decomposition gas, but other gases are also present and some may impart a
repugnant odor.
Landfill gas is important to consider when evaluating the effect a landfill
nay have on the environment, because methane can explode when present in air at
concentrations between 5 and 15 percent. Since there is no oxygen present in a
landfill when methane concentrations in it reach this critical level, there is
no danger of the fill exploding. If, however, methane vents into the atmosphere
(its specific gravity is less than that or air) it may accumulate in buildings
or other enclosed spaces at dangerous levels close to a sanitary landfill.
The potential movement of gas is, therefore, an essential element to
consider when selecting a site. It is particularly important if enclosed struc-
tures are built on or adjacent to the sanitary landfill or if it is to be
located near existing industrial, commercial, and residential, areas. Periodic
checks of buildings on or adjacent to the landfill should be made.
Landfill gas movement can be controlled if sound engineering principles are
applied. Permeable vents and impermeable barriers are the two most widely used
methodologies.
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J. Communications
Telephone or radio communication should be provided so that landfill
operating personnel will be able to report fires or injuries. The use of a
radio that can be tied into the police network or the highway department should
be satisfactory.
K. Fencing
Peripheral and litter fences are commonly needed at sanitary landfills.
The type is used to control or limit access, keep out children, dogs, and other
large animals, screen the landfill, and delineate the property line. Litter
fences are used to control blowing paper in the immediate vicinity of the
working face. As a general rule, trench operations require less litter fencing
because the solid waste tends to be confirmed within the walls of the trench.
At a very windy trench site, a 4 foot snow fence will usually suffice.
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CHAPTER VII: MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE PROGRAMS
A. Background
The size of operations carried out in a solid waste disposal system and
the area served will influence the mechanics of management. The purpose and
goal of solid waste management should be to consolidate and coordinate all the
resources necessary to dispose of solid wastes in the most sanitary and effi-
cient manner possible.
Most effort in the management of solid waste has been directed toward
densely populated areas where solid waste volumes are generated in thousands of
tons per day, where the population density may be hundreds of people per city
block, and where finding a location for a sanitary landfill is difficult.
On Indian reservations, on the other hand, we are dealing with the management of
solid waste in rural areas, and management considerations are significantly
different: the population density may be three to four persons per square mile;
waste is generated in hundreds of tons per year; and having the waste collected
and deposited in a minimum of locations is a major problem.
Because of the ease of indiscriminate dumping of wastes in rural areas, the
focus for solid waste management must be on waste control, starting at the
generation point and continuing through collection and transportation to final
disposal in a sanitary landfill. Wastes that are not collected and disposed of
properly often find their way into the nearest gully, stream, or roadway.
To ensure proper solid waste management, the operations must be institu-
tionalized as are other functions of tribal government. There is no one set
method to set up a program for solid waste management and to incorporate it into
the tribal government. However, certain functions of management must be
addressed, and support of the tribal council is necessary.
One function is the regulation of solid waste management practices to
ensure that public health and the environment are protected. Due to the impor-
tance of regulation, tribal governments should be directly involved and not
depend upon regulation from outside the reservation. Ordinances should be
enacted to prohibit individuals from activities such as indiscriminate dumping.
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Organizations which provide environmental services must also be regulated. For
example, criteria that landfills are operated and maintained in a manner which
does not damage the environment should be included in ordinances.
Tribal utility departments are often set up to provide reservations with a
water supply and to provide wastewater treatment. A tribal utilities department
can also be set up to provide the public with solid waste collection and
disposal service.
There are two basic functions which should be provided so that a tribal
utilities department can be effective. These are overall department planning
and direction and day-to-day management.
The final function relates to actual operations which include the collec-
tion truck drivers and the landfill operators.
Figure 6 is an example of an organization which would provide all of the
functions that are necessary for proper solid waste management. This is pro-
vided only as an example, and it is not expected that this exact organizational
plan will be adopted. Some of the duties and responsibilities of the different
sections of this organizational plan are discussed here to show how the neces-
sary functions can be arranged.
