EPA-600/2-76-068a
March 1976
Environmental Protection Technology Series
                             DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY  FOR
                          ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION
                                Volume  I  -  Final  Report
                                   Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
                                        Office of Research and Development
                                       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                  Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711

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                RESEARCH REPORTING SERIES

 Research reports of the Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental
 Protection Agency,  have  been grouped  into five  series. These five broad
 categories were established to facilitate further development and application of
 environmental technology. Elimination of traditional grouping was consciously
 planned to foster technology transfer and a maximum interface in related fields.
 The five series are:
     1.    Environmental Health Effects Research
     2.    Environmental Protection Technology
     3.    Ecological Research
     4.    Environmental Monitoring
     5.    Socioeconomic Environmental Studies

 This report has  been  assigned  to the  ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION
 TECHNOLOGY series. This series describes research performed to develop and
 demonstrate instrumentation,  equipment, and methodology to repair or prevent
 environmental degradation from point and  non-point sources of pollution. This
 work provides the new  or improved technology required for the control and
 treatment of pollution sources to meet environmental quality standards.
                    EPA REVIEW NOTICE

This report has been reviewed by  the U.S.  Environmental
Protection Agency, and approved for publication.  Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policy of the Agency, nor does mention of trade
names or commercial products constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
This document is available-to the public through the National Technical Informa-
tion Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

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                                   EPA-600/2-76-068a
                                   March 1976
        DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY

 FOR  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

         VOLUME I--FINAL REPORT
                     by

Eldon A. Byrd, O. M.  Meredith, and Sherman Gee

      U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center
                  White Oak
        Silver Spring, Maryland  20910
     EPA Interagency Agreement IAG-133-D
            ROAPNo. 21ADM-018
         Program Element No. 1AB012
     EPA Project Officer: James H. Abbott

  Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
    Office of Energy, Minerals, and Industry
      Research Triangle Park, NC  27711
                Prepared for

 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
      Office of Research and Development
            Washington, DC 20460

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          DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION


                            Final Report

                     September 1973 - June 1975


                                 by

           Eldon A. Byrd, 0. M. Meredith, and Sherman Gee


                              ABSTRACT

This report condenses an effort designed to identify and transfer
significant technology concerned with air pollution monitoring and
control technology from the Department of Defense (DOD)  to the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  Included are technology
profiles of each DOD laboratory involved in particular work of
interest to EPA Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, a
bibliography of pertinent DOD documentation, and a description and
assessment of how the study was conducted.

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of Interagency
Agreement No. 133-D by the Naval Surface Weapons Center, White Oak
under the sponsorship of EPA.  Work was completed as of 30 June
1975.
                                  11

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                         Table of Contents

                                                                Page

       Title Page                                                  i

       Abstract                                                   ii

       Table of Contents                                         iii

       List of Figures                                             v

       List of Tables                                             vi

       Acknowledgements                                         viii

       Conclusions                                                ix

       Recommendation                                             ix

I.      Executive Summary                                           1

       A. Introduction                                             1
       B. General Scope and Basic Approach                         1
       C. Results                                                  1
       D. Conclusions                                              2

II.    Program Framework                                           3

       A. Introduction                                             3
       B. Interagency agreement                                    3
       C. The management system                                    4

III.    DOD Laboratory Technology Survey                            7

       A. Approach                                                 7
       B. Conferences and Symposia Attended                        8
       C. Results                                                  8
           1. Laboratories visited                                 8
           2. DOD-EPA Linker Function                              9
           3. Technology transferred                               9

IV.    Defense Documentation Center Computer Search               11

       A. Objective                                               11
                                 111

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                     Table of Contents  (Cont.)

                                                                Page

       B. Background                                              11
       C. Approach                                                12
          1. Use of the DDC Thesarus                              12
       D. EPA interface
       E. Results                                                 26
          1. Bibliographies accomplished                          28

V.     Assessment of Overall Effort                               35

       A. Laboratory quality                                      35
       B. Evaluation of techniques                                35
       C. Advantages and disadvantages                            38
           1. Problems and solutions                              38

VI.    Appendices                                                 41

       A. Detailed Laboratory Capabilities in Air Pollution
          Monitoring and Control                                  42

          1. Non-DOD Laboratories                                 43
          2. Air Force Laboratories                               62
          3. Navy Laboratories                                    68
          4. Army Laboratories                                    81

       B. Details of Dielectrophoretic  Filter Evaluation          96
       C. Bibliographies                                    (Vol. 2)
           1. Air Pollution
              a. Health Effects
              b. Pesticides
              c. Chemistry and Physics
                 (1) Air Quality
                 (2) Emission Measurements
              d. Quality Assurance and Monitoring
              e. Meteorology
           2. Control
              a. Instrumentation and Measurement
                 (1) Fine Particulates
                 (2) Other
              c. Chemical Processes
              d. Filters
              e. Sampling
           3. Air-Solid Waste Pollution
           4. Intermedia Transport
           5. Water-Air Pollution
              a. General
              b. By Specific Pollutant
                                  IV

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                          LIST OF FIGURES

Figure                        Title                             Page

  1    Influence of applied voltage upon retention of
       0.3 micron DOP aerosol by HP-15 filter medium	  101
  2    Influence of applied voltage upon retention of
       1.0 micron DOP aerosol by HP-15 filter medium	  102
  3    Influence of applied voltage upon retention of
       0.3 micron DOP aerosol by HP-100 filter medium	  103
  4    Influence of applied voltage upon retention of
       1.0 micron DOP aerosol by HP-100 filter medium	  104
  5    Influence of applied voltage upon retention of
       0.3 micron DOP aerosol by HP-200 filter medium	  105
  6    Influence of applied voltage upon retention of
       1.0 micron DOP aerosol by HP-200 filter medium	  106
  7    Standard Fly Ash-10,OOOX, area A	  Ill
  8    Standard Fly Ash-10,OOOX, area B	  Ill
  9    Standard Fly Ash-5,000 X, area C	  Ill
  10   Standard Fly Ash-5,000 X, area D	  Ill
  11   Influence of applied voltage upon retention of
       standard fly ash by HP-100	  112
  12   Experimental Configuration of Wind Tunnel and
       Filter Arrangement	  117
  13   Data Processing Units for Filter Evaluation	  118
  14a  Details of Aerosol Wind Tunnel Wing Laser
  and  Doppler Velocimeter	  119
                                  v

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                           LIST OF TABLES

Number                         Title                           Pages

II-l    Laboratories Visited in Connection with
        IAG 133D	    5-6
III-l   List of Initial NERL-RTP Requirement	      7
IV-1    DDC Literature Search Topics Attempted	  13-22
IV-2    Communications With Environmental Protection
        Specialists	  23-25
IV-3    Search Results on Municipal Wastes Pollution
        Control Tech. Topics	     27
IV-4    Redundancy in Combined Bibliographies on
        Municipal Wastes Pollution Control
        Technology	     27
IV-5    Summary of Bibliographies Generated From Searches
        of DDC Files	  29-34
V-l     Guide to Prominent Technologies at DOD/ERDA Labs       36-37
VI-1    LLL Environmental Studies-Current Projects             60-61
I       Filtration Characteristics of Glass Fiber
        Filter Media	     99
II      Dielectrophoretic Augmentation Factor as a Function
        of Voltage and Air Velocity in HP-15 Filter
        Medium; 0.3 Micron OOP Aerosol	    107
III     Dielectrophoretic Augmentation Factor as a Function
        of Voltage and Air Velocity in HP-15 Filter
        Medium; 1.0 Micron OOP Aerosol	    107
IV      Dielectrophoretic Augmentation Factor as a Function
        of Voltage and Air Velocity in HP-100 Filter
        Medium; 0.3 Micron OOP Aerosol	    108
V       Dielectrophoretic Augmentation Factor as a Function
        of Voltage and Air Velocity in HP-100 Filter
        Medium; 1.0 Micron OOP Aerosol	    108
VI      Dielectrophoretic Augmentation Factor as a Function
        of Voltage and Air Velocity in HP-200 Filter
        Medium; 0.3 Micron DOP Aerosol	    109
VII     Dielectrophoretic Augmentation Factor as a Function
        of Voltage and Air Velocity in HP-200 Filter
        Medium; 1.0 Micron DOP Aerosol	    109
VIII    Penetration of HP-100 Filter Medium by
        Fly Ash Aerosol	    113
IX      Penetration of HP-15 Filter Medium by
        Fly Ash Aerosol	    113
X       Penetration of Polyurethane Foam by Fly
        Ash Aerosol	    113

                                  vi

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                       LIST OF TABLES (Cont.)

Number                          Title                          Pages

XI      Penetration of Rigidized Vinyl-Glass Filter
        Medium by Fly Ash Aerosol	    114
XII     Dielectrophoretic Augmentation Factor For Filtration
        of Fly Ash Aerosol by HP-100 Filter Medium	    114
XIII    Dielectrophoretic Augmentation Factor For Filtration
        of Fly Ash Aerosol by HP-15 Filter Medium	    114
XIV     Dielectrophoretic Augmentation Factor For Filtration
        of Fly Ash Aerosol by Polyurethane Foam
        Filter Medium	    115
XV      Dielectrophoretic Augmentation Factor For Filtration
        of Fly Ash Aerosol by Rigidized Vinyl-Glass
        Medium. .	    115
XVI     Penetration of HP-100 Filter Medium by Fly Ash Aerosol,
        Showing Dielectrophoretic Augmentation Factor,
        With and Without Ion Trapping (Air Velocity,
        14 cm/sec)	    115
                                 VI1

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                          Acknowledgements

    The cooperation of all laboratories surveyed was beyond
expectation.  The technology transfer personnel or surrogates within
the laboratories were generally familiar with all technologies
pertaining to pollution monitoring and control, and could lead us
directly to the proper work areas.

    Thanks are extended to Dr. William J. Yanta at the White Oak
Laboratory for his cooperation in providing measurements of size
distributions of particulates utilizing the White Oak laser doppler
velocimeter, as reported in Appendix B.

    The authors and the Naval Surface Weapons Center also wish to
thank the EPA Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory -
Research Triangle Park/ especially A. B. Craig, James Abbott and
Dr. Dennis Drehmel, for their valuable support.
                                Vlll

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Conclusions

    The problems involved in protecting our environment are complex
and inter-related.  To be successfully solved, they must be
subjected to a comprehensive attack which integrates a broad
spectrum of technologies and which is oriented toward both short and
long-range solutions.

    The scope of environmental problems is so large that available
resources of a sufficiently comprehensive nature are few.  It must
be recognized, also, that environmental problems are not solely
technical in nature—social, economic, and political considerations
are also of fundamental importance.  In many instances, such
non-technical factors will be paramount in the determination of how
a particular problem is to be attacked.  Clearly, therefore,
effective solutions to environmental problems require a mutual
appreciation—between scientists and technologists on the one hand
and environmental decision makers on the other—of the capabilities
and restraints under which each must operate.

Re commen d at i on

    Task 1 of IAG 133-D has demonstrated that techniques employed
for the transfer of DOD technology to another government agency were
successful; this project should serve as a model for similar
projects, wherein a particular technology of interest to EPA within
DOD can be accessed.
                                  IX

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                       I.  Executive Summary


A.  Introduction

    This report summarizes efforts to identify and transfer air
pollution monitoring and control technology and related topics from
the Department of Defense laboratories to the Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA) National Environmental Research Center,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (NERC-RTP).*

    Major impetus for this work developed from Mr. Harold Metcalf at
the National Science Foundation (NSF) who in his capacity as Federal
Laboratory Liaison Manager, sought to transfer technology from
laboratories of the Department of Defense (DOD)  Technology Transfer
Consortium to the EPA.  This initiative complemented earlier
discussions between Dr. Sherman Gee, Head, Technology Transfer
Office, Naval Surface Weapons Center (NAVSURFWPNCEN), White Oak
Laboratory, and Dr. Dennis Drehmel, EPA NERC-RTP, concerning
applicability of White Oak Laboratory technology to EPA air
pollution problems.  These developments eventually culminated in an
interagency agreement  (IAG) between NERC-RTP and the White Oak
Laboratory as a member of the Consortium.

B.  General Scope and Basic Approach

    Twenty-seven laboratories were visited, and numerous scientists
and engineers involved in relevant work were interviewed in order to
establish a profile of laboratory capabilities.   Documents were
obtained from each facility to further identify technology and to
expand the information base imparted in face to face contact.

    Some 11,000 documents bearing on pollution technology were
identified within DOD.  Of these over 1,000 are cited in the
bibliography of this report as being germane to air pollution
monitoring and control, with emphasis on fine particulates.

    This two-year effort concentrated upon fine particulates, but
did not ignore other areas of air pollution technology when
encountered.
*Subsequent to 1 July 1975 the National Environmental Research
 Center changed its name to the Industrial Environmental Research
 Laboratory.  Throughout this report, NERC will be used because all
 substantial effort was accomplished under that name.

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C.  Results

    This summary report presents:

      1. the technological profile of 27 laboratories engaged in air
pollution projects  (which provide a combined profile of DOD
technological capability),

      2. the transfer of "spin-off" bibliographies to various areas
of EPA in addition to NERO RTF,

      3. the transfer of over 100 DOD documents and reports to
NERO RTF,

      4. the establishment of closer direct contact between various
DOD laboratories and NERO RTF, which in some cases resulted in
additional interagency agreements being established between the
organizations, and

      5. the transfer of several hardware items to NERORTF whose
usefulless to DOD had come to an end/ but whose value to the NERC is
just commencing.  This latter transfer of hardware has resulted in
the savings of considerable taxpayer dollars (approximately
$60,000).

    Also, as part of Task 1 of this IAG, the dielectrophoretic
concept for improved particulate filtering was explored by the Naval
Research Laboratory.  The details of this investigation can be found
in Appendix B.

D.  Conclusions

    The completion of this task to transfer technology from DOD
laboratories to EPA NERORTP on a systematic basis shows that a
concerted effort is required to accelerate the flow of technical
information and technology between federal agencies.  Experiences
gained and lessons learned in the course of this work could prove to
be valuable in the structuring of future efforts to improve
technology transfer among federal agencies.  The results achieved
suggest that an interagency arrangement of this type offers a
workable and suitably focussed method by which DOD technologies
could be brought to bear on specific problems and requirements in
other federal civil agencies.

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                      II.  Program Framework

A.  I'n't ro duct ion

    Much of this nation's defense technology base can be adapted and
transferred to meet many civilian priorities and requirements facing
us today.  Greater utilization of already-developed defense
technology becomes increasingly important during inflationary times,
where any contribution producing greater returns from the tax dollar
is a step toward a strengthened economy.  The nation's defense
technology, found in the Department of Defense (DOD) can make
multiple contributions.  Hence, the DOD Technology Transfer
Consortium was formed in 1971 to facilitate interservice information
exchange, to help coordinate technology transfer activities among
the military R&D centers and laboratories, and to facilitate liaison
with potential technology users at the federal, state, and local
government levels.  More than 40 Army, Navy, and Air Force R&D
centers and laboratories belonging to the Consortium have individual
technology transfer functions.  These functions constitute a
geographically decentralized network of technology agents capable of
assisting potential civilian users of military technology.

    The adaptation and transfer of existing defense technology to
civil sector requirements furthermore makes possible timely
technological responses with avoidance of wasteful duplication of
R&D efforts.  In many instances, only the catalytic and relatively
small effort to bridge the technology user-source gap is required.

    NAVSURFWPNCEN (WOL) , Silver Spring, Maryland, and EPA/NERC-RTP,
following the Consortium concept, have developed an effective
interagency liaison for accessibility to specific DOD technologies.
NAVSURFWPNCEN effectively serves as central contact point for all
DOD and AEC laboratories.  NAVSURFWPNCEN1s role is that of the
"linker" or interface agent between EPA air pollution monitoring and
control requirements and the available military technology.  In
addition, Defense Documentation Center (DDC) searches have been
conducted by NAVSURFWPNCEN to determine the relevance of R&D results
from past DOD sponsored programs.

B.  Interagency Agreement (IAG)

    The IAG consisted of the following tasks:

      1. Identify and transfer available defense technology
applicable to EPA particulate control studies.

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      2. Design and fabricate a mobile particulate emissions control
test facility.

      3. Design and fabricate a standardized flow source for
particulate testing.

    The objectives of Task 1, above, were to:

      1. Identify existing technologies and capabilities in DOD
laboratories relating to particulate control.

      2. Develop a bibliography of information within DOD which
could be applied to particulate control.

      3. Assess the feasibility of DOD technology for collecting
particulates, especially fine particles.

      4. Develop technical-managerial procedures for transfering
identified technologies useful to EPA.

      5. Transfer from DOD to EPA identified technology applicable
to fin particulate control.

    This report details the effort expended in the accomplishment of
Task 1 only; Task 2 has been reported on separately by NAVSURFWPNCEN
Dahlgren, and Task 3 has been cancelled.

C.  Management System

    Task 1 was viewed as an experimental pilot program.  It was
decided that NAVSURFWPNCEN (White Oak Laboratory)* would not become
involved with the management or performance of Task 2.
NAVSURFWPNCEN (WOL) was to concentrate only on the DOD-EPA liaison
and technology applicable to NERC-RTP requirements.  However,
NAVSURFWPNCEN (WOL) did initiate and coordinate initial contacts
between several DOD laboratories and NERC-RTP which eventually led
to the awarding of Task 2 to NAVSURFWPNCEN, Dahlgren Laboratoryt
(DL) .

    During the performance of Task lf the DOD and non-DOD
laboratories shown in Table II-l were visited.
*Formerly Naval Ordnance Laboratory

 Formerly Naval Weapons Laboratory (NWL) ,  Dahlgren, Va.   The
selection of NWL for Task 2 predates the subsequent merger of the
laboratory with the Naval Ordnance Laboratory to form the Naval
Surface Weapons Center.

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                             Table II-l
      Date

16 Nov 1973

16 Nov 1973


19 Nov 1973

14 Jan 1974

15 Jan 1974

15 Jan 1974

16 Jan 1974


17 Jan 1974

18 Jan 1974


22 Feb 1974

25 Feb 1974


27 Feb 1974


27-28 Mar 1974

29 May 1974


30 May 1974


31 May 1974


9 Jul 1974


10 Jul 1974
LABORATORIES VISITED IN CONNECTION
          WITH IAG 133D

            Laboratory

Naval Undersea Center (NUC)

Naval Electronics Laboratory
  (NELC)

Naval Weapons Center

Naval Weapons Laboratory (NWL)

Naval Ordnance Laboratory  (NOL)

Naval Research Laboratory  (NRL)

Army Land Warfare Laboratory
  (ALWL)

Army Edgewood Arsenal

Naval Ship Research &
  Development Lab

Naval Missile Center (NMC)

Lawrence Berkeley
  Laboratory (LBL) (AEC)

Naval Postgraduate School
  (NPGS)

Dugway Proving Grounds  (DPG)

Air Force Weapons
  Laboratory (AFWL)

Army White Sands Missile
  Range

Los Alamos Scientific
  Laboratory (LASL) (AEC)

Lawrence Livermore
  Laboratory (LLL) (AEC)

Lawrence Berkeley
  Laboratory (LBL) (AEC)
      Location

San Diego, CA


San Diego, CA

China Lake, CA

Dahlgren, VA

White Oak, MD

Washington, DC


Aberdeen, MD

Aberdeen, MD


Annapolis, MD

Pt. Mugu, CA


Berkeley, CA


Monterey, CA

Dugway, UT


Albuquerque, NM


White Sands, NM


Los Alamos, NM


Livermore, CA

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11 Jul 1974


7 Aug 1974


8 Aug 1974


11 Sep 1974



12 Sep 1974


3 Dec 1974


4 Dec 1974


5 Dec 1974

7 Jan 1975


8 Jan 1975


9 Jan 1975
  (.return visit)

McClellan Air Force Base
  (stack emissions)

Army Civil Engineering
  Laboratory (ACEL)

Wright-Patterson Air
  Force Base (W-P AFB)

Army Cold Regions Research
  & Engineering Laboratory
  (ACRREL)

Rome Air Development
  Center  (RADC)

Air Force Rocket Propulsion
  Laboratory (AFRPL)

Air Force Weapons Laboratory
  (AFWL)  (return visit)

Sandia Laboratories (AEC)

Desert Research Institute
  (University of Nevada)

Naval Biomedical Research
  Laboratory (NBRL)

Naval Vector Disease Control
  and Ecology Center
Berkeley, CA


Sacramento, CA


Champaign, IL


Dayton, OH



Hanover, NH

Griffiss Air Force
Base NY

Edwards AFB,
CA

Albuquerque, NM


Sandia, NM


Reno, NV


Oakland, CA


Alameda, CA

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              III.  POD Laboratories Technology Survey

A.  Approach

    The first effort was to visit EPA-NERC/RTP for  familiarization
with requirements in air pollution monitoring and control,
especially concerning particulates.  Information gained on EPA
requirements was transmitted by letter to appropriate DOD
laboratories  (see listing in Table III-l).