B. Tribal Council
The tribal council has the responsibility to chart a course for the reser-
vation to follow. The level of support and effort by the tribal council is the
key factor in solid waste management on the reservation. The following actions
are recommended for tribal councils:
1. Adopt an ordinance that regulates landfill site selection, design, and
operation. The Environmental Protection Agency's criteria for solid
waste disposal facilities and practices should be used in this ordi-
nance.
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FIGURE 6
TRIBAL ORGANIZATIONAL PLAN
LAND USE
SOLID WASTE DEPT.
OPERATIONS MANAGER
PERSONNEL
TRIBAL COUNCIL
ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY BOARD
UTILITIES DEPARTMENT
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
UTILITIES DEPARTMENT
GENERAL MANAGER
RECORD KEEPING
OFFICE MANAGER
PERSONNEL
AIR
SEWER AND WATER DEPT.
OPERATIONS MANAGER
PERSONNEL
-45-
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2. Adopt ordinances that make it mandatory for all solid waste generators
within the reservation boundary to use the solid waste management
system adopted for the reservation.
3. Assist the Environmental Quality Board and utility service to secure
adequate assistance and financing to carry out their duties.
4. Set up utillities service as a chartered tax exempt entity of the
tribe. This is a common practice for states, counties and cities to be
exempt from federal, state and local taxes.
5. Request technical assistance from other federal agencies responsible
for health and sanitation considerations on reservations.
C. Environmental Qualilty Board
The Environmental Quality Board should be a standing board to oversee all
aspects of the reservation's environmental quality including safe drinking
water, wastewater treatment, noise, air pollution, and pesticide use. This
board should consist of managers of other tribal programs that are concerned
with health, safety, and welfare of the reservation and its inhabitants. The
board membership should include: the tribal attorney, tribal police chief,
health board chairman, and other program directors. Provision should be made
for additional board members, appointed by the tribal council, who have the
experience and abililty to contribute to its functioning.
The general duties of the Environmental Qualilty Board should be:
1) to evaluate the overall quality of the environment on the reservation;
2) to develop standards for reservation environmental quality;
3) to develop guidelines to achieve these standards and to comply with the
needs of the reservation and with federal standards;
4) to incorporate standards and guidelines into ordinances that are
presented to the tribal council for approval and adoption.
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The Environmental Qualilty Board may develop specific responsibilities for
different aspects of environmental concern. For solid waste management, these
should be:
1) to meet two to four times a year unless special projects, such as
drafting ordinances, require more frequent meetings;
2) to develop a reservation-wide solid waste ordinance;
3) to evaluate health or environmental problems which result from solid
waste collection and disposal practices and make recommendations for
necessary changes to the tribal council.
D. Tribal Utilities Department Board of Directors
This board oversees the activity of the tribal utililties department
program. Its membership should include persons from both the public and private
sectors who have experience in solid waste management. The duties of the board
should be:
1) to evaluate the overall performance of the organization;
2) to develop standards and procedures for the organization;
3) to inform the general manager of any changes in operational standards
or procedures that need to be carried out;
4) to meet with the environmental qualilty board to discuss problems and
solutions concerning utililty service operations.
E. Utilities Operation
The utilities operation may be divided into segments which cover operations
which are performed; for example, sewer and water, solid waste, and office
management. A general manager is responsible for the overall utilities opera-
tions and under this position are managers for each operation area. This
requires skill in many areas, especially financial management and public
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relations. The general manager need not be highly skilled at doing the physical
work, but should have a working knowledge of each area of utilities operations.
The duties of the general manager include:
1) to produce monthly income and cost records and present them in detail
to the board of directors;
2) to meet with other program managers and district leaders to be informed
of impending changes that might affect utilities operations;
3) to develop an on-going public relations program.
Within the utilities operation, there are various positions responsible for
specific functions. The positions are:
1) Office Manager is responsible for the daily operations of the utili-
ties organization including billing, procurement, and payment. The
manager's duties include:
1) accurate record keeping and evaluation
2) personnel training and evaluation
3) proper communication with personnel
4) financial management
5) public relations
2) Solid Waste Department Operations Manager serves both as the director
of other solid waste department employees and as the landfill opera-
tor. Specifically, the day-to-day responsibilities of the solid waste
manager include:
1) landfill operator
2) personnel training
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3) personnel work scheduling
4) system record keeping
5) system evaluation
6) preventive maintenance scheduling
7) personnel records
As the landfill operator, the manager has ample time for these functions.
He will see each route driver in the morning and possibly several times a day.
Skills necessary for this position are many and are the key to the overall
success of this operation. These skills include:
1) direction of working people
2) working knowledge of all equipment used
3) landfill management
4) routing and scheduling
5) mileage and volume records
6) operational safety and first-aid
7) customer relations
8) customer service requirements
9) solid waste management
3) Route Drivers: Each driver should be a qualilfied equipment operator
with a good driving record. Basic skills required are:
1) truck driving
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2) operational safety and first-aid
3) preventive maintenance
4) customer relations
4) Shop Mechanic: The mechanic should be familiar with all the equipment
that is used for the solid waste operations. Basic skills of the
mechanic should be:
1) diesel and gas engine maintenance
2) standard and automatic transmission
3) hydraulic systems
4) welding
5) painting
6) preventive maintenance
7) operational safety and first-aid
The personnel-system manager, the route drivers, and the mechanic should be
cross-trained to carry out the duties of the other positions. Each one does not
have to be highly skilled at the other positions, but the abililty to substi-
tute in another position in case of illness, breakdown, or emergency is very
important.
F. Public Awareness Programs
Public Awareness is one of the most important administrative functions in
the solid waste management plan. Convincing reservation residents of the advan-
tages of a viable solid waste collection and disposal system may be a tedious
process but can be accomplished by explanation and education. The program must
be continuous, beginning early in the long range planning stages and continuing
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after operations begin. Public awareness programs should stress that proper
waste management and disposal will reduce potential health and environmental
hazards. The media available for public awareness purposes include radio, tele-
vision, newspapers, signs on collection vehicles, and billing receipt ads.
Extensive "stumping" and support by elected officials in support of a proposed
solid waste disposal system is invaluable.
A key aspect of a public awareness program is the procedure for handling
citizen complaints. Deficiencies in operating methods or employee courtesy
should be investigated and acted on promptly. If this practice is followed,
citizens and employees will become more conscientious.
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APPENDIX A
DEFINITIONS
ABANDONED
VEHICLE
A VEHICLE THAT APPLICABLE STATE LAWS DEEM TO HAVE BEEN
ABANDONED.
AGRICULTURAL
SOLID WASTE
THE SOLID WASTE THAT RESULTS FROM THE REARING AND
SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS AND THE PROCESSING OF ANIMAL
PRODUCTS AND ORCHARD AND FIELD CROPS.
AQUIFER
A GEOLOGIC FORMATION, GROUP OF FORMATIONS, OR PART OF A
FORMATION THAT IS CAPABLE OF YIELDING USABLE QUANTITIES OF
GROUND WATER TO WELLS OR SPRINGS.
BULKY WASTE
ITEMS WHOSE LARGE SIZE PRECLUDES OR COMPLICATES THEIR
HANDLING BY NORMAL COLLECTION, PROCESSING, OR DISPOSAL
METHODS.
CELL
THE DAILY VOLUME OF SOLID WASTES THAT ARE DEPOSITED AND
ENCLOSED BY COVER MATERIAL IN A LANDFILL.
COLLECTION
THE ACT OF REMOVING SOLID WASTE FROM THE CENTRAL STORAGE
POINT AT THE SOURCE OF GENERATION.