                            Table III-l

               LIST OF INITIAL NERC-RTP REQUIREMENTS.

Particle size distribution  (2 to .10 microns)
Techniques for aerosol generation
Aerosol physics
Particulate sensing and measurement
Mass flow (low velocity)
Flow streams
Automated sensing techniques and instrumentation
Chemical characterization of particles
Microanalysis of particulates from small sample sizes
  (1/2 to 1 ygm.)
Elemental analysis of collected particles
Measurement techniques for S02, S04, N02r etc.
Turbulence of low velocity gas flows
Volumetric flow
Gaseous and particulate mixtures — sensing and analysis
  by lasers or other means
Remote analysis of stack gas (analogous with remote
  analysis of missile plumes)
Precipitators, scrubbers, and filters
New and novel precipitation techniques (e.g.,
  sonic aglomerators)
Fibrous filters  (excluding disposable mat-type filters) and their
  characteristics
Cleanable woven and nonwoven filters
High velocity filtration
High temperature filtration  (greater than 550°F)
Fine (less than 2 microns)  filtration
High efficiency - high flow filters
Filtration theory and models
Efficiency vs particle size characterization
  of filters
Dust characteristics (density, distribution,
  hardness, etc.)
Dust generation and redispersion

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Later, this list was expanded to include virtually all technologies
relating to air pollution monitoring and control, including water to
air intermedia considerations.  The EPA/IIERC-RTP organization,
programs, and requirements were presented also by A. B. Craig,
J. H. Abbott, and Dr. Dennis Drehrnel of EPA at the DOD Technology
Transfer Consortium Meeting in San Diego, during 13-16 November
1973.

E.  Conferences and Symposia Attended

    To expand their background in air pollution problems,
representatives from NAVSURFWPNCEN (WOL) have attended EPA-sponsored
technical meetings including:  the 2nd Joint Conference on Sensing
Environmental Pollutants, December 1973  (Washington, D.C.); National
Oceanographic Institute Center (NOIC) Turbidity Workshop, 6-8 May
1974  (Washington, D.C.); the National Conference on Municipal Sludge
Management, 11-13 June 1974 (Pittsburgh, PA); the Interservice
Environmental Quality Conference 17-19 September 1974  (Annapolis,
MD); and the Seventh Annual Aerosol Technology Meeting
10-11 October (Chicago, IL).  Also, papers on aerosol technology by
Eldon Byrd, Sherman Gee and 0. M. Meredith of NAVSURFWPNCEN (WOL)
were presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution
Control Association  (APCA) 15-20 June 1975 (Boston, MA) and the
Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems, 21-24 July 1975
(San Francisco, CA).  The APCA paper was presented in absentia by
Major Peter Crowley of the Air Force Weapons Center, Kirtland Air
Force Base, Albuquerque, NM.

C.  Results

      1.  Laboratories Visited

    All DOD (and later) Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), now Energy
Research and Development Administration  (ERDA) laboratories were
first identified and grouped according to geographical location for
minimizing subsequent travel expenses.  If initial contact with a
particular laboratory revealed current or past efforts in air
pollution related technologies, a facility visit was arranged for
NERC-RTP and NAVSURFWPNCEN (WOL)  representatives.  Agendas were
prepared to insure efficient use of time during each visit.

    Interviews with scientists and engineers involved in
air-pollution related monitoring and control technologies were
conducted at each facility visited.  From these interviews and
acquired documents, technology capability profiles were developed
for each laboratory (see Appendix A).  After a few laboratory
visits it became apparent that a great deal more in the way of
technology was available than had been anticipated.  Technological
developments in the areas of gaseous pollutants, solid waste
disposal, and liquid wastes relating to air pollution were
impossible to ignore.  The IAG was accordingly modified to include
all areas of pollution of interest to NERC-RTP laboratories in
addition to the Control Systems Laboratory.

                                  3

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    Besides the laboratory visits listed in Table II-l, trips were
made to NERC-RTP on 28-31 August 1973 and 28-29 January 1975,
NERC-Cincinnati on 21 October 1974, and NERC-Corvalis in 22 Oct 1974
by NAVSURFWPNCEN (WOL) personnel.

    Visits scheduled for the following laboratories were waived
because of funding limitations imposed by NERC-RTP.

       Army Natick Laboratories         Natick, MA
       Brookhaven National Laboratory   Upton, NY
       Army Picatinny Arsenal           Dover, NJ

Nevertheless, most DOD laboratories involved in air pollution
monitoring and control efforts were visited.

      2.  DOD-EPA Linker Function

    The role of NAVSURFWPNCEN (WOL)  to act as central liaison
effected a substantial decrease in the need for NERC-RTP interaction
with DOD laboratories on an individual basis.  It was found,
however, that several DOD laboratories had established contact with
NERC-RTP prior to the establishment of the agreement.  These
contacts were encouraged to continue and additional direct
interaction between DOD laboratories and NERC were established.  For
example, an IAG was worked out between NWC, China Lake, and NERC-RTP
as a result of a visit made as part of this effort.  Also, the visit
to Edgewood Arsenal was a contributing factor in the finalization of
an IAG, even though negotiations between Edgewood and NERC-RTP had
commenced before the visit.

      3.  Technology Transfered

Hardware

    During laboratory visits several items no longer needed by DOD
but useful to EPA NERC-RTP were discovered.  Specifically, the Army
Land Warfare Laboratory in Aberdeen, Maryland made available a
General Electric particle generator, a GE condensate nuclei counter
(CNC), and a Nolan standard CNC.  The Naval Missile Center at Pt.
Mugu,  California had a Ti02 aerosol generator left over from an
optical chaff project.  NAVSURFWPNCEN (WOL) made the necessary
arrangements and had all the above equipment shipped to NERC-RTP.
This transfer involved many thousands of dollars worth of equipment
which had served its DOD purpose, but promised to be of use to EPA.

Documents

    The technology document search effort included the following:

      1. Defense Documentation Center (DDC)

      2. NASA-related literature

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      3. Army, Air Force, and Navy libraries

      4. Miscellaneous other report sources.

    Search terms relating to air pollution monitoring and control
were input into computer search systems such as that maintained by
DDC.  An initial screening revealed tremendous numbers of documents
that had air pollution in the title or mentioned in the text.
Consequently, subsearches were initiated based on the intersection
of two or more technologies to retrieve most relevant documents.
Similar procedures were used for determining water pollution and
solid waste disposal impact on air pollution.  Well over a hundred
hard copy DOD/National Laboratory reports have been turned over to
NERC-RTP.  Many of these reports were obtained during laboratory
visits.  All were routed to NERC personnel who had expressed
interest in specific subject matter relating to Task 1.

          Bibliographies

    Appendix C contains the bibliographies selected for inclusion in
this report.  All citations are grouped according to the NERC-RTP
organizational structure (circa spring of 1975).   This grouping
facilitates usage by interested NERC personnel.

    Details on the development of DDC bibliographies are found in
Section IV.

    The DDC catalog contains 730,000 abstracts.  Almost 500 specific
search terms were used to generate approximately 90  bibliographies.
The average number of documents cited in each bibliography was 240;
therefore, a total of approximately 21,600 docments were initially
identified.  A spot check revealed about a 50% redundancy factor
(i.e., each document is cited about twice).  Therefore, more than
10,000 actual documents were uncovered in DDC alone that are of
value to the EPA.  This final report lists approximately 1,000
reports germane to air pollution monitoring and control technology.
                                 10

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      IV.  Defense Documentation Center (:DDC) Compute:r Search

A.  Obj ective

    This effort has sought the effective utilization of existing
research and development information as partial fulfillment of the
interagency agreement.  While air pollution has been the assigned
topic, opportunities to use the DDC data-base for other
environmental protection topics have been exploited wherever
possible.

B.  Background

The Resource

    In recent years all technical reports issued by DOD laboratories
or defense contractors have been accumulated by the DDC which
constitutes a primary bibliographic resource of about 730,000 past
research, development, test, and evaluation efforts.  The reports
are assigned an AD (Accessioned Document)  number for announcement,
retrieval and request purposes and they are categorized into a two
level arrangement consisting of 22 major subject fields, with a
further subdivision of 188 related subject groups.   Those reports
which are unclassified and unlimited in distribution are passed on
to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) of the U. S.
Department of Commerce for distribution and sale, while the
restricted documents are retained in the DDC data base.  The
information of the data base can be rapidly and efficiently accessed
via a computer controlled data retrieval system (Defense RDT&E
On-Line System)  from a remote terminal such as one located in the
technical library of NAVSURFWPNCEN, (WOL).   For extensive
bibliographic searches of the entire data base, requests are relayed
to the main DDC computer complex.  Output information is available
in cathode ray tube (CRT) display,s at remote terminals, as
printouts prepared automatically from CRT display, or as bound
documents prepared by DDC.

    For this effort, a technical vocabulary prepared by DDC has
provided a comprehensive source of search terms useful for
retrieving technical reports.  The "Defense Retrieval and Indexing
Terminology (DRIT) " is a natural language (English)  technical
vocabulary compiled by extracting author terminology from technical
summaries, titles and abstracts accummulated by DDC.
                                 11

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C.  Approach

    The singular path toward reaching search goals through use of
the DDC technical report files requires an intermediate identi-
fication of search terms.  Three methods have been implemented:

      1. persual of a DDC thesaurus for prominent environmentally
related posting terms;

      2. consultation with investigators and administrators in the
environmental protection areas or attendance at technical meetings
and

      3. use of reference sources.

Use of the DDC Thesaurus

    The DRIT which has been described above is the first source of
terms for use in the retrieval of specific information from the DDC
technical report file.  Usually this document aids literature
retrieval since there is a limited set of indexing terms which might
relate to specific subject areas.  With the present effort the
document has been searched extensively with two objectives in mind:

      1. to find information wherever it may occur on air pollution
and

      2. to collect as spinoff as much bibliographic information as
may be available related to various aspects of environmental
protection.

A listing of indexing terms selected for extended information
retrieval is presented in Table IV-1.

    A summary of contacts established and meetings attended appear
in Table IV-2.
                                 12

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                             Table IV-1

               DDC LITERATURE SEARCH TOPICS ATTEMPTED
Ac et aldehyde

Acetaldehyde Air Pollution

Acetaldehyde Water Pollution

Acetic Acid

Acetic Acid Air Pollution

Acetic Acid Odors

Acetic Acid Water Pollution

Ac ry Ion it r i le

Acrylonitrile Air Pollution

Acrylonitrile Odors

Acrylonitrile Water Pollution

Activated Sludge Pilot Facility

Acitvated Sludge Process

Activated Sludge Secondary
  Treatment

Adverse Environmental Conditions

Aerosol Assessment

Aerosol Chemical Characteristics

Aerosol Filters

Aerosol Fine Structure

Aerosol Forming Techniques

Aerosol Generation From Gases

Aerosol Generators

Aerosol Micro-organisms
Aerosol Monitoring

Aerosol Particle Size
  Distributions

Aerosol Penetration

Aerosol Sulfur Dioxide
  Interactions

Aerosols (General)

Agent Environmental
  Interactions

Air Pollution Abatement

Air Pollution Control

Air Pollution Epidemiology

Air Pollution Fallout

Air Pollution Measurement

Air Pollution Simulation

Air Pollution Surveys

Air Quality Assessment Models

Air Quality Monitoring
  Networks

Airborne Micro-organisms

Alcohol

Alcohol Air Pollution

Alcohol Odors

Alcohol Water Pollution

Aldrin

Aldrin Air Pollution
                                 13

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Aldrin Odors

Mdrin Water Pollution

Alkyl Resin

Alkyl Resin Air Pollution

Alkyl Resin Odors

Ambient Environmental Stresses

Ammonia Odors

Amyl Acetate

Army Wastewater Treatment
  Facilities

Artificial Precipitation

Asbestos Chemical Structure

Asphalt Manufacturing

Asphalt Manufacturing Air
  Pollution

Asphalt Manufacturing Odors

Asphalt Manufacturing Plants

Atmospheric Diffusion

Atmospheric Models

Atmospheric Ozone

Atmospheric Pollutant

Atmospheric Transport

Biological Aerosols

Biological Agent Aerosol
  Particles

Blast Furnace Gas Washwater

Breweries

Butanol
Butanol Air Pollution

Butanol Odors

Butanol Water Pollution

Butyl Mernaptan

Butylamine Air Pollution

Butylamine Water Pollution

Butyric Acid

Carbon Tetrachloride

Carbon Tetrachloride Air
  Pollution

Carbon Tetrachloride Odors

Carbon Tetrachloride Water
  Pollution

Carbonyl Chloride

Chemical Agent Disposal

Chemical Analysis of Asbestos

Chemical Analysis of
  Particulates

Chemical Collection of Aerosols

Chemical Contamination

Chemical Detection of Asbestos

Chemical Emissions

Chemical Plants

Citrus Processing

Citrus Processing Air
  Pollution

Citrus Processing Odors

City Wastes
                                 14

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City Wastewater

Clean Environment

Cloud Seeding

Coastal Environmental Data

Coffee Roasting

Coffee Roasting Air Pollution

Coffee Roasting Odor

Coke

Coke Air Pollution

Coke Odors

Commode Waste Treatment

Community Air Quality

.Contaminant Concentration

Contaminant Control

Contaminant Control Equipment

Contaminated Air

Contaminated Soil

Contamination Levels

Contamination Monitors

Contamination Preventive
  Treatment

Contamination Protection

Control Air Pollution

Conversion of Sulfur Dioxide
  Aerosols

Cyanide

Cyanide Air Pollution
 Cyanide Water Pollution

 Decontaminated Soil

 Diallylsulfide

 Dibutylamine Air Pollution

 Dibutylamine Water Pollution

 Dichloro-Diphenyl-
  Trichloroethane  (DDT)

 Dichloro-Diphenyl-
  Trichloroethane  (DDT)
  Air Pollution

 Dichloro-Diphenyl-
  Trichloroethane
  (DDT) Odors

 Di chloro-Dipheny1-
  Trichloroethane
  (DDT) Water Pollution

 Dichlorophenol

 Dieldrin

 Dieldrin Air Pollution

 Dieldrin Odors

 Dieldrin Water Pollution

 Did. s obuty lamine

 Di is op ropylamine

 Dimethoat

 Dimethyl Sulfide

 Dust Control Material

 Dust Damage

 Dust Environment

Dust Erosion

 Dust Model
                                 15

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Dust Particles

Dust Particulates

Dust Problems

Dustborne Microbial Aerosols

Dusty Atmospheres

Ecological Hazards

Ecology

Effluent Air Pollution Control
  Equipment

Engine Emissions

Enteric Viruses

Environmental Assessment

Environmental Contaminants

Environmental Contamination

Environmental Control

Environmental Corrections

Environmental Degradation

Environmental Deterioration

Environmental Deterioration
  Prevention

Environmental Exposure

Environmental Hazards

Environmental Health

Environmental Health
  Engineering

Environmental Hygiene

Environmental Interactions

Environmental Measurement
  Techniques

Environmental Mechanical
  Protection

Environmental Microbiology

Environmental Model

Environmental Pollution
  Control

Environmental Pollution
  Problems

Environmental Prediction
  Problems

Environmental Problems

Environmental Profiles

Environmental Protection

Environmental Protection Materials

Environmental Requirements

Environmental Research Support

Environmental Resistance

Environmental Response Data

Environmental Sensitivity

Environmental Monitor Sensors

Environmental Signature

Environmental Stability

Environmental Support Studies

Environmental Surveillance Tests

Environmental Variables

Environmental Vulnerability

Ethyl Aerylate
                                 16

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Ethylamine Air Pollution

Ethylamine Water Pollution

Explosive Ordnance Disposal

Fatty Acids

Fatty Acid Air Pollution

Fatty Acid Odors

Fatty Acid Water Pollution

Fermentation Industry

Fertilizer Plants

Fish Kill

Fish Packing

Fluorine Compounds

Fluorine Compounds in Air
  Pollution

Fluorine Compound Odors

Fluorine Vapors

Flow Activated Sludge Units

Fo rmal dehy de

Formaldehyde Mr Pollution

Formaldehyde Odors

Formaldehyde Water Pollution

Foundries

Fungicides

Gas Scrubbers and Water
  Pollution

Grease Factories

Hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon Air Pollution

Hydrocarbon Water Pollution

Hydrogen Chloride

Hydrogen Chloride Air
  Pollution

Hydrogen Sulfide

Hydrogen Sulfide Air
  Pollution

Heptachlor

Heptachlor Air Pollution

Heptachlor Odors

Heptachlor Water Pollution

Heptane

Heptane Air Pollution

Heptane Odors

Heptane Water Pollution

Herbicides

Hexylamine Air Pollution

Hexylamine Water Pollution

Industrial Pollution Sources

Insecticides

Interlaboratory
  Certification

Interlaboratory Testing

Iron Refining

Isobutyric Acid Air Pollution

Isobutyric Acid Water
  Pollution
                                 17

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Isoparaffins

Isopropanol

Kerosene

Laboratory Certification

Laboratory Testing

Laboratory Verification

Laser Holography

Lindane

Lindane Air Pollution

Lindane Odors

Lindane Water Pollution

Longterm Health Effects

Malathion

Melathion Air Pollution

Malathion Odors

.Malathion Water Pollution

Maleic Anhydride

Maleic Anhydride Air
  Pollution

Maleic Anhydride Odors

Man Environment Systems

Meat Packing

Me reap tans

Mercaptan Air Pollution

Mercaptan Odors

Mercaptan Water Pollution

Metal Poisoning
Meteorological Simulation

Methane Air Pollution

Methane Water Pollution

Methanol

Methanol Air Pollution

Methanol Odors

Methanol Water Pollution

Methoxychlor

Methyl Mercaptan

Microbial Contamination

Microbiologic Hazards

Microbiological Health
  Hazards

Micrometeorology

Military Environmental Health
  Problems

Mixed Activated Sludge
  Reactors

Mobile Pollution

Moisture Monitor

Molluscacides

Naphthalene

Naphthalene Air Pollution

Naphthalene Odors

Naphthalene Water Pollution

Naphthenes

Naval Ecology

Naval Environmental Problems
                                 18

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Navy Pollutants

Navy Pollution Problems

Navy Sanitary Waste Treatment
  Program

Navy Toxicology

Nondestructive Testing

Nonsanitary Military Wastes

Nonane

Noxious Fumes

Ocean Environment

Ocean Pollution

Octane

Octane Air Pollution

Octane Odors

Octane Water Pollution

Octyl Alcohol

Odor

Oil Refining and Air
  Pollution

Organic Pollutants

Organic Sulfur Compounds

Organic Sulfur Compounds
  in Air Pollution

Organic Sulfur Compounds
  Odors

Oxidizer Particle Size

Ozone at Low Altitudes

Ozone Density
Ozone Distributions

Paint Solvents

Paper Mills

Parathion

Parathion Air Pollution

Parathion Odors

Parathion Water Pollution

Particle Size

Particle Size
  Classification

Particulate Air Pollutants

Particulate Materials

Particulate Sampling

Particulate Toxicity

Pathogen Aerosols

Pesticide Containers

Pesticide Disposal

Pesticide Distributors

Pesticide Formulations

Pesticide Particles

Pesticide Residues

Pesticide Wastes

Pesticides Inventory

Phenol

Phenol Odors

Pickling Solutions

Plant Acids
                                 19

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Plant Acid Air Pollution

Plant Acid and Water Pollution

Plant Acid Odors

Plastic Plants

Plastic Plants and Air Pollution

Plastic Plant Odors

Polluted Surface Water

Pollution Abatement

Pollution Abatement Control

Pollution Abatement Pilot
  Facility

Pollution Control

Pollution Control Phase

Pollution Control Systems

Pollution Elimination

Pollution Emissions

Pollution Gas

Pollution Gas Detectors

Pollution Level

Pollution Monitoring

Pollution Samples

Pollution Sources

Pollution Standards

Pollution Transport

Pollution Transport Cycles

Precipitation Scavenging

Propanol
Proprionaldehyde

Proprionic Acid

Pyridine

Pyridine Bases

Pyridine Base Water
  Pollution

Quality Assurance Documents

Quality Assurance
  Maintenance

Quality Assurance Models

Quality Assurance Standards

Quality Control Distribution

Quality Control Handbooks

Quality Control
  Legislation

Quality Control Methodology

Quality Control Methods

Quality Control
  Organizations

Quality Control Personnel

Quality Control Regulations

Quality Control Specifications

Quality Control Standards

Quality Control Systems

Quality Control Textbooks

Quality Control of Air
  Pollution Detectors

Rainout

Remote Base Waste Management
                                 20

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Rendering

Residual Contamination

Rodenticides

Rubber Tire Production

Sanitary Landfills

Scrubbers

Secondary Toxic Hazards

Shipboard Air Pollution
  Control Devices

Shipboard Toxic Vapor
  Detection

Simulated Environment

Simulated Liquid Wastes

Single Environmental Stresses

Skatol

Slaughter Houses

Smoke Abatement

Smoke Control

Smoke Pollution

Soap Factories

Soda Pulp

Soda Pulp Air Pollution

Soda Pulp Odors

Soda Pulp Water Pollution

Solar Radiation Intensity

Stack Emissions

Steel Manufacturing
Styrene Odors

Sugar Refineries

Sugar Refinery Air
  Pollution

Sugar Refinery Odors

Sugar Refinery Water
  Pollution

Sulfide

Sulfide Air Pollution

Sulfide Odors

Sulfide Water Pollution

Sulfite Pulp

Sulfite Pulp Air Pollution

Sulfite Pulp Odors

Sulfite Pulp Water
  Pollution

Sunlight

Surface Dust

Temperate Ecosystems

Textile Industry

Textile Industry Air
  Pollution

Textile Industry Odors

Textile Industry Water
  Pollution

Thiol Odors

Toxaphen

Toxic Air Pollutants

Toxic Cocentrations
                                 21

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Toxic Contaminants

Toxic Decontaminants

Toxic Environments

Toxic Exposures

Toxic Hazards Research

Toxic Materials

Toxicological Information

Tri chlo roethylene

Trichloroethylene Air
  Pollution

Trichloroethylene Odors

Trichloroethylene Water
  Pollution

Triethylamine Air Pollution

Triethylamine Water Pollution

Trimethylamine

Tropical Ecosystems

Uniform Sized Aerosol
  Particles

Vapor Aerosol

Vapor Hazards

Varied Environments

Vehicle Exhausts

Viral Aerosols

Viral Agents

Viral Penetration

Virus Particles

Volatile Irritants
Waste Control

Waste Decontaminants

Waste Elimination

Waste Munitions

Waste Streams

Waste Treatment

Wastes (Sanitary
  Engineering)