CONTAMINATION
THE DEGRADATION OF NATURALLY OCCURRING WATER, AIR OR SOIL
QUALITY EITHER DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY AS A RESULT OF MAN'S
ACTIVITIES.
COMMERCIAL
SOLID WASTE
DEAD ANIMALS
SOLID WASTE GENERATED BY STORES, OFFICES, AND OTHER
ACTIVITIES THAT DO NOT ACTUALLY TURN OUT A PRODUCT.
ANIMALS THAT HAVE DIED FROM ANY CAUSE EXCEPT THOSE
SLAUGHTERED FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION.
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DISPOSAL
THE ORDERLY PROCESS OF DISCARDING USELESS OR UNWANTED
MATERIAL.
DUMP
A LAND WHERE SOLID WASTE IS DISPOSED OF IN A MANNER THAT
DOES NOT PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT.
FLOODPLAIN
THE LOWLAND AND RELATIVELY FLAT AREAS ADJOINING INLAND AND
COASTAL WATERS, INCLUDING FLOODPRONE AREAS OF OFFSHORE
ISLANDS, WHICH ARE INUNDATED BY THE BASE FLOOD.
GENERATION
THE ACT OR PROCESS OF PRODUCING SOLID WASTE.
HAZARDOUS
WASTE
THOSE WASTES SUCH AS TOXIC, RADIOACTIVE OR PATHOGENIC
SUBSTANCES WHICH REQUIRE SPECIAL HANDLING TO AVOID ILLNESS
OR INJURY TO PERSONS OR DAMAGE TO PROPERTY.
GROUND WATER
WATER BELOW THE LAND SURFACE IN THE ZONE OF SATURATION.
INCINERATION
THE CONTROLLED PROCESS BY WHICH SOLID, LIQUID, OR GASEOUS
COMBUSTIBLE WASTE ARE BURNED AND CHANGED INTO GASES, AND THE
RESIDUE PRODUCED CONTAINS LITTLE OR NO COMBUSTIBLE
MATERIAL.
INCINERATOR
AN ENGINEERED APPARATUS USED TO BURN WASTE SUBSTANCES AND IN
WHICH ALL THE FACTORS OF COMBUSTION-TEMPERATURE, RETENTION
TIME, TURBULENCE, AND COMBUSTION AIR—CAN BE CONTROLLED.
INDUSTRIAL
SOLID WASTE
SOLID WASTE THAT RESULTS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES AND
MAUFACTURING.
INFECTIOUS
WASTE
(1) EQUIPMENT, INSTRUMENTS, UTENSILS (OF A DISPOSAL NATURE),
AND ANY SUBSTANCES THAT MAY HARBOR OR TRANSMIT PATHOGENIC
ORGANISMS FROM THE ROOMS OF PATIENTS WHO ARE SUSPECTED TO
HAVE OR HAVE BEEN DIAGNOSED AS HAVING A COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
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INSTITUTIONAL
SOLID WASTE
(2) LABORATORY WASTES, SUCH AS TISSUES, SPECIMENS OF BLOOD
ELEMENTS, EXCRETA, AND SECRETIONS OBTAINED FROM PATIENTS OR
LABORATORY ANIMALS.
SOLID WASTE ORIGINATING FROM EDUCATIONAL, HEALTH CARE, AND
RESEARCH FACILITIES.
LANDFILL
A FACILITY FOR THE DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE INVOLVING THE
PLACEMENT OF SOLID WASTE ON OR INTO THE LAND SURFACE, AND
USUALLY INVOLVING COMPACTION AND COVERING OF THE DISPOSED
SOLID WASTE, AND WHICH IS NOT A LANDSPREADING OR SURFACE
IMPOUNDMENT FACILITY.
LEACHATE
LIQUID CONTAINING DISSOLVED OR SUSPENDED MATERIALS THAT
EMERGES FROM SOLID WASTE.
MONITORING
WELL
A WELL USED TO OBTAIN WATER SAMPLES FOR WATER QUALITY
ANALYSIS OR TO MEASURE GROUND WATER LEVELS.
NATURAL
RESOURCES
MATERIALS WHICH HAVE USEFUL PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
WHICH EXIST, UNUSED, IN NATURE.
NON-RESIDENTIAL
SOLID WASTE
SOLID WASTE FROM AGRICULTURAL, COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL, OR
INSTITUTIONAL ACTIVITIES OR A BUILDING OR GROUP OF BUILDINGS
CONSISTING OF FIVE OR MORE DWELLING UNITS.
OPEN BURNING
THE COMBUSTION OF SOLID WASTE WITHOUT (1) CONTROL OF
COMBUSTION AIR TO MAINTAIN ADEQUATE TEMPERATURE FOR
EFFICIENT COMBUSTION, (2) CONTAINMENT OF THE COMBUSTION
REACTION IN AN ENCLOSED DEVICE TO PROVIDE SUFFICIENT
RESIDENCE TIME AND MIXING FOR COMPLETE COMBUSTION, AND (3)
CONTROL OF THE EMISSION OF THE COMBUSTION PRODUCTS.
OPEN DUMP
A SITE FOR THE DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE WHICH DOES NOT COMPLY
WITH THE "CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFICATION OF SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL FACILITIES".
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PERMAFROST
PERMANENTLY FROZEN SUBSOIL.
PERIODIC
APPLICATION
OF COVER
MATERIAL
THE APPLICATION OF SOIL OR OTHER SUITABLE MATERIAL OVER
DISPOSED SOLID WASTE AT SUCH FREQUENCIES AND IN SUCH A
MANNER AS TO CONTROL VECTORS AND INFILTRATION OF
PRECIPITATION; REDUCE AND CONTAIN ODORS, FIRES, AND LITTER;
AND TO ENHANCE THE FACILITY'S APPEARANCE AND FUTURE
UTILIZATION.
POLLUTION
THE CONDITION CAUSED BY THE PRESENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF
SUBSTANCES OF SUCH CHARACTER AND IN SUCH QUANTITIES THAT THE
QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT IS IMPAIRED OR RENDERED OFFENSIVE
TO LIFE.
POTENTIAL
ZONE OF
INFLUENCE
THAT AREA WITHIN A WATER RESOURCE WHICH COULD BE
CONTAMINATED BY LEACHATE OR OTHER MATERIALS DERIVED FROM A
LANDFILL DISPOSAL FACILITY.
PROCESSING
ANY METHOD, SYSTEM, OR OTHER TREATMENT DESIGNED TO CHANGE
THE PHYSICAL FORM OR CHEMICAL CONTENT OF SOLID WASTE.
RECOVERED
RESOURCES
MATERIALS WHICH STILL HAVE USEFUL PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES AFTER SERVING A SPECIFIC PURPOSE AND CAN,
THEREFORE, BE REUSED OR RECYCLED FOR THE SAME OR OTHER
PURPOSES.
RECOVERY
THE PROCESS OBTAINING MATERIAL OR ENERGY RESOURCES FROM
SOLID WASTE; SYNONYMS: EXTRACTION, RECLAMATION, SALVAGE.
ENERGY RECOVERY
THE OBTAINING OF ENERGY AVAILABLE FROM THE HEAT GENERATED
WHEN SOLID WASTE IS INCINERATED.
RECYCLING
THE PROCESS BY WHICH RECOVERY RESOURCES ARE TRANSFORMED INTO
NEW PRODUCTS IN SUCH A MANNER THAT THE ORIGINAL PRODUCTS
LOSE THEIR IDENTITY.