Wastewater Discharges

Wastewater Sampling

Wastewater Treatment

Water Contamination

Water Pollution Control

Water Pollution Problem
  Areas

Water Quality Problems

Water Scrubbing

Wildlife Ecology

Wood Charcoal

Xanthate Process
                                 22

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                             Table IV-2

      COMMUNICATIONS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SPECIALISTS

A.  Meetings Attended

Workshops and the Application of Pollution Abatement Technology to
the Local Governments, Annapolis, Maryland, 16 October 1975

National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center Turbidity Workshop,
Washington, D. C., 6-8 May 1974

National Conference on Municipal Sludge Management, 11-13 June 1974,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

National Conference on Management and Disposal of Residues from the
Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters, Washington, D. C.,
3-5 February 1975

B.  Personal Contacts

J. B. Anderson
Methods Development and Quality Assurance Research Lab
NERC - Cincinnati, Ohio

Dwight Ballenger
Methods Development and Quality Assurance Research Laboratory
NERC - Cincinnati, Ohio

James R. Boydston
Industrial Wastes Branch
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory
NERC - Corvallis, Oregon

John 0. Burckle
Solid and Hazardous Waste Reserach Laboratory
NERC - Cincinnati, Ohio

Charles R. Hosier
Meteorology Laboratory
NERC - Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

Norbert A. Jaworski
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Laboratory
NERC - Corvallis, Oregon

Earl Kari
Deputy Director
NERC - Corvallis, Oregon
                                 23

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William Loey
Industrial Pollution Control Division
Office of Research and Development
EPA - Washington, D. C.

Darryl von Lehmden
Quality Assurance Laboratory
NERC - Research Triangle Park

Thomas Murphy
Non-Point Pollution Control Division
Office of Research and Development
EPA - Washington, D. C.

Larry Raniere
Ecological Sciences Branch
NERC - Corvallis, Oregon

Roy Resnick
Standards Divison
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Washington, D. C.

George Rey
Industrial Pollution Control Division
Office of Research and Development
EPA - Washington, D. C.

Charles Ris
Industrial Pollution Control Division
Office of Research and Development
EPA - Washington, D. C.

William Rosenkranz
Municipal Pollution Control Division
Office of Research and Development
EPA - Washington, D. C.

Paul Des Rosiers
Industrial Pollution Control Division
Office of Research and Development
EPA - Washington, D. C.

R. D. Shull
Washington Environmental Research Center
EPA - Washington, D. C.

James Smith
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory
NERC - Cincinnati, Ohio
                                 24

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Robert L. Stenburg
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Laboratory
NERC - Cincinnati, Ohio

Richard Tabakin
Industrial Waste Technology Branch
Edison Water Quality Research Laboratory
NERC - Edison, New Jersey

A. W. Thomas
Hazards Surveillance Branch
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Control Disease Center, HEW
Rockville, Maryland

Edy Tompkins
NERC - Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

Frank Wilkes
Biological Processes and Effects Division
Office of Research and Development
EPA - Washington, D. C.
                                 25

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E.  Results

    The approach for developing DDC bibliographies started with
identification of all retrieval terms, related even in the remotest
sense to environmental protection, in DRIT.  Two topics, oil
pollution and radioactive contamination were rejected, however,
because extensive technology transfer had been achieved already in
those areas.

    Then, a systematic search via remote on-line computer terminal
probed the DDC technical reports file* to isolate information
accessible with individual retrieval terms.  The set of report
titles presented for an individual retrieval term were scanned to:

      1. identify reports concerning the basic objective and

      2. determine the relevancy of an overall set of titles to
environmental protection.  Individual reports relating to the basic
objective were printed out at the terminal.  A set of titles showing
definite relevance to environmental protection were ordered as a
unclassified "spin-off" bibliography for subsequent release to
interested persons.

    The broad scope of the literature search forced adoption of some
restrictions upon the number of "spin-off" bibliographies produced.
A rationale was developed which appeared to meet the needs of the
situation.  If a majority of titles listed under a particular
retrieval term appeared pertinent to some environmental protection
topic, a bibliography was ordered.  If a minor portion in a set of
titles was relevant, the area was passed over with the assumption
that the information would be picked up later with a more
representative search term.   In practice a redundancy of the data
base created by cross referencing practices of DDC ought to cause
recovery of large amounts of information under various retrieval
terms.  An example is presented here to demonstrate the redundancies
encountered in an early search.

    A search was mounted to acquire DDC information related to
municipal waste pollution technology.  The results of that effort,
presented in Table IV-3, indicate significant numbers of "finds" or
technical report abstracts isolated for each of several search
terms.  This total collection of "finds" was analyzed then for
redundancies and pertinent results are shown in Table IV-4.   The
percentage of redundancy can be stated here as 147/294 x 100 or 50%.
Although this analysis is not a vigorous proof, it appears,
nevertheless, as a reasonable basis for the rationale employed here.

*In the instance of a specific request the work unit and work plan
files were surveyed.
                                 26

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                             Table IV-3

            SEARCH RESULTS ON MUNICIPAL WASTES POLLUTION
                     CONTROL TECHNOLOGY TOPICS

                 Topic                  Number of "finds"*
            (retrival term)

Wastewater treatment                            72
Wastes (sanitary engineering)                   85
Sewage                                         100
Municipal Wastes                                88
Sludge                                          20
Pasteurization                                   1
   Total "finds"                               T9T

*A "find" is a single technical report title and abstract listed
under an individual retrieval term
                             Table IV-4

         REDUNDANCY IN COMBINED BIBLIOGRAPHIES ON MUNICIPAL
                 WASTES POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

        Type of               Number of        Number of Replicates
     Replications             Instances              Subtotal

        Single                   44                     44
        Double                   30                     60
        Triple                   13                     39
       Quadruple                  1                      4

 Total number of replicates                             147

Percent redundancy = 1472g4100   = 50%
                                 27

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Bib 11 ographies Accomp1ished

    A summary of the bibliographies generated is presented in Table
IV-5 while abstracts of technical reports related to the main topic
are being presented in a separate volume.

    Statistically speaking, the DDC resource available for searching
contains approximately 730,000 abstracts.  About 480 specific search
terms or "strategies" were used and 91 completed bibliographies
resulted.  The average number of abstracts per completed
bibliography was 240 while the actual values ranged from 1 to 1980
abstracts.
                                 28

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                             Table IV-5
Search Topic
     SUMMARY OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES
GENERATED FROM SEARCHES OF DDC FILES

                 Number   Distribution of
                of Finds  Bib 1 i.Ogr aphy
Acetic Acid
  -Air Pollution
  -Odors
  -Water Pollution

Aerosol Chemical
  Properties

Aerosol Fine
  Structure

Aerosol Gas
  Generators

Aerosol Particle
  Size Distribution

Air Cleaners and Air
  Filters

Air Pollution
  -Abatement
  -Control
  -Fallout
  -Surveys

Mr Pollution
  Simulation

Air Pollution
  Epidemiology

Air/Water Pollution
                   10
                   42


                  500


                   25


                  267


                  559


                  1817
                   37
WAIT*
NERC-RTP
NERC-RTP
NERC-RTP
PTS**
PTS
PTS
NERC-RTP
(Charles R. Hosier)

NERC-RTP
                          WAIT
  *  Water to Air Intermedia Transport (WAIT)
  ** Particulate Technology Study (PTS)
                                 29

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Airborne and Aerosol
  Microorganisms

Aldrin Water Pollution

Ammunition Hazards


Ammunition Plants


Asbestos


Asphalt Manufacturing
  Air Pollution

Atmospheric Pollutants

Be ry11ium


Biological Aerosols

Carbon Tetrachloride
  -Air Pollution
  -Odors
  -Water Pollution

Chemical Agent/Explosive
  Ordnance Disposal

Control Air Pollution

Cyanide Water Pollution

Dieldrin Water Pollution

Die thy 1-Di ch loro-
  Triphenylethane (DDT)
  -Air Pollution
  -Odors
  -Water Pollution

Dust Particles and
  Particulates

Dusty Atmospheres

Emission Topics
  (Selected)
  -Emission & Control
149


 2

 64


 50


603


 1


154

1980


 34

 4
1625

 12

 3

 18
175


 70

 69
PTS
WAIT

NERC-Edison, NJ
(R. Tabakin)

NERC-Edison, NJ
(R. Tabakin)

NERC-RTP
(Dennis C. Drehmel)

WAIT
PTS, WAIT

NERC-RTP
(Dennis C. Drehmel)

WAIT, PTS

WAIT
NERC-Edison, NJ
(R. Tabakin)

PTS

WAIT

WAIT

WAIT
PTS


PTS

PTS
                                 30

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  -Exhaust Emissions
  -Pollution Emissions
  -Smoke Production
  -Stack Emissions

Environmental Topics
  (Selected)
  -Contamination
  -Corrections
  -De gradation
  -Hygiene
  -Pollution Problems

Estuarine Circulation

Environmental Monitor
  Sensors

Environmental Health

Fatty Acids
  -Air Pollution
  -Odors
  -Water Pollution

Formaldehyde
  -Air Pollution
  -Odors

Heptachlor Water
  Pollution

Hydrogen Chloride
  Air Pollution

Hydrogen Sulfide
  Air Pollution

Hydrocarbon Water
  Pollution

Incinerators
  (Selected)
Industrial Wastes

Instrumented Sonobuoys

Laser Holography
346
 28

 12


 39

 12
 14
 8


 24


 46


 22



476

 28
WAIT
NAVSURFWPNCEN

NAVSURFWPNCEN


WAIT

WAIT
WAIT
WAIT


WAIT


WAIT


WAIT


EPA-Wash. D.C.
(Wm. Rosenkrantz)
(R. G. Shull)

WAIT

NAVSURFWPNCEN

NERC-RTP
(William Wilson)
                                 31

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Lindane Water Pollution

Malathion Water
  Pollution

Mercury
Mereaptan Odors

Mercury Compounds


Metal Poisoning

Metals, Toxicity

Microbiology Topics
  (Selected)
  -En vi ron me n t al
    Microbiology
  -Microbial
    Contamination
  - Mi. crobio logic
    Hazards

Municipal Wastes


Nematoda


Noxious Fumes

Octyl Alcohol

Odor

Paint Solvent Air
  Pollution

Parathion Water
  Pollution

Particulate Air
  Pollutants

P as teuriz at ion
Pesticides (Selected
  Topics)
 1      WAIT

 4      WAIT
1213    NERC-RTP
        (Dennis C. Drehmel)

 3      WAIT

765     NERC-RTP
        (Dennis C. Drehmel)

544     WAIT, PTS

 72

120     WAIT, PTS
69
158
12
2
448
12
EPA-Wash. DC
(Wm. Rosenkrantz)
NERC-Cincinnati , OH
(J. E. Smith, Jr.)
WAIT
WAIT
WAIT
WAIT
 1      WAIT
 14     PTS
 64     EPA-Wash.  DC
        (Wm.  Rosenkrantz)

 13     NERC-RTP
        (Robert E.  Lee,  Jr.)
                                 32

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Fungicides

Herbicides

Insecticides

Molluscacides

Rodenticides

Poisoning

Pollution Control
  Phase

Quality Assurance
  -Documents
  -Maintenance
  -Models
  -Nondestructive Testing
  -Standards

Quality Control
  Distribution

Quality Control Standards
Quality Control
  Documents

Quality Control
  Organizations

Sanitary Engineering
Sanitary Landfills

Sewage


Sludge
Smoke
  -Control
  -Pollution
  -Stack Emissions

Sulfides
  -Air Pollution
323

463

571

 33

 69

561

 30


 52
 77


452


 97


 55


488


 4

314


 21


 98
WAIT

WAIT
NERC-RTP
(Raymod C. Road)
NERC-RTP
(Raymond C. Road)

NERC-RTP
(Raymod C. Road)

NERC-RTP
(Raymond C. Road)

NERC-RTP
(Raymond C. Road)

EPA-Wash. DC
(Wm. Rosenkrantz)

WAIT

EPA-Wash. DC
(Wm. Rosenkrantz)

EPA-Wash. DC
(Wm. Rosenkrantz)

PTS
 66
WAIT
                                 33

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  -Odors
  -Water Pollution

Thermal Pollution

Toxic Air Pollutants

Toxic Environments

Toxic Hazards

Toxic Hazards Research

Toxic Materials

Trichlorethylene Odor

Uniform-sized Aerosol
  Particles

Upwelling

Vapor Hazards

Virus Particles

Viruses
  -detection
  -general

Waste Munitions


Waste Treatment


Water Pollution

Water Pollution
  Problem Areas
29
145
67
35
22
114
1
670
101
142
18
10

PTS, WAIT
WAIT
WAIT
WAIT
WAIT
WAIT
PTS
NAVSURFWPNCEN
WAIT, PTS
PTS
EPA-Wash. DC
 33


1119

1005
(Wm. Rosenkrantz)


NERC-Edison, NJ
(R. Tabakin)

EPA-Wash. DC
(Wm. Rosenkrantz)

WAIT

WAIT
                                 34

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                  V.  Assessment of Overall Effort
A.  Laboratory Quality

    It is tempting to attempt comparisons of the laboratories that
were visited.  However, this was not done due to the very short time
spent at any given laboratory.  In some cases, depending on the
motivation or understanding of the host laboratory, technology that
was not particularly relevant was devoted too much time.  An attempt
is made in this section to make off-hand evaluations of individual
laboratories based on limited information.  Some general statements
and specific mentions can be made of the various particular areas of
expertise within the laboratories visited.

    The DOD/ERDA laboratories constitute the largest complex of
technical personnel in the United States. -The laboratories are, as
a whole, better equipped with research, development, and test gear
than any other system of laboratories in the world.  However,
collectively over 85% of the effort at these laboratories is
directed toward military technology.  Much of this technology
appears transferable to other government agencies.

    Some laboratories such as the Army Land Warfare Laboratory,
which closed in 1974, and the Army's Dugway Proving Grounds, which
is cutting back significantly, had strong, and in some cases, unique
capabilities relevant to pollution technology.

    Table V-l has been prepared as a cursory guide.  For a detailed
description of laboratory capabilities, refer to Appendix A.

B.  Evaluation of Techniques

    The techniques used to accomplish Task 1 of IAG 133-D consisted
primarily of:

      1.  determining EPA-NERC-RTP needs and interests in air
pollution monitoring,

      2.  acquainting DOD-ERDA laboratories with the general needs
and interests of the NERC
                                 35

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                            Table V-l

      GUIDE TO PROMINENT TECHNOLOGIES  AT DOD/ERDA LABORATORIES
       Technology

Health Effects


Pesticides


Chemistry and Physics

  Air Quality


  Emission Measurements
Quality Assurance
  and Monitoring

Meteorology
Instrumentation and
  Measurement

  Fine Particulates
  Other
Chemical Processes
   Laboratories With  Greatest Expertise*

AFWL, RPL, WPAFB, LLLf SL,  LASL,
DPG, EA, NDC & VEC, NBRL, NWC

AFWL, LLL, SL, DPG,'EA, NDC & VEC,
NBRL

All

AFWL, LLL, DRI. SL, LASL, White Sands,
DPG, ACERL, EA, NWC,  NRL

AFWL, RPL, McClellan, WPAFB, LLL
DRI, SL, LASL, DPG, ACERL,  EA,
NBRL, NWC

AFWL, LLL, SL, LASL,  ACERL,
EA, NWC, NSRDL

AFWL, RPL, LLL, DRI,  CRREL
DPGf EA, NPGS, NWC, NRL

All
AFWL, RPL, LLL, DRI, LASL,
White Sands, DPG, ACERL,
EA, NWC, NAVSURFWPNCEN, NRL

AFWL, RPL, LLL, DRI, SL, LASL,
White Sands, DPG, ACERL, EA,
NWC, NRL

AFWL, RPL, LLL, SL, LASL,
White Sands, DPG, EA, NWC,
NRL
*See Section IV C.I. for names of  laboratories.
                                 36

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Filters


Sampling
Aerosol Generation
AFWL, LLL, SL, LASL, DPG,
EA, NRL

AFWL, McClellan, LLL, DRI, SL,
LASLr CRREL, White Sands,
DPG, ACERL, EA, NBRL, NWC,
NRL, NSRDL

RPL, LLL, DPG, EA, NWC, NRL
                                 37

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      3.  surveying the laboratories for their developed technology
in EPA's areas of interest using both DOD and NERC-RTP
representatives

      4.  transfering the technologies from the laboratories to EPA
via written and verbal reports of interview results, documents from
the laboratories, hardware, and bibliographies pertinent to EPA
interests

      5.  following-up to insure an open dialogue between the
project leader and the laboratories, suggesting points of contact
within the NERC and DOD/ERDA laboratory complex (i.e., — providing
an active "linker" role).

This procedure was imminently successful in providing EPA with
access to DOD/ERDA technology.  Now that the system by which EPA can
tap into this technology base has been established, it could and
should be exercised by other organizations within EPA.

C.  Advantages and Disadvantages

    The IAG allowed maximum flexibility in the accomplishment of
Task 1 without sacrificing control by NERC-RTP.  For example, funds
were available for the exploration of specific technologies such as
evaluation of the dielectrophoretic filter described in Appendix B.

    Few disadvantages in the IAG were noted.  As requirements
changed when new knowledge or as experience with the project
increased, the agreement was modified to accomodate the added
alternatives.

    The advantages of the IAG became obvious as the task proceeded:
NERC-RTP had first-hand exposure through their representative
present at most site visits.  Also, the technology base of the
entire DOD/ERDA laboratory complex was accessible to EPA utilizing
WOL as the "pathfinder", so "re-invention of the wheel" could be
reduced and taxpayer dollars could be better spent elsewhere.  The
use of the WOL as a linker with the Consortium also allowed
administrative and financial tasks to be centered at one facility,
although management perogative still resided at NERC-RTP.  This
reduced immeasurably the burden on NERC-RTP associated with dealing
directly with numerous DOD organizations.