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RENDERING
RESIDENTIAL
SOLID WASTE
A PROCESS OF RECOVERING FATTY SUBSTANCES FROM ANIMAL PARTS
BY HEAT TREATMENT, EXTRACTION, AND DISTILLATION.
ALL SOLID WASTE THAT NORMALLY ORIGINATES IN A RESIDENTIAL
ENVIRONMENT. THIS DEFINITION IS APPLICABLE TO THE SOLID
WASTE FROM A BUILDING OF FOUR OR LESS SEPARATE UNITS.
REPROCESSING
THE ACTION OF CHANGING CONDITION OF A SECONDARY MATERIAL.
REUSE
THE REPRODUCTION OF A COMMODITY INTO AN ECONOMIC STREAM
WITHOUT ANY CHANGE IN ITS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS.
RUNOFF
THE PORTION OF PRECIPITATION THAT DRAINS FROM AN AREA AS
SURFACE FLOW.
SALVAGING
THE CONTROLLED REMOVAL OF WASTE MATERIALS FOR UTILIZATION.
SANITARY
LANDFILL
A SITE WHERE SOLID WASTE IS DISPOSED USING SANITARY
LANDFILLING TECHNIQUES.
SANITARY
LANDFILLING
AN ENGINEERED METHOD OF DISPOSING OF SOLID WASTE ON LAND IN
A MANNER THAT PROTECTS THE ENVIRONMENT BY SPREADING THE
WASTE IN THIN "LAYERS, COMPACTING IT TO THE SMALLEST
PRACTICAL VOLUME, AND COVERING IT WITH SOIL BY THE END OF
EACH WORKING DAY.
SCAVENGING
THE UNCONTROLLED REMOVAL OF MATERIALS AT ANY POINT IN SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT.
SCRAP
DISCARDED OR REJECTED MATERIAL OR PARTS OF MATERIAL THAT
RESULT FROM MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS AND ARE SUITABLE FOR
REPROCESSING OR RECYCLING.
(PROMPT) INDUS-
TRIAL SCRAP
SCRAP THAT IS GENERATED DURING THE MANUFACTURE OF A
PRODUCT.
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SECONDARY
MATERIAL
A MATERIAL THAT IS UTILIZED IN PLACE OF A PRIMARY OR RAW
MATERIAL IN MANUFACTURING A PRODUCT.
SEPARATION
THE SYSTEMATIC DIVISION OF SOLID WASTE INTO DESIGNATED
COMPONENTS.
SLUDGE
ANY SOLID, SEMISOLID, OR LIQUID WASTE GENERATED FROM A
MUNICIPAL, COMMERCIAL, OR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANT, WATER SUPPLY TREATMENT PLANT OR AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
FACILITY OR ANY OTHER SUCH WASTE HAVING SIMILAR
CHARACTERISTICS AND EFFECTS.
SOLID WASTE
USELESS, UNWANTED, OR DISCARDED MATERIAL WITH INSUFFICIENT
LIQUID CONTENT TO BE FREE FLOWING.
SOLID WASTE
MANAGEMENT
THE PURPOSEFUL, SYSTEMATIC CONTROL OF THE GENERATION,
STORAGE, COLLECTION, TRANSPORT, SEPARATION, PROCESSING,
RECOVERY AND DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE.
STORAGE
THE INTERIM CONTAINMENT OF SOLID WASTE, IN AN APPROVED
MANNER, AFTER GENERATION AND PRIOR TO ULTIMATE DISPOSAL.
TRANSPORT
THE MOVEMENT OF SOLID WASTE.
TRANSFER
STATION
A SITE AT WHICH SOLID WASTE IS CONCENTRATED AFTER COLLECTION
AND BEFORE PROCESSING OR DISPOSAL.
VECTOR
A CARRIER THAT IS CAPABLE OF TRANSMITTING PATHOGENS FROM ONE
ORGANISM TO ANOTHER.