    The IAG also most importantly offered the opportunity to focus
efforts on closing the informational and technological gaps between
DOD and EPA.

      1.  Problems and Solutions

          In addition to the normal problems of project management
and the particular anticipated problems attendent with this IAG, the
following occurred:

                                  38

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          (1) After a few laboratory visits there was far more
information available than expected.  This result necessitated a
modification to the agreement to expand the time frame and scope of
the survey task.  This situation led to some confusing results.  It
became unclear whether the main purpose of the agreement was to
reduce redundancy, survey DOD technology, gather reports for others,
or whatever.  At any rate, an "open-ended" approach became the
strongest impression for the investigators on how the effort should
proceed.

          (2) A major difficulty arose in March of 1975 when it was
discovered that the completion of Task 2 would require approximately
twice as much funding as initially requested by NAVSURFWPNCEN  (DL).
This, in effect, stopped all progress on Task 1 and the remaining
laboratories could not be visited.  Also work planned for FY 76
including on-going R&D in DOD laboratories which would re/suit in
contributions to near-term pollution monitoring and control
technology could not be initiated.
                                  39

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                  40

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VI.  Appendices
         41

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                    Appendix A



Detailed Laboratory Capabilities in Air Pollution
                         42

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Non-DOD Laboratories
           43

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    One non-DOD laboratory (Desert Research Institute, University of
Nevada at Reno) was visited in addition to DOD related Atomic Energy
Commission (AEC) laboratories (now ERDA).  Scheduled for visits were
the National Laboratories at Brookhaven, New York; Argonne,
Illinois; and Oak Ridge, Tennessee.  However, funding did not permit
these visits.

    Among the AEC laboratories, the Oak Ridge Laboratory has
achieved a high degree of .diversification, while Argonne National
Laboratory (ANL) has focused primarily on the environmental sciences
and captured a larger share of the EPA market than any other AEC
facility.  Laboratories having special missions, (weapons research,
etc) have tended to respond least to the opportunity to diversify,
although a significant pollution technology capability exists in
some of the laboratories; e.g., Sandia Laboratories.  The inadequacy
of the scientific and technological resources that are currently
available to most state and local agencies (not to mention the
federal EPA regional administrative offices)  underscores the need
for centers of excellence comparable to those that have supported
the national atomic energy and aerospace programs.  Neither the
academic community nor the commercial research and development
sector has satisfied entirely this need.  Academe has generally been
unable to mount mission-oriented, schedule-sensitive programs, while
profit oriented groups have all too frequently proven unable to
produce usable results through failure to communicate effectively
and inadequate follow-up.

    Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, Illinois - Although
ANL was not visited, telephone contacts and documents originating
from ANL have provided an overview of their capabilities.  The
Center for Environmental Studies provides a focal point for the
coordination of environmental science programs throughout the
Laboratory, and an interdisciplinary core group within the Center
proposes and conducts environmental systems analysis studies.  The
activities of the Center include development of environmental data
management systems, computerized simulation models of physical and
socioeconomic processes, development of techniques for planning and
evaluation of environmental protection regulations, policies and
programs, and studies of the environmental impact of land use, urban
development, transportation systems, and energy systems.

    Large-scale programs to develop and evaluate advanced techniques
for the control of pollutant discharges are conducted by the Argonne
Chemical Engineering Division, while the Radiological and
Environmental Research Division performs terrestrial and fresh water
ecological studies and atmospheric science research.  The Division
of Biological and Medical Research studies the toxicology of
environmental contaminants, pollution-related genetic damage to man
and the biota, and investigates chemical, molecular, and transport
processes in biological systems.  The Chemistry Division and the
Electronics Division develop and apply advanced techniques for
monitoring ambient pollution concentrations and for analysis of

                                 44

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samples.  Several of Argonne's projects are familiar to EPA already,
such as the reduction of atmospheric pollution by the application of
fluidized-bed combustion and episode control strategy development.

    Additionally, ANL has participated in state and local government
projects including:  Air pollution and land use planning of airports
and the collection of major point- and area-source emission
inventories; the construction of a data management system (APICS)
for storing and retrieving emission, meteorological, and air quality
data; the development of computerized steady-state and transient
atmospheric dispersion models for simulating ambient air pollution
distribution in urban areas of Chicago and the development and field
testing of techniques for episode control planning, energy
management during episodes, and the integration of air pollution
control into long-range planning.

    Under the sponsorship of the Illinois Institute for
Environmental Quality and the Illinois Environmental Protection
Agency, ANL prepared the state implementation plan for the control
of sulfur oxides, suspended particulates, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, hydrocarbons, and photochemical oxidants.

     Desert Research Institute (DRI) , Reno, Nevada  - As part of the
University o£ Nevada, DRI has responsibility for a broad range of
pollution research, including:

      1. Pollution monitoring of the large coal-burning powerplant
at Mojave, California (atmospheric and ground level).

      2. Plume monitoring from aircraft (.3 - .20y).

      3. Transmissometer data gathering.

      4. Analysis - proton bombardment, nanogram samples' (can
identify all elements above sodium in the periodic table).

      5. NOx and SOx concentration analysis.

      6. Unique sample designs and fabrication.

      7. Fog studies, including ice crystal formation and weather
modification.

      8. LIDAR measurements of ice crystal layers in clear air over
the poles.

      9. Ability to relate SOx in a plume to the amount of sulfur in
coal.

      10. Water pollution.
                                  45

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    The DRI tunable organic dye laser is capable of remotely
detecting particles in the atmosphere to ranges beyond 10 km.  Their
solid state laser has a range of 1.5 km.

    Details of each year's programs are found in DRI's Annual
Report.

    Points of Contact:  Roger Steel (Laboratory of Atmospheric
Physics) .
                         Joe Warburton  (Weather Modification)
                         Richard Egami  (Solar Energy)
                         Dr. Vern Smiley (LIDAR)
                         (Tel:  (702)972-1676)

     Sandia Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexi;oo  - Although mainly
involved in DOD research and energy related projects,  Sandia
possesses possibly the finest instrumentation capability in the
world for air pollution monitoring and control technology.  Included
in their overall capability are:

      1. Materials Analysis.  Every known technique for analyzing
elements and compounds is in use at Sandia.  In addition to
"standard" techniques, such as, x-ray fluorescence, neutron
activation analysis, and scanning electron microscopes, Sandia
possesses unique analytical tools, such as, automatic microprobes
for Z>5 materials that characterize surface composition of a sample,
and dye lasers for characterizing where each atom is located in a
crystal.  Their dye lasers are capable of identifying inpurities in
a material in the 10 parts per trillion range.

      2. High level nuclear waste disposal.  This precipitation
technique requires only 1/20 the storage requirements and produces a
homogeneous dispersion.

      3. Atomization of fluids by Shockwave techniques.

      4. Particulate flow chamber.  This chamber can produce .05 to
ly sized particles and accelerate them from 1 to 50 mph.  Used for
resuspension studies, the chamber is instrumented with a laser
doppler velocimeter similar to Dr. Yanta's at NAVSURFWPNCEN, (WOL)
except the Sandia device is low velocity and can handle large mass
flow.

      5. Airborne pollution studies.  Project "Di Vinci" was a
manned balloon saturated with a myriad of experiments.  Sandia
technology miniaturized many standard sensors for this project.

      6. Chemical Vapor Deposition.  A cheap particulate generator
good for 1/2 y and larger (perhaps even smaller) .  Good to better
than 30 cu ft/min flow rates.
                                  46

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      7. Breakthroughs.  Among others, Sandia has discovered and is
exploiting the synergistic effects of diathermy and radiation on
desoryribonucleic acid (DNA).  The technique destroys virus and
bacteria 30 times faster than the sequential application of
radiation and heat.  The method should be good for sterilization of
blood, tools, liquid and solid wastes, and useful in cancer therapy
and vaccine agent attenuation.

      8. Systems Analysis.  A computer model of the entire eco-chain
with subroutines for man (his internal organs), plants, animals, and
crops has been developed.  For example, the model will provide an
output for what happens to a human liver if you increase the amount
of nickel in the air by an arbitrary amount.

    An example of their capability to model the deposition/
resuspension phenomena follows:

    Although the data are incomplete, one can conclude that the
deposition/resuspension process is governed by the physical
properties of the particles and the properties of the turbulent
flow.  Hence, any experiments which are intended to model the
deposition/resuspension process must be conducted in a controlled,
repeatable environment where both the flow field and the particle
characteristics are known.  These conditions are difficult to
accomplish in the atmosphere because the flow field is so complex
and the winds are not steady in either speed or direction.  As an
alternative, simplified experiments can be conducted in a wind
tunnel rather than in the atmosphere.

    Sandia Laboratories'  Atmospheric Wind Tunnel is a facility which
was constructed specifically to provide a controlled environment for
the study of atmospheric flows.  Particle deposition and
resuspension rates can be measured in the zero-pressure-gradient
turbulent boundary layer growing on the test section floor.  The
test section is 9 inches high, 16 inches wide,  and 12 feet long; the
exceptional length of the test section produces thick turbulent
boundary layers without resorting to artificial thickening devices
which may disturb the equilibrium nature of the boundary layer.  The
test section velocity can be varied between 0 and 50 mph.  The
tunnel is designed so that the test section walls, ceiling, and
floor can be replaced by special sections for mounting flow-field
instrumentation, injecting particulate material into the flow, or
changing the roughness of the floor surface.  The simplicity of the
tunnel construction makes it possible for such modifications to be
made at low cost and with minimal effort.  The Atmospheric Wind
Tunnel is fully operational and has been used successfully in
experimental studies of rough-wall boundary layers.

    The versatile features of the Atmospheric Wind Tunnel can be
utilized in parameter studies to identify the principle flow and
particle characteristics affecting deposition and resuspension
rates.  Experiments can be conducted for various surface roughness

                                  47

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heights, roughness shapes, and free-stream velocities.  In each
case, the boundary layer flow can be thoroughly surveyed at several
test section stations to define the environment in which particle
deposition and resuspension takes place.  Particle size and
concentration can be varied for each test condition and roughness
configuration; deposition and resuspension rates would be determined
by recording the velocities of the particles at various distances
from the test section floor in the boundary layer.

    Los Alamos Scientific I/aboratory (LASL), Los Alamos, New Mexico
- The Industrial Hygiene, Health Physics, and Environmental Studies
groups of LASL are involved in pollution monitoring and control
projects.  Within their Industrial Hygiene group are programs for
the analysis and characterization of fine particulates, and a
variety of applied studies requiring development of highly
specialized aerosol techniques and instrumentation.  Considerable
attention is directed toward the preparation of unique laboratory,
fibrous, coal dust, and plutonium test aerosols, to simulate
particulate dispersions of major concern in the area of occupational
and environmental health.  Specialized analytical procedures
involving electron and light microscopy, aerodynamic and light
scatter size characterization, and nuclear track counting have been
developed.

    Specific program areas include:

      1. development of quality control standards and procedures for
use by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) to evaluate worker exposures to asbestos;

      2. Definition of plutonium aerosol source terms and design of
air cleaners for plutonium facilities;

      3. Evaluation of aerosol aerodynamic properties and its
relation to fibrous filters used for air cleaning and sampling;

      4. Development of aerosol systems for the National Institute
of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) testing and certification
of respirators and air samplers;

      5. Evaluation of multi-stage air sampling instruments and
procedures to better estimate inhalation hazard to the individual;

      6. Development of air sampling systems to distinguish between
particulate and non-particulate mercury;

      7. Development of the LASL Spiral Centrifuge Aerosol
Spectrometer to define aerosol aerodynamic properties;

      8. Study of particulate agglomeration and its relation to the
performance of air cleaners.


                                 48

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    Primary attention has been directed at the development of
monodisperse test aerosols ranging from 0.2 to 10 ym, employing
nebulization and spinning disc techniques.  Test methods have been
developed for generating fibrous and coal dust aerosols with
specific polydisperse size characteristics.  Electron and light
microscopy, and aerodynamic size characterization have been used to
define particle size parameters.  Variation in aerodynamic size for
non-hygroscopic aerosols has been studied as a function of high
humidity conditions similar to that existing in the lung.  Field
studies have been directed at defining size characteristics of
plutonium aerosols under actual work conditions in order to provide
an estimate of the source term for air cleaning systems.
Aerodynamic shape factors and particle density have been defined for
non-spherical aerosols using the LASL Spiral Centrifuge Aerosol
Spectrometer.

    Two-stage samplers have been calibrated in relation to
"respirable" dust sampling concepts, and theoretical relationships
between different "respirable" dust standards have been developed.
Studies to develop a "respirable" sampler for fibers are currently
in progress.  Laboratory studies have been directed at defining
filter efficiency as a function of aerosol size, filtration
velocity, mass loading, cyclic flow, and media characteristics.
Cyclic flow conditions simulate different breathing patterns, and
approximate actual respirator use conditions.  Experimental filter
performance data have been related to theoretical calculations.  An
experimental program is in progress to define the performance of
multiple high efficiency filtration systems.  Test methods have been
developed for in-place testing of high efficiency filtration and
sorbant air cleaners, which required development of a new light
scatter photometer for monitoring small aerosol concentrations.
Agglomeration of test aerosols used for in-place filter testing is
being studied in terms of changes in particle size, and the effect
on filter performance.  A computer program has been developed to
model air cleaner performance in terms of mass removal, reduction in
potential health hazard, and haze formation, and as a function of
challenge aerosol size characteristics.

    The central point of contact for these technologies is
Mr. Harry Ettinger, (505)667-5231.
                                 49

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      Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, (LBL) Berkeley, California

    Two visits were made to LBL, the second was made to follow-up on
items uncovered during the first visit.  LBL is actively involved in
several energy and pollution projects, including the exploitation of
geothermal energy, clean coal, solar energy, nuclear fusion, water
purification, air quality research, instrumentation for
environmental monitoring, and earthquake prediction.

    The strongest air pollution technology LBL seems to have is in
the area of trace-substance detection and analysis.  The technique
is good for heavy metal oxides but best for characterizing NOX, SOx,
etc.  A single scan on a 100 nanogram sample will yield sufficient
information to determine which heavy metal oxides and pollutants
such as N02 and 803 are present.  Also, the technique can identify
particles smaller than 100A.  This has importance because, e.g.,
ultrafine carbon particles apparently catalyze S02 •* 804.  Leasing
cost for a new analytical machine is about $25K/year, plus $35K/year
for personnel.  A "leisurely" sample analysis rate yields a gross
total cost of about $60/sample.

    Other areas of expertise and hardware available at LBL include:

      1. X-ray fluorescence.

      2. Photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA).

      3. Isotope-zeeman absorption spectroscopy.

      4. Resonance-Raman lidar spectroscopy.

      5. Laser optoacoustic spectroscopy.

      6. Microwave spectroscopy.

      7. Mass spectroscopy.

      8. Survey of instrumentation for environmental-quality
monitoring.

    LBL is engaged in the development and improvement of two
techniques for the measurement of the elements present in
pollutants, such as mercury, cadmium, and zinc.  X-ray fluorescence
is the more versatile and is capable of measuring practically all
the elements, but, for those elements for which it is suitable,
                                 50

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Isotope Zeeman Effect Atomic Absorption (IZAA) has higher
sensitivity.

    The recent development of LBL semiconductor-detector
spectrometers with energy resolution adequate to discriminate
between most elements has yielded an almost ideal tool for rapid
simultaneous multielement analysis.  The sensitivity of x-ray
fluorescence analyzers has been improved so that trace-elements in
air pollution samples or biological samples at less than 1 part per
million can be measured in a few minutes per sample.  This work has
recently been applied, together with automatic computer analysis of
x-ray spectra, to an air particulate analysis system developed by
LBL for EPA is now in use.  Thus, it will not be discussed further
here.

    The laboratory is developing, extending, and putting to use the
IZAA method for trace-element analysis.  Recent work has proven that
atomic absorption analysis can be performed on mercury in the
presence of large amounts of attenuating smoke or other elements.
Consequently, analysis can be performed by atomizing the sample
without chemical separations or pre-concentrations, as required with
other trace-element analyzing instruments.

    An NSF/RANN is supported effort incorporating new engineering
developments into the IZAA instrument to convert it from a
proof-of-concept research tool to a practical field-service applied
technology instrument.  A rugged table-top instrument and a small
power supply package are being developed.   The result should be a
practical device more sensitive, rapid, and easy to use than any
other for trace analysis of mercury, cadmium, and lead.

    The chemical state of the elements present in pollutants
determines their route through the environment and their impact on
living organisms.  However, x-ray fluorescence and IZAA are not
capable of determining the chemical states of elements they detect.
This capability is the particular value of the technique knows as
Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA).  Photoelectron
spectrescopy has been developed at LBL into a tool by which many
problems of interest in environmental chemistry can be studied.  For
example, seven different chemical species  of sulfur were identified
by LBL in aerosols from Los Angeles and San Francisco.

    ESCA is presently employed to identify anions such as sulfates,
sulfides, nitrates, etc.  The oxidation states of detectable metals
also are identifiable through chemical shift measurements.  The
Laboratory intends to broaden their analytical capability of
electron spectroscopy by measuring phenomena which could
"fingerprint" the anions attached to a particular metal atom.
However, operation of the device is somewhat complicated and
requires a highly trained person to made it work.
                                  51

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    The Resonance Raman Effect (RRE)  is being investigated at LBL as
a possible method for the long-range, remote sensing of molecular
pollutants in the atmosphere.  The Raman scattering efficiencies may
be enhanced greatly by use of laser light close to a frequency at
which a molecule absorbs light.  LBL is investigating the use of RRE
to detect pollutant gases using a tunable laser (variable light
frequency).  Calculations indicate possible detection of pollutant
concentrations of 1 part per million at a distance of a mile or
more.  Then, by measuring the round trip time of light pulses,
three-dimensional map of pollutant distributions in the air maybe
constructed to identify pollutant sources and to study movement of
pollutants in the atmosphere.

    LBL is also investigating the use of Microwave Spectroscopy as a
highly specific and sensitive method for monitoring gaseous
molecular pollutants and studying chemical kinetics of pollutants.
The sensitivity of the spectrometer system can be made adequate for
direct measurement of gaseous molecular pollutants in ambient air at
the parts-per-billion level with a measurement time of one second or
less.  The design goal is a portable spectrometer for field
measurements of S02, CO, and H2S with high sensitivity and instant
read-out.

    In 1972 LBL began a critical and in-depth Survey of
Instrumentation for Environmental Monitoring under the auspices of
NSF.  Instruments and techniques being investigated are those useful
for measurements in air, water, radiation, and for environment-
related biomedical monitoring.  In addition to filling an
information gap, such a survey has highlighted new methods of
detection and analysis, and techniques employed in other disciplines
which appear to be applicable in the environmental field.

    The survey included summaries of conditions giving rise to
environmental problems, overviews of present measurement methods,
critical comparisons among instruments and instrumentation methods,
and recommendations for the development of new instrumentation.

    LBL is carrying on a program of Air Quality Research to study
air pollutants emitted from combustion sources.  This program
addresses the questions of how the pollutants are formed, how they
are transported through the environment, how they interact with
non-living and biological systems, and how they affect the human
health.

    A major LBL environmental program involves the chemistry of
atmospheric particulate matter, with the long-range goal of gaining
an understanding of the formation and chemical nature of atmospheric
aerosols.  One ubiquitous pollutant is sulfur dioxide.  A primary
goal of the LBL study is to understand the chemical transformations
of the sulfur in fuel, all the way from combustion to the formation
of the final sulfurcontaining compounds in the atmosphere.  This
work using ESCA has been carried out in collaboration with the

                                  52

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California State Air Resources Board.  A major result thus far has
been the identification of the important, and heretofore not
realized, role played by finely divided carbon particles (soot) in
the chemical transformations of sulfur from the fuel into sulphate
ion, and subsequently into sulphuric acid.

    LBL has re-analyzed the classic study of the health effects of
air pollution conducted in 1962 by Winkelstein and others in
Buffalo, New York using the advanced instrumentation described
above, the more than 2500 air samples collected in the original
Buffalo study and, for the first time, measured the concentrations
of individual elements in the samples.  LBL has proposed to
re-establish the 21 sampling stations in Buffalo with special
equipment designed for the collection of suspended particulates for
analysis by advanced instrumentation techniques.  These measurements
would be combined with a study of the morbidity and mortality
distributions in Buffalo to be performed by Winkelstein of the
University of California School of Public Health.  The goal is the
determination of the occurrence of cancer vs. specific chemical
composition of ambient aerosols.

    The significance of trace-element pollution of ambient air to
human health and disease rests, of course, on the assumption that
body burdens are related to ambient air levels.  LBL hopes to test
this hypothesis by* examining selected tissue samples for presence
and amounts of studied elements,  utilizing the x-ray fluorescence
technique as well as other appropriate chemical and physical
methods.  Such materials as hair, capillary blood, saliva, and
possibly urine are easily available from school children; this
population provides a geographically representative sample.  The
tissue levels can then be compared to ambient air levels at place of
residence to test the hypothesis  of association.

    While epidemiological studies, such as the Buffalo study,
demonstrate a correlation between health effects and air pollution,
such studies tell us nothing about the underlying mechan-isms by
which the pollutants affect living organisms.  LBL has undertaken
laboratory studies directed toward elucidation of these mechanisms.
One possible mechanism by which pollutants could affect living
systems is by interacting with the structure and function of
cellular membranes.   For example, there is evidence that the growth
of cells is limited by environmental influences that can cause
damage to the cell membrane.   Because membranes are the critical
interfaces that screen the complex organization of cells from their
environments, they are utilizing human lung-cells to develop
sensitive and specific methods to detect and evaluate the effects of
pollutants.

    Another possible mechanism by which pollutants might affect
health is by alteration of biological enzyme systems.  The state of
health of humans depends upon the optimal functioning of a multitude
of enzymes which control almost all body processes.  Many of these,

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perhaps a majority, either contain an essential metal as an integral
part of their structure or are activated by a particular metal.   LBL
researchers are investigating what happens to these metal-
dependent enzyme systems when humans are exposed to abnormal amounts
or kinds of metal as particulate matter in our air, from
accumulation of industrial wastes in our water, or in our food
supply.  Especially important are synergistic effects, about which
essentially nothing is know.  They wish to develop methods for early
detection of disturbed enzyme systems, before signs of tissue
pathology appear.  The experimental focus will be on changes in
metal content within the cells as a forerunner and clue to changes
in enzyme activity.

    Points of contact include:  Dr. Jack Hollander, (415)843-5878
and Dr. T. Novakov, (415)843-5110  (ESCA) .
                                  54

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     •Lawrence; Livermore Laboratory lLLI/);, 'Livermore, California

    Although deeply involved in energy research, LLL additionally
has air pollution monitoring and control capabilities (primarily in
the area of fine particulates).  The Biomedical Division conducts
efforts associated with instrumentation, meterology, aerosol
generation and measurement, pollution chemistry, and analysis
suspension and resuspension, particle collection and generation,
aircraft sampling, and power plant effluents.

    More specifically, LLL has current work ongoing in areas of:

      1. Global climate modeling.

      2. San Francisco Bay air pollution modeling.

      3. Aerosol characterization.

      4. Ammonia vapor detection.

      5. Asbestos quantity measurements.

      6. Automatic chemistry lab at NERC, Cincinnati.

      7. Ecosystems.

      8. Methylation of Platinum.

      9. Gamma-ray cameras.

      10. X-ray flourescence (elemental analysis).

      11. Gunn diode spectrometer (gas analysis).

    The Chemistry and Material Science Division is concerned (from
an environment point of view)  with aerosols, emissions from smelting
plants, fine particulate generation, ESP's and automation.  Fine
particulates are emphasized, with a capability for 100 A resolution
in concentrations down to the ppB region.

    The Analytical Chemistry Division has a device that can
characterize S02 vs 863 compounds as well as any other compound.
Molecular configurations are identified by peering into the first
five layers of atoms on surfaces.  For example, the device can
characterize and identify vinyl chloride in concentrations as low as
10 ppB.

                                 55

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    LLL also has instrumentation available that can characterize
particulates in a range from 50 A* diameter to "boulders."  Aerosol
generation  (mono- and poly-dispersed) , stack sampling equipment, and
upper air sampling are also within LLL capability.

    In addition to a rather broad and deep hardware and analytical
capability, LLL possesses the ability to put teams of scientists and
engineers together to apply the cybernetic approach to solving
complex problems.  This is largely a function of the matrix
organization of LLL.

    Table VI-1 shows the detailed type of pollution work LLL has been
involved in recently.  Additionally, LLL feels confident they can
solve the following types of problems.

      1. Model the deposition o'f aerosol particles in the human
respiratory tract during breathing.

      2. Model the particulate distribution effects on passing
through an electrostatic precipitator, fabric filter or other
collection device.

      3. Promote research and development on electrostatic
techniques and Brownian diffusion techniques for developing
automated instruments for stacks.

      4. Develop an optical particle counter which can operate
directly within the effluent stream.

      5. Apply holographic techniques for sizing applications in
effluent streams; decrease equipment costs and complexity; increase
resolution.

      6. Investigate and test techniques which use the size
limitations of several different concentration sensors to
effectively measure particle concentration within several size
ranges.  The technique would use (1)  a beta radiation attenuation
sensor to measure the total particulate mass concentration
(sensitive to Dp1, or large particles in the 1 - 100 ym range) , (2)
a transmissometer to measure opacity (roughly sensitive to D^, or
particles primarily from 0.1 - 10 ym) and (3)  a condensation nuclei
counter or electrostatic counter to measure the particle number
concentration (sensitive to the number of particles, or to particles
from 0.001 - 1.0 ym).  Analysis of the three simultaneous
measurements would appear to offer sufficient particle size
information for most continuous air pollution monitoring
applications.  Measurement of total mass concentration and
respirable mass concentration offers another interesting combination
of particulate parameters.

      7. Develop techniques for delivering truly representative
samples of effluent to measuring instruments.   Questions related to

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the conditioning of the effluent (dilution, heating, cooling, etc.)
prior to measurement by most sizing instruments could also be
investigated thoroughly.

      8. Source sampling with more advanced instrumentation (e.g.,
cascade impactors, thermal precipitators, and electrostatic
precipitators)  to define the effectiveness of control equipment for
the collection of particulate pollutants.

      9. Study methods for the collection of research directed to
these main areas:  (1)  improvement of existing control equipment via
better design, (2)  development of devices for controlling fine
particles, and (3)  agglomeration mechanisms of fine particles.
Research on the agglomeration mechanisms could improve existing
collector performance and may lead to new collector devices.

      10. Improve the capability to monitor, sample, and size
effluents from particulate pollution sources.  Optical techniques
for monitoring fine particle emissions could be pursued.  Simple,
yet reliable stack sampling methods can be developed.  A collection
mechanism which collects submicron particles and causes neither a
formation nor a break-up of aggregates is necessary if accurate
particles size formation is to be obtained.

      11. Research the relationships between total suspended
particulate in the air and specific sources of particulate pollution
emphasizing submicron size particulates.  Information is needed to
help identify the origins of suspended particles in the air and to
assess the contribution of various sources to the total particulate
burden in the atmosphere.  Investigations could focus on material
that leaves the source as a particulate (i.e., primary particulate),
and source effluents that form particulates after leaving the source
(i.e., secondary particulates).   Reduction of total suspended
particulate matter may require control of the source of effluents
that form secondary particulates.

      12. Conduct epidemiological and laboratory studies of the
effects of particulate pollutants on humans, including experiments
on animals.  Attention focused on synergistic effects produced by
gases in combination with particulates.

      13. Gather information on chemical composition of particulate
pollutants as a function of particle size should be obtained to
assist in defining potential health hazards of particulate
pollutants.  Attention could be focused on potentially harmful
metals.

      14. Assess the material damage caused by fine particulate
pollutants.

      15. Investigate the influence of suspended-particulate matter
on the behavior of the atmosphere should be defined in more detail.

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Attention can be focused on their effect on solar radiation and
weather modification.

      16. Study emission standards since the major adverse effects
of particulate pollutants on human health and welfare are associated
with micron and submicron particles, the technical and economic
feasibility of establishing national emission standards based on
particle size could be investigated.  Performance or emission
standards based on particle size should be studied because there is
great doubt that procedures which are based on overall percentage
reduction in emissions (tons/year)  actually achieve the desired
reduction in suspended particulate matter in the community air.

      17. Develop simple, accurate, and reliable methods for testing
the performance of various control devices in the fine-particle (0.1
- 1.0 u diameter)  range.   These test procedures will be needed to
confirm compliance of installed equipment with regulations as well
as to provide a means of comparing performance capabilities of
various devices on a single source.

      18. Study the long-term health effects of particulates in the
human lung - dissolution and expulsion; residence times and sticking
coefficients as a function of particle size and composition.

      19. Study the nucleation and condensation mechanisms of
particulates as a function of stack gas temperature downstream from
the cleaning device.

      20. Study synergistic health effects by monitoring < 2 micron
particulates in three cases:  (a)  100% particulate removal with no
S02 control, (b)  100% SC>2 removal with no particulate control, and
(c) 50% particulate control - 50% S02 control.

      21. Study the effect of leaving > 2 micron particles in the
gas stream to act as gaseous absorbers and remove only less than 2
micron particles.

      22. Study aerodynamic behavior of particulates in the human
lung using actual physical particle linear dimensions rather than
aerodynamic diameter.

      23. Model real systems by characterizing linear dimensions and
chemical compositions of particulates.

      24. Provide R&D to (a)  develop gas cleaning equipment whose
performance is based on particle size as well as on weight removal,
and (b) improve the collection efficiency of electrical
precipitation, filters and scrubbers in the critical 0.1 - 1.0 y
range.

      25. Develop a better understanding of the origins and effects
of particulate pollution in relation to public health needs and the
economic impact on industry of current standards.
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      26. Develop and extend chemical element balances and other
methods for estimating natural background levels.

      27. Relate standards for the chemical components of
particulates including sulfates, lead and other constituents to
physical characteristics.

      28. Improve existing in-stack sampling systems and develop new
stack monitoring systems capable of measuring the physical and
chemical characteristics of particulate emissions.

      29. Develop methods which relate air quality to emission
sources, both gaseous and particulate, for urban and industrial
regions with differing source characteristics.
                                 59

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                             Table VI-1

                     LLL ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
                          CURRENT PROJECTS

                                                        Funding
Title and Description                                    Agency

DOT CIAP MODEL DEVELOPMENT                             Dept. of
                                                    Transportation
Develop numerical models of atmospheric
processes as an aid to understanding the
impact on global climate caused by
aircraft exhausts in the stratosphere.

NSF BAY AREA AIR POLLUTION MODEL                         NSF-
DEVELOPMENT                                              RANN

Jointly with NASA-Ames Research Center
and the Bay Area Air Pollution Control
District develop and verify a numerical
model for conventional and photochemical
air pollution in the San Francisco Bay
Area.  The model will include meteorological
and topographical data and will be a useful
tool in evaluating land use plans, studying
consistency of local air quality standards,
and assessing the effect of various postulated
emission control strategies.

CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH - AEROSOL            State of CA -
CHARACTERIZATION                                  Air Resources Board

Measure, using neutron activation analysis,
the abundance of selected trace elements from
particulate matter collected on filters and
impactor foils by personnel of the Air and
Industrial Hygiene Laboratory of the State of
California Department of Public Health.
Analyze and interpret the results using
existing laboratory computer programs and
report the results to AIHL.

DEVELOPMENT OF MICROWAVE CAVITY SPECTROMETER           State of
FOR AMMONIA VAPOR DETECTION                            CA - Air
                                                       Resources
To develop an instrument for observing the               Board
presence and variation in concentration of low
quantitative levels of ammonia gas by monitoring
a selected absorption line of its microwave
inversion spectrum.  An open type microwave
resonator cavity will be used as the frequency

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selecting structure  for a  small microwave
generating diode while simultaneously acting
as the absorption cell of  the spectrometer.

FEASIBILITY OF USING THERMOLUMINESCENCE OF                EPA
ASBESTOS AS A MEASUREMENT  TECHNIQUE

Develop a method and prototype instrument which
can be used to rapidly and reliably measure
time integrated dust concentrations in air.
The technique to be  investigated uses the
thermoluminescence of irradiated asbestos on an
air filter to give an accurate measure of the
quantity of asbestos collected on the filter.

EPA PILOT LABORATORY COMPUTER SYSTEM                      EPA

Develop a detailed systems analysis for
implementation of a  proposed centralized
computer operated Chemistry Lab at EPA1 s
Cincinnati NERC.

METHYLATION OF PLATINUM                                   EPA

Study the chemical kinetics and conditions
for methylating platinum by MeBi2.  Study
the effects of methylated  platinum compounds
on cell growth.

CARB X-RAY FLUORESCENCE                                CA - Air
                                                       Resources
Design, construct, and experimentally                    Board
evaluate an x-ray fluorescence system
for rapidly determining the elemental
composition of samples of  airborne
particulate matter.

EPA/NASA SPECTROMETER DEVELOPMENT                      EPA/NASA

Develop an instrument to observe the
presence and variation in  concentration
of low quantitative  levels of Formaldehyde
gas by monitoring a  selected absorption
line of the microwave rotational spectrum.
An open type microwave resonator cavity will
be used as the frequency selecting structure
for a microwave generating "Gunn diode"
while simultaneously acting as the absorption
cell of the spectrometer.
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Air Force Laboratories
           62

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    The Air Force uses 57% of all DOD petroleum  (DOD uses 3^% of the
total U.S. requirement).

    Air Force laboratories, in general, seem to have more direct
contact with EPA than the other services, therefore, not as much in
the way of laboratory capabilities will be mentioned in this section
compared with the Army and Navy sections.

Laboratories Not Visited

    Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida (just beginning to get into
pollution projects).

    Air Force Cambridge Research Lab - Primarily concerned with
stratosphere and outer spaee physics, but they claim a good
capability in meterology (including fog, aerosols, etc.).

    Brooks Air Force Base - responsible in the Air Force for
personnel health(toxicology)  and safety.

Laboratories Visited

    Rome Air Development Center (RADC, Rome, New York)  - Rome,
located on Griffiss Air Force Base, has developed a technique of
remotely monitoring gaseous and acidic pollutants down to 4 ppB (cut
to about 6 Km).  Infrared laser techniques using Raman spectroscopy
are used in the field, not just in the laboratory.  Also, a
technique for quantitatively monitoring condensable gases has been
developed at Rome for the purpose of characterizing integrated
circuit atmospheres.  However, it is possible to apply this
technique to quantitative air pollution measurements.

    The point of contact at RADC is William Kelley, (315)330-3046.

    Rocket Propulsion Laboratory (RPL), Edwards Air Force Base^
California - RPL already has an established liaison with EPA, and
reports are exchanged.  The following then, reitterates work at RPL
applicable to pollution monitoring and control.

    Beryllium diffusion characterization health hazards NO  studies,
                                                          2i

    Large scrubbers,

    Disposal and neutralization of liquid, and solid wastes,

    Toxic substances impact on the environment (HCl, Al^O.,, etc.)

    Flame analysis,

    Micrometerology (computerized diffusion of particulates),

    Points of contact at RPL include:
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    Lieutenant Colonel Gerald Stewart, (714) 553-2206 r and Jack Hewes
and John Nakamura.

     McClellan Air Force Base, Sacramento, California  - McClellan
is responsible, within the Air Force,for monitoring all Air Force
facilities in pollution and recommending corrective action.   They
build their own and modify existing equipment to suit the
specialized work they do.

    Primarily, McClellan does all Air Force stack sampling and
issues reports (some of which are cited in the bibliography in this
report) on their findings, along with recommendations - however,
they cannot enforce compliance.

    Point of contact:  Major P. Gokelman, (415)964-3821.

     Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (WPAFB), Dayton, Ohio  -
Although primarily involved in noise pollution abatement, WPAFB is
also conducting programs concerned with health hazards caused by air
pollution.  However, most everything WPAFB has done applicable to
air pollution is available or has been imparted to EPA; therefore,
it will not be mentioned here.

    Points of contact:  Ken Hopkins, (513)785-5421 and
Captain Blazowski, (513)785-2460.  (Steve O'Near at NERC-RTP has
most of the WPAFB publications concerning pollution).
                                  64

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                    Air Force We:apons Laboratory

    The Air Force Weapons Laboratory (AFWL) is responsible to the
entire Air Force for pollution monitoring and control efforts -
they are currently the "single point-of-contact" within the Air
Force for technology and fund most all Air Force effort in pollution
monitor and control, although this function may move to Tyndall Air
Force Base (Florida) in the future.

    Two visits were made to the AFWL Environics Branch.  Within this
branch are air, solid, and water sections and the ecosystems
technology section.  Major emphasis is on pollution control
engineering and disposal technology.

    The Air Resources Section is investigating procedures to contol
or eliminate identified sources of air pollution in the Air Force.
Efforts for establishing standards for evaluating pollution sources
and for developing technology to control the pollution are being
coordinated with the USAF Environmental Health Laboratories.

    Representative projects at/funded by AFWL include:

      1. Air Force pollution emission factors.

      2. Smoke abatement system for crash/rescue training fires.

      3. Combustion-incineration products of plastics and films.

      4. Smoke abatement methods for jet engine test cells.

      5. Film destruction/silver recovery.

      6. Standards and criteria studies.

      7. Control and disposal techniques.

      8. Instrumentation development.

      9.  Remote monitoring.

    One of the efforts at AFWL concerns the Air Quality Assessment
Model (AQAM) .   This model, supposedly an amalgam of the best parts
of the EPA, AQDM, and Dugway geometric model plus new concepts,
ranks with the EPA, Argonne, and Army Natick Lab models for
airports.  The AQAM output provides contour plots of pollution.  An


                                  65

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IAG exists between AFWL and National Environmental Research Center
(NERC) - Las Vegas concerning AQAM application.

    AFWL also has an operational mobile air pollution monitoring
van.

    Major Pete Crowley is the point of contact, (505)  247-1711,
X2050.  Also, Colonel Frank Smith at Andrews Air Force Base,
Washington, D. C, (202)  981-2584 is familiar with all Air Force air
pollution work.  He can also provide information on all on-going Air
Force work in air pollution through a computerized system called
MASIS.
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                  67

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Navy Laboratories
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            Naval Electronics Laboratory Center' (NELC) ,
                       San Diego, California

    NELC has not been involved in significant work relating to air,
water, or solid waste pollution control.  However, NELC possesses a
strong electronic instrumentation capability which is considered as
able to provide technology for pollution control.

    A special frequency modulated continuous wave radar, operational
at NELC, that can detect the sex of housefli.es at a range of 10,000
feet was discovered.  The radar has characterized the refractive
structure of the lower troposphere and might be useful for certain
air pollution research problems as CAT, the fine scale structure of
rain, and atmospheric motion.
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              Naval Disease Control and Vector Ecology
                            Oakland, California
    Current capabilities:

      1. Design and evaluation of ultra-low volume aerosol
generating equipment (one ounce per minute) .

      2. Effects of climate on pesticide control.

      3. Insectory - breeding, growing, etc.

    Point of contact:

    Lieutenant Commander Mulrennan (415)869-3652

    Reference:

    The Military Entomology Service at Walter Reed Medical  Center  in
Washington, D. C. can provide computer printouts of all  known
pesticides, their toxicity, etc., (202)576-5366.
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                    Naval Undersea Center (NUC)

    NUC is primarily concerned (pollution-wise)  with water pollution
problems.  During the visit the IAG had not been expanded to include
the impact on air of water pollution.   A follow-up visit was not
possbile to determine the extent of NUC technology involving the
air-water interface.  Capabilities for water pollution research
include ocean biology, chemistry, and modeling.
                                  71

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     Naval Biological Research Lab (NBRL) ,  Alemeda, California

    Current projects and capabilities:

      1. Microaerofluorometer can track plumes out to 150 miles
against a background of 10,000 other particles.

      2. Aerosol sampling tubes.

      3. Programmable environmental chambers that can simulate even
the atmosphere of Jupiter.

      4. Studies of bacterial growth in the atmosphere.

      5. Aerosol particle size vs. toxicity studies.

      6. Solar chambers for determining the affect of sunlight on
organisms.

      7. HEPA filtered 10,000 cubic feet per mi.nute wind tunnel.

      8. Identification of airborne proteins.

      9. Effect of S02 and NOX on susceptibility to respiratory
illness.

      10. Particulate morphology as a function of collection
techniques.

      11. Ultra-low volume insecticides research.

    Point of contact:  Mark Chatigny (415)832-6343.
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          Naval Missile Center (NMC) , P't. MUgu, California

    Two items were uncovered at NMC:

      1. A Ti.02 0.55y particle generator capable of generating
pounds per minute.

      2. An automobile exhaust scrubber.

    The particle generator which was transferred to NERC-RTP is
described elsewhere in this report.