WATER TABLE
THE UPPER SURFACE OF THE ZONE OF SATURATION IN AN UNCONFINED
AQUIFER AT WHICH THE PRESSURE IS EQUAL TO ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE.
WETLANDS
THOSE AREAS THAT ARE INUNDATED OR SATURATED BY SURFACE OR
GROUND WATER AT A FREQUENCY AND DURATION SUFFICIENT TO
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SUPPORT A PREVALENCE OF VEGETATION TYPICALLY ADAPTED FOR
LIFE IN SATURATED SOIL CONDITION. WETLANDS GENERALLY
INCLUDE SWAMPS, MARSHES, BOGS, AND SIMILAR AREAS.
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APPENDIX B
BULK DENSITY OF MIXED WASTES AND WASTE COMPONENT
1. RESIDENTIAL WASTE COMPONENTS
GRASS AND TRIMMINGS
METAL CANS
UNBROKEN GLASS AND BOTTLES
BROKEN GLASS
RAGS
PAPER AND CARDBOARD
PAPER
WET PAPER
RUBBER
TREE CUTTINGS
LOGS AND STUMPS
GREEN LOGS
LIMBS AND LEAVES
BRUSH
FURNITURE
MAJOR APPLIANCES
WOOD CRATES
BATTERY CASE AND MISC. AUTO PARTS
AUTO BODIES
TIRES AND RUBBER PRODUCTS
2. CONSTRUCTION DEMOLITION
MIXED DEMOLITION NON-BURNABLE
MIXED DEMOLITION BURNABLE
MIXED CONSTRUCTION BURNABLE
BROKEN PAVEMENT, SIDEWALK
AVE. Wt.
CU. FT.
8#
6
26
74
7
7
9
10
17
9
25
20
10
2
3
11
7
44
8
15
89
22
16
95
AVE. WT.
CU. YD.
218#
160#
700
2,000
196
183
235
277
450
299
785
537
270
54
80
300
182
1,200
216
400
2,400
600
430
2,560
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3. INDUSTRIAL WASTE CU. FT. CU. YD.
SAWDUST 18 485
BARK SLABS 25 675
WOOD TRIMMINGS 36 970
MIXED METALS 7 200
HEAVY METAL SCRAP 150 4,050
LIGHT METAL SCRAP 50 1,350
WIRE 20 540
DIRT, SAND, GRAVEL 90 2,430
CINDERS 56 1,514
OIL, TARS, ASPHALTS 60 1,620
TEXTILE WASTES 11 300
PLASTICS 2 50
4. AGRICULTURAL WASTE
PEN SWEEPINGS 40 1,090
PAUNCH MANURE 64 1,730
OTHER MEAT-PACKING WASTES 46 1,730
DEAD ANIMALS 22 600
MIXED VEGETABLE WASTE 22 600
BEANS OR GRAIN WASTE 48 1,300
POTATO-PROCESSING WASTE 42 1,130
CHAFF 4 100
MIXED AGRICULTURAL 35 950
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APPENDIX C
RECOMMENDED SOLID WASTE INFORMATIONAL MATERIAL
THE RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT
PUBLIC LAW 94-580
- E.P.A.
1860 LINCOLN ST.
DENVER, CO.
MODEL TRIBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CODE
- NATIVE AMERICAN RIGHTS FUND
1506 BROADWAY
BOULDER, CO 80302
(303) 447-8760
SANITARY LANDFILL DESIGN AND OPERATION
- REPORT SW-287
E.P.A.
1860 LINCOLN ST.
DENVER, CO.
PROCEDURES MANUAL FOR GROUND WATER MONITORING AT SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES
- REPORT SW-611
E.P.A.
1860 LINCOLN ST.
DENVER, CO.
CLASSIFYING SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES GUIDANCE MANUAL
- REPORT SW-828
E.P.A.
1860 LINCOLN ST.
DENVER, CO.
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DAILY
APPENDIX D
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE
COLLECTION VEHICLES:
CHECK ENGINE OIL.