    The auto exhaust scrubber replaces resonator, is made of PVC,
outlasts the exhaust system, and only costs about $25.00 to make (by
hand) .  The system boosts gas mileage (4 to 8 miles per gallon)
because it eliminates the smog pump and some other anti-pollution
devices.  The only maintenance is replacement of the strainer about
every 6 months.  Tests for CO and C02 output showed no measurable
(on gas station equipment)  output.  Also, when the scrubber is
placed on cars with bad rings, the visible oil smoke in the exhaust
is completely eliminated.

    EPA should be made aware of this invention.  It can be easily
tested and evaluated by EPA, and it would excel over the platinum
catalytic converter.

    Points of contact:

      Steve Mallonee, particle generator, and Everett Rowe, auto
exhaust scrubber: (805)982-7192.
                                 73

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    Naval Civil Engineering Lab (NCEL)^, Port Hueneme, California

    In its two environmental protection groups,  NCEL has 40
professional engineers and scientists, plus technicians and support
personnel.  Five specialty teams monitor and analyze noise, source
emissions, air quality, land and water pollution,  and conduct
reconnaissance surveys of Naval activities for pollution sources and
intensity.  Other areas of environmental expertise cover solid and
liquid waste disposal, ship sewage transfer, beach oil spill
cleanup, oily waste treatment, and environmental data .collection, .
storage and dissemination.

    On 7 August 1973 the Navy Environmental Protection Data Base
(NEPDB) was formally defined.  Air monitoring programs were
initiated in FY75 and increased annually toward full monitoring
capability in 1978.

    A return visit to NCEL would have been beneficial after
significant implementation of air programs has been accomplished.

    One of the most useful documents published in the field of
pollution comes from NEPDB at NCEL (now just NEL)  - a directory of
contacts within the Navy, Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, Coast
Guard, EPA, Department of Commerce, and U.S. Geological Survey who
are cognizant over specific pollution areas.

    Point of contact:  Dr. Sam Brainin, head, NEPDB office:
(805) 982-5721.
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      Naval Postgraduate School, (NP:GS:)', Monterey, California

    A review of the research programs at NPGS revealed only one
recent project relating to air pollution and a final report has not
been published.  This project characterized air stream patterns for
dispersion of aerosols and methods of controlling pollutant
emissions.  However, capabilities are strong in the meteorological
and computer science areas with an IBM 360-67, low velocity wind
tunnels, instrumentation, and lasers.  Dr. Haltiner, head of
meteorology, is on the Monterey County board for air pollution
control.  (Navy Weather Central is located at the NPGS, also) .

    Dr. Gaver, head of the Operations Research Department, suggests
a strong capability in dispersion modeling and analytical techniques
exists at NPGS.

    The willingness of those interviewed to assist NERC-RTP in any
way they could was virtually unparalleled in my contacts with other
laboratories.

    The central point of contact is Dr.  James Jolly, (408)646-2691.
                                  75

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                     Naval Weapons Center (NWC)

    Significant capabilities exist at NWC of interest to EPA.  These
include:

      1. Atmospheric and weather modification research.

      2. Remote and three-dimensional ambient air quality
measurement devices using airplane and van as platforms.

      3. Polarigraphic measurements of trace toxic and hazardous
materials in water.

      4. Environmentally-controlled aerosol test chamber for
generating aerosols and testing effects of control variables.

    Apparatus available include a variety of systems for collection,
sizing and identification of particles and droplets in the
atmosphere, remote optical and electromagnetic sensors for
monitoring of such materials, and an extensive array of ground-based
and airborne meteorological sensors.  Resolution down to 0.046 A is
available.  Additional capabilities include:

      1. X-ray diffraction techniques for correlating particulate
matter to its source.

      2. Aerosol generation of metal oxides, sulfides, etc., short
term or continuously for up to 16 hours with stable output.

    Details of these capabi.li.ti.es follow:

      1. The Environmental Studies Group uses an instrumented
airplane (twin engine Cessna)  and a mobile van, both of which
continuously monitor various atmospheric parameters and pollutant
concentrations.  These parameters are recorded on magnetic tape
which is processed on a Univac 1108 computer.

      2. More sophisticated data analysis techniques such as X-ray
fluorescence, electron microscopy, and atomic absorption will be
used in on-going projects — two of which are a Navy funded Range
Visibility Study and an Air Force funded study of solid rocket motor
exhaust.
                                  76

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    The mobile van monitors (continuously):

      1. Temperature.

      2. Humidity.

      3. Wind direction and speed.

      4. Visibility  (Nephelometric).

      5. Ozone concentration.

      6. CO concentration.

      7. NO or NOX concentration.

      8. Condensation nuclei.

    The airplane continuously can monitor:

      1. Aircraft position and altitude.

      2. Temperature.

      3. Humidity.

      4. Turbulence.

      5. Visibility  (Nephelometric techniques).

      6. Ozone concentration.

      7. CO concentration.

      8. NO or NOX concentration.

      9. Condensation nuclei.

    The NWC probably contains  the most significant air pollution
monitoring and control technology base in the Navy.

    The central point of contact for technology transfer is
George Linsteadt, (714)939-7325.
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            Naval Surface Weapons Center  (NAVSURFWPNCEN)

    NAVSURFWPNCEN, Dahlgren Laboratory (DL) (formerly the Naval
Weapons Laboratory) was awarded the task of fabricating a mobile
scrubber under IAG 133D.  This task is being performed separately
from Task 1 of the agreement; therefore, it will not be covered
here.

    NAVSURFWPNCEN, White Oak Laboratory (WOL)  (formerly the Naval
Ordnance Laboratory)  has technology available in air pollution
monitoring and control in the area of aerosol size distribution
determination.  Studies of particulate control can also be conducted
here.

    Theoretical and experimental studies in particulate generation,
filtering, and particle mechanics (all treated as fluidmechanics)
have been conducted at NAVSURFWPNCEN (WOL) including:

      1. Theoretical studies to determine aerosol-concentration
distributions and deposition flux of dilute aerosols suspended
within turbulent gas flows.  Consideration was devoted to the
effects of particle agglomeration and to the influence of electrical
forces on the particle deposition behavior.

      2. Experimental measurements of gas constituents concen-
trations by the use of a laser Raman spectroscopy.  Experimental
investigations of the fluid properties of a high-speed rotational
flow have been carried out, also.

    The Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV)  developed by Dr. W. Yanta
(202)394-2093, can measure particle size distributions in the 0.3 -
5 \i range.  Recent work with the system (see Appendix B)  proves the
LDV to be a valuable laboratory tool for rapidly generating particle
size distributions of low density aerosols.

    Point of contact, technology transfer:  Dr.  Sherman Gee
(202)394-2264.
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         Naval Re search Laboratory (N;RL) , Washington, D. C.

    In addition to a substantial involvement in water pollution
research, NRL has the following capabilities:

      1. Aerosol generation and filtration (Harold Bogardus).

      2. Gas sampling and monitoring (Walter Faust).

      3. Micro-particulate sizing and flow (Felix Rosenthai).

      4. Sample characterization (cyclotron)  (Clarence Bond).

      5. Asbestos characterization and structure of gaseous and
particulate matter (Jerome Karle).

      6. Sea-air interactions.

      7. Effects of pollutants on photosynthesis.

      8. Water vapor measurements in the stratosphere.

    Work in aerosol filtration conducted as part of Task 1 is
described elsewhere in this report.

    NRL's expertise to attack pollution monitoring and control
problem is among the most significant within the Navy laboratory
complex.

    Central point of contact is Robert Seebold, (202)767-3083.
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      Naval Ship; Research and Development Laboratory, (NSRDL)•,
                        Ann apolis ,• Maryland

    NSRDL, aside from its basically military tasks, is primarily
involved in water and solid waste pollution problems.  However,  some
work is on-going in air problems related to particulate emissions
and SQx and NOx from ship stacks, as well as particulates, COX,  and
aerosols aboard the closed environment of submarines.

    NSRDL1s Pollution Abatement Division consists of approximately
30 people.  Major areas and contacts are listed below:

      1. Air Pollution from Navy Ships:        B. Wallace

      2. Air Pollution within Submarines:      J. S. Post

      3. Navy Data Base Programs:              G. B. Nickol

      4. Water Pollution:                      J. I. Schwartz

      5. Thermal Pollution:                    W. Adamson

      6. Solid Wastes:                         P. Schatzberg

      7. Liquid Wastes:                        W. VanHees

    The central point of contact is Mr. Isadore Cook, (301)227-1852.
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Army Laboratories
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                   Army Cold Regions Research and
          Engineering Lab  (CRREL), Hanover, New HaMpsM:re

    A unique capability possessed by CRREL is the analysis of
ancient air samples, preserved in glacial ice in Greenland.  804,
Pb, etc., levels are determined as well as the oxygen isotope ratio.
Dr. Chet Langley is currently heading the effort.

    The CRREL1s liquid waste processing pilot plant outflow is
pathogen-free and drinkable.  Green plants aide in leeching out
chemicals they can use as nutrients.

    The CRREL is also involved with studying lake pollution with
satellites, fog dispersal and creation, and air "sniffing" for
hydrocarbon content.

    Although mentioned very briefly above, CRREL capability in their
areas of expertise appears to be unsurpassed.  Dr. Andrew Assur,
Chief Scientist (AC (603)642-3200, X237)  is the technology transfer
contact at CRREL.
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                  Army White Sands Missile
                      White S'ands, New Mexico

    Several projects and technologies pertinent to EPA requirements
are available at White Sands, including:

      1. Particulate characterization (down to less than . 05y).

      2. Dry aerosol generation (1 - 10 grams/meter
concentrations).

      3. I.R spectrometry.

      4. Dust sampling (world wide) .

      5. Optical degradation due to pollutants.

      6. Nephelometry.

      7. Chemical analysis (wet).

    Work at White Sands in these areas has not had the visibility
that related work at other DOD laboratories has had; nonetheless, it
appears to be at high quality.

    Details of the particle characterization capability include:

      1. Single particle resolution (.05y diameter) in an atmosphere
using a mercury arc lamp.

      2. Homemade laboratory device, but can be engineered for the
field.  A report is in preparation.

      3. Output yields shape information, size, and identification.

      4. Possible, in conjunction with computer program, to analyze
1000's of particles per second, in real time.

      5. Forward and two simultaneous right angle scattering plus
photon counting gives a dynamic range of from DC to 10° (10^ better
than existing commercial devices).

    The Optical Properties of Atmospheric Particulates Group perform
IR and near IR spectrometry.  Using diffuse reflectance and
photometric techniques it is possible to obtain the absorption


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coefficient of samples.  Discoveries include a 10-3 higher
coefficient than previously thought for dust (due to carbon and iron
particles in small concentrations).  These are currently able to
generate synthetic dust and (possibly)  fly ash.  A project is
underway that will sample dust all over the world (using Bendix
equipment).  It should be completed before the end of this year.  A
world wide soil sample project is now winding up, using an
integrating spectrometer.  Also, the group is working on nailing
down optical degradation due to pollutants in the atmosphere
considering diffuse reflectance rather than transmittance as the
criteria.

    Also available at White Sands are sensitive nephelometers.
These nephelometers measure water drops (size and shape and
distribution)  in the 2.5 - 250y (radius)  range.  Slight modification
to their equipment would enable them to go down to 0.3y.  They use
an HeNe laser at night.

    They consider the effects of water "pollution" in air to be:

      1. Increase in coalescing.

      2. Collision effects.

      3. Electrical effects.

      4. Sound alterations.

      5. Improved scrubbing efficiency.

      6. Adherence of water to solid pollutant particles.

      7. Difficult to monitor dry particles that get wet.

White Sands feels they have an almost unique capability of
addressing these effects.

    The central point of contact in the Atmospheric Sciences
Laboratory is Glenn Hoidell, (915)678-2926.  Other knowledgeable
people include:

          Light Scattering Particle Analyzer       Mr.  W. J.  Lentz

          Optical Properties of                    Mr.  J. Lindberg
          Atmospheric Particulates

          Fog Nephelometer                         Mr.  R. Loveland
                                                   Mr.  D. Dickson
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          Army Land Warfare Lab (IML) , Abe••rdeett, Maryland

    Between the visit arrangements and the actual visit, LWL
received notice of phase-out and shutdown.  Therefore,  no capability
to perform work at LWL exists.  Their strongest capabilities of
interest to EPA (IR remote sensing of particulates and real time
mass spectrometer techniques)  were transfered to Edgewood Arsenal.

    However, because of the lab phase-out, it was possible to obtain
a General Electric Condensate Nuclei (CNC) counter, two Nolan CNC
standards, and a GE particle generator for further transfer to
NERC-RTP.  These equipments are described in more detail elsewhere
in this report.
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                    Dugvay Proving Grounds (PPG)

    Dugway capability is primari.ly in environment control.
Specifically, the generation, measurement, tracking, collection and
analysis of fine particulate aerosols in low concentrations over
long distances constitute a significant effort at Dugway.

    For the past two decades Dugway has conducted extensive studies
in identifying, measuring and monitoring chemical and biological
materials in the atmosphere and in developing mathematical
techniques to characterize their transport and diffusion in these
media.  Field studies have been conducted at remote locations
throughout the world to extend knowledge of airborne material
behavior in a variety of meteorological regimes.

    Specifically, the technologies and capabilities possessed by
Dugway in these areas include:

      1. Development of analytical techniques for pesticides or
process waste components.

      2. Development of instrumentation to measure trace
contaminants from mixed waste streams.

      3. Biological research of processes utilizing living organisms
and their by-products.

      4. Sampling and analysis of particulate and aerosol clouds.

      5. Tracer studies to characterize an emission source including
the development of diffusion and transportation models to define
their travel.

      6. Conduct of ecological field studies to define the effects
on the total environment as a result of a specified operation.

      7. Conduct of field studies requiring large numbers of
remotely controlled samplers followed by automated processing of
large numbers of resulting samples for analysis.

      8. Tests of objects or devices under a wide variety of
programmable controlled environmental conditions.

      9. Tests requiring a complete integrated facility to be
established on site (characterization of a pollution source,
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utilizing tracers and requiring extensive field sampling and
sophisticated meteorological field measurements).

      10. Particle generation (1-5y) .

      11. Bio-denitrification using anarobic bacteria.

      12. Waste water treatment.

      13. Stack monitoring.

      14. Marine aerosol parti.culates research.

      15. Spray systems evaluation.

    An extremely broad system of facilities is necessary to support
the broad spectrum of capabilities exhibited by DPG.  The following
is a partial compilation of facilities useful for pollution studies.

      1. Chambe rs
         Over 20 chambers of various sizes up to 50' x 30' x 20' are
available, with a capability for a wide range of programmable
environmental conditions from arctic to desert, tropic to cold, salt
fog to rain, and low pressures to sand and dust.

      2.  Filter Tests

         Two penetrometers are maintained for the purpose of
measuring the penetration and life of filters.  The penetration is
measured by passing 0.3 micron smoke through and measuring the
degree of penetration.

      3. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

         The Model P-E 303 is an analytical flame instrument which
is used to determine the trace metal content of a sample.  This
technique appears to be the most reliable and rapid means for
detecting and analyzing metals.

      4. Robot Chemist Analyzers

         This instrumentation is used for colorimetric/
spectrophotometric analyses for which time and/or temperature
control is critical.  Its main use is in the analysis of trace
quantities of chemicals.  For example, methyl acetoacetate may be
analyzed over the range 0 to 1 ymg/ml, with a lower detection limit
of less than 0.1 ymg/ml.  Because of the time and temperature
controls, this instrumentation is ideally suited to the enzymatic'
assay of trace quantities of some chemicals down to less than 0.001
ymg/ml.
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      5 . Sampling Hardware

         Over 8000 samplers of various types include large numbers
of all the conventional samplers such as all glass impingers
 (AGI's), Anderson particle size discriminating samplers, Reynier
slit samplers, Rotorod fluorescent particle samplers, Millepore
filter samplers, chemical bubblers, chemical impactors, Snoot filter
samplers, Cascade Impactor samplers, and filter paper and printflex
card samplers.  Various combinations of sampling sequencing are
accomplished by using such units as the radio-controlled sampler.
For special testing the Large Volume Air Sampler (LVAS) is used.  A
limited number of more specialized samplers used at DPG include the
Mi.croaerofluorometers (MAF's), Royco particle counter, and Space
Charge Atmospheric Precipitator (SCAP).  Quantitative vapor and
droplet data can be obtained on particle sizes below 5 microns and
above 100 microns.  Mass quantity can be determined for the
intermediate size range.  Particulate matter in the size range of
0.5 microns to 15 microns has been the range of interest in DPG
testing, hence expertise and capability are concentrated in this
area.

      6. Automatic Data Acquisition System (ADAS)

         DPG has two ADAS each of which consists of a data central
collection terminal housed in an air transportable mobile van.  Each
van can control up to 24 low data rate remote stations and 12 high
data rate remote stations.  Data is telemetered from the remote
stations via simplex RF links to the central terminal.  Each remote
station can handle up to 64 sensors, 254 of which can be sampled at
the rate of 10 times per second and the remaining 40 at the rate of
once per second.  Data is telemetered from the remote station via
simplex RF links to the central terminal.

      7. Meteorological Facilities

         a. DPG has extensive meteorological facilities for the
measurement and display of weather phenomena on the micro scale or
the macro scale.  Meterological tests are performed to develop
and/or prove model theory and to support testing.

         b. A USAF-operated weather station is located at DPG.  This
facility serves as an important element of weather services coverage
in the Western United States.  Facilities associated with this
service include an FPS-77 weather radar, a direct line radar
facsimile to the U. S. Weather Bureau in Salt Lake City, a
Rawinsonde facility, and a national weather facsimile and teletype
system.

         c. By mutual arrangements with the U. S.  Weather Bureau
(ESSA) and the FAA, the DPG system is combined with the ARTC radar
network in a weather surveillance program which provides weather
radar coverage for the Western United States.  The product is a


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composite summary of precipitation echoes from up to 22 radar
stations in the Western United States.  This product is transmitted
hourly, on the hour, only 15 minutes after the time of observation.
The transmitted chart gives location, type of precipitation (snow,
rain, thunderstorms, etc.), and an estimate of the intensity of the
precipitation (this includes direction and speed of movement of the
precipitation echoes).  These charts are exchanged on a hot-line
facsimile circuit between Salt Lake City, FAA facilities, and DPG.
In addition to this system of filling the gaps to extend effective
radar coverage of the FPS-77 radar at DPG, operators can communicate
directly for additional information concerning specific echoes so as
to enhance this capability.

         d. The combined DPG meteorological data systems (in terms
of the total number of meteorological sensors), the area covered by
the sensor networks, and the total data acquisition and processing
capabilities comprise the largest automated fixed point system in
the United States.

      7. Life Sciences Laboratories

         a. The Life Sciences Laboratories encompass a broad
spectrum of activities in biology, microbiology, biochemistry,
toxicology, and fluorescent tracer studies.   Its physical facilities
include research laboratories, for field testing, ecology,
epidemiology and toxicology as well as breeding and rearing units
for small laboratory animals and for selected species of native
fauna.  Also, the facilities serve as holding units for small and
large experimental animals including cattle and horses.

         b. The capabilities are characterized by mobility  since
they were developed not only for testing at Dugway but also for
operations at distant sites.  Moreoever, they are also well-suited
to various nonmilitary applications such as studies of environmental
pollution in air, soil, and water (and steps required for pollution
abatement) ; investigations in the general area of medical
microbiology and medical aerobiology; research in the toxicology of
pesticides; meteorological studies and tracing of the movements of
masses of water through the ability to select,  sample, and  assay
suitable physical tracers; and for research in mammalian and
microbial biochemistry.

         c. Devices in the laboratory permit the generation and
holding of confined aerosol clouds under closely controlled
conditions and over a wide span of temperatures and humidities.
Laboratory studies of samplers, collecting fluids, culture  media,
and assay techniques can thus be performed with aerosols that are a
reasonable approximation of those generated in the field.  It is
possible to study the effects of environmental conditions on
contained aerosols for comparison with changes found in the open air
and to conduct animal exposure studies.


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         d. Recently, these aerosol facilities have been
supplemented by a series of other items designed for specific
purposes.  Among these are a large-diameter duct for work with
dynamic aerosols at ambient temperature and humidity; multi-channel
particles size analyzers, a spinning-disc particle generator with
static eliminator; submicron aerosol generators; ozone generator and
ozone, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur dioxide analyzers, for the study
of the effects of air pollutants on the survival of airborne micro-
organisms.  Animal exposure facilities, an integral part of the
installation, permit such studies as testing the effect of air
pollutants on animals.

         e. A completely new capability, the microthread technique,
consists of depositing micron-sized aerosol droplets of biological
materials under closely controlled conditions in an enclosure on
extremely fine stainless steel wires held on frames.  Thereafter,
the frames containing the coated wires may be exposed to any desired
environmental conditions to study the effect of factors such as air
pollutants, relative humidity, temperature, and solar irradiation on
the survival of microorganisms.  In this way, properties of captive
aerosols may be studied outside chambers.  The usefulness of this
approach may extend to the detection and abatement of air pollution.

         f. Greenhouses are used in toxicological studies involving
plants and permit growth of indigenous plants and feed crops
throughout the year on a limited scale.  Their usefulness in
environmental and pollution studies is evident.

         g. Aside from the skill and equipment to perform virtually
anY type of microbial assay, a complete capability for fluorescent
particle tracer work exists; this ranges from evaluation of new and
conventional types of phosphors, through evaluation of powder
fluidizers, testing and quality control of fluorescent pigments, to
the assay of field samples by procedures maintained under tight
quality assurance of data.  Soluble fluorescent tracers can be
assayed with exceptional sensitivity by special methods (in some
cases, at the sensitivity of parts per 10 billion level).   Such
tracers are useful in many ways, for example:  (1)  to delineate
aerosol clouds; (2)  to permit elimination of negative sampling
stations so as to diminish assay expense; (3) to aid in studi.es
involving determination of biological and physical decay of aerosol
clouds; and (4) in meteorological and environmental pollution
studies.  These substances have been used to study the hazards of
secondary aerosols created in biologically-contaminated areas, and
they could be used to determine analogous hazards i.n hospitals.
They have recently been applied for testing of the efficacy of
particulate filters, and initial work has shown the feasibility of
their use in devising appropriate methodology in the use of
insecticides in various environments.

         h. The central point of contact at Dugway for these
technologies is Mr.  Vic Pratt, (801)522-2914.

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         Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory
                        Champaign, Illinois

    CERL is the Army Corps of Engineers'  central laboratory for
pollution monitoring and control technology, just as Edgewood
Arsenal is the central laboratory in the Army Material Command.

    CERL is approaching pollution monitoring and control from an
interdisciplinary angle.  They are charged by the Army to assess
technology of stack emissions (gaseous and particulates)  from Army
installations.  This is a function analogous to that of McClellan
Air Force Base.

    The Environmental and Energy Systems Division conducts research
relating to solid, liquid, and gaseous pollutants, as well as
technology of energy.  One major area of thrust has been the
development of design criteria for treating wastewater, controlling
NOxf and sludge disposal.  Also, this division has established
baseline data for characterizing waste from Army facilities to
determine the Army's potential for polluting the environment and
techniques required for controlling and reducing such pollution.

    CERL enjoys the advantage of affiliation with the Universa.ty of
Illinois.

    Points of contact are:

    Dr. G. Rigo, overall:  FTS (217)356-1151
    Walter Mikucki, Environmental Engineering:  AC (217)352-6511
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                          Edgewood Arsenal

    Edgewood Arsenal is the largest center of chemical research and
development within DOD.  It is an installation consisting of 10,000
acres of land and about 5.5 million square feet of building space.

    One of Edgewood1s current missions is to detect, identify, and
measure trace quantities of contaminants in air, food, soil, tissues
and on all types of surfaces is directly applicable to environmental
studies.  Currently, Edgewood is the Army Material Command's lead
laboratory for Pollution Abatement and Environmental Control.  Also,
Edgewood is involved in studies to determine how pollutants are
transmitted through the eco-chain to man.

    Environmental pollution control is a major function at Edgewood.
In addition to extensive facilities and expertise in water and solid
waste problems (air will be discussed at length, presently),
Edgewood is involved in interface areas, such as the incineration of
hazardous liquid wastes and its impact on air pollution.  The
effects of pesticides on the environment i.s also an area of
expertise for Edgewood.

    Edgewood has the capability to design and develop
instrumentation for environmental monitoring.  Research into the
application of chemical agent detectors and alarms for detection of
air and water pollutants i.s underway, as are projects concerned with
gas and aerosol cloud meteorology and micrometeorology.

    An extensive capability in veterinary medicine is available at
Edgewood for the purpose (among others) of establishing the effects
of environmental pollutants on living systems.

    A considerable body of knowledge and unique experience is
available in the design of specialized filters for the removal of
gross and trace quantities of vapors and aerosols.  This includes
the development of specialized test techniques to evaluate the
performance of filters.  Leakage determination can be made in the
parts-per-billion (ppb) range for aerosols, and near the nanogram
per liter range for vaporous contaminants.  Special filters and
mountings can be designed for virtually any application and capacity
desired.  Edgewood1s sorptive charcoals and absolute air filtration
systems have been adopted as international standards.

    Other methods of air purification than mechanical filtration and
sorption have been investigated at Edgewood, including electrostatic
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precipitators for particulates and thermal and wet scrubbing
techniques for vapor contaminants.  Extensive studies in fibrous
roughing filters and bag filters have also been performed for
aerosol and dust removal.

    Edgewood has developed and evaluated data which have resulted in
mathematical models of atmospheric behavior.  The models take into
account the nature of the source (geometry, time of release, etc.),
the nature of the pollutant released and predict the resulting space
and time variations in concentration.  These models form the basis
for predicting the hazard from potential pollution sources.
Analysis of the predicted behavior of potential or existing
pollution sources will indicate the extent of the hazard and the
degree of air pollution control which will be required to correct
the problem.  Edgewood studies of atmospheric behavior chemical
agent deployment are directly applicable to the transport diffusion,
fallout, interception and sorption of air pollutants in the
environment.  This capability in aerodynamic investigations extends
to subsequent effects on the ecological system and includes solid,
liquid and gaseous states.

    An extensive computer facility is necessary to support the above
model.  The 1108 is available to EPA as well as such services as the
automatic calculations of volumes, surfaces, centroids, and other
assorted shapes.  Uses of this service can include calculating
mapped areas for ecological studies and analyzing spectral data for
atmospheric pollutants.

    Other facilities and capabilities at Edgewood include:

      1. Active and Passive LOPAIR (Long Path Infrared) detectors.

      2. Remote Raman Chemical Detectors.

      3. C02 Laser Chemical Vapor Detector.

      4. Chemical Detectors and Alarms.

      5. Enzyme Chemical Detector and Alarm.

      6. Fluorescent Pollutants Detector Kit.

      7. Arsenicals in Water Sampler.

      8. Chemical Samplers.

      9. lonization Detectors.

      10.  Chemical Vapor Concentrator.

    Passive LOPAIR study models indicate that low angle sky infrared
energy can be used to detect and monitor the intervening path for

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the presence of pollutants.  Similarly, the C02 laser LOPAIR may be
useful for remote low angle sensing of impurities.

    The remote Raman System also offers promise for the remote
sensing and monitoring of atmospheric pollutants.

    Extensive reference files of infrared, ultraviolet, Raman, laser
Raman, visible, atomic absorption, emission and mass spectra have
been accumulated at Edgewood.

    Edgewood's analytical chemistry effort is aimed at developing
methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis in the parts-
per-billion area and ranging up to tons.  A number of advances in
high volume sampling have been made for monitoring extremely low
concentrations of air pollutants and chemical agents.  Devices have
been designed and tested for collection efficiency at sampling flow
rates up to 200 liters per minute.  One device, based on the venturi
principle, shows a collection efficiency greater than 75% at 100
liters per minute.  Air concentrations of chemical agents in the
order of .0003 mg/m3 can be determined within 5 minutes,
continuously and automatically.  The venturi scrubbers device can be
used for monitoring stack emissions.

    Twenty-three exposure chambers, two wind tunnels, aquaria, and
climatic facilities to produce any global condition give Edgewood
the capability to sample, analyze, characterize, and evaluate the
hazard resulting from virtually any industrial chemical, waste
product(s), or natural products.  In addition to a large low
velocity wind tunnel capable of holding several people, Edgewood has
a subsonic wind tunnel, 14 by 20 inches, with a test section 3 feet
in length, and a 14 by 20-inch cross section, capable of speeds from
15-300 miles per hour.  Also, a subsonic wind tunnel, 28 by 40
inches, with an open circuit straight settling chamber tunnel,
capable of speeds from 25-160 miles per hour.

    The types of field instrumentation developed at Edgewood Arsenal
are directly applicable to continuous use as environmental
monitoring systems since they give immediate read-outs of the
results.   An outdoor, instrumented test range with concentric
sampling grids is available for monitoring airborne pollutants.

    Work has been done at Edgewood on the destruction of chemicals
by incineration.  This was accomplished by actual burning of toxic
chemicals in a pilot scale incinerator with complete collection and
identification of the stack emissions.

    Edgewood Arsenal's capability in air pollution abatement and
control technology is directed to developing bench scale techniques
to recycle, reuse, reduce in volume, treat or dispose of all types
of pollutants.  The pilot plant effort scales up the laboratory
techniques to working models.  Together, there exists a strong
capability to investigate the spectrum of environmental abatement
and control technology.
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    Contacts at Edgewood include:

    Dr. John Stevens and Dr.  S.  R.  Eckhaus, overall:
(301)671-3133/2347

    Dr. L. A. Jonas, Chemistry:   (301)671-3753

    Dr. Ira Abelow, Scrubbers, Particulate collection,
Asbestos detection:  (301)671-4251

    Dr. S. Love, lonization detection,  Real time monitoring:
(301)671-3971

    Dr. B. P. McNamara, Low velocity, Wind tunnels,  Aerosol
generation:  (301)671-3034

    Dr. Leonard Jones, Bag filters:  (301)671-3753

    Dr. Bernard Gerber, Particulates :  (301)671-3757
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Appendix B
    96

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              Dielectrophoretic Filtration of Aerosols

                   G. H. Fielding, H. F. Bogardus
                   R. C. Clark and J. K. Thompson
                   Naval Research Laboratory, and
                             E. A. Byrd
                    Naval Surface Weapons Center
Introduction
    Dielectrophoresis is an electrical mechanism which shows
considerable promise for air filtration technology.  It can be used
to augment the performance of high-quality commercial glass fiber
filter media.  This augmentation is typically by 10-fold or more.
Dielectrophoresis makes no change in the filter medium and does not
affect the pressure drop in the filter.  Although it requires high
voltages, it uses almost no current or power; hence power supplies
can be small and inexpensive.  Dielectrophoresis produces no ozone
or electrical corona and function whether aerosol particles are
charged or not.  That is, it does not depend on coulombic attraction
between charged particles and surfaces of opposite polarity; it is
not electrostatic precipitation.  In spite of this array of
favorable characteristics, dielectrophoresis is as yet almost
completely unknown to air filtration applications.

    An uncharged aerosol particle within a homogeneous electric
field is polarized by the field, but is not subject to any
displacing force due to the field.  If, however, there is placed in
the field a foreign body, such as a filter fiber of material whose
dielectric constant is greater than one, the field becomes distorted
due to polarization of the fiber.  Surrounding the fiber there is a
resultant field gradient with intensity increasing toward the fiber
surface.  An uncharged but polarized aerosol particle entering such
a region of inhomogeneous field intensity, i.e., toward the fiber
surface, may be captured.  This dielectrophoretic effect described
for a single fiber is multiplied many times for a fibrous filter
medium placed in an electric field.  Every interfiber space in the
filter mat becomes a microscopic region of field inhomogeneity in
which dielectrophoresis can occur.  Dielectrophoresis in filtration
occurs concurrently with and in addition to the usual mechanisms
contributing to aerosol deposition, namely, interception, inertial
irapaction, and diffusion.
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    The theoretical aspects of dielectrophoretic filtration have
been extensively treated  (1-13) .  Hence, NRL effort emphasized
seeking a practical and economical application of dielectrophoresis
to improve the performance of existing commercial filter media.  A
simple configuration has  been used in which the electric field is
impressed parallel to the direction of air flow.

    Dielectrophoretic movement of aerosol particles in a glass fiber
air filter occurs when metallic screen electrodes, placed on each
side of the fiber mat, are impressed with a high dc potential.  The
electric field polarizes  all of the aerosol particles between the
electrodes, but they acquire no net charge and are not attracted to
either electrode.  In the absence of the glass fiber mat, the field
between the parallel screen electrodes would be essentially uniform,
with the lines of force straight and parallel.  When a glass fiber
mat is located between the electrodes, the field around each fiber
becomes nonuniform, with  the lines of force tending to concentrate
in the fibers.  This effect is due to a dielectric constant, or
permittivity, for glass which is greater than that for air.  (The
resemblance to the concentration of magnetic lines of force
concentrating in a piece  of iron is striking.)

    It is clear that a glass fiber air fi.lter in an electric field
becomes a maze of field nonuniformities.  As a field-polarized
aerosol particle enters a field nonuniformity it is acted on by a
force up the field gradient and toward the glass fiber (just as a
piece of iron moves toward the higher dielectrophoretic force).  It
is independent of and in  addition to the normal aerodynamic,
inertial, and di.ffusional forces which act on each aerosol particle
in a fibrous filter.  Accordingly, dielectrophoresis is an
augmenting rather than exclusive mechanism.

    A unique and desirable feature of dielectrophoretic air filters
should be noted at this point:  the dielectrophoretic force i.s
strongest when a particle is at or on the fiber surface.  Thus the
filter deposits are retained strongly by this filtration mechanism.
This is in contrast with  other types of air filters in which the
filtration mechanism either no longer acts after a parti.cle is
captured or, more commonly, tends to remove it.  Filters operating
by the latter mechanisms must therefore depend for parti.cle
retention films deposited on the surface or on van der Waal's
forces.

Filters

    The filter media studied were of a type normally used for dust
removal or for pre-filtration ahead of high efficiency filters.
They were reinforced, nonwoven glass fiber mats 6.4 mm thick.  Three
grades were used; they differed from each other in fiber blend,
packing density, and their resulting filtration capabilities.  The
filtration characteristics of these filters, as stated by the
manufacturer (14) , are shown in Table I.

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                              Table I
       FILTRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF GLASS FIBER FILTER MEDIA
Filter
Medium

HP-15
HP-100
HP-200
Pressure Drop

0.35 in. w. g.
0.40 in. w.g.
0.40 in. w.g.
Air Velocity   5y: Dust
 44 cm/sec
 2 0 cm/se c
 17 cm/sec
99  %
99.7%
99.9%
POP Aerosol

Not rated
60-65%
80-85%
    For experimental purposes a 14 cm x 14 cm section was mounted in
a hardboard frame.  This framed filter assembly was then sandwiched
between two 20-mesh stainless steel screen electrodes.

    The filter-electrode assembly was mounted between round-
to-square transitions in rhe center of a cylindrical duct 10 cm in
diameter by 250 cm in length.  Air movement through the system was
provided by a canister-type vacuum cleaner at the downstream end.
The cleaner motor speed was controlled by a variable autotrans-
former.  Air flow rate was measured by means of the pressure drop
across a calibrated nozzle in the duct.  Provision was made also for
measuring the pressure drop across the filter.  Current to the
filter at 7kv impressed voltage is almost undetectable on a
microammeter; it is estimated to be about 0.25 pa.

    The polyurethane foam medium is noteworthy in that it is very
cheapr can be either washable or expendable, has a very low pressure
loss, can be assembled into multilayer foam-plus-electrode
sandwiches, and can be pleated, folded, or adapted to a variety of
other shapes.

    The vinyl-coated glass multilayer screening also has some very
attractive characteristics.  The pressure loss is low, comparable
with that of the foam, and about 1/5 that of the HP-100 medium.
Further, we believe that it could be molded into a pleated or
corrugated form.  This would result in a rigid, self-supporting,
fireproof, high temperature, very low pressure loss filter that
could be washed with high-pressure water.  Two or more electrodes
could be spaced within the filter if desired.

First Experiments

    Method

    Aerosol was introduced into a plenum at the inlet end of the
duct.  Two liquid aerosols were used:  (1)  0.3 micron-diameter
dioctylphthalate (DOP) generated by a vapor condensation process and
(2)  nominal 1.0 mi.cron-diameter DOP generated by an atomizer coupled
to a jet impactor for removal of large drops.  Aerosol concentration
before and after the filter was measured with a light-scattering
photometer.  Each aerosol sampling point was preceded in the duct by
a series of orifice plates for aerosol mixing.
                                  99

-------
    A variable-voltage, positive-ground dc power supply was
connected to the wire screen electrodes.  This provided an electric
field through the filter parallel to the direction of air flow.
There was a small current, less than 0.25 microamperes, through this
circuit which was attributed to leakage through insulation.  The
voltages applied were too low to generate a corona discharge between
the electrodes.  Had there been a corona, the current would have
been of the order of a few milliamperes.

    The experimental procedure involved the simultaneous measurement
of filter penetration (or filter efficiency) and pressure drop in
the filter at a number of voltages and air flow rates.  Starting
with the lowest flow rate, the unfiltered and filtered aerosol
concentrations were measured first at zero voltage and then at
successively higher voltages up to a maximum of 7 kv.  This
procedure was repeated as air flow rate was increased step-wise up
to the maximum appropriate for the filter.

Results

    The results of the initial dielectrophoretic filtration study
are presented in Figures 1 through 6.  Each figure shows the
percentage of aerosol retained by the filter as a function of air
velocity (or pressure drop)  at applied voltages from 0 to 7 kv.  For
the 6.4 mm thickness of these filters the electric field through the
filter (in kv/cm)  was 1.57 times the applied voltage.

    The effect of the applied electric field in enhancing filtration
efficiency has been rated numerically by means of a calculated index
called the Dielectrophoretic Augmentation Factor (DAF).  This number
is the ratio of the percent aerosol penetration (100% - % retention)
at zero voltage to the penetration at the voltage of interest.  For
example, if a filter at a given flow rate showed a penetration of
10% at zero voltage and 1% at 7 kv, the DAF for that set of
conditions would be 10.  Values of the DAF are shown in Tables II
through VII as a function of applied voltage for each air flow rate
studied.

Discussion

    Figures 1 and 2 show the aerosol retention by the HP-15 filter
when challenged with 0.3 and 1.0 micron DOP, respectivley.  HP-15
has a fairly open structure; hence, aerosol retention was relatively
low.  At zero applied voltage the aerosol retention increased as air
velocity increased, indicating that inertial deposition is the
controlling mechanism of filtration.  With an electric field
established, the characteristic curves show an opposite curvature.
This shows that the longer the time that an aerosol particle remains
under the influence of a field nonuniformity, the closer it can
approach the fiber, and the higher is the probability of capture by
the fiber.   One might expect that at extremely high velocities the
dielectrophoretic effect would be negligible compared to that of the
inertial mechanism.
                                 100

-------
  100
   80
e  60

Q
111
Z

<

uj
cc
8
UJ
   40
   20
                                         I
                0.10         0.20         0.30

                        AP-FILTER (INCHES W.G.)