CHECK HYRDAULIC FLUID LEVEL.
CHECK HYDRAULIC SYSTEM FOR LEAKS.
EMPTY ALL AIR RESERVOIRS OF CONDENSATION AT THE END OF EACH
DAY, AND MORE OFTEN IF REQUIRED.
CHECK ALL LIGHTING.
REMOVE WASTE FROM INSIDE OF COMPACTION BODY.
CHECK TIRE AIR PRESSURE.
FILL FUEL TANK.
CHECK COOLANT LEVEL.
WEEKLY
ALL ABOVE ITEMS.
CHECK BRAKES AND ADJUST IF REQUIRED.
CLEAN AIR FILTER, REPLACE IF REQUIRED.
LUBRICATE ENTIRE CHASSIS AND COMPACTION BODY.
PRESSURE WASH ENTIRE BODY AND CHASSIS, INSIDE OF COMPACTOR
BODY, ENGINE COMPARTMENT, CHASSIS FRAME, CLEAN DRIVER'S
COMPARTMENT.
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BI-WEEKLY - ALL THE ABOVE.
CHANGE ENGINE OIL AND FILTER.
CHECK HYDRAULIC SYSTEM OPERATING PRESSURE.
CHECK ALL DRIVE BELTS.
CHECK FUEL HEATER OPERATION.
CHECK BLXK HEATERS.
CHECK FUEL FILTERS.
CHECK BODY AND FRAME FOR DAMAGE, LOOSE BOLTS, ALIGNMENT.
ANNUALLY - ALL THE ABOVE.
CHANGE HYDRAULILC FLUID AND FILTER.
CHECK WINDSHIELD FOR CRACKS/DAMAGE
CHANGE AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUID AND FILTER (CHECK
MANUFACTURER'S SPECIFICATIONS FOR FREQUENCY OF FLUID
CHANGE).
CHANGE FLUID IN REAR DRIVE AXLES.
ALL COLLECTION VEHICLES ARE NOT EQUIIPPED THE SAME AND ARE MANUFACTURED BY
DIFFERENT COMPANIES. CHECK MANUFACTURER'S SPECIFICATIONS FOR PROPER MAINTENANCE
INTERVALS.
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LANDFILL EQUIPMENT:
DAILY
WEEKLY
MONTHLY
CHECK ENGINE OIL.
CHECK HYDRAULIC FLUID LEVEL.
CHECK HYDRAULIC SYSTEM FOR LEAKS.
REMOVE WASTE FROM RADIATOR AND TRACKS.
CHECK COOLANT LEVEL.
FILL FUEL TANK.
ALL ABOVE ITEMS.
LUBRICATE ENTIRE UNIT.
CHECK TRACK AND ROLLERS FOR PROPER CLEARANCE AND LUBRICATE,
ALL THE ABOVE ITEMS.
CHANGE ENGINE OIL AND FILTER (CHECK MANUFACTURER'S
SPECIFICATIONS).
CHECK HYDRAULILC SYSTEM OPERATING PRESSURE.
CHECK ALL DRIVE BELTS.
CHECK FUEL FILTER.
CHECK ENTIRE UNIT FOR WEAR, LOOSE BOLTS, AND ALIGNMENT.
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ANNUALLY - ALL THE ABOVE ITEMS.
CHANGE HYDRAULIC FLUID AND FILTERS.
CHANGE FLUID IN GEAR BOXES. (CHECK MANUFACTURER'S
SPECIFICATIONS).
BUILD UP TRACKS AND BLADE WITH HARD SURFACE WELDING.
ALL LANDFILL EQUIPMENT IS NOT EQUIPPED THE SAME AND IS MANUFACbTRED BY
DIFFERENT COMPANIES. CHECK MANUFACTURER'S SPECIFICATIONS FOR PROPER MAINTENANCE
INTERVALS.
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