                       1	     i    	i
0.40
    0.50
             10       20        30          40


                         FACE VELOCITY (CM/SEC)
  50
55
         FIG. 1   INFLUENCE OF APPLIED VOLTAGE UPON RETENTION OF

                0.3 MICRON OOP AEROSOL BY HP-15 FILTER MEDIUM
                                 101

-------
   100
    80
*5   60
Q
g  40
   20
                              I
                            I
 0.10         0.20         0.30
           AP-FILTER (INCHES W.G.
	I	i	i_
                                                    0.40
10       20         30          40

           FACE VELOCITY (CM/SEC)
                                                          Okv
                                                  0.50
                                                            55
         FIG. 2     INFLUENCE OF APPLIED VOLTAGE UPON RETENTION OF
                  1.0 MICRON OOP AEROSOL BY HP-15 FILTER MEDIUM
                                  102

-------
  100
   90
   80
Q
LLJ
o
V)
g  70
   60
   50
                   Okv
FILTER MEDIUM: HP-100
AEROSOL: 0.3 MICRON OOP
                                   I
          I
                   0.25           0.50            0.75
                           P-FILTER(INCHESW.G.)
                        1.00
                10          20          30

                         FACE VELOCITY (CM/SEC)
              40
45
        FIG. 3 INFLUENCE OF APPLIED VOLTAGE UPON RETENTION OF
              0.3 MICRON OOP AEROSOL BY HP-100
                                 103

-------
   100
   90
15  80
Q
LU
LU
cc
-1

8
O  70
   60
   50
                                                            Okv
8
                                     FILTER MEDIUM: HP-100
                                     AEROSOL: 1.0 MICRON OOP
                                  I
                  0.25            0.50
                       AP-FILTER (INCHES W.G.)
                  	I	I
                                       0.75
1.00
                10         20          30

                        FACE VELOCITY (CM/SEC)
                                            40
                                                      45
     FIG. 4  INFLUENCE OF APPLIED VOLTAGE UPON RETENTION OF

            1.0 MICRON OOP AEROSOL BY HP-100
                                 104

-------
  100
   90
Q  80

LU
2
Ul
oc

o
e/j
o
£  70
                                                              Okv
   60
   50
                    I
  I
I
                   0.25            0.50            0.75

                         AP-FILTER (INCHES W.G.)
                  _L
j_
 j_
                              1.00
                  10              20


                         FACE VELOCITY (CM/SEC)
                  30
           35
         FIG. 5  INFLUENCE OF APPLIED VOLTAGE UPON RETENTION OF

                0.3 MICRON OOP AEROSOL BY HP-200 FILTER MEDIUM
                                 105

-------
  100
  90
- 80
Q
                                                           Okv
O
00
O
DC
  70
  60
  50
                                                  I
                   0.25            0.50            0.75

                         AP-FILTER (INCHESW.G.)

                  j	|_	L
             1.00
                  10              20

                          FACE VELOCITY (CM/SEC)
30
35
         FIG. 6  INFLUENCE OF APPLIED VOLTAGE UPON RETENTION OF

               1.0 MICRON OOP AEROSOL BY HP-200 FILTER MEDIUM
                                   106

-------
    Calculated values of the DAF are presented in Tables II and III
for Filter HP-15 challenged with 0.3 and 1.0 micron DOP,
respectively.  At the manufacturer's recommended flow rate of 44
cm/sec (0.35 in. pressure drop) and with 7 kn applied to the
electrodes the DAF was 2 for 0.3 micron aerosol and 4 for 1.0 micron
aerosol.

                              Table II

        DIELECTROPHORETIC AUGMENTATION FACTOR AS A FUNCTION
        OF VOLTAGE AND AIR VELOCITY IN HP-15 FILTER MEDIUM;
                       0.3 MICRON DOP AEROSOL

    Air Velocity               Filter Voltage, kv
       cm/sec           2        3.5        5         7
7
14
21
33
44
56
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
2
2
1
1
6
3
3
2
2
2
9
5
3
3
2
2
                             Table III

        DIELECTROPHORETIC AUGMENTATION FACTOR AS A FUNCTION
        OF VOLTAGE AND AIR VELOCITY IN HP-15 FILTER MEDIUM;
                       1.0 MICRON DOP AEROSOL

    Air Velocity               Filter Voltage, kv
       cm/sec           2        3.5        5         7
7
14
21
33
44
56
3
2
2
1
1
1
6
3
3
2
2
2
11
5
4
4
3
2
23
9
7
5
4
3
    The retention of 0.3 and 1.0 micron aerosols by Filter HP-100 is
shown in Figures 3 and 4, respectively.  The related DAF values are
shown in Tables IV and V.  Performance of this filter was
                                 107

-------
                              Table IV

        DIELECTROPHORETIC AUGMENTATION  FACTOR AS  A FUNCTION
             OF VOLTAGE AND AIR SPEED IN HP-100 MEDIUM;
                      0.3 MICRON OOP AEROSOL.

     Air Speed,                Filter Voltage, kv
       cm/sec           2        3.5         5         7
3
6
9
15
20
28
39
50
8
3
3
2
2
2
2
1
19
13
11
6
5
4
3
2
95
39
28
13
9
6
4
3
330
120
100
42
27
14
9
6
                              Table V

        DIELECTROPHORETIC AUGMENTATION  FACTOR AS A  FUNCTION
             OF VOLTAGE AND AIR SPEED IN HP-100 MEDIUM;
                       1.0 MICRON OOP AEROSOL

     Air Speed,                Filter Voltage, kv
       cm/sec           2        3.5         5          7
3
6
9
15
20
28
39
50
30
6
4
3
2
2
2
1
110
30
18
10
6
4
3
2
300
95
50
20
13
8
5
3
1100
360
170
50
35
18
11
7
qualitatively similar to that of HP-15, but the  efficiency was
higher throughout.  Again, the dielectrophoretic effect was greatest
at the low flow rates and decreased as velocity  increased.  From
Tables IV and V one can interpolate a value of the DAF for the
manufacturer's recommended flow rate of 20 cm/sec  (0.40 in. pressure
drop).  At this flow rate and with an applied voltage of 7 kv the
DAF is 21 for 0.3 micron aerosol and 28 for 1.0 micron aerosol.

    The retention of 0.3 and 1.0 micron aerosols by Filter HP-200 is
shown in Figures 5 and 6 respectively.  HP-200 was the most
efficient filter of the three tested.  Still, the augmentation
effect of the electric field was quite significant.  At the
manufacturer's recommended flow rate of 17 cm/sec  (0.40 in. pressure

                                 108

-------
drop) and with an applied voltage of 7 kv the DAF  interpolated from
Tables VI and VII is 19  for 0.3 micron aerosol  and 30  for  1.0  micron
aerosol.

                              Table VI

        DIELECTROPHORETIC AUGMENTATION FACTOR AS A FUNCTION
        OF VOLTAGE AND AIR VELOCITY IN HP-200 FILTER MEDIUM;
                      0.3 MICRON DOP AEROSOL.

   Air Velocity,                 Filter Voltage, kv
       cm/sec            1        2       3.5        5        7
2
4
6
11
15
21
29
37
5
4
3
2
2
1
1
1
8
5
5
4
3
2
2
1
11
12
10
9
7
5
3
2
18
15
15
16
13
10
6
4
28
22
22
24
20
18
13
8
                             Table VII

        DIELECTROPHORETIC AUGMENTATION FACTOR AS A FUNCTION
        OF VOLTAGE AND AIR VELOCITY IN HP-200 FILTER MEDIUM;
                       1.0 MICRON DOP AEROSOL

    Air Velocity                 Filter Voltage, kv
       cm/sec           1        2       3.5       5
2
4
6
11
15
21
29
37
6
5
2
2
2
1
1
1
26
11
7
5
4
3
2
1
66
34
21
12
10
6
4
2
127
65
43
23
19
13
7
4
380
138
50
37
43
26
18
8
    The relative improvement in filtration performance due to the
applied electric field was notably greater for the HP-100 filter
than for the HP-15.  The HP-100 blend contains more fine fibers than
the HP-15 and is more densely constructed.  This would have offered
more opportunity for dielectrophoresis to occur, all other things
being equal.  In terms of the DAF, the relative improvement shown by
Filter HP-100 was about the same as that shown by Filter HP-200 at
their respective rated flow conditions.  Because of differences in

                                 109

-------
initial filtration efficiency, the relative improvement caused by
dielectrophoresis was greater at  low flow rates  for Filter HP-100
than for Filter HP-200.

    The possible effect of charged aerosol particles has not been
addressed in this study.  If any  aerosol particles had been
inadvertently charged, the filtration improvement attributed here
entirely to dielectrophoresis would have been due in part to
coulombic forces.

Conclusions

    Application of an electric field through a glass fiber dust
filter medium effects a substantial improvement  in filtration
efficiency by means of dielectrophoresis.  Further work was required
to learn the most effective conditions of air flow rate, fiber
blend, density, and applied voltage. Further investigations were
also needed to test the applicability of dielectrophoresis to filter
media other than glass fiber and  to aerosols other than OOP.

HRL - NAVSURFWPNCEN Experiments

    To obtain a broader and more  realistic picture of the
dielectrophoretic effect in air filtration, studies were made (see
Figures 7 - 10) using a standard  fly ash supplied by EPA as aerosol.
The aerosol differences are fundamental:  liquid to solid, spherical
particles to those of irregular shape, uniform particle size to a
wide size distribution, and a substantial increase in material
density.  The handling and analytical problems derived from these
changes are difficult and are not yet fully solved so that the data
are not as precise as desired.

    Figure 11 shows the dielectrophoretic performance of the HP-100
medium when challenged by fly ash at various voltages and air
speeds.  The location of the characteristic curve for zero voltage
remains in some doubt.  The DAF's shown in Table III are therefore
based on the individual points for zero voltage  rather than on an
assumed curve.  In general the DAF's for the fly ash are at least as
large as those obtained for the same filter with the 1.0 micron DOP
aerosol.

    Tables VIII - XI show the percent penetration of several filter
media by the Detroit fly ash aerosol under various conditions.
Tables XII - XV give the corresponding dielectrophoretic
augmentation factors (DAF's).  The DAF is the penetration at zero
voltage divided by the penetration at the voltage of interest.
Table XVI shows the effect of ion-trapping the aerosol, and suggests
that our present ultrasonic aerosol generator causes a very
undesirable degree of charging of the aerosol particles.
                                 110

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 FIG. 8  STANDARD FLY-ASH-10,OOOX, AREA B
FIG. 7 STANDARD FLY-ASH-10,OOOX, AREA A
FIG. 9 STANDARD FLY-ASH-5,OOOX, AREA C
                         J
FIG. 10 STANDARD FLY ASH-5.000X, AREA D
                                         111

-------
  100
   99
Q
<  98
m
EC
O
CO
O
cc
LU
   97
   96
                                                     3.5 kv
                                                     2kv
FILTER MEDIUM: HP-100
AEROSOL: STD. FLY ASH
                                                        kv
                                   X
                                          X
                                      X
                                  X
                              X
              o   o        X
          o            X
                X
                   X
             X
                         I
                      I
I
I
              0.2       0.4      0.6     0.8      1.0    1.2
                AVERAGE  AP-FILTER (INCHES W.G.)
             J	I	I	I	I	
             10       20       30       40

                     FACE VELOCITY (CM/SEC)
                                    50
               60
      FIG. 11 INFLUENCE OF APPLIED VOLTAGE UPON RETENTION OF
            STANDARD FLY ASH BY HP-100
                              112

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                            Table, VIII
              PENETRATION  OF  HP-100  FILTER MEDIUM
                       BY  FLY ASH  AEROSOL
 Air Velocity,
     cm/sec
       10
       14
       20
       35
       45
       53
       OKv
         Percent Penetration  at
          2Kv     3.5Kv     5Kv
7Kv
3.4
3.2
3.2
4.1
3.1
2.3
3.2
0.28
0.42
0.65
0.97
1.4
1.4
1.7
0.12
0.11
0.15
0.34
0.52
0.71
0.90
0.086
0.042
0.084
0.19
0.25
0.34
0.32
__
—
—
0.057
0.16
0.17
0.18
                            Table  IX

               PENETRATION  OF  HP-15  FILTER MEDIUM
                       BY FLY  ASH  AEROSOL
 Air Velocity,
   cm/sec	

       20
       35
       45
       53
       OKv
         Percent Penetration  at
          2Kv     3.5KV     5Kv
7Kv
9.8
5.3
4.3
6.4
3.0
3.0
3.2
3.3
0.68
1.2
1.4
2.3
0.58
0.78
0.70
1.3
0.29
0.58
0.85
1.3
   Air
Velocity,
  cm/sec
                            Table  X

                PENETRATION OF  POLYURETHANE FOAM
                       BY  FLY ASH  AEROSOL
1L.*
        Percent Penetration  at
Kv                .5Kv
   2L.*      1L.      2L.       1L.
1 layer * 2 layers
                                          , OKv
   2L.
14
20
35
45
53
62.0
57.4
53.4
40.5
34.2
52.2
46.0
43.1
28.9
27.8
9.8
13.5
15.4
22.8
23.2
4.2
5.8
8.1
10.7
14.4
4.8
6.4
10.1
12.4
16.9
1.7
2.5
4.6
5.7
7.5
                                113

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                            Table  XI
         PENETRATION  OF  RIGIDIZED VINYL-GLASS FILTER
                  MEDIUM BY FLY ASH AEROSOL
Air Velocity,
   cm/sec	

      14
      20
      35
      45
      53
   OKv

  57.6
  59.8
  50.0
  34.0
  39.9
        3.5Kv

        10.2
        11.8
        14.3
        17.9
        22.3
            7. OKv

             3.8
             4.8
             9.5
            10.7
            11.4
                           Table  XII
          DIELECTROPHORETIC  AUGMENTATION FACTOR FOR
    FILTRATION OF FLY  ASH  AEROSOL BY HP-100 FILTER MEDIUM
 Air Velocity
    cm/se c

      6
      10
      14
      20
      35
      45
      53
2Kv

12.1
 7.6
 4.9
 4.2
 2.2
 1.6
 1.9
    DAP at:
3.5KV      5Kv
 28.3
 28.9
 21.0
 12.0
  6.0
  3.2
  3.6
39.5
75.7
37.6
21.5
12.4
 6.7
10.0
          7Kv
71.9
19.3
13.4
17.8
                           Table  XIII
          DIELECTROPHORETIC  AUGMENTATION FACTOR FOR
     FILTRATION OF  FLY  ASH AEROSOL BY HP-15 FILTER MEDIUM
Air Velocity,
    cm/sec

      20
      35
      45
      53
2Kv

3.3
1.8
1.3
1.9
    DAP at :
3.5KV      5Kv
 14.4
  4.4
  3.1
  2.8
16.9
 6.8
 6.1
 4.9
&kv

33.8
 9.1
 5.1
 4.9
                               114

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                           Table  XIV

           DIELECTROPHORETIC  AUGMENTATION FACTOR FOR
       FILTRATION OF  FLY ASH  AEROSOL BY POLYURETHANE FOAM

                                   DAF at:
 Air Velocity,             .5KV                 Kv
     cm/sec         1  layer   2 layers  1 layer   2 layers

       14             6.3        12.4       12.9      30.7
       20             4.2        7.9        9.0      18.4
       35             3.5        5.3        5.3       9.4
       45             1.8        2.7        3.3       5.1
       53             1.5        1.9        2.0       3.7
                            Table  XV

           DIELECTROPHORETIC  AUGMENTATION FACTOR FOR
 FILTRATION OF FLY ASH AEROSOL  BY  RIGIDIZED VINYL-GLASS MEDIUM

 Air Velocity,                     DAF at:
     era/sec               3.5Kv                 7Kv

       14                  5.6                 15.2
       20                  5.1                 12.4
       35                  3.5                  5.3
       45                  1.9                  3.2
       53                  1.8                  3.5
                           Table  XVI

    PENETRATION OF HP-100  FILTER  MEDIUM BY FLY ASH AEROSOL,
         SHOWING DIELECTROPHORETIC AUGMENTATION FACTOR,
                 WITH AND  WITHOUT ION  TRAPPING
                    (AIR VELOCITY, 14  cm/sec)

Voltage,       With Ion Trapping     Without  Ion Trapping
   KV      Penetration, %      DAF     Penetration, %     DAF

   0            9.4             --          3.2
   2            3.4            2.8          0.65          4.9
  3.5           1.5            6.4          0.15           21
   5            1.1            8.9          0.084          38
   7            0.43            22
                                115

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    Bill Yanta at White Oak made a number of runs to develop
histograms of fly ash particle sizes with his Laser Doppler
Velocimeter.  They show.the most numerous particle size upstream
from the filters to be 1 to 1-1/4 microns.  Using a foam filter, the
downstream particle size is essentially the same.  With the HP-100
medium, however, the histograms show peaks at about 0.3 and 1 micron
and in some cases, still larger sizes.

    Figures 12 and 13 show the experimental apparatus used by NRL
and NAVSURFWPNCEN/WO in conducting the measurements.  Figure 14
shows more detail of the Laser Doppler Velocimeter.

    The NRL light-scattering technique performs very well, both in
principle and in practice, with a largely monodisperse aerosol such
as DOP.  However, with polydispersed aerosols, such as fly ash, the
smaller particles scatter light out of proportion to their mass.  In
our filtration studies with fly ash, the smaller particles tend to
be more penetrating than the larger ones; therefore the
concentration of particles downstream from the filter is
exaggerated, and the indicated filter effectiveness is less than if
measurements were made on a weight basis.  On the other hand there
are counter-balancing factors:  there is a greater loss of the
larger fly ash particles in the sampling process and due to
interception by the screen electrodes.  Therefore, considerable work
remains to be done to improve the precision and accuracy of
dielectrophoretic filtration measurements with fly ash.

Conclusions

    We have found extremely promising degrees of dielectrophoretic
augmentation with all of the filter media we have studied:  the
three glass fiber media (HP-15, HP-100, and HP-200); the
polyurethane foam, and the rigidized milti-layer vinyl-coated glass
screening.

    We believe that the experimental results so far, together with
logical projection, strongly suggest a whole family of
dielectrophoretic air filter media, with considerable range of
characteristics, which will allow some major steps forward in a
variety of air filtration applications.  We know of only one
substantial drawback to dielectrophoretic air filtration, and that
is the possibility of a high voltage spark between the electrodes
resulting in performation of the filter and ignition of the
accumulated dust.  Consequently, we have given a lot of thought on
how this drawback can be reduced or eliminated.  Several promising
concepts have arisen for not only eliminating sparks but also
allowing operation at higher voltages.  Another concept allows
dielectrophoretic operation with no power supply at all.   NRL has
filed for patent applications on this.

    Proposals for follow-on work have been presented directly to
NERC-RTP by NRL.

                                 116

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FIG. 12  EXPERIMENTAL CONFIGURATION OF WIND TUNNEL AND FILTER ARRANGEMENT

-------
FIG. 13  DATA PROCESSING UNITS FOR FILTER EVALUATION

-------
                                      *>*."•' ,
FIG. 14  DETAILS AEROSOL WIND TUNNEL USING LASER DOPPLER VELOCIMETER
                                119

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Literature Cited

1.   Pohl, H. A., J. Appl. Phys.f (1951), 22, 869-871
2.   Billings, C. E., Dennis, R., and Silverman, L.f  "Performance of
     the Model K Electro-Polar Filter," Air Cleaning  Laboratory,
     Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston,
     Massachusetts, Report NYO-1592, 1954
3.   Thomas, J. W., and Woodfin,  E.  J., A.I.E.E. Tr., Pt.  II,
     (1959), 7£ 276-278
4.   Rivers, R. D. , A.S.H.R.A.E.J. ,  (1962), 37-40
5.   Dahlman, V., "Electrical Gas Cleaner Unit," U.S. Patent No.
     2,502,560, 1050
6.   Havlicek, V., Int. J. Air and Water Poll.,  (1961),  4, 225-236
7.   Walkenhorst, W. , and Zebel,  G., Staub, (1964),  24,  T44-448
8.   Zebel, G. , J. Colloid Sci. ,  (1965), 20, 522-543
9.   Zebel, G. , Staub (1966)  26,  18-22
10.  Zebel, G. , Staub, (1969), 29, 1-13
11.  Walkenhorst, W. , Aerosol ScTence, (1970), 1_, 225-242
12.  Walkenhorst, W. , Staub,  (1969), 2_9, 1-13
13.  Davies, C. N., Filtration and Separtion, (1970), 692-694
14.  Farr Company, "HP Air Filters," Technical Data Bulletin
     B-1300-4K, Los Angeles,  California, 1969
                                120

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                                TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
                          (Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
  EPA-600/2-76-068a
                           2.
            3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
 Defense Technology for Environmental Protection;
 Volume I--Final Report
                                                      5. REPORT DATE
                                                       March 1976
            6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)

Eldon A. Byrd, O.M. Meredith and Sherman Gee
            8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.


             SWC/WOL/TR 75-111
•
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Naval Surface Weapons Center
White Oak
Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
            10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
            1AB012: ROAP 21ADM-018
            11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.

            IAG-133-D
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
 EPA, Office of Research and Development
 Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory
 Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
            13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
            Final; 9/73-6/75
            14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
             EPA-ORD
                                                     _L
15.SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES pr0ject officer for this report is James H. Abbott, Mail Drop 61,
Ext 2925.
16. ABSTRACT
          The report condenses an effort designed to identify and transfer significant
technology concerned with air pollution monitoring and control from the Department
of Defense (DOD) to the EPA.  Included are technology profiles of each DOD labora-
tory involved in particular work of interest to EPA's  Industrial Environmental
Research Laboratory-RTP, a bibliography of pertinent DOD documentation, and a
description and assessment of how the study was conducted.
17.
                             KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
                DESCRIPTORS
                                          b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
                         c.  COSATl Field/Group
Air Pollution
Military Research
Monitors
Assessments
Air Pollution Control
Defense Technology
Department of Defense
Technology Transfer
             13B
             14A
             14B
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

 Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
             21. NO. OF PAGES
               130
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
Unclassified
                         22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
                                        121

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